; poss. fr. DEC slang for a full software distribution, as opposed to a patch or upgrade] A source software distribution that has been packaged in such a way that it can (theoretically) be unpacked and installed according to a series of steps using only standard Unix tools, and entirely documented by some reasonable chain of references from the top-level README file. The more general term distribution may imply that special tools or more stringent conditions on the host environment are required.
Node:klone, Next:kludge, Previous:kit, Up:= K = klone /klohn/ n. See clone, sense 4.
Node:kludge, Next:kluge, Previous:klone, Up:= K = kludge 1. /klooj/ n. Incorrect (though regrettably common) spelling of kluge (US). These two words have been confused in American usage since the early 1960s, and widely confounded in Great Britain since the end of World War II. 2. [TMRC] A crock that works. (A long-ago "Datamation" article by Jackson Granholme similarly said: "An ill-assorted collection of poorly matching parts, forming a distressing whole.") 3. v. To use a kludge to get around a problem. "I've kludged around it for now, but I'll fix it up properly later."
This word appears to have derived from Scots 'kludge' or 'kludgie' for a common toilet, via British military slang. It apparently became confused with U.S. kluge during or after World War II; some Britons from that era use both words in definably different ways, but kluge is now uncommon in Great Britain. 'Kludge' in Commonwealth hackish differs in meaning from 'kluge' in that it lacks the positive senses; a kludge is something no Commonwealth hacker wants to be associated too closely with. Also, 'kludge' is more widely known in British mainstream slang than 'kluge' is in the U.S.
Node:kluge, Next:kluge around, Previous:kludge, Up:= K = kluge /klooj/ [from the German 'klug', clever; poss. related to Polish 'klucz' (a key, a hint, a main point)] 1. n. A Rube Goldberg (or Heath Robinson) device, whether in hardware or software. 2. n. A clever programming trick intended to solve a particular nasty case in an expedient, if not clear, manner. Often used to repair bugs. Often involves ad-hockery and verges on being a crock. 3. n. Something that works for the wrong reason. 4. vt. To insert a kluge into a program. "I've kluged this routine to get around that weird bug, but there's probably a better way." 5. [WPI] n. A feature that is implemented in a rude manner.
Nowadays this term is often encountered in the variant spelling 'kludge'. Reports from old farts are consistent that 'kluge' was the original spelling, reported around computers as far back as the mid-1950s and, at that time, used exclusively of hardware kluges.
In 1947, the "New York Folklore Quarterly" reported a classic shaggy-dog story 'Murgatroyd the Kluge Maker' then current in the Armed Forces, in which a 'kluge' was a complex and puzzling artifact with a trivial function. Other sources report that 'kluge' was common Navy slang in the WWII era for any piece of electronics that worked well on shore but consistently failed at sea.
However, there is reason to believe this slang use may be a decade older. Several respondents have connected it to the brand name of a device called a "Kluge paper feeder", an adjunct to mechanical printing presses. Legend has it that the Kluge feeder was designed before small, cheap electric motors and control electronics; it relied on a fiendishly complex assortment of cams, belts, and linkages to both power and synchronize all its operations from one motive driveshaft. It was accordingly temperamental, subject to frequent breakdowns, and devilishly difficult to repair -- but oh, so clever! People who tell this story also aver that 'Kluge' was the name of a design engineer.
There is in fact a Brandtjen & Kluge Inc., an old family business that manufactures printing equipment - interestingly, their name is pronounced /kloo'gee/! Henry Brandtjen, president of the firm, told me (ESR, 1994) that his company was co-founded by his father and an engineer named Kluge /kloo'gee/, who built and co-designed the original Kluge automatic feeder in 1919. Mr.
Brandtjen claims, however, that this was a simple device (with only four cams); he says he has no idea how the myth of its complexity took hold.
TMRC and the MIT hacker culture of the early '60s seems to have developed in a milieu that remembered and still used some WWII military slang (see also foobar). It seems likely that 'kluge' came to MIT via alumni of the many military electronics projects that had been located in Cambridge (many in MIT's venerable Building 20, in which TMRC is also located) during the war.
The variant 'kludge' was apparently popularized by the Datamation article mentioned above; it was titled "How to Design a Kludge" (February 1962, pp. 30, 31).
This spelling was probably imported from Great Britain, where kludge has an independent history (though this fact was largely unknown to hackers on either side of the Atlantic before a mid-1993 debate in the Usenet group alt.folklore.computers over the First and Second Edition versions of this entry; everybody used to think kludge was just a mutation of kluge). It now appears that the British, having forgotten the etymology of their own 'kludge' when 'kluge' crossed the Atlantic, repaid the U.S. by lobbing the 'kludge' orthography in the other direction and confusing their American cousins' spelling!
The result of this history is a tangle. Many younger U.S.
hackers pronounce the word as /klooj/ but spell it, incorrectly for its meaning and pronunciation, as 'kludge'. (Phonetically, consider huge, refuge, centrifuge, and deluge as opposed to sludge, judge, budge, and fudge. Whatever its failings in other areas, English spelling is perfectly consistent about this distinction.) British hackers mostly learned /kluhj/ orally, use it in a restricted negative sense and are at least consistent.
European hackers have mostly learned the word from written American sources and tend to pronounce it /kluhj/ but use the wider American meaning!
Some observers consider this mess appropriate in view of the word's meaning.
Node:kluge around, Next:kluge up, Previous:kluge, Up:= K = kluge around vt.
To avoid a bug or difficult condition by inserting a kluge. Compare workaround.
Node:kluge up, Next:Knights of the Lambda Calculus, Previous:kluge around, Up:= K = kluge up vt.
To lash together a quick hack to perform a task; this is milder than cruft together and has some of the connotations of hack up (note, however, that the construction 'kluge on' corresponding to hack on is never used). "I've kluged up this routine to dump the buffer contents to a safe place."
Node:Knights of the Lambda Calculus, Next:knobs, Previous:kluge up, Up:= K = Knights of the Lambda Calculus n. A semi-mythical organization of wizardly LISP and Scheme hackers. The name refers to a mathematical formalism invented by Alonzo Church, with which LISP is intimately connected. There is no enrollment list and the criteria for induction are unclear, but one well-known LISPer has been known to give out buttons and, in general, the members know who they are.... Node:knobs, Next:Knuth, Previous:Knights of the Lambda Calculus, Up:= K = knobs pl.n.
Configurable options, even in software and even those you can't adjust in real time. Anything you can twiddle is a knob


right.

Chaucer.
2. To be weak-minded, silly, or idiotic; to have the intellect impaired, especially by age, so that the mind wanders or wavers; to drivel.

 Time has made you dote, and vainly tell Of arms imagined in your lonely cell.

Dryden.
 He survived the use of his reason, grew infatuated, and doted long before he died.

South.
3. To be excessively or foolishly fond; to love to excess; to be weakly affectionate; -- with on or upon; as, the mother dotes on her child.

 Sing, siren, for thyself, and I will dote.

Shak.
 What dust we dote on, when 't is man we love.

 Pope.
 Dote, n. An imbecile; a dotard. Halliwell.
 Dot"ed (?), a. 1. Stupid; foolish. [Obs.]

 Senseless speech and doted ignorance.

Spenser.
2. Half-rotten; as, doted wood. [Local, U. S.]

 Dote"head' (?), n. A dotard. [R.] Tyndale.
 Dot"er (?), n. 1. One who dotes; a man whose understanding is enfeebled by age; a dotard. Burton.
2. One excessively fond, or weak in love. Shak.
 Dot"er*y (?), n. The acts or speech of a dotard; drivel. [R.]

 Doth (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Do.

 Dot"ing (?), a. That dotes; silly; excessively fond. -- Dot"ing*ly, adv. -- Dot"ing*ness, n. Dot"ish, a. Foolish; weak; imbecile. Sir W. Scott.
 Dot"tard (?), n. [For Dotard?] An old, decayed tree. [R.] Bacon.
 Dot"ted (?), a. Marked with, or made of, dots or small spots; diversified with small, detached objects.

Dotted note (Mus.), a note followed by a dot to indicate an increase of length equal to one half of its simple value; thus, a dotted semibreve is equal to three minims, and a dotted quarter to three eighth notes. -- Dotted rest, a rest lengthened by a dot in the same manner as a dotted note.

 Notes and rests are sometimes followed by two dots, to indicate an increase of length equal to three quarters of their simple value, and they are then said to be double-dotted.

 Dot"ter*el (?), a. [Cf. Dottard.] Decayed. "Some old dotterel trees." [Obs.] Ascham.
 Dot"ter*el, n. [From Dote, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 A European bird of the Plover family (Eudromias, or Charadrius, morinellus). It is tame and easily taken, and is popularly believed to imitate the movements of the fowler.

 In catching of dotterels we see how the foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures.

 Bacon.
 The ringed dotterel (or ring plover) is Charadrius hiaticula.

2. A silly fellow; a dupe; a gull. Barrow.
 Dot"ting pen' (?). See under Pun.

 Dot"trel (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel.

 Do"ty (?), a. [See Dottard.] Half-rotten; as, doty timber.
 [Local, U. S.]

 ||Dou'ane" (?), n. [F.] A customhouse.

 ||Dou'a"nier" (?), n. [F.] An officer of the French customs.
 [Anglicized form douaneer.]

 Dou"ar (?), n. [F., fr. Ar. d&?;r.] A village composed of Arab tents arranged in streets.

 Dou"ay Bi"ble (?). [From Douay, or Douai, a town in France.]
 A translation of the Scriptures into the English language for the use of English-speaking Roman Catholics; -- done from the Latin Vulgate by English scholars resident in France. The New Testament portion was published at Rheims, A. D. 1582, the Old Testament at Douai, A. D.
 1609-10. Various revised editions have since been published. [Written also Doway Bible. Called also the Rheims and Douay version.]

 Doub" grass' (db" grs).(Bot.) Doob grass.

 Dou"ble (db"'l), a. [OE. doble, duble, double, OF. doble, duble, double, F. double, fr. L. duplus, fr. the root of duo two, and perh. that of plenus full; akin to Gr. diplo'os double. See Two, and Full, and cf. Diploma, Duple.] 1.
 Twofold; multiplied by two; increased by its equivalent; made twice as large or as much, etc.

 Let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me.

 2 Kings ii. 9.
 Darkness and tempest make a double night.

Dryden.
2. Being in pairs; presenting two of a kind, or two in a set together; coupled.

 [Let] The swan, on still St. Mary's lake, Float double, swan and shadow.

Wordsworth.
3. Divided into two; acting two parts, one openly and the other secretly; equivocal; deceitful; insincere.

 With a double heart do they speak.

 Ps. xii. 2.
4. (Bot.) Having the petals in a flower considerably increased beyond the natural number, usually as the result of cultivation and the expense of the stamens, or stamens and pistils. The white water lily and some other plants have their blossoms naturally double.

Double is often used as the first part of a compound word, generally denoting two ways, or twice the number, quantity, force, etc., twofold, or having two.

Double base, or Double bass (Mus.), the largest and lowest-toned instrument in the violin form; the contrabasso or violone. -- Double convex. See under Convex. -- Double counterpoint (Mus.), that species of counterpoint or composition, in which two of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave higher or lower. -- Double court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for four players, two on each side. -- Double dagger (Print.), a reference mark (‡) next to the dagger (†) in order; a diesis. -- Double drum (Mus.), a large drum that is beaten at both ends. -- Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States having the value of 20 dollars. - - Double entry. See under Bookkeeping. -- Double floor (Arch.), a floor in which binding joists support flooring joists above and ceiling joists below. See Illust. of Double-framed floor. -- Double flower. See Double, a., 4. -- Double-framed floor (Arch.), a double floor having girders into which the binding joists are framed. - - Double fugue (Mus.), a fugue on two subjects. -- Double letter. (a) (Print.) Two letters on one shank; a ligature. (b) A mail requiring double postage. -- Double note (Mus.), a note of double the length of the semibreve; a breve. See Breve. -- Double octave (Mus.), an interval composed of two octaves, or fifteen notes, in diatonic progression; a fifteenth. -- Double pica. See under Pica. -- Double play (Baseball), a play by which two players are put out at the same time. -- Double plea (Law), a plea alleging several matters in answer to the declaration, where


MY DISCOVERY OF ENGLAND 1922 By Stephen Leacock Contents Introduction of Mr. Stephen Leacock Given by Sir Owen Seaman MY DISCOVERY OF ENGLAND I. The Balance of Trade in Impressions II.
 I Am Interviewed by the Press III.
 Impressions of London IV.
 A Clear View of the Government and Politics of England V. Oxford as I See It VI.
 The British and the American Press VII.
 Business in England. Wanted—More Profiteers VIII.
 Is Prohibition Coming to England?

 IX.
 "We Have With Us To-night" X. Have the English any Sense of Humour?

 Introduction of Mr. Stephen Leacock Given by Sir Owen Seaman on the Occasion of His First Lecture in London LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: It is usual on these occasions for the chairman to begin something like this: "The lecturer, I am sure, needs no introduction from me." And indeed, when I have been the lecturer and somebody else has been the chairman, I have more than once suspected myself of being the better man of the two. Of course I hope I should always have the good manners—I am sure Mr. Leacock has—to disguise that suspicion.
 However, one has to go through these formalities, and I will therefore introduce the lecturer to you.

 Ladies and gentlemen, this is Mr. Stephen Leacock. Mr. Leacock, this is the flower of London intelligence—or perhaps I should say one of the flowers; the rest are coming to your other lectures.

 In ordinary social life one stops at an introduction and does not proceed to personal details. But behaviour on the platform, as on the stage, is seldom ordinary. I will therefore tell you a thing or two about Mr.
 Leacock. In the first place, by vocation he is a Professor of Political Economy, and he practises humour—frenzied fiction instead of frenzied finance—by way of recreation. There he differs a good deal from me, who have to study the products of humour for my living, and by way of recreation read Mr. Leacock on political economy.

 Further, Mr. Leacock is all-British, being English by birth and Canadian by residence, I mention this for two reasons: firstly, because England and the Empire are very proud to claim him for their own, and, secondly, because I do not wish his nationality to be confused with that of his neighbours on the other side. For English and American humourists have not always seen eye to eye. When we fail to appreciate their humour they say we are too dull and effete to understand it: and when they do not appreciate ours they say we haven't got any.

 Now Mr. Leacock's humour is British by heredity; but he has caught something of the spirit of American humour by force of association. This puts him in a similar position to that in which I found myself once when I took the liberty of swimming across a rather large loch in Scotland. After climbing into the boat I was in the act of drying myself when I was accosted by the proprietor of the hotel adjacent to the shore. "You have no business to be bathing here," he shouted. "I'm not," I said; "I'm bathing on the other side." In the same way, if anyone on either side of the water is unintelligent enough to criticise Mr. Leacock's humour, he can always say it comes from the other side. But the truth is that his humour contains all that is best in the humour of both hemispheres.

 Having fulfilled my duty as chairman, in that I have told you nothing that you did not know before—except, perhaps, my swimming feat, which never got into the Press because I have a very bad publicity agent—I will not detain you longer from what you are really wanting to get at; but ask Mr. Leacock to proceed at once with his lecture on "Frenzied Fiction."

 MY DISCOVERY OF ENGLAND I. The Balance of Trade in Impressions FOR some years past a rising tide of lecturers and literary men from England has washed upon the shores of our North American continent. The purpose of each one of them is to make a new discovery of America. They come over to us travelling in great simplicity, and they return in the ducal suite of the Aquitania. They carry away with them their impressions of America, and when they reach England they sell them. This export of impressions has now been going on so long that the balance of trade in impressions is all disturbed. There is no doubt that the Americans and Canadians have been too generous in this matter of giving away impressions. We emit them with the careless ease of a glow worm, and like the glow-worm ask for nothing in return.

 But this irregular and one-sided traffic has now assumed such great proportions that we are compelled to ask whether it is right to allow these people to carry away from us impressions of the very highest commercial value without giving us any pecuniary compensation whatever.
 British lecturers have been known to land in New York, pass the customs, drive uptown in a closed taxi, and then forward to England from the closed taxi itself ten dollars' worth of impressions of American national character. I have myself seen an English literary man,—the biggest, I believe: he had at least the appearance of it; sit in the corridor of a fashionable New York hotel and look gloomily into his hat, and then from his very hat produce an estimate of the genius of Amer ica at twenty cents a word. The nice question as to whose twenty cents that was never seems to have occurred to him.

 I am not writing in the faintest spirit of jealousy. I quite admit the extraordinary ability that is involved in this peculiar susceptibility to impressions. I have estimated that some of these English visitors have been able to receive impressions at the rate of four to the second; in fact, they seem to get them every time they see twenty cents. But without jealousy or complaint, I do feel that somehow these impressions are inadequate and fail to depict us as we really are.

 Let me illustrate what I mean. Here are some of the impressions of New York, gathered from visitors' discoveries of America, and reproduced not perhaps word for word but as closely as I can remember them. "New York", writes one, "nestling at the foot of the Hudson, gave me an impression of cosiness, of tiny graciousness: in short, of weeness." But compare this—"New York," according to another discoverer of America, "gave me an impression of size, of vastness; there seemed to be a big ness about it not found in smaller places." A third visitor writes, "New York struck me as hard, cruel, almost inhuman." This, I think, was because his taxi driver had charged him three dollars. "The first thing that struck me in New York," writes another, "was the Statue of Liberty." But, after all, that was only natural: it was the first thing that could reach him.

 Nor is it only the impressions of the metropolis that seem to fall short of reality. Let me quote a few others taken at random here and there over the continent.

 "I took from Pittsburg," says an English visitor, "an impression of something that I could hardly define—an atmosphere rather than an idea."

 All very well, But, after all, had he the right to take it? Granted that Pittsburg has an atmosphere rather than an idea, the attempt to carry away this atmosphere surely borders on rapacity.

 "New Orleans," writes another visitor, "opened her arms to me and bestowed upon me the soft and languorous kiss of the Caribbean." This statement may or may not be true; but in any case it hardly seems the fair thing to mention it.

 "Chicago," according to another book of discovery, "struck me as a large city. Situated as it is and where it is, it seems destined to be a place of importance."

 Or


WHAT IS MAN?
AND OTHER ESSAYS By Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens, _PHONE_) CONTENTS WHAT IS MAN?
 THE DEATH OF JEAN THE TURNING-POINT OF MY LIFE HOW TO MAKE HISTORY DATES STICK THE MEMORABLE ASSASSINATION A SCRAP OF CURIOUS HISTORY SWITZERLAND, THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY AT THE SHRINE OF ST. WAGNER WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS ENGLISH AS SHE IS TAUGHT A SIMPLIFIED ALPHABET AS CONCERNS INTERPRETING THE DEITY CONCERNING TOBACCO THE BEE TAMING THE BICYCLE IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD?
WHAT IS MAN?
I a. Man the Machine. b. Personal Merit [The Old Man and the Young Man had been conversing. The Old Man had asserted that the human being is merely a machine, and nothing more. The Young Man objected, and asked him to go into particulars and furnish his reasons for his position.]
Old Man. What are the materials of which a steam-engine is made?
Young Man. Iron, steel, brass, white-metal, and so on.
O.M. Where are these found?
Y.M. In the rocks.
O.M. In a pure state?
Y.M. No—in ores.
O.M. Are the metals suddenly deposited in the ores?
Y.M. No—it is the patient work of countless ages.
O.M. You could make the engine out of the rocks themselves?
Y.M. Yes, a brittle one and not valuable.
O.M. You would not require much, of such an engine as that?
Y.M. No—substantially nothing.
O.M. To make a fine and capable engine, how would you proceed?
Y.M. Drive tunnels and shafts into the hills; blast out the iron ore; crush it, smelt it, reduce it to pig-iron; put some of it through the Bessemer process and make steel of it. Mine and treat and combine several metals of which brass is made.
O.M. Then?
Y.M. Out of the perfected result, build the fine engine.
O.M. You would require much of this one?
Y.M. Oh, indeed yes.
O.M. It could drive lathes, drills, planers, punches, polishers, in a word all the cunning machines of a great factory?
Y.M. It could.
O.M. What could the stone engine do?
Y.M. Drive a sewing-machine, possibly—nothing more, perhaps.
O.M. Men would admire the other engine and rapturously praise it?
Y.M. Yes.
O.M. But not the stone one?
Y.M. No.
O.M. The merits of the metal machine would be far above those of the stone one?
Y.M. Of course.
O.M. Personal merits?
Y.M. Personal merits? How do you mean?
O.M. It would be personally entitled to the credit of its own performance?
Y.M. The engine? Certainly not.
O.M. Why not?
Y.M. Because its performance is not personal. It is the result of the law of construction. It is not a merit that it does the things which it is set to do—it can't help doing them.
O.M. And it is not a personal demerit in the stone machine that it does so little?
Y.M. Certainly not. It does no more and no less than the law of its make permits and compels it to do. There is nothing personal about it; it cannot choose. In this process of "working up to the matter" is it your idea to work up to the proposition that man and a machine are about the same thing, and that there is no personal merit in the performance of either?
O.M. Yes—but do not be offended; I am meaning no offense. What makes the grand difference between the stone engine and the steel one? Shall we call it training, education? Shall we call the stone engine a savage and the steel one a civilized man? The original rock contained the stuff of which the steel one was built—but along with a lot of sulphur and stone and other obstructing inborn heredities, brought down from the old geologic ages—prejudices, let us call them. Prejudices which nothing within the rock itself had either power to remove or any desire to remove. Will you take note of that phrase?
Y.M. Yes. I have written it down; "Prejudices which nothing within the rock itself had either power to remove or any desire to remove." Go on.
O.M. Prejudices must be removed by outside influences or not at all. Put that down.
Y.M. Very well; "Must be removed by outside influences or not at all." Go on.
O.M. The iron's prejudice against ridding itself of the cumbering rock.
To make it more exact, the iron's absolute indifference as to whether the rock be removed or not. Then comes the outside influence and grinds the rock to powder and sets the ore free. The iron in the ore is still captive. An outside influence smelts it free of the clogging ore.
The iron is emancipated iron, now, but indifferent to further progress. An outside influence beguiles it into the Bessemer furnace and refines it into steel of the first quality. It is educated, now—its training is complete. And it has reached its limit. By no possible process can it be educated into gold. Will you set that down?
Y.M. Yes. "Everything has its limit—iron ore cannot be educated into gold." O.M. There are gold men, and tin men, and copper men, and leaden men, and steel men, and so on—and each has the limitations of his nature, his heredities, his training, and his environment. You can build engines out of each of these metals, and they will all perform, but you must not require the weak ones to do equal work with the strong ones. In each case, to get the best results, you must free the metal from its obstructing prejudicial ones by education—smelting, refining, and so forth.
Y.M. You have arrived at man, now?
O.M. Yes. Man the machine—man the impersonal engine. Whatsoever a man is, is due to his make, and to the influences brought to bear upon it by his heredities, his habitat, his associations. He is moved, directed, commanded, by exterior influences—solely. He originates nothing, not even a thought.
Y.M. Oh, come! Where did I get my opinion that this which you are talking is all foolishness?
O.M. It is a quite natural opinion—indeed an inevitable opinion—but you did not create the materials out of which it is formed. They are odds and ends of thoughts, impressions, feelings, gathered unconsciously from a thousand books, a thousand conversations, and from streams of thought and feeling which have flowed down into your heart and brain out of the hearts and brains of centuries of ancestors. Personally you did not create even the smallest microscopic fragment of the materials out of which your opinion is made; and personally you cannot claim even the slender merit of putting the borrowed materials together. That was done automatically—by your mental machinery, in strict accordance with the law of that machinery's construction. And you not only did not make that machinery yourself, but you have not even any command over it.
Y.M. This is too much. You think I could have formed no opinion but that one?
O.M. Spontaneously? No. And you did not form that one; your machinery did it for you—automatically and instantly, without reflection or the need of it.
Y.M. Suppose I had reflected? How then?
O.M. Suppose you try?
Y.M. (After a quarter of an hour.) I have reflected.
O.M. You mean you have tried to change your opinion—as an experiment?
Y.M. Yes.
O.M. With success?
Y.M. No. It remains the same; it is impossible to change it.
O.M. I am sorry, but you see, yourself, that your mind is merely a machine, nothing more. You have no command over it, it has no command over itself—it is worked solely from the outside. That is the law of its make; it is the


are undoubtedly from the same original source. The Emmet correspondence presents no information on this subject.

 SOUTH CAROLINA 34. John Rutledge, Emmet 9510, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after J. Trumbull." The original painting was owned by the Misses Rutledge, of Charleston, S. C.

236 35. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Emmet 9512, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888.
 Painting by Trumbull." An oil miniature on wood was painted by Col.
 John Trumbull, in 1791, which is in the Yale School of Fine Arts.
 Pinckney was also painted by Gilbert Stuart and the portrait was owned by the family at Runnymeade, S. C. Trumbull's portrait shows a younger face.

36. Charles Pinckney, Emmet 9514, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila.
 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are alike. In the Emmet correspondence the following information, furnished to Dr. Emmet, is found: "Chas. Pinckney—Mr. Henry L. Pinckney of Stateburg [S. C.] has a picture of Gov. Pinckney." The owner of this portrait was a grandson of the subject. On January 12, 1885, P. G. De Saussure wrote to Emmet: "Half an hour ago I received from the Photographer two of the Pictures [one being] Charles Pinckney copied from a portrait owned by Mr. L. Pinckney—who lives in Stateburg, S. C." The owner had put the portrait at Dr. Emmet's disposal, in a letter of December 4, 1884, in which he gave its dimensions as "about 3 ft. nearly square," and added, "it is very precious to me." 37. Pierce Butler, Emmet 9516, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila.
 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are dissimilar and dubious. Three letters in the Emmet correspondence refer to 237 the Butler portraiture. On January 31, 1887, Mrs. Sarah B. Wister, of Philadelphia, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "I enclose photograph copies of two miniatures of Maj. Butler wh. Mr. Louis Butler [a bachelor then over seventy years old living in Paris, France] gave me not long ago: I did not know of their existence until 1882, & never heard of any likeness of my great-grandfather, except an oil-portrait wh. was last seen more than thirty years ago in a lumber room in his former house at the n. w. corner of 8th & Chestnut streets [Phila.], since then pulled down." On February 8th, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I am not surprised that the two miniatures do not strike you as being of the same person. Yet I believe there is no doubt of it; my cousin had them from his father who was Maj.
 Butler's son. The more youthful one is evidently by a poor artist, & therefore probably was a poor likeness." In her third letter to Dr. Emmet, on April 5, 1888, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I sent you back the photo. from the youthful miniature of Maj. Butler & regret very much that I have no copy of the other left; but four sets were made of wh. I sent you one & gave the others to his few living descendants.
 I regret this all the more as I am reluctant to trust the miniature again to a photographer. I live out of town so that there is some trouble in sending & calling for them; (I went personally last time, & there are no other likenesses of my great grandfather extant.)" GEORGIA 238 38. William Few, Emmet 9518, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila.
 1888." He also painted a portrait "after John Ramage," for Independence Hall. They are identical.

39. Abraham Baldwin, Emmet 9520, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila.
 1888." There is also a painting "after Fulton" in Independence Hall. They are of the same type but not exactly alike, yet likely from the same original. The variations may be just artist's vagaries. There is no information in the Emmet correspondence.

40. William Jackson, Secretary, Emmet 9436, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by J. Trumbull." Rosenthal also painted a copy after Trumbull for Independence Hall. They are identical.

239 INDEX A Adams, John, on American Peace Commission, 9 et seq.; personal characteristics, 10; negotiates commerical treaty with the Netherlands, 11; on fisheries question, 13-14; on settlement of commercial indebtedness, 14-15; on granting compensation to Loyalists, 20; complains of trade restriction for New England, 26.
 Adams, Samuel, and the Constitution, 151, 152.
 Albany Congress (1754), 49, 50.
 Annapolis Trade Convention (1786), 100-106.
 Anti-Federalist party, 147.
 Articles of Confederation, adoption (1777), 49-50; ratification (1781), 50, 57-59; based on Franklin's plan of Union, 51-52; provisions, 52-54, 67-68, 86, 100; questions of land ownership delay ratification, 56-57, 58; financial power of Congress under, 86; failure of Commercial amendment of 1784, 99; relation of Constitution, 125, 131, 144; defects corrected in Constitution, 142; attempt at revision, 144-145; text, 175-189.
 Assenisipia, 69.
B Bancroft, George, History of the Formation of the Constitution, cited, 103 (note).
 Biddle, Charles, Autobiography, on the Constitution, 141.
 Bowdoin, James, Governor of Massachusetts, and Shays' Rebellion, 94, 95.
 Bryce, Lord, cited, 13 (note).
C Cambridge (Mass.), Shays' Rebellion at, 94.
 Canada, Loyalists go to, 19; Articles of Confederation on admitting, 67.
 Channing, Edward, History of the United States, cited, 21 (note), 61 (note).
 Cherronesus, 69.
 Combe, George, Tour of the United States, quoted, 45.
 Commerce, before Revolution, 24; conditions after Revolution, 24-27; commercial treaties, 26; development of trade with Far East, 28; phases of United States foreign trade, 28-29;


ly (?), adv. In a figurate manner.

 Fig'u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. figuratio.] 1. The act of giving figure or determinate form; determination to a certain form. Bacon.
2. (Mus.) Mixture of concords and discords.

 Fig"ur*a*tive (?), a. [L. figurativus: cf. F. figuratif.
 See Figurative.] 1. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance; typical; representative.

 This, they will say, was figurative, and served, by God's appointment, but for a time, to shadow out the true glory of a more divine sanctity.

Hooker.
2. Used in a sense that is tropical, as a metaphor; not literal; -- applied to words and expressions.

3. Abounding in figures of speech; flowery; florid; as, a highly figurative description.

4. Relating to the representation of form or figure by drawing, carving, etc. See Figure, n., 2.

 They belonged to a nation dedicated to the figurative arts, and they wrote for a public familiar with painted form.

J. A. Symonds.
Figurative counterpoint or descant. See under Figurate.

 -- Fig"ur*a*tive*ly, adv. -- Fig"ur*a*tive*ness, n. Fig"ure (fg"r; 135), n. [F., figure, L. figura; akin to fingere to form, shape, feign. See Feign.] 1. The form of anything; shape; outline; appearance.

 Flowers have all exquisite figures.

Bacon.
2. The representation of any form, as by drawing, painting, modeling, carving, embroidering, etc.; especially, a representation of the human body; as, a figure in bronze; a figure cut in marble.

 A coin that bears the figure of an angel.

Shak.
3. A pattern in cloth, paper, or other manufactured article; a design wrought out in a fabric; as, the muslin was of a pretty figure.

4. (Geom.) A diagram or drawing; made to represent a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; a surface or space inclosed on all sides; -- called superficial when inclosed by lines, and solid when inclosed by surfaces; any arrangement made up of points, lines, angles, surfaces, etc.

5. The appearance or impression made by the conduct or career of a person; as, a sorry figure.

 I made some figure there.

Dryden.
 Gentlemen of the best figure in the county.

Blackstone.
6. Distinguished appearance; magnificence; conspicuous representation; splendor; show.

 That he may live in figure and indulgence.

Law.
7. A character or symbol representing a number; a numeral; a digit; as, 1, 2,3, etc.

8. Value, as expressed in numbers; price; as, the goods are estimated or sold at a low figure. [Colloq.]

 With nineteen thousand a year at the very lowest figure.

Thackeray.
9. A person, thing, or action, conceived of as analogous to another person, thing, or action, of which it thus becomes a type or representative.

 Who is the figure of Him that was to come.

Rom. v. 14.
10. (Rhet.) A mode of expressing abstract or immaterial ideas by words which suggest pictures or images from the physical world; pictorial language; a trope; hence, any deviation from the plainest form of statement.

 To represent the imagination under the figure of a wing.

Macaulay.
11. (Logic) The form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term.

12. (Dancing) Any one of the several regular steps or movements made by a dancer.

13. (Astrol.) A horoscope; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Johnson.
14. (Music) (a) Any short succession of notes, either as melody or as a group of chords, which produce a single complete and distinct impression. Grove.
(b) A form of melody or accompaniment kept up through a strain or passage; a musical phrase or motive; a florid embellishment.

 Figures are often written upon the staff in music to denote the kind of measure. They are usually in the form of a fraction, the upper figure showing how many notes of the kind indicated by the lower are contained in one measure or bar. Thus, 2/4 signifies that the measure contains two quarter notes. The following are the principal figures used for this purpose: -- 2/22/42/8 4/22/44/8 3/23/43/8 6/46/46/8 Academy figure, Canceled figures, Lay figure, etc.
 See under Academy, Cancel, Lay, etc. -- Figure caster, or Figure flinger, an astrologer. "This figure caster." Milton. - - Figure flinging, the practice of astrology. -- Figure-of-eight knot, a knot shaped like the figure 8. See Illust. under Knot.
 -- Figure painting, a picture of the human figure, or the act or art of depicting the human figure. -- Figure stone (Min.), agalmatolite. -- Figure weaving, the art or process of weaving figured fabrics. -- To cut a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.]
 Sir W. Scott.
 Fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Figured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Figuring.] [F. figurer, L. figurare, fr. figura.
 See Figure, n.] 1. To represent by a figure, as to form or mold; to make an image of, either palpable or ideal; also, to fashion into a determinate form; to shape.

 If love, alas! be pain I bear, No thought can figure, and no tongue declare.Prior.

2. To embellish with design; to adorn with figures.

 The vaulty top of heaven Figured quite o'er with burning meteors.

Shak.
3. To indicate by numerals; also, to compute.

 As through a crystal glass the figured hours are seen.

Dryden.
4. To represent by a metaphor; to signify or symbolize.

 Whose white vestments figure innocence.

Shak.
5. To prefigure; to foreshow.

 In this the heaven figures some event.

Shak.
6. (Mus.) (a) To write over or under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order to indicate the accompanying chords.
 (b) To embellish.

To figure out, to solve; to compute or find the result of. -- To figure up, to add; to reckon; to compute the amount of.

 Fig"ure, v. i. 1. To make a figure; to be distinguished or conspicious; as, the envoy figured at court.

 Sociable, hospitable, eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly.

M. Arnold.
2. To calculate; to contrive; to scheme; as, he is figuring to secure the nomination. [Colloq.]

 Fig"ured (?), a. 1. Adorned with figures; marked with figures; as, figured muslin.

2. Not literal; figurative. [Obs.] Locke.
3. (Mus.) (a) Free and florid; as, a figured descant. See Figurate, 3. (b) Indicated or noted by figures.

Figured bass. See Continued bass, under Continued.

 Fig"ure*head' (?), n. 1. (Naut.) The figure, statue, or bust, on the prow of a ship.

2. A person who allows his name to be used to give standing to enterprises in which he has no responsible interest or duties; a nominal, but not real


Flop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flopped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flopping.] [A variant of flap.] 1. To clap or strike, as a bird its wings, a fish its tail, etc.; to flap.

2. To turn suddenly, as something broad and flat. [Colloq.] Fielding.
 Flop (?), v. i. 1. To strike about with something broad and flat, as a fish with its tail, or a bird with its wings; to rise and fall; as, the brim of a hat flops.

2. To fall, sink, or throw one's self, heavily, clumsily, and unexpectedly on the ground. [Colloq.] Dickens.
 Flop, n. Act of flopping. [Colloq.] W. H. Russell.
 Flop"py (?), n. Having a tendency to flop or flap; as, a floppy hat brim. G. Eliot.
 Flop"wing' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing.

 Flo"ra (?), n. [L., the goddess of flowers, from flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of flowers and spring.

2. (Bot.) The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants.

 Flo"ral (?), a. [L. Floralis belonging to Flora: cf.
 F. floral. See Flora.] 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as, floral games, wreaths.

2. (Bot.) Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters. Martyn.
Floral envelope (Bot.), the calyx and corolla, one or the other of which (mostly the corolla) may be wanting.

 Flo"ral*ly, adv. In a floral manner.

 Flo"ra*mour (?), n.[L. flos, floris, flower + amorlove.]
 The plant love-liesbleeding. [Obs.] Prior.
 Flo"ran (?), n. (Mining) Tin ore scarcely perceptible in the stone; tin ore stamped very fine. Pryce.
 ||Flo'réal" (?), n. [F. floréal, fr. L. flos, floris, flower.] The eight month of the French republican calendar.
 It began April 20, and ended May 19. See Vendémiare.

 Flor"en (?), n. [LL. florenus. See Florin.] A cerain gold coin; a Florence. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Flor"ence (?), n. [From the city of Florence: cf. F. florence a kind of cloth, OF. florin.] 1. An ancient gold coin of the time of Edward III., of six shillings sterling value. Camden.
2. A kind of cloth. Johnson.
Florence flask. See under Flask. -- Florence oil, olive oil prepared in Florence.

 Flor"en*tine (? or?; 277), a. [L. Florentinus, fr. Florentia Florence: cf. F. florentin.] Belonging or relating to Florence, in Italy.

Florentine mosaic, a mosaic of hard or semiprecious stones, often so chosen and arranged that their natural colors represent leaves, flowers, and the like, inlaid in a background, usually of black or white marble.

 Flor"en*tine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Florence, a city in Italy.

2. A kind of silk. Knight.
3. A kind of pudding or tart; a kind of meat pie. [Obs.]

 Stealing custards, tarts, and florentines.

Beau. & Fl.
 Flo*res"cence (?), n. [See Florescent.] (Bot.) A bursting into flower; a blossoming. Martyn.
 Flo*res"cent (?), a. [L. florescens, p. pr. of florescere begin to blossom, incho. fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] Expanding into flowers; blossoming.

 Flo"ret (?), n. [OF. florete, F. fleurette, dim. of OF. lor, F. fleur. See Flower, and cf. Floweret, 3d Ferret.]
 1. (Bot.) A little flower; one of the numerous little flowers which compose the head or anthodium in such flowers as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Gray.
2. [F. fleuret.] A foil; a blunt sword used in fencing.
 [Obs.] Cotgrave.
 Flo"ri*age (?), n. [L. flos, floris, flower.] Bloom; blossom. [Obs.] J. Scott.
 Flo"ri*a'ted (?), a. (Arch.) Having floral ornaments; as, floriated capitals of Gothic pillars.

 Flo*ric"o*mous (?), a. [L. flos, floris, flower + coma hair.] Having the head adorned with flowers. [R.]

 Flo'ri*cul"tur*al (? or?; 135), a. Pertaining to the cultivation of flowering plants.

 Flo"ri*cul'ture (? or?; 135, 277), n. [L. flos, floris, flower + cultura culture.] The cultivation of flowering plants.

 Flo'ri*cul"tur*ist (?), n. One skilled in the cultivation of flowers; a florist.

 Flor"id (?), a. [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. Covered with flowers; abounding in flowers; flowery. [R.]

 Fruit from a pleasant and florid tree.

Jer. Taylor.
2. Bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively reddish color; as, a florid countenance.

3. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric; enriched to excess with figures; excessively ornate; as, a florid style; florid eloquence.

4. (Mus.) Flowery; ornamental; running in rapid melodic figures, divisions, or passages, as in variations; full of fioriture or little ornamentations.

 Flor"i*da bean" (?). (Bot.) (a) The large, roundish, flattened seed of Mucuna urens. See under Bean. (b) One of the very large seeds of the Entada scandens.

 ||Flo*rid"e*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) A subclass of algæ including all the red or purplish seaweeds; the Rhodospermeæ of many authors; -- so called from the rosy or florid color of most of the species.

 Flo*rid"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being florid; floridness. Floyer.
 Flor"id*ly (?), adv. In a florid manner.

 Flor"id*ness, n. The quality of being florid. Boyle.
 Flo*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. florifer; flos, floris, flower + ferre to bear; cf. F. florifère.] Producing flowers. Blount.
 Flo'ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. flos, floris, flower + facere to make.] The act, process, or time of flowering; florescence.

 Flo"ri*form (? or?), a. [L. flos, floris, flower + -form: cf. F. floriforme.] Having the form of a flower; flowershaped.

 Flo"ri*ken (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Indian bustard (Ot


drawing, with labor, along the ground or other surface; as, to drag stone or timber; to drag a net in fishing.

Dragged by the cords which through his feet were thrust.

Denham.
 The grossness of his nature will have weight to drag thee down.

Tennyson.
 A needless Alexandrine ends the song That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.

Pope.
2. To break, as land, by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to harrow; to draw a drag along the bottom of, as a stream or other water; hence, to search, as by means of a drag.

 Then while I dragged my brains for such a song.

Tennyson.
3. To draw along, as something burdensome; hence, to pass in pain or with difficulty.

 Have dragged a lingering life.

 Dryden.
To drag an anchor (Naut.), to trail it along the bottom when the anchor will not hold the ship.

Syn. -- See Draw.

 Drag, v. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress, on the ground; to trail; to be moved onward along the ground, or along the bottom of the sea, as an anchor that does not hold.

2. To move onward heavily, laboriously, or slowly; to advance with weary effort; to go on lingeringly.

 The day drags through, though storms keep out the sun.

Byron.
 Long, open panegyric drags at best.

 Gay.
3. To serve as a clog or hindrance; to hold back.

 A propeller is said to drag when the sails urge the vessel faster than the revolutions of the screw can propel her.

Russell.
4. To fish with a dragnet.

 Drag, n. [See Drag, v. t., and cf. Dray a cart, and 1st Dredge.] 1. The act of dragging; anything which is dragged.

2. A net, or an apparatus, to be drawn along the bottom under water, as in fishing, searching for drowned persons, etc.

3. A kind of sledge for conveying heavy bodies; also, a kind of low car or handcart; as, a stone drag.

4. A heavy coach with seats on top; also, a heavy carriage.
 [Collog.] Thackeray.
5. A heavy harrow, for breaking up ground.

6. (a) Anything towed in the water to retard a ship's progress, or to keep her head up to the wind; esp., a canvas bag with a hooped mouth, so used. See Drag sail (below). (b) Also, a skid or shoe, for retarding the motion of a carriage wheel. (c) Hence, anything that retards; a clog; an obstacle to progress or enjoyment.

 My lectures were only a pleasure to me, and no drag.

J. D. Forbes.
7. Motion affected with slowness and difficulty, as if clogged.
 "Had a drag in his walk." Hazlitt.
8. (Founding) The bottom part of a flask or mold, the upper part being the cope.

9. (Masonry) A steel instrument for completing the dressing of soft stone.

10. (Marine Engin.) The difference between the speed of a screw steamer under sail and that of the screw when the ship outruns the screw; or between the propulsive effects of the different floats of a paddle wheel. See Citation under Drag, v. i., 3.

Drag sail (Naut.), a sail or canvas rigged on a stout frame, to be dragged by a vessel through the water in order to keep her head to the wind or to prevent drifting; -- called also drift sail, drag sheet, drag anchor, sea anchor, floating anchor, etc. -- Drag twist (Mining), a spiral hook at the end of a rod for cleaning drilled holes.

 Dra*gan"tine (?), n. [See Dracanth.] A mucilage obtained from, or containing, gum tragacanth.

 Drag"bar' (?), n. Same as Drawbar (b). Called also draglink, and drawlink. [U. S.]

 Drag"bolt' (?), n. A coupling pin. See under Coupling. [U. S.]

 ||Dra'gées" (?), n. pl. [F. See 3d Dredge.] (Pharmacy) Sugar-coated medicines.

 Drag"gle (drg"g'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draggled (-g'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Draggling (-glng).] [Freq. of drag.
 √73. Cf. Drawl.] To wet and soil by dragging on the ground, mud, or wet grass; to drabble; to trail. Gray.
 With draggled nets down-hanging to the tide.

Trench.
 Drag"gle, v. i. To be dragged on the ground; to become wet or dirty by being dragged or trailed in the mud or wet grass. Hudibras.
 Drag"gle-tail' (?), n. A slattern who suffers her gown to trail in the mire; a drabble-tail.

 Drag"gle-tailed' (?), a. Untidy; sluttish; slatternly. W. Irving.
 Drag"link' (?), n. (Mach.) (a) A link connecting the cranks of two shafts. (b) A drawbar.

 Drag"man (?), n.; pl. Dragmen (&?;). A fisherman who uses a dragnet. Sir M. Hale.
 Drag"net' (?), n. [Cf. AS. drægnet.] A net to be drawn along the bottom of a body of water, as in fishing.

 Drag"o*man (?), n.; pl. Dragomans (#). [From F. dragoman, or Sp. dragoman, or It. dragomanno; all fr. LGr. &?;, Ar. tarjumn, from the same source as E. targum. Cf. Drogman, Truchman.] An interpreter; -- so called in the Levant and other parts of the East.

 Drag"on (?), n. [F. dragon, L. draco, fr. Gr. &?;, prob. fr. &?;, &?;, to look (akin to Skr. dar&?; to see), and so called from its terrible eyes. Cf. Drake a dragon, Dragoon.]
 1. (Myth.) A fabulous animal, generally represented as a monstrous winged serpent or lizard, with a crested head and enormous claws, and regarded as very powerful and ferocious.

 The dragons which appear in early paintings and sculptures are invariably representations of a winged crocodile.

Fairholt.
 In Scripture the term dragon refers to any great monster, whether of the land or sea, usually to some kind of serpent or reptile, sometimes to land serpents of a powerful and deadly kind. It is also applied metaphorically to Satan.

 Thou breakest the heads of the dragons in the waters.

 Ps. lxxiv. 13.
 Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder; the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet.

 Ps. xci. 13.
 He laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him a thousand years.

Rev. xx. 2.
2. A fierce, violent person, esp. a woman. Johnson.
3. (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere figured as a dragon; Draco.

4. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds, seeming to move through the air as a winged serpent.

5. (Mil. Antiq.) A short musket hooked to a swivel attached to a soldier's belt; -- so called from a representation of a dragon's head at the muzzle. Fairholt.
6. (Zoöl.) A small arboreal lizard of the genus Draco,


Any fresh-water gastropod of the genus Valvata.

 ||Val"vu*la (?), n.; pl. Valvulæ (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. valva fold, valve of a door.] (Anat.) A little valve or fold; a valvelet; a valvule.

 Valv"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. valvulaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to a valve or valves; specifically (Med.), of or pertaining to the valves of the heart; as, valvular disease.

2. Containing valves; serving as a valve; opening by valves; valvate; as, a valvular capsule.

 Valv"ule (?), n. [Cf. F. valvule.]

1. A little valve; a valvelet.

2. (Zoöl.) A small valvelike process.

 Val"yl*ene (?), n. [Valerian + - yl.] (Chem.)
 A volatile liquid hydrocarbon, C5H6, related to ethylene and acetylene, but possessing the property of unsaturation in the third degree. It is the only known member of a distinct series of compounds. It has a garlic odor.

 Vam"brace (?), n. [See Vantbrass.] (Anc. Armor) The piece designed to protect the arm from the elbow to the wrist.

 Va*mose" (?), v. i. & t. [Sp. vamos let us go.] To depart quickly; to depart from. [Written also vamos, and vamoose.]
 [Slang, Eng. & U. S.]

 Vamp (?), v. i. To advance; to travel. [Obs.]

 Vamp, n. [OE. vampe, vaumpe, vauntpe, F. avantpied the forefoot, vamp; anat before, fore + pied foot, L. pes.
 See Advance, Van of an army, and Foot.]

1. The part of a boot or shoe above the sole and welt, and in front of the ankle seam; an upper.

2. Any piece added to an old thing to give it a new appearance. See Vamp, v. t. Vamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vamped (?; 215); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Vamping.] To provide, as a shoe, with new upper leather; hence, to piece, as any old thing, with a new part; to repair; to patch; — often followed by up.

 I had never much hopes of your vamped play.

Swift.
 Vamp"er (?), n. One who vamps; one who pieces an old thing with something new; a cobbler.

 Vamp"er, v. i. [Cf. Vaunt.] To swagger; to make an ostentatious show. [Prov. eng. & Scot.] Jamieson.
 Vam"pire (?), n. [F. vampire (cf. It. vampiro, G.
 & D. vampir), fr. Servian vampir.] [Written also vampyre.]

1. A blood-sucking ghost; a soul of a dead person superstitiously believed to come from the grave and wander about by night sucking the blood of persons asleep, thus causing their death. This superstition is now prevalent in parts of Eastern Europe, and was especially current in Hungary about the year 1730.

 The persons who turn vampires are generally wizards, witches, suicides, and persons who have come to a violent end, or have been cursed by their parents or by the church, Encyc. Brit.
2. Fig.: One who lives by preying on others; an extortioner; a bloodsucker.

3. (Zoöl.) Either one of two or more species of South American blood-sucking bats belonging to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla.
 These bats are destitute of molar teeth, but have strong, sharp cutting incisors with which they make punctured wounds from which they suck the blood of horses, cattle, and other animals, as well as man, chiefly during sleep. They have a cæcal appendage to the stomach, in which the blood with which they gorge themselves is stored.

4. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of harmless tropical American bats of the genus Vampyrus, especially V. spectrum. These bats feed upon insects and fruit, but were formerly erroneously supposed to suck the blood of man and animals. Called also false vampire.

Vampire bat (Zoöl.), a vampire, 3.

 Vam"pir*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. vampirisme.]

1. Belief in the existence of vampires.

2. The actions of a vampire; the practice of bloodsucking.

3. Fig.: The practice of extortion. Carlyle.
 Vam"plate' (?), n. [F. avant fore, fore + E. plate.]
 A round of iron on the shaft of a tilting spear, to protect the hand.
 [Written also vamplet.]

 Va"mure (?), n. See Vauntmure. [Obs.]

 Van (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. vanguard.] The front of an army; the first line or leading column; also, the front line or foremost division of a fleet, either in sailing or in battle.

 Standards and gonfalons, twixt van and rear, Stream in the air.

Milton.
 Van, n. [Cornish.] (Mining) A shovel used in cleansing ore.

 Van, v. t. (Mining) To wash or cleanse, as a small portion of ore, on a shovel. Raymond.
 Van, n. [Abbreviated from caravan.]

1. A light wagon, either covered or open, used by tradesmen and others fore the transportation of goods. [Eng.]

2. A large covered wagon for moving furniture, etc., also for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition.

3. A close railway car for baggage. See the Note under Car, 2.
 [Eng.]

 Van, n. [L. vannus a van, or fan for winnowing grain: cf. F. van. Cf. Fan, Van a wing Winnow.]

1. A fan or other contrivance, as a sieve, for winnowing grain.

2. [OF. vanne, F. vanneau beam feather (cf. It. vanno a wing) fr. L. vannus. See Etymology above.] A wing with which the air is beaten. [Archaic] "[/Angels] on the air plumy vans received him. " Milton.
 He wheeled in air, and stretched his vans in vain; His vans no longer could his flight sustain.

Dryden.
 Van, v. t. [Cf. F. vanner to winnow, to fan. See Van a winnowing machine.] To fan, or to cleanse by fanning; to winnow. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Van"a*date (?), n. [Cf. F. vanadate.] (Chem.) A salt of vanadic acid. [Formerly also vanadiate.]

 Va*nad"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, vanadium; containing vanadium; specifically distinguished those compounds in which vanadium has a relatively higher valence as contrasted with the vanadious compounds; as, vanadic oxide.

Vanadic acid (Chem.), an acid analogous to phosphoric acid, not known in the free state but forming a well-known series of salts.

 Va*nad"i*nite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in yellowish, and ruby-red hexagonal crystals. It consist of lead vanadate with a small proportion of lead chloride.

 Va*na"di*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, vanadium; specifically, designating those compounds in which vanadium has a lower valence as contrasted with the vanadic compounds; as, vanadious


Super Foonly and the new operating system was cut in 1974. Most of the design team went to DEC and contributed greatly to the design of the PDP-10 model KL10. 2. The name of the company formed by Dave Poole, one of the principal Super Foonly designers, and one of hackerdom's more colorful personalities. Many people remember the parrot which sat on Poole's shoulder and was a regular companion. 3. Any of the machines built by Poole's company. The first was the F-1 (a.k.a. Super Foonly), which was the computational engine used to create the graphics in the movie "TRON". The F-1 was the fastest PDP-10 ever built, but only one was ever made. The effort drained Foonly of its financial resources, and the company turned towards building smaller, slower, and much less expensive machines.
Unfortunately, these ran not the popular TOPS-20 but a TENEX variant called Foonex; this seriously limited their market. Also, the machines shipped were actually wire-wrapped engineering prototypes requiring individual attention from more than usually competent site personnel, and thus had significant reliability problems. Poole's legendary temper and unwillingness to suffer fools gladly did not help matters. By the time of the Jupiter project cancellation in 1983, Foonly's proposal to build another F-1 was eclipsed by the Mars, and the company never quite recovered. See the Mars entry for the continuation and moral of this story.
Node:footprint, Next:for free, Previous:Foonly, Up:= F = footprint n.
1. The floor or desk area taken up by a piece of hardware. 2.
[IBM] The audit trail (if any) left by a crashed program (often in plural, 'footprints'). See also toeprint. 3. RAM footprint: The minimum amount of RAM which an OS or other program takes; this figure gives one an idea of how much will be left for other applications. How actively this RAM is used is another matter entirely. Recent tendencies to featuritis and software bloat can expand the RAM footprint of an OS to the point of making it nearly unusable in practice. [This problem is, thankfully, limited to operating systems so stupid that they don't do virtual memory - ESR] Node:for free, Next:for the rest of us, Previous:footprint, Up:= F = for free adj.
[common] Said of a capability of a programming language or hardware that is available by its design without needing cleverness to implement: "In APL, we get the matrix operations for free." "And owing to the way revisions are stored in this system, you get revision trees for free." The term usually refers to a serendipitous feature of doing things a certain way (compare big win), but it may refer to an intentional but secondary feature.
Node:for the rest of us, Next:for values of, Previous:for free, Up:= F = for the rest of us adj.
[from the Mac slogan "The computer for the rest of us"] 1.
Used to describe a spiffy product whose affordability shames other comparable products, or (more often) used sarcastically to describe spiffy but very overpriced products. 2.
Describes a program with a limited interface, deliberately limited capabilities, non-orthogonality, inability to compose primitives, or any other limitation designed to not 'confuse' a naive user. This places an upper bound on how far that user can go before the program begins to get in the way of the task instead of helping accomplish it. Used in reference to Macintosh software which doesn't provide obvious capabilities because it is thought that the poor lusers might not be able to handle them.
Becomes 'the rest of them' when used in third-party reference; thus, "Yes, it is an attractive program, but it's designed for The Rest Of Them" means a program that superficially looks neat but has no depth beyond the surface flash. See also WIMP environment, Macintrash, point-and-drool interface, user-friendly.
Node:for values of, Next:fora, Previous:for the rest of us, Up:= F = for values of [MIT] A common rhetorical maneuver at MIT is to use any of the canonical random numbers as placeholders for variables. "The max function takes 42 arguments, for arbitrary values of 42." "There are 69 ways to leave your lover, for 69 = 50." This is especially likely when the speaker has uttered a random number and realizes that it was not recognized as such, but even 'non-random' numbers are occasionally used in this fashion. A related joke is that pi equals 3 -- for small values of pi and large values of 3.
Historical note: at MIT this usage has traditionally been traced to the programming language MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder), an Algol-58-like language that was the most common choice among mainstream (non-hacker) users at MIT in the mid-60s.
It inherited from Algol-58 a control structure FOR VALUES OF X = 3, 7, 99 DO... that would repeat the indicated instructions for each value in the list (unlike the usual FOR that only works for arithmetic sequences of values). MAD is long extinct, but similar for-constructs still flourish (e.g., in Unix's shell languages).
Node:fora, Next:foreground, Previous:for values of, Up:= F = fora pl.n.
Plural of forum.
Node:foreground, Next:fork, Previous:fora, Up:= F = foreground vt.
[Unix; common] To bring a task to the top of one's stack for immediate processing, and hackers often use it in this sense for non-computer tasks. "If your presentation is due next week, I guess I'd better foreground writing up the design document."
Technically, on a time-sharing system, a task executing in foreground is one able to accept input from and return output to the user; oppose background.
Nowadays this term is primarily associated with Unix, but it appears first to have been used in this sense on OS/360. Normally, there is only one foreground task per terminal (or terminal window); having multiple processes simultaneously reading the keyboard is a good way to lose.
Node:fork, Next:fork bomb, Previous:foreground, Up:= F = fork In the open-source community, a fork is what occurs when two (or more) versions of a software package's source code are being developed in parallel which once shared a common code base, and these multiple versions of the source code have irreconcilable differences between them. This should not be confused with a development branch, which may later be folded back into the original source code base. Nor should it be confused with what happens when a new distribution of Linux or some other distribution is created, because that largely assembles pieces than can and will be used in other distributions without conflict.
Forking is uncommon; in fact, it is so uncommon that individual instances loom large in hacker folklore. Notable in this class were the GCC/EGCS fork (later healed by a merger) and the forks among the FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD operating systems.
Node:fork bomb, Next:forked, Previous:fork, Up:= F = fork bomb n.
[Unix] A particular species of wabbit that can be written in one line of C (main() {for(;;)fork();}) or shell ($0 & $0 &) on any Unix system, or occasionally created by an egregious coding bug. A fork bomb process 'explodes' by recursively spawning copies of itself (using the Unix system call fork(2)). Eventually it eats all the process table entries and effectively wedges the system. Fortunately, fork bombs are relatively easy to spot and kill, so creating one deliberately seldom accomplishes more than to bring the just wrath of the gods down upon the perpetrator. See also logic bomb.
Node:forked, Next:Fortrash, Previous:fork bomb, Up:= F = forked adj.,vi.
1. [common after 1997, esp. in the Linux community] An open-source software project is said to have forked or be forked when the project group fissions into two or more parts pursuing separate lines of development (or, less commonly, when a third party unconnected to the project group ). Forking is considered a Bad Thing - not merely because it implies a lot


glad tidings and in every Christmas anthem sung by childish voices.


THE CLOUDS By Aristophanes Translated by William James Hickie * All Greek from the original edition has been transliterated into Roman characters.

 DRAMATIS PERSONAE


it from turning in going down a hill.

To put a spoke in one's wheel, to thwart or obstruct one in the execution of some design.

 Spoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spoking.] To furnish with spokes, as a wheel.

 Spo"ken (?), a. [p. p. of Speak.] 1. Uttered in speech; delivered by word of mouth; oral; as, a spoken narrative; the spoken word.

2. Characterized by a certain manner or style in speaking; -- often in composition; as, a pleasant-spoken man.

 Methinks you're better spoken.

Shak.
 Spoke"shave' (?), n. A kind of drawing knife or planing tool for dressing the spokes of wheels, the shells of blocks, and other curved work.

 Spokes"man (?), n.; pl. Spokesmen (#). [Speak, spoke + man.] One who speaks for another.

 He shall be thy spokesman unto the people.

Ex. iv. 16.
 Spo"li*ate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Spoliated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spoliating (?).] [L. spoliatus, p. p. of spoliare spoil. See Spoil, v. t.] To plunder; to pillage; to despoil; to rob.

 Spo'li*a"tion (?), n. [L. spoliatio; cf. F. spoliation.
 See Spoil, v. t.] 1. The act of plundering; robbery; deprivation; despoliation.

 Legal spoliation, which will impoverish one part of the community in order to corrupt the remainder.

Sir G. C. Lewis.
2. Robbery or plunder in war; especially, the authorized act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea.

3. (Eccl. Law) (a) The act of an incumbent in taking the fruits of his benefice without right, but under a pretended title. Blackstone.
(b) A process for possession of a church in a spiritual court.

4. (Law) Injury done to a document.

 Spo"li*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. spoliatif.] Serving to take away, diminish, or rob; esp. (Med.), serving to diminish sensibily the amount of blood in the body; as, spoliative bloodletting.

 Spo"li*a'tor (?), n. One who spoliates; a spoiler.

 Spo"li*a*to*ry (?), a. Tending to spoil; destructive; spoliative.

 { Spon*da"ic (?), Spon*da"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. spondaicus, spondiacus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. spondaïque.] 1. Or of pertaining to a spondee; consisting of spondees.

2. Containing spondees in excess; marked by spondees; as, a spondaic hexameter, i. e., one which has a spondee instead of a dactyl in the fifth foot.

 Spon"dee (?), n. [L. spondeus, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; a drink offering, libation, fr. &?; to pour out, make a libation: cf. F. spondée. So called because at libations slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] (pros.) A poetic foot of two long syllables, as in the Latin word lgs.

 Spon*du"lics (?), n. Money. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.
 { Spon"dyl, Spon"dyle } (?), n. [L. spondylus, Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. spondyle.] (Anat.) A joint of the backbone; a vertebra.

 Spong (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] An irregular, narrow, projecting part of a field. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sponge (?), n. [OF. esponge, F. éponge, L. spongia, Gr. &?;, &?;. Cf. Fungus, Spunk.] [Formerly written also spunge.]
 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Spongiæ, or Porifera. See Illust. and Note under Spongiæ.

2. The elastic fibrous skeleton of many species of horny Spongiæ (keratosa), used for many purposes, especially the varieties of the genus Spongia. The most valuable sponges are found in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, and on the coasts of Florida and the West Indies.

3. Fig.: One who lives upon others; a pertinaceous and indolent dependent; a parasite; a sponger.

4. Any spongelike substance. Specifically: (a) Dough before it is kneaded and formed into loaves, and after it is converted into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the yeast or leaven. (b) Iron from the puddling furnace, in a pasty condition. (c) Iron ore, in masses, reduced but not melted or worked.

5. (Gun.) A mop for cleaning the bore of a cannon after a discharge. It consists of a cylinder of wood, covered with sheepskin with the wool on, or cloth with a heavy looped nap, and having a handle, or staff.

6. (Far.) The extremity, or point, of a horseshoe, answering to the heel.

Bath sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges, especially Spongia equina. -- Cup sponge, a toilet sponge growing in a cupshaped form. -- Glass sponge. See Glasssponge, in the Vocabulary. -- Glove sponge, a variety of commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety tubulufera), having very fine fibers, native of Florida, and the West Indies. -- Grass sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges having the surface irregularly tufted, as Spongia graminea, and S. equina, variety cerebriformis, of Florida and the West Indies.
 -- Horse sponge, a coarse commercial sponge, especially Spongia equina. -- Platinum sponge. (Chem.) See under Platinum.
 -- Pyrotechnical sponge, a substance made of mushrooms or fungi, which are boiled in water, dried, and beaten, then put in a strong lye prepared with saltpeter, and again dried in an oven. This makes the black match, or tinder, brought from Germany. -- Sheep's-wool sponge, a fine and durable commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety gossypina) found in Florida and the West Indies. The surface is covered with larger and smaller tufts, having the oscula between them. -- Sponge cake, a kind of sweet cake which is light and spongy. -- Sponge lead, or Spongy lead (Chem.), metallic lead brought to a spongy form by reduction of lead salts, or by compressing finely divided lead; -- used in secondary batteries and otherwise. -- Sponge tree (Bot.), a tropical leguminous tree (Acacia Farnesiana), with deliciously fragrant flowers, which are used in perfumery. -- Toilet sponge, a very fine and superior variety of Mediterranean sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety Mediterranea); -- called also turkish sponge. -- To set a sponge (Cookery), to leaven a small mass of flour, to be used in leavening a larger quantity. - - To throw up the sponge, to give up a contest; to acknowledge defeat; -- from a custom of the prize ring, the person employed to sponge a pugilist between rounds throwing his sponge in the air in token of defeat. [Cant or Slang] "He was too brave a man to throw up the sponge to fate." Lowell.
 -- Vegetable sponge. (Bot.) See Loof. -- Velvet sponge, a fine, soft commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety meandriniformis) found in Florida and the West Indies. -- Vitreous sponge. See Glass-s


;), n. (Law) One to whom the title of property is transferred; -- opposed to alienor.

 It the alienee enters and keeps possession. Blackstone.
 Al"ien*ism (&?;), n. 1. The status or legal condition of an alien; alienage.

 The law was very gentle in the construction of the disability of alienism.
Kent.
2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind.

 Al"ien*ist (&?;), n. [F. aliéniste.] One who treats diseases of the mind. Ed. Rev.
 Al'ien*or" (&?;), n. [OF. aliéneur.] One who alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone.
 { Al'i*eth"moid (&?;), Al'i*eth*moid"al (&?;), } a. [L. ala wing + E. ethomoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or cartilage.

 A*life" (&?;), adv. [Cf. lief dear.] On my life; dearly.
 [Obs.] "I love that sport alife." Beau. & Fl.
 A*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + -ferous.]
 Having wings, winged; aligerous. [R.]

 Al"i*form (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + -form.]
 Wing-shaped; winglike.

 A*lig"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aliger; ala wing + gerere to carry.] Having wings; winged. [R.]

 A*light" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted (&?;) sometimes Alit (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] [OE. alihten, fr. AS. lhtan; pref. - (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lhtan, to alight, orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. lht, leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a carriage; to dismount.

2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop; as, a flying bird alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof.

3. To come or chance (upon). [R.]

 A*light", a. [Pref. a- + light.] Lighted; lighted up; in a flame. "The lamps were alight." Dickens.
 A*lign" (&?;), v. t. [F. aligner; à (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] To adjust or form to a line; to range or form in line; to bring into line; to aline.

 A*lign", v. t. To form in line; to fall into line.

 A*lign"ment (&?;), n. [F. alignement.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; arrangement in a line or lines; the state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line; also, the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron.

2. (Engin.) The ground-plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the grades or profile.

 A*like" (*lk), a. [AS. onlc, gelc; pref. + like.]
 Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference. [Now used only predicatively.]

 The darkness and the light are both alike to thee. Ps.
 cxxxix. 12.
 A*like", adv. [AS. gelce, onlce.] In the same manner, form, or degree; in common; equally; as, we are all alike concerned in religion.

 A*like"-mind'ed (&?;), a. Likeminded. [Obs.]

 Al"i*ment (&?;), n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish; akin to Goth. alan to grow, Icel. ala to nourish: cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth.
 Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support.

Aliments of their sloth and weakness. Bacon.
2. An allowance for maintenance. [Scot.]

 Al"i*ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support.

2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.]

 Al'i*men"tal (&?;), a. Supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth; as, alimental sap.

 A'li*men"tal*ly, adv. So as to serve for nourishment or food; nourishing quality. Sir T. Browne.
 Al'i*men"ta*ri*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being alimentary; nourishing quality. [R.]

 Al'i*men"ta*ry (&?;), a. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum: cf. F. alimentaire.] Pertaining to aliment or food, or to the function of nutrition; nutritious; alimental; as, alimentary substances.

Alimentary canal, the entire channel, extending from the mouth to the anus, by which aliments are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts ejected.

 Al'i*men*ta"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alimentation, LL. alimentatio.]
 1. The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal.

2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon.
 Al'i*men"tive*ness (&?;), n. The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.]

 Al'i*mo"ni*ous (&?;), a. Affording food; nourishing. [R.] "Alimonious humors." Harvey.
 Al"i*mo*ny (&?;), n. [L. alimonia, alimonium, nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1.
 Maintenance; means of living.

2. (Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her husband's estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. Wharton. Burrill.
 Al'i*na"sal (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + E. nasal.]
 (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or cartilage.

 A*line" (&?;), v. t. To range or place in a line; to bring into line; to align. Evelyn.
 A*lin'e*a"tion (&?;), n. See Allineation.

 A*line"ment (&?;), n. Same as Alignment.

 [The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the French]. New Eng. Dict. (Murray).
 A*lin"er (&?;), n. One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line. Evelyn.
 Al"i*oth (&?;), n. [Ar. alyt the tail of a fat sheep.]
 (Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear, the one next the bowl in the Dipper.

 Al"i*ped (&?;), a. [L. alipes; ala wing + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. alipède.] (Zoöl.)
 Wing-footed, as the bat. -- n. An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serving for


THE ETHICS OF THE DUST Ten Lectures To Little Housewives On The Elements Of Crystallization By John Ruskin, LL.D., CONTENTS DEDICATION.
 PERSONAE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
 PREFACE.
 LECTURE 1. — THE VALLEY OF DIAMONDS LECTURE 2. — THE PYRAMID BUILDERS LECTURE 3. — THE CRYSTAL LIFE LECTURE 4. — THE CRYSTAL ORDERS LECTURE 5. — CRYSTAL VIRTUES LECTURE 6. — CRYSTAL QUARRELS LECTURE 7. — HOME VIRTUES LECTURE 8. — CRYSTAL CAPRICE LECTURE 9. — CRYSTAL SORROWS LECTURE 10.
 NOTES.
 NOTE I. NOTE II.
 NOTE III.
 NOTE IV.
 NOTE V. NOTE VI.
 NOTE TO SECOND EDITION DEDICATION.

 TO THE REAL LITTLE HOUSEWIVES, WHOSE GENTLE LISTENING AND THOUGHTFUL QUESTIONING ENABLED THE WRITER TO WRITE THIS BOOK, IT IS DEDICATED WITH HIS LOVE.

 CHRISTMAS, 1875.

 PERSONAE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

 I have seldom been more disappointed by the result of my best pains given to any of my books, than by the earnest request of my publisher, after the opinion of the public had been taken on the "Ethics of the Dust," that I would "write no more in dialogue!" However, I bowed to public judgment in this matter at once (knowing also my inventive powers to be of the feeblest); but in reprinting the book (at the prevailing request of my kind friend, Mr. Henry Willett), I would pray the readers whom it may at first offend by its disconnected method, to examine, nevertheless, with care, the passages in which the principal speaker sums the conclusions of any dialogue: for these summaries were written as introductions, for young people, to all that I have said on the same matters in my larger books; and, on re-reading them, they satisfy me better, and seem to me calculated to be more generally useful, than anything else I have done of the kind.

 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

 The summary of the contents of the whole book, beginning, "You may at least earnestly believe," at p. 215, is thus the clearest exposition I have ever yet given of the general conditions under which the Personal Creative Power manifests itself in the forms of matter; and the analysis of heathen conceptions of Deity, beginning at p. 217, and closing at p.
 229, not only prefaces, but very nearly supersedes, all that in more lengthy terms I have since asserted, or pleaded for, in "Aratra Pentelici," and the "Queen of the Air."

 And thus, however the book may fail in its intention of suggesting new occupations or interests to its younger readers, I think it worth reprinting, in the way I have also reprinted "Unto this Last,"—page for page; that the students of my more advanced works may be able to refer to these as the original documents of them; of which the most essential in this book are these following.

 I. The explanation of the baseness of the avaricious functions of the Lower Pthah, p. 54, with his beetle-gospel, p. 59, "that a nation can stand on its vices better than on its virtues," explains the main motive of all my books on Political Economy.

 II. The examination of the connection between stupidity and crime, pp.
 87-96, anticipated all that I have had to urge in Fors Clavigera against the commonly alleged excuse for public wickedness,—"They don't mean it—they don't know any better."

 III. The examination of the roots of Moral Power, pp. 145-149, is a summary of what is afterwards developed with utmost care in my inaugural lecture at Oxford on the relation of Art to Morals; compare in that lecture, sections 83-85, with the sentence in p. 147 of this book, "Nothing is ever done so as really to please our Father, unless we would also have done it, though we had had no Father to know of it."

 This sentence, however, it must be observed, regards only the general conditions of action in the children of God, in consequence of which it is foretold of them by Christ that they will say at the Judgment, "When saw we thee?" It does not refer to the distinct cases in which virtue consists in faith given to command, appearing to foolish human judgment inconsistent with the Moral Law, as in the sacrifice of Isaac; nor to those in which any directly-given command requires nothing more of virtue than obedience.

 IV. The subsequent pages, 149-158, were written especially to check the dangerous impulses natural to the minds of many amiable young women, in the direction of narrow and selfish religious sentiment: and they contain, therefore, nearly everything which I believe it necessary that young people should be made to observe, respecting the errors of monastic life.
 But they in nowise enter on the reverse, or favorable side: of which indeed I did not, and as yet do not, feel myself able to speak with any decisiveness; the evidence on that side, as stated in the text, having "never yet been dispassionately examined."

 V. The dialogue with Lucilla, beginning at p. 96, is, to my own fancy, the best bit of conversation in the book; and the issue of it, at p. 103, the most practically and immediately useful. For on the idea of the inevitable weakness and corruption of human nature, has logically followed, in our daily life, the horrible creed of modern "Social science," that all social action must be scientifically founded on vicious impulses. But on the habit of measuring and reverencing our powers and talents that we may kindly use them, will be founded a true Social science, developing, by the employment of them, all the real powers and honorable feelings of the race.

 VI. Finally, the account given in the second and third lectures, of the real nature and marvelousness of the laws of crystallization, is necessary to the understanding of what farther teaching of the beauty of inorganic form I may be able to give, either in "Deucalion," or in my "Elements of Drawing." I wish however that the second lecture had been made the beginning of the book; and would fain now cancel the first altogether, which I perceive to be both obscure and dull. It was meant for a metaphorical description of the pleasures and dangers in the kingdom of Mammon, or of worldly wealth; its waters mixed with blood, its fruits entangled in thickets of trouble, and poisonous when gathered; and the final captivity of its inhabitants within frozen walls of cruelty and disdain. But the imagery is stupid and ineffective throughout; and I retain this chapter only because I am resolved to leave no room for any one to say that I have withdrawn, as erroneous in principle, so much as a single sentence of any of my books written since 1860.

 One license taken in this book, however, though often permitted to essay-writers for the relief of their dullness, I never mean to take more,—the relation of composed metaphor as of actual dream, pp. 27 and 171. I assumed, it is true, that in these places the supposed dream would be easily seen to be an invention; but must not any more, even under so transparent disguise,


&?; divided, divisible, fr. &?; to divide: cf. F. schiste. See Schism.] (Geol.) Any crystalline rock having a foliated structure (see Foliation) and hence admitting of ready division into slabs or slates. The common kinds are mica schist, and hornblendic schist, consisting chiefly of quartz with mica or hornblende and often feldspar.

 Schis*ta"ceous (?), a. Of a slate color.

 Schist"ic (?), a. Schistose.

 { Schis*tose" (?; 277), Schist*ous (?) }, a. [Cf. F. schisteux.]
 (Geol.) Of or pertaining to schist; having the structure of a schist.

 Schis*tos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. schistosité.] (Geol.)
 The quality or state of being schistose.

 Schiz"o- (?). [Gr. &?; to split, cleave.] A combining form denoting division or cleavage; as, schizogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division.

 Schiz"o*carp (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.)
 A dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.

 Schiz"o*cœle (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; hollow.]
 (Anat.) See Enterocœle.

 Schiz'o*cœ"lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a schizocœle.

 Schiz'o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Schizo- + genesis.] (Biol.)
 Reproduction by fission. Haeckel.
 Schiz"og*nath (?), n. [See Schizognathous.] (Zoöl.) Any bird with a schizognathous palate.

 ||Schi*zog"na*thæ (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The schizognathous birds.

 Schi*zog"na*thism (?), n. (Zoöl.) The condition of having a schizognathous palate.

 Schi*zog"na*thous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; the jaw.]
 (Zoöl.) Having the maxillopalatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, which is pointed in front, as in the gulls, snipes, grouse, and many other birds.

 ||Schiz'o*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to split + &?;, -&?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) An order of Schizophyta, including the so-called fission fungi, or bacteria. See Schizophyta, in the Supplement.

 ||Schiz'o*ne*mer"te*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Schizo-, and Nemertes.]
 (Zoöl.) A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix.

 Schiz'o*pel"mous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. pe'lma the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two flexor tendons of the toes entirely separate, and the flexor hallucis going to the first toe only.

 Schiz"o*phyte (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; a plant.] (Biol.)
 One of a class of vegetable organisms, in the classification of Cohn, which includes all of the inferior forms that multiply by fission, whether they contain chlorophyll or not.

 Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), n. (Zoöl.) one of the Schizopoda.
 Also used adjectively.

 { Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), Schi*zop"o*dous (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to a schizopod, or the Schizopoda.

 ||Schi*zop"o*da (?), n. pl., [NL. See Schizo-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.)
 A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming.

 Schiz'o*rhi"nal (?), a. [Schizo- + rhinal.] 1.
(Anat.) Having the nasal bones separate.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior nostrils prolonged backward in the form of a slit.

 ||Schlich (?), n. [G.; akin to LG. slick mud, D. slijk, MHG. slch.] (Metal.) The finer portion of a crushed ore, as of gold, lead, or tin, separated by the water in certain wet processes.
 [Written also slich, slick.]

 Schmel"ze (?), n. [G. schmelz, schmelzglas.] A kind of glass of a red or ruby color, made in Bohemia.

 Schnapps (?), n. [G., a dram of spirits.] Holland gin. [U.S.]

 Schnei*de"ri*an (&?;), a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist of the seventeenth century.

Schneiderian membrane, the mucous membrane which lines the nasal chambers; the pituitary membrane.

 Scho*har"ie grit' (?). (Geol.) The formation belonging to the middle of the three subdivisions of the Corniferous period in the American Devonian system; -- so called from Schoharie, in New York, where it occurs. See the Chart of Geology.

 Schol"ar (?), n. [OE. scoler, AS. sclere, fr. L. scholaris belonging to a school, fr. schola a school. See School.] 1.
 One who attends a school; one who learns of a teacher; one under the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil; a disciple; a learner; a student.

 I am no breeching scholar in the schools.

Shak.
2. One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in any branch, or in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant. Shak. Locke.
3. A man of books. Bacon.
4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its revenues.

Syn. -- Pupil; learner; disciple. -- Scholar, Pupil. Scholar refers to the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of a teacher. A scholar is one who is under instruction; a pupil is one who is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an obedient pupil.

 Scho*lar"i*ty (?), n. [OF. scholarité, or LL. scholaritas.]
 Scholarship. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Schol"ar*like' (?), a. Scholarly. Bacon.
 Schol"ar*ly, a. Like a scholar, or learned person; showing the qualities of a scholar; as, a scholarly essay or critique. -- adv.
 In a scholarly manner.

 Schol"ar*ship, n. 1. The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning.

 A man of my master's... great scholarship.

Pope.
2. Literary education. [R.]

 Any other house of scholarship.

Milton.
3. Maintenance for a scholar; a foundation for the support of a student. T. Warton.
Syn. -- Learning; erudition; knowledge.

 Scho*las"tic (?), a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. &?;, fr.
 &?; to have leisure, to give lectures, to keep a school, from &?; leisure, a lecture, a school: cf. F. scholastique, scolastique.
 See School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, sch


a beautiful woman... It is possible also that some weird Japanese beliefs about butterflies are of Chinese derivation; but these beliefs might be older than China herself. The most interesting one, I think, is that the soul of a living person may wander about in the form of a butterfly. Some pretty fancies have been evolved out of this belief,—such as the notion that if a butterfly enters your guest-room and perches behind the bamboo screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. That a butterfly may be the spirit of somebody is not a reason for being afraid of it. Nevertheless there are times when even butterflies can inspire fear by appearing in prodigious numbers; and Japanese history records such an event. When Taïra-no-Masakado was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in Kyōto so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened,—thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil... Perhaps those butterflies were supposed to be the spirits of the thousands doomed to perish in battle, and agitated on the eve of war by some mysterious premonition of death.
However, in Japanese belief, a butterfly may be the soul of a dead person as well as of a living person. Indeed it is a custom of souls to take butterfly-shape in order to announce the fact of their final departure from the body; and for this reason any butterfly which enters a house ought to be kindly treated.
To this belief, and to queer fancies connected with it, there are many allusions in popular drama. For example, there is a well-known play called Tondé-déru-Kochō-no-Kanzashi; or, "The Flying Hairpin of Kochō." Kochō is a beautiful person who kills herself because of false accusations and cruel treatment. Her would-be avenger long seeks in vain for the author of the wrong. But at last the dead woman's hairpin turns into a butterfly, and serves as a guide to vengeance by hovering above the place where the villain is hiding.
—Of course those big paper butterflies (o-chō and mé-chō) which figure at weddings must not be thought of as having any ghostly signification. As emblems they only express the joy of living union, and the hope that the newly married couple may pass through life together as a pair of butterflies flit lightly through some pleasant garden,—now hovering upward, now downward, but never widely separating.
II A small selection of hokku (1) on butterflies will help to illustrate Japanese interest in the aæsthetic side of the subject. Some are pictures only,—tiny color-sketches made with seventeen syllables; some are nothing more than pretty fancies, or graceful suggestions;—but the reader will find variety. Probably he will not care much for the verses in themselves. The taste for Japanese poetry of the epigrammatic sort is a taste that must be slowly acquired; and it is only by degrees, after patient study, that the possibilities of such composition can be fairly estimated. Hasty criticism has declared that to put forward any serious claim on behalf of seventeen-syllable poems "would be absurd." But what, then, of Crashaw's famous line upon the miracle at the marriage feast in Cana?— Nympha pudica Deum vidit, et erubuit.[1] Only fourteen syllables—and immortality. Now with seventeen Japanese syllables things quite as wonderful—indeed, much more wonderful—have been done, not once or twice, but probably a thousand times... However, there is nothing wonderful in the following hokku, which have been selected for more than literary reasons:— Nugi-kakuru[2] Haori sugata no Kochō kana!
[Like a haori being taken off—that is the shape of a butterfly!]
 Torisashi no Sao no jama suru Kochō kana!
[Ah, the butterfly keeps getting in the way of the bird-catcher's pole![3]] Tsurigané ni Tomarité nemuru Kochō kana!
[Perched upon the temple-bell, the butterfly sleeps:] Néru-uchi mo Asobu-yumé wo ya— Kusa no chō!
[Even while sleeping, its dream is of play—ah, the butterfly of the grass![4] Oki, oki yo!
Waga tomo ni sen, Néru-kochō!
[Wake up! wake up!—I will make thee my comrade, thou sleeping butterfly.[5]] Kago no tori Chō wo urayamu Metsuki kana!
[Ah, the sad expression in the eyes of that caged bird!—envying the butterfly!]
 Chō tondé— Kazé naki hi to mo Miëzari ki!
[Even though it did not appear to be a windy day,[6] the fluttering of the butterflies—!]
 Rakkwa éda ni Kaëru to miréba— Kochō kana!
[When I saw the fallen flower return to the branch—lo! it was only a butterfly![7]] Chiru-hana ni— Karusa arasoü Kochō kana!
[How the butterfly strives to compete in lightness with the falling flowers![8]] Chōchō ya!
Onna no michi no Ato ya saki!
[See that butterfly on the woman's path,—now fluttering behind her, now before!]
 Chōchō ya!
Hana-nusubito wo Tsukété-yuku!
[Ha! the butterfly!—it is following the person who stole the flowers!]
 Aki no chō Tomo nakéréba ya; Hito ni tsuku [Poor autumn butterfly!—when left without a comrade (of its own race), it follows after man (or "a person")!]
 Owarété mo, Isoganu furi no Chōcho kana!
[Ah, the butterfly! Even when chased, it never has the air of being in a hurry.]
 Chō wa mina Jiu-shichi-hachi no Sugata kana!
[As for butterflies, they all have the appearance of being about seventeen or eighteen years old.[9]] Chō tobu ya— Kono yo no urami Naki yō ni!
[How the butterfly sports,—just as if there were no enmity (or "envy") in this world!]
 Chō tobu ya, Kono yo ni nozomi Nai yō ni!
[Ah, the butterfly!—it sports about as if it had nothing more to desire in this present state of existence.]
 Nami no hana ni Tomari kanétaru, Kochō kana!
[Having found it difficult indeed to perch upon the (foam-) blossoms of the waves,—alas for the butterfly!]
 Mutsumashi ya!— Umaré-kawareba Nobé no chō.[10] [If (in our next existence) we be born into the state of butterflies upon the moor, then perchance we may be happy together!]
 Nadéshiko ni Chōchō shiroshi— Taré no kon?[11] [On the pink-flower there is a white butterfly: whose spirit, I wonder?]
 Ichi-nichi no Tsuma to miëkéri— Chō futatsu.
[The one-day wife has at last appeared—a pair of butterflies!]
 Kité wa maü, Futari shidzuka no Kochō kana!
[Approaching they dance; but when the two meet at last they are very quiet, the butterflies!]
 Chō wo oü Kokoro-mochitashi Itsumadémo!
[Would that I might always have the heart (desire) of chasing butterflies![12]] Besides these specimens of poetry about butterflies, I have one queer example to offer of Japanese prose literature on the same topic. The original