This word is often incorrectly used for most or the greater part; as, "The bulk of the people opposed the measure." Bulk refers to size, not to numbers.
Burglarize This word is often used by the more sensational reporters in their reports of crime. It should be avoided.
But what, But that "I don't know but what I shall have to punish him." The sentence should read, "I don't know but that I shall have to punish him." It is equivalent to, "I think that I shall have to punish him." The omission of but will convey the opposite meaning. "I don't know that I shall have to punish him" is equivalent to "I think that I shall not have to punish him." Calculate A provincialism often used in the sense of think, deem, suppose, believe; as, "I calculate the train will be here in ten minutes." Calculated, Liable This word is often incorrectly used in the sense of likely, liable, apt; as, "His utterances are calculated to injure his cause." In the proper use of the word there is present the idea of purpose or intent.
Leave, Quit Leave is often incorrectly used for quit; as, "That eminent actor expects soon to leave the stage." It would be a misfortune if he should take the stage with him. Say "quit the stage." "Henry has quit smoking." Here left off or stopped would be better.
"The President gave me lief to speak with him." Say "gave me leave." Let it alone and let me be are preferable to leave it alone and leave me be.
A 1 "I have just read an A 1 article on the currency, question in the last issue of the North American Review!" This is an expression from the vocabulary of business converted into the slang of the street.
Luck Luck, like behavior, may be either good or bad. "The carpenter has met with luck; he fell and broke his leg." "The manager has met with luck; his salary has been doubled." The adjective lucky and the adverb luckily are used only in a favorable sense.
Make way with This expression is often incorrectly used for make away with; as, "The Judge gave the boot-blacks a Christmas dinner, and the begrimed urchins quickly made way with the turkey and cranberry sauce." Say "made away with," etc.
To make way is to make room, to provide a way, to dispatch.
In our midst "The doctor settled in our midst." Say "among us," or "in our neighborhood." Indorse, Endorse From the Latin dorsum, the back, these words have come to mean the writing of one's name across the back of a check or draft or other commercial paper to signify its transfer to another or to secure its payment.
To indorse a man's arguments or opinions is an incorrect use of the word.
While both forms of spelling the word are in good usage, indorse seems to be coming into more general favor.
In, Into In is often incorrectly used for into; as, "He hurried up the street and rushed in the store." We walk in a room when the walking is wholly within the apartment; we walk into a room when we enter it from some other room or from the outside.
Just going to "I was just going to write you a letter." Say "I was just about to write you a letter." Kind of "James swallowed the dose, and now feels kind of sick." Use slightly or somewhat, or some other modifier, instead of kind of.
Knowing Do not use knowing for skilful or intelligent. "He is a knowing artist." "See him prick up his ears; he is a knowing cur." Clever, Smart In England the word clever is applied to one who is bright, intelligent, ready, apt; in the United States it is often misapplied to one who is good-natured, kind, or accommodating.
"Do you believe in corporal punishment for stupid school-children?" "Yes; a spanking always makes them smart." To express cleverness, brightness, intelligence, aptness, the adjectives clever, bright, intelligent, apt, are better than the word smart.
Posted, Informed "He is well posted on all matters relating to cattle-breeding." Say informed.
Perspire, Sweat While all mankind belongs to the animal kingdom, and no person can feel offended at being called an animal, yet society observes certain distinctions in speaking of men and of beasts. To sweat and to feed are expressions that apply to the latter; to perspire and to eat to the former.
Empty The Mississippi river flows, or discharges its water into the Gulf of Mexico, but it can not empty so long as any water remains in the river.
Enjoyed poor health "Gold that buys health can never be ill spent, Nor hours laid out in harmless merriment." The negative form of expression, "I have not enjoyed good health," is not only correct, but is, at the same time, a polite way of modestly stating a fact. To say "I have enjoyed poor health for the past year" is to express a kind of enjoyment not generally appreciated. It is like being agreeably disappointed.
Aberration of intellect "He is afflicted with a slight aberration of intellect." Simplicity would suggest, "He is slightly insane." Above, Foregoing "Let me call your attention to the above passage." The highest authority does not sanction the use of above as an adjective.
Say "the foregoing passage." Allowed, Said "He allowed this was the best speech he had heard." This is a provincialism that should be avoided. Use said, or declared, or admitted, according to the meaning.
Alternation This word is sometimes used in the sense of an unbroken series. It properly signifies a reciprocal succession, as "The alternation of summer and winter produces an ever-changing scene." Alternative Etymologically and by general use, this word refers to a choice between two; as, "If this demand is refused the alternative is war." But Gladstone is quoted as saying, "My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives." Anniversary From annus, a year, means recurring every year. Centennial means once in a hundred years. What then does centennial anniversary mean? Use centenary.
Learn, Teach "I taught him grammar," not "I learned him grammar." "He taught us history." Lease, Let, Rent, Hire We may lease to or from. "I leased the farm to my neighbor." "I leased this house from Brown." We let to another; as, "I let my house to my cousin." We may rent to or from another. We may hire from another," as, "I hired a servant;" "he hired a boat." With out and reflexively we may hire to another; as," I hired out my horses;" "he hired himself to the miller." Like, As Avoid the use of like in the sense of as. "He thinks just as (not like) his father does." That Anthony Trollope, Hugh Conway and other writers are chargeable with this offence does not justify the use of like for as, but rather proves the need of constant vigilance in order to avoid such errors.
Lit, Lighted, Alighted "He lighted the candle." "The crow alighted on the top of the tree." Avoid the use of lit in such cases, and also that slang form, as, "I lit on a beautiful passage in Browning," in the sense of met with.
Lend, Loan "Will you lend me your book," is better than "Will you loan me your book." Near, Nearly "James is not near so good a scholar as his brother is." Use nearly.
Nasty, Nice Nasty is a strong adjective, and should be used only in reference to what is offensively filthy, foul, or defiled. Such expressions as a nasty day, a nasty rain, mark a loose and careless use of the word.
The word nice once meant foolish, ignorant, weak,


;, &?;, a trumpet.] (Old Anat.) The Eustachian tube, or the Fallopian tube.

 Sal"sa*fy (?), n. (Bot.) See Salsify.

 Sal'sa*men*ta"ri*ous (?), a. [L. salsamentarius, fr. salsamentum brine, pickled fish, fr. salsus salted, p. p. of salire to salt.] Salt; salted; saline. [R.]

 Salse (?), n. [F.] A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts, whence the name.

 Sal"si*fy (?; 277), n. [F. salsifis.] (Bot.) See Oyster plant (a), under Oyster.

 Sal"so-ac'id (?), a. [L. salsus salted, salt + acidus acid.] Having a taste compounded of saltness and acidity; both salt and acid. [R.]

 Sal'so"da (?), n. See Sal soda, under Sal.

 ||Sal"so*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. salsus salt, because they contain alkaline salts.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort.

 sal*su"gi*nous (?), a. [L. salsugo, -ginis, saltness, from salsus salted, salt: cf. F. salsugineux.] (Bot.)
 Growing in brackish places or in salt marshes.

 Salt (?), n. [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. &?;, Russ. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. Sal, Salad, Salary, Saline, Sauce, Sausage.] 1.
 The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles.

2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning.

 Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen... we have some salt of our youth in us.

Shak.
3. Hence, also, piquancy; wit; sense; as, Attic salt.

4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar.

 I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts.

Pepys.
5. A sailor; -- usually qualified by old. [Colloq.]

 Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts.

Hawthorne.
6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid and a base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol.

 Except in case of ammonium salts, accurately speaking, it is the acid radical which unites with the base or basic radical, with the elimination of hydrogen, of water, or of analogous compounds as side products. In the case of diacid and triacid bases, and of dibasic and tribasic acids, the mutual neutralization may vary in degree, producing respectively basic, neutral, or acid salts. See Phrases below.

7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also, an allowance or deduction; as, his statements must be taken with a grain of salt.

 Ye are the salt of the earth.

Matt. v. 13.
8. pl. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber's salt.

9. pl. Marshes flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.]

Above the salt, Below the salt, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See Saltfoot.

 His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt.

B. Jonson.
 -- Acid salt (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as, acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. -- Alkaline salt (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. -- Amphid salt (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] -- Basic salt (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. -- Binary salt (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. -- Double salt (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under Double. -- Epsom salts. See in the Vocabulary.
 -- Essential salt (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystallizing plant juices. -- Ethereal salt. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. -- Glauber's salt or salts. See in Vocabulary. -- Haloid salt (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. -- Microcosmic salt. (Chem.).
 See under Microcosmic. -- Neutral salt. (Chem.) (a) A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. -- Oxy salt (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. -- Per salt (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound.
 [Obs.] -- Permanent salt, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. -- Proto salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. -- Rochelle salt. See under Rochelle. -- Salt of amber (Old Chem.), succinic acid.
 -- Salt of colcothar (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. -- Salt of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. Spirit of hartshorn, under Hartshorn. -- Salt of lemons. (Chem.)
 See Salt of sorrel, below. -- Salt of Saturn (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn.
 -- Salt of Seignette. Same as Rochelle salt. -- Salt of soda (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. -- Salt of sorrel (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; -- so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called salt of lemon. -- Salt of tartar (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; -- so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate.
 [Obs.] -- Salt of Venus (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; -- the alchemical name of copper being Venus. -- Salt of wisdom. See Alembroth. -- Sedative salt (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. -- Sesqui salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. -- Spirit of salt. (Chem.)
 See under Spirit. -- Sulpho salt (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen.

 Salt (?), a. [Compar. Salter (?); superl.


locks or herds; tending to flock or herd together; not habitually solitary or living alone. Burke.
 No birds of prey are gregarious.

Ray.
 -- Gre*ga"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Gre*ga"ri*ous*ness, n. Grege (?), Greg"ge (&?;), v. t. [OE. gregier to burden.]
 To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 { Greg"goe (?), Gre"go (?), } n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also griego.]

 Gre*go"ri*an (?), a. [NL. Gregorianus, fr. Gregorius Gregory, Gr.
 &?;: cf. F. grégorien.] Pertaining to, or originated by, some person named Gregory, especially one of the popes of that name.

Gregorian calendar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII.
 in 1582, including the method of adjusting the leap years so as to harmonize the civil year with the solar, and also the regulation of the time of Easter and the movable feasts by means of epochs. See Gregorian year (below). -- Gregorian chant (Mus.), plain song, or canto fermo, a kind of unisonous music, according to the eight celebrated church modes, as arranged and prescribed by Pope Gregory I.
 (called "the Great") in the 6th century. -- Gregorian modes, the musical scales ordained by Pope Gregory the Great, and named after the ancient Greek scales, as Dorian, Lydian, etc. -- Gregorian telescope (Opt.), a form of reflecting telescope, named from Prof. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, who perfected it in 1663. A small concave mirror in the axis of this telescope, having its focus coincident with that of the large reflector, transmits the light received from the latter back through a hole in its center to the eyepiece placed behind it. -- Gregorian year, the year as now reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar. Thus, every year, of the current reckoning, which is divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 and not by 400, has 366 days; all other years have 365 days. See Bissextile, and Note under Style, n., 7.

 Greil"lade (?), n. (Metal.) Iron ore in coarse powder, prepared for reduction by the Catalan process.

 Grei"sen (?), n. (Min.) A crystalline rock consisting of quarts and mica, common in the tin regions of Cornwall and Saxony.

 Greit (?), v. i. See Greet, to weep.

 Greith (?), v. t. [Icel. greiða: cf. AS. gerdan to arrange; pref. ge- + rde ready. Cf. Ready.] To make ready; -- often used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Greith, n. [Icel. greiði. See Greith, v.] Goods; furniture. [Obs.] See Graith.

 Gre"mi*al (?), a. [L. gremium lap, bosom.] Of or pertaining to the lap or bosom. [R.]

 Gre"mi*al, n. 1. A bosom friend. [Obs.] Fuller.
2. (Ecol.) A cloth, often adorned with gold or silver lace, placed on the bishop's lap while he sits in celebrating mass, or in ordaining priests.

 Gre*nade" (?), n. [F. grenade a pomegranate, a grenade, or Sp. granada; orig., filled with seeds. So called from the resemblance of its shape to a pomegranate. See Carnet, Grain a kernel, and cf. Pomegranate.] (Min.) A hollow ball or shell of iron filled with powder of other explosive, ignited by means of a fuse, and thrown from the hand among enemies.

Hand grenade. (a) A small grenade of iron or glass, usually about two and a half inches in diameter, to be thrown from the hand into the head of a sap, trenches, covered way, or upon besiegers mounting a breach. (b) A portable fire extinguisher consisting of a glass bottle containing water and gas. It is thrown into the flames. Called also fire grenade. -- Rampart grenades, grenades of various sizes, which, when used, are rolled over the pararapet in a trough.

 Gren'a*dier" (?), n. [F. grenadier. See Grenade.] 1. (Mil.)
 Originaly, a soldier who carried and threw grenades; afterward, one of a company attached to each regiment or battalion, taking post on the right of the line, and wearing a peculiar uniform. In modern times, a member of a special regiment or corps; as, a grenadier of the guard of Napoleon I. one of the regiment of Grenadier Guards of the British army, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) Any marine fish of the genus Macrurus, in which the body and tail taper to a point; they mostly inhabit the deep sea; -- called also onion fish, and rat-tail fish.

3. (Zoöl.) A bright-colored South African grosbeak (Pyromelana orix), having the back red and the lower parts black.

 Gren'a*dil"lo (?), n. [Sp. granadillo.] A handsome tropical American wood, much used for making flutes and other wind instruments; -- called also Grenada cocos, or cocus, and red ebony.

 Gren'a*dine" (?), n. [F.] 1. A thin gauzelike fabric of silk or wool, for women's wear.

2. A trade name for a dyestuff, consisting essentially of impure fuchsine.

 Gre*na"do (?), n. Same as Grenade.

 Grene (?), a. Green. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Gres (?), n. Grass. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Gres*so"ri*al (?), Gres*so"ri*ous (?), } a. [L. gressus, p. p. of gradi to step, go.] (Zool.) Adapted for walking; anisodactylous; as the feet of certain birds and insects. See Illust.
 under Aves.

 Gret (?), Grete (&?;), a. Great. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Gret"to (?), obs. imp. of Greet, to salute.

 Greve (?), n. A grove. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Grew (gr), imp. of Grow.

 Grew"some (?), Grue"some, a. [From a word akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + -some; cf. D. gruwzaam, G. grausam.
 Cf. Grisly.] Ugly; frightful.

Grewsome sights of war.

C. Kingsley.
 Grey (?), a. See Gray (the correct orthography).

 Grey"hound' (?), n. [OE. graihund, greihound, greahund, grihond, Icel. greyhundr; grey greyhound + hundr dog; cf. AS. grghund. The origin of the first syllable is unknown.]
 A slender, graceful breed of dogs, remarkable for keen sight and swiftness. It is one of the oldest varieties known, and is figured on the Egyptian monuments. [Written also grayhound.]

 Grey"lag' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Graylag.

 Grib"ble (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. grib to bite.] (Zoöl.) A small marine isopod crustacean (Limnoria lignorum or L.


nature of the second sight, a faculty for which there is no accounting, which, were it better developed, might be termed the sixth sense.
The second sight is confined to no particular country, and has at all times existed. Particular nations have obtained a celebrity for it for a time, which they have afterwards lost, the celebrity being transferred to other nations, who were previously not noted for the faculty. The Jews were at one time particularly celebrated for the possession of the second sight; they are no longer so. The power was at one time very common amongst the Icelanders and the inhabitants of the Hebrides, but it is so no longer. Many and extraordinary instances of the second sight have lately occurred in that part of England generally termed East Anglia, where in former times the power of the second sight seldom manifested itself.
There are various books in existence in which the second sight is treated of or mentioned. Amongst others there is one called "Martin's Description of the Western Isles of Scotland," published in the year 1703, which is indeed the book from which most writers in English, who have treated of the second sight, have derived their information. The author gives various anecdotes of the second sight, which he had picked up during his visits to those remote islands, which until the publication of his tour were almost unknown to the world.
It will not be amiss to observe here that the term second sight is of Lowland Scotch origin, and first made its appearance in print in Martin's book. The Gaelic term for the faculty is taibhsearachd, the literal meaning of which is what is connected with a spectral appearance, the root of the word being taibhse, a spectral appearance or vision.
Then there is the History of Duncan Campbell. The father of this person was a native of Shetland, who, being shipwrecked on the coast of Swedish Lapland, and hospitably received by the natives, married a woman of the country, by whom he had Duncan, who was born deaf and dumb. On the death of his mother the child was removed by his father to Scotland, where he was educated and taught the use of the finger alphabet, by means of which people are enabled to hold discourse with each other, without moving the lips or tongue. This alphabet was originally invented in Scotland, and at the present day is much in use there, not only amongst dumb people, but many others, who employ it as a silent means of communication. Nothing is more usual than to see passengers in a common conveyance in Scotland discoursing with their fingers. Duncan at an early period gave indications of possessing the second sight.
After various adventures he came to London, where for many years he practised as a fortune-teller, pretending to answer all questions, whether relating to the past or the future, by means of the second sight. There can be no doubt that this man was to a certain extent an impostor; no person exists having a thorough knowledge either of the past or future by means of the second sight, which only visits particular people by fits and starts, and which is quite independent of individual will; but it is equally certain that he disclosed things which no person could have been acquainted with without visitations of the second sight. His papers fell into the hands of Defoe, who wrought them up in his own peculiar manner, and gave them to the world under the title of the Life of Mr Duncan Campbell, the Deaf and Dumb Gentleman: with an appendix containing many anecdotes of the second sight from Martin's tour.
But by far the most remarkable book in existence, connected with the second sight, is one in the ancient Norse language entitled "Nial's Saga." [3] It was written in Iceland about the year 1200, and contains the history of a certain Nial and his family, and likewise notices of various other people. This Nial was what was called a spámadr, that is, a spaeman or a person capable of foretelling events. He was originally a heathen—when, however, Christianity was introduced into Iceland, he was amongst the first to embrace it, and persuaded his family and various people of his acquaintance to do the same, declaring that a new faith was necessary, the old religion of Odin, Thor, and Frey, being quite unsuited to the times.
The book is no romance, but a domestic history compiled from tradition about two hundred years after the events which it narrates had taken place. Of its style, which is wonderfully terse, the following translated account of Nial and his family will perhaps convey some idea:— "There was a man called Nial, who was the son of Thorgeir Gelling, the son of Thorolf. The mother of Nial was called Asgerdr; she was the daughter of Ar, the Silent, the Lord of a district in Norway. She had come over to Iceland and settled down on land to the west of Markarfliot, between Oldustein and Selialandsmul. Holtathorir was her son, father of Thorlief Krak, from whom the Skogverjars are come, and likewise of Thorgrim the big and Skorargeir. Nial dwelt at Bergthorshvâl in Landey, but had another house at Thorolfell. Nial was very rich in property, and handsome to look at, but had no beard. He was so great a lawyer, that it was impossible to find his equal, he was very wise, and had the gift of foretelling events, he was good at counsel, and of a good disposition, and whatever counsel he gave people was for their best; he was gentle and humane, and got every man out of trouble who came to him in his need. His wife was called Bergthora; she was the daughter of Skarphethin. She was a bold-spirited woman who feared nobody, and was rather rough of temper. They had six children, three daughters and three sons, all of whom will be frequently mentioned in this saga." In the history many instances are given of Nial's skill in giving good advice and his power of seeing events before they happened. Nial lived in Iceland during most singular times, in which though there were laws provided for every possible case, no man could have redress for any injury unless he took it himself, or his friends took it for him, simply because there were no ministers of justice supported by the State, authorised and empowered to carry the sentence of the law into effect.
For example, if a man were slain, his death would remain unpunished, unless he had a son or a brother, or some other relation to slay the slayer, or to force him to pay "bod," that is, amends in money, to be determined by the position of the man who was slain. Provided the man who was slain had relations, his death was generally avenged, as it was considered the height of infamy in Iceland to permit one's relations to be murdered, without slaying their murderers, or obtaining bod from them. The right, however, permitted to relations of taking with their own hands the lives of those who had slain their friends, produced incalculable mischiefs; for if the original slayer had friends, they, in the event of his being slain in retaliation for what he had done, made it a point of honour to avenge his death, so that by the lex talionis feuds were perpetuated. Nial was a great benefactor to his countrymen, by arranging matters between people, at variance in which he was much helped by his knowledge of the law, and by giving wholesome advice to people in precarious situations, in which he was frequently helped by the power which he possessed of the second sight. On several occasions he settled the disputes in which his friend Gunnar was involved, a noble, generous character, and the champion of Iceland, but who had a host of foes, envious of his renown; and it was not his fault if Gunnar was eventually slain, for if the advice which he gave had been followed, the champion would have died an old man; and if his own sons had followed his advice, and not been over fond of taking vengeance on people who had wronged them, they would have escaped a horrible death, in which he himself was involved, as he had always foreseen he should be.
"Dost thou know by what death thou thyself wilt die?" said


got, says Strachey, "last year, 1610," from a brother of the Potomac King, by a boy named Spilman, who says that Smith "sold" him to Powhattan.(2) In his own brief narrative Spelman (or Spilman) says nothing about the Cosmogonic Legend of the Great Hare. The story came up when Captain Argoll was telling Powhattan's brother the account of creation in Genesis (1610).

 (1) Strachey, p. 98-100.

 (2) "Spilman's Narrative," Arber, cx.-cxiv.

 Now Strachey's Great Hare is accepted by mythologists, while Ahone is regarded with suspicion. Ahone does not happen to suit anthropological ideas, the Hare suits them rather better. Moreover, and more important, there is abundant corroborative evidence for Oke and for the Hare, Michabo, who, says Dr. Brinton, "was originally the highest divinity recognised by them, powerful and beneficent beyond all others, maker of the heavens and the world," just like Ahone, in fact. And Dr. Brinton instructs us that Michabo originally meant not Great Hare, but "the spirit of light".(1) Thus, originally, the Red Men adored "The Spirit of Light, maker of the heavens and the world". Strachey claims no more than this for Ahone. Now, of course, Dr. Brinton may be right. But I have already expressed my extreme distrust of the philological processes by which he extracts "The Great Light; spirit of light," from Michabo, "beyond a doubt!" In my poor opinion, whatever claims Michabo may have as an unique creator of earth and heaven—"God is Light,"—he owes his mythical aspect as a Hare to something other than an unconscious pun. In any case, according to Dr. Brinton, Michabo, regarded as a creator, is equivalent to Strachey's Ahone. This amount of corroboration, valeat quantum, I may claim, from the Potomac Indians, for the belief in Ahone on the James River. Dr. Brinton is notoriously not a believer in American "monotheism".(2) (1) Myths of the New World, p. 178.

 (2) Myths of the New World, p. 53.

 The opponents of the authenticity of Ahone, however, will certainly argue: "For Oke, or Oki, as a redoubted being or spirit, or general name for such personages, we have plentiful evidence, corroborating that of Smith. But what evidence as to Ahone corroborates that of Strachey?" I must confess that I have no explicit corroborative evidence for Ahone, but then I have no accessible library of early books on Virginia. Now it is clear that if I found and produced evidence for Ahone as late as 1625, I would be met at once with the retort that, between 1610 and 1625, Christian ideas had contaminated the native beliefs. Thus if I find Ahone, or a deity of like attributes, after a very early date, he is of no use for my purpose. Nor do I much expect to find him. But do we find Winslow's Massachusetts God, Kiehtan, named AFTER 1622 ("I only ask for information"), and if we don't, does that prevent Mr. Tylor from citing Kiehtan, with apparent reliance on the evidence?(1) (1) Primitive Culture, ii. p. 342.

 Again, Ahone, though primal and creative, is, by Strachey's account, a sleeping partner. He has no sacrifice, and no temple or idol is recorded.
 Therefore the belief in Ahone could only be discovered as a result of inquiry, whereas figures of Oke or Okeus, and his services, were common and conspicuous.(1) As to Oke, I cannot quite understand Mr. Tylor's attitude. Summarising Lafitau, a late writer of 1724, Mr. Tylor writes: "The whole class of spirits or demons, known to the Caribs by the name of cemi, in Algonkin as manitu, in Huron as oki, Lafitau now spells with capital letters, and converts them each into a supreme being".(2) Yet in Primitive Culture, ii., 342, 1891, Mr. Tylor had cited Smith's Okee (with a capital letter) as the "chief god" of the Virginians in 1612. How can Lafitau be said to have elevated oki into Oki, and so to have made a god out of "a class of spirits or demons," in 1724, when Mr. Tylor had already cited Smith's Okee, with a capital letter and as a "chief god," in 1612?
 Smith, rebuked for the same by Mr. Tylor, had even identified Okee with the devil. Lafitau certainly did not begin this erroneous view of Oki as a "chief god" among the Virginians. If I cannot to-day produce corroboration for a god named Ahone, I can at least show that, from the north of New England to the south of Virginia, there is early evidence, cited by Mr.
 Tylor, for a belief in a primal creative being, closely analogous to Ahone. And this evidence, I think, distinctly proves that such a being as Ahone was within the capacity of the Indians in these latitudes. Mr. Tylor must have thought in 1891 that the natives were competent to a belief in a supreme deity, for he said, "Another famous native American name for the supreme deity is Oki".(3) In the essay of 1892, however, Oki does not appear to exist as a god's name till 1724. We may now, for earlier evidence, turn to Master Thomas Heriot, "that learned mathematician" "who spoke the Indian language," and was with the company which abandoned Virginia on 18th June, 1586. They ranged 130 miles north and 130 miles north-west of Roanoke Island, which brings them into the neighbourhood of Smith's and Strachey's country. Heriot writes as to the native creeds: "They believe that there are many gods which they call Mantoac, but of different sorts and degrees. Also that there is one chiefe God that hath beene from all eternitie, who, as they say, when he purposed first to make the world, made first other gods of a principall order, to be as instruments to be used in the Creation and Government to follow, and after the Sunne, Moone and Starres as pettie gods, and the instruments of the other order more principall.... They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape," and represent them by anthropomorphic idols. An idol, or image, "Kewasa" (the plural is "Kewasowok"), is placed in the temples, "where they worship, pray and make many offerings". Good souls go to be happy with the gods, the bad burn in Popogusso, a great pit, "where the sun sets". The evidence for this theory of a future life, as usual, is that of men who died and revived again, a story found in a score of widely separated regions, down to our day, when the death, revival and revelation occurred to the founder of the Arapahoe new religion of the Ghost Dance.
 The belief "works for righteousness". "The common sort... have great care to avoyde torment after death, and to enjoy blesse," also they have "great respect to their Governors".

 (1) Okee's image, as early as 1607, was borne into battle against Smith, who captured the god (Arber, p. 393). Ahone was not thus en evidence.

 (2) Journal of Anthrop. Inst., Feb., 1892, pp. 285, 286.

 (3) Prim. Cult,, ii. p. 342.

 This belief in a chief god "from all eternitie" (that is, of unexplained origin), may not be convenient to some speculators, but it exactly corroborates Strachey's account of Ahone as creator with subordinates. The evidence is of 1586 (twenty-six years before Strachey


educated you, saved you from poverty, feasted you, and amused you?" said Bixiou.

 "And fooled you," added Leon, making the gesture of gamins to express the action of picking pockets.

 ADDENDUM The following personages appear in other stories of the Human Comedy.


; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron.
2. (Naut.) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schoonerrigged.

 Bark"an*tine (&?;), n. Same as Barkentine.

 Bark" bee'tle (&?;). (Zoöl.) A small beetle of many species (family Scolytidæ), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage.

 Bark"bound' (&?;), a. Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close.

 Bar"keep'er (&?;), n. One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors.

 Bark"en (&?;), a. Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier.
 Bark"en*tine (&?;), n. [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.)
 A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append.

 Bark"er (&?;), n. 1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably.

2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg&?; passers by to make purchases. [Cant, Eng.]

3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens.
4. (Zoöl.) The spotted redshank.

 Bark"er, n. One who strips trees of their bark.

 Bark"er's mill' (&?;). [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.] A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel.
 The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis.

 Bark"er*y (-r*), n. A tanhouse.

 Bark"ing i'rons (&?;). 1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner.
2. A pair of pistols. [Slang] Bark"less, a. Destitute of bark.

 Bark" louse' (&?;). (Zoöl.) An insect of the family Coccidæ, which infests the bark of trees and vines.

 The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of the vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale.

 Bark"y (&?;), a. Covered with, or containing, bark. "The barky fingers of the elm." Shak.
 Bar"ley (&?;), n. [OE. barli, barlich, AS. bærlic; bere barley + lc (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. lec leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. &?;92. Cf.
 Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.) A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky.

 Barley bird (Zoöl.), the siskin. -- Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. -- Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent.

 { Bar"ley*brake' Bar"ley*break' } (bär"l*brk'), n. An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal.

 Bar"ley-bree' (-br'), n. [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.] Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns.
 Bar"ley*corn' (&?;), n. [See Corn.] 1. A grain or "corn" of barley.

2. Formerly, a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch.

John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky.

 Barm (bärm), n. [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. bärma, G. bärme, and prob. L. fermentum.
 √93.] Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak.
 Barm, n. [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. bearm; akin to E. bear to support.] The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bar"maid' (&?;), n. A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop.

 A bouncing barmaid. W. Irving.
 Bar"mas'ter (&?;), n. [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.]
 Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote.
 [Eng.]

 Barm"cloth' (bärm"klth), n. Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bar"me*ci'dal (&?;), a. [See Barmecide.] Unreal; illusory. "A sort of Barmecidal feast." Hood.
 Bar"me*cide (&?;), n. [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the "Arabian Nights' Tales", pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.] One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. "A Barmecide feast." Dickens.
 Bar"mote' (bär"mt'), n. [Berg + mote meeting.] A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount.
 Barm"y (bärm"), a. Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. "Barmy beer." Dryden.
 Barn (bärn), n. [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, ærn, a close place. √92.
 See Barley.] A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables.

Barn owl (Zoöl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. -- Barn swallow (Zoöl.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns.

 Barn, v. t. To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak.
 Men... often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain. Fuller.
 Barn, n. A child. [Obs.] See Bairn.

 Bar"na*bite (&?;), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas.

 Bar"na*cle (&?;), n. [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh.
 from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. pe'rna ham. Cf. F


It is used, 1. As a substance for any noun of the neuter gender; as, here is the book, take it home.

2. As a demonstrative, especially at the beginning of a sentence, pointing to that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, or referring to that which apparent or well known; as, I saw it was John.

It is I; be not afraid.

Matt. xiv. 27.
 Peter heard that it was the Lord.

John xxi. 7.
 Often, in such cases, as a substitute for a sentence or clause; as, it is thought he will come; it is wrong to do this.

3. As an indefinite nominative for a impersonal verb; as, it snows; it rains.

4. As a substitute for such general terms as, the state of affairs, the condition of things, and the like; as, how is it with the sick man?

 Think on me when it shall be well with thee.

Gen. xl. 14.
5. As an indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humorously as a verb; as, to foot it (i. e., to walk).

 The Lacedemonians, at the Straits of Thermopylæ, when their arms failed them, fought it out with nails and teeth.

Dryden.
 Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it, If folly grows romantic, I must paint it.

Pope.
Its self. See Itself.

 I"ta*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. itacisme. See Etacism, and cf.
 Iotacism.] (Greek Gram.) Pronunciation of η (eta) as the modern Greeks pronounce it, that is, like e in the English word be.
 This was the pronunciation advocated by Reuchlin and his followers, in opposition to the etacism of Erasmus. See Etacism.

 In all such questions between ε and αι the confusing element of itacism comes in.

Alford.
 I"ta*cist (?), n. [Cf. F. itaciste.] One who is in favor of itacism.

 It'a*col"u*mite (?), n. [From Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil.] (Min.) A laminated, granular, siliceous rocks, often occurring in regions where the diamond is found.

 It'a*con"ic (?), a. [From aconitic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H6O4, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by decomposing aconitic and other organic acids.

 It"a*la (?), n. [Fem. of L. Italus Italian.] An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

 I*tal"ian (?), a. [Cf. F. italien, It. italiano. Cf.
 Italic.] Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language.

Italian cloth a light material of cotton and worsted; -- called also farmer's satin. -- Italian iron, a heater for fluting frills. -- Italian juice, Calabrian liquorice.

 I*tal"ian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Italy.

2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians.

 I*tal"ian*ate (?), v. t. [Cf. It. italianare.] To render Italian, or conformable to Italian customs; to Italianize. [R.] Ascham.
 I*tal"ian*ate (?), a. Italianized; Italianated. "Apish, childish, and Italianate." Marlowe.
 I*tal"ian*ism (?), n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom, peculiar to the Italians; an Italicism.

2. Attachment to, or sympathy for, Italy.

 I*tal"ian*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Italianizing (?).] [Cf. F. italianiser, It. italianizzare.]

1. To play the Italian; to speak Italian. Cotgrave.
2. To render Italian in any respect; to Italianate. "An Englishman Italianized." Lowell.
 I*tal"ic (?), a. [L. Italicus: cf. F. italique. Cf.
 Italian.]

1. Relating to Italy or to its people.

2. Applied especially to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright, but slope toward the right; - - so called because dedicated to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, about the year 1500.

Italic languages, the group or family of languages of ancient Italy. -- Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite. - - Italic school, a term given to the Pythagorean and Eleatic philosophers, from the country where their doctrines were first promulgated. -- Italic version. See Itala.

 I*tal"ic, n.; pl. Italics (&?;). (Print.)
 An Italic letter, character, or type (see Italic, a., 2.); -- often in the plural; as, the Italics are the author's. Italic letters are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc. Also, collectively, Italic letters.

 I*tal"i*cism (?), n. 1. A phrase or idiom peculiar to the Italian language; to Italianism.

2. The use of Italics.

 I*tal"i*cize (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing (?).] To print in Italic characters; to underline written letters or words with a single line; as, to Italicize a word; Italicizes too much.

 I"ta palm' (?). (Bot.) A magnificent species of palm (Mauritia flexuosa), growing near the Orinoco. The natives eat its fruit and buds, drink its sap, and make thread and cord from its fiber.

 Itch (ch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched (cht); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Itching.] [OE. icchen, icchen, AS. giccan; akin to D. jeuken, joken, G. jucken, OHG. jucchen.]

1. To have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected.

 My mouth hath itched all this long day.

Chaucer.
2. To have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness; to long for; as, itching ears. "An itching palm." Shak.
 Itch, n. 1. (Med.) An eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced by the entrance of a parasitic mite (the Sarcoptes scabei), and attended with itching. It is transmissible by contact.

2. Any itching eruption.

3. A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned) by the itch eruption; -- called also scabies, psora, etc.

4. A constant irritating desire.

 An itch of being thought a divine king.

Dryden.
Baker's itch. See under Baker. - - Barber's itch, sycosis.
 -- Bricklayer's itch, an eczema of the hands attended with much itching, occurring among bricklayers. -- Grocer's itch, an itching eruption, being a variety of eczema, produced by the sugar mite (Tyrogluphus sacchari). -- Itch insect (Zoöl.), a small parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabei) which burrows and breeds beneath


A WOMAN OF NO IMPORTANCE A PLAY BY OSCAR WILDE METHUEN & CO., LTD.
36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON Eighth Edition First Printed 1894 First Issued by Methuen and Co. (Limited Editions on Handmade Paper and Japanese Vellum) February 1908 Third Edition September 1909 Fourth Edition May 1910 Fifth Edition December 1911 Sixth Edition March 1913 Seventh Edition (Cheap Form) October 1916 Eighth Edition 1919 The dramatic rights of 'A Woman of No Importance' belong to Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and to Robert Ross, executor and administrator of Oscar Wilde's estate.

TO GLADYS COUNTESS DE GREY [MARCHIONESS OF RIPON] THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY Lord Illingworth Sir John Pontefract Lord Alfred Rufford Mr. Kelvil, M.P.
The Ven. Archdeacon Daubeny, D.D.
Gerald Arbuthnot Farquhar, Butler Francis, Footman Lady Hunstanton Lady Caroline Pontefract Lady Stutfield Mrs. Allonby Miss Hester Worsley Alice, Maid Mrs. Arbuthnot THE SCENES OF THE PLAY Act I. The Terrace at Hunstanton Chase.
Act II. The Drawing-room at Hunstanton Chase.
Act III. The Hall at Hunstanton Chase.
Act IV. Sitting-room in Mrs. Arbuthnot's House at Wrockley.
Time: The Present.
Place: The Shires.
The action of the play takes place within twenty-four hours.
LONDON: HAYMARKET THEATRE Lessee and Manager: Mr. H Beerbohm Tree April 19th, 1893 Lord Illingworth Mr. Tree.
Sir John Pontefract Mr. E. Holman Clark.
Lord Alfred Rufford Mr. Ernest Lawford.
Mr. Kelvil, M.P.
Mr. Charles Allan.
The Ven. Archdeacon Daubeny, D.D.
Mr. Kemble.
Gerald Arbuthnot Mr. Terry.
Farquhar (Butler) Mr. Hay.
Francis (Footman) Mr. Montague.
Lady Hunstanton Miss Rose Leclercq.
Lady Caroline Pontefract Miss Le Thière.
Lady Stutfield Miss Blanche Horlock.
Mrs. Allonby Mrs. Tree.
Miss Hester Worsley Miss Julia Neilson.
Alice (Maid) Miss Kelly.
Mrs. Arbuthnot Mrs. Bernard-Beere.
FIRST ACT SCENE Lawn in front of the terrace at Hunstanton.
[Sir John and Lady Caroline Pontefract, Miss Worsley, on chairs under large yew tree.]
Lady Caroline. I believe this is the first English country house you have stayed at, Miss Worsley?
Hester. Yes, Lady Caroline.
Lady Caroline. You have no country houses, I am told, in America?
Hester. We have not many.
Lady Caroline. Have you any country? What we should call country?
Hester.
[Smiling.] We have the largest country in the world, Lady Caroline. They used to tell us at school that some of our states are as big as France and England put together.
Lady Caroline. Ah! you must find it very draughty, I should fancy. [To Sir John.] John, you should have your muffler. What is the use of my always knitting mufflers for you if you won't wear them?
Sir John. I am quite warm, Caroline, I assure you.
Lady Caroline. I think not, John. Well, you couldn't come to a more charming place than this, Miss Worsley, though the house is excessively damp, quite unpardonably damp, and dear Lady Hunstanton is sometimes a little lax about the people she asks down here.
[To Sir John.] Jane mixes too much. Lord Illingworth, of course, is a man of high distinction. It is a privilege to meet him. And that member of Parliament, Mr. Kettle— Sir John. Kelvil, my love, Kelvil.
Lady Caroline. He must be quite respectable. One has never heard his name before in the whole course of one's life, which speaks volumes for a man, nowadays. But Mrs. Allonby is hardly a very suitable person.
Hester. I dislike Mrs.
Allonby. I dislike her more than I can say.
Lady Caroline. I am not sure, Miss Worsley, that foreigners like yourself should cultivate likes or dislikes about the people they are invited to meet. Mrs. Allonby is very well born. She is a niece of Lord Brancaster's. It is said, of course, that she ran away twice before she was married. But you know how unfair people often are. I myself don't believe she ran away more than once.
Hester. Mr. Arbuthnot is very charming.
Lady Caroline. Ah, yes! the young man who has a post in a bank. Lady Hunstanton is most kind in asking him here, and Lord Illingworth seems to have taken quite a fancy to him. I am not sure, however, that Jane is right in taking him out of his position. In my young days, Miss Worsley, one never met any one in society who worked for their living. It was not considered the thing.
Hester. In America those are the people we respect most.
Lady Caroline. I have no doubt of it.
Hester. Mr. Arbuthnot has a beautiful nature! He is so simple, so sincere. He has one of the most beautiful natures I have ever come across.
It is a privilege to meet him.
Lady Caroline. It is not customary in England, Miss Worsley, for a young lady to speak with such enthusiasm of any person of the opposite sex.
English women conceal their feelings till after they are married. They show them then.
Hester. Do you, in England, allow no friendship to exist between a young man and a young girl?
[Enter Lady Hunstanton, followed by Footman with shawls and a cushion.]
Lady Caroline. We think it very inadvisable. Jane, I was just saying what a pleasant party you have asked us to meet. You have a wonderful power of selection. It is quite a gift.
Lady Hunstanton. Dear Caroline, how kind of you! I think we all do fit in very nicely together. And I hope our charming American visitor will carry back pleasant recollections of our English country life. [To Footman.] The cushion, there, Francis. And my shawl. The Shetland. Get the Shetland. [Exit Footman for shawl.]
[Enter Gerald Arbuthnot.]
Gerald. Lady Hunstanton, I have such good news to tell you. Lord Illingworth has just offered to make me his secretary.
Lady Hunstanton. His secretary? That is good news indeed, Gerald. It means a very brilliant future in store for you. Your dear mother will be delighted. I really must try and induce her to come up here to-night. Do you think she would, Gerald? I know how difficult it is to get her to go anywhere.
Gerald. Oh! I am sure she would, Lady Hunstanton, if she knew Lord Illingworth had made me such an offer.
[Enter Footman with shawl.]
Lady Hunstanton. I will write and tell her about it, and ask her to come up and meet him.
[To Footman.] Just wait, Francis. [Writes letter.]
Lady Caroline. That is a very wonderful opening for so young a man as you are,


under bond or in a bonded warehouse.

2. (Masonry) A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone.

 Bond"er, n. [Norwegian bonde.] A freeholder on a small scale. [Norway] Emerson.
 Bond"hold'er (&?;), n. A person who holds the bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment of money at a certain time.

 Bond"maid' (&?;), n. [Bond, a. or n. + maid.]
 A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant.

 Bond"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bondmen (&?;). [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. "To enfranchise bondmen." Macaulay.
2. (Old Eng. Law) A villain, or tenant in villenage.

 Bond" serv'ant (&?;). A slave; one who is bound to service without wages.

 If thy brother... be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant. Lev. xxv. 39, 40.
 Bond" serv'ice (&?;). The condition of a bond servant; service without wages; slavery.

 Their children... upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond service. 1 Kings ix. 21.
 Bond"slave' (&?;), n. A person in a state of slavery; one whose person and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master.

 Bonds"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bondsmen. [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman.

 Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen. Derham.
2. (Law) A surety; one who is bound, or who gives security, for another.

 Bond"stone' (&?;), n. [Bond, n. + stone.]
 (Masonry) A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together; a binding stone.

 Bonds"wom'an (&?;), n. See Bondwoman.

 ||Bon"duc (&?;), n. [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot.) See Nicker tree.

 Bond"wom'an (&?;), n.; pl. Bondwomen (&?;). [Bond, a. or n. + woman.] A woman who is a slave, or in bondage.

 He who was of the bondwoman. Gal. iv. 23.
 Bone (&?;), n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. bn; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as, blood and bone.

 Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify.

2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as, a rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also, any fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of the body.

3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace.

4. pl. Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers and struck together to make a kind of music.

5. pl. Dice.

6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a corset.

7. Fig.: The framework of anything.

A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute. -- A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one's self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one). -- Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; -- used for making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry.
 - - Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels; - - called also animal charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. -- Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of man. Am. Cyc. -- Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. -- Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. -- Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone. -- Bone oil, an oil obtained by, heating bones (as in the manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their derivatives; -- also called Dippel's oil. -- Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bone shark (Zoöl.), the basking shark. -- Bone spavin. See under Spavin. -- Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise. -- Bone whale (Zoöl.), a right whale. - - To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] -- To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate. [Low] -- To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.]

 Bone (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boning.] 1. To withdraw bones from the flesh of, as in cookery. "To bone a turkey." Soyer.
2. To put whalebone into; as, to bone stays. Ash.
3. To fertilize with bone.

4. To steal; to take possession of. [Slang] Bone, v. t. [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] To sight along an object or set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight.
 Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges. W. M. Buchanan.
 Bone"ache' (&?;), n. Pain in the bones. Shak.
 Bone"black' (&?;), n. See Bone black, under Bone, n. Boned (&?;), a. 1. Having (such) bones; -- used in composition; as, big-boned; strong-boned.

 No big-boned men framed of the Cyclops' size. Shak.
2. Deprived of bones; as, boned turkey or codfish.

3. Manured with bone; as, boned land.

 Bone"dog' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The spiny dogfish.

 Bone"fish' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Ladyfish.

 Bone"less, a. Without bones. "Boneless gums." Shak.
 Bone"set' (&?;), n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant, the thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Its properties are diaphoretic and tonic.

 Bone"set*ter (&?;), n. One who sets broken or dislocated bones; -- commonly applied to one, not a regular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones. -- Bone"set*ting, n. Bone"shaw (&?;), n.


in California and Georgia. He attended Yale starting in 1915 and that same year published his first book of poems, 'Five Men and Pompey'. 'Young Adventure' (1918) is considered his first mature book of poetry, and he went on to win two Pulitzer Prizes, in 1929 for 'John Brown's Body' and in 1944 for 'Western Star'.

 It appears that the whole family had great talents, as his grandfather was a Brigadier General, his father a Colonel, and both Stephen and his brother William Rose Benet won Pulitzer Prizes for poetry.


To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assembly. (c) To return or repot to, or lay before, a court or other body; to render; as, to bring in a verdict or a report. (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or collection; as, to bring in provisions or money for a specified object. (e) To produce, as income. (f) To induce to join. -- To bring off, to bear or convey away; to clear from condemnation; to cause to escape. -- To bring on. (a) To cause to begin. (b) To originate or cause to exist; as, to bring on a disease. -- To bring one on one's way, to accompany, guide, or attend one. -- To bring out, to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment. -- To bring over. (a) To fetch or bear across. (b) To convert by persuasion or other means; to cause to change sides or an opinion. -- To bring to. (a) To resuscitate; to bring back to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (b) (Naut.) To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the anchor, or by counterbracing the sails so as to keep her nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to).
 (c) To cause (a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course.
 (d) To apply a rope to the capstan. -- To bring to light, to disclose; to discover; to make clear; to reveal. -- To bring a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. -- To bring to pass, to accomplish to effect. "Trust also in Him; and He shall bring it to pass."
 Ps. xxxvii. 5. -- To bring under, to subdue; to restrain; to reduce to obedience. -- To bring up. (a) To carry upward; to nurse; to rear; to educate. (b) To cause to stop suddenly. (c) [v. i. by dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly; to come to a standstill. [Colloq.] -- To bring up (any one) with a round turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] -- To be brought to bed.
 See under Bed.

Syn. -- To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; import; procure; produce; cause; adduce; induce.

 Bring"er (&?;), n. One who brings.

 Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news Hath but a losing office. Shak.
Bringer in, one who, or that which, introduces.

 Brin"i*ness (&?;), n. The state or quality of being briny; saltness; brinishness.

 Brin"ish (&?;), a. Like brine; somewhat salt; saltish. "Brinish tears." Shak.
 Brin"ish*ness, n. State or quality of being brinish.

 ||Brin"ja*ree' (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound.

 Brink (&?;), n. [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as, the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. "The brink of vice." Bp. Porteus. "The brink of ruin." Burke.
 The plashy brink of weedy lake. Bryant.
 Brin"y (&?;), a. [From Brine.] Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as, a briny taste; the briny flood.

 Bri"o*ny (&?;), n. See Bryony. Tennyson.
 Brisk (&?;), a. [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. briosg quick, lively, Ir. broisg a start, leap, jerk.]
 1. Full of liveliness and activity; characterized by quickness of motion or action; lively; spirited; quick.

 Cheerily, boys; be brick awhile. Shak.
Brick toil alternating with ready ease. Wordworth.
2. Full of spirit of life; effervesc&?;ng, as liquors; sparkling; as, brick cider.

Syn. -- Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick; sprightly; vivacious; gay; spirited; animated.

 Brisk (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bricked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] To make or become lively; to enliven; to animate; to take, or cause to take, an erect or bold attitude; -- usually with up.

 Bris"ket (&?;), n. [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet, F. bréchet, brichet; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brysced the breast of a slain animal, brisket, Corn. vrys breast, Armor. brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael.
 brisgein the cartilaginous part of a bone.] That part of the breast of an animal which extends from the fore legs back beneath the ribs; also applied to the fore part of a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest. [See Illust. of Beef.]

 Brisk"ly (&?;), adv. In a brisk manner; nimbly.

 Brisk"ness, n. Liveliness; vigor in action; quickness; gayety; vivacity; effervescence.

 Bris"tle (brs"s'l), n. [OE. bristel, brustel, AS. bristl, byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel. burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bhshti edge, point, and prob, L. fastigium extremity, Gr. 'a'flaston stern of a ship, and E. brush, burr, perh. to brad. √96.]
 1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine.

2. (Bot.) A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray.
 Bris"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bristling (&?;).] 1. To erect the bristles of; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog; -- sometimes with up.

 Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest. Shak.
 Boy, bristle thy courage up. Shak.
2. To fix a bristle to; as, to bristle a thread.

 Bris"tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles.

 His hair did bristle upon his head. Sir W. Scott.
2. To appear as if covered with bristles; to have standing, thick and erect, like bristles.

 The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets.
Thackeray.
 Ports bristling with thousands of masts. Macaulay.
3. To show defiance or indignation.

To bristle up, to show anger or defiance.

 Bris"tle-point'ed (&?;), a. (Bot.) Terminating in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves.

 Bris"tle-shaped' (&?;), a. Resembling a bristle in form; as, a


a Plutonian. See Plutonism.

 Plu"tus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Class. Myth.) The son of Jason and Ceres, and the god of wealth. He was represented as bearing a cornucopia, and as blind, because his gifts were bestowed without discrimination of merit.

 Plu"vi*al, a. [L. pluvialis, fr. pluvia rain: cf. F. pluvial. See Plover.] 1. Of or pertaining to rain; rainy.
 [R.]

2. (Geol.) Produced by the action of rain.

 Plu"vi*al, n. [LL. pluviale a garment which keeps off the rain: cf. F. pluvial.] A priest's cope.

 Plu'vi*am"e*ter (?), n. See Pluviometer.

 Plu'vi*a*met"ric*al (?), a. See Pluviometrical.

 Plu"vi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) The crocodile bird.

 Plu'vi*om"e*ter (?), n. [L. pluvia rain + -meter: cf.
 F. pluviomètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the amount of rainfall at any place in a given time; a rain gauge.

 Plu'vi*o*met"ric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. pluviométrique.]
 Of or pertaining to a pluviometer; determined by a pluviometer.

 ||Plu'vi'ôse" (?), n. [F. See Pluvious.] The fifth month of the French republican calendar adopted in 1793. It began January 20, and ended February 18. See Vendémiaire.

 Plu"vi*ous (?), a. [L. pluviosus, pluvius, fr. pluvia rain: cf. F. pluvieux. See Pluvial, a.] Abounding in rain; rainy; pluvial. Sir T. Browne.
 Ply (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Plying (?).] [OE. plien, F. plier to fold, to bend, fr. L. plicare; akin to Gr. &?;, G. flechten. Cf.
 Apply, Complex, Display, Duplicity, Employ, Exploit, Implicate, Plait, Pliant, Flax.] 1. To bend. [Obs.]

 As men may warm wax with handes plie.

Chaucer.
2. To lay on closely, or in folds; to work upon steadily, or with repeated acts; to press upon; to urge importunately; as, to ply one with questions, with solicitations, or with drink.

 And plies him with redoubled strokes Dryden.
 He plies the duke at morning and at night.

Shak.
3. To employ diligently; to use steadily.

 Go ply thy needle; meddle not.

Shak.
4. To practice or perform with diligence; to work at.

 Their bloody task, unwearied, still they ply.

Waller.
 Ply, v. i. 1. To bend; to yield. [Obs.]

 It would rather burst atwo than plye.

Chaucer.
 The willow plied, and gave way to the gust.

L'Estrange.
2. To act, go, or work diligently and steadily; especially, to do something by repeated actions; to go back and forth; as, a steamer plies between certain ports.

 Ere half these authors be read (which will soon be with plying hard and daily).

Milton.
 He was forced to ply in the streets as a porter.

Addison.
 The heavy hammers and mallets plied.

Longfellow.
3. (Naut.) To work to windward; to beat.

 Ply, n. [Cf. F. pli, fr. plier. See Ply, v.]
 1. A fold; a plait; a turn or twist, as of a cord. Arbuthnot.
2. Bent; turn; direction; bias.

 The late learners can not so well take the ply.

Bacon.
 Boswell, and others of Goldsmith's contemporaries,... did not understand the secret plies of his character.

W. Irving.
 The czar's mind had taken a strange ply, which it retained to the last.

Macaulay.
Ply is used in composition to designate folds, or the number of webs interwoven; as, a three-ply carpet.

 Ply"er (?), n. One who, or that which, plies; specifically: (a) pl. A kind of balance used in raising and letting down a drawbridge. It consists of timbers joined in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. (b) pl. See Pliers.

 Plyght (?), v. & n. See Plight. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Plym"outh Breth"ren (?). The members of a religious sect which first appeared at Plymouth, England, about 1830. They protest against sectarianism, and reject all official ministry or clergy. Also called Brethren, Christian Brethren, Plymouthists, etc. The Darbyites are a division of the Brethren.

 Pne*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to breathe + -meter.] (Physiol.)
 A spirometer.

 { Pneu*mat"ic (?), Pneu*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [L. pneumaticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, wind, air, &?; to blow, breathe; cf. OHG. fnehan: cf. F. pneumatique. Cf. Pneumonia.] 1.
 Consisting of, or resembling, air; having the properties of an elastic fluid; gaseous; opposed to dense or solid.

 The pneumatical substance being, in some bodies, the native spirit of the body.

Bacon.
2. Of or pertaining to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties; pertaining to pneumatics; as, pneumatic experiments. "Pneumatical discoveries." Stewart.
3. Moved or worked by pressure or flow of air; as, a pneumatic instrument; a pneumatic engine.

4. (Biol.) Fitted to contain air; Having cavities filled with air; as, pneumatic cells; pneumatic bones.

Pneumatic action, or Pneumatic lever (Mus.), a contrivance for overcoming the resistance of the keys and other movable parts in an organ, by causing compressed air from the wind chest to move them. -- Pneumatic dispatch, a system of tubes, leading to various points, through which letters, packages, etc., are sent, by the flow and pressure of air. -- Pneumatic elevator, a hoisting machine worked by compressed air. -- Pneumatic pile, a tubular pile or cylinder of large diameter sunk by atmospheric pressure. -- Pneumatic pump, an air-exhausting or forcing pump. -- Pneumatic railway. See Atmospheric railway, under Atmospheric. -- Pneumatic syringe, a stout tube closed at one end, and provided with a piston, for showing that the heat produced by compressing a gas will ignite substances. -- Pneumatic trough, a trough, generally made of wood or sheet metal, having a perforated shelf, and used, when filled with water or mercury, for collecting gases in chemical operations. -- Pneumatic tube. See Pneumatic dispatch, above.

 Pneu'ma*tic"i*ty (?), n. (Biol.) The state of being pneumatic, or of having a cavity or cavities filled with air; as, the pneumaticity of the bones of birds.

 Pneu*mat"ics


RHYMES OF A ROLLING STONE by Robert W. Service [British-born Canadian Poet — _PHONE_.] Author of "The Spell of the Yukon", "Ballads of a Cheechako", etc. 1912 edition, 1917 printing [Some very minor changes have been made in spelling and punctuation after consulting another edition.]


summer, you may want to fertigate it occasionally.
Varieties: The red chards are not suitable for starting early in the season; they have a strong tendency to bolt prematurely if sown during that part of the year when daylength is increasing.
Corn Broadcast complete organic fertilizer or strong compost shallowly over the corn patch till midwinter, or as early in spring as the earth can be worked without making too many clods. Corn will germinate in pretty rough soil. High levels of nutrients in the subsoil are more important than a fine seedbed.
Sowing date: About the time frost danger ends. Being large seed, corn can be set deep, where soil moisture still exists even after conditions have warmed up. Germination without irrigation should be no problem.
Spacing: The farther south, the farther apart. Entirely without irrigation, I've had fine results spacing individual corn plants 3 feet apart in rows 3 feet apart, or 9 square feet per each plant.
Were I around Puget Sound or in B.C. I'd try 2 feet apart in rows 30 inches apart. Gary Nabhan describes Papago gardeners in Arizona growing individual cornstalks 10 feet apart. Grown on wide spacings, corn tends to tiller (put up multiple stalks, each making one or two ears). For most urban and suburban gardeners, space is too valuable to allocate 9 square feet for producing one or at best three or four ears.
Irrigation: With normal sprinkler irrigation, corn may be spaced 8 inches apart in rows 30 inches apart, still yielding one or two ears per stalk.
Varieties: Were I a devoted sweetcorn eater without enough irrigation, I'd be buying a few dozen freshly picked ears from the back of a pickup truck parked on a corner during local harvest season. Were I a devoted corn grower without any irrigation, I'd be experimenting with various types of field corn instead of sweet corn. Were I a self-sufficiency buff trying earnestly to produce all my own cereal, I'd accept that the maritime Northwest is a region where survivalists will eat wheat, rye, millet, and other small grains.
Many varieties of field corn are nearly as sweet as ordinary sweet corn, but grain varieties become starchy and tough within hours of harvest. Eaten promptly, "pig" corn is every bit as tasty as Jubilee. I've had the best dry-garden results with Northstine Dent (JSS) and Garland Flint (JSS). Hookers Sweet Indian (TSC) has a weak root system.
Successfully Starting Cucurbits From Seed With cucurbits, germination depends on high-enough soil temperature and not too much moisture. Squash are the most chill and moisture tolerant, melons the least. Here's a failure-proof and simple technique that ensures you'll plant at exactly the right time.
Cucumbers, squash, and melons are traditionally sown atop a deeply dug, fertilized spot that usually looks like a little mound after it is worked and is commonly called a hill. About two weeks before the last anticipated frost date in your area, plant five or six squash seeds about 2 inches deep in a clump in the very center of that hill. Then, a week later, plant another clump at 12 o'clock. In another week, plant another clump at 3 o'clock, and continue doing this until one of the sowings sprouts. Probably the first try won't come up, but the hill will certainly germinate several clumps of seedlings. If weather conditions turn poor, a later-to-sprout group may outgrow those that came up earlier. Thin gradually to the best single plant by the time the vines are running.
When the first squash seeds appear it is time to begin sowing cucumbers, starting a new batch each week until one emerges. When the cucumbers first germinate, it's time to try melons.
Approaching cucurbits this way ensures that you'll get the earliest possible germination while being protected against the probability that cold, damp weather will prevent germination or permanently spoil the growth prospects of the earlier seedlings.
Cucumbers Sowing date: About May 5 to 15 at Elkton.
Spacing: Most varieties usually run five about 3 feet from the hill. Space the hills about 5 to 6 feet apart in all directions.
Irrigation: Like melons. Regular and increasing amounts of fertigation will increase the yield several hundred percent.
Varieties: I've had very good results dry-gardening Amira II (TSC), even without any fertigation at all. It is a Middle Eastern[-]style variety that makes pickler-size thin-skinned cukes that need no peeling and have terrific flavor. The burpless or Japanese sorts don't seem to adapt well to drought. Most slicers dry-garden excellently. Apple or Lemon are similar novelty heirlooms that make very extensive vines with aggressive roots and should be given a foot or two more elbow room. I'd avoid any variety touted as being for pot or patio, compact, or short-vined, because of a likely linkage between its vine structure and root system.
Eggplant Grown without regular sprinkler irrigation, eggplant seems to get larger and yield sooner and more abundantly. I suspect this delicate and fairly drought-resistant tropical species does not like having its soil temperature lowered by frequent watering.
Sowing date: Set out transplants at the usual time, about two weeks after the tomatoes, after all frost danger has passed and after nights have stably warmed up above 50 degree F. Spacing: Double dig and deeply fertilize the soil under each transplant. Separate plants by about 3 feet in rows about 4 feet apart.
Irrigation: Will grow and produce a few fruit without any watering, but a bucket of fertigation every three to four weeks during summer may result in the most luxurious, hugest, and heaviest-bearing eggplants you've ever grown.
Varieties: I've noticed no special varietal differences in ability to tolerate dryish soil. I've had good yields from the regionally adapted varieties Dusky Hybrid, Short Tom, and Early One.
Endive A biennial member of the chicory family, endive quickly puts down a deep taproot and is naturally able to grow through prolonged drought. Because endive remains bitter until cold weather, it doesn't matter if it grows slowly through summer, just so long as rapid leaf production resumes in autumn.
Sowing date: On irrigated raised beds endive is sown around August 1 and heads by mid-October. The problem with dry-gardened endive is that if it is spring sown during days of increasing daylength when germination of shallow-sown small seed is a snap, it will bolt prematurely. The crucial moment seems to be about June 1. April/May sowings bolt in July/August,: after June 1, bolting won't happen until the next spring, but germination won't happen without watering. One solution is soaking the seeds overnight, rinsing them frequently until they begin to sprout, and fluid drilling them.
Spacing: The heads become huge when started in June. Sow in rows 4 feet apart and thin gradually until the rosettes are 3 inches in diameter, then thin to 18 inches apart.
Irrigation: Without a drop of moisture the plants, even as tiny seedlings, will grow steadily but slowly all summer, as long as no other crop is invading their root zone. The only time I had trouble was when the endive row was too close to an aggressive row of yellow crookneck squash. About August, the squash roots began invading the endive's territory and the endive got wilty.
A light side-dressing of complete organic fertilizer or compost in late September will grow the hugest plants imaginable.
Varieties: Curly types seem more tolerant to rain and frost during winter than broad-leaf Batavian varieties. I prefer President (TSC).
Herbs Most perennial and biennial herbs are actually weeds and wild hillside shrubs from Mediterranean climates similar to that of Southern California. They are adapted to growing on winter rainfall and surviving seven to nine months without rainfall every summer. In our climate, merely giving them a little more elbow room than usually offered, thorough weeding, and side-dressing the herb garden with a little compost in fall is enough coddling. Annuals such as


Shak.
2. Specifically, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal; as, to die on the scaffold.

 That a scaffold of execution should grow a scaffold of coronation.

Sir P. Sidney.
3. (Metal.) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf, or dome-shaped obstruction, above the tuyères in a blast furnace.

 Scaf"fold, v. t. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold.

 Scaf"fold*age (?), n. A scaffold. [R.] Shak.
 Scaf"fold*ing, n. 1. A scaffold; a supporting framework; as, the scaffolding of the body. Pope.
2. Materials for building scaffolds.

 Scagl"ia (?), n. [It. scaglia a scale, a shell, a chip of marble.] A reddish variety of limestone.

 Scagl*io"la (?), n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia.
 See Scaglia.] An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished.

 ||Sca"la (?), n.; pl. Scalæ (#). [L., a ladder.] 1. (Surg.) A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus.

2. (Anat.) A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea.

 Scal"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being scaled.

 { Sca*lade" (?), Sca*la"do (?) }, n. (Mil.) See Escalade. Fairfax.
 Sca"lar (?), n. (Math.) In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; -- distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction.

 ||Sca*la"ri*a (?), n. [L., flight of steps.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridæ, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap.
 See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap.

 Sca*lar"i*form (?), a. [L. scalare, scalaria, staircase, ladder + -form: cf. F. scalariforme.] 1.
 Resembling a ladder in form or appearance; having transverse bars or markings like the rounds of a ladder; as, the scalariform cells and scalariform pits in some plants.

2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a scalaria.

 Sca"la*ry (?), a. [L. scalaris, fr. scalae, pl. scala, staircase, ladder.] Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Scal"a*wag (?), n. A scamp; a scapegrace. [Spelt also scallawag.]
 [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.
 Scald (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalding.] [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, F. échauder, fr. L. excaldare; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot. See Ex, and Caldron.] 1. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to pain or injure by contact with, or immersion in, any hot fluid; as, to scald the hand.

 Mine own tears Do scald like molten lead.

Shak.
 Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall.

Cowley.
2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in hot water or other liquor; as, to scald milk or meat.

 Scald, n. A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, by some hot liquid, or by steam.

 Scald, a. [For scalled. See Scall.] 1. Affected with the scab; scabby. Shak.
2. Scurvy; paltry; as, scald rhymers. [Obs.] Shak.
Scald crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow. [Ireland] -- Scald head (Med.), a name popularly given to several diseases of the scalp characterized by pustules (the dried discharge of which forms scales) and by falling out of the hair.

 Scald, n. Scurf on the head. See Scall. Spenser.
 Scald (skld or skld; 277), n. [Icel. skld.] One of the ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers; a reciter and singer of heroic poems, eulogies, etc., among the Norsemen; more rarely, a bard of any of the ancient Teutonic tribes. [Written also skald.]

 A war song such as was of yore chanted on the field of battle by the scalds of the yet heathen Saxons.

Sir W. Scott.
 Scald"er (?), n. A Scandinavian poet; a scald.

 Scald"fish' (?), n. [Scald, a. + fish.] (Zoöl.)
 A European flounder (Arnoglossus laterna, or Psetta arnoglossa); -- called also megrim, and smooth sole.

 Scald"ic (? or?), a. Of or pertaining to the scalds of the Norsemen; as, scaldic poetry.

 Scale (skl), n. [AS. scle; perhaps influenced by the kindred Icel. skl balance, dish, akin also to D. schaal a scale, bowl, shell, G. schale, OHG. scla, Dan. skaal drinking cup, bowl, dish, and perh. to E. scale of a fish. Cf.
 Scale of a fish, Skull the brain case.] 1. The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively.

 Long time in even scale The battle hung.

Milton.
 The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more Now than my vows.

Waller.
2. pl. (Astron.) The sign or constellation Libra.

Platform scale. See under Platform.

 Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaling.] To weigh or measure according to a scale; to measure; also, to grade or vary according to a scale or system.

Scaling his present bearing with his past.

Shak.
To scale, or scale down, a debt, wages, etc., to reduce a debt, etc., according to a fixed ratio or scale. [U.S.]

 Scale, n. [Cf. AS. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings; akin to D. schaal, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. & Sw. skal a shell, Dan. skiæl a fish scale, Goth. skalja tile, and E. shale, shell, and perhaps also to scale of a balance; but perhaps rather fr. OF. escale, escaile, F. écaille scale of a fish, and écale shell of beans, pease, eggs, nuts, of German origin, and akin to Goth. skalja, G. schale. See Shale.] 1. (Anat.) One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See Cycloid, Ctenoid, and Ganoid.

 Fish that, with their fins and shining scales, Glide under the green wave.

Milton.
2. Hence, any layer or leaf of metal or other material, resembling in size and thinness the scale of a fish;


entire block.
The first church building in Yerba Buena (as San Francisco was formerly called) was the First Presbyterian Church on the west side of Powell near Washington. It was built in 1849 of hand-hewn timbers from Oregon.
Upon the erection of the First Methodist Church it was moved to the rear and used as a Sunday school. John Truebody constructed it.
In this immediate neighborhood were many a frame building that had been brought around the Horn "in the knocked down state."
Powell street, from Clay to North Beach, was graded in 1854. It and Stockton street to the east, from Sacramento street north to Green street, were lined with neat homes and was then considered the fashionable residence section of the city, while on Powell street were three churches.
The streets in those days were all planked. Beyond Mason streets ran the trail westward to the Presidio, past scattered cottages, sheds, dairies and vegetable gardens.
On the east side of Stockton street, between Sacramento and Clay streets, stood the old Pioche residence, wherein were given many lavish entertainments, for its owner was an epicure and hospitable to a degree.
He was a heavy speculator and at one time possessed of much property.
His death was a mystery and has never been solved. During the '90's his home was used as the Chinese consulate.
On the west side of Taylor street at the corner of Sacramento street stood the home of Capt. J. B. Thomas, after occupied by Addison E. Head, while on the corner of Clay I had my grocery business, living on the next block, between Clay and Washington, No. 1211. Win. T. Coleman, the leader of the Vigilance Committee, lived on the corner of Washington street; this house was built by W. F. Walton, and occupied in turn by S. C. Hastings, Wm. T. Coleman and D. M. Delmas, all men of prominence, while on the next corner stood the home of my old friend, Gross, who came across the plains with me in 1849. In later days, Mr. Chilion Beach resided there.
On the east side at the southeast corner of Washington, stood the J. B. Haggin home, while on the northeast corner stood that of the Beavers, and at the corner of Jackson, the Tevis.' In this neighborhood also lived Ina D. Coolbrith, whose home was the center of the literary genius of the State, amongst them being Bret Harte, Joaquin Miller, and Charles Warren Stoddard. Josiah Stanford, a brother of Leland Stanford, lived on the south side of Jackson street, just below the Tevis home.
Here is as good a place as any to give my readers a short account of the Clay Street Hill Underground Cable Railroad, which operated on Clay street from Leavenworth to Kearny streets, a distance of seven blocks, and at an elevation of 307 feet above the starting point. The cable car was the invention of Mr. A. S. Hallidie, who organized the company which built the line. This was the first time that the application of an underground cable was ever used to move street cars, and on August 1, 1873, the first run up the Clay street hill from Kearny to Leavenworth street, was made, and by September 1st the road was in operation. It was a wonderful exhibition, and half the town was there to witness it. Many were in doubt as to the success of the enterprise. The company required the property holders on the hill to subscribe and donate towards the expense, which they did. The writer owning some property there at that time, gave $100.00 to further the enterprise. This was in 1872. An interested Chinese watched the moving cars and remarked: "No pushee, no pullee, go like hellee."
The California Street Railroad Company used the same device. This line was operated along California street from Kearny to Fillmore and first operated April 9, 1878. It was afterwards extended eastward to Drumm and Market streets and westward to Central Avenue. The Sutter Street R. R. Co. was in operation January 27, 1877, and the Geary street line, February 16, 1880. Cable cars were also operated over Sacramento and Washington streets as well as over Powell at later dates.
[1] A few words might be said concerning the principals of this trouble.
King, whose name was James King (before coming to California he had added "of William" so as to distinguish himself from others of that name), came to California November 10th, 1848, engaged in mining and mercantile pursuits and in December 1849 engaged in the banking business in San Francisco. In 1854 he merged with Adams & Co. Shortly afterwards they failed, and he lost everything he possessed. Through the financial backing of his friends, he started the "Daily Evening Bulletin," October 8th, 1855, a small four-page sheet about 10 x 15 inches in size. He was fearless in his editorials, but always within the bounds of right and justice, and took a strong position against corruption of the city officials and their means of election. His paper grew in circulation and size, and soon outstripped all the other papers combined. November 17th, 1855, the Cora and Richardson affair held the attention of the public, and King in his fearlessness inflamed the population into taking matters into their own hands after the Courts had failed to convict. And by his so doing had aroused an enmity, and determination from the lawless element to stop his utterances, even at the cost of his life, so when he attacked in his paper, one James P. Casey, a lawless character, gambler and ballot box manipulator and Supervisor, as having served an eighteen-months sentence in Sing Sing, N. Y., before coming to California, who also published a paper, "The Sunday Times," it brought matters to a crisis, for Casey taking offense at this and other attacks on his ilk, shot King on the evening of May 14, 1856. The shooting of King was the cause of the formation of the Vigilance Committee of 1856 and the direct means of cleaning the city of the corruptness that had had swing for so many years.—[Editor.]
[2] Two of the unused cartridges of Mr. Woolley's, at the end of the troublous time of the Vigilance committee, are to be seen in the Oakland Public Museum.—[Editor.]
[3] A large number of the citizens of San Francisco interested themselves toward caring and providing for the family of the deceased, Mr. King, and through the efforts of Mr. F. W. Macondray and six others, collected nearly $36,000. They had erected a monument in Lone Mountain Cemetery, supported the family, and in 1868 the money which, had by judicious investment amounted to nearly $40,000, about half of this fund, was turned over to the elder children, leaving $22,000 on deposit, but this, through the bank's failure, netted the family only $15,000.
[4] The body of James King, of William, was buried In Lone Mountain Cemetery, that of James P. Casey in Mission Dolores Cemetery, by the members of Crescent Engine Company No. 10, of which he was foreman, while that of Charles Cora was delivered to Belle Cora and its final resting place is unknown to this day, though it has been stated that she had it buried in Mission Dolores Cemetery.—[Editor.]
[5] His body was interred in Mission Dolores Cemetery.—[Editor.]
[6] The name of this "Betsy Ross" has been lost, though Mr. Connell probably knew it at the time. The flag, except for the blue field, is badly faded.—[Editor.]


wooden spoon, then take the saucepan off the fire, and when it is cooled a little, add the yolks of six and the whites of two eggs well beaten up, a little grated lemon peel, three-quarters of an ounce of sultanas and two small glasses of rum. Mix well, so as to get it very smooth, pour it into a buttered mould and serve either hot or cold. If cold, put whipped cream flavoured with stick vanilla round the dish; if hot, a Zabajone (No. 222).

 No. 212. Crema rappresa (Coffee Cream) Ingredients: Coffee, cream, eggs, sugar, butter.

 Bruise five ounces of freshly roasted Mocha coffee, and add it to three-quarters of a pint of boiling cream; cover the saucepan, let it simmer for twenty minutes, then pass through a bit of fine muslin. In the meantime mix the yolks of ten eggs and two whole eggs with eight ounces of castor sugar and a glass of cream; add the coffee cream to this and pass the whole through a fine sieve into a buttered mould. Steam in a bain-marie for rather more than an hour, but do not let the water boil; then put the cream on ice for about an hour, and before serving turn it out on a dish and pour some cream flavoured with stick vanilla round it.

 No. 213. Crema Montata alle Fragole (Strawberry Cream) Ingredients: Cream, castor sugar, Maraschino, strawberries or strawberry jam.

 Put a pint of cream on ice, and after two hours whip it up. Pass three tablespoonsful of strawberry jam through a sieve and add two tablespoonsful of Maraschino; mix this with the cream and build it up into a pyramid. Garnish with meringue biscuits and serve quickly. You may use fresh strawberries when in season, but then add castor sugar to taste.

 No. 214. Croccante di Mandorle (Cream Nougat) Ingredients: Almonds, sugar, lemon juice, butter, castor sugar, pistachios, preserved fruits.

 Blanch half a pound of almonds, cut them into shreds and dry them in a slow oven until they are a light brown colour; then put a quarter pound of lump sugar into a saucepan and caramel it lightly; stir well with a wooden spoon. When the sugar is dissolved, throw the hot almonds into it and also a little lemon juice. Take the saucepan off the fire and mix the almonds with the sugar, pour it into a buttered mould and press it against the sides of the mould with a lemon, but remember that the casing of sugar must be very thin. (You may, if you like, spread out the mixture on a flat dish and line the mould with your hands, but the sugar must be kept hot.)
 Then take it out of the mould and decorate it with castor sugar, pistacchio nuts, and preserved fruits. Fill this case with whipped cream and preserved fruits or fresh strawberries.

 No. 215. Crema tartara alla Caramella (Caramel Cream) Ingredients: Cream, eggs, caramel sugar, vanilla or lemon flavouring.

 Boil a pint of cream and give it any flavour you like. When cold, add the yolks of eight eggs and two tablespoonsful of castor sugar, mix well and pass it through a sieve; then burn some sugar to a caramel, line a smooth mould with it and pour the cream into it. Boil in a bain-marie for an hour and serve hot or cold.

 No. 216. Cremona Cake Ingredients: Ground rice, ground maize, sugar, one orange, eggs, salt, cream, Maraschino, almonds, preserved cherries.

 Weigh three eggs, and take equal quantities of castor sugar, butter, ground rice and maize (the last two together); make a light paste with them, but only use one whole egg and the yolks of the two others, add the scraped peel of an orange and a pinch of salt. Roll this paste out to the thickness of a five-shilling piece, colour it with the yolk of an egg and bake it in a cake tin in a hot oven until it is a good colour, then take it out and cut it into four equal circular pieces. Have ready some well-whipped cream and flavour it with Maraschino, put a thick layer of this on one of the rounds of pastry, then cover it with: the next round, on which also put a layer of cream, and so on until you come to the last round, which forms the top of the cake. Then split some almonds and colour them in the oven, cover the top of the cake with icing sugar flavoured with orange, and decorate the top with the almonds and preserved cherries.

 No. 217. Cake alla Tolentina Ingredients: Sponge-cake, jam, brandy or Maraschino, cream, pine-apple.

 Make a medium-sized sponge-cake; when cold cut off the top and scoop out all the middle and leave only the brown case; cover the outside with a good coating of jam or red currant jelly, and decorate it with some of the white of the cake cut into fancy shapes. Soak the rest of the crumb in brandy or Maraschino and mix it with quarter of a pint of whipped cream and bits of pineapple cut into small dice; fill the cake with this; pile it up high in the centre and decorate the top with the brown top cut into fancy shapes.

 No. 218. Riso all'Imperatrice Ingredients: Rice, sugar, milk, ice, preserved fruits, blanc-mange, Maraschino, cream.

 Boil two dessert-spoonsful of rice and one of sugar in milk. When sufficiently boiled, drain the rice and let it get cold. In the meantime place a mould on ice, and decorate it with slices of preserved fruit, and fix them to the mould with just enough nearly cold dissolved isinglass to keep them in place. Also put half a pint of blanc-mange on the ice, and stir it till it is the right consistency, gradually add the boiled rice, half a glass of Maraschino, some bits of pineapple cut in dice, and last of all half a pint of whipped cream. Fill the mould with this, and when it is sufficiently cold, turn it out and serve with a garnish of glace fruits or a few brandy cherries.

 No. 219. Amaretti leggieri (Almond Cakes) Ingredients: Almonds (sweet and bitter), eggs, castor sugar.

 Blanch equal quantities of sweet and bitter almonds, and dry them a little in the oven, then pound them in a mortar, and add nearly double their quantity of castor sugar. Mix with the white of an egg well beaten up into a snow, and shape into little balls about the size of a pigeon's egg. Put them on a piece of stout white paper, and bake them in a very slow oven.
 They should be very light and delicate in flavour.

 No. 220. Cakes alla Livornese Ingredients: Almonds, eggs, sugar, salt, potato flour, butter.

 Pound two ounces of almonds, and mix them with the yolks of two eggs and a spoonful of castor sugar flavoured with orange juice. Then mix two ounces of sugar with an egg, and to this add the almonds, a pinch of salt, and gradually strew in one and a half ounces of potato flour. When it is all well mixed, add one ounce of melted butter, shape the cakes and bake them in a slow oven.

 No. 221. Genoese Pastry Ingredients: Eggs, sugar, butter, flour, almonds, orange or lemon, brandy.

 Weigh four eggs, and take equal weights of castor sugar, butter, and flour. Pound three ounces of almonds, and mix them with an egg, melt the butter, and mix all the ingredients with a wooden spoon in a pudding basin for ten minutes, then add a little scraped orange or lemon peel, and a dessert-spoonful of brandy. Spread out the paste in thin layers on a copper baking sheet, cover them with buttered paper, and bake in a moderately hot oven.

 These cakes