player has contributed a snare; also, the receptacle for the stakes.

2. A game at billiards, in which each of the players stakes a certain sum, the winner taking the whole; also, in public billiard rooms, a game in which the loser pays the entrance fee for all who engage in the game; a game of skill in pocketing the balls on a pool table.

 This game is played variously, but commonly with fifteen balls, besides one cue ball, the contest being to drive the most balls into the pockets.

 He plays pool at the billiard houses.

Thackeray.
3. In rifle shooting, a contest in which each competitor pays a certain sum for every shot he makes, the net proceeds being divided among the winners.

4. Any gambling or commercial venture in which several persons join.

5. A combination of persons contributing money to be used for the purpose of increasing or depressing the market price of stocks, grain, or other commodities; also, the aggregate of the sums so contributed; as, the pool took all the wheat offered below the limit; he put $10,000 into the pool.

6. (Railroads) A mutual arrangement between competing lines, by which the receipts of all are aggregated, and then distributed pro rata according to agreement.

7. (Law) An aggregation of properties or rights, belonging to different people in a community, in a common fund, to be charged with common liabilities.

Pin pool, a variety of the game of billiards in which small wooden pins are set up to be knocked down by the balls. -- Pool ball, one of the colored ivory balls used in playing the game at billiards called pool.
 -- Pool snipe (Zoöl.), the European redshank. [Prov.
 Eng.] -- Pool table, a billiard table with pockets.

 Pool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pooling.] To put together; to contribute to a common fund, on the basis of a mutual division of profits or losses; to make a common interest of; as, the companies pooled their traffic.

 Finally, it favors the poolingof all issues.

U. S. Grant.
 Pool, v. i. To combine or contribute with others, as for a commercial, speculative, or gambling transaction.

 Pool"er (?), n. A stick for stirring a tan vat.

 Pool"ing, n. (Law) The act of uniting, or an agreement to unite, an aggregation of properties belonging to different persons, with a view to common liabilities or profits.

 Poon (?), n. [Canarese ponne.] A name for several East Indian, or their wood, used for the masts and spars of vessels, as Calophyllum angustifolium, C. inophullum, and Sterculia fœtida; -- called also peon.

 Poo"nac (?), n. A kind of oil cake prepared from the cocoanut. See Oil cake, under Cake.

 Poon"ga oil' (?). A kind of oil used in India for lamps, and for boiling with dammar for pitching vessels. It is pressed from the seeds of a leguminous tree (Pongamia glabra).

 Poop (?), n. (Arch.) See 2d Poppy.

 Poop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pooping.] [Cf. D. poepen. See Pop.] To make a noise; to pop; also, to break wind.

 Poop, n. [F. poupe; cf. Sp. & Pg. popa, It. poppa; all fr. L. puppis.] (Naut.) A deck raised above the after part of a vessel; the hindmost or after part of a vessel's hull; also, a cabin covered by such a deck. See Poop deck, under Deck. See also Roundhouse.

 With wind in poop, the vessel plows the sea.

Dryden.
 The poop was beaten gold.

Shak.
 Poop, v. t. (Naut.) (a) To break over the poop or stern, as a wave. "A sea which he thought was going to poop her."
 Lord Dufferin. (b) To strike in the stern, as by collision.

 Pooped (?), p. p. & a. (Naut.) (a) Having a poop; furnished with a poop. (b) Struck on the poop.

 Poop"ing (?), n. (Naut.) The act or shock of striking a vessel's stern by a following wave or vessel.

 Poor (?), a. [Compar. Poorer (?; 254); superl.
 Poorest.] [OE. poure or povre, OF. povre, F. pauvre, L. pauper; the first syllable of which is probably akin to paucus few (see Paucity, Few), and the second to parare to prepare, procure. See Few, and cf. Parade, Pauper, Poverty.] 1. Destitute of property; wanting in material riches or goods; needy; indigent.

 It is often synonymous with indigent and with necessitous denoting extreme want. It is also applied to persons who are not entirely destitute of property, but who are not rich; as, a poor man or woman; poor people.

2. (Law) So completely destitute of property as to be entitled to maintenance from the public.

3. Hence, in very various applications: Destitute of such qualities as are desirable, or might naturally be expected; as: (a) Wanting in fat, plumpness, or fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; as, a poor horse, ox, dog, etc. "Seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill-favored and lean-fleshed." Gen. xli. 19. (b) Wanting in strength or vigor; feeble; dejected; as, poor health; poor spirits. "His genius... poor and cowardly." Bacon. (c) Of little value or worth; not good; inferior; shabby; mean; as, poor clothes; poor lodgings. "A poor vessel." Clarendon.
(d) Destitute of fertility; exhausted; barren; sterile; -- said of land; as, poor soil. (e) Destitute of beauty, fitness, or merit; as, a poor discourse; a poor picture. (f) Without prosperous conditions or good results; unfavorable; unfortunate; unconformable; as, a poor business; the sick man had a poor night. (g) Inadequate; insufficient; insignificant; as, a poor excuse.

 That I have wronged no man will be a poor plea or apology at the last day.

Calamy.
4. Worthy of pity or sympathy; -- used also sometimes as a term of endearment, or as an expression of modesty, and sometimes as a word of contempt.

 And for mine own poor part, Look you, I'll go pray.

Shak.
Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing.

Prior.
5. Free from self-assertion; not proud or arrogant; meek. "Blessed are the poor in spirit." Matt. v. 3.
Poor law, a law providing for, or regulating, the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor man's treacle (Bot.), garlic; -- so called because it was thought to be an antidote to animal poison. [Eng] Dr.
 Prior. -- Poor man's weatherglass (Bot.), the red-flowered pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), which opens its blossoms only in fair weather. -- Poor rate, an assessment or tax, as in an English parish, for the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor soldier (Zoöl.), the fri


with Subject No rule of grammar is more familiar to the schoolboy than that which relates to the agreement of the verb with its subject, or nominative, and none that is more frequently violated. It would be a mistake, however, to assume that the schoolboy is the only transgressor. Ladies and gentlemen of culture and refinement, writers and speakers of experience and renown, have alike been caught in the quicksands of verb constructions.
"This painting is one of the finest masterpieces that ever was given to the world." A transposition of the sentence will show that the verb should be were, and not was. "Of the finest masterpieces that ever were given to the world, this painting is one." "His essay on 'Capital and Labor' is one of the best that has ever been written on the subject." The verb should be have.
"The steamer, with all her passengers and crew, were lost." The subject is steamer, and the verb should be was.
Interrogative sentences "What signifies his good resolutions, when he does not possess strength of purpose sufficient to put them into practice?" Resolutions is the subject, and the verb should be signify.
"Of what profit is his prayers, while his practices are the abomination of the neighborhood?" Prayers being plural, the verb should be are.
"What avails good sentiments with a bad life?" Use avail.
Subject after the Verb "In virtue and piety consist the happiness of man." Happiness, the subject, being singular, the verb should be consists, to agree with its nominative.
"To these recommendations were appended a copy of the minority report." A transposition of the sentence will show that the verb should be was, and not were. "A copy of the minority report was appended to these recommendations." Whenever the sentence is introduced by a phrase consisting in part of a noun in the plural, or several nouns in the singular or plural, and, especially, where the subject follows the verb; care must be taken to keep the nominative well in mind, so that the verb may be in strict accord with it.
Compound Subjects When a verb has two or more nominatives it must be plural. These nominatives may or may not be connected by and or other connecting particle. The nominatives may consist of nouns or pronouns, either singular or plural, or they may be phrases.
"Washington and Lincoln were chosen instruments of government." "Judges and senates have been bought for gold, Esteem and love were never to be sold."—Pope.
"Art, empire, earth itself, to change are doomed."— Beattie.
"You and he resemble each other." "To read and to sing are desirable accomplishments." "To be wise in our own eyes, to be wise in the opinion of the world, and to be wise in the sight of our Creator, are three things so very different as rarely to coincide."—Blair.
Singular in Meaning Nominatives are sometimes plural in form but singular in meaning. Such nominatives require a verb in the singular.
"The philosopher and poet was banished from his country." Was is correct, because philosopher and poet are the same person.
"Ambition, and not the safety of the state, was concerned." Was is correct, because ambition is the subject. The words, "and not the safety of the state," simply emphasize the subject, but do not give it a plural meaning.
"Truth, and truth only, is worth seeking for its own sake." Another case of emphasis.
Each, Every, No, Not When two or more nominatives are qualified by one of the foregoing words the verb must be singular.
"Every limb and feature appears with its respective grace."—Steele.
"Not a bird, not a beast, not a tree, not a shrub were to be seen." Use was instead of were.
Poetical Construction When the verb separates its nominatives, it agrees with that which precedes it.
"Forth in the pleasing spring, Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness, and love."—Thomson.
Or, Nor, As well as, But, Save When two or more nominatives in the singular are separated by such words as the preceding, the verb must be singular.
"Veracity, as well as justice, is to be our rule of life."—Butler.
"Not a weed nor a blade of grass were to be seen." Change were to was.
"Nothing but wailings were heard." Transpose. "Nothing was heard but wailings." The verb should be was.
"Either one or the other of them are in the wrong." The verb should be is.
If, however, one or more of the nominatives are plural, the verb must be plural.
"It is not his wealth, or gifts, or culture that gives him this distinction." Gifts being plural, the verb should be give.
Some authorities say that the verb should agree in number with the subject which is placed next before it, and be understood (or silent) to the rest; as, "Neither he nor his brothers were there," "Neither his brothers nor he was there," "Neither you nor I am concerned." Prof. Genung, author of Outlines of Rhetoric, says: "When a clash of concord arises, either choose subjects that have the same number, or choose a verb that has the same form for both numbers." He gives this sentence to show the change of verb: "Fame or the emoluments of valor were (was) never to be his." "Fame or the emoluments of valor could never be his." And this sentence to show the change of one of the subjects: "Neither the halter nor bayonets are (is) sufficient to prevent us from obtaining our rights." "Neither the halter nor the bayonet is sufficient to prevent us from obtaining our rights." Collective Nouns Collective nouns, like army, committee, class, peasantry, nobility, are, grammatically, singular, but they are often so modified by their surroundings as to convey a plural idea, and when so modified the verb must be plural. When the collective noun conveys the idea of unity, the verb must be singular.
"The army was disbanded." "The council were divided." "A number of men and women were present." "The people rejoice in their freedom." "The peasantry go barefoot, and the middle sort make use of wooden shoes." "The world stands in awe of your majesty." "All the world are spectators of your conduct." Weights, Measures, and Values The names of weights, measures, and values, when considered as wholes, require singular verbs, and when considered as units require verbs in the plural.
"There is twenty shillings in my purse," meaning one pound in value. "There are twenty shillings in my purse," meaning twenty separate coins, each being a shilling. "Sixty-three gallons equals a hogshead." "Ten tons of coal are consumed daily." Titles of Books Whether the form be singular or plural, the title is considered a unit, and requires a verb in the singular; as, "'The Merry Wives of Windsor' was written by Shakespeare." "Dr.
Holmes's American Annals was published in 1805." Whereabouts "The whereabouts of his cousins were not known to him." The plural form of this word is misleading. The verb should be was.
Phenomena, Effluvia "A strange phenomena," "A disagreeable effluvia" are incorrect forms not infrequently met with. Both words are plural, and require plural verbs and also the omission of the article a. You was This very incorrect form is often employed by those who know better, and who use it, seemingly, out of courtesy to the uneducated people with whom they are brought in contact. If it be a courtesy, it is one that is "more honored in the breach than in the observance." Those who use the expression ignorantly are not likely to read this book, or any other of a similar character, and need scarcely be told that was should be were.
INDEX A, An, 181. Aberration of intellect, 87. A 1,83. A hundred others' woes—Pronouns


reasons of cultural sensibility (people think it is disgusting) and because there may be living parasites in uncooked flesh that can attack, sicken and even kill people.
It has been argued that a healthy stomach containing its proper degree of acidity provides an impenetrable barrier to parasites. Perhaps. But how many of us are that healthy these days? Cooked flesh and fish seems more delicious to our refined, civilized sensibilities, but are a poor food.
 In my household we have no moral objection to eating meat.
We do have an ethical objection in that meat eating does not contribute to our health.
But still, we do eat it. A few times a year, for traditional celebrations we may invite the children over and cook a turkey. A few times for Thanksgiving when the children were going through their holier-than-thou vegetarian stage, I purchased the largest, thickest porterhouse steak I could find at the natural meat store and ate it medium-rare, with relish. It was delicious. It made me feel full for hours and hours and hours. I stayed flat on the couch and groggily worked on digesting it all evening. After that I'd had enough of meat to last for six months.
 When milk is pasteurized, the proteins in it are also altered in structure. Not so severely as egg white is altered by cooking because pasteurization happens at a lower temperature. But altered none the less. And made less digestible.
Pasteurizing also makes milk calcium far less assimilable. That's ironic because so many people are drinking milk because they fear they need more calcium to avoid osteoporosis and to give their children good teeth. What pasteurized milk actually does to their children is make them calcium deficient and makes the children toxic, provoking many colds, ear infections, sinusitis, inflammations of the tonsils and lung infections, and, induces an allergy to milk in the children.
The Development Of Allergies There are three ways a body can become allergic. (1) It can have a genetic predisposition for a specific allergy to start with. (2) It can be repeatedly exposed to an irritating substance such as pollen when, at the same time, the body's mechanism for dealing with irritations is weakened. Generally weak adrenals causes this because the adrenal's job is to produce hormones that reduce inflammation.
Once the irritating substance succeeds at producing a significant inflammation, a secondary reaction may be set up, called an allergy. Once established, an allergy is very hard to get rid of.
 (3) in a way very similar to the second, but instead of being irritated by an external substance, it is irritated by repeatedly failing to properly, fully digest something. Pasteurized milk for example, basically impossible to completely digest even in its low-fat form, often sets up an allergy that applies to other forms of cows milk, even raw, unpasteurized cows milk or yogurt. Eating too much white flour can eventually set off a wheat allergy. My husband developed a severe allergy to barley after drinking too much home-brewed beer; he also became highly intolerant to alcohol. Now he has allergic reactions to both alcohol and barley. And gets far sicker from drinking beer (two separate allergies) than from wheat beer, hard liquor or wine (only one allergy).
 Eating too much of any single food, or repeatedly eating too much of an otherwise very good food at one time, can eventually overwhelm the body's ability to digest it fully. Then, the finest whole food products may set up an allergic reaction. Worse, this allergic reaction itself subsequently prevents proper digestion even when only moderate quantities are eaten.
 An allergy may not be recognized as an allergy because it may not manifest as the instant skin rash or stuffy nose or swollen glands or sticky eyes. that people usually think of when they think "allergic reaction."
Food allergies can cause many kinds of symptoms, from sinusitis to psychosis, from asthma to arthritis, from hyperactivity to depression, insomnia to narcolepsy--and commonly the symptoms don't manifest immediately after eating. Frequently, allergic reactions are so low grade as to be unnoticeable and may not produce an observable condition until many years of their grinding down the vital force has passed. When the condition finally appears it is hard to associate it with some food that has been consumed for years, apparently with impunity.
 Thus it is that many North Americans have developed allergies to wheat, dairy, soy products (because many soy foods are very hard to digest), corn and eggs. These are such common, widespread, frequently found allergies that anyone considering a dietary cause of their complaints might just cut all these foods out of the diet for a few weeks just to see what happens. And individuals may be allergic to anything from broccoli to bacon, strawberries to bean sprouts. Unraveling food allergies sometimes requires the deductions of a Sherlock Holmes.
 However, food allergies are very easy to cure if you can get the suffered to take the medicine. Inevitably, allergic reactions vanish in about five days of abstinence. Anyone with sufficient self-discipline to water fast for five days can cure themselves of all food allergies at one step. Then, by a controlled, gradual reintroduction of foods, they can discover which individual items cause trouble.
See Coca's Pulse Test in the Appendix where you'll find step-by-step instructions for allergy testing that are less rigorous, not requiring a preliminary fast.
Flour, And Other Matters Relating To Seeds One of the largest degradations to human health was caused by the roller mill. This apparently profitable machine permitted the miller to efficiently separate wheat flour into three components: bran, germ and endosperm. Since bread made without bran and germ is lighter and appears more "upper class" it became instantly popular. Flour without germ and bran also had an industrial application--it could be stored virtually forever without being infested by insects because white flour does not contain enough nutrition to support life. Most health conscious people are aware that white flour products won't support healthful human life either.
 Essentially, white flour's effect on humans is another demonstration of Health = Nutrition / Calories. When the bran and germ are discarded, remaining are the calories and much of the protein, lacking are many vitamins and minerals and other vital nutritional substances.
 Whole wheat bread has been called the staff of life. In ages past, healthy cultures have made bread the predominant staple in their diet. Does that mean you can just go to the bakery and buy whole grain bread, or go to the healthfood store and buy organically grown whole wheat flour, bake your own, and be as healthy as the ancients? Sorry, the answer is almost certainly no. There are pitfalls, many of them, waiting for the unwary.
 White flour has one other advantage over whole wheat flour.
It not only remains free of insect infestation, it doesn't become stale (meaning rancid). In the wheat germ (where the embryo resides) there is considerable oil, containing among other things, about the best natural source of vitamin E. This oil is highly unsaturated and once the seed is ground the oil goes rancid in a matter of days. Whole wheat flour kept on the unrefrigerated shelf of the store is almost certainly rancid. A lot of its other vitamin content has been oxidized too. If the wheat flour had flowed directly from the grinder into an airtight sack and from there directly to the freezer, if it had been flash frozen and kept extremely cold, it might have a storage life of some months. Of course that was not the case. Maybe you're lucky and your healthfood store is one of the very few that has its own small-scale flour mill and grinds daily. Probably not.
 How about your baker's whole wheat bread? Where does the baker get flour? From the wholesaler's or distributor's warehouse! In fifty pound kraftpaper sacks! How much time had elapsed from milling to wholesaler to baker to baking? The answer has to be in the order of magnitude of weeks. And it might be months. Was the flour stored frozen? Or airtight? Of course not.
 If you want bread made from freshly ground flour you are almost certainly have to grind and bake it yourself. Is it worth the trouble? You bet. Once you've tasted real bread you'll instantly see by comparison what stale, rancid whole wheat flour tastes like. Freshly ground flour makes bread that can be the staff of life and can enormously upgrade your health--if the wheat you use is any good.
 But before we talk about wheat quality, a more few words of warning. If you think wheat goes rancid rapidly, rye is even worse. Rye flour goes


. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.]

 The state can not with safety cast him.

12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as, to cast a horoscope. "Let it be cast and paid." Shak.
 You cast the event of war, my noble lord. Shak.
13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic] The cloister... had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange-house]. Sir W. Temple.
14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as, to be cast in damages.

 She was cast to be hanged. Jeffrey.
 Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast. Dr. H. More.
15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as, a casting voice.

 How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious! South.
16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as, to cast bells, stoves, bullets.

17. (Print.) To stereotype or electrotype.

18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part.

 Our parts in the other world will be new cast. Addison.
To cast anchor (Naut.) See under Anchor. -- To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. -- To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. -- To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. -- To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. -- To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. "Cast away a life" Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. "Cast away his people." Rom. xi. 1. "Cast one away." Shak.
(c) To wreck. "Cast away and sunk." Shak. -- To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. -- To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. "Why art thou cast down. O my soul?" Ps. xiii. 5. -- To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. -- To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast in one's teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. -- To cast lots. See under Lot. -- To cast off.
 (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one's self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also, to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. -- To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. -- To cast one's self on or upon to yield or submit one's self unreservedly to, as to the mercy of another. -- To cast out, to throw out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. -- To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the bottom. -- To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. -- To cast up.
 (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one's teeth.

 Cast (?), v. i. 1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook.

2. (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh.

 Weigh anchor, cast to starboard. Totten.
3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as, to cast about for reasons.

 She... cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be. Luke. i. 29.
4. To calculate; to compute. [R.]

 Who would cast and balance at a desk. Tennyson.
5. To receive form or shape in a mold.

 It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold. Woodward.
6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape.

 Stuff is said to cast or warp when... it alters its flatness or straightness. Moxon.
7. To vomit.

 These verses... make me ready to cast. B. Jonson.
 Cast, 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cast, n. [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.] 1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw.

2. The thing thrown.

 A cast of dreadful dust. Dryden.
3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. "About a stone's cast." Luke xxii. 41.
4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture.

 An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way.
Sowth.
 I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak.
5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as, the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk's stomach, the excrement of a earthworm.

6. The act of casting in a mold.

 And why such daily cast of brazen cannon. Shak.
7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern.

8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting.

9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as, a peculiar cast of countenance. "A neat cast of verse." Pope.
 An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure. Prior.
 And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak.
10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade.

 Gray with a cast of green. Woodward.
11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch] We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage.
Smollett.
 If we had the cast o' a cart to bring it. Sir W. Scott.
12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors.

13. (Falconary) A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb.
 As when a cast of falcons make their flight. Spenser.
14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.]

 This was a cast of Wood's politics; for his information was wholly false. Swift.
15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint.

 The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion. Bacon.
 And let you see with one cast of an eye. Addison.
 This freakish, elvish cast came into the child's eye. Hawthorne.
16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold.

17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp.

18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer.


and Anglo-Saxon spelling with u. It makes no difference whether the word was taken from the French or not, provided it is old enough in English to have suffered this change to what is now the common sound of ou; but words taken from the French at a later time, or influenced by French, may have the French sound.

Wound gall (Zoöl.), an elongated swollen or tuberous gall on the branches of the grapevine, caused by a small reddish brown weevil (Ampeloglypter sesostris) whose larvæ inhabit the galls.

 Wound (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wounding.] [AS. wundian. √140. See Wound, n.]

1. To hurt by violence; to produce a breach, or separation of parts, in, as by a cut, stab, blow, or the like.

 The archers hit him; and he was sore wounded of the archers.

1 Sam. xxxi. 3.
2. To hurt the feelings of; to pain by disrespect, ingratitude, or the like; to cause injury to.

 When ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their weak conscience, ye sin against Christ.

1 Cor. viii. 12.
 Wound"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being wounded; vulnerable. [R.] Fuller.
 Wound"er (?), n. One who, or that which, wounds.

 Wound"i*ly (?), adv. In a woundy manner; excessively; woundy. [Obs.]

 Wound"less (?), a. Free from wound or hurt; exempt from being wounded; invulnerable. "Knights whose woundless armor rusts." Spenser.
 [Slander] may miss our name, And hit the woundless air.

Shak.
 Wound"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of certain plants whose soft, downy leaves have been used for dressing wounds, as the kidney vetch, and several species of the labiate genus Stachys.

 Wound"y (?), a. Excessive. [Obs.]

 Such a world of holidays, that 't a woundy hindrance to a poor man that lives by his labor.

L'Estrange.
 Wound"y, adv. Excessively; extremely. [Obs.]

 A am woundy cold.

Ford.
 Wou"ra*li (?), n. Same as Curare.

 Wou"-wou' (?), n. [So called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) The agile, or silvery, gibbon; — called also camper. See Gibbon. [Written also wow-wow.]

 Wove (?), p. pr. & rare vb. n. of Weave.

 Wov"en (?), p. p. of Weave.

Woven paper, or Wove paper, writing paper having an even, uniform surface, without watermarks.

 Wowe (?), v. t. & i. To woo. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wowf (?), a. Disordered or unsettled in intellect; deranged.
 [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Wowke (?), n. Week. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wow"-wow" (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wou-wou.

 Wox (?), obs. imp. of Wax. Gower.
 Wox"en (?), obs. p. p. of Wax. Chaucer.
 Wrack (?), n. A thin, flying cloud; a rack.

 Wrack, v. t. To rack; to torment. [R.]

 Wrack, n. [OE. wrak wreck. See Wreck.]

1. Wreck; ruin; destruction. [Obs.] Chaucer. "A world devote to universal wrack." Milton.
2. Any marine vegetation cast up on the shore, especially plants of the genera Fucus, Laminaria, and Zostera, which are most abundant on northern shores.

3. (Bot.) Coarse seaweed of any kind.

Wrack grass, or Grass wrack (Bot.), eelgrass.

 Wrack, v. t. To wreck. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Wrack"ful (?), a. Ruinous; destructive. [Obs.]

 Wrain"-bolt' (?), n. Same as Wringbolt.

 Wraith (?), n. [Scot. wraith, warth; probably originally, a guardian angel, from Icel. vörðr a warden, guardian, akin to E. ward. See Ward a guard.]

1. An apparition of a person in his exact likeness, seen before death, or a little after; hence, an apparition; a specter; a vision; an unreal image. [Scot.]

 She was uncertain if it were the gypsy or her wraith.

Sir W. Scott.
 O, hollow wraith of dying fame.

Tennyson.
2. Sometimes, improperly, a spirit thought to preside over the waters; — called also water wraith. M. G. Lewis.
 Wran"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wrangling (?).] [OE. wranglen to wrestle. See Wrong, Wring.]

1. To argue; to debate; to dispute. [Obs.]

2. To dispute angrily; to quarrel peevishly and noisily; to brawl; to altercate. "In spite of occasional wranglings." Macaulay.
 For a score of kingdoms you should wrangle.

Shak.
 He did not know what it was to wrangle on indifferent points.

Addison.
 Wran"gle, v. t. To involve in a quarrel or dispute; to embroil.
 [R.] Bp. Sanderson.
 Wran"gle (?), n. An angry dispute; a noisy quarrel; a squabble; an altercation.

Syn. — Altercation; bickering; brawl; jar; jangle; contest; controversy. See Altercation.

 Wran"gler (?), n. 1. An angry disputant; one who disputes with heat or peevishness. "Noisy and contentious wranglers." I. Watts.
2. One of those who stand in the first rank of honors in the University of Cambridge, England. They are called, according to their rank, senior wrangler, second wrangler, third wrangler, etc. Cf. Optime.

 Wran"gler*ship, n. The honor or position of being a wrangler at the University of Cambridge, England.

 Wran"gle*some (?), a. Contentious; quarrelsome. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 { Wran"nock (?), Wran"ny (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The common wren. [Prov. Eng.]

 Wrap (?), v. t. [A corrupt spelling of rap.] To snatch up; transport; — chiefly used in the p. p. wrapt.

 Lo! where the stripling, wrapt in wonder, roves.

Beattie.
 Wrap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrapped (?) or Wrapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrapping.] [OE. wrappen, probably akin to E. warp. √144. Cf. Warp.]

1. To wind or fold together; to arrange in folds.

 Then cometh Simon Peter,... and seeth... the napkin that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.

John xx. 6, 7.
 Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.

Bryant.
2. To cover by winding or folding; to envelop completely; to involve; to infold; — often with up.

 I... wrapt in mist Of midnight vapor


through it; a broach.

10. (Mil.) (a) A tool used in driving down compactly the composition contained in a rocket, or like firework. (b) A deviation from the line of fire, peculiar to oblong projectiles.

11. (Mining) A passage driven or cut between shaft and shaft; a driftway; a small subterranean gallery; an adit or tunnel.

12. (Naut.) (a) The distance through which a current flows in a given time. (b) The angle which the line of a ship's motion makes with the meridian, in drifting. (c) The distance to which a vessel is carried off from her desired course by the wind, currents, or other causes. (d) The place in a deep-waisted vessel where the sheer is raised and the rail is cut off, and usually terminated with a scroll, or driftpiece. (e) The distance between the two blocks of a tackle.

13. The difference between the size of a bolt and the hole into which it is driven, or between the circumference of a hoop and that of the mast on which it is to be driven.

Drift is used also either adjectively or as the first part of a compound. See Drift, a. Drift of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an examination or view of the cattle in a forest, in order to see whose they are, whether they are commonable, and to determine whether or not the forest is surcharged. Burrill.
 Drift, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drifted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Drifting.] 1. To float or be driven along by, or as by, a current of water or air; as, the ship drifted astern; a raft drifted ashore; the balloon drifts slowly east.

 We drifted o'er the harbor bar.

 Coleridge.
2. To accumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven into heaps; as, snow or sand drifts.

3. (mining) to make a drift; to examine a vein or ledge for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of metals or ores; to follow a vein; to prospect. [U.S.]

 Drift (?), v. t. 1. To drive or carry, as currents do a floating body. J. H. Newman.
2. To drive into heaps; as, a current of wind drifts snow or sand.

3. (Mach.) To enlarge or shape, as a hole, with a drift.

 Drift, a. That causes drifting or that is drifted; movable by wind or currents; as, drift currents; drift ice; drift mud. Kane.
Drift anchor. See Sea anchor, and also Drag sail, under Drag, n. - - Drift epoch (Geol.), the glacial epoch.
 -- Drift net, a kind of fishing net. -- Drift sail. Same as Drag sail. See under Drag, n. Drift"age (?), n. 1. Deviation from a ship's course due to leeway.

2. Anything that drifts.

 Drift"bolt' (?), n. A bolt for driving out other bolts.

 Drift"less, a. Having no drift or direction; without aim; purposeless.

 Drift"piece" (?), n. (Shipbuilding) An upright or curved piece of timber connecting the plank sheer with the gunwale; also, a scroll terminating a rail.

 Drift"pin' (?), n. (Mech.) A smooth drift. See Drift, n., 9.

 Drift"way' (?), n. 1. A common way, road, or path, for driving cattle. Cowell. Burrill.
2. (Mining) Same as Drift, 11.

 Drift"weed' (?), n. Seaweed drifted to the shore by the wind. Darwin.
 Drift"wind' (?), n. A driving wind; a wind that drives snow, sand, etc., into heaps. Beau. & Fl.
 Drift"wood' (?), n. 1. Wood drifted or floated by water.

2. Fig.: Whatever is drifting or floating as on water.

 The current of humanity, with its heavy proportion of very useless driftwood.

 New Your Times.
 Drift"y (?), a. Full of drifts; tending to form drifts, as snow, and the like.

 Drill (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drilled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Drilling.] [D. drillen to bore, drill (soldiers); probably akin to AS. pyrlian, pyrelian, to pierce. See Thrill.] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill, or a with a drill; to perforate; as, to drill a hole into a rock; to drill a piece of metal.

2. To train in the military art; to exercise diligently, as soldiers, in military evolutions and exercises; hence, to instruct thoroughly in the rudiments of any art or branch of knowledge; to discipline.

 He [Frederic the Great] drilled his people, as he drilled his grenadiers.

 Macaulay.
 Drill, v. i. To practice an exercise or exercises; to train one's self.

 Drill, n. 1. An instrument with an edged or pointed end used for making holes in hard substances; strictly, a tool that cuts with its end, by revolving, as in drilling metals, or by a succession of blows, as in drilling stone; also, a drill press.

2. (Mil.) The act or exercise of training soldiers in the military art, as in the manual of arms, in the execution of evolutions, and the like; hence, diligent and strict instruction and exercise in the rudiments and methods of any business; a kind or method of military exercises; as, infantry drill; battalion drill; artillery drill.

3. Any exercise, physical or mental, enforced with regularity and by constant repetition; as, a severe drill in Latin grammar.

4. (Zoöl.) A marine gastropod, of several species, which kills oysters and other bivalves by drilling holes through the shell. The most destructive kind is Urosalpinx cinerea.

Bow drill, Breast drill. See under Bow, Breast. -- Cotter drill, or Traverse drill, a machine tool for drilling slots. -- Diamond drill. See under Diamond. -- Drill jig. See under Jig. -- Drill pin, the pin in a lock which enters the hollow stem of the key. - - Drill sergeant (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer whose office it is to instruct soldiers as to their duties, and to train them to military exercises and evolutions. -- Vertical drill, a drill press.

 Drill, v. t. [Cf. Trill to trickle, Trickle, Dribble, and W. rhillio to put in a row, drill.] 1. To cause to flow in drills or rills or by trickling; to drain by trickling; as, waters drilled through a sandy stratum. [R.] Thomson.
2. To sow, as seeds, by dribbling them along a furrow or in a row, like a trickling rill of water.

3. To entice; to allure from step; to decoy; -- with on.
 [Obs.]

 See drilled him on to five-fifty.

 Addison.
4. To cause to slip or waste away by degrees. [Obs.]

 This accident hath drilled away the whole summer.

 Swift.
 Drill, v. i. 1. To trickle. [Obs. or R.] Sandys.
2. To sow in drills.

 Drill, n. 1. A small trickling stream; a rill. [Obs.]

 Springs through the pleasant meadows pour their drills.

Sandys.
2. (Agr.) (a) An implement for making holes for sowing seed, and sometimes so formed as to contain seeds


great difficulty they ascended up the hill." As they could not ascend down the hill it is evident that the word up is superfluous.
Been to "Where has he been to?" The sentence is not only more concise, but more elegant without the terminal to.
Both The sentence, "The two children both resembled each other," will be greatly improved by omitting the word both. So also in "These baskets are both alike," "William and I both went to Cuba." But that "I do not doubt but that my uncle will come." The sentence is shorter and more clear without the word but. "I have no idea but that the crew was drowned." Here but is necessary.
Without it the opposite meaning would be conveyed.
Equally as well "James did it well, but Henry did it equally as well." As well or equally well should be used instead of equally as well.
"This method will be equally as efficacious." Omit as.
Everywheres "I have looked everywheres for the book, and I cannot find it." This is a vulgarism that should be avoided. Say everywhere.
Feel like "I feel like as if I should be sick." The word like is unnecessary.
Few "There are a few persons who read well." This sentence will be improved by saying, "Few persons read well." Help but be This is an awkward expression which is improved by being reduced to the two words help being; as, "I could not help being moved by his appeal." Kind of a "He jumped into a kind of a chaise, and hurried off to the station." A kind of chaise would be better.
New beginner "Mary plays on the piano very well for a new beginner." If she is a beginner she must of necessity be new to it.
Opens up "This story opens up beautifully." The up is superfluous.
Seeming paradox The word paradox alone implies all that the word seeming is intended to convey, hence seeming is superfluous. "This was once a paradox but time now gives it proof." Different "There were ten different men ready to accept the offer." As no reference to the appearance or characteristics of the men is intended, the word different is unnecessary.
Rise up "They rose up early and started on their journey." Up is superfluous and should be omitted.
Sink down "The multitude sank down upon the ground." As they could not sink up or in any other direction than down, the latter word should be omitted.
Smell of "Did you smell of the roses?" "No; but I smelled them and found them very fragrant." "The gardener smelt of them for he has been culling them all morning and his clothing is perfumed with them." The of is superfluous in such expressions as taste of, feel of, and usually in smell of.
Think for "He is taller than you think for." For is unnecessary.
"He is taller than you think" is the contracted form of "He is taller than you think he is." Differ among themselves "The authorities differed among themselves." The words among themselves may be omitted.
End up "That ends up the business." Say "that ends (or closes) the business." Had have "Had I have known that he was a lawyer I should have consulted him." Omit have.
Had ought to "I had ought to have gone to school to-day; I hadn't ought to have gone fishing." Incorrect. Say, "I ought to have gone (or I should have gone) to school to-day; I ought not to have gone fishing." If the second clause is not an after-thought the sentence can be still further improved by condensing it; as, "I should have gone to school to-day, and not to have gone fishing." CHAPTER XV Two Negatives The use of two negatives in a sentence is much more common than is generally supposed. To assume that only those who are grossly ignorant of grammatical rules and constructions employ them, is an error. Writers whose names are as bright stars in the constellation of literature have slipped on this treacherous ground.
A negation, in English, admits of only one negative word. The use of a single negative carries the meaning halfway around the circle. The meaning is therefore diametrically opposed to that which would be expressed without the negative. The use of a second negative would carry the meaning the remaining distance around the circle, thus bringing it to the starting point, and making it equivalent to the affirmative. The second negative destroys the effect of the first. The two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative.
Double Negatives While two negatives in the same sentence destroy each other, a double negative has the effect of a more exact and guarded affirmative; as, "It is not improbable that Congress will convene in special session before the end of the summer." "It is not unimportant that, he attend to the matter at once." "His story was not incredible." "The fund was not inexhaustible." Redundant Negatives "No one else but the workmen had any business at the meeting." Omit else.
"Let us see whether or not there was not a mistake in the record." Omit either or not or the second not.
"The boat will not stop only when the signal flag is raised." Omit not or change only to except.
"He will never return, I don't believe." Say, "He will never return," or, if that statement is two emphatic, say, "I don't believe he will ever return." Don't want none "I don't want none," "I ain't got nothing," "He can't do no more," are inelegant expressions that convey a meaning opposed to that intended.
"I don't want any," or, "I do not want any," or, "I want none," are correct equivalents for the first sentence; "I haven't anything," or, "I have nothing," should take the place of the second; and, "He can't do any more," or, "He can do no more," or "He cannot do more," will serve for the third.
Not—Hardly "I cannot stop to tell you hardly any of the adventures that befell Theseus." Change cannot to can. "I have not had a moment's time to read hardly since I left school." Say, "I have hardly a moment's time," etc.
No—no "The faculties are called into no exercise by doing a thing merely because others do it, no more than by believing a thing only because others believe it," says George P. Marsh. He should have used any instead of the second no.
Nothing—nor "There was nothing at the Columbian Exposition more beautiful, nor more suggestive of the progress of American art, than Tiffany's display." Change nor to or.
Can't do nothing "He says he can't do nothing for me." Use "He can do nothing," or "He can't do anything for me." Cannot by no means This double negative should be avoided. "I cannot by no means permit you to go." Say, "I cannot possibly," or "I cannot, under any consideration, permit you to go." Nor—no "Give not me counsel, nor let no comforter delight mine ear," says Shakespeare.
"There can be no rules laid down, nor no manner recommended," says Sheridan.
"No skill could obviate, nor no remedy dispel the terrible infection." The foregoing sentences may be corrected by changing nor to and.
Not—no "I pray you bear with me; I cannot go no further," says Shakespeare. "I can go no further," or "I cannot go any further," will make the sentence correct.
Nor—not "I never did repent for doing good, nor shall not now." "We need not, nor do not, confine the purposes of God." "Which do not continue, nor are not binding." "For my part I love him not, nor hate him not." In these sentences, change nor to and.
CHAPTER XVI Accordance of Verb


ful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 -- Con'tu*me"li*ous*ly, adv. -- Con'tu*me"li*ous*ness, n. Con"tu*me*ly (?), n. [L. contumelia, prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. OF. contumelie. Cf. Contumacy.] Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; despiteful treatment; disdain; contemptuousness in act or speech; disgrace.

 The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely. Shak.
 Nothing aggravates tyranny so much as contumely. Burke.
 Con*tuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contusing.] [L. contusus, p. p. of contundere to beat, crush; con- + tundere to beat, akin to Skr. tud (for stud) to strike, Goth. stautan. See Stutter.] 1.
 To beat, pound, or bray together.

 Roots, barks, and seeds contused together. Bacon.
2. To bruise; to injure or disorganize a part without breaking the skin.

Contused wound, a wound attended with bruising.

 Con*tu"sion (?), n. [L. contusio: cf. F. contusion.]
 1. The act or process of beating, bruising, or pounding; the state of being beaten or bruised.

2. (Med.) A bruise; an injury attended with more or less disorganization of the subcutaneous tissue and effusion of blood beneath the skin, but without apparent wound.

 Co*nun"drum (?), n. [Origin unknown.] 1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun.

 Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint. J. Philips.
2. A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made.

 Do you think life is long enough to let me speculate on conundrums like that? W. Black.
 Co*nure" (?), n. [NL. conurus, fr. Gr. &?; a cone + &?; tail. The name alludes to the tapering tail.] (Zoöl.)
 An American parrakeet of the genus Conurus. Many species are known.
 See Parrakeet.

 ||Co"nus (?), n. [L., a cone.] 1. A cone.

2. (Zoöl.) A Linnean genus of mollusks having a conical shell. See Cone, n., 4.

 Con"u*sa*ble (?), a. Cognizable; liable to be tried or judged.
 [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.
 Con"u*sant (?), a. (Law) See Cognizant.

 Con'u*sor" (?), n. (Law) See Cognizor.

 Con'va*lesce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convalesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convalescing.] [L. convalscere; con- + valescere to grow strong, v. incho. of valere to be strong. See Vallant.] To recover health and strength gradually, after sickness or weakness; as, a patient begins to convalesce.

 Con'va*lesced" (?), a. Convalescent. [R.]

 He found the queen somewhat convalesced. J. Knox.
 { Con'va*les"cence (?), Con'va*les"cen*cy (?) }, n. [L. convalescentia: cf. F. convalescence.] The recovery of heath and strength after disease; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness; the time between the subsidence of a disease and complete restoration to health.

 Con'va*les"cent (?), a. [L. convalescens, -entis, p.
 pr.: cf. F. convalescent.] 1. Recovering from sickness or debility; partially restored to health or strength.

2. Of or pertaining to convalescence.

 Con'va*les"cent, n. One recovering from sickness.

 Con'va*les"cent*ly, adv. In the manner of a convalescent; with increasing strength or vigor.

 Con*val"la*ma'rin (?), n. [Convallaria + L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, poisonous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the lily of the valley (Convallaria Majalis). Its taste is first bitter, then sweet.

 ||Con'val*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL., from L. convallis a valley; con- + vallis valley.] (Bot. & Med.) The lily of the valley.

 Con'val*la"rin (?), n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline glucoside, of an irritating taste, extracted from the convallaria or lily of the valley.

 Con*vec"tion (?), n. [L. convectio, fr. convehere to bring together; con- + vehere to carry.] 1. The act or process of conveying or transmitting.

2. (Physics) A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or electricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases, resulting from changes of temperature and other causes.

 Liquids are generally heated by convection -- when heat is applied from bellow. Nichol.
 Con*vec"tive (?), a. Caused or accomplished by convection; as, a convective discharge of electricity. Faraday.
 Con*vec"tive*ly, adv. In a convective manner. Hare.
 Con*vel"lent (?), a. [L. convellens, p. pr. of convellere.
 See Convulse.] Tending to tear or pull up. [Obs.]

 The ends of the fragment... will not yield to the convellent force. Todd & Bowman.
 Con*ven"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being convened or assembled.

 Con"ve*na*ble (?), a. [F. convenable, fr. convenir.
 See Convene.] Consistent; accordant; suitable; proper; as, convenable remedies. [Obs.]

 With his wod his work is convenable. Spenser.
 Con"ve*nance (?), n. [F., fitness, suitableness.] That which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient.

 And they missed Their wonted convenance, cheerly hid the loss. Emerson.
 Con*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Convened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convenong.] [L. convenire; con- + venire to come: cf. F. convenir to agree, to be fitting, OF. also, to assemble. See Come, and cf. Covenant.] 1. To come together; to meet; to unite. [R.]

 In shortsighted men... the rays converge and convene in the eyes before they come at the bottom. Sir I. Newton.
2. To come together, as in one body or for a public purpose; to meet; to assemble. Locke.
 The Parliament of Scotland now convened. Sir R. Baker.
 Faint, underneath, the household fowls convene. Thomson.
Syn. -- To meet; to assemble; to congregate; to collect; to unite.

 Con*vene", v. t. 1. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke.

 And now the almighty father of the gods Convenes a council in the blest abodes. Pope


BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY THE AGE OF FABLE THE AGE OF CHIVALRY LEGENDS OF CHARLEMAGNE BY THOMAS BULFINCH COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME [Editor's Note: The etext contains only LEGENDS OF CHARLEMAGNE] PUBLISHERS' PREFACE No new edition of Bulfinch's classic work can be considered complete without some notice of the American scholar to whose wide erudition and painstaking care it stands as a perpetual monument. "The Age of Fable" has come to be ranked with older books like "Pilgrim's Progress," "Gulliver's Travels," "The Arabian Nights," "Robinson Crusoe," and five or six other productions of world-wide renown as a work with which every one must claim some acquaintance before his education can be called really complete. Many readers of the present edition will probably recall coming in contact with the work as children, and, it may be added, will no doubt discover from a fresh perusal the source of numerous bits of knowledge that have remained stored in their minds since those early years. Yet to the majority of this great circle of readers and students the name Bulfinch in itself has no significance.
Thomas Bulfinch was a native of Boston, Mass., where he was born in 1796. His boyhood was spent in that city, and he prepared for college in the Boston schools. He finished his scholastic training at Harvard College, and after taking his degree was for a period a teacher in his home city. For a long time later in life he was employed as an accountant in the Boston Merchants' Bank. His leisure time he used for further pursuit of the classical studies which he had begun at Harvard, and his chief pleasure in life lay in writing out the results of his reading, in simple, condensed form for young or busy readers. The plan he followed in this work, to give it the greatest possible usefulness, is set forth in the Author's Preface.
"Age of Fable," First Edition, 1855; "The Age of Chivalry," 1858; "The Boy Inventor," 1860; "Legends of Charlemagne, or Romance of the Middle Ages," 1863; "Poetry of the Age of Fable," 1863; "Oregon and Eldorado, or Romance of the Rivers," 1860.
In this complete edition of his mythological and legendary lore "The Age of Fable," "The Age of Chivalry," and "Legends of Charlemagne" are included. Scrupulous care has been taken to follow the original text of Bulfinch, but attention should be called to some additional sections which have been inserted to add to the rounded completeness of the work, and which the publishers believe would meet with the sanction of the author himself, as in no way intruding upon his original plan but simply carrying it out in more complete detail. The section on Northern Mythology has been enlarged by a retelling of the epic of the "Nibelungen Lied," together with a summary of Wagner's version of the legend in his series of music-dramas. Under the head of "Hero Myths of the British Race" have been included outlines of the stories of Beowulf, Cuchulain, Hereward the Wake, and Robin Hood. Of the verse extracts which occur throughout the text, thirty or more have been added from literature which has appeared since Bulfinch's time, extracts that he would have been likely to quote had he personally supervised the new edition.
Finally, the index has been thoroughly overhauled and, indeed, remade.
All the proper names in the work have been entered, with references to the pages where they occur, and a concise explanation or definition of each has been given. Thus what was a mere list of names in the original has been enlarged into a small classical and mythological dictionary, which it is hoped will prove valuable for reference purposes not necessarily connected with "The Age of Fable."
Acknowledgments are due the writings of Dr. Oliver Huckel for information on the point of Wagner's rendering of the Nibelungen legend, and M. I. Ebbutt's authoritative volume on "Hero Myths and Legends of the British Race," from which much of the information concerning the British heroes has been obtained.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE If no other knowledge deserves to be called useful but that which helps to enlarge our possessions or to raise our station in society, then Mythology has no claim to the appellation. But if that which tends to make us happier and better can be called useful, then we claim that epithet for our subject. For Mythology is the handmaid of literature; and literature is one of the best allies of virtue and promoters of happiness.
Without a knowledge of mythology much of the elegant literature of our own language cannot be understood and appreciated. When Byron calls Rome "the Niobe of nations," or says of Venice, "She looks a Sea-Cybele fresh from ocean," he calls up to the mind of one familiar with our subject, illustrations more vivid and striking than the pencil could furnish, but which are lost to the reader ignorant of mythology. Milton abounds in similar allusions. The short poem "Comus" contains more than thirty such, and the ode "On the Morning of the Nativity" half as many.
Through "Paradise Lost" they are scattered profusely. This is one reason why we often hear persons by no means illiterate say that they cannot enjoy Milton. But were these persons to add to their more solid acquirements the easy learning of this little volume, much of the poetry of Milton which has appeared to them "harsh and crabbed" would be found "musical as is Apollo's lute." Our citations, taken from more than twenty-five poets, from Spenser to Longfellow, will show how general has been the practice of borrowing illustrations from mythology.
The prose writers also avail themselves of the same source of elegant and suggestive illustration. One can hardly take up a number of the "Edinburgh" or "Quarterly Review" without meeting with instances. In Macaulay's article on Milton there are twenty such.
But how is mythology to be taught to one who does not learn it through the medium of the languages of Greece and Rome? To devote study to a species of learning which relates wholly to false marvels and obsolete faiths is not to be expected of the general reader in a practical age like this. The time even of the young is claimed by so many sciences of facts and things that little can be spared for set treatises on a science of mere fancy.
But may not the requisite knowledge of the subject be acquired by reading the ancient poets in translations? We reply, the field is too extensive for a preparatory course; and these very translations require some previous knowledge of the subject to make them intelligible. Let any one who doubts it read the first page of the "Aeneid," and see what he can make of "the hatred of Juno," the "decree of the Parcae," the "judgment of Paris," and the "honors of Ganymede," without this knowledge.
Shall we be told that answers to such queries may be found in notes, or by a reference to the Classical Dictionary? We reply, the interruption of one's reading by either process is so annoying that most readers prefer to let an allusion pass unapprehended rather than submit to it.
Moreover, such sources give us only the dry facts without any of the charm of the original narrative; and what is a poetical myth when stripped of its poetry? The story of Ceyx and Halcyone, which fills a chapter in our book, occupies but eight lines in the best (Smith's) Classical Dictionary; and so of others.
Our work is an attempt to solve this problem, by telling the stories of mythology in such a manner as to make them a source of amusement. We have endeavored to tell them correctly, according to the ancient authorities, so that when the reader finds them referred to he may not be at a loss to recognize the reference. Thus we hope to teach mythology not as a study, but as a relaxation from study; to give our work the charm of a story-book, yet by means of it to impart a knowledge of an important branch of education. The index at the end will adapt it to the purposes of reference, and make it a Classical Dictionary for the parlor.
Most of the classical legends


radicals or residues of toluene.

 Di"tone' (?), n. [Gr. &?; of two tones; di- = di's- twice + &?; tone.] (Mus.) The Greek major third, which comprehend two major tones (the modern major third contains one major and one minor whole tone).

 Di'tri*chot"o*mous (?), a. [Pref. di- + trichotomous.]
 1. Divided into twos or threes.

2. (Bot.) Dividing into double or treble ramifications; -- said of a leaf or stem. [R.] Loudon.
 Di'tro*che"an (?), a. (Pros.) Containing two trochees.

 Di*tro"chee (?), n. [L. ditrochaeus, Gr. &?;; di- = di's- twice + &?; trochee.] (Pros.) A double trochee; a foot made up of two trochees.

 Dit"ro*ite (?), n. [Named from Ditro in Transylvania.] (Min.)
 An igneous rock composed of orthoclase, elæolite, and sodalite.

 Ditt (?), n. See Dit, n., 2. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Dit*tan"der (?), n. [See Dittany.] (Bot.) A kind of peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium).

 Dit"ta*ny (?), n. [OE. dytane, detane, dytan, OF. ditain, F. dictame, L. dictamnum, fr. Gr.
 di'ktamnon, di'ktamnos, a plant growing in abundance on Mount Dicte in Crete. Cf. Dittander.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the Mint family (Origanum Dictamnus), a native of Crete. (b) The Dictamnus Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. (c) In America, the Cunila Mariana, a fragrant herb of the Mint family.

 Dit"tied (?), a. [From Ditty.] Set, sung, or composed as a ditty; -- usually in composition.

 Who, with his soft pipe, and smooth-dittied song.

Milton.
 Dit"to (?), n.; pl. Dittos (&?;). [It., detto, ditto, fr. L. dictum. See Dictum.] The aforesaid thing; the same (as before). Often contracted to do., or to two "turned commas" ("), or small marks. Used in bills, books of account, tables of names, etc., to save repetition.

 A spacious table in the center, and a variety of smaller dittos in the corners.

Dickens.
 Dit"to, adv. As before, or aforesaid; in the same manner; also.

 Dit*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. dittologi'a. Attic form of dissologi'a repetition of words: &?; twofold + &?; to speak.] A double reading, or twofold interpretation, as of a Scripture text. [R.]

 Dit"ty (?), n.; pl. Ditties (#). [OE. dite, OF. ditié, fr. L. dictatum, p. p. neut. of dictare to say often, dictate, compose. See Dictate, v. t.] 1. A saying or utterance; especially, one that is short and frequently repeated; a theme.

 O, too high ditty for my simple rhyme.

Spenser.
2. A song; a lay; a little poem intended to be sung. "Religious, martial, or civil ditties." Milton.
 And to the warbling lute soft ditties sing.

Sandys.
 Dit"ty, v. i. To sing; to warble a little tune.

 Beasts fain would sing; birds ditty to their notes.

Herbert.
 Dit"ty-bag', n. A sailor's small bag to hold thread, needles, tape, etc.; -- also called sailor's housewife.

 Dit"ty-box' (?), n. A small box to hold a sailor's thread, needless, comb, etc.

 Di*u"re*ide (?), n. [Di- + ureide.] (Chem.)
 One of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as containing two molecules of urea or their radicals, as uric acid or allantoin. Cf.
 Ureide.

 ||Di'u*re"sis (?), n. [NL. See Diuretic.] (Med.) Free excretion of urine.

 Di'u*ret"ic (?), a. [L. diureticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make water; &?; through + &?; to make water, fr. &?; urine: cf. F. diurétique.] (Med.) Tending to increase the secretion and discharge of urine. -- n. A medicine with diuretic properties.

Diuretic salt (Med.), potassium acetate; -- so called because of its diuretic properties.

 Di'u*ret"ic*al (?), a. Diuretic. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Di'u*ret"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being diuretical; diuretic property.

 ||Di*ur"na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day.] (Zoöl.) A division of Lepidoptera, including the butterflies; -- so called because they fly only in the daytime.

 Di*ur"nal (?), a. [L. diurnalis, fr. dies day. See Deity, and cf. Journal.] 1. Relating to the daytime; belonging to the period of daylight, distinguished from the night; -- opposed to nocturnal; as, diurnal heat; diurnal hours.

2. Daily; recurring every day; performed in a day; going through its changes in a day; constituting the measure of a day; as, a diurnal fever; a diurnal task; diurnal aberration, or diurnal parallax; the diurnal revolution of the earth.

 Ere twice the horses of the sun shall bring Their fiery torcher his diurnal ring.

Shak.
3. (Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night; -- said of flowers or leaves.

4. (Zoöl.) Active by day; -- applied especially to the eagles and hawks among raptorial birds, and to butterflies (Diurna) among insects.

Diurnal aberration (Anat.), the aberration of light arising from the effect of the earth's rotation upon the apparent direction of motion of light. -- Diurnal arc, the arc described by the sun during the daytime or while above the horizon; hence, the arc described by the moon or a star from rising to setting. -- Diurnal circle, the apparent circle described by a celestial body in consequence of the earth's rotation. -- Diurnal motion of the earth, the motion of the earth upon its axis which is described in twenty-four hours. -- Diurnal motion of a heavenly body, that apparent motion of the heavenly body which is due to the earth's diurnal motion. -- Diurnal parallax.
 See under Parallax. -- Diurnal revolution of a planet, the motion of the planet upon its own axis which constitutes one complete revolution.

Syn. -- See Daily.

 Di*ur"nal (?), n. [Cf. F. diurnal a prayerbook. See Diurnal, a.] 1. A daybook; a journal. [Obs.] Tatler.
2. (R. C. Ch.) A small volume containing the daily service for the "little hours," viz., prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline.

3. (Zoöl.) A diurnal bird or insect.

 Di*ur


equal to the square of the radius. -- Inverse, or Reciprocal, ratio (Math.), the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. -- Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality between a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio; thus, 4 : 2 : : :, or 4 : 2 : : 3 : 6, inversely.

 In"verse, n. That which is inverse.

 Thus the course of human study is the inverse of the course of things in nature.

Tatham.
 In*verse"ly (?), adv. In an inverse order or manner; by inversion; -- opposed to directly.

Inversely proportional. See Directly proportional, under Directly, and Inversion, 4.

 In*ver"sion (?), n. [L. inversio: cf. F. inversion.
 See Invert.]

1. The act of inverting, or turning over or backward, or the state of being inverted.

2. A change by inverted order; a reversed position or arrangement of things; transposition.

 It is just the inversion of an act of Parliament; your lordship first signed it, and then it was passed among the Lords and Commons.

Dryden.
3. (Mil.) A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on.

4. (Math.) A change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third.

5. (Geom.) A peculiar method of transformation, in which a figure is replaced by its inverse figure. Propositions that are true for the original figure thus furnish new propositions that are true in the inverse figure. See Inverse figures, under Inverse.

6. (Gram.) A change of the usual order of words or phrases; as, "of all vices, impurity is one of the most detestable," instead of, "impurity is one of the most detestable of all vices."

7. (Rhet.) A method of reasoning in which the orator shows that arguments advanced by his adversary in opposition to him are really favorable to his cause.

8. (Mus.) (a) Said of intervals, when the lower tone is placed an octave higher, so that fifths become fourths, thirds sixths, etc. (b) Said of a chord, when one of its notes, other than its root, is made the bass. (c) Said of a subject, or phrase, when the intervals of which it consists are repeated in the contrary direction, rising instead of falling, or vice versa. (d) Said of double counterpoint, when an upper and a lower part change places.

9. (Geol.) The folding back of strata upon themselves, as by upheaval, in such a manner that the order of succession appears to be reversed.

10. (Chem.) The act or process by which cane sugar (sucrose), under the action of heat and acids or ferments (as diastase), is broken or split up into grape sugar (dextrose), and fruit sugar (levulose); also, less properly, the process by which starch is converted into grape sugar (dextrose).

 The terms invert and inversion, in this sense, owe their meaning to the fact that the plane of polarization of light, which is rotated to the right by cane sugar, is turned toward the left by levulose.

 In*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inverted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Inverting.] [L. invertere, inversum; pref.
 inin + vertere to turn. See Verse.]

1. To turn over; to put upside down; to upset; to place in a contrary order or direction; to reverse; as, to invert a cup, the order of words, rules of justice, etc.

 That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears, As if these organs had deceptious functions.

Shak.
 Such reasoning falls like an inverted cone, Wanting its proper base to stand upon.

Cowper.
2. (Mus.) To change the position of; - - said of tones which form a chord, or parts which compose harmony.

3. To divert; to convert to a wrong use. [Obs.] Knolles.
4. (Chem.) To convert; to reverse; to decompose by, or subject to, inversion. See Inversion, n., 10.

 In*vert", v. i. (Chem.) To undergo inversion, as sugar.

 In"vert (?), a. (Chem.) Subjected to the process of inversion; inverted; converted; as, invert sugar.

Invert sugar (Chem.), a variety of sugar, consisting of a mixture of dextrose and levulose, found naturally in fruits, and produced artificially by the inversion of cane sugar (sucrose); also, less properly, the grape sugar or dextrose obtained from starch. See Inversion, Dextrose, Levulose, and Sugar.

 In"vert, n. (Masonry) An inverted arch.

 In*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Invertebrate.

 ||In*ver'te*bra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. innot + vertebratus vertebrate.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata.

 In*ver"te*brate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebræ; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata.
 -- n. One of the Invertebrata.

Age of invertebrates. See Age, and Silurian.

 In*ver"te*bra'ted (?), a. Having no backbone; invertebrate.

 In*vert"ed (?), a.
1. Changed to a contrary or counterchanged order; reversed; characterized by inversion.

2. (Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by upheaval.

Inverted arch (Arch.), an arch placed with crown downward; -- much used in foundations.

 In*vert"ed*ly, adv. In an inverted order. Derham.
 In*vert"i*ble (?), a. [From Invert.]

1. Capable of being inverted or turned.

2. (Chem.) Capable of being changed or converted; as, invertible sugar.

 In*vert"i*ble, a. [Pref. innot + L. vertere to turn + -ible.] Incapable of being turned or changed.

 An indurate and invertible conscience.

Cranmer.
 In*vert"in (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized ferment which causes cane sugar to take up a molecule of water and be converted into invert sugar.

 In*vest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invested; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Investing.] [L. investire, investitum; pref. inin + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis clothing: cf. F. investir. See Vest.]

1. To put garments on; to clothe; to dress; to array; -- opposed to divest. Usually followed by with, sometimes by in; as, to invest one with a robe.

2. To put on. [Obs.]

 Can not find one this girdle to invest.

Spenser.
3. To clothe, as with office or authority; to place in possession of rank, dignity, or estate; to endow; to adorn; to grace; to bedeck; as, to invest with honor or glory; to invest with an estate.

 I do invest you jointly with my power.

Shak.
4. To surround, accompany, or attend.

 Awe such as must always invest


when placed alongside the figures of the stars in RR Centauri, as computed from the observations, but it must not be accepted as the calculated form of such a system. I have moreover proved more recently that such a figure of homogeneous liquid is unstable. Notwithstanding this instability it does not necessarily follow that the analogous figure for compressible fluid is also unstable, as will be pointed out more fully hereafter.

 Professor Jeans has discussed in a paper of great ability the difficult problems offered by the conditions of equilibrium and of stability of a spherical nebula. ("Phil. Trans. R.S." Vol. CXCIX. A (1902), page 1. See also A. Roberts, "S. African Assoc. Adv. Sci." Vol. I. (1903), page 6.) In a later paper ("Astrophysical Journ." Vol. XXII. (1905), page 97.), in contrasting the conditions which must govern the fission of a star into two parts when the star is gaseous and compressible with the corresponding conditions in the case of incompressible liquid, he points out that for a gaseous star (the agency which effects the separation will no longer be rotation alone; gravitation also will tend towards separation... From numerical results obtained in the various papers of my own,... I have been led to the conclusion that a gravitational instability of the kind described must be regarded as the primary agent at work in the actual evolution of the universe, Laplace's rotation playing only the secondary part of separating the primary and satellite after the birth of the satellite.)

 It is desirable to add a word in explanation of the expression "gravitational instability" in this passage. It means that when the concentration of a gaseous nebula (without rotation) has proceeded to a certain stage, the arrangement in spherical layers of equal density becomes unstable, and a form of bifurcation has been reached. For further concentration concentric spherical layers become unstable, and the new stable form involves a concentration about two centres. The first sign of this change is that the spherical layers cease to be quite concentric and then the layers of equal density begin to assume a somewhat pear-shaped form analogous to that which we found to occur under rotation for an incompressible liquid. Accordingly it appears that while a sphere of liquid is stable a sphere of gas may become unstable. Thus the conditions of stability are different in these two simple cases, and it is likely that while certain forms of rotating liquid are unstable the analogous forms for gas may be stable. This furnishes a reason why it is worth while to consider the unstable forms of rotating liquid.

 There can I think be little doubt but that Jeans is right in looking to gravitational instability as the primary cause of fission, but when we consider that a binary system, with a mass larger than the sun's, is found to rotate in a few hours, there seems reason to look to rotation as a contributory cause scarcely less important than the primary one.

 With the present extent of our knowledge it is only possible to reconstruct the processes of the evolution of stars by means of inferences drawn from several sources. We have first to rely on the general principles of stability, according to which we are to look for a series of families of forms, each terminating in an unstable form, which itself becomes the starting-point of the next family of stable forms. Secondly we have as a guide the analogy of the successive changes in the evolution of ideal liquid stars; and thirdly we already possess some slender knowledge as to the equilibrium of gaseous stars.

 From these data it is possible to build up in outline the probable history of binary stars. Originally the star must have been single, it must have been widely diffused, and must have been endowed with a slow rotation. In this condition the strata of equal density must have been of the planetary form. As it cooled and contracted the symmetry round the axis of rotation must have become unstable, through the effects of gravitation, assisted perhaps by the increasing speed of rotation. (I learn from Professor Jeans that he now (December 1908) believes that he can prove that some small amount of rotation is necessary to induce instability in the symmetrical arrangement.) The strata of equal density must then become somewhat pear-shaped, and afterwards like an hour-glass, with the constriction more pronounced in the internal than in the external strata. The constrictions of the successive strata then begin to rupture from the inside progressively outwards, and when at length all are ruptured we have the twin stars portrayed by Roberts and by others.

 As we have seen, the study of the forms of equilibrium of rotating liquid is almost complete, and Jeans has made a good beginning in the investigation of the equilibrium of gaseous stars, but much more remains to be discovered. The field for the mathematician is a wide one, and in proportion as the very arduous exploration of that field is attained so will our knowledge of the processes of cosmical evolution increase.

 From the point of view of observation, improved methods in the use of the spectroscope and increase of accuracy in photometry will certainly lead to a great increase in our knowledge within the next few years. Probably the observational advance will be more rapid than that of theory, for we know how extraordinary has been the success attained within the last few years, and the theory is one of extreme difficulty; but the two ought to proceed together hand in hand. Human life is too short to permit us to watch the leisurely procedure of cosmical evolution, but the celestial museum contains so many exhibits that it may become possible, by the aid of theory, to piece together bit by bit the processes through which stars pass in the course of their evolution.

 In the sketch which I have endeavoured to give of this fascinating subject, I have led my reader to the very confines of our present knowledge. It is not much more than a quarter of a century since this class of observation has claimed the close attention of astronomers; something considerable has been discovered already and there seems scarcely a discernible limit to what will be known in this field a century from now. Some of the results which I have set forth may then be shown to be false, but it seems profoundly improbable that we are being led astray by a Will-of-the-Wisp.

 XXIX. THE EVOLUTION OF MATTER. By W.C.D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S.

 Trinity College, Cambridge.

 The idea of evolution in the organic world, made intelligible by the work of Charles Darwin, has little in common with the recent conception of change in certain types of matter. The discovery that a process of disintegration may take place in some at least of the chemical atoms, previously believed to be indestructible and unalterable, has modified our view of the physical universe, even as Darwin's scheme of the mode of evolution changed the trend of thought concerning the organic world. Both conceptions have in common the idea of change throughout extended realms of space and time, and, therefore, it is perhaps not unfitting that some account of the most recent physical discoveries should be included in the present volume.

 The earliest conception of the evolution of matter is found in the speculation of the Greeks. Leucippus and Democritus imagined unchanging eternal atoms, Heracleitus held that all things were in a continual state of flux—Panta rei.

 But no one in the Ancient World—no one till quite modern times—could appreciate the strength of the position which the theory of the evolution of matter must carry before it wins the day. Vague speculation, even by the acute minds of philosophers, is of little use in physical science before experimental facts are available. The true problems at issue cannot even be formulated, much less solved, till the humble task of the observer and experimenter has given us a knowledge of the phenomena to be explained.

 It was only through the atomic theory, at first apparently diametrically opposed to it, that the conception of evolution in the physical world was to gain an established place. For a century the atomic theory, when put into a modern form by Dalton, led farther and farther away from the idea of change in matter. The chemical elements seemed quite unalterable, and the atoms, of which each element in modern view is composed, bore to Clerk Maxwell, writing about 1870, "the stamp of manufactured articles" exactly similar in kind, unchanging, eternal.

 Nevertheless throughout these years, on the whole so unfavourable to its existence, there persisted the idea of a


ining plant (Lonicera sempervirens) with red and yellow trumpet-shaped flowers; — called also trumpet flower. — Trumpet leaf (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Sarracenia. — Trumpet major (Mil.), the chief trumpeter of a band or regiment. — Trumpet marine (Mus.), a monochord, having a thick string, sounded with a bow, and stopped with the thumb so as to produce the harmonic tones; — said to be the oldest bowed instrument known, and in form the archetype of all others. It probably owes its name to "its external resemblance to the large speaking trumpet used on board Italian vessels, which is of the same length and tapering shape." Grove. — Trumpet shell (Zoöl.), any species of large marine univalve shells belonging to Triton and allied genera. See Triton, 2. — Trumpet tree. (Bot.) See Trumpetwood.

 Trump"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trumpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trumpeting.] [Cf. F. trompeter.] To publish by, or as by, sound of trumpet; to noise abroad; to proclaim; as, to trumpet good tidings.

 They did nothing but publish and trumpet all the reproaches they could devise against the Irish.

Bacon.
 Trump"et, v. i. To sound loudly, or with a tone like a trumpet; to utter a trumplike cry.

 Trump"et*er (?), n. 1. One who sounds a trumpet.

2. One who proclaims, publishes, or denounces.

 These men are good trumpeters.

Bacon.
3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of long-legged South American birds of the genus Psophia, especially P. crepitans, which is abundant, and often domesticated and kept with other poultry by the natives. They are allied to the cranes. So called from their loud cry. Called also agami, and yakamik.
 (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon. (c) An American swan (Olor buccinator) which has a very loud note.

4. (Zoöl.) A large edible fish (Latris hecateia) of the family Cirrhitidæ, native of Tasmania and New Zealand.
 It sometimes weighs as much as fifty or sixty pounds, and is highly esteemed as a food fish.

 Trump"et*ing, n. (Mining) A channel cut behind the brick lining of a shaft. Raymond.
 Trump"ets (?), n. pl. (Bot.) A plant (Sarracenia flava) with long, hollow leaves.

 Trump"et-shaped' (?), a. Tubular with one end dilated, as the flower of the trumpet creeper.

 Trump"et-tongued' (?), a. Having a powerful, far-reaching voice or speech.

 Trump"et*weed' (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous composite plant (Eupatorium purpureum), often having hollow stems, and bearing purplish flowers in small corymbed heads. (b) The sea trumpet.

 Trump"et*wood' (?), n. (Bot.) A tropical American tree (Cecropia peltata) of the Breadfruit family, having hollow stems, which are used for wind instruments; — called also snakewood, and trumpet tree.

 Trum"pie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus).

 Trump"like' (?), a. Resembling a trumpet, esp. in sound; as, a trumplike voice. Chapman.
 Trun"cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the trunk, or body.

 Trun"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Truncated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Truncating.] [L. truncatus, p. p. of truncare to cut off, mutilate, fr. truncus maimed, mutilated, cut short. See Trunk.] To cut off; to lop; to maim.

 Trun"cate (?), a. [L. truncatus, p. p. ] Appearing as if cut off at the tip; as, a truncate leaf or feather.

 Trun"ca*ted (?), a. 1. Cut off; cut short; maimed.

2. (Min.) Replaced, or cut off, by a plane, especially when equally inclined to the adjoining faces; as, a truncated edge.

3. (Zoöl.) Lacking the apex; — said of certain spiral shells in which the apex naturally drops off.

Truncated cone or pyramid (Geom.), a cone or pyramid whose vertex is cut off by a plane, the plane being usually parallel to the base.

 Trun*ca"tion (?), n. [L. truncatio.] 1. The act of truncating, lopping, or cutting off.

2. The state of being truncated.

3. (Min.) The replacement of an edge or solid angle by a plane, especially when the plane is equally inclined to the adjoining faces.

 Trunch (?), n. [See Truncheon.] A stake; a small post. [Obs.]

 Trun"cheon (?), n. [OE. tronchoun the shaft of a broken spear, broken piece, OF. tronchon, tron&?;on, F. tron&?;on, fr. OF. & F. tronce, tronche, a piece of wood; cf. OF.
 trons, tros, trois; all perhaps from L. thyrsus a stalk, stem, staff. See Thyrsus, and cf. Trounce.] 1. A short staff, a club; a cudgel; a shaft of a spear.

 With his truncheon he so rudely struck.

Spenser.
2. A baton, or military staff of command.

 The marshal's truncheon nor the judges robe.

Shak.
3. A stout stem, as of a tree, with the branches lopped off, to produce rapid growth. Gardner.
 Trun"cheon, v. t. To beat with a truncheon. Shak.
 Trun"cheoned (?), a. Having a truncheon.

 Trun'cheon*eer" (?), n. A person armed with a truncheon. [Written also truncheoner.]

 ||Trun"cus (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The thorax of an insect. See Trunk, n., 5.

 Trun"dle (?), n. [AS. tryndel a little shield. See Trend, v.
 i.] 1. A round body; a little wheel.

2. A lind of low-wheeled cart; a truck.

3. A motion as of something moving upon little wheels or rollers; a rolling motion.

4. (Mach.) (a) A lantern wheel. See under Lantern. (b) One of the bars of a lantern wheel.

 Trun"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trundled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Trundling (?).] 1. To roll (a thing) on little wheels; as, to trundle a bed or a gun carriage.

2. To cause to roll or revolve; to roll along; as, to trundle a hoop or a ball. R. A. Proctor.
 Trun"dle, v. i. 1. To go or move on small wheels; as, a bed trundles under another.

2. To roll, or go by revolving, as a hoop.

 Trun"dle-bed' (?), n. A low bed that is moved on trundles, or little wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed; a truckle-bed; also, sometimes, a simiral bed without wheels. Chapman.
 Trun"dle*head' (?


, long, dependent breasts are signs of beauty. On the other hand we learn from Juvenal and Martial that, like ourselves, the Greeks detested pendant and bulky breasts, the signs of beauty being elevation, smallness, and regularity of contour. In the Grecian images of Venus the breasts are never pictured as engorged or enlarged. The celebrated traveler Chardin says that the Circassian and Georgian women have the most beautiful breasts in the world; in fact the Georgians are so jealous of the regular contour and wide interval of separation of their breasts that they refuse to nourish their children in the natural manner.
The amount of hypertrophy which is sometimes seen in the mammae is extraordinary. Borellus remarks that he knew of a woman of ordinary size, each of whose mammae weighed about 30 pounds, and she supported them in bags hung about her neck. Durston reports a case of sudden onset of hypertrophy of the breast causing death. At the postmortem it was found that the left breast weighed 64 pounds and the right 40 pounds. Boyer successfully removed two breasts at an interval of twenty-six days between the two operations. The mass excised was one-third of the total body-weight.
Schaeffer speaks of hypertrophied mammae in a girl of fourteen, the right breast weighing 3900 grams (136 1/2 oz.) and the right 3500 grams (122 1/2 oz.). Hamilton reports a case of hypertrophied glands in a woman of thirty-two, which, within the short space of a year, reached the combined weight of 52 pounds. They were successfully excised.
Velpeau, Billroth, and Labarracque have reported instances of the removal of enormously hypertrophied mammae. In 1886 Speth of Munich described a hypertrophy of the right breast which increased after every pregnancy. At the age of twenty-six the woman had been five times pregnant in the space of a little over five years, and at this time the right breast hung down to the anterior superior spine of the ilium. It weighed 20 pounds, and its greatest circumference was 25 inches. There was no milk in this breast, although the left was in perfect lactation.
This case was one of pure hypertrophy and not an example of fibro-adenoma, as illustrated by Billroth. Warren figures a case of diffused hypertrophy of the breast which was operated on by Porter. The right breast in its largest circumference measured 38 inches and from the chest-wall to the nipple was 17 inches long, the circumference at the base being 23 inches; the largest circumference of the left breast was 28 inches; its length from the chest-wall to the nipple was 14 inches, and its circumference at the base 23 inches. The skin was edematous and thickened. Throughout both breasts were to be felt hardened movable masses, the size of oranges. Microscopic examination showed the growth to be a diffused intracanalicular fibroma. A peculiar case was presented before the Faculty at Montpellier. The patient was a young girl of fifteen and a half years. After a cold bath, just as the menses were appearing, it was found that the breasts were rapidly increasing in size; she was subsequently obliged to leave service on account of their increased size, and finally the deformity was so great as to compel her to keep from the public view. The circumference of the right breast was 94 cm. and of the left 105 cm.; the pedicle of the former measured 67 cm. and of the latter 69 cm.; only the slightest vestige of a nipple remained. Removal was advocated, as applications of iodin had failed; but she would not consent to operation. For eight years the hypertrophy remained constant, but, despite this fact, she found a husband. After marriage the breasts diminished, but she was unable to suckle either of her three children, the breasts becoming turgid but never lactescent. The hypertrophy diminished to such a degree that, at the age of thirty-two, when again pregnant, the circumference of the right breast was only 27 cm. and of the left 33 cm. Even thus reduced the breasts descended almost to the navel. When the woman was not pregnant they were still less voluminous and seemed to consist of an immense mass of wrinkled, flaccid skin, traversed by enormous dilated and varicose blood-vessels, the mammary glands themselves being almost entirely absent.
Diffuse hypertrophy of the breast is occasionally seen in the male subject. In one case reported from the Westminster Hospital in London, a man of sixty, after a violent fall on the chest, suffered enormous enlargement of the mammae, and afterward atrophy of the testicle and loss of sexual desire.
The names goiter, struma, and bronchocele are applied indiscriminately to all tumors of the thyroid gland; there are, however, several distinct varieties among them that are true adenoma, which, therefore, deserves a place here. According to Warren, Wolfler gives the following classification of thyroid tumors: 1. Hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, which is a comparatively rare disease; 2. Fetal adenoma, which is a formation of gland tissue from the remains of fetal structures in the gland; 3. Gelatinous or interacinous adenoma, which consists in an enlargement of the acini by an accumulation of colloid material, and an increase in the interacinous tissue by a growth of round cells. It is this latter form in which cysts are frequently found. The accompanying illustration pictures an extreme ease of cystic goiter shown by Warren.
A strange feature of tumors of the thyroid is that pressure-atrophy and flattening of the trachea do not take place in proportion to the size of the tumor. A small tumor of the middle lobe of the gland, not larger that a hen's egg, will do more damage to the trachea than will a large tumor, such as that shown by Senn, after Bruns. When a tumor has attained this size, pressure-symptoms are often relieved by the weight of the tumor making traction away from the trachea. Goiter is endemic in some countries, particularly in Switzerland and Austria, and appears particularly at the age of childhood or of puberty. Some communities in this country using water containing an excess of calcium salt show distinct evidences of endemic goiter. Extirpation of the thyroid gland has in recent years been successfully practiced. Warren has extirpated one lobe of the thyroid after preliminary ligation of the common carotid on the same side. Green practiced rapid removal of the tumor and ligated the bleeding vessels later. Rose tied each vessel before cutting, proceeding slowly. Senn remarks that in 1878 he witnessed one of Rose's operations which lasted for four hours. Although the operatic technic of removal of the thyroid gland for tumor has been greatly perfected by Billroth, Lucke, Julliard, Reverdin, Socin, Kocher, and others, the current opinion at the present day seems to be that complete extirpation of the thyroid gland, except for malignant disease, is unjustifiable. Partial extirpation of the thyroid gland is still practiced; and Wolfler has revived the operation of ligating the thyroid arteries in the treatment of tumors of the thyroid gland.
Fibromata.—One of the commonest seats of fibroma is the skin.
Multiple fibromata of the skin sometimes occur in enormous numbers and cover the whole surface of the body; they are often accompanied by pendulous tumors of enormous size. Virchow called such tumors fibroma molluscum. Figure 237 represents a case of multiple fibromata of the skin shown by Octerlony. Pode mentions a somewhat similar case in a man of fifty-six, under the care of Thom. The man was pale and emaciated, with anxious expression, complaining of a tumor which he described as a "wishing-mark." On examination he was found to be covered with a number of small tumors, ranging in size from that of a small orange to that of a pin's head; from the thoracic wall over the lower true ribs of the right side was situated a large pendulous tumor, which hung down as far as the upper third of the thigh. He said that it had always been as long as this, but had lately become thicker, and two months previously the skin over the lower part of the tumor had ulcerated. This large tumor was