both eyes; as, a binocular microscope or telescope. Brewster.
 Bin*oc"u*lar (&?;), n. A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.

 Bin*oc"u*lar*ly, adv. In a binocular manner.

 Bin*oc"u*late (&?;), a. Having two eyes.

 Bi*no"mi*al (&?;), n. [L. bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. &?; distribution?). Cf. Monomial.] (Alg.) An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus (-); as, a + b, or 7 - 3.

 Bi*no"mi*al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as, a binomial root.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Having two names; -- used of the system by which every animal and plant receives two names, the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to which it belongs.

Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresses the law of formation of any power of a binomial.

 Bi*nom"i*nal (&?;), a. [See Binomial.] Of or pertaining to two names; binomial.

 Bi*nom"i*nous (&?;), a. Binominal. [Obs.]

 Bi*not"o*nous (&?;), a. [L. bini two at a time + tonus, fr. Gr. &?;, tone.] Consisting of two notes; as, a binotonous cry.

 Bi"nous (&?;), a. Same as Binate.

 Bin*ox"a*late (&?;), n. [Pref. bin- + oxalate.]
 (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of oxalic acid to one of the base; an acid oxalate.

 Bin*ox"ide (&?;), n. [Pref. bin- + oxide.] (Chem.)
 Same as Dioxide.

 ||Bin"tu*rong (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis.

 { Bi*nu"cle*ar (&?;), Bi*nu"cle*ate (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + nuclear, nucleate.] (Biol.) Having two nuclei; as, binucleate cells.

 Bi*nu"cle*o*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + nucleolus.]
 (Biol.) Having two nucleoli.

 Bi"o*blast (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -blast.]
 (Biol.) Same as Bioplast.

 Bi*oc"el*late (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + ocellatus.
 See Ocellated.] (Zoöl.) Having two ocelli (eyelike spots); -- said of a wing, etc.

 Bi'o*chem"is*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. chemistry.]
 (Biol.) The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

 Bi'o*dy*nam"ics (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. dynamics.]
 (Biol.) The doctrine of vital forces or energy.

 Bi"o*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -gen.] (Biol.)
 Bioplasm.

 { Bi'o*gen"e*sis (&?;), Bi*og"e*ny (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; life + &?;, &?;, birth.] (Biol.) (a) A doctrine that the genesis or production of living organisms can take place only through the agency of living germs or parents; -- opposed to abiogenesis.
 (b) Life development generally.

 Bi'o*ge*net"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to biogenesis.

 Bi*og"e*nist (&?;), n. A believer in the theory of biogenesis.

 ||Bi'og*no"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; investigation.] (Biol.) The investigation of life.

 Bi*og"ra*pher (&?;), n. One who writes an account or history of the life of a particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch.

 { Bi"o*graph"ic (&?;), Bi'o*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to biography; containing biography. -- Bi'o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Bi*og"ra*phize (&?;), v. t. To write a history of the life of.
 Southey.
 Bi*og"ra*phy (&?;), n.; pl. Biographies (&?;).
 [Gr. &?;; &?; life + &?; to write: cf. F. biographie. See Graphic.] 1. The written history of a person's life.

2. Biographical writings in general.

 { Bi'o*log"ic (&?;), Bi'o*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or relating to biology. -- Bi'o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Bi*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology.

 Bi*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -logy: cf. F. biologie.] The science of life; that branch of knowledge which treats of living matter as distinct from matter which is not living; the study of living tissue. It has to do with the origin, structure, development, function, and distribution of animals and plants.

 ||Bi*ol"y*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; a dissolving.] (Biol.) The destruction of life.

 Bi'o*lyt"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; life + &?; to destroy.] Relating to the destruction of life.

 Bi'o*mag*net"ic (&?;), a. Relating to biomagnetism.

 Bi'o*mag"net*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. magnetism.]
 Animal magnetism.

 Bi*om"e*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -metry.]
 Measurement of life; calculation of the probable duration of human life.

 Bi"on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; living, p. pr. of &?; to live.] (Biol.) The physiological individual, characterized by definiteness and independence of function, in distinction from the morphological individual or morphon.

 Bi*on"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; law.] Physiology. [R.] Dunglison.
 { Bi"o*phor' Bi"o*phore' } (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; bearing, fr. &?; to bear.] (Biol.) One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of vitality and heredity.
 See Pangen, in Supplement.

 Bi"o*plasm (b"*plz'm), n. [Gr. bi'os life + pla'sma form, mold, fr.
 pla'ssein to mold.] (Biol.) A name suggested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to be essential to the functions of all living beings; the material through which every form of life manifests itself; unaltered protoplasm.

 Bi'o*plas"mic (b'*plz"mk


The money, goods, or estate, which a woman brings to her husband in marriage; a bride's portion on her marriage. See Note under Dower. Shak.
 Dryden.
3. A gift or presents for the bride, on espousal. See Dower.

 Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give...; but give me the damsel to wife.

Gen. xxxiv. 12.
 Dowse (?), v. t. [Cf. 1st Douse.] 1. To plunge, or duck into water; to immerse; to douse.

2. [Cf. OD. doesen to strike, Norw. dusa to break.]
 To beat or thrash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Dowse, v. i. To use the dipping or divining rod, as in search of water, ore, etc.

 Adams had the reputation of having dowsed successfully for more than a hundred wells.

Eng. Cyc.
 Dowse, n. A blow on the face. [Low] Colman.
 Dows"er (?), n. 1. A divining rod used in searching for water, ore, etc., a dowsing rod. [Colloq.]

2. One who uses the dowser or divining rod. Eng. Cyc.
 Dowst (?), n. A dowse. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Dow"ve (?), n. A dove. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dox'o*log"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to doxology; giving praise to God. Howell.
 Dox*ol"o*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doxologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Doxologizing.] To give glory to God, as in a doxology; to praise God with doxologies.

 Dox*ol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Doxologies (#). [LL. doxologia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; praising, giving glory; &?; opinion, estimation, glory, praise (from &?; to think, imagine) + &?; to speak: cf. F. doxologie. See Dogma, and Legend.] In Christian worship: A hymn expressing praise and honor to God; a form of praise to God designed to be sung or chanted by the choir or the congregation.

 David breaks forth into these triumphant praises and doxologies.

South.
 Dox"y (?), n.; pl. Doxies (#). [See Duck a pet.] A loose wench; a disreputable sweetheart. Shak.
 Doy"ly (?), n. See Doily.

 Doze (dz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dozed (dzd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Dozing.] [Prob. akin to daze, dizzy: cf.
 Icel. dsa to doze, Dan. döse to make dull, heavy, or drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, dösig drowsy, AS. dws dull, stupid, foolish. √71. Cf. Dizzy.] To slumber; to sleep lightly; to be in a dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; to be drowsy.

 If he happened to doze a little, the jolly cobbler waked him.

L'Estrange.
 Doze, v. t. 1. To pass or spend in drowsiness; as, to doze away one's time.

2. To make dull; to stupefy. [Obs.]

 I was an hour... in casting up about twenty sums, being dozed with much work.

Pepys.
 They left for a long time dozed and benumbed.

South.
 Doze, n. A light sleep; a drowse. Tennyson.
 Doz"en (dz"'n), n.; pl. Dozen (before another noun), Dozens (&?;). [OE. doseine, dosein, OF. doseine, F. douzaine, fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duodecim; duo two + decem ten. See Two, Ten, and cf. Duodecimal.] 1. A collection of twelve objects; a tale or set of twelve; with or without of before the substantive which follows. "Some six or seven dozen of Scots." "A dozen of shirts to your back." "A dozen sons."
 "Half a dozen friends." Shak.
2. An indefinite small number. Milton.
A baker's dozen, thirteen; -- called also a long dozen.

 Doz"enth (?), a. Twelfth. [R.]

 Doz"er (?), n. One who dozes or drowses.

 Doz"i*ness (?), n. The state of being dozy; drowsiness; inclination to sleep.

 Doz"y (?), a. Drowsy; inclined to doze; sleepy; sluggish; as, a dozy head. Dryden.
 Doz"zled (?), a. [√71.] Stupid; heavy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]
 Halliwell.
 Drab (?), n. [AS. drabbe dregs, lees; akin to D. drab, drabbe, dregs, G. treber; for sense 1, cf. also Gael. drabag a slattern, drabach slovenly. Cf. Draff.] 1. A low, sluttish woman. King.
2. A lewd wench; a strumpet. Shak.
3. A wooden box, used in salt works for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling pans.

 Drab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbing.] To associate with strumpets; to wench. Beau.
 & Fl.
 Drab, n. [F. drap cloth: LL. drappus, trapus, perh. orig., a firm, solid stuff, cf. F. draper to drape, also to full cloth; prob. of German origin; cf. Icel. drepa to beat, strike, AS. drepan, G. treffen; perh. akin to E. drub.
 Cf. Drape, Trappings.] 1. A kind of thick woolen cloth of a dun, or dull brownish yellow, or dull gray, color; -- called also drabcloth.

2. A dull brownish yellow or dull gray color.

 Drab, a. Of a color between gray and brown. -- n. A drab color.

 Drab"ber (?), n. One who associates with drabs; a wencher. Massinger.
 Drab"bet (?), n. A coarse linen fabric, or duck.

 Drab"bish, a. Somewhat drab in color.

 Drab"bish (?), a. Having the character of a drab or low wench. "The drabbish sorceress." Drant.
 Drab"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbling (?).] [&?;&?;&?;.See Drab, Draff.] To draggle; to wet and befoul by draggling; as, to drabble a gown or cloak. Halliwell.
 Drab"ble (?), v. i. To fish with a long line and rod; as, to drabble for barbels.

 Drab"bler (?), n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas fastened by lacing to the bonnet of a sail, to give it a greater depth, or more drop.

 Drab"ble-tail' (?), n. A draggletail; a slattern. Halliwell.
 ||Dra*cæ"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;


special religious purposes, for relieving the sick and destitute, etc.

3. Men of the same class, profession, occupation, character, or tastes.

 With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of their own fraternity!

South.
 Fra'ter*ni*za"tion (? or?), n. The act of fraternizing or uniting as brothers.

 I hope that no French fraternization... could so change the hearts of Englishmen.

Burke.
 Fra"ter*nize (? or?; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fraternized (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fraternizing (#).] [Cf. F. fraterniser.]
 To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like occupation or character; to have brotherly feelings.

 Fra"ter*nize, v. t. To bring into fellowship or brotherly sympathy.

 Correspondence for fraternizing the two nations.

Burke.
 Frat"er*ni'zer (?; 277), n. One who fraternizes. Burke.
 Fra"ter*y (? or?), n. [L. frater brother: cf. It. frateria a brotherhood of monks. See Friar.] A frater house. See under Frater.

 Fra"trage (? or?; 48), n. [L. frater a brother.] (Law) A sharing among brothers, or brothers' kin. [Obs.] Crabb.
 ||Fra'tri*cel"li (?), n. pl. [It. fraticelli, lit., little brothers, dim. fr. frate brother, L. frater.] (Eccl.
 Hist.) (a) The name which St. Francis of Assisi gave to his followers, early in the 13th century. (b) A sect which seceded from the Franciscan Order, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, in 1294, repudiating the pope as an apostate, maintaining the duty of celibacy and poverty, and discountenancing oaths. Called also Fratricellians and Fraticelli.

 Frat"ri*ci'dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to fratricide; of the nature of fratricide.

 Frat"ri*cide (?), n. [L. fratricidium a brother's murder, fr. fratricida a brother's murderer; frater, fratris, brother + caedere to kill: cf. F. fratricide.] 1. The act of one who murders or kills his own brother.

2. [L. fratricida: cf. F. fratricide.] One who murders or kills his own brother.

 Fraud (frd), n. [F. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis; prob. akin to Skr. dhrv to injure, dhv to cause to fall, and E. dull.] 1. Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick.

 If success a lover's toil attends, Few ask, if fraud or force attained his ends.

Pope.
2. (Law) An intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another.

3. A trap or snare. [Obs.]

 To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud.

Milton.
Constructive fraud (Law), an act, statement, or omission which operates as a fraud, although perhaps not intended to be such. Mozley & W. -- Pious fraud (Ch. Hist.), a fraud contrived and executed to benefit the church or accomplish some good end, upon the theory that the end justified the means. -- Statute of frauds (Law), an English statute (1676), the principle of which is incorporated in the legislation of all the States of this country, by which writing with specific solemnities (varying in the several statutes) is required to give efficacy to certain dispositions of property. Wharton.
Syn. -- Deception; deceit; guile; craft; wile; sham; strife; circumvention; stratagem; trick; imposition; cheat. See Deception.

 Fraud"ful (?), a. Full of fraud, deceit, or treachery; trickish; treacherous; fraudulent; -- applied to persons or things. I. Taylor.
 -- Fraud"ful*ly, adv.
 Fraud"less, a. Free from fraud. -- Fraud"less*ly, adv. -- Fraud"less*ness, n.
 { Fraud"u*lence (?; 135), Fraud"u*len*cy (?) }, n. [L. fraudulentia.]
 The quality of being fraudulent; deliberate deceit; trickishness. Hooker.
 Fraud"u*lent (?), a. [L. fraudulentus, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. F. fraudulent.] 1. Using fraud; tricky; deceitful; dishonest.

2. Characterized by, founded on, or proceeding from, fraud; as, a fraudulent bargain.

 He, with serpent tongue,... His fraudulent temptation thus began.

Milton.
3. Obtained or performed by artifice; as, fraudulent conquest. Milton.
Syn. -- Deceitful; fraudful; guileful; crafty; wily; cunning; subtle; deceiving; cheating; deceptive; insidious; treacherous; dishonest; designing; unfair.

 Fraud"u*lent*ly (?), adv. In a fraudulent manner.

 Fraught (frt), n. [OE. fraight, fraght; akin to Dan.
 fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf.
 OHG. frht merit, reward; perh. from a pref. corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf. Freight.] A freight; a cargo. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fraught, a. Freighted; laden; filled; stored; charged.

 A vessel of our country richly fraught.

Shak.
 A discourse fraught with all the commending excellences of speech.

South.
 Enterprises fraught with world-wide benefits.

I. Taylor.
 Fraught, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fraughted or Fraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraughting.] [Akin to Dan. fragte, Sw. frakta, D. bevrachten, G. frachten, cf. OHG. frhtn to deserve. See Fraught, n.] To freight; to load; to burden; to fill; to crowd. [Obs.]

 Upon the tumbling billows fraughted ride The armed ships.

Fairfax.
 Fraught"age (?; 48), n. Freight; loading; cargo. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fraught"ing, a. Constituting the freight or cargo. [Obs.] "The fraughting souls within her." Shak.
 Fraun"ho*fer lines' (?). (Physics.) The lines of the spectrum; especially and properly, the dark lines of the solar spectrum, so called because first accurately observed and interpreted by Fraunhofer, a German physicist.

 Frax"in (?), n. [From Fraxinus.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and found in the bark of the ash (Fraxinus) and along with esculin in the bark of the horse-chestnut. It shows a delicate fluorescence in alkaline solutions; -- called also paviin.
 ||Frax"i*nus (?), n. [L., the ash tree.] (Bot.) A genus of deciduous forest trees, found in the north temperate zone, and including the true ash trees.

Fraxinus excelsior is the European ash; F. Americana, the white ash; F. sambucifolia, the black ash or water ash.

 Fray (fr), n. [Abbreviated


perche, L. perca, fr. Gr. pe'rkh; cf. perkno's dark-colored, Skr. pçni spotted, speckled, and E. freckle.]
 (Zoöl.) 1. Any fresh-water fish of the genus Perca and of several other allied genera of the family Percidæ, as the common American or yellow perch (Perca flavescens, or Americana), and the European perch (P. fluviatilis).

2. Any one of numerous species of spiny-finned fishes belonging to the Percidæ, Serranidæ, and related families, and resembling, more or less, the true perches.

Black perch. (a) The black bass. (b) The flasher. (c) The sea bass. -- Blue perch, the cunner. -- Gray perch, the fresh-water drum. -- Red perch, the rosefish. -- Red-bellied perch, the longeared pondfish. -- Perch pest, a small crustacean, parasitic in the mouth of the perch. -- Silver perch, the yellowtail. -- Stone, or Striped, perch, the pope. -- White perch, the Roccus, or Morone, Americanus, a small silvery serranoid market fish of the Atlantic coast.

 Perch (?), n. [F. perche, L. pertica.] 1. A pole; a long staff; a rod; esp., a pole or other support for fowls to roost on or to rest on; a roost; figuratively, any elevated resting place or seat.

 As chauntecleer among his wives all Sat on his perche, that was in his hall.

Chaucer.
 Not making his high place the lawless perch Of winged ambitions.

Tennyson.
2. (a) A measure of length containing five and a half yards; a rod, or pole. (b) In land or square measure: A square rod; the 160th part of an acre. (c) In solid measure: A mass 16½ feet long, 1 foot in height, and 1½ feet in breadth, or 24¾ cubic feet (in local use, from 22 to 25 cubic feet); -- used in measuring stonework.

3. A pole connecting the fore gear and hind gear of a spring carriage; a reach.

 Perch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perching.] [F. percher. See Perch a pole.] To alight or settle, as a bird; to sit or roost.

 Wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch.

Shak.
 Perch, v. t. 1. To place or to set on, or as on, a perch.

2. To occupy as a perch. Milton.
 Per*chance" (?), adv. [F. par by (L. per) + chance.
 See Par, and Chance.] By chance; perhaps; peradventure.

 Perch"ant (?), n. [F.] A bird tied by the foot, to serve as decoy to other birds by its fluttering.

 Perch"er (?), n. [From Perch, v. i.] 1. One who, or that which, perches. J. Burroughs.
2. One of the Insessores.

3. [From Perch a pole.] A Paris candle anciently used in England; also, a large wax candle formerly set upon the altar. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Per"che*ron (?), n. [F.] One of a breed of draught horses originating in Perche, an old district of France; -- called also Percheron-Norman.

 Per*chlo"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of perchloric acid.

 Per*chlo"ric (?), a. [Pref. per- + chloric.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HClO4), of chlorine; -- called also hyperchloric.

 Per*chlo"ride (?), n. (Chem.) A chloride having a higher proportion of chlorine than any other chloride of the same substance or series.

 Per*chro"mic (?), a. [Pref. per- + chromic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, a certain one of the highly oxidized compounds of chromium, which has a deep blue color, and is produced by the action of hydrogen peroxide.

 Per"ci*form (?), a. [NL., & L. perca a perch + -form.]
 (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Perciformes.

 ||Per'ci*for"mes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive tribe or suborder of fishes, including the true perches (Percidæ); the pondfishes (Centrarchidæ); the sciænoids (Sciænidæ); the sparoids (Sparidæ); the serranoids (Serranidæ), and some other related families.

 { Per*cip"i*ence (?), Per*cip"i*en*cy (?), } n. The faculty, act or power of perceiving; perception. Mrs. Browning.
 Per*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. percipiens, -entis, p. pr.
 of percipere. See Perceive.] Having the faculty of perception; perceiving; as, a percipient being. Bentley. -- n. One who, or that which, is percipient. Glanvill.
 Per*close" (?), n. [OF. parclose an inclosed place; L. per through + claudere, clausum, to shut.] 1. (Eccl.
 Arch.) Same as Parclose.

2. Conclusion; end. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
 Per"coid (?), a. [L. perca a perch + -oid: cf. F. percoïde.]
 (Zoöl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the perches, or family Percidæ.
 -- n. Any fish of the genus Perca, or allied genera of the family Percidæ.

 ||Per*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Perciformes.

 Per"co*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Percolating.] [L. percolatus, p. p. of percolare to percolate; per through + colare to strain.] To cause to pass through fine interstices, as a liquor; to filter; to strain. Sir M. Hale.
 Per"co*late, v. i. To pass through fine interstices; to filter; as, water percolates through porous stone.

 Per'co*la"tion (?), n. [L. percolatio.] The act or process of percolating, or filtering; filtration; straining. Specifically (Pharm.), the process of exhausting the virtues of a powdered drug by letting a liquid filter slowly through it.

 Per"co*la'tor (?), n. One who, or that which, filters. "[Tissues] act as percolators." Henfrey.
 ||Per'co*mor"phi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. perca perch + Gr.
 &?; form.] (Zoöl.) A division of fishes including the perches and related kinds.

 Per"cu*laced (?), a. [Prob. corrupt. fr. portcullised.] (Her.)
 Latticed. See Lattice, n., 2.

 Per*cur"rent (?), a. [L. percurrens, p. pr. of percurrere to run through; per through + currere to run.] Running through the entire length.

 Per*cur"so*ry (?), a. [L.


ship of the era. This vessel, the Rainbow, was designed by John W. Griffeths, a marine architect, who was a pioneer in that he studied shipbuilding as a science instead of working by rule-of-thumb. The Rainbow, which created a sensation while on the stocks because of her concave or hollowed lines forward, which defied all tradition and practice, was launched in 1845. She was a more radical innovation than the Ann McKim but a successful one, for on her second voyage to China the Rainbow went out against the northeast monsoon in ninety-two days and came home in eighty-eight, a record which few ships were able to better. Her commander, Captain John Land, declared her to be the fastest ship in the world and there were none to dispute him.

 Even the Rainbow however, was eclipsed when not long afterward Howland and Aspinwall, now converted to the clipper, ordered the Sea Witch to be built for Captain Bob Waterman. Among all the splendid skippers of the time he was the most dashing figure. About his briny memory cluster a hundred yarns, some of them true, others legendary. It has been argued that the speed of the clippers was due more to the men who commanded them than to their hulls and rigging, and to support the theory the career of Captain Bob Waterman is quoted. He was first known to fame in the old Natchez, which was not a clipper at all and was even rated as slow while carrying cotton from New Orleans to New York. But Captain Bob took this full-pooped old packet ship around the Horn and employed her in the China tea trade.
 The voyages which he made in her were all fast, and he crowned them with the amazing run of seventy-eight days from Canton to New York, just one day behind the swiftest clipper passage ever sailed and which he himself performed in the Sea Witch. Incredulous mariners simply could not explain this feat of the Natchez and suggested that Bob Waterman must have brought the old hooker home by some new route of his own discovery.

 Captain Bob had won a reputation for discipline as the mate of a Black Ball liner, a rough school, and he was not a mild man. Ashore his personality was said to have been a most attractive one, but there is no doubt that afloat he worked the very souls out of his sailors. The rumors that he frightfully abused them were not current, however, until he took the Sea Witch and showed the world the fastest ship under canvas. Low in the water, with black hull and gilded figurehead, she seemed too small to support her prodigious cloud of sail. For her there were to be no leisurely voyages with Captain Bob Waterman on the quarter-deck. Home from Canton she sped in seventy-seven days and then in seventy-nine—records which were never surpassed.

 With what consummate skill and daring this master mariner drove his ship and how the race of hardy sailors to which he belonged compared with those of other nations may be descried in the log of another of them, Captain Philip Dumaresq, homeward bound from China in 1849 in the clipper Great Britain. Three weeks out from Java Head she had overtaken and passed seven ships heading the same way, and then she began to rush by them in one gale after another. Her log records her exploits in such entries as these: "Passed a ship under double reefs, we with our royals and studdingsails set.... Passed a ship laying-to under a close-reefed maintopsail.... Split all three topsails and had to heave to.... Seven vessels in sight and we outsail all of them.... Under double-reefed topsails passed several vessels hove-to." Much the same record might be read in the log of the medium clipper Florence—and it is the same story of carrying sail superbly on a ship which had been built to stand up under it: "Passed two barks under reefed courses and close-reefed topsails standing the same way, we with royals and topgallant studding-sails," or "Passed a ship under topsails, we with our royals set." For eleven weeks "the topsail halliards were started only once, to take in a single reef for a few hours." It is not surprising, therefore, to learn that, seventeen days out from Shanghai, the Florence exchanged signals with the English ship John Hagerman, which had sailed thirteen days before her.

 Two notable events in the history of the nineteenth century occurred within the same year, 1849, to open new fields of trade to the Yankee clipper. One of these was the repeal of the British Navigation Laws which had given English ships a monopoly of the trade between London and the British East Indies, and the other was the discovery of gold in California. After centuries of pomp and power, the great East India Company had been deprived of its last exclusive rights afloat in 1833. Its ponderous, frigate-built merchantmen ceased to dominate the British commerce with China and India and were sold or broken up. All British ships were now free to engage in this trade, but the spirit and customs of the old regime still strongly survived. Flying the house-flags of private owners, the East Indiamen and China tea ships were still built and manned like frigates, slow, comfortable, snugging down for the night under reduced sail. There was no competition to arouse them until the last barrier of the Navigation Laws was let down and they had to meet the Yankee clipper with the tea trade as the huge stake.

 Then at last it was farewell to the gallant old Indianian and her ornate, dignified prestige. With a sigh the London Times confessed: "We must run a race with our gigantic and unshackled rival. We must set our long-practised skill, our steady industry, and our dogged determination against his youth, ingenuity, and ardor. Let our shipbuilders and employers take warning in time. There will always be an abundant supply of vessels good enough and fast enough for short voyages. But we want fast vessels for the long voyages which otherwise will fall into American hands."

 Before English merchants could prepare themselves for these new conditions, the American clipper Oriental was loading in 1850 at Hong Kong with tea for the London market. Because of her reputation for speed, she received freightage of six pounds sterling per ton while British ships rode at anchor with empty holds or were glad to sail at three pounds ten per ton. Captain Theodore Palmer delivered his sixteen hundred tons of tea in the West India Docks, London, after a crack passage of ninety-one days which had never been equaled. His clipper earned $48,000, or two-thirds of what it had cost to build her. Her arrival in London created a profound impression. The port had seen nothing like her for power and speed; her skysail yards soared far above the other shipping; the cut of her snowy canvas was faultless; all clumsy, needless tophamper had been done away with; and she appeared to be the last word in design and construction, as lean and fine and spirited as a race-horse in training.

 This new competition dismayed British shipping until it could rally and fight with similar weapons The technical journal, Naval Science, acknowledged that the tea trade of the London markets had passed almost out of the hands of the English ship-owner, and that British vessels, well-manned and well-found, were known to lie for weeks in the harbor of Foo-chow, waiting for a cargo and seeing American clippers come in, load, and sail immediately with full cargoes at a higher freight than they could command. Even the Government viewed the loss of trade with concern and sent admiralty draftsmen to copy the lines of the Oriental and Challenge while they were in drydock.

 British clippers were soon afloat, somewhat different in model from the Yankee ships, but very fast and able, and racing them in the tea trade until the Civil War. With them it was often nip and tuck, as in the contest between the English Lord of the Isles and the American clipper bark Maury in 1856. The prize was a premium of one pound per ton for the first ship to reach London with tea of the new crop. The Lord of the Isles finished loading and sailed four days ahead of the Maury, and after thirteen thousand miles of ocean they passed Gravesend within ten minutes of each other. The British skipper, having the smartest tug and getting


ashes.]
 Of or pertaining to ashes. [Obs.]

 Light and favillous particles.

Sir T. Browne.
 Fa*vo"ni*an (?), a. [L. Favonius the west wind.] Pertaining to the west wind; soft; mild; gentle.

 Fa"vor (?), n. [Written also favour.] [OF. favor, F. faveur, L. favor, fr. favere to be favorable, cf.
 Skr. bhvaya to further, foster, causative of bh to become, be. Cf. Be. In the phrase to curry favor, favor is prob. for favel a horse. See 2d Favel.] 1. Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will.

 Hath crawled into the favor of the king.

Shak.
2. The act of countenancing, or the condition of being countenanced, or regarded propitiously; support; promotion; befriending.

 But found no favor in his lady's eyes.

Dryden.
 And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man.

Luke ii. 52.
3. A kind act or office; kindness done or granted; benevolence shown by word or deed; an act of grace or good will, as distinct from justice or remuneration.

 Beg one favor at thy gracious hand.

Shak.
4. Mildness or mitigation of punishment; lenity.

 I could not discover the lenity and favor of this sentence.

Swift.
5. The object of regard; person or thing favored.

 All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man, His chief delight and favor.

Milton.
6. A gift or represent; something bestowed as an evidence of good will; a token of love; a knot of ribbons; something worn as a token of affection; as, a marriage favor is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or white flowers worn at a wedding.

 Wear thou this favor for me, and stick it in thy cap.

Shak.
7. Appearance; look; countenance; face. [Obs.]

 This boy is fair, of female favor.

Shak.
8. (Law) Partiality; bias. Bouvier.
9. A letter or epistle; -- so called in civility or compliment; as, your favor of yesterday is received.

10. pl. Love locks. [Obs.] Wright.
Challenge to the favor or for favor (Law), the challenge of a juror on grounds not sufficient to constitute a principal challenge, but sufficient to give rise to a probable suspicion of favor or bias, such as acquaintance, business relation, etc. See Principal challenge, under Challenge. -- In favor of, upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. -- In favor with, favored, countenanced, or encouraged by. -- To curry favor [see the etymology of Favor, above], to seek to gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. -- With one's favor, or By one's favor, with leave; by kind permission.

 But, with your favor, I will treat it here.

Dryden.
Syn. -- Kindness; countenance; patronage; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit.

 Fa"vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Favored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Favoring.] [Written also favour.] [Cf. OF. favorer, favorir. See Favor, n.] 1. To regard with kindness; to support; to aid, or to have the disposition to aid, or to wish success to; to be propitious to; to countenance; to treat with consideration or tenderness; to show partiality or unfair bias towards.

 O happy youth! and favored of the skies.

Pope.
 He that favoreth Joab,... let him go after Joab.

2 Sam. xx. 11.
 [The painter] has favored her squint admirably.

Swift.
2. To afford advantages for success to; to facilitate; as, a weak place favored the entrance of the enemy.

3. To resemble in features; to have the aspect or looks of; as, the child favors his father.

 The porter owned that the gentleman favored his master.

Spectator.
 Fa"vor*a*ble (?), a. [Written also favourable.] [F. favorable, L. favorabilis favored, popular, pleasing, fr. favor. See Favor, n.] 1. Full of favor; favoring; manifesting partiality; kind; propitious; friendly.

 Lend favorable ears to our request.

Shak.
 Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land.

Ps. lxxxv. 1.
2. Conducive; contributing; tending to promote or facilitate; advantageous; convenient.

 A place very favorable for the making levies of men.

Clarendon.
 The temper of the climate, favorable to generation, health, and long life.

Sir W. Temple.
3. Beautiful; well-favored. [Obs.] Spenser.
 -- Fa"vora*ble*ness, n. -- Fa"vor*a*bly, sdv.
 The faborableness of the present times to all extertions in the cause of liberty.

Burke.
 Fa"vored (?), a. 1. Countenanced; aided; regarded with kidness; as, a favored friend.

2. Having a certain favor or appearance; featured; as, well-favored; hard-favored, etc.

 Fa"vored*ly (?), adv. In a favored or a favorable manner; favorably. [Obs.] Deut. xvii. 1. Arscham.
 Fa"vored*ness, n. Appearance. [Obs.]

 Fa"vor*er (?), n. One who favors; one who regards with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher; one who assists or promotes success or prosperity. [Written also favourer.]

 And come to us as favorers, not as foes.

Shak.
 Fa"vor*ess (?), n. A woman who favors or gives countenance.
 [Written also fovouress.]

 Fa"vor*ing, a. That favors. -- Fa"vor*ing*ly, adv.
 Fa"vor*ite (?), n. [OF. favorit favored, F. favori, fem. favorite, p. p. of OF. favorir, cf. It. favorito, frm. favorita, fr. favorire to favor. See Favor.] 1.
 A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with partiality; one preferred above others; especially, one unduly loved, trusted, and enriched with favors by a person of high rank or authority.

 Committing to a wicked favorite All public cares.

Milton.
2. pl. Short curls dangling over the temples; -- fashionable in the reign of Charles II. [Obs.] Farquhar.
3. (Sporting) The competitor (as a horse in a race) that is judged most likely to win; the competitor standing highest in the betting.

 Fa"vor*ite, a. Regarded with particular affection, esteem, or preference; as, a favorite walk; a favorite child. "His favorite argument." Macaulay.
 Fa"vor*it*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. favoritisme.] The disposition to favor and promote the interest of one person or family, or of one class of men, to the neglect of others having equal claims; partiality.

 A spirit of favoritism to the Bank of the United States.

A. Hamilton.
 Fa"vor*less, a. 1. Unfavored; not regarded with favor; having no countenance or support.

2. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] "Fortune favorless." Spenser.
 Fa*vose" (?), a. [L. favus honeycomb.] 1


a bright horizontal line bisecting the screen.
Node:go root, Next:go-faster stripes, Previous:go flatline, Up:= G = go root vi.
[Unix; common] To temporarily enter root mode in order to perform a privileged operation. This use is deprecated in Australia, where v. 'root' is a synonym for "fuck".
Node:go-faster stripes, Next:GoAT, Previous:go root, Up:= G = go-faster stripes n.
[UK] Syn. chrome. Mainstream in some parts of UK.
Node:GoAT, Next:gobble, Previous:go-faster stripes, Up:= G = GoAT // [Usenet] Abbreviation: "Go Away, Troll". See troll.
Node:gobble, Next:Godwin's Law, Previous:GoAT, Up:= G = gobble vt.
1. To consume, usu. used with 'up'. "The output spy gobbles characters out of a tty output buffer."
2. To obtain, usu. used with 'down'. "I guess I'll gobble down a copy of the documentation tomorrow." See also snarf.
Node:Godwin's Law, Next:Godzillagram, Previous:gobble, Up:= G = Godwin's Law prov.
[Usenet] "As a Usenet discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one." There is a tradition in many groups that, once this occurs, that thread is over, and whoever mentioned the Nazis has automatically lost whatever argument was in progress. Godwin's Law thus practically guarantees the existence of an upper bound on thread length in those groups. However there is also a widelyrecognized codicil that any intentional triggering of Godwin's Law in order to invoke its thread-ending effects will be unsuccessful.
Node:Godzillagram, Next:golden, Previous:Godwin's Law, Up:= G = Godzillagram /god-zil'*-gram/ n.
[from Japan's national hero] 1. A network packet that in theory is a broadcast to every machine in the universe. The typical case is an IP datagram whose destination IP address is [255.255.255.255]. Fortunately, few gateways are foolish enough to attempt to implement this case! 2. A network packet of maximum size. An IP Godzillagram has 65,536 octets. Compare super source quench, Christmas tree packet, martian.
Node:golden, Next:golf-ball printer, Previous:Godzillagram, Up:= G = golden adj.
[prob. from folklore's 'golden egg'] When used to describe a magnetic medium (e.g., 'golden disk', 'golden tape'), describes one containing a tested, up-to-spec, ready-to-ship software version. Compare platinum-iridium.
Node:golf-ball printer, Next:gonk, Previous:golden, Up:= G = golf-ball printer n. obs.
The IBM 2741, a slow but letter-quality printing device and terminal based on the IBM Selectric typewriter. The 'golf ball' was a little spherical frob bearing reversed embossed images of 88 different characters arranged on four parallels of latitude; one could change the font by swapping in a different golf ball.
The print element spun and jerked alarmingly in action and when in motion was sometimes described as an 'infuriated golf ball'.
This was the technology that enabled APL to use a non-EBCDIC, non-ASCII, and in fact completely non-standard character set.
This put it 10 years ahead of its time -- where it stayed, firmly rooted, for the next 20, until character displays gave way to programmable bit-mapped devices with the flexibility to support other character sets.
Node:gonk, Next:gonkulator, Previous:golf-ball printer, Up:= G = gonk /gonk/ vi.,n.
1. To prevaricate or to embellish the truth beyond any reasonable recognition. In German the term is (mythically) 'gonken'; in Spanish the verb becomes 'gonkar'. "You're gonking me. That story you just told me is a bunch of gonk." In German, for example, "Du gonkst mich" (You're pulling my leg). See also gonkulator. 2. [British] To grab some sleep at an odd time; compare gronk out.
Node:gonkulator, Next:gonzo, Previous:gonk, Up:= G = gonkulator /gon'kyoo-lay-tr/ n.
[common; from the 1960s "Hogan's Heroes" TV series] A pretentious piece of equipment that actually serves no useful purpose. Usually used to describe one's least favorite piece of computer hardware. See gonk.
Node:gonzo, Next:Good Thing, Previous:gonkulator, Up:= G = gonzo /gon'zoh/ adj.
[from Hunter S. Thompson] 1. With total commitment, total concentration, and a mad sort of panache. (Thompson's original sense.) 2. More loosely: Overwhelming; outrageous; over the top; very large, esp. used of collections of source code, source files, or individual functions. Has some of the connotations of moby and hairy, but without the implication of obscurity or complexity.
Node:Good Thing, Next:gopher, Previous:gonzo, Up:= G = Good Thing n.,adj.
[very common; often capitalized; always pronounced as if capitalized.] 1. Self-evidently wonderful to anyone in a position to notice: "A language that manages dynamic memory automatically for you is a Good Thing." 2. Something that can't possibly have any ill side-effects and may save considerable grief later: "Removing the self-modifying code from that shared library would be a Good Thing." 3. When said of software tools or libraries, as in "YACC is a Good Thing", specifically connotes that the thing has drastically reduced a programmer's work load. Oppose Bad Thing.
Node:gopher, Next:gopher hole, Previous:Good Thing, Up:= G = gopher n. A type of Internet service first floated around 1991 and obsolesced around 1995 by the World Wide Web. Gopher presents a menuing interface to a tree or graph of links; the links can be to documents, runnable programs, or other gopher menus arbitrarily far across the net.
Some claim that the gopher software, which was originally developed at the University of Minnesota, was named after the Minnesota Gophers (a sports team). Others claim the word derives from American slang 'gofer' (from "go for", dialectal "go fer"), one whose job is to run and fetch things. Finally, observe that gophers dig long tunnels, and the idea of tunneling through the net to find information was a defining metaphor for the developers. Probably all three things were true, but with the first two coming first and the gopher-tunnel metaphor serendipitously adding flavor and impetus to the project as it developed out of its concept stage.
Node:gopher hole, Next:gorets, Previous:gopher, Up:= G = gopher hole n.
1. Any access to a gopher. 2.
[Amateur Packet Radio] The terrestrial analog of a wormhole (sense 2), from which this term was coined. A gopher hole links two amateur packet relays through some non-ham radio medium.
Node:gorets, Next:gorilla arm, Previous:gopher hole, Up:= G = gorets /gor'ets/ n. The unknown ur-noun, fill in your own meaning. Found esp. on the Usenet newsgroup alt.gorets, which seems to be a running contest to redefine the word by implication in the funniest and most peculiar way, with the understanding that no definition is ever final. [A correspondent from the Former Soviet Union informs me that 'gorets' is Russian for 'mountain dweller'.
Another from France informs me that 'goret' is archaic French for a young pig --ESR] Compare frink.
Node:gorilla arm, Next:gorp, Previous:gorets, Up:= G = gorilla arm n. The side-effect that destroyed touch-screens as a mainstream input technology despite a promising start in the early 1980s. It seems the designers of all those spiffy touch-menu systems failed to notice that humans aren't designed to hold their arms in front of their faces making small motions. After


.
 ||Chout (?), n. [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.] An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill.
 Chow"chow' (?), a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as, chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together).

 Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams.
 Chow"chow' (chou"chou'), n. (Com.) A kind of mixed pickles.

 Chow"der (-dr), n. [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf.
 Caldron.] 1. (Cookery) A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together.

2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

 Chow"der, v. t. To make a chowder of.

 ||Chow"ry (-r), n. [Hind. chaunri.] A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom.
 Chow"ter (-tr), v. t. [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.] To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips.
 Choy" root' (choi" rt'). See Chay root.

 Chre'ma*tis"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?; 9sc. &?;) the art of traffic, fr. &?; goods, money, fr. &?; to use.] The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

 Chre'o*tech"nics (?), n. [Gr. &?; useful + &?; art.] The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.
 [R.]

 Chres'to*math"ic (?), a. Teaching what is useful. "A chrestomathic school." Southey.
 Chres*tom"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; useful + &?;, &?;, to learn.] A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as, a Hebrew chrestomathy.

 Chrism (?), n. [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE.
 creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to anoint; perh. akin to L. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf.
 Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Church&?;s) 1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc.

2. The same as Chrisom.

 Chris"mal (?), a. [LL. chrismalis.] Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

 Chris*ma"tion (?), n. [LL. chrismatio.] The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil.

Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism.
Jer. Taylor.
 Chris"ma*to*ry (?), n. [LL. chrismatorium.] A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

 Chris"om (?), n. [See Chrism.]

1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.]

2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; -- so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount.
 Christ (?), n. [L. Christus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; anointed, fr. chri'ein to anoint. See Chrism.] The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah.

 Christ"cross' (?), n. 1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, -- sometimes as the sign of 12 o'clock on a dial.

 The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon. Old Play. Nares.
2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles.
 Christ"cross-row' (?), The alphabet; -- formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm.

 From infant conning of the Christcrossrow. Wordsworth.
 Chris"ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.]

1. To baptize and give a Christian name to.

2. To give a name; to denominate. "Christen the thing what you will." Bp. Burnet.
3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

 Chris"ten*dom (?), n. [AS. cristend&?;m; cristen a Christian + -dom.] 1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak.
2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.]

 Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms. Shak.
3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands.

 The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom. Milton A wide and still widening Christendom. Coleridge.
4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker.
 Chris"tian (?), n. [L. christianus, Gr. &?;; cf. AS. cristen.
 See Christ.]

1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ.

 The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. Acts xi. 26.
2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system.

3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice.

 In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, krs"chan.

 Chris"tian (?), a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as, Christian people.

3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, a Christian court. Blackstone.
4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent.

 The graceful tact; the Christian art. Tennyson.
Christian Commission. See under Commission. -- Christian court.
 Same as Ecclesiastical court. -- Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error


governing preposition, and the word the adverb. See From off, under Off, adv., and From afar, under Afar, adv.
 Sudden partings such as press The life from out young hearts.

Byron.
 { From"ward (?), From"wards (?), } prep. [AS. framweard about to depart. Cf. Froward] A way from; -- the contrary of toward. [Obs.]

 Towards or fromwards the zenith.

Cheyne.
 Frond (?), n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, foliage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the combination or union into one body of stem and leaf, and often bearing the fructification; as, the frond of a fern or of a lichen or seaweed; also, the peculiar leaf of a palm tree.

 Fron*da"tion (?), n. [L. frondatio, from frons. See Frond.] The act of stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches; a kind of pruning. Evelyn.
 ||Fronde (?), n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A political party in France, during the minority of Louis XIV., who opposed the government, and made war upon the court party.

 Frond"ed (?), a. Furnished with fronds. "Fronded palms." Whittier.
 Fron"dent (?), a. [L. frondens, p. pr. of frondere to put forth leaves. See Frond.] Covered with leaves; leafy; as, a frondent tree. [R.]

 Fron*desce" (?), v. i. [L. frondescere, inchoative fr. frondere.
 See Frondent.] To unfold leaves, as plants.

 Fron*des"cence (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. (b) The act of bursting into leaf. Milne. Martyn.
 ||Fron"deur' (?), n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A member of the Fronde.

 Fron*dif"er*ous (?), a. [L. frondifer frons a leafy branch + ferre to bear: cf. F. frondifere.] Producing fronds.

 Frond"let (?), n. (Bot.) A very small frond, or distinct portion of a compound frond.

 Fron*dose" (?), a. [L. frondosus leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond bearing; resembling a frond; having a simple expansion not separable into stem and leaves. (b) Leafy. Gray.
 Fron"dous (?), a. (Bot.) Frondose. [R.]

 ||Frons (?), n. [L., front.] (Anal.) The forehead; the part of the cranium between the orbits and the vertex.

 Front (?), n. [F. frant forehead, L. frons, frontis; perh. akin to E. brow.] 1. The forehead or brow, the part of the face above the eyes; sometimes, also, the whole face.

 Bless'd with his father's front, his mother's tongue.

Pope.
 Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front.

Shak.
 His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.

Prior.
2. The forehead, countenance, or personal presence, as expressive of character or temper, and especially, of boldness of disposition, sometimes of impudence; seeming; as, a bold front; a hardened front.
 With smiling fronts encountering.

Shak.
 The inhabitants showed a bold front.

Macaulay.
3. The part or surface of anything which seems to look out, or to be directed forward; the fore or forward part; the foremost rank; the van; -- the opposite to back or rear; as, the front of a house; the front of an army.

 Had he his hurts before? Ay, on the front.

Shak.
4. A position directly before the face of a person, or before the foremost part of a thing; as, in front of un person, of the troops, or of a house.

5. The most conspicuous part.

 The very head and front of my offending.

Shak.
6. That which covers the foremost part of the head: a front piece of false hair worn by women.

 Like any plain Miss Smith's, who wears s front.

Mrs. Browning.
7. The beginning. "Summer's front." Shak.
Bastioned front (Mil.), a curtain connerting two half bastions. -- Front door, the door in the front wall of a building, usually the principal entrance. -- Front of fortification, the works constructed upon any one side of a polygon. Farrow. -- Front of operations, all that part of the field of operations in front of the successive positions occupied by the army as it moves forward. Farrow.
 -- To come to the front, to attain prominence or leadership.

 Front, a. Of or relating to the front or forward part; having a position in front; foremost; as, a front view.

 Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Fronting.] 1. To oppose face to face; to oppose directly; to meet in a hostile manner.

 You four shall front them in the narrow lane.

Shak.
2. To appear before; to meet.

 [Enid] daily fronted him In some fresh splendor.

Tennyson.
3. To face toward; to have the front toward; to confront; as, the house fronts the street.

 And then suddenly front the changed reality.

J. Morley.
4. To stand opposed or opposite to, or over against as, his house fronts the church.

5. To adorn in front; to supply a front to; as, to front a house with marble; to front a head with laurel.

 Yonder walls, that pertly front your town.

Shak.
 Front, v. t. To have or turn the face or front in any direction; as, the house fronts toward the east.

 Front"age (?), n. The front part of an edifice or lot; extent of front.

 Fron"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. frontal.] Belonging to the front part; being in front; esp. (Anat.), Of or pertaining to the forehead or the anterior part of the roof of the brain case; as, the frontal bones.

 Fron"tal, n. [F. frontal, fronteau, OF. Frontel, frontal, L. frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet.
 See Front.] 1. Something worn on the forehead or face; a frontlet; as: (a) An ornamental band for the hair. (b) (Mil.)
 The metal face guard of a soldier.

 2. (Arch.) A little pediment over a door or window.

3. (Eccl.) A movable, decorative member in metal, carved wood, or, commonly, in rich stuff or in embroidery, covering the front of the altar. Frontals are usually changed according to the different ceremonies.

4. (Med.) A medicament or application for the forehead.
 [Obs.] Quincy.
5. (Anat.) The frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones, of the cranium.

Frontal hammer or helve, a forge hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a "tongue" immediately in front of the hammer head. Raymond.
 { Fron"tate (?), Fron'ta*ted (?), } a. Growing broader and broader, as a leaf; truncate.

 Front"ed (?), a. Formed with a front; drawn up in line. "Fronted brigades." Milton.
 Fron"tier (?), n. [F. front


John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

3. Exact correspondence in nature, character, result, circumstances, etc.; concurrence; agreement.

 The very concurrence and coincidence of so many evidences...
 carries a great weight. Sir M. Hale.
 Those who discourse... of the nature of truth... affirm a perfect coincidence between truth and goodness. South.
 Co*in"ci*den*cy (?), n. Coincidence. [R.]

 Co*in"ci*dent (k*n"s*dent), a. [Cf. F. coïncident.]
 Having coincidence; occupying the same place; contemporaneous; concurrent; -- followed by with.

 Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well-inclined man. South.
 Co*in"ci*dent (?), n. One of two or more coincident events; a coincidence. [R.] "Coincidents and accidents." Froude.
 Co*in'ci*den"tal (?), a. Coincident.

 Co*in"ci*dent*ly (?), adv. With coincidence.

 Co'in*cid"er (?), n. One who coincides with another in an opinion.

 Co*in'di*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. coïdication.] One of several signs or symptoms indicating the same fact; as, a coindication of disease.

 Coin"er (?), n. 1. One who makes or stamps coin; a maker of money; -- usually, a maker of counterfeit money.

 Precautions such as are employed by coiners and receivers of stolen goods. Macaulay.
2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden.
 Co'in*hab"it*ant (?), n. One who dwells with another, or with others. "Coinhabitants of the same element." Dr. H. More.
 Co'in*here" (?), v. i. To inhere or exist together, as in one substance. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Co'in*her"it*ance (?), n. Joint inheritance.

 Co'in*her"it*or (?), n. A coheir.

 Co'in*i"tial (?), a. (Math.) Having a common beginning.

 Co*in"qui*nate (?), v. t. [L. coinquinatus, p. p. of coinquinare to defile. See Inquinate.] To pollute. [Obs.] Skelton.
 Co*in'qui*na"tion (?), n. Defilement. [Obs.]

 Co*in"stan*ta"ne*ous (?), a. Happening at the same instant. C. Darwin.
 Co'intense" (?), a. Equal in intensity or degree; as, the relations between 6 and 12, and 8 and 16, are cointense. H. Spencer.
 Co'in*ten"sion (?), n. The condition of being of equal in intensity; -- applied to relations; as, 3:6 and 6:12 are relations of cointension.

Cointension... is chosen indicate the equality of relations in respect of the contrast between their terms. H. Spencer.
 Coir (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.] 1. A material for cordage, matting, etc., consisting of the prepared fiber of the outer husk of the cocoanut. Homans.
2. Cordage or cables, made of this material.

 Cois"tril (?), n. [Prob. from OF. coustillier groom or lad.
 Cf. Custrel.] 1. An inferior groom or lad employed by an esquire to carry the knight's arms and other necessaries. [Written also coistrel.]

2. A mean, paltry fellow; a coward. [Obs.] Shak.
 Coit (koit), n. [See Quoit.] A quoit. [Obs.] Carew.
 Coit, v. t. To throw, as a stone. [Obs.] See Quoit.

 Co*i"tion (?), n. [L. coitio, fr. coire to come together; co- + ire to go.] A coming together; sexual intercourse; copulation. Grew.
 Co*join" (?), v. t. To join; to conjoin. [R.] Shak.
 Co*ju"ror (?), n. One who swears to another's credibility. W. Wotton.
 Coke (?), n. [Perh. akin to cake, n.] Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where &?; smokeless fire is required. [Written also coak.]

Gas coke, the coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in ovens.

 Coke, v. t. To convert into coke.

 Coke"nay (?), n. A cockney. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Co"ker*nut' (?), n. (Com.) The cocoanut.

 A mode of spelling introduced by the London customhouse to distinguish more widely between this and other articles spelt much in the same manner.

 Cokes (?), n. [OE. Cf. Coax.] A simpleton; a gull; a dupe. [Obs.]
 B. Jonson.
 Coke"wold (?), n. Cuckold. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Col- (&?;). A prefix signifying with, together. See Com-.

 ||Col (?), n. [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.] A short ridge connecting two higher elevations or mountains; the pass over such a ridge.

 Co*la"bor*er (?), n. One who labors with another; an associate in labor.

 Col"an*der (?), n. [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. of colare to filter, to strain, fr. colum a strainer. Cf. Cullis, Culvert.] A utensil with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids, mashed vegetable pulp, etc.; a strainer of wickerwork, perforated metal, or the like.

 Co*la"tion (?), n. [See Colander.] The act or process of straining or filtering. [R.]

 Co*lat"i*tude (?; 134), n. [Formed like cosine. See Cosine.]
 The complement of the latitude, or the difference between any latitude and ninety degrees.

 Col"a*ture (?; 135), n. [L. colatura, from colare: cf. F. colature. See Colander.] The process of straining; the matter strained; a strainer. [R.]

 Col"ber*tine (?), n. [From Jean Baptiste Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV., who encouraged the lace manufacture in France.] A kind of lace. [Obs.]

 Pinners edged with colbertine. Swift.
 Difference rose between Mechlin, the queen of lace, and colbertine.
Young.
 Col"chi*cine (? or?), n. [Cf. F. colchicine.] (Chem.)
 A powerful vegetable alkaloid, C17H19NO5, extracted from the Colchicum autumnale, or meadow saffron, as a white or yellowish amorphous powder, with a harsh, bitter taste; -- called also colchicia.

 Col"chi*cum (?), n. [L., a plant with a poisonous root, fr. Colchicus Colchian, fr. Colchis, Gr. &?;, an ancient province in Asia, east of the Black Sea, where was the home of Media the sorceress.] (Bot.)
 A genus of bulbous-rooted plants found in many parts of Europe, including the meadow saffron.

 Preparations made from the poisonous bulbs and seeds, and perhaps from the


BACK TO GOD'S COUNTRY AND OTHER STORIES BY JAMES OLIVER CURWOOD CONTENTS Back to God's Country The Yellow-Back The Fiddling Man L'ange The Case of Beauvais The Other Man's Wife The Strength of Men The Match The Honor of Her People Bucky Severn His First Penitent Peter God The Mouse BACK TO GOD'S COUNTRY When Shan Tung, the long-cued Chinaman from Vancouver, started up the Frazer River in the old days when the Telegraph Trail and the headwaters of the Peace were the Meccas of half the gold-hunting population of British Columbia, he did not foresee tragedy ahead of him. He was a clever man, was Shan Tung, a cha-sukeed, a very devil in the collecting of gold, and far-seeing. But he could not look forty years into the future, and when Shan Tung set off into the north, that winter, he was in reality touching fire to the end of a fuse that was to burn through four decades before the explosion came.
With Shan Tung went Tao, a Great Dane. The Chinaman had picked him up somewhere on the coast and had trained him as one trains a horse. Tao was the biggest dog ever seen about the Height of Land, the most powerful, and at times the most terrible. Of two things Shan Tung was enormously proud in his silent and mysterious oriental way—of Tao, the dog, and of his long, shining cue which fell to the crook of his knees when he let it down. It had been the longest cue in Vancouver, and therefore it was the longest cue in British Columbia. The cue and the dog formed the combination which set the forty-year fuse of romance and tragedy burning. Shan Tung started for the El Dorados early in the winter, and Tao alone pulled his sledge and outfit. It was no more than an ordinary task for the monstrous Great Dane, and Shan Tung subserviently but with hidden triumph passed outfit after outfit exhausted by the way. He had reached Copper Creek Camp, which was boiling and frothing with the excitement of gold-maddened men, and was congratulating himself that he would soon be at the camps west of the Peace, when the thing happened. A drunken Irishman, filled with a grim and unfortunate sense of humor, spotted Shan Tung's wonderful cue and coveted it. Wherefore there followed a bit of excitement in which Shan Tung passed into his empyrean home with a bullet through his heart, and the drunken Irishman was strung up for his misdeed fifteen minutes later. Tao, the Great Dane, was taken by the leader of the men who pulled on the rope. Tao's new master was a "drifter," and as he drifted, his face was always set to the north, until at last a new humor struck him and he turned eastward to the Mackenzie. As the seasons passed, Tao found mates along the way and left a string of his progeny behind him, and he had new masters, one after another, until he was grown old and his muzzle was turning gray. And never did one of these masters turn south with him. Always it was north, north with the white man first, north with the Cree, and then wit h the Chippewayan, until in the end the dog born in a Vancouver kennel died in an Eskimo igloo on the Great Bear. But the breed of the Great Dane lived on. Here and there, as the years passed, one would find among the Eskimo trace-dogs, a grizzled-haired, powerful-jawed giant that was alien to the arctic stock, and in these occasional aliens ran the blood of Tao, the Dane.
Forty years, more or less, after Shan Tung lost his life and his cue at Copper Creek Camp, there was born on a firth of Coronation Gulf a dog who was named Wapi, which means "the Walrus." Wapi, at full growth, was a throwback of more than forty dog generations. He was nearly as large as his forefather, Tao. His fangs were an inch in length, his great jaws could crack the thigh-bone of a caribou, and from the beginning the hands of men and the fangs of beasts were against him. Almost from the day of his birth until this winter of his fourth year, life for Wapi had been an unceasing fight for existence. He was maya-tisew—bad with the badness of a devil. His reputation had gone from master to master and from igloo to igloo; women and children were afraid of him, and men always spoke to him with the club or the lash in their hands.
He was hated and feared, and yet because he could run down a barren-land caribou and kill it within a mile, and would hold a big white bear at bay until the hunters came, he was not sacrificed to this hate and fear. A hundred whips and clubs and a hundred pairs of hands were against him between Cape Perry and the crown of Franklin Bay—and the fangs of twice as many dogs.
The dogs were responsible. Quick-tempered, clannish with the savage brotherhood of the wolves, treacherous, jealous of leadership, and with the older instincts of the dog dead within them, their merciless feud with what they regarded as an interloper of another breed put the devil heart in Wapi. In all the gray and desolate sweep of his world he had no friend. The heritage of Tao, his forefather, had fallen upon him, and he was an alien in a land of strangers. As the dogs and the men and women and children hated him, so he hated them. He hated the sight and smell of the round-faced, blear-eyed creatures who were his master, yet he obeyed them, sullenly, watchfully, with his lips wrinkled warningly over fangs which had twice torn out the life of white bears. Twenty times he had killed other dogs. He had fought them singly, and in pairs, and in packs. His giant body bore the scars of a hundred wounds.
He had been clubbed until a part of his body was deformed and he traveled with a limp. He kept to himself even in the mating season. And all this because Wapi, the Walrus, forty years removed from the Great Dane of Vancouver, was a white man's dog.
Stirring restlessly within him, sometimes coming to him in dreams and sometimes in a great and unfulfilled yearning, Wapi felt vaguely the strange call of his forefathers. It was impossible for him to understand. It was impossible for him to know what it meant. And yet he did know that somewhere there was something for which he was seeking and which he never found. The desire and the questing came to him most compellingly in the long winter filled with its eternal starlight, when the maddening yap, yap, yap of the little white foxes, the barking of the dogs, and the Eskimo chatter oppressed him like the voices of haunting ghosts. In these long months, filled with the horror of the arctic night, the spirit of Tao whispered within him that somewhere there was light and sun, that somewhere there was warmth and flowers, and running streams, and voices he could understand, and things he could love. And then Wapi would whine, and perhaps the whine would bring him the blow of a club, or the lash of a whip, or an Eskimo threat, or the menace of an Eskimo dog's snarl. Of the latter Wapi was unafraid. With a snap of his jaws, he could break the back of any other dog on Franklin Bay.
Such was Wapi, the Walrus, when for two sacks of flour, some tobacco, and a bale of cloth he became the property of Blake, the uta-wawe-yinew, the trader in seals, whalebone—and women. On this day Wapi's soul took its flight back through the space of forty years. For Blake was white, which is to say that at one time or another he had been white. His skin and his appearance did not betray how black he had turned inside and Wapi's brute soul cried out to him, telling him how he had waited and watched for this master he knew would come, how he would fight for him, how he wanted to lie down and put his great head on the white man's feet in token of his fealty. But Wapi's


, when you see so many pages behind.

Drydn.
Syn. -- Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; horrible; terrific; tremendous.

 For"mi*da*ble*ness, n. The quality of being formidable, or adapted to excite dread. Boyle.
 For"mi*da*bly, adv. In a formidable manner.

 For*mid"o*lose (?), a. [L. formidolosus, fr. formido fear.] Very much afraid. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Form"ing (?), n. The act or process of giving form or shape to anything; as, in shipbuilding, the exact shaping of partially shaped timbers.

 Form"less, a. Shapeless; without a determinate form; wanting regularity of shape. -- Form"less*ly, adv. -- Form"less*ness, n. For"mu*la (?), n.; pl. E. Formulas (#), L. Formulæ (#). [L., dim. of forma form, model. SeeForm, n.] 1.
 A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said.

2. (Eccl.) A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines.

3. (Math.) A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as, the binominal formula.

4. (Med.) A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound.

5. (Chem.) A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound.

Chemical formulæ consist of the abbreviations of the names of the elements, with a small figure at the lower right hand, to denote the number of atoms of each element contained.

Empirical formula (Chem.), an expression which gives the simple proportion of the constituents; as, the empirical formula of acetic acid is C2H4O2. -- Graphic formula, Rational formula (Chem.), an expression of the constitution, and in a limited sense of the structure, of a compound, by the grouping of its atoms or radicals; as, a rational formula of acetic acid is CH3.(C:O).OH; -- called also structural formula, constitutional formula, etc. See also the formula of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene. -- Molecular formula (Chem.), a formula indicating the supposed molecular constitution of a compound.

 For'mu*la*ris"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, formularization. Emerson.
 For'mu*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of formularizing; a formularized or formulated statement or exhibition. C. Kingsley.
 For"mu*lar*ize (?), v. t. To reduce to a forula; to formulate.

 For"mu*la*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. formulaire. See Formula.]
 Stated; prescribed; ritual.

 For"mu*la*ry, n.; pl. Formularies (#). [Cf. F. formulaire.]
 1. A book containing stated and prescribed forms, as of oaths, declarations, prayers, medical formulaæ, etc.; a book of precedents.

2. Prescribed form or model; formula.

 For"mu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Formulating (?).] To reduce to, or express in, a formula; to put in a clear and definite form of statement or expression.
 G. P. Marsh.
 For'mu*la"tion (?), n. The act, process, or result of formulating or reducing to a formula.

 For"mule (?), n. [F.] A set or prescribed model; a formula. [Obs.]
 Johnson.
 For'mu*li*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of reducing to a formula; the state of being formulized.

 For"mu*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Formulizing (?).] To reduce to a formula; to formulate. Emerson.
 For"myl (?), n. [Formic + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde. (b) Formerly, the radical methyl, CH3.

 Forn*cast" (?), p. p. [OE. foren + cast. See Forecast.]
 Predestined. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 For"ni*cal (?), a. Relating to a fornix.

 { For"ni*cate (?), For"ni*ca'ted (?) }, a. [L. fornicatus, fr. fornix, - icis, an arch, vault.] 1. Vaulted like an oven or furnace; arched.

2. (Bot.) Arching over; overarched. Gray.
 For"ni*cate (?), v. i. [L. fornicatus, p. p. of fornicari to fornicate, fr. fornix, -icis, a vault, a brothel in an underground vault.] To commit fornication; to have unlawful sexual intercourse.

 For'ni*ca"tion (?), n. [F. fornication, L. fornicatio.]
 1. Unlawful sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried person; the act of such illicit sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as does not by law amount to adultery.

 In England, the offense, though cognizable in the ecclesiastical courts, was not at common law subject to secular prosecution. In the United States it is indictable in some States at common law, in others only by statute.
 Whartyon.
2. (Script.) (a) Adultery. (b) Incest. (c) Idolatry.

 For"ni*ca'tor (?), n. [F. fornicateur, OF. fornicator, from L. fornicator.] An unmarried person, male or female, who has criminal intercourse with the other sex; one guilty of fornication.

 For"ni*ca'tress (?), n. [Cf. F. fornicatrice, L. fornicatrix.]
 A woman guilty of fornication. Shak.
 ||For"nix (?), n.; pl. Fornices (#). [L., an arch.]
 (Anat.) (a) An arch or fold; as, the fornix, or vault, of the cranium; the fornix, or reflection, of the conjuctiva. (b) Esp., two longitudinal bands of white nervous tissue beneath the lateral ventricles of the brain.

 For*old" (?), a. Very old. [Obs.]

 A bear's skin, coal-black, forold.

Chaucer.
 For*pass" (?), v. t. & i. To pass by or along; to pass over.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 For*pine" (?), v. t. To waste away completely by suffering or torment. [Archaic] "Pale as a forpined ghost." Chaucer.
 For"ray (? or?), v. t. [OE. forrayen. See Foray.] To foray; to ravage; to pillage.

 For they that morn had forrayed all the land.

Fairfax.
 For"ray, n. The act of ravaging; a ravaging; a predatory excursion.
 See Foray.

 For"rill (?), n. [See Forel.] Lambskin parchment; vellum; forel. McElrath.
 For*sake" (?), v. t. [imp. Forsook (?); p. p. Forsaken (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Forsaking.] [AS. forsacan to oppose, refuse; for- + sacan to contend


Clubbing.] 1. To beat with a club.

2. (Mil.) To throw, or allow to fall, into confusion.

 To club a battalion implies a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men to their natural front in line or column. Farrow.
3. To unite, or contribute, for the accomplishment of a common end; as, to club exertions.

4. To raise, or defray, by a proportional assesment; as, to club the expense.

To club a musket (Mil.), to turn the breach uppermost, so as to use it as a club.

 Club (?), v. i. 1. To form a club; to combine for the promotion of some common object; to unite.

 Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream. Dryden.
2. To pay on equal or proportionate share of a common charge or expense; to pay for something by contribution.

 The owl, the raven, and the bat, Clubbed for a feather to his hat. Swift.
3. (Naut.) To drift in a current with an anchor out.

 Club"ba*ble (?), a. Suitable for membership in a club; sociable.
 [Humorous.] G. W. Curtis.
 Clubbed (?), a. Shaped like a club; grasped like, or used as, a club. Skelton.
 Club"ber (?), n. 1. One who clubs.

2. A member of a club. [R.] Massinger.
 Club"bish (?), a. 1. Rude; clownish. [Obs.]

2. Disposed to club together; as, a clubbish set.

 Club"bist (?), n. A member of a club; a frequenter of clubs. [R.]
 Burke.
 Club"fist' (?), n. 1. A large, heavy fist.

2. A coarse, brutal fellow. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.
 Club"fist'ed, a. Having a large fist. Howell.
 Club"foot (?), n. [Club + foot.] (Med.) A short, variously distorted foot; also, the deformity, usually congenital, which such a foot exhibits; talipes.

 Club"foot'ed, a. Having a clubfoot.

 Club"hand' (?), n. (Med.) A short, distorted hand; also, the deformity of having such a hand.

 Club"haul' (?), v. t. (Naut.) To put on the other tack by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails (which brings the vessel's head to the wind), and by cutting the cable as soon as she pays off on the other tack. Clubhauling is attempted only in an exigency.

 Club"house' (?), n. A house occupied by a club.

 Club"room' (?), n. The apartment in which a club meets. Addison.
 Club"-rush' (?), n. (Bot.) A rushlike plant, the reed mace or cat-tail, or some species of the genus Scirpus. See Bulrush.

 Club"-shaped (?), a. Enlarged gradually at the end, as the antennæ of certain insects.

 Cluck (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clucked (?); p pr.
 & vb. n. Clucking.] [AS. cloccian; cf. D. klokken, G. glucken, glucksen, LG. klukken, Dan. klukke; all prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise, or utter the call, of a brooding hen. Ray.
 Cluck, v. t. To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens.

 She, poor hen, fond of no second brood, Has clucked three to the wars. Shak.
 Cluck, n. 1. The call of a hen to her chickens.

2. A click. See 3d Click, 2.

 Cluck"ing, n. The noise or call of a brooding hen.

 Clue (kl), n. [See Clew, n.] A ball of thread; a thread or other means of guidance. Same as Clew.

 You have wound a goodly clue. Shak.
 This clue once found unravels all the rest. Pope.
 Serve as clues to guide us into further knowledge. Locke.
 Clum (klm), interj. Silence; hush. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Clum"ber (klm"br), n. [Named from the estate of the Duke of Newcastle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of field spaniel, with short legs and stout body, which, unlike other spaniels, hunts silently.

 Clump (klmp), n. [Cf. D. klomp lump, G. klump, klumpen, Dan. klump, Sw. klump; perh. akin to L. globus, E. globe.
 Cf. Club.] 1. An unshaped piece or mass of wood or other substance.

2. A cluster; a group; a thicket.

 A clump of shrubby trees. Hawthorne.
3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Brande & C. Clump, v. t. To arrange in a clump or clumps; to cluster; to group.
 Blackmore.
 Clump, v. i. To tread clumsily; to clamp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Clump"er (?), v. t. [Cf. G. klümpern to clod. See Clump, n.] To form into clumps or masses. [Obs.]

 Vapors... clumpered in balls of clouds. Dr. H. More.
 Clumps (?), n. A game in which questions are asked for the purpose of enabling the questioners to discover a word or thing previously selected by two persons who answer the questions; -- so called because the players take sides in two "clumps" or groups, the "clump" which guesses the word winning the game.

 Clump"y (?), a. [From Clump, n.] Composed of clumps; massive; shapeless. Leigh Hunt.
 Clum"si*ly (?), adv. In a clumsy manner; awkwardly; as, to walk clumsily.

 Clum"si*ness, n. The quality of being clumsy.

 The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and ignorance. Collier.
 Clum"sy (?), a. [Compar. Clumsier (?); superl.
 Clumsiest.] [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.] 1. Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [Obs.]

2. Without skill or grace; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness; stiff; awkward, as if benumbed; unwieldy; unhandy; hence; ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate; as, a clumsy person; a clumsy workman; clumsy fingers; a clumsy gesture; a clumsy excuse.

 But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed, Hast shamefully defied the Lord's anointed. Dryden.
Syn. -- See Awkward.

 Clunch (?), n. [Perh. fr. clinch to make fast] 1. (Mining) Indurated clay. See Bind, n., 3.

2. One of the hard beds of the lower chalk. Dana.
 Clung (?), imp. & p. p. of Cling.

 Clung, a. [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.] Wasted away; shrunken. [Obs.]

 Clu"ni*ac (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of


the lines of a survey on paper in the field.
 -- Plane trigonometry, the branch of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to plane triangles.

 Plane, n. [F. plane, L. plana. See Plane, v.
 & a.] 1. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, in which, if any two points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies wholly in that surface; or a surface, any section of which by a like surface is a straight line; a surface without curvature.

2. (Astron.) An ideal surface, conceived as coinciding with, or containing, some designated astronomical line, circle, or other curve; as, the plane of an orbit; the plane of the ecliptic, or of the equator.

3. (Mech.) A block or plate having a perfectly flat surface, used as a standard of flatness; a surface plate.

4. (Joinery) A tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of wood, for forming moldings, etc. It consists of a smooth-soled stock, usually of wood, from the under side or face of which projects slightly the steel cutting edge of a chisel, called the iron, which inclines backward, with an apperture in front for the escape of shavings; as, the jack plane; the smoothing plane; the molding plane, etc.

Objective plane (Surv.), the horizontal plane upon which the object which is to be delineated, or whose place is to be determined, is supposed to stand. -- Perspective plane. See Perspective. -- Plane at infinity (Geom.), a plane in which points infinitely distant are conceived as situated. -- Plane iron, the cutting chisel of a joiner's plane. -- Plane of polarization. (Opt.) See Polarization. -- Plane of projection. (a) The plane on which the projection is made, corresponding to the perspective plane in perspective; -- called also principal plane. (b) (Descriptive Geom.) One of the planes to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position in space. -- Plane of refraction or reflection (Opt.), the plane in which lie both the incident ray and the refracted or reflected ray.

 Plane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Planing.] [Cf. F. planer, L. planare, fr. planus.
 See Plane, a., Plain, a., and cf. Planish.] 1. To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as, to plane a plank.

2. To efface or remove.

 He planed away the names... written on his tables.

Chaucer.
3. Figuratively, to make plain or smooth. [R.]

 What student came but that you planed her path.

Tennyson.
 Plane'-par"al*lel (?), a. (Optics) Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.

 Plan"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, planes; a planing machine; esp., a machine for planing wood or metals.

2. (Print.) A wooden block used for forcing down the type in a form, and making the surface even. Hansard.
Planer centers. See under Center.

 Plan"er tree' (?). [From J. S. Planer, a German botanist.] (Bot.)
 A small-leaved North American tree (Planera aquatica) related to the elm, but having a wingless, nutlike fruit.

 Plan"et (?), n. [OE. planete, F. planète, L. planeta, fr. Gr. &?;, and &?; a planet; prop. wandering, fr. &?; to wander, fr. &?; a wandering.] 1. (Astron.)
 A celestial body which revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity. It is distinguished from a comet by the absence of a coma, and by having a less eccentric orbit. See Solar system.

 The term planet was first used to distinguish those stars which have an apparent motion through the constellations from the fixed stars, which retain their relative places unchanged. The inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, which are nearer to the sun than is the earth; the superior planets are Mars, the asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are farther from the sun than is the earth. Primary planets are those which revolve about the sun; secondary planets, or moons, are those which revolve around the primary planets as satellites, and at the same time revolve with them about the sun.

2. A star, as influencing the fate of a men.

 There's some ill planet reigns.

Shak.
Planet gear. (Mach.) See Epicyclic train, under Epicyclic. -- Planet wheel, a gear wheel which revolves around the wheel with which it meshes, in an epicyclic train.

 Plane" ta'ble (?). See under Plane, a. Plan'e*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. planétaire. See Planetary.] An orrery. See Orrery.

 Plan"et*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. L. planetarius an astrologer, F. planétaire planetary. See Planet.] 1. Of or pertaining to the planets; as, planetary inhabitants; planetary motions; planetary year.

2. Consisting of planets; as, a planetary system.

3. (Astrol.) Under the dominion or influence of a planet.
 "Skilled in the planetary hours." Drayton.
4. Caused by planets. "A planetary plague." Shak.
5. Having the nature of a planet; erratic; revolving; wandering.
 "Erratical and planetary life." Fuller.
Planetary days, the days of the week as shared among the planets known to the ancients, each having its day. Hutton. -- Planetary nebula, a nebula exhibiting a uniform disk, like that of a planet.

 Plan"et*ed, a. Belonging to planets. [R.] Young.
 { Pla*net"ic (?), Pla*net"ic*al (?), } a. [L. planeticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to planets. Sir T. Browne.
 Plan"et*oid (?), n. [Planet + -oid.] (Astron.)
 A body resembling a planet; an asteroid.

 Plan"et*oid*al (?), a. Pertaining to a planetoid.

 Plane" tree' (?). (Bot.) Same as 1st Plane.

 { Plan"et-strick'en (?), Plan"et-struck' (?), } a. Affected by the influence of planets; blasted. Milton.
 Like planet-stricken men of yore He trembles, smitten to the core By strong compunction and remorse.

Wordsworth.
 Plan"et*ule (?), n. A little planet. [R.] Conybeare.
 Plan"gen*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being plangent; a beating sound. [R.]

 Plan"gent (?), a. [L. plangens, -entis, fr. plangere to beat. See Plaint.] Beating; dashing, as a wave. [R.] "The plangent wave." H. Taylor.
 { Plan"i- (?), Plan"o- (?) }. [L. planus. See Plane, a.]
 Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, planoconcave.

 Plan'i*fo"li*ous (?), a. [Plani- + L. folium leaf.]
 (Bot.) Flat-leaved.

 Plan"i*form (?), a. (Anat.) Having a plane surface; as, a planiform, gl


He thought it carried something of argument in it. Watts.
 It carries too great an imputation of ignorance. Lacke.
9. To bear (one's self); to behave, to conduct or demean; -- with the reflexive pronouns.

 He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the house, to all persons, that he became odious. Clarendon.
10. To bear the charges or burden of holding or having, as stocks, merchandise, etc., from one time to another; as, a merchant is carrying a large stock; a farm carries a mortgage; a broker carries stock for a customer; to carry a life insurance.

Carry arms (Mil. Drill), a command of the Manual of Arms directing the soldier to hold his piece in the right hand, the barrel resting against the hollow of the shoulder in a nearly perpendicular position. In this position the soldier is said to stand, and the musket to be held, at carry. -- To carry all before one, to overcome all obstacles; to have uninterrupted success. -- To carry arms (a) To bear weapons. (b) To serve as a soldier. -- To carry away.
 (a) (Naut.) to break off; to lose; as, to carry away a fore-topmast. (b) To take possession of the mind; to charm; to delude; as, to be carried by music, or by temptation. -- To carry coals, to bear indignities tamely, a phrase used by early dramatists, perhaps from the mean nature of the occupation. Halliwell.
 -- To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one's labor. - - To carry off (a) To remove to a distance. (b) To bear away as from the power or grasp of others. (c) To remove from life; as, the plague carried off thousands. -- To carry on (a) To carry farther; to advance, or help forward; to continue; as, to carry on a design. (b) To manage, conduct, or prosecute; as, to carry on husbandry or trade. -- To carry out. (a) To bear from within. (b) To put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. (c) To sustain to the end; to continue to the end. -- To carry through. (a) To convey through the midst of. (b) To support to the end; to sustain, or keep from falling, or being subdued. "Grace will carry us... through all difficulties." Hammond. (c) To complete; to bring to a successful issue; to succeed. -- To carry up, to convey or extend in an upward course or direction; to build. -- To carry weight. (a) To be handicapped; to have an extra burden, as when one rides or runs. "He carries weight, he rides a race" Cowper.
(b) To have influence.

 Car"ry, v. i. 1. To act as a bearer; to convey anything; as, to fetch and carry.

2. To have propulsive power; to propel; as, a gun or mortar carries well.

3. To hold the head; -- said of a horse; as, to carry well i. e., to hold the head high, with arching neck.

4. (Hunting) To have earth or frost stick to the feet when running, as a hare. Johnson.
To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude, or romping manner. [Colloq.]

 Car"ry (?), n.; pl. Carries (#). A tract of land, over which boats or goods are carried between two bodies of navigable water; a carrying place; a portage. [U.S.]

 Car"ry*all' (?), n. [Corrupted fr. cariole.] A light covered carriage, having four wheels and seats for four or more persons, usually drawn by one horse.

 Car"ry*ing, n. The act or business of transporting from one place to another.

Carrying place, a carry; a portage. -- Carrying trade, the business of transporting goods, etc., from one place or country to another by water or land; freighting.

 We are rivals with them in... the carrying trade. Jay.
 Car"ryk (?), n. A carack. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Car"ry*tale' (?), n. A talebearer. [R.] Shak.
 Carse (?), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. cars bog, fen. carsen reed, Armor. kars, korsen, bog plant, reed.] Low, fertile land; a river valley. [Scot.] Jomieson.
 Cart (?), n. [AS. cræt; cf. W. cart, Ir. & Gael. cairt, or Icel. kartr. Cf. Car.] 1. A common name for various kinds of vehicles, as a Scythian dwelling on wheels, or a chariot. "Phœbus' cart." Shak.
2. A two-wheeled vehicle for the ordinary purposes of husbandry, or for transporting bulky and heavy articles.

 Packing all his goods in one poor cart. Dryden.
3. A light business wagon used by bakers, grocerymen, butchers, etc.

4. An open two-wheeled pleasure carriage.

Cart horse, a horse which draws a cart; a horse bred or used for drawing heavy loads. -- Cart load, or Cartload, as much as will fill or load a cart. In excavating and carting sand, gravel, earth, etc., one third of a cubic yard of the material before it is loosened is estimated to be a cart load. -- Cart rope, a stout rope for fastening a load on a cart; any strong rope. -- To put (or get or set) the cart before the horse, to invert the order of related facts or ideas, as by putting an effect for a cause.

 Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Carting.] 1. To carry or convey in a cart.

2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment.

 She chuckled when a bawd was carted. Prior.
 Cart, v. i. To carry burdens in a cart; to follow the business of a carter.

 Cart"age (?), n. 1. The act of carrying in a cart.

2. The price paid for carting.

 Cart"bote' (?), n. [Cart + bote.] (Old Eng. Law.)
 Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry.

 ||Carte (?), n. [F. See 1st Card.] 1. Bill of fare.

2. Short for Carte de visite.

 { Carte. ||Quarte (?), } n. [F. quarte, prop., a fourth. Cf.
 Quart.] (Fencing) A position in thrusting or parrying, with the inside of the hand turned upward and the point of the weapon toward the adversary's right breast.

 ||Carte' blanche" (?). [F., fr. OF. carte paper + -blanc, blanche, white. See 1st Card.] A blank paper, with a person's signature, etc., at the bottom, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence: Unconditional terms; unlimited authority.

 ||Carte" de vi*site' (?), pl. Cartes de visite (&?;).
 [F.] 1. A visiting card.

2. A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card.

 Car*tel" (?), n. [F., fr. LL. cartellus a little paper, dim.
 fr. L. charta. See 1st Card.]

1. (Mil.) An agreement between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. Wilhelm.
2. A letter of defiance or challenge; a challenge to single combat.
 [Obs


, A ministering angel thou. Sir W. Scott.
7. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in value from 6s. 8d.
 to 10s. Amer. Cyc.
Angel is sometimes used adjectively; as, angel grace; angel whiteness.

Angel bed, a bed without posts. -- Angel fish. (Zoöl.)
(a) A species of shark (Squatina angelus) from six to eight feet long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America. It takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally like wings when spread. (b) One of several species of compressed, bright colored fishes warm seas, belonging to the family Chætodontidæ.
 -- Angel gold, standard gold. [Obs.] Fuller. -- Angel shark. See Angel fish. -- Angel shot (Mil.), a kind of chain shot. -- Angel water, a perfumed liquid made at first chiefly from angelica; afterwards containing rose, myrtle, and orange-flower waters, with ambergris, etc. [Obs.]

 An"gel*age (&?;), n. Existence or state of angels.

 An"gel*et (&?;), n. [OF. angelet.] A small gold coin formerly current in England; a half angel. Eng. Cyc.
 An"gel fish. See under Angel.

 An"gel*hood (&?;), n. The state of being an angel; angelic nature. Mrs. Browning.
 { An*gel"ic (&?;), An*gel"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. angelicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. angélique.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, angels; resembling, characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel; heavenly; divine. "Angelic harps." Thomson."Angelical actions." Hooker.
 The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience. Macaulay.
Angelic Hymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian Church; -- so called from its beginning with the song of the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie.
 An*gel"ic, a. [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Of or derived from angelica; as, angelic acid; angelic ether.

Angelic acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some other plants.

 An*gel"i*ca (&?;), n. [NL. See Angelic.] (Bot.) 1.
 An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic.

2. The candied leaf stalks of angelica.

Angelica tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia spinosa), called also Hercules' club.

 An*gel"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. Like an angel.

 An*gel"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being angelic; excellence more than human.

 An*gel"i*fy (&?;), v. t. To make like an angel; to angelize.
 [Obs.] Farindon (1647).
 An"gel*ize (&?;), v. t. To raise to the state of an angel; to render angelic.

 It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but to humanize man. W. Taylor.
 An"gel*like' (&?;), a. & adv. Resembling an angel.

 An'gel*ol"a*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; angel + &?; service, worship.] Worship paid to angels.

 An'gel*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [L. angelus, Gr. &?; + -logy.]
 A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels.

 The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology. Milman.
 An'gel*oph"a*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; angel + &?; to appear.] The actual appearance of an angel to man.

 An"ge*lot (&?;), n. [F. angelot, LL. angelotus, angellotus, dim. of angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French gold coin of the reign of Louis XI., bearing the image of St. Michael; also, a piece coined at Paris by the English under Henry VI. [Obs.]

2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now disused. Johnson.
 R. Browning.
3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy.

 ||An"ge*lus (&?;), n. [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell. (b) The Angelus bell. Shipley.
 An"ger (a"gr), n. [OE. anger, angre, affliction, anger, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow; akin to Dan. anger regret, Swed. ånger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad, L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr.
 'a'gchein to strangle, Skr. ahas pain, and to E. anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. √3.] 1. Trouble; vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.]

 I made the experiment, setting the moxa where... the greatest anger and soreness still continued. Temple.
2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one's self or others, or by the intent to do such injury.

Anger is like A full hot horse, who being allowed his way, Self-mettle tires him. Shak.
Syn. -- Resentment; wrath; rage; fury; passion; ire gall; choler; indignation; displeasure; vexation; grudge; spleen. -- Anger, Indignation, Resentment, Wrath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily criminal. Indignation is a generous outburst of anger in view of things which are indigna, or unworthy to be done, involving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character or conduct.
 Resentment is often a moody feeling, leading one to brood over his supposed personal wrongs with a deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. Wrath and ire (the last poetical) express the feelings of one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of anger; and fury is an excess of rage, amounting almost to madness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger; a high sense of honor creates indignation at crime; a man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherish resentment; the wrath and ire of men are often connected with a haughty and vindictive spirit; rage and fury are distempers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence.

 An"ger (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] [Cf. Icel. angra.] 1.
 To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame. [Obs.]

 He... angereth malign ulcers. Bacon.
2. To excite to anger; to enrage; to provoke.

 Taxes and