an acid so called; as, glutaric ethers.

Glutaric acid, an organic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, isomeric with pyrotartaric acid; -- called also normal pyrotartaric acid.

 Glu"ta*zine (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, forming a heavy, sandy powder, white or nearly so. It is a derivative of pyridine.

 Glu"te*al (?), a. [G. &?; rump, pl., the buttocks.] (Anat.)
 Pertaining to, or in the region of, the glutæus.

 Glu"ten (?), n. [L., glue: cf. F. gluten. See Glue.] (Chem.)
 The viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough.

Gluten is a complex and variable mixture of glutin or gliadin, vegetable fibrin, vegetable casein, oily material, etc., and is a very nutritious element of food. It may be separated from the flour of grain by subjecting this to a current of water, the starch and other soluble matters being thus washed out.

Gluten bread, bread containing a large proportion of gluten; -- used in cases of diabetes. -- Gluten casein (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the seeds of grasses, and extracted as a dark, amorphous, earthy mass. -- Gluten fibrin (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the cereal grains, and extracted as an amorphous, brownish yellow substance.

 ||Glu*te"us (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) Same as Glutæus.

 Glu"tin (?), n. [See Gluten.] (Chem.)
1. Same as Gliadin.

2. Sometimes synonymous with Gelatin. [R.]

 Glu"ti*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glutinating.] [L. glutinatus, p. p. of glutinare to glue, fr. gluten glue.] To unite with glue; to cement; to stick together. Bailey.
 Glu'ti*na"tion (?), n. [L. glutinatio: cf. F. glutination.]
 The act of uniting with glue; sticking together.

 Glu"ti*na*tive (?), a. [L. glutinativus: cf. F. glutinatif.]
 Having the quality of cementing; tenacious; viscous; glutinous.

 Glu'ti*nos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. glutinosité.] The quality of being glutinous; viscousness. [R.]

 Glu"ti*nous (?), a. [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten glue: cf. F. glutineux. See Gluten.]

1. Of the nature of glue; resembling glue; viscous; viscid; adhesive; gluey.

2. (Bot.) Havig a moist and adhesive or sticky surface, as a leaf or gland.

 Glu"ti*nous*ness (?), n. The quality of being glutinous.

 Glut"ton (?), n. [OE. glotoun, glotun, F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto. See Glut.]

1. One who eats voraciously, or to excess; a gormandizer.

2. Fig.: One who gluts himself.

Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy.

Granville.
3. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous mammal (Gulo luscus), of the family Mustelidæ, about the size of a large badger. It was formerly believed to be inordinately voracious, whence the name; the wolverene. It is a native of the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia.

Glutton bird (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea); -- called also Mother Carey's goose, and mollymawk.

 Glut"ton (?), a. Gluttonous; greedy; gormandizing. "Glutton souls." Dryden.
 A glutton monastery in former ages makes a hungry ministry in our days.

Fuller.
 Glut"ton, v. t. & i. To glut; to eat voraciously. [Obs.]

Gluttoned at last, return at home to pine.

Lovelace.
 Whereon in Egypt gluttoning they fed.

Drayton.
 Glut"ton*ish, a. Gluttonous; greedy. Sir P. Sidney.
 Glut"ton*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gluttonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gluttonizing (?).] To eat to excess; to eat voraciously; to gormandize. Hallywell.
 Glut"ton*ous (?), a. Given to gluttony; eating to excess; indulging the appetite; voracious; as, a gluttonous age. -- Glut"ton*ous*ly, adv. -- Glut"ton*ous*ness, n. Glut"ton*y (?), n.; pl. Gluttonies (#). [OE. glotonie, OF. glotonie, gloutonnie.] Excess in eating; extravagant indulgence of the appetite for food; voracity.

 Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts.

Milton.
 Glyc"er*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of glyceric acid.

 Gly*cer"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycerin.

Glyceric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycerin, as a thick liquid. It is a hydroxyl derivative of propionic acid, and has both acid and alcoholic properties.

 Glyc"er*ide (?), n. [See Glycerin.] (Chem.) A compound ether (formed from glycerin). Some glycerides exist ready formed as natural fats, others are produced artificially.

 Glyc"er*in, Glyc"er*ine (&?;), n. [F. glycérine, fr. Gr. glykero's, glyky's, sweet. Cf. Glucose, Licorice.] (Chem.)
 An oily, viscous liquid, C3H5(OH)3, colorless and odorless, and with a hot, sweetish taste, existing in the natural fats and oils as the base, combined with various acids, as oleic, margaric, stearic, and palmitic. It is a triatomic alcohol, and hence is also called glycerol. See Note under Gelatin.

 It is obtained from fats by saponification, or, on a large scale, by the action of superheated steam. It is used as an ointment, as a solvent and vehicle for medicines, and as an adulterant in wine, beer, etc.

 Glyc"er*ite (?), n. (Med.) A medicinal preparation made by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin.

 Glyc"er*ol (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Glycerin.

 Glyc"er*ole (?), n. [F. glycérolé.] (Med.)
 Same as Glycerite.

 Glyc"er*yl (?), n. [Glycerin + -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C3H5, regarded as the essential radical of glycerin. It is metameric with allyl. Called also propenyl.

 Glyc"ide (?), n. [Glyceric + anhydride.] (Chem.)
 A colorless liquid, obtained from certain derivatives of glycerin, and regarded as a partially dehydrated glycerin; -- called also glycidic alcohol.

 Gly*cid"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, glycide; as,


in calculating fall of pressure in distributing mains, equivalent to a current of one ampère flowing through one foot of conductor.

 Ampère hour. (Elec.) The quantity of electricity delivered in one hour by a current whose average strength is one ampère. It is used as a unit of quantity, and is equal to 3600 coulombs. The terms Ampère minute and Ampère second are sometimes similarly used.

 Ampère turn. (Elec.) A unit equal to the product of one complete convolution (of a coiled conductor) into one ampère of current; thus, a conductor having five convolutions and carrying a current of half an ampère is said to have 2½ ampère turns.
 The magnetizing effect of a coil is proportional to the number of its ampère turns.

 ||Amt (?), n.; pl. Amter (#), E. Amts (#).
 [Dan. & Norw., fr. G.] An administrative territorial division in Denmark and Norway.

 Each of the provinces [of Denmark] is divided into several amts, answering... to the English hundreds.

Encyc. Brit.
 Am"vis (?), n. [Ammonium (nitrate) + L. vis strength, force.] An explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate, a derivative of nitrobenzene, chlorated napthalene, and wood meal.

 ||A*myg"da*la (*mg"d*l), n.; pl. -læ (-l). [L., an almond, fr. Gr. 'amygda'lh. See Almond.] 1. An almond.

2. (Anat.) (a) One of the tonsils of the pharynx. (b) One of the rounded prominences of the lower surface of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum, each side of the vallecula.

 Am"yl al"co*hol. (Org. Chem.) Any of eight isomeric liquid compounds, C5H11OH; ordinarily, a mixture of two of these forming a colorless liquid with a peculiar cough-exciting odor and burning taste, the chief constituent of fusel oil. It is used as a source of amyl compounds, such as amyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc.

 Amyl nitrite. A yellowish oily volatile liquid, C5H11NO2, used in medicine as a heart stimulant and a vasodilator. The inhalation of its vapor instantly produces flushing of the face.

 A*myl"o*gen (?), n. [Amylum + -gen.] (Chem.)
 That part of the starch granule or granulose which is soluble in water.

 Am'y*lo*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Amylum + genesis.] The formation of starch.

 Am'y*lo*gen"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pert. to amylogen.

2. Forming starch; -- applied specif. to leucoplasts.

 Am'y*lol"y*sis (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Chem.)
 The conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins and sugar, esp. by the action of enzymes. -- Am'y*lo*lyt"ic (#), a. Am'y*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Amylum + -meter.] Instrument for determining the amount of starch in a substance.

 Am'y*lo*plas"tic (?), a. [Amylum + -plastic.]
 Starch-forming; amylogenic.

 Am'y*lop"sin (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; appearance.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) The diastase of the pancreatic juice.

 An"a*branch (?), n. [Anastomosing + branch.] A branch of a river that reënters, or anastomoses with, the main stream; also, less properly, a branch which loses itself in sandy soil. [Australia] Such branches of a river as after separation reunite, I would term anastomosing branches; or, if a word might be coined, anabranches, and the islands they form branch islands.

Col. Jackson.
 { ||An*a'ër*o"bi*a (?), An*a"ër*obes (?) }, n. pl. [NL.
 anaerobia; an-not + aëro- + Gr.&?; life.] (Bacteriol.)
 Anaërobic bacteria. They are called facultative anaërobia when able to live either in the presence or absence of free oxygen; obligate, or obligatory, anaërobia when they thrive only in its absence.

 An*a'ë*rob"ic (?), a. [Pref. annot + aërobic.]
 (Biol.) Not requiring air or oxygen for life; -- applied especially to those microbes to which free oxygen is unnecessary; anaërobiotic; -- opposed to aërobic.

 { An*al"gen (?), An*al"gene (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; painless.] A crystalline compound used as an antipyretic and analgesic, employed chiefly in rheumatism and neuralgia. It is a complex derivative of quinoline.

 An'a*mor"pho*scope (?), n. [Anamorphosis + -scope.]
 An instrument for restoring a picture or image distorted by anamorphosis to its normal proportions. It usually consists of a cylindrical mirror.

 An'a*seis"mic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. &?; a shaking up and down.]
 Moving up and down; -- said of earthquake shocks.

 An*as'tig*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. annot + astigmatic.]
 (Optics) Not astigmatic; -- said esp. of a lens system which consists of a converging lens and a diverging lens of equal and opposite astigmatism but different focal lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism.

 A*nas"to*mose (?), v. i. Of any channels or lines, to meet and unite or run into each other, as rivers; to coalesce; to interjoin.

 An"chor es*cape"ment. (Horol.) (a) The common recoil escapement. (b) A variety of the lever escapement with a wide impulse pin.

 Anchor light. (Naut.) The lantern shown at night by a vessel at anchor. International rules of the road require vessels at anchor to carry from sunset to sunrise a single white light forward if under 150 feet in length, and if longer, two such lights, one near the stern and one forward.

 Anchor shot. (Billiards) A shot made with the object balls in an anchor space.

 Anchor space. (Billiards) In the balk-line game, any of eight spaces, 7 inches by 3½, lying along a cushion and bisected transversely by a balk line. Object balls in an anchor space are treated as in balk.

 Anchor watch. (Naut.) A detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck at night when a vessel is at anchor.

 An"cil*la*ry ad*min'is*tra"tion. (Law) An administration subordinate to, and in aid of, the primary or principal administration of an estate.

 An'dro*ceph"a*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + &?; head.] Having a human head (upon an animal's body), as the Egyptian sphinx.

 { An'dro*di*œ"cious, -di*e"cious (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Having perfect and staminate flowers on different plants. -- An'dro*di*œ"cism, -di*e"cism (#), n.
 { An"dro*mede (?), An"dro*med (?) }, n.} (


Desiccate.] Drying; desiccative. -- n. (Med.) A medicine or application for drying up a sore. Wiseman.
 Des"ic*cate (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiccated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiccating.] [L. desiccatus, p. p. of desiccare to dry up; de- + siccare to dry, siccus dry. See Sack wine.] To dry up; to deprive or exhaust of moisture; to preserve by drying; as, to desiccate fish or fruit.

 Bodies desiccated by heat or age.

Bacon.
 Des"ic*cate, v. i. To become dry.

 Des'ic*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. dessiccation.] The act of desiccating, or the state of being desiccated.

 De*sic"ca*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. dessicatif.] Drying; tending to dry. Ferrand. -- n. (Med.) An application for drying up secretions.

 Des"ic*ca'tor (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, desiccates.

2. (Chem.) A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover, and containing some desiccating agent, as sulphuric acid or calcium chloride, above which is suspended the material to be dried, or preserved from moisture.

 De*sic"ca*to*ry (?), a. Desiccative.

 De*sid"er*a*ble (?), a. Desirable. [R.] "Good and desiderable things." Holland.
 ||De*sid'e*ra"ta (?), n. pl. See Desideratum.

 De*sid"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiderated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiderating.] [L. desideratus, p. p. of desiderare to desire, miss. See Desire, and cf. Desideratum.] To desire; to feel the want of; to lack; to miss; to want.

 Pray have the goodness to point out one word missing that ought to have been there -- please to insert a desiderated stanza. You can not.

Prof. Wilson.
 Men were beginning... to desiderate for them an actual abode of fire.

A. W. Ward.
 De*sid'er*a"tion (?), n. [L. desideratio.] Act of desiderating; also, the thing desired. [R.] Jeffrey.
 De*sid"er*a*tive (?), a. [L. desiderativus.] Denoting desire; as, desiderative verbs.

 De*sid"er*a*tive, n. 1. An object of desire.

2. (Gram.) A verb formed from another verb by a change of termination, and expressing the desire of doing that which is indicated by the primitive verb.

 ||De*sid'e*ra"tum (?), n.; pl. Desiderata (#). [L., fr. desideratus, p. p. See Desiderate.] Anything desired; that of which the lack is felt; a want generally felt and acknowledge.

 { De*sid"i*ose' (?), De*sid"i*ous (?), } a. [L. desidiosus, fr. desidia a sitting idle, fr. desid&?;re to sit idle; de- + sed&?;re to sit.] Idle; lazy. [Obs.]

 De*sid"i*ous*ness, n. The state or quality of being desidiose, or indolent. [Obs.] N. Bacon.
 De*sight" (?), n. [Pref. de- + sight.] An unsightly object. [Obs.]

 De*sight"ment (?), n. The act of making unsightly; disfigurement.
 [R.]

 To substitute jury masts at whatever desightment or damage in risk.

London Times.
 De*sign" (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Designing.] [F. désigner to designate, cf. F. dessiner to draw, dessin drawing, dessein a plan or scheme; all, ultimately, from L. designare to designate; de- + signare to mark, mark out, signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Design, n., Designate.] 1. To draw preliminary outline or main features of; to sketch for a pattern or model; to delineate; to trace out; to draw. Dryden.
2. To mark out and exhibit; to designate; to indicate; to show; to point out; to appoint.

 We shall see Justice design the victor's chivalry.

Shak.
 Meet me to-morrow where the master And this fraternity shall design.

Beau. & Fl.
3. To create or produce, as a work of art; to form a plan or scheme of; to form in idea; to invent; to project; to lay out in the mind; as, a man designs an essay, a poem, a statue, or a cathedral.

4. To intend or purpose; -- usually with for before the remote object, but sometimes with to.

 Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed.

Burke.
 He was designed to the study of the law.

Dryden.
Syn. -- To sketch; plan; purpose; intend; propose; project; mean.

 De*sign", v. i. To form a design or designs; to plan.

Design for, to intend to go to. [Obs.] "From this city she designed for Collin [Cologne]." Evelyn.
 De*sign" (?), n. [Cf. dessein, dessin.] 1. A preliminary sketch; an outline or pattern of the main features of something to be executed, as of a picture, a building, or a decoration; a delineation; a plan.

2. A plan or scheme formed in the mind of something to be done; preliminary conception; idea intended to be expressed in a visible form or carried into action; intention; purpose; -- often used in a bad sense for evil intention or purpose; scheme; plot.

 The vast design and purpos&?; of the King.

Tennyson.
 The leaders of that assembly who withstood the designs of a besotted woman.

Hallam.
 A... settled design upon another man's life.

Locke.
 How little he could guess the secret designs of the court!

Macaulay.
3. Specifically, intention or purpose as revealed or inferred from the adaptation of means to an end; as, the argument from design.

4. The realization of an inventive or decorative plan; esp., a work of decorative art considered as a new creation; conception or plan shown in completed work; as, this carved panel is a fine design, or of a fine design.

5. (Mus.) The invention and conduct of the subject; the disposition of every part, and the general order of the whole.

Arts of design, those into which the designing of artistic forms and figures enters as a principal part, as architecture, painting, engraving, sculpture. -- School of design, one in which are taught the invention and delineation of artistic or decorative figures, patterns, and the like.

Syn. -- Intention; purpose; scheme; project; plan; idea. - - Design, Intention, Purpose. Design has reference to something definitely aimed at. Intention points to the feelings or desires with which a thing is sought. Purpose has reference to a settled choice or determination for its attainment. "I had no design to injure you," means it was no part of my aim or object. "I had no intention to injure you," means, I


to be heard.

 Foamed and champed the golden bit. Dryden.
2. To bite into small pieces; to crunch. Steele.
 Champ, v. i. To bite or chew impatiently.

 They began... irefully to champ upon the bit. Hooker.
 { Champ, Champe, } n. [F. champ, L. campus field.] (Arch.)
 The field or ground on which carving appears in relief.

 Cham*pagne" (?), n. [F. See Champaign.] A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France.

Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but of still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce.

 Cham*paign" (?), n. [OF. champaigne; same word as campagne.]
 A flat, open country.

 Fair champaign, with less rivers interveined. Milton.
 Through Apline vale or champaign wide. Wordsworth.
 Cham*paign", a. Flat; open; level.

 A wide, champaign country, filled with herds. Addison.
 Champ"er (?), n. One who champs, or bites.

 Cham"per*tor (?), n. [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law) One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.

 Cham"per*ty (?), n. [F. champart field rent, L. campipars; champ (L. campus) field + part (L. pars) share.] 1. Partnership in power; equal share of authority. [Obs.]

 Beauté ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardyness, Ne may with Venus holde champartye. Chaucer.
2. (Law) The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See Maintenance.

 By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable.

 Cham*pi"gnon (?), n. [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See Camp.] (Bot.) An edible species of mushroom (Agaricus campestris).

Fairy ring champignon, the Marasmius oreades, which has a strong flavor but is edible.

 Cham"pi*on (chm"p*n), n. [F. champion, fr. LL. campio, of German origin; cf. OHG. chempho, chemphio, fighter, champf, G. kampf, contest; perh. influenced by L. campus field, taken in the sense of "field of battle."] 1. One who engages in any contest; esp. one who in ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of another's honor or rights; or one who now acts or speaks in behalf of a person or a cause; a defender; an advocate; a hero.

 A stouter champion never handled sword. Shak.
Champions of law and liberty. Fisher Ames.
2. One who by defeating all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy in any branch of athletics or game of skill, and is ready to contend with any rival; as, the champion of England.

Champion is used attributively in the sense of surpassing all competitors; overmastering; as, champion pugilist; champion chess player.

Syn. -- Leader; chieftain; combatant; hero; warrior; defender; protector.

 Cham"pi*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] [Obs.] Shak.
2. To furnish with a champion; to attend or defend as champion; to support or maintain; to protect.

Championed or unchampioned, thou diest. Sir W. Scott.
 Cham"pi*on*ness (?), n. A female champion. Fairfax.
 Cham"pi*on*ship, n. State of being champion; leadership; supremacy.

 Cham*plain" pe"ri*od (?). (Geol.) A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; -- so named from beds near Lake Champlain.

 The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium.

 ||Cham*sin" (?), n. [F.] See Kamsin.

 Chance (chns), n. [F. chance, OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a allusion to the falling of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall; akin to Skr. çad to fall, L. cedere to yield, E. cede.
 Cf. Cadence.] 1. A supposed material or psychical agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, or purpose; fortune; fate; -- in this sense often personified.

 It is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason that there is no such thing as chance or accident; it being evident that these words do not signify anything really existing, anything that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men's ignorance of the real and immediate cause. Samuel Clark.
 Any society into which chance might throw him. Macaulay.
 That power Which erring men call Chance. Milton.
2. The operation or activity of such agent.

 By chance a priest came down that way. Luke x. 31.
3. The supposed effect of such an agent; something that befalls, as the result of unknown or unconsidered forces; the issue of uncertain conditions; an event not calculated upon; an unexpected occurrence; a happening; accident; fortuity; casualty.

 It was a chance that happened to us. 1 Sam. vi. 9.
 The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts, And wins (O shameful chance!)
 the Queen of Hearts. Pope.
 I spake of most disastrous chance. Shak.
4. A possibility; a likelihood; an opportunity; -- with reference to a doubtful result; as, a chance to escape; a chance for life; the chances are all against him.

 So weary with disasters, tugged with fortune. That I would get my life on any chance, To mend it, or be rid on 't Shak.
5. (Math.) Probability.

 The mathematical expression, of a chance is the ratio of frequency with which an event happens in the long run. If an event may happen in a ways and may fail in b ways, and each of these a + b ways is equally likely, the chance, or probability, that the event will happen is measured by the fraction a/a + b, and the chance, or probability, that it will fail is measured by b/a + b. Chance comer, one who comes unexpectedly. -- The last chance, the sole remaining ground of hope. -- The main chance, the chief opportunity; that upon which reliance is had, esp. self-interest. -- Theory of chances, Doctrine of chances (Math.), that branch of mathematics which treats of the probability of the occurrence of particular events, as the fall of dice in given positions. -- To mind one's chances, to take advantage of every circumstance; to seize every opportunity.

 Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chancing.] To happen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation. "Things that chance daily." Robynson (More's Utopia).
 If a


plants in spring put forth leaves.

 When winter past, and summer scarce begun, Invites them forth to labor in the sun.

Dryden.
3. Beyond a (certain) boundary; away; abroad; out.

 I have no mind of feasting forth tonight.

Shak.
4. Throughly; from beginning to end. [Obs.] Shak.
And so forth, Back and forth, From forth. See under And, Back, and From. -- Forth of, Forth from, out of. [Obs.]
 Shak. -- To bring forth. See under Bring.

 Forth, prep. Forth from; out of. [Archaic] Some forth their cabins peep.

Donne.
 Forth, n. [OE., a ford. &?; 78. See Frith.] A way; a passage or ford. [Obs.] Todd.
 Forth'by" (?), adv. [Obs.] See Forby.

 Forth"com'ing (? or?), a. Ready or about to appear; making appearance.

 Forth"go'ing (? or?), n. A going forth; an utterance. A. Chalmers.
 Forth"go'ing, a. Going forth.

 For*think" (?), v. t. To repent; to regret; to be sorry for; to cause regret. [Obs.] "Let it forthink you." Tyndale.
 That me forthinketh, quod this January.

Chaucer.
 Forth"put'ing (? or?), a. Bold; forward; aggressive.

 Forth"right' (? or?), adv. [Forth, adv. + right, adv.] Straight forward; in a straight direction. [Archaic] Sir P. Sidney.
 Forth"right', a. Direct; straightforward; as, a forthright man. [Archaic] Lowell.
 They were Night and Day, and Day and Night, Piligrims wight with steps forthright.

Emerson.
 Forth"right', n. A straight path. [Archaic] Here's a maze trod, indeed, Through forthrights and meanders!

Shak.
 Forth"right'ness, n. Straightforwardness; explicitness; directness.
 [Archaic] Dante's concise forthrightness of phrase.

Hawthorne.
 Forth"ward (?), adv. [Forth, adv. + -ward.] Forward.
 [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.
 Forth'with" (? or?; see With), adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; directly.

 Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales; and he received sight forthwith.

Acts ix. 18.
2. (Law) As soon as the thing required may be done by reasonable exertion confined to that object. Bouvier.
 For*thy" (?), adv. [AS. forð; for, prep. + ð, instrumental neut. of se, seó, ðæt, pron. demonstrative and article. See The.] Therefore. [Obs.] Spenser.
 For"ties (?), n. pl. See Forty.

 For"ti*eth (?), a. [AS. feówertigo&?;a. See Forty.]
 1. Following the thirty-ninth, or preceded by thirty-nine units, things, or parts.

2. Constituting one of forty equal parts into which anything is divided.

 For"ti*eth, n. One of forty equal parts into which one whole is divided; the quotient of a unit divided by forty; one next in order after the thirty-ninth.

 For"ti*fi'a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. fortifiable.] Capable of being fortified. Johnson.
 For'ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. fortificatio : cf. F. fortification.]
 1. The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places in order to defend them against an enemy.

2. That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle.

Fortification agate, Scotch pebble.

Syn. -- Fortress; citadel; bulwark. See Fortress.

 For"ti*fi'er (?), n. One who, or that which, fortifies, strengthens, supports, or upholds.

 For"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fortified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fortifying.] [F. fortifier, L. fortificare; fortis strong + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Fort, and -fy.] 1. To add strength to; to strengthen; to confirm; to furnish with power to resist attack.

 Timidity was fortified by pride.

Gibbon.
 Pride came to the aid of fancy, and both combined to fortify his resolution.

Sir W. Scott.
2. To strengthen and secure by forts or batteries, or by surrounding with a wall or ditch or other military works; to render defensible against an attack by hostile forces.

 For"ti*fy, v. i. To raise defensive works. Milton.
 For"ti*lage (?; 48), n. [Cf. Fortalice.] A little fort; a blockhouse. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Fort"in (?), n. [F. See Fort, n.] A little fort; a fortlet.
 [Obs.]

 ||For*tis"si*mo (? or?), adv. [It., superl. of forte, adv.
 See Forte, adv.] (Mus.) Very loud; with the utmost strength or loudness.

 For*ti"tion (?), n. [See Fortuitous.] Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard. [R.]

 No mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation can be generally good.

Burke.
 For"ti*tude (?), n. [L. fortitudo, fr. fortis strong.
 See Fort.] 1. Power to resist attack; strength; firmness. [Obs.]

 The fortitude of the place is best known to you.

Shak.
2. That strength or firmness of mind which enables a person to encounter danger with coolness and courage, or to bear pain or adversity without murmuring, depression, or despondency; passive courage; resolute endurance; firmness in confronting or bearing up against danger or enduring trouble.

 Extolling patience as the truest fortitude.

Milton.
Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues.

Locke.
Syn. -- Courage; resolution; resoluteness; endurance; bravery. See Courage, and Heroism.

 For'ti*tu"di*nous (?), a. Having fortitude; courageous. [R.] Gibbon.
 Fort"let (?), n. A little fort. [R.] Bailey.
 Fort"night' (?; in U.S. often?; 277), n. [Contr. fr.
 fourteen nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights and winters; so, also, seven nights, sennight, a week.] The space of fourteen days; two weeks.

 Fort"night'ly (?), a. Occurring or appearing once in a fortnight; as, a fortnightly meeting of a club; a fortnightly magazine, or other publication. -- adv. Once in a fortnight; at intervals of a fortnight.

 For*tread" (?), v. t. To tread down; to trample upon. [Obs.]

 In hell shall they be all fortroden of devils.

Chaucer.
 For"tress (?), n.; pl. Fortresses (#). [F. forteresse, OF. forteresce, fortelesce, LL. foralitia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort


Re*sin"ic (r?-z?n"?k), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, resin; as, the resinic acids.

 Res'in*if"er*ous (r?z'?n-?f"?r-?s), a. [Resin + -ferous: cf. F. résinifère.] Yielding resin; as, a resiniferous tree or vessel.

 Res"in*i*form (r?z"?n-?-f?rm), a. [Resin + -form: cf.
 F. résiniforme.] Having the form of resin.

 Res'in*o-e*lec"tric (-?-?-l?k"tr?k), a. (Elec.) Containing or exhibiting resinous electricity.

 Res"in*oid (r?z"?n-oid), a. Somewhat like resin.

 Res"in*ous (-?s), a. [L. resinous: cf. F. résineux.
 See Resin.] Of or pertaining to resin; of the nature of resin; resembling or obtained from resin.

Resinous electricity (Elec.), electricity which is exited by rubbing bodies of the resinous kind. See Negative electricity, under Negative.

 Res"in*ous*ly, adv. By means, or in the manner, of resin.

 Res"in*ous*ness, n. The quality of being resinous.

 Res"in*y (-?), a. Like resin; resinous.

 Res'i*pis"cence (r?s'?-p?s"sens), n. [L. resipiscentia, from resipiscere to recover one's senses: cf. F. résipiscence.]
 Wisdom derived from severe experience; hence, repentance. [R.] Bp.
 Montagu.
 Re*sist" (r?-z?st"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resisting.] [F. résister, L. resistere, pref. rere- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, v. causative of stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To stand against; to withstand; to obstruct.

 That mortal dint, Save He who reigns above, none can resist.

Milton.
2. To strive against; to endeavor to counteract, defeat, or frustrate; to act in opposition to; to oppose.

 God resisteth the proud.

James iv. 6.
 Contrary to his high will Whom we resist.

Milton.
3. To counteract, as a force, by inertia or reaction.

4. To be distasteful to. [Obs.] Shak.
Syn. -- To withstand; oppose; hinder; obstruct; counteract; check; thwart; baffle; disappoint.

 Re*sist", v. i. To make opposition. Shak.
 Re*sist", n. (Calico Printing) A substance used to prevent a color or mordant from fixing on those parts to which it has been applied, either by acting machanically in preventing the color, etc., from reaching the cloth, or chemically in changing the color so as to render it incapable of fixing itself in the fibers.. The pastes prepared for this purpose are called resist pastes. F. C. Calvert.
 Re*sist"ance (-ans), n. [F. résistance, LL. resistentia, fr. resistens, - entis, p. pr. See Resist.] 1. The act of resisting; opposition, passive or active.

 When King Demetrius saw that... no resistance was made against him, he sent away all his forces.

1. Macc. xi. 38.
2. (Physics) The quality of not yielding to force or external pressure; that power of a body which acts in opposition to the impulse or pressure of another, or which prevents the effect of another power; as, the resistance of the air to a body passing through it; the resistance of a target to projectiles.

3. A means or method of resisting; that which resists.

 Unfold to us some warlike resistance.

Shak.
4. (Elec.) A certain hindrance or opposition to the passage of an electrical current or discharge offered by conducting bodies. It bears an inverse relation to the conductivity, -- good conductors having a small resistance, while poor conductors or insulators have a very high resistance. The unit of resistance is the ohm.

Resistance box (Elec.), a rheostat consisting of a box or case containing a number of resistance coils of standard values so arranged that they can be combined in various ways to afford more or less resistance. -- Resistance coil (Elec.), a coil of wire introduced into an electric circuit to increase the resistance. -- Solid of least resistance (Mech.), a solid of such a form as to experience, in moving in a fluid, less resistance than any other solid having the same base, height, and volume.

 Re*sist"ant (-ant), a. [F. résistant: cf. L. resistens. See Resist.] Making resistance; resisting. -- n. One who, or that which, resists. Bp. Pearson.
 Re*sist"er (-?r), n. One who resists.

 Re*sist"ful (-f?l), a. Making much resistance.

 Re*sist'i*bil"i*ty (-?-b?l"?-t?), n.. 1. The quality of being resistible; resistibleness.

2. The quality of being resistant; resitstance.

 The name "body" being the complex idea of extension and resistibility together in the same subject.

Locke.
 Re*sist"i*ble (r?-z?st"?-b'l), a. [Cf. F. résistible.]
 Capable of being resisted; as, a resistible force. Sir M. Hale.
 -- Re*sist"i*ble*ness, n. -- Re*sist"i*bly, adv.
 Re*sist"ing, a. Making resistance; opposing; as, a resisting medium. -- Re*sist"ing ly, adv.
 Re*sist"ive (-?v), a. Serving to resist. B. Jonsosn.
 Re*sist"less, a. 1. Having no power to resist; making no opposition. [Obs. or R.] Spenser.
2. Incapable of being resisted; irresistible.

 Masters' commands come with a power resistless To such as owe them absolute subjection.

Milton.
 -- Re*sist"less*ly, adv. -- Re*sist"less*ness, n. Res"o*lu*ble (r?z"?-l?-b'l), a.[L. resolubolis: cf. F. résoluble.
 See Resolve, and cf. Resolvable.] Admitting of being resolved; resolvable; as, bodies resoluble by fire. Boyle. -- Res"o*lu*ble*ness, n. Res"o*lute (r?z"?-l?t), a. [Cf. F. résolu. The L. resolutus (p. p. of resolvere) means, relaxed, enervated, effeminate. See Resolve, v. t. & i.] 1. Having a decided purpose; determined; resolved; fixed in a determination; hence, bold; firm; steady.

 Edward is at hand, Ready to fight; therefore be resolute.

Shak.
2. Convinced; satisfied; sure. [Obs.]

3. Resolving, or explaining; as, the Resolute Doctor Durand.
 [Obs.]

Syn. -- Determined; decided; fixed; steadfast; steady; constant; persevering; firm; bold; unshaken.

 Res"o*lute (r?z"?-l?t), n. 1. One who is resolute; hence, a desperado. [Obs.] Shak.
2. Redelivery; repayment. [Obs.] "Yearly resolutes, deductions, and payments." Bp. Burnet


al laughter.

Thackeray.
2. Influenced or produced by a demon or evil spirit; as, demoniac or demoniacal power. "Demoniac frenzy." Milton.
 De*mo"ni*ac (?), n. 1. A human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit; one whose faculties are directly controlled by a demon.

 The demoniac in the gospel was sometimes cast into the fire.

Bates.
2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists who maintain that the demons or devils will finally be saved.

 Dem'o*ni"a*cal*ly (?), adv. In a demoniacal manner.

 Dem'o*ni"a*cism (?), n. The state of being demoniac, or the practices of demoniacs.

 De*mo"ni*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a demon. [Obs.] Cudworth.
 De*mo"ni*an (?), a. Relating to, or having the nature of, a demon.
 "Demonian spirits." Milton.
 De*mo"ni*an*ism (?), n. The state of being possessed by a demon or by demons.

 De*mo"ni*asm (?), n. See Demonianism. [R.]

 De*mo"nic (?), a. [L. daemonicus, Gr. daimoniko's.] Of or pertaining to a demon or to demons; demoniac. "Demonic ambushes."
 Lowell.
 De"mon*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. démonisme.] The belief in demons or false gods.

 The established theology of the heathen world... rested upon the basis of demonism.

Farmer.
 De"mon*ist, n. A believer in, or worshiper of, demons.

 De"mon*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Demonizing.] [Cf. LL. daemonizare to be possessed by a demon, Gr. &?;.] 1. To convert into a demon; to infuse the principles or fury of a demon into.

2. To control or possess by a demon.

 De'mon*oc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + kra'tos strength: cf.
 F. démonocratie.] The power or government of demons.

 A demonocracy of unclean spirits.

H. Taylor.
 De'mon*og"ra*pher (?), n. [Demon + -graph + -er.]
 A demonologist. [R.] Am. Cyc.
 De'mon*ol"a*try (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + latrei'a worship, &?; to serve, worship: cf. F. démonolâtrie.] The worship of demons.

 De'mon*ol"o*ger (?), n. One versed in demonology. R. North.
 { De'mon*o*log"ic (?), De'mon*o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. démonologique.]
 Of or pertaining to demonology.

 De'mon*ol"o*gist (?), n. One who writes on, or is versed in, demonology.

 De'mon*ol"o*gy (?; 277), n. [Demon + -logy: cf. F. démonologie.]
 A treatise on demons; a supposititious science which treats of demons and their manifestations. Sir W. Scott.
 De'mon*om"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + magei'a magic.] Magic in which the aid of demons is invoked; black or infernal magic. Bp.
 Hurd.
 De*mon'o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Demon + mania.] A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils.

 De*mon"o*mist (?) n. One in subjection to a demon, or to demons.
 [R.] Sir T. Herbert.
 De*mon"o*my (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + no'mos law.] The dominion of demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.
 De"mon*ry (?), n. Demoniacal influence or possession. J. Baillie.
 De"mon*ship, n. The state of a demon. Mede.
 De*mon'stra*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrableness.

 De*mon"stra*ble (?), a. [L. demonstrabilis: cf. OF. demonstrable, F. démontrable.] 1. Capable of being demonstrated; that can be proved beyond doubt or question.

 The grand articles of our belief are as demonstrable as geometry.

Glanvill.
2. Proved; apparent. [Obs.] Shak.
 De*mon"stra*ble*ness, n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrability.

 De*mon"stra*bly, adv. In a demonstrable manner; incontrovertibly; clearly.

 Cases that demonstrably concerned the public cause.

Clarendon.
 De*mon"strance (?), n. [OF. demonstrance.] Demonstration; proof. [Obs.] Holland.
 Dem"on*strate (?; 277), v. t. [L. demonstratus, p. p. of demonstrare to demonstrate; de- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1.
 To point out; to show; to exhibit; to make evident. Shak.
2. To show, or make evident, by reasoning or proof; to prove by deduction; to establish so as to exclude the possibility of doubt or denial.

 We can not demonstrate these things so as to show that the contrary often involves a contradiction.

Tillotson.
3. (Anat.) To exhibit and explain (a dissection or other anatomical preparation).

 Dem"on*stra'ter, n. See Demonstrator.

 Dem'on*stra"tion (?), n. [L. demonstratio: cf. F. démonstration.]
 1. The act of demonstrating; an exhibition; proof; especially, proof beyond the possibility of doubt; indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason.

 Those intervening ideas which serve to show the agreement of any two others are called "proofs;" and where agreement or disagreement is by this means plainly and clearly perceived, it is called demonstration.

Locke.
2. An expression, as of the feelings, by outward signs; a manifestation; a show.

 Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief?

Shak.
 Loyal demonstrations toward the prince.

Prescott.
3. (Anat.) The exhibition and explanation of a dissection or other anatomical preparation.

4. (Mil.) a decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an attack.

5. (Logic) The act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the proof itself.

6. (Math.) A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary consequence of assumed premises; -- these premises being definitions, axioms, and previously established propositions.

Direct, or Positive, demonstration (Logic & Math.), one in which the correct conclusion is the immediate sequence of reasoning from axiomatic or established premises; -- opposed to Indirect, or Negative, demonstration (called also reductio ad absurdum), in which the correct conclusion is an inference from the demonstration that any other hypothesis must be incorrect.

 De*mon"stra*tive (?), a. [F. démonstratif, L. demonstrativus.]
 1. Having the nature of demonstration; tending to demonstrate; making evident; exhibiting clearly or conclusively. "Demonstrative figures." Dryden.
 An argument necessary and demonstrative.

Hooker.
2. Expressing, or apt to express, much; displaying feeling or sentiment; as, her nature was demonstrative.

3


exceed body temperature. The rectum is surprisingly sensitive to heat and you will flinch at temperatures only a degree or two higher than 98 Fahrenheit.
Cooler water is no problem; some find the cold stimulating and invigorating. Fasters having difficulty staying warm should be wary of cold water enemas. These can drop core body temperature below the point of comfort.
 Make sure the flow clamp on the tube is tightly shut and located a few inches up the tube from the nozzle. Hang the filled bag from a clothes or towel hook, shower nozzle, curtain rod, or other convenient spot about four to five feet above the bathroom floor or tub bottom. The higher the bag the greater the water pressure and speed of filling. But too much pressure can also be uncomfortable.
You may have to experiment a bit with this.
 Various body positions are possible for filling the colon.
None is correct or necessarily more effective than another. Experiment and find the one you prefer. Some fill their colon kneeling and bending forward in the bathtub or shower because there will likely be small dribbles of water leaking from around the nozzle. Usually these leaks do not contain fecal matter. Others prefer to use the bathroom floor. For the bony, a little padding in the form of a folded towel under knees and elbows may make the process more comfortable. You may kneel and bend over while placing your elbows or hands on the floor, reach behind yourself and insert the nozzle. You may also lie on your back or on your side. Some think the left side is preferable because the colon attaches to the rectum on the left side of the body, ascends up the left side of the abdomen to a line almost as high as the solar plexus, then transverses the body to the right side where it descends again on the right almost to the groin. The small intestine attaches to the colon near its lower-right extremity. In fact these are the correct names given for the parts of the colon: Ascending, Descending and Transverse Colon along with the Sigmoid Colon or Rectum at the exit end.
 As you become more expert at filling your colon with water you will begin to become aware of its location by the weight, pressure and sometimes temperature of the water you're injecting. You will come to know how much of the colon has been filled by feel. You will also become aware of peristalsis as the water is evacuated vigorously and discover that sensations from a colon hard at work, though a bit uncomfortable, are not necessarily pain.
 Insertion of the nozzle is sometimes eased with a little lubricant. A bit of soap or KY jelly is commonly used. If the nozzle can be inserted without lubricant it will have less tendency to slip out. However, do not tear or damage the anus by avoiding necessary lubrication. After insertion, grip the clamp with one hand and open it. The flow rate can be controlled with this clamp. Keeping a hand on the clamp also prevents the nozzle from being expelled.
 Water will begin flowing into the colon. Your goal is to empty the entire bag into the colon before sensations of pressure or urgency to evacuate the water force you to remove the nozzle and head for the toilet. Relaxation of mind and body helps achieve this. You are very unlikely to achieve a half-gallon fill up on the first attempt. If painful pressure is experienced try closing the clamp for a moment to allow the water to begin working its way around the obstacle. Or, next time try hanging the bag lower, reducing its height above the body and thus lowering the water pressure. Or, try opening the clamp only partially. Or, try panting hard, so as to make the abdomen move rapidly in and out, sort of shaking the colon.
This last technique is particularly good to get the water past a blockage of intestinal gas.
 It is especially important for Americans, whose culture does not teach one to be tolerant of discomfort, to keep in mind that pain is the body's warning that actual damage is being done to tissues. Enemas can do no damage and pose no risk except to that rare individual with weak spots in the colon's wall from cancers. When an enema is momentarily perceived unpleasantly, the correct name for the experience is a sensation, not pain. You may have to work at increasing your tolerance for unpleasant sensations or it will take you a long time to achieve the goal of totally filling the colon with water. Be brave! And relax. A wise philosopher once said that it is a rough Universe in which only the tigers survive--and sometimes they have a hard time.
 Eventually it will be time to remove the nozzle and evacuate the water. Either a blockage (usually fecal matter, an air bubble, or a tight 'U' turn in the colon, usually at either the splenetic, or hepatic flexures located right below the rib cage) will prevent further inflow (undesirable) or else the bag will completely empty (good!) or the sensation of bursting will no longer be tolerable.
Go sit on the toilet and wait until all the water has passed. Then refill the bag and repeat the process. Each time you fill the colon it will allow more water to enter more easily with less unpleasantness. Fasters and cleansers should make at least three attempts at a complete fill-up each time they do an enema session.
 Water and juice fasters will find that after the first few enemas, it will become very easy to inject the entire half-gallon of water. That is because there is little or no chime entering the colon. After a few days the entire colon will seem (this is incorrect) to be empty except when it is filled with water.
This is the point to learn an advanced self-administered enema technique. An average colon empty of new food will usually hold about one gallon of water. That is average.
A small colon might only hold 3/4 gallon, a large one might accept a gallon and a half, or even more. You'll need to learn to simultaneously refill the bag while injecting water, so as to achieve a complete irrigation of the whole colon. There are several possible methods. You might try placing a pitcher or half-gallon mason jar of tepid water next to the bag and after the bag has emptied the first time, stand up while holding the tube in the anus, refill the bag and then lie down again and continue filling. You might have an assistant do this for you. You might try hanging the bag from the shower head and direct a slow, continuous dribble of lukewarm water from the shower into the bag while you kneel or lie relaxed in the tub. This way the bag will never empty and you stop filling only when you feel fullness and pressure all the way back to the beginning of the ascending colon. Of course, hanging from a slowly running shower head the bag will probably overflow and you will get splashed and so will the bathroom floor when your wet body moves rapidly from the tub to the toilet.
I've imagined making an enema bag from a two gallon plastic bucket with a small plastic hose barb glued into a hole drilled in the bottom or lower edge. If I were in the business of manufacturing enema bags I'd make them hold at least one gallon.
 A word of caution to those folks who have a pattern of overdoing it, or tend to think that more is better. This is not true when it comes to colon cleansing. Do not make more than three attempts to fill and clean the colon with an enema bag. Usually the colon begins to protest and won't accept any more fill-ups.
When having colonics on a colonic machine it is a good idea to continue until the water comes back reasonably clear for that session. It is not a good idea for a faster to have colonics that last more than three-quarters of an hour to an hour maximum, or it will be too tiring. Even non-fasters find colonics tiring. After all, the colon is basically a big muscle that has become very lazy on a low-fiber diet.
 I've personally administered over five thousand colonics, taught several dozen fasters to self-administer their own and stood by while they gave themselves one until they were quite expert. In all that experience I've only seen one person have a seriously bad result. This was a suicidally depressed water faster that I (mistakenly) allowed to administer their own colonics with my machine.
This person not only took daily colonics, but allowed water to flow through their colon for as long as two hours at a time. Perhaps they were trying to wash out their mind? After several weeks of this extreme excess, the faster became highly confused and disoriented due to a severe electrolyte imbalance. They had to be taken off water fasting immediately and recovered their mental clarity in a few days.


I*o"ni*an (?), a. [L. Ionius. See Ionic.] Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians; Ionic. -- n. A native or citizen of Ionia.

 I*on"ic (?), a. [L. Ionicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Ionia.]

1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians.

2. (Arch.) Pertaining to the Ionic order of architecture, one of the three orders invented by the Greeks, and one of the five recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. Its distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. See Illust.
 of Capital.

Ionic dialect (Gr. Gram.), a dialect of the Greek language, used in Ionia. The Homeric poems are written in what is designated old Ionic, as distinguished from new Ionic, or Attic, the dialect of all cultivated Greeks in the period of Athenian prosperity and glory. -- Ionic foot. (Pros.) See Ionic, n., 1. -- Ionic, or Ionian, mode (Mus.), an ancient mode, supposed to correspond with the modern major scale of C. -- Ionic sect, a sect of philosophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguishing tenet was, that water is the original principle of all things. -- Ionic type, a kind of heavyfaced type (as that of the following line).

 This is Nonpareil Ionic.

 I*on"ic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) A foot consisting of four syllables: either two long and two short, -- that is, a spondee and a pyrrhic, in which case it is called the greater Ionic; or two short and two long, -- that is, a pyrrhic and a spondee, in which case it is called the smaller Ionic. (b) A verse or meter composed or consisting of Ionic feet.

2. The Ionic dialect; as, the Homeric Ionic.

3. (Print.) Ionic type.

 ||I'o*nid"i*um (?), n. [NL. Cf. Iodine.] (Bot.) A genus of violaceous plants, chiefly found in tropical America, some species of which are used as substitutes for ipecacuanha.

 I"o*qua shell' (?). [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The shell of a large Dentalium (D. pretiosum), formerly used as shell money, and for ornaments, by the Indians of the west coast of North America.

 I*o"ta (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'iw^ta. See Jot.]

1. The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (ι) corresponding with the English i.

2. A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle.

 They never depart an iota from the authentic formulas of tyranny and usurpation.

Burke.
Iota subscript (Gr. Gram.), iota written beneath a preceding vowel, as a,, h,, w,, -- done when iota is silent.

 I*o"ta*cism (*"t*sz'm), n. [Gr. 'iotakismo's a laying too much stress upon the iota (ι): cf. F. iotacisme. See Iota.] The frequent use of the sound of iota (that of English e in be), as among the modern Greeks; also, confusion from sounding ε, ι, η, υ, ει, etc., like ι. Littré.
 I O U (?). [i. e., I owe you.] A paper having on it these letters, with a sum named, and duly signed; -- in use in England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as evidence thereof, but not amounting to a promissory note; a due bill. Wharton. Story.
 I"o*was (?), n. pl.; sing. Iowa. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region now included in the State of Iowa.

 Ip"e*cac (p"*kk), n. An abbreviation of Ipecacuanha, and in more frequent use.

 Ip'e*cac'u*an"ha (p'*kk'*n"), n. [Pg. ipecacuanha (cf. Sp.
 ipecacuana); fr. Braz. ipe-kaa-guena, prop., a creeping plant that causes vomiting.] (Med. & Bot.) The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also, the plant itself; also, a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra).

 Ip"o*cras (?), n. Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Ip'o*mœ"a (p'*m"), n. [NL. "Named, according to Linnæus, from Gr. 'i'ps, 'ipo's, a bindweed [which it is not], and "o'moios like."
 Gray.] (Bot.) A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine.

 Ip'o*mœ"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of convolvulin (obtained from jalap, the tubers of Ipomœa purga), and identical in most of its properties with sebacic acid.

 Ir- (?). A form of the prefix in-. See In-.

 I"ra*cund (?), a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.]
 Irascible; choleric. "Iracund people." Carlyle.
 I*ra"de (*rä"d), n. [Turk.] A decree of the Sultan.

 I'ran" ('rän"), n. [Mod. Persian Irn. Cf. Aryan.] The native name of Persia.

 I*ra"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Iran. -- n. A native of Iran; also, the Iranian or Persian language, a division of the Aryan family of languages.

 I*ran"ic (?), a. Iranian.

 I*ras'ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. irascibilité.] The quality or state of being irascible; irritability of temper; irascibleness.

 I*ras"ci*ble (?), a. [L. irascibilis, fr. irasci to be angry, ira anger: cf. F. irascible. See Ire.] Prone to anger; easily provoked or inflamed to anger; choleric; irritable; as, an irascible man; an irascible temper or mood. -- I*ras"ci*ble*ness, n. -- I*ras"ci*bly, adv.
 I*rate" (?), a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry.
 See Ire.] Angry; incensed; enraged. [Recent] The irate colonel... stood speechless.

Thackeray.
 Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate.

Dickens.
 Ire (?), n. [F., fr. L. ira.] Anger; wrath. [Poet.]

Syn. -- Anger; passion; rage; fury. See Anger.

 Ire"ful (?), a. Full of ire; angry; wroth. "The ireful bastard Orleans." Shak. -- Ire"ful*ly, adv.
 Ire"ful*ness, n. Wrathfulness. Wyclif.
 I"re*narch (?), n. [L. ire


HOW HE LIED TO HER HUSBAND By George Bernard Shaw PREFACE HOW HE LIED TO HER HUSBAND PREFACE Like many other works of mine, this playlet is a piece d'occasion. In 1905 it happened that Mr Arnold Daly, who was then playing the part of Napoleon in The Man of Destiny in New York, found that whilst the play was too long to take a secondary place in the evening's performance, it was too short to suffice by itself. I therefore took advantage of four days continuous rain during a holiday in the north of Scotland to write How He Lied To Her Husband for Mr Daly. In his hands, it served its turn very effectively.

 I print it here as a sample of what can be done with even the most hackneyed stage framework by filling it in with an observed touch of actual humanity instead of with doctrinaire romanticism. Nothing in the theatre is staler than the situation of husband, wife and lover, or the fun of knockabout farce. I have taken both, and got an original play out of them, as anybody else can if only he will look about him for his material instead of plagiarizing Othello and the thousand plays that have proceeded on Othello's romantic assumptions and false point of honor.

 A further experiment made by Mr Arnold Daly with this play is worth recording. In 1905 Mr Daly produced Mrs Warren's Profession in New York.
 The press of that city instantly raised a cry that such persons as Mrs Warren are "ordure," and should not be mentioned in the presence of decent people. This hideous repudiation of humanity and social conscience so took possession of the New York journalists that the few among them who kept their feet morally and intellectually could do nothing to check the epidemic of foul language, gross suggestion, and raving obscenity of word and thought that broke out. The writers abandoned all self-restraint under the impression that they were upholding virtue instead of outraging it.
 They infected each other with their hysteria until they were for all practical purposes indecently mad. They finally forced the police to arrest Mr Daly and his company, and led the magistrate to express his loathing of the duty thus forced upon him of reading an unmentionable and abominable play. Of course the convulsion soon exhausted itself. The magistrate, naturally somewhat impatient when he found that what he had to read was a strenuously ethical play forming part of a book which had been in circulation unchallenged for eight years, and had been received without protest by the whole London and New York press, gave the journalists a piece of his mind as to their moral taste in plays. By consent, he passed the case on to a higher court, which declared that the play was not immoral; acquitted Mr Daly; and made an end of the attempt to use the law to declare living women to be "ordure," and thus enforce silence as to the far-reaching fact that you cannot cheapen women in the market for industrial purposes without cheapening them for other purposes as well. I hope Mrs Warren's Profession will be played everywhere, in season and out of season, until Mrs Warren has bitten that fact into the public conscience, and shamed the newspapers which support a tariff to keep up the price of every American commodity except American manhood and womanhood.

 Unfortunately, Mr Daly had already suffered the usual fate of those who direct public attention to the profits of the sweater or the pleasures of the voluptuary. He was morally lynched side by side with me. Months elapsed before the decision of the courts vindicated him; and even then, since his vindication implied the condemnation of the press, which was by that time sober again, and ashamed of its orgy, his triumph received a rather sulky and grudging publicity. In the meantime he had hardly been able to approach an American city, including even those cities which had heaped applause on him as the defender of hearth and home when he produced Candida, without having to face articles discussing whether mothers could allow their daughters to attend such plays as You Never Can Tell, written by the infamous author of Mrs Warren's Profession, and acted by the monster who produced it. What made this harder to bear was that though no fact is better established in theatrical business than the financial disastrousness of moral discredit, the journalists who had done all the mischief kept paying vice the homage of assuming that it is enormously popular and lucrative, and that I and Mr Daly, being exploiters of vice, must therefore be making colossal fortunes out of the abuse heaped on us, and had in fact provoked it and welcomed it with that express object.
 Ignorance of real life could hardly go further.

 One consequence was that Mr Daly could not have kept his financial engagements or maintained his hold on the public had he not accepted engagements to appear for a season in the vaudeville theatres [the American equivalent of our music halls], where he played How He Lied to Her Husband comparatively unhampered by the press censorship of the theatre, or by that sophistication of the audience through press suggestion from which I suffer more, perhaps, than any other author.
 Vaudeville authors are fortunately unknown: the audiences see what the play contains and what the actor can do, not what the papers have told them to expect. Success under such circumstances had a value both for Mr Daly and myself which did something to console us for the very unsavory mobbing which the New York press organized for us, and which was not the less disgusting because we suffered in a good cause and in the very best company.

 Mr Daly, having weathered the storm, can perhaps shake his soul free of it as he heads for fresh successes with younger authors. But I have certain sensitive places in my soul: I do not like that word "ordure." Apply it to my work, and I can afford to smile, since the world, on the whole, will smile with me. But to apply it to the woman in the street, whose spirit is of one substance with our own and her body no less holy: to look your women folk in the face afterwards and not go out and hang yourself: that is not on the list of pardonable sins.

 POSTSCRIPT. Since the above was written news has arrived from America that a leading New York newspaper, which was among the most abusively clamorous for the suppression of Mrs Warren's Profession, has just been fined heavily for deriving part of its revenue from advertisements of Mrs Warren's houses.

 Many people have been puzzled by the fact that whilst stage entertainments which are frankly meant to act on the spectators as aphrodisiacs, are everywhere tolerated, plays which have an almost horrifyingly contrary effect are fiercely attacked by persons and papers notoriously indifferent to public morals on all other occasions. The explanation is very simple.
 The profits of Mrs Warren's profession are shared not only by Mrs Warren and Sir George Crofts, but by the landlords of their houses, the newspapers which advertize them, the restaurants which cater for them, and, in short, all the trades to which they are good customers, not to mention the public officials and representatives whom they silence by complicity, corruption, or blackmail. Add to these the employers who profit by cheap female labor, and the shareholders whose dividends depend on it [you find such people everywhere, even on the judicial bench and in the highest places in Church and State], and you get a large and powerful class with a strong pecuniary incentive to protect Mrs Warren's profession, and a correspondingly strong incentive to conceal, from their own consciences no less than from the world, the real sources of their gain. These are the people who declare that it is feminine vice and not poverty that drives women to the streets, as if vicious women with independent incomes ever went there. These are the people who, indulgent or indifferent to aphrodisiac plays, raise the moral hue and cry against performances of Mrs Warren's Profession, and drag actresses to the police court to be insulted, bullied, and threatened for fulfilling their engagements. For please observe that the judicial decision in New York State in favor of the play does not end the matter. In Kansas City, for instance, the municipality, finding itself restrained by the courts from preventing the performance, fell back on a local bye-law against indecency to evade the Constitution of the United States. They summoned the actress who impersonated Mrs Warren to the police court, and offered her and her


on the earth about 7 inches below the surface. With each subsequent plowing the plow sole rides at the same 7-inch depth and an even more compacted layer develops. Once formed plowpan prevents the crop from rooting into the subsoil. Since winter rains leach nutrients from the topsoil and deposit them in the subsoil, plowpan prevents access to these nutrients and effectively impoverishes the field. So wise farmers periodically use a subsoil plow to fracture the pan.
Plowpan can seem as firm as a rammed-earth house; once established, it can last a long, long time. My own garden land is part of what was once an old wheat farm, one of the first homesteads of the Oregon Territory. From about 1860 through the 1930s, the field produced small grains. After wheat became unprofitable, probably because of changing market conditions and soil exhaustion, the field became an unplowed pasture. Then in the 1970s it grew daffodil bulbs, occasioning more plowing. All through the '80s my soil again rested under grass. In 1987, when I began using the land, there was still a 2-inch-thick, very hard layer starting about 7 inches down.
Below 9 inches the open earth is soft as butter as far as I've ever dug.
On a garden-sized plot, plowpan or compacted subsoil is easily opened with a spading fork or a very sharp common shovel. After normal rotary tilling, either tool can fairly easily be wiggled 12 inches into the earth and small bites of plowpan loosened. Once this laborious chore is accomplished the first time, deep tillage will be far easier. In fact, it becomes so easy that I've been looking for a custom-made fork with longer tines.
Curing Clayey Soils In humid climates like ours, sandy soils may seem very open and friable on the surface but frequently hold some unpleasant subsoil surprises. Over geologic time spans, mineral grains are slowly destroyed by weak soil acids and clay is formed from the breakdown products. Then heavy winter rainfall transports these minuscule clay particles deeper into the earth, where they concentrate. It is not unusual to find a sandy topsoil underlaid with a dense, cement-like, clayey sand subsoil extending down several feet. If very impervious, a thick, dense deposition like this may be called hardpan.
The spading fork cannot cure this condition as simply as it can eliminate thin plowpan. Here is one situation where, if I had a neighbor with a large tractor and subsoil plow, I'd hire him to fracture my land 3 or 4 feet deep. Painstakingly double or even triple digging will also loosen this layer. Another possible strategy for a smaller garden would be to rent a gasoline-powered posthole auger, spread manure or compost an inch or two thick, and then bore numerous, almost adjoining holes 4 feet deep all over the garden.
Clayey subsoil can supply surprisingly larger amounts of moisture than the granular sandy surface might imply, but only if the earth is opened deeply and becomes more accessible to root growth.
Fortunately, once root development increases at greater depths, the organic matter content and accessibility of this clayey layer can be maintained through intelligent green manuring, postponing for years the need to subsoil again. Green manuring is discussed in detail shortly.
Other sites may have gooey, very fine clay topsoils, almost inevitably with gooey, very fine clay subsoils as well. Though incorporation of extraordinarily large quantities of organic matter can turn the top few inches into something that behaves a little like loam, it is quite impractical to work in humus to a depth of 4 or 5 feet. Root development will still be limited to the surface layer. Very fine clays don't make likely dry gardens.
Not all clay soils are "fine clay soils," totally compacted and airless. For example, on the gentler slopes of the geologic old Cascades, those 50-million-year-old black basalts that form the Cascades foothills and appear in other places throughout the maritime Northwest, a deep, friable, red clay soil called (in Oregon) Jori often forms. Jori clays can be 6 to 8 feet deep and are sufficiently porous and well drained to have been used for highly productive orchard crops. Water-wise gardeners can do wonders with Joris and other similar soils, though clays never grow the best root crops.
Spotting a Likely Site Observing the condition of wild plants can reveal a good site to garden without much irrigation. Where Himalaya or Evergreen blackberries grow 2 feet tall and produce small, dull-tasting fruit, there is not much available soil moisture. Where they grow 6 feet tall and the berries are sweet and good sized, there is deep, open soil. When the berry vines are 8 or more feet tall and the fruits are especially huge, usually there is both deep, loose soil and a higher than usual amount of fertility.
Other native vegetation can also reveal a lot about soil moisture reserves. For years I wondered at the short leaders and sad appearance of Douglas fir in the vicinity of Yelm, Washington. Were they due to extreme soil infertility? Then I learned that conifer trees respond more to summertime soil moisture than to fertility. I obtained a soil survey of Thurston County and discovered that much of that area was very sandy with gravelly subsoil. Eureka!
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS), a U.S. Government agency, has probably put a soil auger into your very land or a plot close by.
Its tests have been correlated and mapped; the soils underlying the maritime Northwest have been named and categorized by texture, depth, and ability to provide available moisture. The maps are precise and detailed enough to approximately locate a city or suburban lot. In 1987, when I was in the market for a new homestead, I first went to my county SCS office, mapped out locations where the soil was suitable, and then went hunting. Most counties have their own office.
Using Humus to Increase Soil Moisture Maintaining topsoil humus content in the 4 to 5 percent range is vital to plant health, vital to growing more nutritious food, and essential to bringing the soil into that state of easy workability and cooperation known as good tilth. Humus is a spongy substance capable of holding several times more available moisture than clay.
There are also new synthetic, long-lasting soil amendments that hold and release even more moisture than humus. Garden books frequently recommend tilling in extraordinarily large amounts of organic matter to increase a soil's water-holding capacity in the top few inches.
Humus can improve many aspects of soil but will not reduce a garden's overall need for irrigation, because it is simply not practical to maintain sufficient humus deeply enough. Rotary tilling only blends amendments into the top 6 or 7 inches of soil. Rigorous double digging by actually trenching out 12 inches and then spading up the next foot theoretically allows one to mix in significant amounts of organic matter to nearly 24 inches. But plants can use water from far deeper than that. Let's realistically consider how much soil moisture reserves might be increased by double digging and incorporating large quantities of organic matter.
A healthy topsoil organic matter level in our climate is about 4 percent. This rapidly declines to less than 0.5 percent in the subsoil. Suppose inches-thick layers of compost were spread and, by double digging, the organic matter content of a very sandy soil were amended to 10 percent down to 2 feet. If that soil contained little clay, its water-holding ability in the top 2 feet could be doubled.
Referring to the chart "Available Moisture" in Chapter 2, we see that sandy soil can release up to 1 inch of water per foot. By dint of massive amendment we might add 1 inch of available moisture per foot of soil to the reserve. That's 2 extra inches of water, enough to increase the time an ordinary garden can last between heavy irrigations by a week or 10 days.
If the soil in question were a silty clay, it would naturally make 2 1/2 inches available per foot. A massive humus amendment would increase that to 3 1/2 inches in the top foot or two,


; window.] (Arch.) Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like.

 ||Fe*nes"tra (?), n.; pl. Fenestræ (#). [L., a window.] (Anat.) A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear.

 Fe*nes"tral (?), a. [L. fenestra a window.] 1. (Arch.)
 Pertaining to a window or to windows.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a fenestra.

 Fe*nes"tral, n. (Arch.) A casement or window sash, closed with cloth or paper instead of glass. Weale.
 Fe*nes"trate (?), a. [L. fenestratus, p. p. of fenestrare to furnish with openings and windows.] 1. Having numerous openings; irregularly reticulated; as, fenestrate membranes; fenestrate fronds.

2. (Zoöl.) Having transparent spots, as the wings of certain butterflies.

 Fe*nes"tra*ted (?), a. 1. (Arch.) Having windows; characterized by windows.

2. Same as Fenestrate.

 Fen'es*tra"tion (?), n. 1. (Arch.) The arrangement and proportioning of windows; -- used by modern writers for the decorating of an architectural composition by means of the window (and door) openings, their ornaments, and proportions.

2. (Anat.) The state or condition of being fenestrated.

 Fe*nes"trule (?), n. [L. fenestrula a little window, dim. of fenestra a window.] (Zoöl.) One of the openings in a fenestrated structure.

 Fen"gite (?), n. (Min.) A kind of marble or alabaster, sometimes used for windows on account of its transparency.

 Fe"ni*an (?), n. [From the Finians or Fenii, the old militia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional history.] A member of a secret organization, consisting mainly of Irishmen, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule in Ireland.

 Fe"ni*an (?), a. Pertaining to Fenians or to Fenianism.

 Fe"ni*an*ism (?), n. The principles, purposes, and methods of the Fenians.

 Fenks (fks), n. The refuse whale blubber, used as a manure, and in the manufacture of Prussian blue. Ure.
 Fen"nec (fn"nk), n. [Ar. fanek.] (Zoöl.) A small, African, foxlike animal (Vulpes zerda) of a pale fawn color, remarkable for the large size of its ears.

 Fen"nel (fn"nl), n. [AS. fenol, finol, from L. feniculum, faeniculum, dim. of fenum, faenum, hay: cf. F. fenouil.
 Cf. Fenugreek. Finochio.] (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Fæniculum (F. vulgare), having very finely divided leaves. It is cultivated in gardens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds.

 Smell of sweetest fennel.

Milton.
 A sprig of fennel was in fact the theological smelling bottle of the tender sex.

S. G. Goodrich.
Azorean, or Sweet, fennel, (Fæniculum dulce).
 It is a smaller and stouter plant than the common fennel, and is used as a pot herb. -- Dog's fennel (Anthemis Cotula), a foulsmelling European weed; -- called also mayweed. -- Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Nigella) of the Buttercup family, having leaves finely divided, like those of the fennel. N. Damascena is common in gardens. N. sativa furnishes the fennel seed, used as a condiment, etc., in India. These seeds are the "fitches" mentioned in Isaiah (xxviii. 25). -- Fennel water (Med.), the distilled water of fennel seed. It is stimulant and carminative. -- Giant fennel (Ferula communis), has stems full of pith, which, it is said, were used to carry fire, first, by Prometheus. -- Hog's fennel, a European plant (Peucedanum officinale) looking something like fennel.

 Fen"nish (?), a. Abounding in fens; fenny.

 Fen"ny (?), a. [AS. fennig.] Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen; abounding in fens; swampy; boggy. "Fenny snake." Shak.
 Fen"owed (?), a. [AS. fynig musty, fynegean to become musty or filthy: cf. fennig fenny, muddy, dirty, fr. fen fen. Cf. Finew.] Corrupted; decayed; moldy. See Vinnewed. [Obs.] Dr.
 Favour.
 Fen"si-ble (?), a. Fencible. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Fen"-sucked' (?), a. Sucked out of marches. "Fen-sucked fogs." Shak.
 Fen"u*greek (? or?), n. [L. faenum Graecum, lit., Greek hay: cf. F. fenugrec. Cf. Fennel.] (Bot.) A plant (trigonella Fœnum Græcum) cultivated for its strong-smelling seeds, which are "now only used for giving false importance to horse medicine and damaged hay." J. Smith (Pop. Names of Plants, 1881).
 Feod (?), n. A feud. See 2d Feud. Blackstone.
 Feod"al (?), a. Feudal. See Feudal.

 Feo*dal"i*ty (?), n. Feudal tenure; the feudal system. See Feudality. Burke.
 Feod"a*ry (?), n. 1. An accomplice.

 Art thou a feodary for this act?

Shak.
2. (Eng. Law) An ancient officer of the court of wards. Burrill.
 Feod"a*to*ry (?), n. See Feudatory.

 Feoff (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feoffed (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Feoffing.] [OE. feffen, OF. feffer, fieffer, F. fieffer, fr. fief fief; cf. LL. feoffare, fefare.
 See Fief.] (Law) To invest with a fee or feud; to give or grant a corporeal hereditament to; to enfeoff.

 Feoff, n. (Law) A fief. See Fief.

 Feof*fee" (?; 277), n. [OF. feoffé.] (Law) The person to whom a feoffment is made; the person enfeoffed.

 Feoff"ment (?), n. [OF. feoffement, fieffement; cf.
 LL. feoffamentum.] (Law) (a) The grant of a feud or fee. (b) (Eng. Law) A gift or conveyance in fee of land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by actual delivery of possession. Burrill.
(c) The instrument or deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. [Obs. in the U.S., Rare in Eng.]

 { Feo"for (?), Feof"fer (?) }, n. [OF. feoour.] (Law) One who enfeoffs or grants a fee.

 Fer (?), a. & adv. Far. [Obs.] Chaucer.


. " The favor of a protective Providence." Feltham.
Protective coloring (Zoöl.), coloring which serves for the concealment and preservation of a living organism. Cf. Mimicry. Wallace.
 -- Protective tariff (Polit. Econ.), a tariff designed to secure protection (see Protection, 4.), as distinguished from a tariff designed to raise revenue. See Tariff, and Protection, 4.

 Pro*tect"ive*ness, n. The quality or state of being protective. W. Pater.
 Pro*tect"or (?), n. [L.: cf. F. protecteur.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or shields from injury, evil, oppression, etc.; a defender; a guardian; a patron.

 For the world's protector shall be known.

Waller.
2. (Eng. Hist.) One having the care of the kingdom during the king's minority; a regent.

 Is it concluded he shall be protector!

Shak.
3. (R. C. Ch.) A cardinal, from one of the more considerable Roman Catholic nations, who looks after the interests of his people at Rome; also, a cardinal who has the same relation to a college, religious order, etc.

Lord Protector (Eng. Hist.), the title of Oliver Cromwell as supreme governor of the British Commonwealth (_PHONE_).

 Pro*tect"or*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a protector; protectorial; as, protectoral power.

 Pro*tect"or*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. protectorat.] 1.
 Government by a protector; -- applied especially to the government of England by Oliver Cromwell.

2. The authority assumed by a superior power over an inferior or a dependent one, whereby the former protects the latter from invasion and shares in the management of its affairs.

 Pro'tec*to"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. L. protectorius.] Same as Protectoral.

 Pro*tect"or*less (?), a. Having no protector; unprotected.

 Pro*tect"or*ship, n. The office of a protector or regent; protectorate.

 { Pro*tect"ress (?), Pro*tect"rix (?), } n. [NL. protectrix.]
 A woman who protects.

 { ||Pro'té'gé" (?), n. m. ||Pro'té'gée" (?), n. f.} [F., p. p. of protéger. See Protect.] One under the care and protection of another.

 Pro"te*id (?), n. [Gr. prw^tos first.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a class of amorphous nitrogenous principles, containing, as a rule, a small amount of sulphur; an albuminoid, as blood fibrin, casein of milk, etc. Proteids are present in nearly all animal fluids and make up the greater part of animal tissues and organs. They are also important constituents of vegetable tissues. See 2d Note under Food. -- Pro"te*id, a.
 ||Pro'te*id"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Proteus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 An order of aquatic amphibians having prominent external gills and four legs. It includes Proteus and Menobranchus (Necturus). Called also Proteoidea, and Proteida.

 Pro*te"i*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Changeable in form; resembling a Proteus, or an amœba.

 Pro"te*in (?), n. [Gr. prw^tos first: cf. prwtei^on the first place.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body now known as alkali albumin, but originally considered to be the basis of all albuminous substances, whence its name.

Protein crystal. (Bot.) See Crystalloid, n., 2.

 Pro'te*i*na"*ceous (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Of or related to protein; albuminous; proteid.

 Pro*te"i*nous (?), a. Proteinaceuos.

 Pro"te*les (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A South Africa genus of Carnivora, allied to the hyenas, but smaller and having weaker jaws and teeth. It includes the aard-wolf.

 Pro*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Protending.] [L. protendere, protensum; pro before, forth + tendere to stretch.] To hold out; to stretch forth.
 [Obs.]

 With his protended lance he makes defence.

Dryden.
 Pro*tense" (?), n. [See Protend.] Extension.[Obs.] " By due degrees and long protense." Spenser.
 Pro*ten"sion (?), n. [L. protensio.] A drawing out; extension. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.
 Pro*ten"sive (?), a. Drawn out; extended. [R.]

 Time is a protensive quantity.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 ||Pro'te*ol"y*sis (?), n. [NL. See Proteolytic.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) The digestion or dissolving of proteid matter by proteolytic ferments.

 Pro'te*o*lyt"ic (?), a. [Proteid + Gr. &?; to loose.] (Physiol.)
 Converting proteid or albuminous matter into soluble and diffusible products, as peptones. " The proteolytic ferment of the pancreas."
 Foster.
 Pro'ter*an"drous (?), a. [Gr. &?; earlier (fr. &?; before) + &?;, &?;, man, male.] (Bot.) Having the stamens come to maturity before the pistil; -- opposed to proterogynous.

 Pro'ter*an"dry (?), n. (Bot.) The condition of being proterandrous.

 Pro'ter*an"thous (?), a. [Gr. &?; earlier (fr. &?; before) + &?; flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers appearing before the leaves; -- said of certain plants. Gray.
 Pro'te*rog"ly*pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before + &?; to carve.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of serpents including those that have permanently erect grooved poison fangs, with ordinary teeth behind them in the jaws. It includes the cobras, the asps, and the sea snakes.
 Called also Proteroglyphia.

 Pro'ter*og"y*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; earlier (fr. &?; before) + &?; woman, female.] (Bot.) Having the pistil come to maturity before the stamens; protogynous; -- opposed to proterandrous.

 ||Pro'te*ro*sau"rus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; earlier (fr.
 &?; before) + &?; a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of reptiles of the Permian period. Called also Protosaurus.

 Pro*ter"vi*ty (?), n. [L. protervitas, from protervus violent.] Peevishness; petulance. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Pro*test" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Protested; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Protesting.] [F. protester, L. protestari, pro before + testari to be a witness, testis a witness. See Testify.] 1. To affirm in a public or formal manner; to bear witness; to declare solemnly; to avow.

 He protest that his measures are pacific.

Landor.
 The lady doth protest too much, methinks.

Sh


& vb. n. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece, or natural covering of wool.

2. To strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or fraud; to bring to straits by oppressions and exactions.

 Whilst pope and prince shared the wool betwixt them, the people were finely fleeced.

Fuller.
3. To spread over as with wool. [R.] Thomson.
 Fleeced (?), a. 1. Furnished with a fleece; as, a sheep is well fleeced. Spenser.
2. Stripped of a fleece; plundered; robbed.

 Fleece"less (?), a. Without a fleece.

 Flee"cer (?), n. One who fleeces or strips unjustly, especially by trickery or fraund. Prynne.
 Flee"cy (?), a. Covered with, made of, or resembling, a fleece. "Fleecy flocks." Prior.
 Fleen (?), n. pl. Obs. pl. of Flea. Chaucer.
 Fle"er (?), n. One who flees. Ld. Berners.
 Fleer (?), [imp. & p. p. Fleered (&?;); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Fleering.] [OE. flerien; cf. Scot. fleyr, Norw. flira to titter, giggle, laugh at nothing, MHG. vlerre, vlarre, a wide wound.] 1. To make a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; to deride; to sneer; to mock; to gibe; as, to fleer and flout.

 To fleer and scorn at our solemnity.

Shak.
2. To grin with an air of civility; to leer. [Obs.]

 Grinning and fleering as though they went to a bear baiting.

Latimer.
 Fleer, v. t. To mock; to flout at. Beau. & Fl.
 Fleer, n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery.

 And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorn.

Shak.
2. A grin of civility; a leer. [Obs.]

 A sly, treacherous fleer on the face of deceivers.

South.
 Fleer"er (?), n. One who fleers. Beau. & Fl.
 Fleer"ing*ly, adv. In a fleering manner.

 Fleet (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeting.] [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. fleótan to swim, float; akin to D. vlieten to flow, OS. fliotan, OHG. fliozzan, G. fliessen, Icel. fljta to float, flow, Sw. flyta, D. flyde, L. pluere to rain, Gr.
 &?; to sail, swim, float, Skr. plu to swim, sail. √84.
 Cf. Fleet, n. & a., Float, Pluvial, Flow.] 1. To sail; to float. [Obs.]

 And in frail wood on Adrian Gulf doth fleet.

Spenser.
2. To fly swiftly; to pass over quickly; to hasten; to flit as a light substance.

 All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand,... Dissolved on earth, fleet hither.

Milton.
3. (Naut.) To slip on the whelps or the barrel of a capstan or windlass; -- said of a cable or hawser.

 Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly; to skin the surface of; as, a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser.
2. To hasten over; to cause to pass away lighty, or in mirth and joy.

 Many young gentlemen flock to him, and fleet the time carelessly.

Shak.
3. (Naut.) (a) To draw apart the blocks of; -- said of a tackle. Totten.
(b) To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain.

 Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeter (?); superl. Fleetest.]
 [Cf. Icel. flj&?;tr quick. See Fleet, v. i.] 1.
 Swift in motion; moving with velocity; light and quick in going from place to place; nimble.

 In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong.

Milton.
2. Light; superficially thin; not penetrating deep, as soil. [Prov.
 Eng.] Mortimer.
 Fleet, n. [OE. flete, fleote, AS. fleót ship, fr. fleótan to float, swim. See Fleet, v. i. and cf. Float.] A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also, the collective naval force of a country, etc.

Fleet captain, the senior aid of the admiral of a fleet, when a captain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 Fleet, n. [AS. fleót a place where vessels float, bay, river; akin to D. vliet rill, brook, G. fliess. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. A flood; a creek or inlet; a bay or estuary; a river; -- obsolete, except as a place name, -- as Fleet Street in London.

 Together wove we nets to entrap the fish In floods and sedgy fleets.

Matthewes.
2. A former prison in London, which originally stood near a stream, the Fleet (now filled up).

Fleet parson, a clergyman of low character, in, or in the vicinity of, the Fleet prison, who was ready to unite persons in marriage (called Fleet marriage) at any hour, without public notice, witnesses, or consent of parents.

 Fleet (?), v. t. [AS. flt cream, fr. fleótan to float. See Fleet, v. i.] To take the cream from; to skim. [Prov.
 Eng.] Johnson.
 Fleet"en (?), n. Fleeted or skimmed milk. [Obs.]

Fleeten face, a face of the color of fleeten, i. e., blanched; hence, a coward. "You know where you are, you fleeten face."
 Beau. & Fl.
 Fleet"-foot' (?), a. Swift of foot. Shak.
 Fleet"ing, a. Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as, the fleeting hours or moments.

Syn. -- Evanescent; ephemeral. See Transient.

 Fleet"ing*ly, adv. In a fleeting manner; swiftly.

 Fleet"ings (?), n. pl. A mixture of buttermilk and boiling whey; curds. [prov. Eng.] Wright.
 Fleet"ly, adv. In a fleet manner; rapidly.

 Fleet"ness, n. Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as, the fleetness of a horse or of time.

 Fleigh (?), obs. imp. of Fly. Chaucer.
 Fleme (?), v. t. [AS. flman, flman.] To banish; to drive out; to expel. [Obs.] "Appetite flemeth discretion." Chaucer.
 Flem"er (?), n. One who, or that which, banishes or expels. [Obs.]
 Chaucer.
 Flem"ing (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Flanders.

 Flem"ish (?), a. Pertaining to Flanders, or the Flemings. -- n. The language or dialect spoken by the Flemings; also, collectively, the people of Flanders.

Flemish accounts (Naut.), short or deficient accounts.
 [Humorous] Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Flemish beauty (Bot.), a well known pear. It is


; a man subscribes a bond.

 All the bishops subscribed the sentence.

Milman.
3. To attest by writing one's name beneath; as, officers subscribe their official acts, and secretaries and clerks subscribe copies or records.

4. To promise to give, by writing one's name with the amount; as, each man subscribed ten dollars.

5. To sign away; to yield; to surrender. [Obs.] Shak.
6. To declare over one's signature; to publish. [Obs.]

 Either or must shortly hear from him, or I will subscribe him a coward.

Shak.
 Sub*scribe", v. i. 1. To sign one's name to a letter or other document. Shak.
2. To give consent to something written, by signing one's name; hence, to assent; to agree.

 So spake, so wished, much humbled Eve; but Fate Subscribed not.

Milton.
3. To become surely; -- with for. [R.] Shak.
4. To yield; to admit one's self to be inferior or in the wrong.
 [Obs.]

 I will subscribe, and say I wronged the duke.

Shak.
5. To set one's name to a paper in token of promise to give a certain sum.

6. To enter one's name for a newspaper, a book, etc.

 Sub*scrib"er (?), n. 1. One who subscribes; one who contributes to an undertaking by subscribing.

2. One who enters his name for a paper, book, map, or the like. Dryden.
 Sub"script (?), a. [L. subscriptus, p. p. See Subscribe.]
 Written below or underneath; as, iota subscript. (See under Iota.)
 Specifically (Math.), said of marks, figures, or letters (suffixes), written below and usually to the right of other letters to distinguish them; as, a, n, 2, in the symbols Xa, An, Y2. See Suffix, n., 2, and Subindex.

 Sub"script, n. Anything written below. Bentley.
 Sub*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. subscriptio: cf. F. souscription.]
 1. The act of subscribing.

2. That which is subscribed. Specifically: (a) A paper to which a signature is attached. (b) The signature attached to a paper. (c) Consent or attestation by underwriting the name. (d) Sum subscribed; amount of sums subscribed; as, an individual subscription to a fund.

3. (Eccl.) The acceptance of articles, or other tests tending to promote uniformity; esp. (Ch. of Eng.), formal assent to the Thirty-nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer, required before ordination.

4. Submission; obedience. [Obs.]

 You owe me no subscription.

Shak.
5. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the direction to the apothecary.

 Sub*scrip"tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subscription, or signature. "The subscriptive part." Richardson. -- Sub*scrip"tive*ly, adv.
 Sub"se*cute (?), v. t. [L. subsecutus, p. p. of subsequi.
 See Subsequent.] To follow closely, or so as to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.]

 To follow and detain him, if by any possibility he could be subsecuted and overtaken.

E. Hall.
 Sub*sec"u*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. subsécutif.] Following in a train or succession. [R.]

 ||Sub*sel"li*um (?), n.; pl. Subsellia (#). [L.] (Eccl.
 Arch.) One of the stalls of the lower range where there are two ranges. See Illust. of Stall.

 Sub*sem"i*tone (?), n. (Mus.) The sensible or leading note, or sharp seventh, of any key; subtonic.

 Sub*sen"si*ble (?), a. Deeper than the reach of the senses. "That subsensible world." Tyndall.
 Sub*sep"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to seven. Bp.
 Wilkins.
 { Sub"se*quence (?), Sub"se*quen*cy (?), } n. The act or state of following; -- opposed to precedence.

 Sub"se*quent (?), a. [L. subsequens, -entis, p. pr.
 of subsequi to follow, succeed: cf. F. subséquent.
 See Sue to follow.] 1. Following in time; coming or being after something else at any time, indefinitely; as, subsequent events; subsequent ages or years; a period long subsequent to the foundation of Rome.

2. Following in order of place; succeeding; as, a subsequent clause in a treaty. "The subsequent words come on before the precedent vanish." Bacon.
 Sub"se*quent*ly, adv. At a later time; afterwards.

 Sub*se"rous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a serous membrane.

 Sub*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subserved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subserving.] [L. subservire; sub under + servire to serve. See Serve.] To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be subservient to; to help forward; to promote.

 It is a great credit to know the ways of captivating Nature, and making her subserve our purposes, than to have learned all the intrigues of policy.

Glanvill.
 Sub*serve", v. i. To be subservient or subordinate; to serve in an inferior capacity.

 Not made to rule, But to subserve where wisdom bears command.

Milton.
 { Sub*serv"i*ence (?), Sub*serv"i*en*cy (?) }, n. The quality or state of being subservient; instrumental fitness or use; hence, willingness to serve another's purposes; in a derogatory sense, servility.

 The body wherein appears much fitness, use, and subserviency to infinite functions.

Bentley.
 There is a regular subordination and subserviency among all the parts to beneficial ends.

Cheyne.
 Sub*serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. subserviens, -entis, p. pr. See Subserve.] Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capacity; serving to promote some end; subordinate; hence, servile, truckling.

 Scarce ever reading anything which he did not make subservient in one kind or other.

Bp. Fell.
 These ranks of creatures are subservient one to another.

Ray.
 Their temporal ambition was wholly subservient to their proselytizing spirit.

Burke.
 Sub*serv"i*ent*ly, adv. In a subservient manner.

 Sub*ses"qui- (?). [Pref. sub- + sesqui-.] (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting the combination of constituents (especially electro-negative and electropositive bodies) in the proportion of two to three; as, a subsesqui acetate, i. e., a salt having two equivalents of acetic acid to three of the base.

 Sub*sex"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to six; as, a subsextuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.
 Sub*side" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsided; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Subsiding.] [L. subsidere; sub under, below + sidere to sit down, to settle; akin to sedere to sit, E. sit. See Sit.] 1. To sink or fall to the bottom; to settle, as lees.

2. To tend downward; to become lower; to descend; to sink.
 "Heaven's subsiding hill." Dryden.
3. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; to be calmed; to settle