oria, usually of a gray color, the pores of which are capillary and parallel, giving it a fibrous structure. It is supposed to be produced by the disengagement of watery vapor without liquid or plastic lava. It is much used, esp. in the form of powder, for smoothing and polishing. Called also pumice stone.

 Pum"iced (?), a. (Far.) Affected with a kind of chronic laminitis in which there is a growth of soft spongy horn between the coffin bone and the hoof wall. The disease is called pumiced foot, or pumice foot.

 Pu*mi'ceous (?), a. [L. pumiceus.] Of or pertaining to pumice; resembling pumice.

 Pum"ice stone' (?). Same as Pumice.

 Pu*mic"i*form (?), a. [Pumice + -form.] Resembling, or having the structure of, pumice.

 Pum"mace (?), n. Same as Pomace.

 Pum"mel (?), n. & v. t. Same as Pommel.

 Pump (pmp), n. [Probably so called as being worn for pomp or ornament. See Pomp.] A low shoe with a thin sole. Swift.
 Pump, n. [Akin to D. pomp, G. pumpe, F. pompe; of unknown origin.] An hydraulic machine, variously constructed, for raising or transferring fluids, consisting essentially of a moving piece or piston working in a hollow cylinder or other cavity, with valves properly placed for admitting or retaining the fluid as it is drawn or driven through them by the action of the piston.

 for various kinds of pumps, see Air pump, Chain pump, and Force pump; also, under Lifting, Plunger, Rotary, etc.

Circulating pump (Steam Engine), a pump for driving the condensing water through the casing, or tubes, of a surface condenser. -- Pump brake. See Pump handle, below. -- Pump dale. See Dale. -- Pump gear, the apparatus belonging to a pump. Totten.
 -- Pump handle, the lever, worked by hand, by which motion is given to the bucket of a pump. -- Pump hood, a semicylindrical appendage covering the upper wheel of a chain pump. -- Pump rod, the rod to which the bucket of a pump is fastened, and which is attached to the brake or handle; the piston rod. -- Pump room, a place or room at a mineral spring where the waters are drawn and drunk. [Eng.] -- Pump spear. Same as Pump rod, above. -- Pump stock, the stationary part, body, or barrel of a pump. -- Pump well. (Naut.)
 See Well.

 Pump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pumped (pmt; 215); p. pr.
 & vb. n. pumping.] 1. To raise with a pump, as water or other liquid.

2. To draw water, or the like, from; to from water by means of a pump; as, they pumped the well dry; to pump a ship.

3. Figuratively, to draw out or obtain, as secrets or money, by persistent questioning or plying; to question or ply persistently in order to elicit something, as information, money, etc.

 But pump not me for politics.

Otway.
 Pump, v. i. To work, or raise water, a pump.

 Pump"age (?), n. That which is raised by pumps, or the work done by pumps.

 The pumpage last year amounted to... gallons.

Sci. Amer.
 Pump"er (?), n. One who pumps; the instrument or machine used in pumping. Boyle.
 Pump"er*nick'el (?), n. [G.] A sort of bread, made of unbolted rye, which forms the chief food of the Westphalian peasants. It is acid but nourishing.

 Pum"pet (?), n. A pompet.

Pumpet ball (Print.), a ball for inking types; a pompet.

 Pump"ing, a. & n. from pump.

Pumping engine, a steam engine and pump combined for raising water.
 See Steam engine.

 Pump"ion (?), n. (Bot.) See Pumpkin.

 Pump"kin (?), n. [For older pompion, pompon, OF. pompon, L. pepo, peponis, Gr. &?;, properly, cooked by the sun, ripe, mellow; -- so called because not eaten till ripe. Cf. Cook, n.]
 (Bot.) A well-known trailing plant (Cucurbita pepo) and its fruit, -- used for cooking and for feeding stock; a pompion.

Pumpkin seed. (a) The flattish oval seed of the pumpkin. (b) (Zoöl.) The common pondfish.

 Pu"my (?), a. [Cf. Prov. E. pummer big, large, and E. pomey pommel.] Large and rounded. [Obs.]

 A gentle stream, whose murmuring wave did play Amongst the pumy stones.

 Spenser.
 Pun (?), v. t. [See Pound to beat.] To pound. [Obs.]

 He would pun thee into shivers with his fist.

Shak.
 Pun, n. [Cf. Pun to pound, Pound to beat.] A play on words which have the same sound but different meanings; an expression in which two different applications of a word present an odd or ludicrous idea; a kind of quibble or equivocation. Addison.
 A better put on this word was made on the Beggar's Opera, which, it was said, made Gay rich, and Rich gay.

Walpole.
 Pun, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Punned (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Punning.] To make puns, or a pun; to use a word in a double sense, especially when the contrast of ideas is ludicrous; to play upon words; to quibble. Dryden.
 Pun, v. t. To persuade or affect by a pun. Addison.
 Punch (?), n. [Hind. pnch five, Skr. pa&?;can.
 So called because composed of five ingredients, viz., sugar, arrack, spice, water, and lemon juice. See Five.] A beverage composed of wine or distilled liquor, water (or milk), sugar, and the juice of lemon, with spice or mint; -- specifically named from the kind of spirit used; as rum punch, claret punch, champagne punch, etc.

Milk punch, a sort of punch made with spirit, milk, sugar, spice, etc. -- Punch bowl, a large bowl in which punch is made, or from which it is served. -- Roman punch, a punch frozen and served as an ice.

 Punch, n. [Abbrev, fr. punchinello.] The buffoon or harlequin of a puppet show.

Punch and Judy, a puppet show in which a comical little hunchbacked Punch, with a large nose, engages in altercation with his wife Judy.

 Punch (?), n. [Prov. E. Cf. Punchy.] 1. A short, fat fellow; anything short and thick.

 I... did hear them call their fat child punch, which pleased me mightily, that word being become a word of common use for all that is thick and short.

Pepys.
2. One of a breed of large, heavy draught horses; as, the Suffolk punch.

 Punch, v. t. [OE. punchen, perhaps the same word as E. punish: or cf. E. bunch.] To thrust against; to poke; as, to punch one with the end of a stick or the elbow.

 Punch, n. A thrust or blow. [Colloq.]

 Punch, n. [Abbrev. fr. puncheon.] 1. A tool, usually of steel


the foot; a corn.

 Cla"vy (?), n.; pl. Clavies (#). [Cf. F. claveau centerpiece of an arch.] (Arch.) A mantelpiece.

 Claw (kl), n. [AS. clawu, cl, cleó; akin to D. klaauw, G. klaue, Icel. kl, Sw. & Dan.
 klo, and perh. to E. clew.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird.

2. The whole foot of an animal armed with hooked nails; the pinchers of a lobster, crab, etc.

3. Anything resembling the claw of an animal, as the curved and forked end of a hammer for drawing nails.

4. (Bot.) A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, as the base of petals of the pink. Gray.
Claw hammer, a hammer with one end of the metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails, etc. -- Claw hammer coat, a dress coat of the swallowtail pattern. [Slang] -- Claw sickness, foot rot, a disease affecting sheep.

 Claw (kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clawed (kld); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clawing.] [AS. clawan. See Claw, n.] 1.
 To pull, tear, or scratch with, or as with, claws or nails.

2. To relieve from some uneasy sensation, as by scratching; to tickle; hence, to flatter; to court. [Obs.]

 Rich men they claw, soothe up, and flatter; the poor they contemn and despise. Holland.
3. To rail at; to scold. [Obs.]

 In the aforesaid preamble, the king fairly claweth the great monasteries, wherein, saith he, religion, thanks be to God, is right well kept and observed; though he claweth them soon after in another acceptation. T. Fuller Claw me, claw thee, stand by me and I will stand by you; -- an old proverb. Tyndale. -- To claw away, to scold or revile. "The jade Fortune is to be clawed away for it, if you should lose it."
 L'Estrange. -- To claw (one) on the back, to tickle; to express approbation. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To claw (one) on the gall, to find fault with; to vex. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Claw, v. i. To scrape, scratch, or dig with a claw, or with the hand as a claw. "Clawing [in ash barrels] for bits of coal." W. D. Howells.
To claw off (Naut.), to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore.

 Claw"back' (?), n. A flatterer or sycophant. [Obs.] "Take heed of these clawbacks." Latimer.
 Claw"back', a. Flattering; sycophantic. [Obs.]

 Like a clawback parasite. Bp. Hall.
 Claw"back', v. t. To flatter. [Obs.] Warner.
 Clawed (kld), a. Furnished with claws. N. Grew.
 Claw"less, a. Destitute of claws.

 Clay (kl), n. [AS. clg; akin to LG. klei, D. klei, and perh. to AS. clm clay, L. glus, gluten glue, Gr.
 gloio's glutinous substance, E. glue. Cf. Clog.] 1. A soft earth, which is plastic, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of aluminium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities.

2. (Poetry & Script.) Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles.

 I also am formed out of the clay. Job xxxiii. 6.
 The earth is covered thick with other clay, Which her own clay shall cover. Byron.
Bowlder clay. See under Bowlder. -- Brick clay, the common clay, containing some iron, and therefore turning red when burned. -- Clay cold, cold as clay or earth; lifeless; inanimate. -- Clay ironstone, an ore of iron consisting of the oxide or carbonate of iron mixed with clay or sand. -- Clay marl, a whitish, smooth, chalky clay. -- Clay mill, a mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. -- Clay pit, a pit where clay is dug. -- Clay slate (Min.), argillaceous schist; argillite. -- Fatty clays, clays having a greasy feel; they are chemical compounds of water, silica, and aluminia, as halloysite, bole, etc. -- Fire clay, a variety of clay, entirely free from lime, iron, or an alkali, and therefore infusible, and used for fire brick. -- Porcelain clay, a very pure variety, formed directly from the decomposition of feldspar, and often called kaolin. - - Potter's clay, a tolerably pure kind, free from iron.

 Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Claying.] 1. To cover or manure with clay.

2. To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar.

 Clay"-brained' (?), a. Stupid. [Obs.] Shak.
 Clayes (?), n. pl. [F. claie hurdle.] (Fort.)
 Wattles, or hurdles, made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodgments. [Obs.]

 Clay"ey (?), a. Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay.

 Clay"ish, a. Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it.

 Clay"more' (?), n. [Gael. claidheamhmor a broadsword; Gael.
 claidheamh sword + mor great, large. Cf. Claymore.] A large two-handed sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders.

 ||Clay*to"ni*a (?), n. [Named after Dr.John Clayton, an American botanist.] (Bot.) An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; -- sometimes called spring beauty.

 Clead"ing (?), n. [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.]

1. A jacket or outer covering of wood, etc., to prevent radiation of heat, as from the boiler, cylinder. etc., of a steam engine.

2. The planking or boarding of a shaft, cofferdam, etc.

 Clean (kln), a. [Compar. Cleaner (&?;); superl.
 Cleanest.] [OE. clene, AS. clne; akin to OHG. chleini pure, neat, graceful, small, G. klein small, and perh. to W. glan clean, pure, bright; all perh. from a primitive, meaning bright, shining.
 Cf. Glair.] 1. Free from dirt or filth; as, clean clothes.

2. Free from that which is useless or injurious; without defects; as, clean land; clean timber.

3. Free from awkwardness; not bungling; adroit; dexterous; as, a clean trick; a clean leap over a fence.

4. Free from errors and vulgarisms; as, a clean style.

5. Free from restraint or neglect; complete; entire.

 When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of corners of thy field. Lev. xxiii. 22.
6. Free from moral defilement; sinless; pure.

 Create in me a clean heart, O God. Ps


The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins CONTENTS First Epoch THE STORY BEGUN BY WALTER HARTRIGHT THE STORY CONTINUED BY VINCENT GILMORE THE STORY CONTINUED BY MARIAN HALCOMBE Second Epoch THE STORY CONTINUED BY MARIAN HALCOMBE. THE STORY CONTINUED BY FREDERICK FAIRLIE, ESQ.
 THE STORY CONTINUED BY ELIZA MICHELSON THE STORY CONTINUED IN SEVERAL NARRATIVES 1.
 THE NARRATIVE OF HESTER PINHORN 2. THE NARRATIVE OF THE DOCTOR 3. THE NARRATIVE OF JANE GOULD 4. THE NARRATIVE OF THE TOMBSTONE 5. THE NARRATIVE OF WALTER HARTRIGHT Third Epoch THE STORY CONTINUED BY WALTER HARTRIGHT THE STORY CONTINUED BY MRS. CATHERICK THE STORY CONTINUED BY WALTER HARTRIGHT THE STORY CONTINUED BY ISIDOR, OTTAVIO, BALDASSARE FOSCO THE STORY CONCLUDED BY WALTER HARTRIGHT THE STORY BEGUN BY WALTER HARTRIGHT (of Clement's Inn, Teacher of Drawing) This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and what a Man's resolution can achieve.

 If the machinery of the Law could be depended on to fathom every case of suspicion, and to conduct every process of inquiry, with moderate assistance only from the lubricating influences of oil of gold, the events which fill these pages might have claimed their share of the public attention in a Court of Justice.

 But the Law is still, in certain inevitable cases, the pre-engaged servant of the long purse; and the story is left to be told, for the first time, in this place. As the Judge might once have heard it, so the Reader shall hear it now. No circumstance of importance, from the beginning to the end of the disclosure, shall be related on hearsay evidence. When the writer of these introductory lines (Walter Hartright by name) happens to be more closely connected than others with the incidents to be recorded, he will describe them in his own person. When his experience fails, he will retire from the position of narrator; and his task will be continued, from the point at which he has left it off, by other persons who can speak to the circumstances under notice from their own knowledge, just as clearly and positively as he has spoken before them.

 Thus, the story here presented will be told by more than one pen, as the story of an offence against the laws is told in Court by more than one witness—with the same object, in both cases, to present the truth always in its most direct and most intelligible aspect; and to trace the course of one complete series of events, by making the persons who have been most closely connected with them, at each successive stage, relate their own experience, word for word.

 Let Walter Hartright, teacher of drawing, aged twenty-eight years, be heard first.

 II It was the last day of July. The long hot summer was drawing to a close; and we, the weary pilgrims of the London pavement, were beginning to think of the cloud-shadows on the corn-fields, and the autumn breezes on the sea-shore.

 For my own poor part, the fading summer left me out of health, out of spirits, and, if the truth must be told, out of money as well. During the past year I had not managed my professional resources as carefully as usual; and my extravagance now limited me to the prospect of spending the autumn economically between my mother's cottage at Hampstead and my own chambers in town.

 The evening, I remember, was still and cloudy; the London air was at its heaviest; the distant hum of the street-traffic was at its faintest; the small pulse of the life within me, and the great heart of the city around me, seemed to be sinking in unison, languidly and more languidly, with the sinking sun. I roused myself from the book which I was dreaming over rather than reading, and left my chambers to meet the cool night air in the suburbs. It was one of the two evenings in every week which I was accustomed to spend with my mother and my sister. So I turned my steps northward in the direction of Hampstead.

 Events which I have yet to relate make it necessary to mention in this place that my father had been dead some years at the period of which I am now writing; and that my sister Sarah and I were the sole survivors of a family of five children. My father was a drawing-master before me. His exertions had made him highly successful in his profession; and his affectionate anxiety to provide for the future of those who were dependent on his labours had impelled him, from the time of his marriage, to devote to the insuring of his life a much larger portion of his income than most men consider it necessary to set aside for that purpose. Thanks to his admirable prudence and self-denial my mother and sister were left, after his death, as independent of the world as they had been during his lifetime. I succeeded to his connection, and had every reason to feel grateful for the prospect that awaited me at my starting in life.

 The quiet twilight was still trembling on the topmost ridges of the heath; and the view of London below me had sunk into a black gulf in the shadow of the cloudy night, when I stood before the gate of my mother's cottage.
 I had hardly rung the bell before the house door was opened violently; my worthy Italian friend, Professor Pesca, appeared in the servant's place; and darted out joyously to receive me, with a shrill foreign parody on an English cheer.

 On his own account, and, I must be allowed to add, on mine also, the Professor merits the honour of a formal introduction. Accident has made him the starting-point of the strange family story which it is the purpose of these pages to unfold.

 I had first become acquainted with my Italian friend by meeting him at certain great houses where he taught his own language and I taught drawing. All I then knew of the history of his life was, that he had once held a situation in the University of Padua; that he had left Italy for political reasons (the nature of which he uniformly declined to mention to any one); and that he had been for many years respectably established in London as a teacher of languages.

 Without being actually a dwarf—for he was perfectly well proportioned from head to foot—Pesca was, I think, the smallest human being I ever saw out of a show-room. Remarkable anywhere, by his personal appearance, he was still further distinguished among the rank and file of mankind by the harmless eccentricity of his character. The ruling idea of his life appeared to be, that he was bound to show his gratitude to the country which had afforded him an asylum and a means of subsistence by doing his utmost to turn himself into an Englishman. Not content with paying the nation in general the compliment of invariably carrying an umbrella, and invariably wearing gaiters and a white hat, the Professor further aspired to become an Englishman in his habits and amusements, as well as in his personal appearance. Finding us distinguished, as a nation, by our love of athletic exercises, the little man, in the innocence of his heart, devoted himself impromptu to all our English sports and pastimes whenever he had the opportunity of joining them; firmly persuaded that he could adopt our national amusements of the field by an effort of will precisely as he had adopted our national gaiters and our national white hat.

 I had seen him risk his limbs blindly at a fox-hunt and in a cricket-field; and soon afterwards I saw him risk his life, just as blindly, in the sea at Brighton.

 We had met there accidentally, and were bathing together. If we had been engaged in any exercise peculiar to my own nation I should, of course, have looked after Pesca carefully; but as foreigners are generally quite as well able to take care of themselves


. [F. rhubarbe, OF. rubarbe, rheubarbe, reubarbare, reobarbe, LL. rheubarbarum for rheum barbarum, Gr. &?;&?;&?; (and &?;&?;) rhubarb, from the river Rha (the Volga) on whose banks it grew. Originally, therefore, it was the barbarian plant from the Rha. Cf. Barbarous, Rhaponticine.] 1. (Bot.) The name of several large perennial herbs of the genus Rheum and order Polygonaceæ.

2. The large and fleshy leafstalks of Rheum Rhaponticum and other species of the same genus. They are pleasantly acid, and are used in cookery. Called also pieplant.

3. (Med.) The root of several species of Rheum, used much as a cathartic medicine.

Monk's rhubarb. (Bot.) See under Monk. -- Turkey rhubarb (Med.), the roots of Rheum Emodi.

 Rhu"barb*y (?), a. Like rhubarb.

 Rhumb (?), n. [F. rumb, Sp. rumbo, or Pg. rumbo, rumo, probably fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a magic wheel, a whirling motion, hence applied to a point of the compass. See Rhomb.] (Navigation) A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle; -- called also rhumb line, and loxodromic curve. See Loxodromic.

To sail on a rhumb, to sail continuously on one course, following a rhumb line.

 ||Rhus (?), n. [L., sumac, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Bot.)
 A genus of shrubs and small treets. See Sumac.

 Rhus"ma (?), n. [See Rusma.] A mixtire of caustic lime and orpiment, or tersulphide of arsenic, -- used in the depilation of hides.
 Knight.
 Rhyme (?), n. [OE. ryme, rime, AS. rm number; akin to OHG. rm number, succession, series, G. reim rhyme.
 The modern sense is due to the influence of F. rime, which is of German origin, and originally the same word.] [The Old English spelling rime is becoming again common. See Note under Prime.] 1. An expression of thought in numbers, measure, or verse; a composition in verse; a rhymed tale; poetry; harmony of language. "Railing rhymes." Daniel.
 A ryme I learned long ago.

Chaucer.
 He knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty rime.

Milton.
2. (Pros.) Correspondence of sound in the terminating words or syllables of two or more verses, one succeeding another immediately or at no great distance. The words or syllables so used must not begin with the same consonant, or if one begins with a vowel the other must begin with a consonant. The vowel sounds and accents must be the same, as also the sounds of the final consonants if there be any.

 For rhyme with reason may dispense, And sound has right to govern sense.

Prior.
3. Verses, usually two, having this correspondence with each other; a couplet; a poem containing rhymes.

4. A word answering in sound to another word.

Female rhyme. See under Female. - - Male rhyme. See under Male. -- Rhyme or reason, sound or sense. -- Rhyme royal (Pros.), a stanza of seven decasyllabic verses, of which the first and third, the second, fourth, and fifth, and the sixth and seventh rhyme.

 Rhyme (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhymed (?);p. pr.
 & vb. n. Rhyming.] [OE. rimen, rymen, AS. rman to count: cf. F. rimer to rhyme. See Rhyme, n.] 1. To make rhymes, or verses. "Thou shalt no longer ryme." Chaucer.
 There marched the bard and blockhead, side by side, Who rhymed for hire, and patronized for pride.

Pope.
2. To accord in rhyme or sound.

 And, if they rhymed and rattled, all was well.

Dryden.
 Rhyme, v. t. 1. To put into rhyme. Sir T. Wilson.
2. To influence by rhyme.

 Hearken to a verser, who may chance Rhyme thee to good.

Herbert.
 Rhyme"less, a. Destitute of rhyme. Bp. Hall.
 Rhym"er (?), n. One who makes rhymes; a versifier; -- generally in contempt; a poor poet; a poetaster.

 This would make them soon perceive what despicaple creatures our common rhymers and playwriters be.

Milton.
 Rhym"er*y (?), n. The art or habit of making rhymes; rhyming; -- in contempt.

 Rhyme"ster (?), n. A rhymer; a maker of poor poetry. Bp. Hall.
 Byron.
 Rhym"ic (?), a. Pertaining to rhyme.

 Rhym"ist, n. A rhymer; a rhymester. Johnston.
 ||Rhyn'chob*del"le*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "ry'gchos snout + &?;&?;&?; a leech.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of leeches including those that have a protractile proboscis, without jaws. Clepsine is the type.

 ||Rhyn'cho*ceph"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "ry'gchos snout + kefalh' head.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles having biconcave vertebræ, immovable quadrate bones, and many other peculiar osteological characters. Hatteria is the only living genus, but numerous fossil genera are known, some of which are among the earliest of reptiles.
 See Hatteria. Called also Rhynchocephalia.

 ||Rhyn'cho*cœ"la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "ry'gchos snout + koi'los hollow.] (Zoöl.) Same as Nemertina. -- Rhyn'cho*cœ"lous (#), a. Rhyn"cho*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. "ry'gchos snout, beak + -lie: cf. F. rhyncholithe.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod beak.

 ||Rhyn'cho*nel"la (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "ry'gchos snout.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of brachiopods of which some species are still living, while many are found fossil.

 ||Rhyn*choph"o*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "ry'gchos snout + fe'rein to carry.] (Zoöl.) A group of Coleoptera having a snoutlike head; the snout beetles, curculios, or weevils.

 Rhyn"cho*phore (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Rhynchophora.

 ||Rhyn*cho"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "ry'gchos snout.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Hemiptera. [Written also Rhyncota.]

 Rhy"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. "rei^n to flow + -lite.] (Min.)
 A quartzose trachyte, an igneous rock often showing a fluidal structure.
 -- Rhy'o*lit"ic, (#), a. Rhy'pa*rog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; painting foul or


of a soldier.

 Where only merit constant pay receives.

Pope.
 There is neither pay nor plunder to be got.

L'Estrange.
Full pay, the whole amount of wages or salary; maximum pay; especially, the highest pay or allowance to civil or military officers of a certain rank, without deductions. -- Half pay. See under Half. -- Pay day, the day of settlement of accounts. -- Pay dirt (Mining), earth which yields a profit to the miner. [Western U.S.] -- Pay office, a place where payment is made. -- Pay roll, a roll or list of persons entitled to payment, with the amounts due.

 Pay"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. payable. Cf. Pacable.] 1.
 That may, can, or should be paid; suitable to be paid; justly due. Drayton.
 Thanks are a tribute payable by the poorest.

South.
2. (Law) (a) That may be discharged or settled by delivery of value. (b) Matured; now due.

 Pay*ee" (?), n. The person to whom money is to be, or has been, paid; the person named in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to be paid. See Bill of exchange, under Bill.

 Pay"en (?), n. & a. Pagan. [F.] [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pay"er (?), n. One who pays; specifically, the person by whom a bill or note has been, or should be, paid.

 Pay"mas'ter (?), n. One who pays; one who compensates, rewards, or requites; specifically, an officer or agent of a government, a corporation, or an employer, whose duty it is to pay salaries, wages, etc., and keep account of the same.

 Pay"ment (?), n. [F. payment, paiement. See Pay to requite.] 1. The act of paying, or giving compensation; the discharge of a debt or an obligation.

 No man envieth the payment of a debt.

Bacon.
2. That which is paid; the thing given in discharge of a debt, or an obligation, or in fulfillment of a promise; reward; recompense; requital; return. Shak.
3. Punishment; chastisement. [R.]

 Payn (?), n. [OF. & F. pain, fr. L. panis bread.]
 Bread. Having Piers Plowman.
 Payn'de*main" (?), n. [OF. pain bread + demaine manorial, lordly, own, private. See Payn, and Demesne. Said to be so called from the figure of our Lord impressed upon it.] The finest and whitest bread made in the Middle Ages; -- called also paynemain, payman.
 [Obs.]

 Pay"nim (?), n. & a. See Painim.

 Payn"ize (?), v. t. [From Mr. Payne, the inventor.] To treat or preserve, as wood, by a process resembling kyanizing.

 Pay*or" (?), n. (Law) See Payer. [R.]

 Payse (?), v. t. To poise. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Pay"tine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from a white bark resembling that of the cinchona, first brought from Payta, in Peru.

 Pea (?), n. [OF. peis. See Poise.] The sliding weight on a steelyard. [Written also pee.]

 Pea, n. (Naut.) See Peak, n., 3.

 Pea, n.; pl. Peas (#) or Pease (#). [OE. pese, fr. AS. pisa, or OF. peis, F. pois; both fr. L. pisum; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;. The final s was misunderstood in English as a plural ending. Cf. Pease.] 1. (Bot.) A plant, and its fruit, of the genus Pisum, of many varieties, much cultivated for food. It has a papilionaceous flower, and the pericarp is a legume, popularly called a pod.

 When a definite number, more than one, is spoken of, the plural form peas is used; as, the pod contained nine peas; but, in a collective sense, the form pease is preferred; as, a bushel of pease; they had pease at dinner. This distinction is not always preserved, the form peas being used in both senses.

2. A name given, especially in the Southern States, to the seed of several leguminous plants (species of Dolichos, Cicer, Abrus, etc.) esp. those having a scar (hilum) of a different color from the rest of the seed.

 The name pea is given to many leguminous plants more or less closely related to the common pea. See the Phrases, below.

Beach pea (Bot.), a seashore plant, Lathyrus maritimus.
 -- Black-eyed pea, a West Indian name for Dolichos sphærospermus and its seed. -- Butterfly pea, the American plant Clitoria Mariana, having showy blossoms. -- Chick pea. See Chick-pea. -- Egyptian pea. Same as Chick-pea. -- Everlasting pea. See under Everlasting. -- Glory pea. See under Glory, n. -- Hoary pea, any plant of the genus Tephrosia; goat's rue. -- Issue pea, Orris pea. (Med.) See under Issue, and Orris. -- Milk pea. (Bot.) See under Milk. -- Pea berry, a kind of a coffee bean or grain which grows single, and is round or pea-shaped; often used adjectively; as, pea-berry coffee. -- Pea bug. (Zoöl.)
 Same as Pea weevil. -- Pea coal, a size of coal smaller than nut coal. -- Pea crab (Zoöl.), any small crab of the genus Pinnotheres, living as a commensal in bivalves; esp., the European species (P. pisum) which lives in the common mussel and the cockle.
 -- Pea dove (Zoöl.), the American ground dove. -- Pea-flower tribe (Bot.), a suborder (Papilionaceæ) of leguminous plants having blossoms essentially like that of the pea. G. Bentham. -- Pea maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of a European moth (Tortrix pisi), which is very destructive to peas. -- Pea ore (Min.), argillaceous oxide of iron, occurring in round grains of a size of a pea; pisolitic ore. -- Pea starch, the starch or flour of the common pea, which is sometimes used in adulterating wheat flour, pepper, etc. -- Pea tree (Bot.), the name of several leguminous shrubs of the genus Caragana, natives of Siberia and China. -- Pea vine. (Bot.) (a) Any plant which bears peas. (b) A kind of vetch or tare, common in the United States (Lathyrus Americana, and other similar species). -- Pea weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil (Bruchus pisi) which destroys peas by eating out the interior. -- Pigeon pea. (Bot.)
 See Pigeon pea. -- Sweet pea (Bot.), the annual plant Lathyrus odoratus; also, its many-colored, sweet-scented blossoms.

 Pea"bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wryneck; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

 Pea"bod*y bird' (?). (Zoöl.) An American sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) having a conspicuous white throat. The name is imitative


force of gravity, will approach to, or recede from, a fixed point or center, by equal distances in equal times; -- called also a paracentric.
 -- Paracentric motton or velocity, the motion or velocity of a revolving body, as a planet, by which it approaches to, or recedes from, the center, without reference to its motion in space, or to its motion as reckoned in any other direction.

 Par'a*chor"dal (?), a. [Pref. para- + chordal.] (Anat.)
 Situated on either side of the notochord; -- applied especially to the cartilaginous rudiments of the skull on each side of the anterior part of the notochord. -- n. A parachordal cartilage.

 Pa*rach"ro*nism (?), n. [Pref. para- + Gr. &?; time: cf. F. parachronisme.] An error in chronology, by which the date of an event is set later than the time of its occurrence. [R.]

 Par"a*chrose (?), a. [Gr. &?; false coloring; para' beside, beyond + &?; color.] (Min.) Changing color by exposure Mohs.
 Par"a*chute (?), n. [F., fr. paper to ward off, guard + chute a fall. See Parry, and Chute, Chance.]

1. A contrivance somewhat in the form of an umbrella, by means of which a descent may be made from a balloon, or any eminence.

2. (Zoöl.) A web or fold of skin which extends between the legs of certain mammals, as the flying squirrels, colugo, and phalangister.

 Par"a*clete (?), n. [L. paracletus, Gr. &?;, from &?; to call to one, to exhort, encourage; para' beside + &?; to call.] An advocate; one called to aid or support; hence, the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor; -- a term applied to the Holy Spirit.

 From which intercession especially I conceive he hath the name of the Paraclete given him by Christ.

Bp. Pearson.
 Par"a*close (?), n. (Arch.) See Parclose.

 Par'ac*mas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Para-, and Acme.] (Med.)
 Gradually decreasing; past the acme, or crisis, as a distemper. Dunglison.
 Par'a*con"ic (?), a. [Pref. para- + aconitic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained as a deliquescent white crystalline substance, and isomeric with itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids.

 Par'a*co"nine (?), n. [Pref. para- + conine.] (Chem.)
 A base resembling and isomeric with conine, and obtained as a colorless liquid from butyric aldehyde and ammonia.

 ||Par'a*co*rol"la (?), n. [Pref. para- + corolla.] (Bot.)
 A secondary or inner corolla; a corona, as of the Narcissus.

 Par'a*cros"tic (?), n. [Pref. para- + acrostic.] A poetical composition, in which the first verse contains, in order, the first letters of all the verses of the poem. Brande & C. Par'a*cy*an"o*gen (?), n. [Pref. para- + cyanogen.]
 (Chem.) A polymeric modification of cyanogen, obtained as a brown or black amorphous residue by heating mercuric cyanide.

 Par'a*cy"mene, n. [Pref. para- + cymene.] (Chem.)
 Same as Cymene.

 ||Par'a*dac"ty*lum, n.; pl. Paradactyla (#). [NL. See Para-, and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) The side of a toe or finger.

 Pa*rade" (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. parada a halt or stopping, an assembling for exercise, a place where troops are assembled to exercise, fr. parar to stop, to prepare. See Pare, v. t.] 1.
 The ground where a military display is held, or where troops are drilled.

2. (Mil.) An assembly and orderly arrangement or display of troops, in full equipments, for inspection or evolutions before some superior officer; a review of troops. Parades are general, regimental, or private (troop, battery, or company), according to the force assembled.

3. Pompous show; formal display or exhibition.

 Be rich, but of your wealth make no parade.

Swift.
4. That which is displayed; a show; a spectacle; an imposing procession; the movement of any body marshaled in military order; as, a parade of firemen.

 In state returned the grand parade.

Swift.
5. Posture of defense; guard. [A Gallicism.]

 When they are not in parade, and upon their guard.

Locke.
6. A public walk; a promenade.

Dress parade, Undress parade. See under Dress, and Undress.
 -- Parade rest, a position of rest for soldiers, in which, however, they are required to be silent and motionless. Wilhelm.
Syn. -- Ostentation; display; show. -- Parade, Ostentation. Parade is a pompous exhibition of things for the purpose of display; ostentation now generally indicates a parade of virtues or other qualities for which one expects to be honored. "It was not in the mere parade of royalty that the Mexican potentates exhibited their power." Robertson.
 "We are dazzled with the splendor of titles, the ostentation of learning, and the noise of victories." Spectator.
 Pa*rade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Parading.] [Cf. F. parader.] 1. To exhibit in a showy or ostentatious manner; to show off.

Parading all her sensibility.

Byron.
2. To assemble and form; to marshal; to cause to maneuver or march ceremoniously; as, to parade troops.

 Pa*rade", v. i. 1. To make an exhibition or spectacle of one's self, as by walking in a public place.

2. To assemble in military order for evolutions and inspection; to form or march, as in review.

 Par"a*digm (?), n. [F. paradigme, L. paradigma, fr.
 Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to show by the side of, to set up as an example; para' beside + &?; to show. See Para-, and Diction.]

1. An example; a model; a pattern. [R.] "The paradigms and patterns of all things." Cudworth.
2. (Gram.) An example of a conjugation or declension, showing a word in all its different forms of inflection.

3. (Rhet.) An illustration, as by a parable or fable.

 { Par'a*dig*mat"ic (?), Par'a*dig*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr.
 paradeigmatiko's.] Exemplary. -- Par'a*dig*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.]

 Par'a*dig*mat"ic, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A writer of memoirs of religious persons, as examples of Christian excellence.

 Par'a*dig"ma*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paradigmatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Paradigmatizing (?).] [Gr.
 paradeigmati'zein. See Paradigm.] To set forth as a model or example.
 [Obs.] Hammond.
 { Par'a*di*sa"ic (?), Par'a*di*sa"ic


fair sex," we have likewise this tale of envious brothers, which is a favourite theme of popular fictions, only in the story of Khudadad, the brothers were not at first aware of the hero's kinship to them, though they had been informed of it when they most ungratefully cut and slashed him with their swords as he lay asleep by the side of his beauteous bride the Princess of Daryabßr.

 Sometimes it is not a brother, or brothers, but a treacherous friend or a secret, cowardly rival, who attempts the life of the hero and claims the credit and reward for his bold achievement. Many examples must occur to readers familiar with Icelandic, Norwegian, and German folk-tales which need not here be cited. In the old French romance of the Chevalier Berinus and his gallant son Aigres de l'Aimant, the King of Loquiferne is in love with the Princess Melia, daughter of a king named Absalon, who would give her only to the prince who should bring with him two knights prepared to combat with and slay two fierce lions, or would attempt this feat himself.
 None of the barons of the King of Loquiferne offering themselves for the adventure, Aigres undertakes it very readily, and is accompanied by a knight named Aþars, who has charge of a casket of jewels destined for the princess as a wedding-gift. Young Aigres encounters and kills the lions singlehanded, and the lily-livered and faithless Aþars envies him the glory of his exploit. On their way back to Loquiferne with the Princess Melia, as they pass near a deep well Aþars purposely allows the casket of jewels to fall into it and pretends to be distracted at the misfortune.
 But the gallant Aigres securing one end of his horse's reins to the top of the well descends by this improvised rope, and when he dives into the water to recover the casket the rascal Aþars cuts the reins and compels the princess and her maid to follow him. His triumph is brief, however, for Melia and her maid are taken from him, without his striking a blow in their defence, by a king who is in love with the princess. Aþars proceeds to the court of the King of Loquiferne and tells him how the lady had been snatched out of his hands by a king who attacked him with a great army while Aigres had fled like a craven. Meanwhile Aigres contrives to get out of the well, and finds his steed and armour close by: he is fortunate in rescuing the princess and her maid from the king who had taken them from Aþars, and arriving at the court of Loquiferne denounces Aþars as a coward and traitor, and the princess Melia confirms his assertions; so the carpet-knight is for ever disgraced.

 Another example not very generally known is found in the Urd· romance, "Gul-Ý BakßwalÝ:" When the hero, Taj al-Mal·k, the youngest son of King Zayn al-Mal·k, is born, the astrologers cast his horoscope and predict that the king will lose his sight as soon as he looks upon him. In order to prevent such a calamity, the king causes the child and his mother to be placed in a house far distant from the city, where Zayn al-Mal·k grows up into a handsome, courageous youth. By chance he meets his father, the king, while the latter is hunting, and the king no sooner casts his eyes on the youth than he becomes blind. The royal physicians tell him that only the Rose of BakßwalÝ can restore his sight, and the four other sons of the king set out together to procure this wonderful flower. They fall victims to the wiles of a courtesan, who wins all their money at play and ultimately imprisons them in her house. In the meantime Taj al-Mal·k has started on the same errand; he outwits the courtesan, obtains the liberation of his brothers, and then journeys to Jinnistßn, where, by the help of a friendly demon, he plucks the Rose in the garden of the beauteous fairy BakßwalÝ, and retraces his way homeward. Meeting with his four brothers on the road, he acquaints them of his success, and on their doubting the virtue of the flower, it is applied to the eyes of a blind man, and his sight is instantly restored. Upon this the brothers take the flower from Taj al-Mal·k by force and hasten with it to their father. But the hero's friends the demons build for him a splendid palace, and the fame of his wealth soon reaches the court of his father, who, with the four brothers and the ministers of state, visits him, and after a great feast Taj al-Mal·k makes himself known to the king and relates the whole story of how he procured the flower that had restored his sight. The king falls upon his son's neck and weeps tears of joy, saying, "You have restored the light of my eyes by the Rose of BakßwalÝ, and by the sight of you the door of cheerfulness has been opened in my sorrowful heart. It is incumbent on me to make known this enlivening news to your mother, who has looked out for you with anxiety and I must cause her, who has been afflicted with grief at your absence, to drink the sherbet of the glad tidings of your safety." Then the king went to Taj al-Mal·k's mother, made many apologies for his ill treatment of her, exalted her higher than she was previously, and gave her the joyful news of her son's arrival. The remainder of the romance recounts the marvellous adventures of the hero in fairyland, whither he proceeds to rejoin BakßwalÝ, and where he undergoes many strange transformations; but ultimately all is "merry as marriage beds."—Nothing is said about the punishment or pardon of the treacherous brothers, but doubtless in the original form of the story the hero acted as generously towards them as did Khudadad when his father would have put the forty brothers to death. It seems somewhat strange that after Khudadad's brothers had killed him (as they believed) they did not take the Princess Daryabßr away with them, which generally happens in stories of this kind.

 The Story of the Blind Man, Baba Abdullah—p. 178.

 An incident in the Muhammedan version of the legend of the Seven Sleepers may have furnished a hint for this well-told tale. When the evil-minded Dekianus views the Hid Treasure, which he had covenanted with the aged man who read the Tablet for him and conducted him to the spot should be equitably divided betwixt them—when he had beheld with wonder and astonishment the incalculable riches contained in the seven chambers, he says within himself, "And must I share this with the old man?" Then he ponders and thinks, "Nay, but I will give him a goodly portion ;" but finally he resolves to give him nothing—nay more, to take away his life so that there should be none on earth besides himself acquainted with the source of his wealth. In vain does the old man bid him take all the treasure and swear that he will ever preserve the secret: Dekianus smote him with his sword so that he died.

 There is a tale in the Persian story-book "Shamsah wa Kahkahah" (also entitled "Mahb·b al-Kal·b") which bears some analogy to the story of the Blind Man, Baba Abdullah. A skilful geomancer is desired by a tradesman to cast his horoscope. He does so, and informs the tradesman that he is to find a treasure. The man is incredulous, but after the operation is repeated with the same result at length becomes convinced of the accuracy of the geomancer's


Apostle, founded in 1858 by the Rev. I. T. Hecker of New York. The majority of the members were formerly Protestants.

 ||Pau*low"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So named from the Russian princess Anna Pavlovna.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order Scrophulariaceæ, consisting of one species, Paulownia imperialis.

 The tree is native to Japan, and has immense heart-shaped leaves, and large purplish flowers in panicles. The capsules contain many little winged seeds, which are beautiful microscopic objects. The tree is hardy in America as far north as Connecticut.

 Paum (?), v. t. & i. [See Palm to cheat.] To palm off by fraud; to cheat at cards. [Obs.] Swift.
 Paunce (?), n. [See Pansy.] (Bot.) The pansy. "The pretty paunce."
 Spenser.
 Paunch (?), n. [OF. panch, pance, F. panse, L. pantex, panticis.] 1. (Anat.) The belly and its contents; the abdomen; also, the first stomach, or rumen, of ruminants. See Rumen.

2. (Naut.) A paunch mat; -- called also panch.

3. The thickened rim of a bell, struck by the clapper.

Paunch mat (Naut.), a thick mat made of strands of rope, used to prevent the yard or rigging from chafing.

 Paunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paunched (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Paunching.] 1. To pierce or rip the belly of; to eviscerate; to disembowel. Shak.
2. To stuff with food. [Obs.] Udall.
 Paunch"y (?), a. Pot-bellied. [R.] Dickens.
 Paune (?), n. A kind of bread. See Pone.

 Pau"per (?), n. [L. See Poor.] A poor person; especially, one development on private or public charity. Also used adjectively; as, pouper immigrants, pouper labor.

 Pau"per*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. paupérisme.] The state of being a pauper; the state of indigent persons requiring support from the community. Whatly.
Syn. -- Poverty; indigence; penury; want; need; destitution. See Poverty.

 Pau'per*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of reducing to pauperism. C. Kingsley.
 Pau"per*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pauperized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pauperizing (?).] To reduce to pauperism; as, to pauperize the peasantry.

 ||Pau*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; small + -poda.]
 (Zoöl.) An order of small myriapods having only nine pairs of legs and destitute of tracheæ.

 Pause (?), n. [F., fr. L. pausa. See Pose.] 1. A temporary stop or rest; an intermission of action; interruption; suspension; cessation.

2. Temporary inaction or waiting; hesitation; suspence; doubt.

 I stand in pause where I shall first begin.

Shak.
3. In speaking or reading aloud, a brief arrest or suspension of voice, to indicate the limits and relations of sentences and their parts.

4. In writing and printing, a mark indicating the place and nature of an arrest of voice in reading; a punctuation point; as, teach the pupil to mind the pauses.

5. A break or paragraph in writing.

 He writes with warmth, which usually neglects method, and those partitions and pauses which men educated in schools observe.

Locke.
6. (Mus.) A hold. See 4th Hold, 7.

Syn. -- Stop; cessation; suspension.

 Pause, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pausing.] [Cf. F. pauser, L. pausare. See Pause, n., Pose.] 1. To make a short stop; to cease for a time; to intermit speaking or acting; to stop; to wait; to rest. "Tarry, pause a day or two." Shak.
Pausing while, thus to herself she mused.

Milton.
2. To be intermitted; to cease; as, the music pauses.

3. To hesitate; to hold back; to delay. [R.]

 Why doth the Jew pause? Take thy forfeiture.

Shak.
4. To stop in order to consider; hence, to consider; to reflect.
 [R.] "Take time to pause." Shak.
To pause upon, to deliberate concerning. Shak.
Syn. -- To intermit; stop; stay; wait; delay; tarry; hesitate; demur.

 Pause, v. t. To cause to stop or rest; -- used reflexively. [R.] Shak.
 Paus"er (?), n. One who pauses. Shak.
 Paus"ing*ly, adv. With pauses; haltingly. Shak.
 ||Paux"i (?), n. [From the native name: cf. Sp. pauji.] (Zoöl.)
 A curassow (Ourax pauxi), which, in South America, is often domesticated.

 Pav"age (?), n. [Cf. F. pavage.] See Pavage. [R.]

 Pav"an (?), n. [F. pavane; cf. It. & Sp. pavana, and Sp. pavon, pavo, a peacock, L. pavo.] A stately and formal Spanish dance for which full state costume is worn; -- so called from the resemblance of its movements to those of the peacock.
 [Written also pavane, paven, pavian, and pavin.]

 ||Pa'vé" (?), n. [F., from paver to pave. See Pave.]
 The pavement.

||Nymphe du pavé (&?;), a prostitute who solicits in the street. [A low euphemism.]

 Pave (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Paving.] [F. paver to pave, LL. pavare, from L. pavire to beat, ram, or tread down; cf. Gr. &?; to beat, strike.] 1. To lay or cover with stone, brick, or other material, so as to make a firm, level, or convenient surface for horses, carriages, or persons on foot, to travel on; to floor with brick, stone, or other solid material; as, to pave a street; to pave a court.

 With silver paved, and all divine with gold.

Dryden.
 To pave thy realm, and smooth the broken ways.

Gay.
2. Fig.: To make smooth, easy, and safe; to prepare, as a path or way; as, to pave the way to promotion; to pave the way for an enterprise.

 It might open and pave a prepared way to his own title.

Bacon.
 Pave"ment (?), n. [F., fr. LL. pavamentum, L. pavimentum.
 See Pave.] That with which anythingis paved; a floor or covering of solid material, laid so as to make a hard and convenient surface for travel; a paved road or sidewalk; a decorative interior floor of tiles or colored bricks.

 The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold.

Milton.
Pavement teeth (Zoöl.), flattened teeth which in certain fishes, as the skates and cestracionts, are arranged side by side, like tiles in a pavement.

 Pave"ment, v. t. To


down; to become tranquil; to abate; as, the sea subsides; the tumults of war will subside; the fever has subsided. "In cases of danger, pride and envy naturally subside." C. Middleton.
Syn. -- See Abate.

 { Sub*sid"ence (?), Sub*sid"en*cy (?), } n. [L. subsidens, -entis, p. pr. of subsidere. See Subside.] The act or process of subsiding.

 The subdual or subsidence of the more violent passions.

Bp. Warburton.
 Sub*sid"i*a*ri*ly (?), adv. In a subsidiary manner; so as to assist.

 Sub*sid"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. subsidiarius: cf. F. subsidiaire.
 See Subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid; assisting; auxiliary; helping; tributary; especially, aiding in an inferior position or capacity; as, a subsidiary stream.

 Chief ruler and principal head everywhere, not suffragant and subsidiary.

Florio.
 They constituted a useful subsidiary testimony of another state of existence.

Coleridge.
2. Of or pertaining to a subsidy; constituting a subsidy; being a part of, or of the nature of, a subsidy; as, subsidiary payments to an ally.

 George the Second relied on his subsidiary treaties.

Ld. Mahon.
 Sub*sid"i*a*ry, n.; pl. Subsidiaries (&?;). One who, or that which, contributes aid or additional supplies; an assistant; an auxiliary. Hammond.
 Sub"si*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsidized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsidizing (?).] [From Subsidy.] To furnish with a subsidy; to purchase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy; to aid or promote, as a private enterprise, with public money; as, to subsidize a steamship line.

 He employed the remittances from Spain to subsidize a large body of German mercenaries.

Prescott.
 Sub"si*dy (?), n.; pl. Subsidies (#). [L. subsidium the troops stationed in reserve in the third line of battlem reserve, support, help, fr. subsidere to sit down, lie in wait: cf. F. subside.
 See Subside.] 1. Support; aid; coöperation; esp., extraordinary aid in money rendered to the sovereign or to a friendly power.

 They advised the king to send speedy aids, and with much alacrity granted a great rate of subsidy.

Bacon.
Subsidies were taxes, not immediately on on property, but on persons in respect of their reputed estates, after the nominal rate of 4s.
 the pound for lands, and 2s. 8d. for goods. Blackstone.
2. Specifically: A sum of money paid by one sovereign or nation to another to purchase the coöperation or the neutrality of such sovereign or nation in war.

3. A grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private person or company to assist the establishment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subvention; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of ocean steamships.

Syn. -- Tribute; grant. -- Subsidy, Tribute. A subsidy is voluntary; a tribute is exacted.

 Sub*sign" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsigning.] [L. subsignare; sub under + signare to mark: cf. F. soussigner. See Sign.] To sign beneath; to subscribe. [R.] Camden.
 Sub'sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. subsignatio.] The act of writing the name under something, as for attestation. [R.] Shelton.
 Sub*sil"i*cate (?), n. A basic silicate.

 Sub*sist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsisted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Subsisting.] [L. subsistere to stand still, stay, remain alive; sub under + sistere to stand, to cause to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. subsister. See Stand.] 1.
 To be; to have existence; to inhere.

 And makes what happiness we justly call, Subsist not in the good of one, but all.

Pope.
2. To continue; to retain a certain state.

 Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve.

Milton.
3. To be maintained with food and clothing; to be supported; to live. Milton.
 To subsist on other men's charity.

Atterbury.
 Sub*sist", v. t. To support with provisions; to feed; to maintain; as, to subsist one's family.

 He laid waste the adjacent country in order to render it more difficult for the enemy to subsist their army.

Robertson.
 Sub*sist"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. subsistance, L. subsistentia.]
 1. Real being; existence.

 Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were of some creatures existing.

Stillingfleet.
2. Inherency; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies.

3. That which furnishes support to animal life; means of support; provisions, or that which produces provisions; livelihood; as, a meager subsistence.

 His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable subsistence out of the plunder of his province.

Addison.
4. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2. Hooker.
 Sub*sist"en*cy (?), n. Subsistence. [R.]

 Sub*sist"ent (?), a. [L. subsistens, p. pr. See Subsist.] 1.
 Having real being; as, a subsistent spirit.

2. Inherent; as, qualities subsistent in matter.

 Sub*si"zar (?), n. An under sizar; a student of lower rank than a sizar. [Cambridge Univ. Eng.]

 Bid my subsizar carry my hackney to the buttery and give him his bever.

J. Fletcher.
 Sub"soil' (?), n. The bed, or stratum, of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.

Subsoil plow, a plow having a share and standard but no moldboard.
 It follows in the furrow made by an ordinary plow, and loosens the soil to an additional depth without bringing it to the surface. Knight.
 Sub"soil', v. t. To turn up the subsoil of.

 Sub*so"la*ry (?), a. Being under the sun; hence, terrestrial; earthly; mundane. [R.]

 Sub*spe"cies (?), n. A group somewhat lessdistinct than speciesusually are, but based on characters more important than those which characterize ordinary varieties; often, a geographical variety or race.

 Sub'sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

 Sub*spher"ic*al (?), a. Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a sphere.

 Sub*spi"nous (?), a. (a) (Anat.) Subvertebral. (b) (Med.) Situated beneath a spinous process, as that of the scapula; as, subspinous dislocation of the humerus.

 Sub"stance (?), n. [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence.


"Rustical society." Thackeray.
 -- Rus"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Rus"tic*al*ness, n. Rus"ti*cate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rusticating.] [L. rusticaticus, p. p. of rusticari to rusticate. See Rustic.] To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. Pope.
 Rus"ti*cate, v. t. To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on.

 The town is again beginning to be full, and the rusticated beauty sees an end of her banishment.

Idler.
 Rus"ti*ca'ted (?), a. (Arch.) Resembling rustic work. See Rustic work (a), under Rustic.

 Rus'ti*ca"tion (?), n. [L. rusticatio.] 1. The act of rusticating, or the state of being rusticated; specifically, the punishment of a student for some offense, by compelling him to leave the institution for a time.

2. (Arch.) Rustic work.

 Rus*tic"ity (?), n. [L. rusticitas: cf. F. rusticité.]
 The quality or state of being rustic; rustic manners; rudeness; simplicity; artlessness.

 The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral can not be so well expressed in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixed and qualified with the Doric dialect.

Addison.
 The Saxons were refined from their rusticity.

Sir W. Scott.
 Rus"tic*ly (?), adv. In a rustic manner; rustically. Chapman.
 Rust"i*ly (?), adv. In a rusty state.

 Rust"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being rusty.

 Rus"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Rustling (?).] [AS. hristlan to rustle; or cf. Sw.
 rusta to stir, make a riot, or E. rush, v.] 1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves.

 He is coming; I hear his straw rustle.

Shak.
 Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk.

Shak.
2. To stir about energetically; to strive to succeed; to bustle about. [Slang, Western U.S.]

 Rus"tle, v. t. To cause to rustle; as, the wind rustles the leaves.

 Rus"tle, n. A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw, by rubbing silk, or the like; a rustling.

 When the noise of a torrent, the rustle of a wood, the song of birds, or the play of lambs, had power to fill the attention, and suspend all perception of the course of time.

Idler.
 Rus"tler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rustles.

2. A bovine animal that can care for itself in any circumstances; also, an alert, energetic, driving person. [Slang, Western U.S.]

 Rust"less (?), a. Free from rust.

 Rust"y (?), a. [AS. rustig.] [Compar. Rustier (&?;); superl. Rustiest.] 1. Covered or affected with rust; as, a rusty knife or sword; rusty wheat.

2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect.

 [Hector,] in this dull and long-continued truce, Is rusty grown.

Shak.
3. Discolored and rancid; reasty; as, rusty bacon.

4. Surly; morose; crusty; sullen. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Rusty words." Piers Plowman.
5. Rust-colored; dark. "Rusty blood." Spenser.
6. Discolored; stained; not cleanly kept; filthy.

 The rusty little schooners that bring firewood from the British provinces.

Hawthorne.
7. (Bot.) Resembling, or covered with a substance resembling, rust; affected with rust; rubiginous.

 Rut (?), n. [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. rugitus a roaring, fr. rugire to roar; - - so called from the noise made by deer in rutting time.] 1. (Physiol.) Sexual desire or œstrus of deer, cattle, and various other mammals; heat; also, the period during which the œstrus exists.

2. Roaring, as of waves breaking upon the shore; rote. See Rote.

 Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Rutting.] To have a strong sexual impulse at the reproductive period; -- said of deer, cattle, etc.

 Rut, v. t. To cover in copulation. Dryden.
 Rut, n. [variant of route.] A track worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything; a groove in which anything runs. Also used figuratively.

 Rut, v. t. To make a rut or ruts in; -- chiefly used as a past participle or a participial adj.; as, a rutted road.

 Ru'ta-ba"ga (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip.

 Ru*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. rutaceous, from ruta rue. See Rue the plant.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of a natural order (Rutaceæ) of which the rue is the type, and which includes also the orange, lemon, dittany, and buchu.

 Ru"tate (r"tt), n. (Chem.) A salt of rutic acid.

 Ruth (rth), n. [From Rue, v.: cf. Icel. hryggð, hrygð.] 1. Sorrow for the misery of another; pity; tenderness. [Poetic] "They weep for ruth." Chaucer. "Have ruth of the poor." Piers Plowman.
 To stir up gentle ruth, Both for her noble blood, and for her tender youth.

Spenser.
2. That which causes pity or compassion; misery; distress; a pitiful sight. [Obs.]

 It had been hard this ruth for to see.

Chaucer.
 With wretched miseries and woeful ruth.

Spenser.
 Ru*then"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with ruthenious compounds.

 Ru*the"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with ruthenic compounds.

 Ru*the"ni*um (?), n. [NL. So named from the Ruthenians, a Little Russian people, as coming from Russia, the metal having been found in the Ural mountains.] (Chem.) A rare element of the light platinum group, found associated with platinum ores, and isolated as a hard, brittle steel-gray metal which is very infusible. Symbol Ru. Atomic weight 103.5. Specific gravity 12.26. See Platinum metals, under Platinum.

 Ruth"ful (?), a. Full of ruth; as: (a) Pitiful; tender. (b) Full of sorrow; woeful. (c) Causing sorrow. Shak. -- Ruth"ful*ly, adv.
 Ruth"less, a. Having no


; vaunting; vainglorious; selfpraising. -- Boast"ful*ly, adv.
 -- Boast"ful*ness, n. Boast"ing, n. The act of glorying or vaunting; vainglorious speaking; ostentatious display.

 When boasting ends, then dignity begins. Young.
 Boast"ing*ly, adv. Boastfully; with boasting. "He boastingly tells you." Burke.
 Boast"ive (&?;), a. Presumptuous. [R.]

 Boast"less, a. Without boasting or ostentation.

 Boat (&?;), n. [OE. boot, bat, AS. bt; akin to Icel. btr, Sw. båt, Dan. baad, D. & G. boot. Cf. Bateau.]

1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail.

 Different kinds of boats have different names; as, canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, punt, etc.

2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as, pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as, the Cunard boats.

3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as, a stone boat; a gravy boat.

 Boat is much used either adjectively or in combination; as, boat builder or boatbuilder; boat building or boatbuilding; boat hook or boathook; boathouse; boat keeper or boatkeeper; boat load; boat race; boat racing; boat rowing; boat song; boatlike; boat-shaped.

Advice boat. See under Advice. -- Boat hook (Naut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. -- Boat rope, a rope for fastening a boat; -- usually called a painter. -- In the same boat, in the same situation or predicament. [Colloq.] F. W. Newman.
 Boat (bt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boated; p. pr. & vb. n. Boating.] 1. To transport in a boat; as, to boat goods.

2. To place in a boat; as, to boat oars.

To boat the oars. See under Oar.

 Boat, v. i. To go or row in a boat.

 I boated over, ran my craft aground. Tennyson.
 Boat"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Such as can be transported in a boat.

2. Navigable for boats, or small river craft.

 The boatable waters of the Alleghany. J. Morse.
 Boat"age (&?;), n. Conveyance by boat; also, a charge for such conveyance.

 Boat"bill' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) of the tropical parts of South America.
 Its bill is somewhat like a boat with the keel uppermost.

2. A perching bird of India, of the genus Eurylaimus.

 Boat" bug' (&?;). (Zoöl.) An aquatic hemipterous insect of the genus Notonecta; -- so called from swimming on its back, which gives it the appearance of a little boat. Called also boat fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman.

 Boat"ful (&?;), n.; pl. Boatfuls. The quantity or amount that fills a boat.

 Boat"house' (&?;), n. A house for sheltering boats.

 Half the latticed boathouse hides. Wordsworth.
 Boat"ing, n. 1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement; carriage in boats.

2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a covered boat, where they are left to perish.

 Bo*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. boatus, fr. boare to roar.] A crying out; a roaring; a bellowing; reverberation. [Obs.]

 The guns were heard... about a hundred Italian miles, in long boations.
Derham.
 Boat"man (&?;), n.; pl. Boatmen (&?;). 1.
 A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat.

 As late the boatman hies him home. Percival.
2. (Zoöl.) A boat bug. See Boat bug.

 Boat"man*ship, n. The art of managing a boat.

 Boat"-shaped' (&?;), a. (Bot.) See Cymbiform.

 Boat" shell' (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gastropod of the genus Crepidula. The species are numerous. It is so named from its form and interior deck. (b) A marine univalve shell of the genus Cymba.

 Boats"man (&?;), n. A boatman. [Archaic] Boat"swain (&?;), n. [Boat + swain.] 1. (Naut.)
 An officer who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and who also summons the crew, and performs other duties.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The jager gull. (b) The tropic bird.

Boatswain's mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten.
 Boat"-tail' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large grackle or blackbird (Quiscalus major), found in the Southern United States.

 Boat"wom'an (&?;), n.; pl. Boatwomen (&?;). A woman who manages a boat.

 Bob (&?;), n. [An onomatopoetic word, expressing quick, jerky motion; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike, mock, deceive. Cf.
 Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff; as, a v., to dance, to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.] 1. Anything that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt motion, as at the end of a string; a pendant; as, the bob at the end of a kite's tail.

 In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob. Dryden.
2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in angling, as for eels; formerly, a worm suitable for bait.

 Or yellow bobs, turned up before the plow, Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow. Lauson.
3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a fishing line to show when a fish is biting; a float.

4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum; also, the ball or weight at the end of a plumb line.

5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges, used in polishing spoons, etc.

6. A short, jerking motion; act of bobbing; as, a bob of the head.

7. (Steam Engine) A working beam.

8. A knot or short curl of hair; also, a bob wig.

 A plain brown bob he wore. Shenstone.
9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells.

10. The refrain of a song.

 To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song. L'Estrange.
11. A blow; a shake or jog; a rap, as with the fist.

12. A jeer or flout; a sharp jest or ta


relicide') What all too frequently happens when a squirrel decides to exercise its species's unfortunate penchant for shorting out power lines with their little furry bodies. Result: one dead squirrel, one down computer installation. In this situation, the computer system is said to have been squirrelcided.
Node:stack, Next:stack puke, Previous:squirrelcide, Up:= S = stack n. The set of things a person has to do in the future. One speaks of the next project to be attacked as having risen to the top of the stack. "I'm afraid I've got real work to do, so this'll have to be pushed way down on my stack." "I haven't done it yet because every time I pop my stack something new gets pushed." If you are interrupted several times in the middle of a conversation, "My stack overflowed" means "I forget what we were talking about." The implication is that more items were pushed onto the stack than could be remembered, so the least recent items were lost. The usual physical example of a stack is to be found in a cafeteria: a pile of plates or trays sitting on a spring in a well, so that when you put one on the top they all sink down, and when you take one off the top the rest spring up a bit. See also push and pop.
At MIT, PDL used to be a more common synonym for stack in all these contexts, and this may still be true. Everywhere else stack seems to be the preferred term. Knuth ("The Art of Computer Programming", second edition, vol. 1, p. 236) says: Many people who realized the importance of stacks and queues independently have given other names to these structures: stacks have been called push-down lists, reversion storages, cellars, nesting stores, piles, last-in-first-out ("LIFO") lists, and even yo-yo lists!
Node:stack puke, Next:stale pointer bug, Previous:stack, Up:= S = stack puke n. Some processor architectures are said to 'puke their guts onto the stack' to save their internal state during exception processing. The Motorola 68020, for example, regurgitates up to 92 bytes on a bus fault. On a pipelined machine, this can take a while.
Node:stale pointer bug, Next:star out, Previous:stack puke, Up:= S = stale pointer bug n. Synonym for aliasing bug used esp. among microcomputer hackers.
Node:star out, Next:state, Previous:stale pointer bug, Up:= S = star out v.
[University of York, England] To replace a user's encrypted password in /etc/passwd with a single asterisk. Under Unix this is not a legal encryption of any password; hence the user is not permitted to log in. In general, accounts like adm, news, and daemon are permanently "starred out"; occasionally a real user might have the this inflicted upon him/her as a punishment, e.g.
"Graham was starred out for playing Omega in working hours". Also occasionally known as The Order Of The Gold Star in this context.
"Don't do that, or you'll be awarded the Order of the Gold Star..." Compare disusered.
Node:state, Next:stealth manager, Previous:star out, Up:= S = state n.
1. Condition, situation. "What's the state of your latest hack?" "It's winning away." "The system tried to read and write the disk simultaneously and got into a totally wedged state." The standard question "What's your state?" means "What are you doing?" or "What are you about to do?" Typical answers are "about to gronk out", or "hungry".
Another standard question is "What's the state of the world?", meaning "What's new?" or "What's going on?". The more terse and humorous way of asking these questions would be "State-p?".
Another way of phrasing the first question under sense 1 would be "state-p latest hack?". 2. Information being maintained in non-permanent memory (electronic or human).
Node:stealth manager, Next:steam-powered, Previous:state, Up:= S = stealth manager n.
[Corporate DP] A manager that appears out of nowhere, promises undeliverable software to unknown end users, and vanishes before the programming staff realizes what has happened. See smoke and mirrors.
Node:steam-powered, Next:STFW, Previous:stealth manager, Up:= S = steam-powered adj.
Old-fashioned or underpowered; archaic. This term does not have a strong negative loading and may even be used semi-affectionately for something that clanks and wheezes a lot but hangs in there doing the job.
Node:STFW, Next:stiffy, Previous:steam-powered, Up:= S = STFW imp. /S-T-F-W/ [Usenet] Commmon abbreviation for "Search The Fucking Web", a suggestion that what you're asking for is a query better handled by a search engine than a human being. Usage is common and exactly parallel to both senses of RTFM.
Node:stiffy, Next:stir-fried random, Previous:STFW, Up:= S = stiffy n.
3.5-inch microfloppies, so called because their jackets are more rigid than those of the 5.25-inch and the (now totally obsolete) 8-inch floppy. Elsewhere this might be called a 'firmy'. For some odd reason, several sources have taken the trouble to inform us that this term is widespread in South Africa.
Node:stir-fried random, Next:stomp on, Previous:stiffy, Up:= S = stir-fried random n.
(alt. 'stir-fried mumble') Term used for the best dish of many of those hackers who can cook. Consists of random fresh veggies and meat wokked with random spices. Tasty and economical. See random, great-wall, ravs, laser chicken, oriental food; see also mumble.
Node:stomp on, Next:Stone Age, Previous:stir-fried random, Up:= S = stomp on vt.
To inadvertently overwrite something important, usually automatically. "All the work I did this weekend got stomped on last night by the nightly server script." Compare scribble, mangle, trash, scrog, roach.
Node:Stone Age, Next:stone knives and bearskins, Previous:stomp on, Up:= S = Stone Age n.,adj.
1. In computer folklore, an ill-defined period from ENIAC (ca.
1943) to the mid-1950s; the great age of electromechanical dinosaurs. Sometimes used for the entire period up to 1960-61 (see Iron Age); however, it is funnier and more descriptive to characterize the latter period in terms of a 'Bronze Age' era of transistor-logic, pre-ferrite-core machines with drum or CRT mass storage (as opposed to just mercury delay lines and/or relays). See also Iron Age. 2. More generally, a pejorative for any crufty, ancient piece of hardware or software technology.
Note that this is used even by people who were there for the Stone Age (sense 1).
Node:stone knives and bearskins, Next:stoppage, Previous:Stone Age, Up:= S = stone knives and bearskins n.
[from the Star Trek Classic episode "The City on the Edge of Forever"] A term traditionally used to describe (and deprecate) computing environments that are grotesquely primitive in light of what is known about good ways to design things. As in "Don't get too used to the facilities here. Once you leave SAIL it's stone knives and bearskins as far as the eye can see". Compare steam-powered.
Node:stoppage, Next:store, Previous:stone knives and bearskins, Up:= S = stoppage /sto'p*j/ n. Extreme lossage that renders something (usually something vital) completely unusable. "The recent system stoppage was caused by a fried transformer."
Node:store, Next:strided, Previous:stoppage, Up:= S = store n.
[prob. from techspeak 'main store'] In some varieties of Commonwealth hackish, the preferred synonym for core. Thus, 'bringing a program into store' means not that one is returning shrink-wrapped software but that a program is being swapped in.
Node:strided, Next


Transcribed from the 1906 Chatto & Windus edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ Picture of the squatters by Joseph D. Strong. The title page incorrectly claims it was by Joseph A. Strong THE SILVERADO SQUATTERS BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON Decorative graphic A NEW IMPRESSION WITH A FRONTISPIECE BY JOSEPH D. STRONG LONDON CHATTO & WINDUS 1906 "Vixerunt nonnulli in agris, delectati re sua familiari. His idem propositum fuit quod regibus, ut ne qua re agerent, ne cui parerent, libertate uterentur: cujus proprium est sic vivere ut velis." —Cic., De Off., I. xx.
CONTENTS In the Valley: I. Calistoga 13 II.
The Petrified Forest 24 III.
Napa Wine 34 IV.
The Scot Abroad 48 With the Children of Israel: I. To Introduce Mr. Kelmar 59 II.
First Impressions of Silverado 68 III.
The Return 92 The Act of Squatting 103 The Hunter's Family 127 The Sea Fogs 153 The Toll House 171 A Starry Drive 185 Episodes in the Story of a Mine 197 Toils And Pleasures 223 p. 1THE SILVERADO SQUATTERS The scene of this little book is on a high mountain. There are, indeed, many higher; there are many of a nobler outline. It is no place of pilgrimage for the summary globe-trotter; but to one who lives upon its sides, Mount Saint Helena soon becomes a centre of interest. It is the Mont Blanc of one section of the Californian Coast Range, none of its near neighbours rising to one-half its altitude. It looks down on much green, intricate country. It feeds in the spring-time many splashing brooks. From its summit you must have an excellent lesson of geography: seeing, to the south, San Francisco Bay, with Tamalpais on the one hand and Monte Diablo on the other; to the west and thirty miles away, the open ocean; eastward, across the corn-lands and thick tule swamps of Sacramento Valley, to where the Central Pacific railroad begins to climb the sides of the Sierras; and northward, for what I know, the white head of Shasta looking down on Oregon. Three counties, Napa County, Lake County, and Sonoma County, march across its cliffy shoulders. Its naked peak stands nearly four thousand five hundred feet above the sea; its sides are fringed with forest; and the soil, where it is bare, glows warm with cinnabar.
Life in its shadow goes rustically forward. Bucks, and bears, and rattlesnakes, and former mining operations, are the staple of men's talk. Agriculture has only begun to mount above the valley. And though in a few years from now the whole district may be smiling with farms, passing trains shaking the mountain to the heart, many-windowed hotels lighting up the night like factories, and a prosperous city occupying the site of sleepy Calistoga; yet in the mean time, around the foot of that mountain the silence of nature reigns in a great measure unbroken, and the people of hill and valley go sauntering about their business as in the days before the flood.
To reach Mount Saint Helena from San Francisco, the traveller has twice to cross the bay: once by the busy Oakland Ferry, and again, after an hour or so of the railway, from Vallejo junction to Vallejo. Thence he takes rail once more to mount the long green strath of Napa Valley.
In all the contractions and expansions of that inland sea, the Bay of San Francisco, there can be few drearier scenes than the Vallejo Ferry. Bald shores and a low, bald islet inclose the sea; through the narrows the tide bubbles, muddy like a river. When we made the passage (bound, although yet we knew it not, for Silverado) the steamer jumped, and the black buoys were dancing in the jabble; the ocean breeze blew killing chill; and, although the upper sky was still unflecked with vapour, the sea fogs were pouring in from seaward, over the hilltops of Marin county, in one great, shapeless, silver cloud.
South Vallejo is typical of many Californian towns. It was a blunder; the site has proved untenable; and, although it is still such a young place by the scale of Europe, it has already begun to be deserted for its neighbour and namesake, North Vallejo. A long pier, a number of drinking saloons, a hotel of a great size, marshy pools where the frogs keep up their croaking, and even at high noon the entire absence of any human face or voice—these are the marks of South Vallejo.
Yet there was a tall building beside the pier, labelled the Star Flour Mills; and sea-going, full-rigged ships lay close along shore, waiting for their cargo. Soon these would be plunging round the Horn, soon the flour from the Star Flour Mills would be landed on the wharves of Liverpool. For that, too, is one of England's outposts; thither, to this gaunt mill, across the Atlantic and Pacific deeps and round about the icy Horn, this crowd of great, three-masted, deep-sea ships come, bringing nothing, and return with bread.
The Frisby House, for that was the name of the hotel, was a place of fallen fortunes, like the town. It was now given up to labourers, and partly ruinous. At dinner there was the ordinary display of what is called in the west a two-bit house: the tablecloth checked red and white, the plague of flies, the wire hencoops over the dishes, the great variety and invariable vileness of the food and the rough coatless men devoting it in silence. In our bedroom, the stove would not burn, though it would smoke; and while one window would not open, the other would not shut. There was a view on a bit of empty road, a few dark houses, a donkey wandering with its shadow on a slope, and a blink of sea, with a tall ship lying anchored in the moonlight. All about that dreary inn frogs sang their ungainly chorus.
Early the next morning we mounted the hill along a wooden footway, bridging one marish spot after another. Here and there, as we ascended, we passed a house embowered in white roses. More of the bay became apparent, and soon the blue peak of Tamalpais rose above the green level of the island opposite. It told us we were still but a little way from the city of the Golden Gates, already, at that hour, beginning to awake among the sand-hills. It called to us over the waters as with the voice of a bird. Its stately head, blue as a sapphire on the paler azure of the sky, spoke to us of wider outlooks and the bright Pacific. For Tamalpais stands sentry, like a lighthouse, over the Golden Gates, between the bay and the open ocean, and looks down indifferently on both.
Even as we saw and hailed it from Vallejo, seamen, far out at sea, were scanning it with shaded eyes; and, as if to answer to the thought, one of the great ships below began silently to clothe herself with white sails, homeward bound for England.
For some way beyond Vallejo the railway led us through bald green pastures. On the west the rough highlands of Marin shut off the ocean; in the midst, in long, straggling, gleaming arms, the bay died out among the grass; there were few trees and few enclosures; the sun shone wide over open uplands, the displumed hills stood clear against the sky. But by-and-by these hills began to draw nearer on either hand, and first thicket and then wood began to clothe their sides; and soon we were away from all signs of the sea's neighbourhood, mounting an inland, irrigated valley. A great variety of oaks stood, now severally, now


pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc.

4. To open (a lock) as by a wire.

5. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc.

6. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as, to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket.

 Did you pick Master Slender's purse?

Shak.
 He picks clean teeth, and, busy as he seems With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet.

Cowper.
7. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as, to pick one's company; to pick one's way; -- often with out. "One man picked out of ten thousand." Shak.
8. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as, to pick rags; -- often with up; as, to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information.

9. To trim. [Obs.] Chaucer.
To pick at, to tease or vex by pertinacious annoyance. -- To pick a bone with. See under Bone. -- To pick a thank, to curry favor. [Obs.] Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To pick off. (a) To pluck; to remove by picking. (b) To shoot or bring down, one by one; as, sharpshooters pick off the enemy. -- To pick out.
 (a) To mark out; to variegate; as, to pick out any dark stuff with lines or spots of bright colors. (b) To select from a number or quantity. -- To pick to pieces, to pull apart piece by piece; hence [Colloq.], to analyze; esp., to criticize in detail. -- To pick a quarrel, to give occasion of quarrel intentionally. -- To pick up. (a) To take up, as with the fingers. (b) To get by repeated efforts; to gather here and there; as, to pick up a livelihood; to pick up news.

 Pick (?), v. i. 1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble.

 Why stand'st thou picking? Is thy palate sore?

Dryden.
2. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care.

3. To steal; to pilfer. "To keep my hands from picking and stealing." Book of Com. Prayer.
To pick up, to improve by degrees; as, he is picking up in health or business. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Pick, n. [F. pic a pickax, a pick. See Pick, and cf. Pike.]
 1. A sharp-pointed tool for picking; -- often used in composition; as, a toothpick; a picklock.

2. (Mining & Mech.) A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, -- used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also, a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones.

3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. [Obs.] "Take down my buckler... and grind the pick on 't." Beau. & Fl.
4. Choice; right of selection; as, to have one's pick.

 France and Russia have the pick of our stables.

Ld. Lytton.
5. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as, the pick of the flock.

6. (Print.) A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. MacKellar.
7. (Painting) That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture.

8. (Weawing) The blow which drives the shuttle, -- the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as, so many picks to an inch.

Pick dressing (Arch.), in cut stonework, a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface in little pits or depressions. -- Pick hammer, a pick with one end sharp and the other blunt, used by miners.

 Pick"a*back' (?), adv. On the back or shoulders; as, to ride pickback.
 [Written also pickapack, pickback, and pickpack.]

 A woman stooping to take a child pickaback.

R,Jefferies.
 Pick"a*nin'ny (?), n.; pl. Pickaninnies (#). [Cf. Sp.
 pequeño little, young.] A small child; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. [U.S. & West Indies] Pick"a*pack' (?), adv. Pickaback.

 { Pick"ax', Pick"axe' } (?), n. [A corruption of OE. pikois, pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.] A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle inserted at the middle; a hammer with a flattened end for driving wedges and a pointed end for piercing as it strikes. Shak.
 Pick"back' (?), adv. On the back.

 Pick"ed (?), a. 1. Pointed; sharp. "Picked and polished." Chapman.
 Let the stake be made picked at the top.

Mortimer.
2. (Zoöl.) Having a pike or spine on the back; -- said of certain fishes.

3. Carefully selected; chosen; as, picked men.

4. Fine; spruce; smart; precise; dianty. [Obs.] Shak.
Picked dogfish. (Zoöl.) See under Dogfish. -- Picked out, ornamented or relieved with lines, or the like, of a different, usually a lighter, color; as, a carriage body dark green, picked out with red.

 Pick"ed*ness (?), n. 1. The state of being sharpened; pointedness.

2. Fineness; spruceness; smartness. [Obs.]

 Too much pickedness is not manly.

B. Jonson.
 Pick*eer" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pickeered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pickeering.] [F. picorer to go marauding, orig., to go to steal cattle, ultimately fr. L. pecus, pecoris, cattle; cf. F. picorée, Sp. pecorea robbery committed by straggling soldiers.] To make a raid for booty; to maraud; also, to skirmish in advance of an army. See Picaroon. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.
 Pick*eer"er (?), n. One who pickeers. [Obs.]

 Pick"er (?), n. [From Pick.] 1. One who, or that which, picks, in any sense, - - as, one who uses a pick; one who gathers; a thief; a pick; a pickax; as, a cotton picker. "Pickers and stealers." Shak.
2. (Mach.) A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces so as to loosen and separate the fiber.

3. (Weaving) The piece in a loom which strikes the end of the shuttle, and impels it through the warp.

4. (Ordnance) A priming wire for cleaning the vent.

 Pick"er*el (?), n. [Dim. of Pike.] [Written also pickerell.]
 1. A


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 Since John A. Lomax brought out his collection in 1910, cowboy songs have found their way into scores of songbooks, have been recorded on hundreds of records, and have been popularized, often—and naturally—without any semblance to cowboy style, by thousands of radio singers. Two general anthologies are recommended especially for the cowboy songs they contain: American Ballads and Folk Songs, by John A. and Alan Lomax, Macmillan, New York, 1934; The American Songbag, by Carl Sandburg, Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1927.

 LARRIN, MARGARET. Singing Cowboy (with music), New York, 1931. OP.

 LOMAX, JOHN A., and LOMAX, ALAN. Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads, Macmillan, New York, 1938. This is a much added-to and revised form of Lomax's 1910 collection, under the same title. It is the most complete of all anthologies. More than any other man, John A. Lomax is responsible for having made cowboy songs a part of the common heritage of America. His autobiographic Adventures of a Ballad Hunter (Macmillan, 1947) is in quality far above the jingles that most cowboy songs are.

 Missouri, as no other state, gave to the West and Southwest. Much of Missouri is still more southwestern in character than much of Oklahoma.
 For a full collection, with full treatment, of the ballads and songs, including bad-man and cowboy songs, sung in the Southwest there is nothing better than Ozark Folksongs, collected and edited by Vance Randolph, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, 1946-50. An unsurpassed work in four handsome volumes.

 OWENS, WILLIAM A. Texas Folk Songs, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1950. A miscellany of British ballads, American ballads, "songs of doleful love," etc. collected in Texas mostly from country people of Anglo-American stock. Musical scores for all the songs.

 The Texas Folklore Society has published many cowboy songs. Its publications Texas and Southwestern Lore (1927) and Follow de Drinkin' Gou'd (1928) contain scores, with music and anecdotal interpretations. Other volumes contain other kinds of songs, including Mexican.

 THORP, JACK (N. Howard). Songs of the Cowboys, Boston, 1921. OP.
 Good, though limited, anthology, without music and with illuminating comments. A pamphlet collection that Thorp privately printed at Estancia, New Mexico, in 1908, was one of the first to be published. Thorp had the perspective of both range and civilization. He was a kind of troubadour himself. The opening chapter, "Banjo in the Cow Camps," of his posthumous reminiscences, Pardner of the Wind, is delicious.

 23. Horses: Mustangs and Cow Ponies THE WEST WAS DISCOVERED, battled over, and won by men on horseback.
 Spanish conquistadores saddled their horses in Vera Cruz and rode until they had mapped the continents from the Horn to Montana and from the Floridas to the harbors of the Californias. The padres with them rode on horseback, too, and made every mission a horse ranch. The national dance of Mexico, the Jarabe, is an interpretation of the clicking of hoofs and the pawing and prancing of spirited horses that the Aztecs noted when the Spaniards came. Likewise, the chief contribution made by white men of America to the folk songs of the world—the cowboy songs—are rhythmed to the walk of horses.

 Astride horses introduced by the conquistadores to the Americas, the Plains Indians became almost a separate race from the foot-moving tribes of the East and the stationary Pueblos of the Rockies. The men that later conquered and corralled these wild-riding Plains Indians were plainsmen on horses and cavalrymen. The earliest American explorers and trappers of both Plains and Rocky Mountains went out in the saddle. The first industrial link between the East and the West was a mounted pack train beating out the Santa Fe Trail. On west beyond the end of this trail, in Spanish California, even the drivers of oxen rode horseback. The first transcontinental express was the Pony Express.

 Outlaws and bad men were called "long riders." The Texas Ranger who followed them was, according to his own proverb, "no better than his horse." Booted sheriffs from Brownsville on the Rio Grande to the Hole in the Wall in the Big Horn Mountains lived in the saddle. Climactic of all the riders rode the cowboy, who lived with horse and herd.

 In the Old West the phrase "left afoot" meant nothing short of being left flat on your back. "A man on foot is no man at all," the saying went. If an enemy could not take a man's life, the next best thing was to take his horse. Where cow thieves went scot free, horse thieves were hanged, and to say that a man was "as common as a horse thief" was to express the nadir of commonness. The pillow of the frontiersmen who slept with a six-shooter under it was a saddle, and hitched to the horn was the loose end of a stake rope. Just as "Colonel Colt" made all men equal in a fight, the horse made all men equal in swiftness and mobility.

 The proudest names of civilized languages when literally translated mean "horseman": eques, caballero, chevalier, cavalier. Until just yesterday the Man on Horseback had been for centuries the symbol of power and pride.
 The advent of the horse, from Spanish sources, so changed the ways and psychology of the Plains Indians that they entered into what historians call the Age of Horse Culture. Almost until the automobile came, the whole West and Southwest were dominated by a Horse Culture.

 Material on range horses is scattered through the books listed under "Range Life," "Stagecoaches, Freighting," "Pony Express."

 No thorough comprehension of the Spanish horse of the Americas is possible without consideration of this horse's antecedents, and that involves a good deal of the horse history of the world.

 BROWN, WILLIAM ROBINSON. The Horse of the Desert (no publisher or place on title page), 1936; reprinted by Macmillan, New York. A noble, beautiful, and informing book.

 CABRERA, ANGEL. Caballos de America, Buenos Aires, 1945. The authority on Argentine horses.

 CARTER, WILLIAM H. The Horses of the World, National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C., 1923. A concentrated survey.

Cattleman. Published at Fort Worth, this monthly magazine of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association began in 1939 to issue, for September, a horse number. It has published a vast amount of material both scientific and popular on range horses. Another monthly magazine worth knowing about is the Western Horseman, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

 DENHARDT, ROBERT MOORMAN. The Horse of the Americas, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1947. This historical treatment of the Spanish horse could be better ordered; some sections of the book are little more than miscellanies.

 DOBIE, J. FRANK. The Mustangs, illustrated by Charles Banks Wilson, Little, Brown, Boston, 1952. Before this handsome book arrives at the wild horses of North America, a third of it has been spent on the Arabian progenitors of the Spanish horse, the acquisition of the Spanish horse by western Indians, and the nature of Indian horses. There are many narratives of mustangs and mustangers and of Spanish-blooded horses under the saddle. The author has tried to compass the natural history of the animal and to blend vividness with learning. The book incorporates his Tales of the Mustang, a slight volume published in an edition of only three hundred copies in 1936. It also incorporates a large part of Mustangs and Cow Horses, edited by Dobie, Boatright, and Ransom, and issued by the Texas Folklore Society, Austin, 1940—a volume that went out of print not long after it was published.

 DODGE, THEODORE A. Riders of Many Lands, New York, 1893.
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