locichla ustulata swainsoni).
 Thrush, red, OR mavis, OR ferrugninous thrush, OR brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum).
 Thrush, varied (Ixoreus naevius).
 Thrush, Wilson's. SEE Veery.
 Thrush, wood (Hylocichla mustelina).
 Titlark. SEE Pipit, American.
 Titmouse, gray-crested, OR tufted titmouse (Baelophus bicolor).
 Turkey, domestic.
 Turkey, wild (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris).
 Veery, OR Wilson's thrush (Hylocichla fuscescens).
 Vireo, red-eyed (Vireo olivaceus).
 Vireo, solitary, OR blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius).
 Vireo, warbling (Vireo gilvus).
 Vireo, white-eyed, OR white-eyed flycatcher (Vireo noveboracensis).
 Vireo, yellow-throated, OR yellow-breasted flycatcher (Vireo flavifrons).
 Wagtail. SEE Water-thrush AND Thrush, golden-crowned.
 Warbler, Audubon's (Dendroica auduboni).
 Warbler, bay-breasted (Dendroica castanea).
 Warbler, black and white (Mniotilta varia).
 Warbler, black and yellow, OR magnolia warbler (Dendroica maculosa).
 Warbler, Blackburnian (Dendroica blackburniae).
 Warbler, black-poll (Dendroica striata).
 Warbler, black-throated blue, OR blue-backed warbler (Dendroica caerulescens).
 Warbler, black-throated green, OR green-backed warbler (Dendroica virens).
 Warbler, blue-winged (Helminthophila pinus).
 Warbler, blue yellow-backed, OR northern parula warbler (Compsothlypis americana usneae).
 Warbler, Canada (Wilsonia canadensis).
 Warbler, cerulean (Dendroica caerulea).
 Warbler, chestnut-sided (Dendroica pensylvanica).
 Warbler, hooded (Wilsonia mitrata).
 Warbler, Kentucky (Geothlypis formosa).
 Warbler, mourning (Geothlypis philadelphia).
 Warbler, Swainson's (Helinaia swainsonii).
 Warbler, worm-eating (Helmitheros vermivorus).
 Warbler, yellow (Dendroica aestiva).
 Warbler, yellow red-poll, OR yellow palm warbler (Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea).
 Warbler, yellow-rumped, OR myrtle warbler (Dendroica coronata).
 Water-thrush, Louisiana, OR large-billed water thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis).
 Water-thrush, northern (Seiurus noveboracensis).
 Woodpecker, downy (Dryobates pubescens medianus).
 Woodpecker, golden-winged, OR high-hole, OR flicker, OR yarup, OR yellow-hammer (Colaptes auratus luteus).
 Woodpecker, red-headed (Melanerpes erythrocephalus).
 Woodpecker, red-shafted, OR red-shafted flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris).
 Woodpecker, yellow-bellied, OR yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius).
 Wood-wagtail. SEE Thrush, golden-crowned.
 Wren, Carolina (Thryothorus ludovicianus).
 Wren, house (Troglodytes Aedon).
 Wren, ruby-crowned. SEE Kinglet, ruby crowned.
 Wren, winter (Olbiorchilus hiemalis).
 Yarup. SEE Woodpecker, golden-winged.
 Yellow-hammer. SEE Woodpecker, golden winged.
 Yellow-throat, Maryland, OR northern yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas brachydactyla).
[Transcribist's note: John Burroughs used some characters which are not standard to our writing in 2001.
He used a diaeresis in preeminent, and accented "e's in debris and denouement. These have been replaced with plain letters.
[Updater's note: "preeminent", "debris", and "denouement" have all been corrected to have their accented letters.
I substituted the letters "oe" for the ligature, used often in the word phoebe. Simularly the "e" in the golden eagle's scientific name is modernized.
He also used symbols available to a typesetter which are unavailable to us in ASCII (plain vanilla text) to illustrate bird calls and notes. I have replaced these with a description of what was there originally.
Finally, he used italics throughout the book that I was unable to retain, because of the ASCII format. The two uses of the italics were to denote scientific names and to emphasize. I have done nothing to note where the italics were used, as I don't think it really has a great affect on reading this book.]


of the Heemraad.

 Land League. In Ireland, a combination of tenant farmers and other, organized, with Charles Stewart Parnell as president, in 1879 with a view to the reduction of farm rents and a reconstruction of the land laws. -- Land"*lea'guer (#), n. -- Land"*lea'guism (#), n. The Land League, of which Machael Davitt was the founder, originated in Mayo in August, and at a Dublin in October the organization was extended to all Ireland, with Parnell as president.

Encyc. Brit.
 Land of Steady Habits. Connecticut; -- a nickname alluding to the moral character of its inhabitants, implied by the rigid laws (see Blue laws) of the early period.

 ||Lands"thing' (?), n. [Dan. landsthing, landsting, fr. land land + thing, ting, parliament. See Land; Thing.] (Denmark.) See Legislature, below.

 ||Land"storm' (?), n. [Sw.] See Varnpligtige.

 ||Land"sturm' (?), n. [G. See Land; Storm.] In Germany and other European nations, and Japan: (a) A general levy in time of war. (b) The forces called out on such levy, composed of all men liable to service who are not in the army, navy, or Landwehr; the last line of defense, supposed to be called out only in case of invasion or other grave emergency. See Army organization, above.

 ||Land"tag' (?), n. [G. See Land; Day.] (Prussia.) See Legislasture, below.

 Lar"ri*kin (?), n. [Cf. E. dial. larrikin a mischievous or frolicsome youth, larrick lively, careless, larack to trolic, to romp.] A rowdy street loafer; a rowdyish or noisy ill-bred fellow; -- variously applied, as to a street blackguard, a street Arab, a youth given to horse-play, etc. [Australia & Eng.] -- a. Rowdy; rough; disorderly. [Australia & Eng.]

 Mobs of unruly larrikins.

Sydney Daily Telegraph.
Larrikin is often popularly explained by the following anecdote (which is without foundation): An Irish policeman at Melbourne, on bringing a notorious rough into court, was asked by the magistrate what the prisoner had been doing, and replied, "He was a-larrikin' [i. e., a-larking] about the streets."

 Lar"vate (?), a. [L. larva mask.] Masked; hence, concealed; obscure; -- applied in medicine to doubtful cases of some diseases; as, larvate pneumonis; larvate epilepsy.

 Lar'yn*gec"to*my (?), n. [Larynx + Gr. &?; to cut out.]
 (Surg.) Excision of the larynx.

 La*ryn"go*graph (?), n. [larynx + -graph.] An instrument for recording the larynx movements in speech.

 { La"ta, La"tah } (?), n. [Malay.] A convulsive tic or hysteric neurosis prevalent among Malays, similar to or identical with miryachit and jumping disease, the person affected performing various involuntary actions and making rapid inarticulate ejaculations in imitation of the actions and words of another person.

 ||La"ti*go (?), n. [Sp. látigo.] A strap for tightening a saddle girth. [Western U. S. & Sp. Amer.]

 La"ti*go hal"ter (?). A kind of halter usually made of raw hide.

 Lat"ter*day', a. Belonging to present times or those recent by comparison.

 ||Laut"ver*schie'bung (?), n.; pl. -schiebungen (&?;).
 [G.; laut sound + verschiebung shifting.] (Philol.)
(a) The regular changes which the primitive Indo-European stops, or mute consonants, underwent in the Teutonic languages, probably as early as the 3d century b. c., often called the first Lautverschiebung, sound shifting, or consonant shifting. (b) A somewhat similar set of changes taking place in the High German dialects (less fully in modern literary German) from the 6th to the 8th century, known as the second Lautverschiebung, the result of which form the striking differences between High German and The Low German Languages. The statement of these changes is commonly regarded as forming part of Grimm's law, because included in it as originally framed.

 { La val'liere", or La'val'liere" } (?), n. A neck ornament consisting of a chain and single pendant, or drop.

 Lay*ette" (?), n. [F.] (Med.) The outfit of clothing, blankets, etc., prepared for a newborn infant, and placed ready for used.

 Lay" read"er. (Eccl.) A layman authorized to read parts of the public service of the church.

 { Lay shaft, or Lay"shaft' } (?), n. (Mach.) A secondary shaft, as in a sliding change gear for an automobile; a cam shaft operated by a twoto-one gear in an internal-combustion engine. It is generally a shaft moving more or less independently of the other parts of a machine, as, in some marine engines, a shaft, driven by a small auxiliary engine, for independently operating the valves of the main engine to insure uniform motion.

 { ||Laz'a*ret" (?), Laz'a*ret"to (?) } n. (Naut.)
 (Pronounced by seamen &?;) A low space under the after part of the main deck, used as a storeroom.

 Lazaret fever. (Med.) Typhus fever.

 Lead (?), n. 1. (Music.) (a) The announcement by one voice part of a theme to be repeated by the other parts. (b) A mark or a short passage in one voice part, as of a canon, serving as a cue for the entrance of others.

2. In an internal-combustion engine, the distance, measured in actual length of piston stroke or the corresponding angular displacement of the crank, of the piston from the end of the compression stroke when ignition takes place; -- called in full lead of the ignition. When ignition takes place during the working stroke the corresponding distance from the commencement of the stroke is called negative lead.

3. (Mach.) The excess above a right angle in the angle between two consecutive cranks, as of a compound engine, on the same shaft.

4. (Mach.) In spiral screw threads, worm wheels, or the like, the amount of advance of any point in the spiral for a complete turn.

5. (Elec.) (a) A conductor conveying electricity, as from a dynamo. (b) The angle between the line joining the brushes of a continuous-current dynamo and the diameter symmetrical between the poles. (c) The advance of the current phase in an alternating circuit beyond that of the electromotive force producing it.

6. (Theat.) A rôle for a leading man or leading woman; also, one who plays such a rôle.

 Lead"ing edge (?). (Aëronautics) same as Advancing edge, above.

 Leak (?), n. (Elec.) A loss of electricity through imperfect insulation; also, the point at which such loss occurs.

 Leak"age (?), n. (Elec.) A leak; also; the quantity of electricity thus wasted.

 { Lee"an'gle, Li"an'gle } (?), n. [From native name.] A heavy weapon of the Australian aborigines with a sharp-pointed


are often variables (as in usages usages like "the value of f(foo,bar) is the sum of foo and bar"). However, it has been plausibly suggested that the real reason for the term "metasyntactic variable" is that it sounds good.
To some extent, the list of one's preferred metasyntactic variables is a cultural signature. They occur both in series (used for related groups of variables or objects) and as singletons. Here are a few common signatures: foo, bar, baz, quux, quuux, quuuux...: MIT/Stanford usage, now found everywhere (thanks largely to early versions of this lexicon!). At MIT (but not at Stanford), baz dropped out of use for a while in the 1970s and '80s. A common recent mutation of this sequence inserts qux before quux.
bazola, ztesch: Stanford (from mid-'70s on).
foo, bar, thud, grunt: This series was popular at CMU. Other CMU-associated variables include gorp.
foo, bar, fum: This series is reported to be common at XEROX PARC.
fred, jim, sheila, barney: See the entry for fred. These tend to be Britishisms.
corge, grault, flarp: Popular at Rutgers University and among GOSMACS hackers.
zxc, spqr, wombat: Cambridge University (England).
shme Berkeley, GeoWorks, Ingres. Pronounced /shme/ with a short /e/.
foo, bar, baz, bongo Yale, late 1970s.
spam Python programmers.
snork Brown University, early 1970s.
foo, bar, zot Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.
blarg, wibble New Zealand.
toto, titi, tata, tutu France.
pippo, pluto, paperino Italy. Pippo /pee'po/ and Paperino /pa-per-ee'-no/ are the Italian names for Goofy and Donald Duck.
aap, noot, mies The Netherlands. These are the first words a child used to learn to spell on a Dutch spelling board.
oogle, foogle, boogle; zork, gork, bork These two series (which may be continued with other initial consonents) are reportedly common in England, and said to go back to Lewis Carroll.
Of all these, only 'foo' and 'bar' are universal (and baz nearly so). The compounds foobar and 'foobaz' also enjoy very wide currency.
Some jargon terms are also used as metasyntactic names; barf and mumble, for example. See also Commonwealth Hackish for discussion of numerous metasyntactic variables found in Great Britain and the Commonwealth.
Node:MFTL, Next:mickey, Previous:metasyntactic variable, Up:= M = MFTL /M-F-T-L/ [abbreviation: 'My Favorite Toy Language'] 1. adj. Describes a talk on a programming language design that is heavy on the syntax (with lots of BNF), sometimes even talks about semantics (e.g., type systems), but rarely, if ever, has any content (see content-free). More broadly applied to talks -- even when the topic is not a programming language -- in which the subject matter is gone into in unnecessary and meticulous detail at the sacrifice of any conceptual content.
"Well, it was a typical MFTL talk". 2. n. Describes a language about which the developers are passionate (often to the point of proselytic zeal) but no one else cares about. Applied to the language by those outside the originating group. "He cornered me about type resolution in his MFTL."
The first great goal in the mind of the designer of an MFTL is usually to write a compiler for it, then bootstrap the design away from contamination by lesser languages by writing a compiler for it in itself. Thus, the standard put-down question at an MFTL talk is "Has it been used for anything besides its own compiler?"
On the other hand, a (compiled) language that cannot even be used to write its own compiler is beneath contempt. (The qualification has become necessary because of the increasing popularity of interpreted languages like Perl and Python. See break-even point.
(On a related note, Doug McIlroy once proposed a test of the generality and utility of a language and the operating system under which it is compiled: "Is the output of a FORTRAN program acceptable as input to the FORTRAN compiler?" In other words, can you write programs that write programs? (See toolsmith.) Alarming numbers of (language, OS) pairs fail this test, particularly when the language is FORTRAN; aficionados are quick to point out that Unix (even using FORTRAN) passes it handily. That the test could ever be failed is only surprising to those who have had the good fortune to have worked only under modern systems which lack OS-supported and -imposed "file types".)
Node:mickey, Next:mickey mouse program, Previous:MFTL, Up:= M = mickey n. The resolution unit of mouse movement. It has been suggested that the 'disney' will become a benchmark unit for animation graphics performance.
Node:mickey mouse program, Next:micro-, Previous:mickey, Up:= M = mickey mouse program n. North American equivalent of a noddy (that is, trivial) program. Doesn't necessarily have the belittling connotations of mainstream slang "Oh, that's just mickey mouse stuff!"; sometimes trivial programs can be very useful.
Node:micro-, Next:MicroDroid, Previous:mickey mouse program, Up:= M = micropref.
1. Very small; this is the root of its use as a quantifier prefix. 2. A quantifier prefix, calling for multiplication by 10^(-6) (see quantifiers).
Neither of these uses is peculiar to hackers, but hackers tend to fling them both around rather more freely than is countenanced in standard English. It is recorded, for example, that one CS professor used to characterize the standard length of his lectures as a microcentury -- that is, about 52.6 minutes (see also attoparsec, nanoacre, and especially microfortnight). 3. Personal or human-scale -- that is, capable of being maintained or comprehended or manipulated by one human being. This sense is generalized from 'microcomputer', and is esp. used in contrast with 'macro-' (the corresponding Greek prefix meaning 'large').
4. Local as opposed to global (or macro-). Thus a hacker might say that buying a smaller car to reduce pollution only solves a microproblem; the macroproblem of getting to work might be better solved by using mass transit, moving to within walking distance, or (best of all) telecommuting.
Node:MicroDroid, Next:microfloppies, Previous:micro-, Up:= M = MicroDroid n.
[Usenet] A Microsoft employee, esp. one who posts to various operating-system advocacy newsgroups. MicroDroids post follow-ups to any messages critical of Microsoft's operating systems, and often end up sounding like visiting fundamentalist missionaries.
See also astroturfing; compare microserf.
Node:microfloppies, Next:microfortnight, Previous:MicroDroid, Up:= M = microfloppies n.
3.5-inch floppies, as opposed to 5.25-inch vanilla or mini-floppies and the now-obsolete 8-inch variety. This term may be headed for obsolescence as 5.25-inchers pass out of use, only to be revived if anybody floats a sub-3-inch floppy standard. See stiffy, minifloppies.
Node:microfortnight, Next:microLenat, Previous:microfloppies, Up:= M = microfortnight n.
1/_PHONE_ of the fundamental unit of time in the Furlong/Firkin/Fortnight system of measurement; 1.2096 sec. (A furlong is 1/8th of a mile; a firkin is 1/4th of a barrel; the mass unit of the system is taken to be a firkin of water). The VMS operating system has a lot of tuning parameters that you can set with the SYSGEN utility, and one of these is TIMEPROMPTWAIT, the time the system will wait for an operator to set the


suffrage work, Mrs. January still finds time to write many short poems.

 HATTIE HORNER LOUTHAN.

 Hattie Horner Louthan, a former White Water, Kansas girl, is the author of five books and many contributions to newspapers and first class magazines.
 After graduation at the Normal School, Emporia, in 1883, Miss Horner engaged in teaching and literary work. Ten years later, she became the wife of Overton Earl Louthan, who died in 1906.

 She is editor of the Great Southwest and a member of the staff of the Denver Republican. Her first volume of poems came out in 1885; the next year, "Some Reasons For Our Choice." "Not At Home," a book of travels, was published in 1889; "Collection of Kansas Poetry," in 1891; and "Thoughts Adrift," in 1902. Her work is versatile; the rhyme easy flowing and strong.

 GEORGIANA FREEMAN McCOY. and MARY FREEMAN STARTZMAN.

 Georgiana Freeman McCoy, Wichita, has taught music in Kansas longer than any other teacher in the state and incidentally writes verse. She remodeled Elizabeth Browning's "A Drama of Exile" and wrote the musical setting for Simon Buchhalter, the Viennese pianist and composer. A sister, Mary Freeman Startzman, while living in Fort Scott, wrote a volume of poems, "Wild Flowers."

 EVA MORLEY MURPHY.

 Eva Morley Murphy of Goodland, recent candidate for Congress, is author of two books: "The Miracle on the Smoky and Other Stories," and "Lois Morton's Investment."

 She is a descendant of Nathaniel Perry of Revolutionary fame, and of Rodger Williams; an active temperance worker; and one of the women who made equal suffrage possible in Kansas.

 SALLIE F. TOLER.

 Mrs. Sallie F. Toler, Wichita, has written on every subject from pigs and pole cats to patriotism. She is the author of several plays and three vaudeville sketches. A comedy, a racing romance, "Handicapped;" "Thekla," a play in three acts; "On Bird's Island," a four-act play; and "Waking Him Up," a farce, are played in stock now.

 Mrs. Toler contributes to many papers and lectures on "The Short Story" and "The Modern Drama."

 MARGARET PERKINS.

 As a 1914 Christmas offering, Margaret Perkins, a Hutchinson High School teacher, gave us her volume of beautiful poems. "The Love Letters of a Norman Princess" is the love story, in verse, of Hersilie, a ward and relative of William, The Conqueror, and Eric, a kinsman of the unfortunate King Harold.

 Miss Perkins is the compiler of "Echoes of Pawnee Rock," and writes short stories and poems for the magazines. Some of her verse is published in Woolard's "Father."

 ANNA E. ARNOLD.

 Anna E. Arnold, Cottonwood Falls, Superintendent of Chase County Schools, is a thorough Kansan, and a farm product. She was born at Whiting, Jackson County, but when a very small child, her parents moved to Chase and all her life since has been spent in that county. Until the last few years, she lived on a farm.

 She is a graduate of the State University and has taught in the grade and high schools. In 1905, she became a candidate for Superintendent of Schools of Chase County. Her success and her unusual ability as a teacher were rewarded by a two to one majority on a close county ticket. At the second term, she had no opposition and out of 1214 votes cast, she received all but 29. The present year, after four elections, is her seventh continuous year as Superintendent of Chase County. In addition to her official duties, Miss Arnold has written two text-books. Her "Civics and Citizenship" in 1912 was adopted as the state text-book on civil government for use in the public schools of Kansas. It is being used by a large number of womens' clubs. Many outlines for club work on civic subjects have come from Miss Arnold's pen. Her second textbook, "A History of Kansas," the first book printed under the new State Publication Law, has also been adopted by the text-book commission.

 Miss Arnold is considered one of the foremost educational leaders of the state.

 Topeka gives us Anna Deming Gray, a writer of negro dialect stories, stories for children, and some verse. Elizabeth Barr Arthur, has written a number of books, histories of several Kansas counties and some volumes of poems, "Washburn Ballads." Mrs. Sarah E. Roby is a writer of both prose and verse.

 A granddaughter, Marjory Roby, has written a number of stories and plays.
 Eva Bland Black contributes poems and song lyrics to the magazines. She served her apprenticeship as reporter and city editor of the Journal and Evening News of Garnett and as associate editor of the Concordia "Magnet."
 Mrs. Isabel McArthur is a natural poet and song writer.

 She has published one volume of verse, "Every Body Loves a Lover." Her last song, "When The Bloom Is On The Cherry At Sardou" is widely sung.
 Edna E. Haywood is author of "Fifty Common Birds Around the Capital."

 Mrs. Mary A. Cornelius, while a resident of Topeka, wrote four books, "Little Wolf," "Uncle Nathan's Farm," "The White Flame," and "Why? A Kansas Girl's Query." Another book is ready for publication. Mrs. Mary Worrall Hudson, wife of the late General J. K. Hudson, former editor of the Topeka Capital, is author of "Two Little Maids And Their Friends," "Esther, The Gentile," and many short stories and poems. Her classic prose-poem: "In The Missouri Woods" is considered her masterpiece. Mrs.
 Sara Josephine Albright, formerly of Topeka, now of Leavenworth, is a sweet singer of childlife. Her volume of verse, "With The Children" is lullabies and mother-love poems. A book of stories for children will soon be ready for publication.

 Jessie Lewellyn Call, deceased, the clever and beautiful daughter of the first Populist governor of Kansas, was a well-known essayist and short story writer. For many years she was one of the editors of the Chicago Inter-Ocean.

 Lawrence claims Dorothy Canfield Fisher, a writer of both fiction and text-books and many short stories. She is the author of "Corneille And Racine In England," "English Rhetoric And Composition," "What Shall We Do Now," "Gunhild," "The Squirrel Cage" and "The Montessori Mother." Louise C. Don Carlos has written "A Battle In The Smoke," one of the best Kansas works on fiction. She did special work on the Nashville Tennessee Banner and writes a great deal of magazine verse.

 Mrs. Anna W. Arnett, a Lawrence teacher, writes verse and songs. In addition, she has issued a primer, the Kansas text-book and a primary reading chart for which she has a United States patent. Margaret Lynn, one of the faculty of Kansas University, is a writer of short stories and "A Step-Daughter Of The Prairies."

 Mrs. A. B. Butler of Manhattan wrote "The Trial And Condemnation of Jesus Christ From a Lawyer's Point of View;" a novel, "Ad Astra Per Aspera;" and much newspaper work. Mrs. Elizabeth Champney, a former teacher in the Kansas State Agricultural College, is the author of more than twenty books and many short stories. "Three Vassar Girls Abroad," "Witch Winnie Series," "Dames And Daughters of Colonial Days," "Romance of French Abbeys," "Romance of Italian Villas," and "Romance of Imperial Rome" are her most popular works.

 Sadie E. Lewis, Hutchinson, is the author of "Hard Times In Kansas" and other verse. Her daughter, Ida Margaret Glazier, is a poet and song writer. Mrs Alice McAllily wrote "Terra-Cotta" and many other books.

 Lillian W. Hale, Kansas City, is author of verse, short stories, and a novel.


and examination of living patients. -- Clinical medicine, Clinical surgery, that part of medicine or surgery which is occupied with the investigation of disease in the living subject.

 Clin"ic*al*ly, adv. In a clinical manner.

 ||Cli*nique" (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A clinic.

 ||Clin"i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kli'nh bed.] (Bot.) See Clinanthium.

 Clink (klk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinked (klkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] [OE. clinken; akin to G. klingen, D. klinken, SW. klinga, Dan. klinge; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Clank, Clench, Click, v. i.] To cause to give out a slight, sharp, tinkling, sound, as by striking metallic or other sonorous bodies together.

 And let me the canakin clink. Shak.
 Clink (klk), v. i. 1. To give out a slight, sharp, tinkling sound. "The clinking latch." Tennyson.
2. To rhyme. [Humorous]. Cowper.
 Clink, n. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, made by the collision of sonorous bodies. "Clink and fall of swords." Shak.
 Clin"kant (kl"kant), a. See Clinquant.

 Clink"er (klk"r), n. [From clink; cf. D. clinker a brick which is so hard that it makes a sonorous sound, from clinken to clink. Cf. Clinkstone.] 1. A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln.

2. Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag.

3. A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging.

4. A kind of brick. See Dutch clinker, under Dutch.

 Clink"er-built (?), a. (Naut.) Having the side planks (af a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it like clapboards on a house. See Lapstreak.

 Clink"stone' (?; 110), n. [Clink + stone; -- from its sonorousness.] (Min.) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition, lamellar in structure, and clinking under the hammer. See Phonolite.

 Cli'no*di*ag"o*nal (?), n. [Gr. kli'nein to incline + E. diagonal.]
 (Crystallog.) That diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which makes an oblique angle with the vertical axis. See Crystallization.
 -- a. Pertaining to, or the direction of, the clinodiagonal.

 Cli"no*dome' (?), n. [Gr. kli'nein to incline + E. dome.] (Crystallog.)
 See under Dome.

 Cli"no*graph"ic (?), a. [Gr. kli'nein to incline + -graph.]
 Pertaining to that mode of projection in drawing in which the rays of light are supposed to fall obliquely on the plane of projection.

 Cli"noid (?), a. [Gr. kli'nh bed + -oid.] (Anat.)
 Like a bed; -- applied to several processes on the inner side of the sphenoid bone.

 Cli*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. kli'nein to incline + -meter.] (Geol.)
 An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, pr the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Dana.
 Clin'o*met"ric (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or ascertained by, the clinometer.

2. Pertaining to the oblique crystalline forms, or to solids which have oblique angles between the axes; as, the clinometric systems.

 Cli*nom"e*try (?), n. (geol.) That art or operation of measuring the inclination of strata.

 Cli'no*pin"a*coid (?), n. [Gr. kli'nein to incline + E. pinacoid.]
 (Crystallog.) The plane in crystals of the monoclinic system which is parallel to the vertical and the inclined lateral (clinidiagonal) axes.

 Cli'no*rhom"bic (?), a. [Gr. kli'nein to incline + E. rhombic: cf. F. clinorhombique.] (Crystallog.) Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined to a rhombic base; monoclinic.

 Clin"quant (?), a. [F.] Glittering; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. [Obs.] Shak.
 Clin"quant, n. Tinsel; Dutch gold.

 Cli"o (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; the proclaimer, fr. &?; to call, tell of, make famous.] (Class. Myth.) The Muse who presided over history.

 Cli*o"ne (?), n. A genus of naked pteropods. One species (Clione papilonacea), abundant in the Arctic Ocean, constitutes a part of the food of the Greenland whale. It is sometimes incorrectly called Clio.

 Clip (klp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clipped (klpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] [OE. cluppen, clippen, to embrace, AS. clyran to embrace, clasp; cf. OHG. kluft tongs, shears, Icel, klpa to pinch, squeeze, also OE. clippen to cut, shear, Dan. klippe to clip, cut, SW. & Icel. klippa.]
 1. To embrace, hence; to encompass.

 O... that Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about, Would bear thee from the knowledge of thyself. Shak.
2. To cut off; as with shears or scissors; as, to clip the hair; to clip coin.

 Sentenced to have his ears clipped. Macaulay.
3. To curtail; to cut short.

 All my reports go with the modest truth; No more nor clipped, but so. Shak.
 In London they clip their words after one manner about the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs. Swift.
 Clip (klp), v. i. To move swiftly; -- usually with indefinite it.

 Straight flies as chek, and clips it down the wind. Dryden.
 Clip, n. 1. An embrace. Sir P. Sidney.
2. A cutting; a shearing.

3. The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season's crop of wool.

4. A clasp or holder for letters, papers, etc.

5. An embracing strap for holding parts together; the iron strap, with loop, at the ends of a whiffletree. Knight.
6. (Far.) A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; -- called also toe clip and beak. Youatt.
7. A blow or stroke with the hand; as, he hit him a clip.
 [Colloq. U. S.]

 Clip"per (?), n. 1. One who clips; specifically, one who clips off the edges of coin.

 The value is pared off from it into the clipper's pocket. Locke.
2. A machine for clipping hair, esp. the hair of horses.

3. (Naut.) A vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. -- Clip"perbuilt' (&?;), a. The name was first borne by "Baltimore


to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.]

1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.]

2. (Law) An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower.

 The jointure that your king must make, Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised.

Shak.
 Join"ture (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.] To settle a jointure upon.

 Join"ture*less, a. Having no jointure.

 Join"tur*ess, n. See Jointress. Bouvier.
 Joint"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.

 Joint"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.

 Joist (joist), n. [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gésir. See Gist.] (Arch.)
 A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; -- called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust.
 of Double-framed floor, under Double, a. Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Joisting.] To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.
 Joke, n. [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.]

1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as, to crack good-natured jokes.

 And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.

Pope.
 Or witty joke our airy senses moves To pleasant laughter.

Gay.
2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport.

 Inclose whole downs in walls, 't is all a joke.

Pope.
In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. -- Practical joke. See under Practical.

 Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Joking.] To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as, to joke a comrade.

 Joke, v. i. [L. jocari.] To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest.

 He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.

 Jok"er (?), n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests; a humorist; a wag.

2. (Card Playing) See Best bower, under 2d Bower.

 Jok"ing*ly, adv. In a joking way; sportively.

 { Jole, Joll } (?), v. t. & n. Same as Jowl. Shak.
 Jol*if" (?), a. [See Jolly.] Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.]
 Chaucer.
 Jol'li*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.]

 We have had a jollification or so together.

Sir W. Scott.
 Jol"li*ly (?), adv. In a jolly manner.

 Jol"li*ment (?), n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Jol"li*ness, n. Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.
 Jol"li*ty (?), n. [From Jolly: cf. OF. jolieté, joliveté.]
 Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer.
 All now was turned to jollity and game.

Milton.
 He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it.

Sir P. Sidney.
Syn. -- Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.

 Jol"ly (jl"l), a. [Compar. Jollier (-l*r); superl.
 Jolliest.] [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. jl yule, Christmas feast. See Yule.]

1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful.

 Like a jolly troop of huntsmen.

Shak.
 "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old! But something ails it now: the spot is cursed."

Wordsworth.
2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety.

 And with his jolly pipe delights the groves.

Prior.
 Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear.

Fairfax.
3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. "A jolly cool wind." Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.]

 Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit.

Spenser.
The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions.

W. Irving.
 Jol"ly-boat' (?), n. [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.) A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.

 Jol"ly*head (?), n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Jolt (jlt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and originally meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as, the coach jolts.

 Jolt, v. t. To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as, the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.

 Jolt, n. A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground.

 The first jolt had like to have shaken me out.

Swift.
 Jolt"er (?), n. One who, or that which, jolts.

 { Jolt"er*head', Jolt"head' } (?), n. [See Jolt, Jowl.] A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.
 Jolt"ing*ly, adv. In a jolting manner.

 Jolt"y (?), a. That jolts; as, a jolty coach. [Colloq.]

 Jo"nah (?), n. The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious.

Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a


kins; in Scotland, short spatterdashes or riding trousers, worn over the other clothing.

 ||Gam"ba (?), n. A viola da gamba.

 Gam*ba"does (?), n. pl. [I. or Sp. gamba leg. See Gambol, n.]
 Same as Gamashes.

 His thin legs tenanted a pair of gambadoes fastened at the side with rusty clasps.

Sir W. Scott.
 Gam"be*son (?), n. Same as Gambison.

 Gam"bet (?), n. [Fr. gambette, or It. gambetta.] (Zoöl.)
 Any bird of the genuis Totanus. See Tattler.

 Gam"bier (?), n. [Malayan.] (a) The inspissated juice of a plant (Uncaria Gambir) growing in Malacca. It is a powerful astringent, and, under the name of Terra Japonica, is used for chewing with the Areca nut, and is exported for tanning and dyeing. (b) Catechu. [Written also gambeer and gambir.]

 Gam"bi*son (?), n. [OF. gambeson, gambaison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin: cf. MHG. wambeis, G. wams doublet, fr. OHG. wamba, stomach. See Womb.] A defensive garment formerly in use for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted.

 Gam"bist (?), n. [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) A performer upon the viola di gamba. See under Viola.

 Gam"bit (?), n. [F. gambit, cf. It. gambitto gambit, a tripping up. See Gambol, n.] (Chess Playing) A mode of opening the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed to gain an attacking position.

 Gam"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gambling (?).] [Dim. of game. See 2d Game.] To play or game for money or other stake.

 Gamble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming; -- usually with away.
 "Bankrupts or sots who have gambled or slept away their estates."
 Ames.
 Gam"bler (?), n. One who gambles.

 Gam*boge" (?), n. A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, -- whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taken internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic and emetic. [Written also camboge.]

 There are several kinds of gamboge, but all are derived from species of Garcinia, a genus of trees of the order Guttiferæ. The best Siam gamboge is thought to come from Garcinia Hanburii. Ceylon gamboge is from G. Morella. G. pictoria, of Western India, yields gamboge, and also a kind of oil called gamboge butter.

 { Gam*bo"gi*an (?), Gambogic (?), } a. Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, gamboge.

 Gam"bol (gm"bl), n. [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, F. gambade, gambol, fr. It. gambata kick, fr. L. gamba leg, akin to F. jambe, OF. also, gambe, fr. L. gamba, hoof or perh.
 joint: cf. Gr. kamph' a binding, winding, W., Ir. & Gael. cam crooked; perh. akin to E. chamber: cf.F. gambiller to kick about. Cf. Jamb, n., Gammon ham, Gambadoes.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic; a hop; a sportive prank. Dryden.
 Gam"bol v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled (?), or Gambolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] To dance and skip about in sport; to frisk; to skip; to play in frolic, like boys or lambs.

 Gam"brel (?), n. [OF. gambe, jambe leg, F. jambe.
 Cf. Cambrel, Chambrel, and see Gambol. n.] 1. The hind leg of a horse.

2. A stick crooked like a horse's hind leg; - - used by butchers in suspending slaughtered animals.

Gambrel roof (Arch.), a curb roof having the same section in all parts, with a lower steeper slope and an upper and flatter one, so that each gable is pentagonal in form.

 Gam"brel v. t. To truss or hang up by means of a gambrel. Beau.
 & Fl.
 Gam*broon" (?), n. A kind of twilled linen cloth for lining. Simmonds.
 Game (?), a. [Cf. W. cam crooked, and E. gambol, n.]
 Crooked; lame; as, a game leg. [Colloq.]

 Game, n. [OE. game, gamen, AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport; akin to OS., OHG., & Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen mirth, merriment, OSw. gamman joy. Cf. Gammon a game, Backgammon, Gamble v. i.] 1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic.

 We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game.

Shak.
2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as, a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc.

 But war's a game, which, were their subject wise, Kings would not play at.

Cowper.
 Among the ancients, especially the Greeks and Romans, there were regularly recurring public exhibitions of strength, agility, and skill under the patronage of the government, usually accompanied with religious ceremonies. Such were the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games.

3. The use or practice of such a game; a single match at play; a single contest; as, a game at cards.

 Talk the game o'er between the deal.

Lloyd.
4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game; also, the number of points necessary to be scored in order to win a game; as, in short whist five points are game.

5. (Card Playing) In some games, a point credited on the score to the player whose cards counts up the highest.

6. A scheme or art employed in the pursuit of an object or purpose; method of procedure; projected line of operations; plan; project.

 Your murderous game is nearly up.

Blackw. Mag.
 It was obviously Lord Macaulay's game to blacken the greatest literary champion of the cause he had set himself to attack.

Saintsbury.
7. Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen; wild meats designed for, or served at, table.

 Those species of animals... distinguished from the rest by the well-known appellation of game.

Blackstone.
Confidence game. See under Confidence. -- To make game of, to make sport of; to mock. Milton.
 Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit, like the gamecock; ready to fight to the last; plucky.

 I was game....I felt that I could have fought even to the death.

W. Irving.
2. Of or pertaining to such animals as are hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting.

Game bag, a sportsman's


Dr. T. Dwight.
 Pro*fane"ness, n. The quality or state of being profane; especially, the use of profane language.

 Pro*fan"er (?), n. One who treats sacred things with irreverence, or defiles what is holy; one who uses profane language. Hooker.
 Pro*fan"i*ty (?), n. [L. profanitas.]

1. The quality or state of being profane; profaneness; irreverence; esp., the use of profane language; blasphemy.

2. That which is profane; profane language or acts.

 The brisk interchange of profanity and folly.

Buckminster.
 Pro*fec"tion (?), n. [See Proficient.] A setting out; a going forward; advance; progression. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Pro'fec*ti"tious (?), a. [L. profectitius, fr. proficisci to set out, proceed.] Proceeding from, as from a parent; derived, as from an ancestor. [R.]

 The threefold distinction of profectitious, adventitious, and professional was ascertained.

Gibbon.
 Pro"fert (?), n. [L., he brings forward, 3d pers. pr. of proferre.
 See Proffer. ] (Law) The exhibition or production of a record or paper in open court, or an allegation that it is in court.

 Pro*fess" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Professed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Professing.] [F. profès, masc., professe, fem., professed (monk or nun), L. professus, p. p. of profiteri to profess; pro before, forward + fateri to confess, own.
 See Confess.]

1. To make open declaration of, as of one's knowledge, belief, action, etc.; to avow or acknowledge; to confess publicly; to own or admit freely. "Hear me profess sincerely." Shak.
 The best and wisest of them all professed To know this only, that he nothing knew.

Milton.
 2. To set up a claim to; to make presence to; hence, to put on or present an appearance of.

 I do profess to be no less than I seem.

Shak.
3. To present to knowledge of, to proclaim one's self versed in; to make one's self a teacher or practitioner of, to set up as an authority respecting; to declare (one's self to be such); as, he professes surgery; to profess one's self a physician.

 Pro*fess" (?), v. i. 1. To take a profession upon one's self by a public declaration; to confess. Drayton.
2. To declare friendship. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pro*fessed" (?), a. Openly declared, avowed, acknowledged, or claimed; as, a professed foe; a professed tyrant; a professed Christian.

The professed (R. C. Ch.), a certain class among the Jesuits bound by a special vow. See the note under Jesuit.

 Pro*fess"ed*ly (?), adv. By profession.

 Pro*fes"sion (?), n. [F., fr. L. professio. See Profess, v.]
 1. The act of professing or claiming; open declaration; public avowal or acknowledgment; as, professions of friendship; a profession of faith.

 A solemn vow, promise, and profession.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.
2. That which one professed; a declaration; an avowal; a claim; as, his professions are insincere.

 The Indians quickly perceive the coincidence or the contradiction between professions and conduct.

J. Morse.
3. That of which one professed knowledge; the occupation, if not mechanical, agricultural, or the like, to which one devotes one's self; the business which one professes to understand, and to follow for subsistence; calling; vocation; employment; as, the profession of arms; the profession of a clergyman, lawyer, or physician; the profession of lecturer on chemistry.

 Hi tried five or six professions in turn.

Macaulay.
The three professions, or learned professions, are, especially, theology, law, and medicine.

4. The collective body of persons engaged in a calling; as, the profession distrust him.

5. (Eccl. Law.) The act of entering, or becoming a member of, a religious order.

 Pro*fes"sion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a profession, or calling; conforming to the rules or standards of a profession; following a profession; as, professional knowledge; professional conduct. "Pride, not personal, but professional." Macaulay.
 "A professional sneerer." De Quincey.
2. Engaged in by professionals; as, a professional race; -- opposed to amateur.

 Pro*fes"sion*al, n. A person who prosecutes anything professionally, or for a livelihood, and not in the character of an amateur; a professional worker.

 Pro*fes"sion*al*ism (?), n. The following of a profession, sport, etc., as an occupation; -- opposed to amateurism.

 Pro*fes"sion*al*ist, n. professional person. [R.]

 Pro*fes"sion*al*ly, adv. In a professional manner or capacity; by profession or calling; in the exercise of one's profession; one employed professionally.

 Pro*fess"or (?), n. [L., a teacher, a public teacher: cf. F. professeur.
 See Profess.] 1. One who professed, or makes open declaration of, his sentiments or opinions; especially, one who makes a public avowal of his belief in the Scriptures and his faith in Christ, and thus unites himself to the visible church. "Professors of religion." Bacon.
2. One who professed, or publicly teaches, any science or branch of learning; especially, an officer in a university, college, or other seminary, whose business it is to read lectures, or instruct students, in a particular branch of learning; as a professor of theology, of botany, of mathematics, or of political economy.

 Pro'fes*so"ri*al (?), a. [L. professorius: cf. F. professorial.]
 Of or pertaining to a professor; as, the professional chair; professional interest.

 Pro'fes*so"ri*al*ism (?), n. The character, manners, or habits of a professor. [R.]

 Pro'fes*so"ri*at (?), n. See Professoriate.

 Pro'fes*so"ri*ate (?), n. 1. The body of professors, or the professorial staff, in a university or college.

2. A professorship.

 Pro*fess"or*ship (?), n. The office or position of a professor, or public teacher. Walton.
 Pro*fes"so*ry (?), a. [L. professorius.] Of or pertaining to a professor; professorial. [R.] Bacon.
 Prof"fer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proffered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proffering.] [OE. profren, proferen, F. proférer, fr. L. proferre to bring forth or forward, to offer; pro forward + ferre to bring. See Bear to produce.] 1. To offer for acceptance; to propose to give; to make a tender of; as, to proffer a gift; to proffer services; to proffer friendship. Shak.
 I reck not what wrong that thou me profre.

Chaucer.
2. To essay or attempt of


iii.]

 13 (return) [ "That at the eastern extremity of Loch Katrine, so often mentioned in the text."]

 14 (return) [ "Beallach an duine."]

 15 (return) [ "The reader will find this story told at greater length, and with the addition in particular of the King being recognized, like the Fitz-James of the Lady of the Lake, by being the only person covered, in the First Series of Tales of a Grandfather, vol. iii, p. 37. The heir of Braehead discharged his duty at the banquet given to King George IV. in the Parliament House at Edinburgh, in 1822" (Lockhart).]


translated him from that poor bishopric to a better,... refused." Camden.
5. To render into another language; to express the sense of in the words of another language; to interpret; hence, to explain or recapitulate in other words.

Translating into his own clear, pure, and flowing language, what he found in books well known to the world, but too bulky or too dry for boys and girls.

Macaulay.
6. To change into another form; to transform.

 Happy is your grace, That can translatethe stubbornness of fortune Into so quiet and so sweet a style.

Shak.
7. (Med.) To cause to remove from one part of the body to another; as, to translate a disease.

8. To cause to lose senses or recollection; to entrance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.
 Trans*late, v. i. To make a translation; to be engaged in translation.

 Trans*la"tion (?), n. [F. translation, L. translatio a transferring, translation, version. See Translate, and cf. Tralation.]
 1. The act of translating, removing, or transferring; removal; also, the state of being translated or removed; as, the translation of Enoch; the translation of a bishop.

2. The act of rendering into another language; interpretation; as, the translation of idioms is difficult.

3. That which is obtained by translating something a version; as, a translation of the Scriptures.

4. (Rhet.) A transfer of meaning in a word or phrase, a metaphor; a tralation. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
5. (Metaph.) Transfer of meaning by association; association of ideas. A. Tucker.
6. (Kinematics) Motion in which all the points of the moving body have at any instant the same velocity and direction of motion; — opposed to rotation.

 Trans'la*ti"tious (?), a. [See Tralatitious.] Metaphorical; tralatitious; also, foreign; exotic. [Obs.] Evelyn.
 Trans*lat"ive (?), a. [L. translativus that is to be transferred: cf. F. translatif.] tropical; figurative; as, a translative sense. [R.] Puttenham.
 Trans*lat"or (?), n. [L. translator: cf. F. translateur.]
 1. One who translates; esp., one who renders into another language; one who expresses the sense of words in one language by equivalent words in another.

2. (Teleg.) A repeating instrument. [Eng.]

 Trans*lat"or*ship, n. The office or dignity of a translator.

 Trans*lat"o*ry (?), a. Serving to translate; transferring. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 Trans*lat"ress (?), n. A woman who translates.

 Trans'la*va"tion (?), n. [Pref. trans- + L. lavatio, -onis, washing.] A laving or lading from one vessel to another.
 [Obs.] Holland.
 Trans*lit"er*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + L. litera, littera letter.] To express or represent in the characters of another alphabet; as, to transliterate Sanskrit words by means of English letters. A. J. Ellis.
 Trans*lit'er*a"tion (?), n. The act or product of transliterating, or of expressing words of a language by means of the characters of another alphabet.

 Trans'lo*ca"tion (?), n. [Pref. trans- + location.]
 removal of things from one place to another; substitution of one thing for another.

 There happened certain translocations at the deluge.

Woodward.
 { Trans*lu"cence (?), Trans*lu"cen*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being translucent; clearness; partial transparency. Sir T. Browne.
 Trans*lu"cent (?), a. [L. translucens, -entis, p. pr.
 of translucere to shine through; trans across, through = lucere to shine. See Lucid.] 1. Transmitting rays of light without permitting objects to be distinctly seen; partially transparent.

2. Transparent; clear. [Poetic] "Fountain or fresh current... translucent, pure." Milton.
 Replenished from the cool, translucent springs.

Pope.
Syn. — Translucent, Transparent. A thing is translucent when it merely admits the passage of light, without enabling us to distinguish the color and outline of objects through it; it is transparent when we can clearly discern objects placed on the other side of it. Glass, water, etc., are transparent; ground glass is translucent; a translucent style.

 Trans*lu"cent*ly, adv. In a translucent manner.

 Trans*lu"cid (?), a. [L. translucidus; trans across, through + lucidus lucid: cf. F. translucide. See Translucent.]
 Translucent. [R.] Bacon.
 Trans"lu*na*ry (?), a. [Pref. trans- + L. luna moon.]
 Being or lying beyond the moon; hence, ethereal; — opposed to sublunary.
 [Obs.]

 Marlowe, bathed in the Thespian springs, Had in him those brave, translunary things That the first poets had.

Drayton.
 Trans'ma*rine" (?), a. [L. transmarinus; trans beyond + marinus marine: cf. F. transmarin. See Marine.] Lying or being beyond the sea. Howell.
 { Trans"me*a*ble (?), Trans'me*at"a*ble (?), } a. [L. transmeabilis.]
 Capable of being passed over or traversed; passable. [Obs.]

 Trans"me*ate (?), v. t. [L. transmeatus, p. p. of transmeare to pass across; trans across, over + meare to go.] To pass over or beyond. [Obs.]

 Trans'me*a"tion (?), n. The act of transmeating; a passing through or beyond. [Obs.]

 Trans*mew" (?), v. t. & i. [F. transmuer, L. transmutare.
 See Transmute.] To transmute; to transform; to metamorphose. [Archaic] Chaucer.
 Spenser.
 To transmew thyself from a holy hermit into a sinful forester.

Sir W. Scott.
 Trans"mi*grant (?), a. [L. transmigrans, p. pr. See Transmigrate.] Migrating or passing from one place or state to another; passing from one residence to another. — n. One who transmigrates.

 Trans"mi*grate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transmigrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transmigrating.] [L. transmigrare, transmigratum; trans across + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] 1. To pass from one country or jurisdiction to another for the purpose of residence, as men or families; to migrate.

2. To pass from one body or condition into another.

 Their may transmigrate into each other.

Howell.
 Trans'mi*gra"tion (?), n. [F. transmigration, L. transmigratio.]
 1. The act of passing from one country to another; migration.

2. The passing of the soul at death into another mortal body; metempsychosis.

 Trans"mi*gra'tor (?), n. One who transmigrates. J. Ellis.
 Trans*mi"gra*to*ry (?), a. Passing from one body or state to another.

 Trans*mis'si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf.


by the boar's tusk. Jeanne d'Arc, wounded at Orleans, refused a similar remedy. Sophocles speaks of the folly of muttering incantations over wounds that need the surgeon's knife. The song that salved wounds occurs in the Kalewala, the epic poem of the Finns. In many of Grimm's marchen, miracles are wrought by the repetition of snatches of rhyme. This belief is derived from the savage state of fancy.
 According to Kohl,(1) "Every sorrowful or joyful emotion that opens the Indian's mouth is at once wrapped up in the garb of a wabanonagamowin (chanson magicale). If you ask one of them to sing you a simple innocent hymn in praise of Nature, a spring or jovial hunting stave, he never gives you anything but a form of incantation, with which he says you will be able to call to you all the birds from the sky, and all the foxes and wolves from their caves and burrows."(2) The giant's daughter in the Scotch marchen, Nicht, Nought, Nothing, is thus enabled to call to her aid "all the birds of the sky". In the same way, if you ask an Indian for a love-song, he will say that a philtre is really much more efficacious. The savage, in short, is extremely practical. His arts, music and drawing, exist not pour l'art, but for a definite purpose, as methods of getting something that the artist wants. The young lover whom Kohl knew, like the lover of Bombyca in Theocritus, believed in having an image of himself and an image of the beloved. Into the heart of the female image he thrust magic powders, and he said that this was common, lovers adding songs, "partly elegiac, partly malicious, and almost criminal forms of incantation".(3) (1) Page 395.

 (2) Cf. Comparetti's Traditional Poetry of the Finns.

 (3) Kitchi gami, pp. 395, 397.

 Among the Indo-Aryans the masaminik or incantations of the Red Man are known as mantras.(1) These are usually texts from the Veda, and are chanted over the sick and in other circumstances where magic is believed to be efficacious. Among the New Zealanders the incantations are called karakias, and are employed in actual life. There is a special karakia to raise the wind. In Maori myths the hero is very handy with his karakia.
 Rocks split before him, as before girls who use incantations in Kaffir and Bushman tales. He assumes the shape of any animal at will, or flies in the air, all by virtue of the karakia or incantation.(2) (1) Muir, Sanskrit Texts, v. 441, "Incantations from the Atharva Veda".

 (2) Taylor's New Zealand; Theal's Kaffir Folk-Lore, South-African Folk-Lore Journal, passim; Shortland's Traditions of the New Zealanders, pp. 130-135.

 Without multiplying examples in the savage belief that miracles can be wrought by virtue of physical CORRESPONDANCES, by like acting on like, by the part affecting the whole, and so forth, we may go on to the magical results produced by the aid of spirits. These may be either spirits of the dead or spiritual essences that never animated mortal men. Savage magic or science rests partly on the belief that the world is peopled by a "choir invisible," or rather by a choir only occasionally visible to certain gifted people, sorcerers and diviners. An enormous amount of evidence to prove the existence of these tenets has been collected by Mr. Tylor, and is accessible to all in the chapters on "Animism" in his Primitive Culture. It is not our business here to account for the universality of the belief in spirits. Mr. Tylor, following Lucretius and Homer, derives the belief from the reasonings of early men on the phenomena of dreams, fainting, shadows, visions caused by narcotics, hallucinations, and other facts which suggest the hypothesis of a separable life apart from the bodily organism. It would scarcely be fair not to add that the kind of "facts" investigated by the Psychical Society—such "facts" as the appearance of men at the moment of death in places remote from the scene of their decease, with such real or delusive experiences as the noises and visions in haunted houses—are familiar to savages. Without discussing these obscure matters, it may be said that they influence the thoughts even of some scientifically trained and civilised men. It is natural, therefore, that they should strongly sway the credulous imagination of backward races, in which they originate or confirm the belief that life can exist and manifest itself after the death of the body.(1) (1) See the author's Making of Religion, 1898.

 Some examples of savage "ghost-stories," precisely analogous to the "facts" of the Psychical Society's investigations, may be adduced. The first is curious because it offers among the Kanekas an example of a belief current in Breton folk-lore. The story is vouched for by Mr. J. J. Atkinson, late of Noumea, New Caledonia. Mr. Atkinson, we have reason to believe, was unacquainted with the Breton parallel. To him one day a Kaneka of his acquaintance paid a visit, and seemed loth to go away. He took leave, returned, and took leave again, till Mr. Atkinson asked him the reason of his behaviour. He then explained that he was about to die, and would never see his English friend again. As he seemed in perfect health, Mr. Atkinson rallied him on his hypochondria; but the poor fellow replied that his fate was sealed. He had lately met in the wood one whom he took for the Kaneka girl of his heart; but he became aware too late that she was no mortal woman, but a wood-spirit in the guise of the beloved. The result would be his death within three days, and, as a matter of fact, he died. This is the groundwork of the old Breton ballad of Le Sieur Nan, who dies after his intrigue with the forest spectre.(1) A tale more like a common modern ghost-story is vouched for by Mr. C. J. Du Ve, in Australia. In the year 1860, a Maneroo black fellow died in the service of Mr. Du Ve. "The day before he died, having been ill some time, he said that in the night his father, his father's friend, and a female spirit he could not recognise, had come to him and said that he would die next day, and that they would wait for him. Mr. Du Ye adds that, though previously the Christian belief had been explained to this man, it had entirely faded, and that he had gone back to the belief of his childhood." Mr.
 Fison, who prints this tale in his Kamilaroi and Kurnai,(2) adds, "I could give many similar instances which have come within my own knowledge among the Fijians, and, strange to say, the dying man in all these cases kept his appointment with the ghosts to the very day".

 (1) It may, of course, be conjectured that the French introduced this belief into New Caledonia.

 (2) Page 247.

 In the Cruise of the Beagle is a parallel anecdote of a Fuegian, Jimmy Button, and his father's ghost.

 Without entering into a discussion of ghosts, it is plain that the kind of evidence, whatever its value may be, which convinces many educated Europeans of the existence of "veridical" apparitions has also played its part in the philosophy of uncivilised races. On this belief in apparitions, then, is based the power of the savage sorcerers and necromants, of the men who converse with the dead and are aided by disembodied spirits. These men have greatly influenced the beginnings of mythology. Among certain Australian tribes the necromants are called Birraark.(1) "The Kurnai tell me," says Mr. Howitt, "that a Birraark was supposed to be initiated by the 'Mrarts (ghosts) when they


2. To put in or on some place with force and loud noise; -- usually with down; as, to slam a trunk down on the pavement.

3. To strike with some implement with force; hence, to beat or cuff. [Prov. Eng.]

4. To strike down; to slaughter. [Prov. Eng.]

5. To defeat (opponents at cards) by winning all the tricks of a deal or a hand. Hoyle.
To slam to, to shut or close with a slam. "He slammed to the door." W. D. Howells.
 Slam, v. i. To come or swing against something, or to shut, with sudden force so as to produce a shock and noise; as, a door or shutter slams.

 Slam, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, slams.

2. The shock and noise produced in slamming.

 The slam and the scowl were lost upon Sam.

Dickens.
3. (Card Playing) Winning all the tricks of a deal.

4. The refuse of alum works. [Prov. Eng.]

 Slam"-bang' (?), adv. With great violence; with a slamming or banging noise. [Colloq.]

 { Slam"kin (?), Slam"mer*kin (?), } n. [Cf. G. schlampe, schlamp, dim. schlämpchen; schlampen to dangle, to be slovenly in one's dress.] A slut; a slatternly woman. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Slan"der (?), n. [OE. sclandere, OF. esclandre, esclandle, escandre, F. esclandre, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. &?;&?;&?; a snare, stumbling block, offense, scandal; probably originally, the spring of a trap, and akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap. See Scan, and cf. Scandal.] 1. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, tending to injure the reputation of another; the malicious utterance of defamatory reports; the dissemination of malicious tales or suggestions to the injury of another.

 Whether we speak evil of a man to his face or behind his back; the former way, indeed, seems to be the most generous, but yet is a great fault, and that which we call "reviling;" the latter is more mean and base, and that which we properly call "slander", or "Backbiting."

Tillotson.
 [We] make the careful magistrate The mark of slander.

B. Jonson.
 2. Disgrace; reproach; dishonor; opprobrium.

 Thou slander of thy mother's heavy womb.

Shak.
3. (Law) Formerly, defamation generally, whether oral or written; in modern usage, defamation by words spoken; utterance of false, malicious, and defamatory words, tending to the damage and derogation of another; calumny. See the Note under Defamation. Burril.
 Slan"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slandered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slandering.] 1. To defame; to injure by maliciously uttering a false report; to tarnish or impair the reputation of by false tales maliciously told or propagated; to calumniate.

 O, do not slander him, for he is kind.

Shak.
2. To bring discredit or shame upon by one's acts.

 Tax not so bad a voice To slander music any more than once.

Shak.
Syn. -- To asperse; defame; calumniate; vilify; malign; belie; scandalize; reproach. See Asperse.

 Slan"der*er (?), n. One who slanders; a defamer; a calumniator. Jer.
 Taylor.
 Slan"der*ous (?), a. 1. Given or disposed to slander; uttering slander. "Slanderous tongue." Shak.
2. Embodying or containing slander; calumnious; as, slanderous words, speeches, or reports.

 -- Slan"der*ous*ly, adv. -- Slan"der*ous*ness, n. Slang (?), imp. of Sling. Slung. [Archaic] Slang, n. Any long, narrow piece of land; a promontory. [Local, Eng.] Holland.
 Slang, n. [Cf. Sling.] A fetter worn on the leg by a convict. [Eng.]

 Slang, n. [Said to be of Gypsy origin; but probably from Scand., and akin to E. sling; cf. Norw. sleng a slinging, an invention, device, slengja to sling, to cast, slengja kjeften (literally, to sling the jaw) to use abusive language, to use slang, slenjeord (ord = word) an insulting word, a new word that has no just reason for being.] Low, vulgar, unauthorized language; a popular but unauthorized word, phrase, or mode of expression; also, the jargon of some particular calling or class in society; low popular cant; as, the slang of the theater, of college, of sailors, etc.

 Slang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slanging.] To address with slang or ribaldry; to insult with vulgar language. [Colloq.]

 Every gentleman abused by a cabman or slanged by a bargee was bound there and then to take off his coat and challenge him to fisticuffs.

London Spectator.
 Slang"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being slangy.

 Slan"gous (?), a. Slangy. [R.] John Bee.
 Slang"-whang'er (?), n. [Slang + whang to beat.] One who uses abusive slang; a ranting partisan. [Colloq. or Humorous] W. Irving.
 Slang"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to slang; of the nature of slang; disposed to use slang. [Written also slangey.]

 Slank (?), imp. & p. p. of Slink.

 Slant (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slanting.] [OE. slenten to slope, slide; cf. Sw. slinta to slide.] To be turned or inclined from a right line or level; to lie obliquely; to slope.

 On the side of younder slanting hill.

Dodsley.
 Slant, v. t. To turn from a direct line; to give an oblique or sloping direction to; as, to slant a line.

 Slant, n. 1. A slanting direction or plane; a slope; as, it lies on a slant.

2. An oblique reflection or gibe; a sarcastic remark.

Slant or wind, a local variation of the wind from its general direction.

 Slant, a. [Cf. dial. Sw. slant. See Slant, v. i.]
 Inclined from a direct line, whether horizontal or perpendicular; sloping; oblique. "The slant lightning." Milton.
 Slant"ing, a. Oblique; sloping. -- Slant"ing*ly, adv.
 { Slant"wise' (?), Slant"ly }, adv. In an inclined direction; obliquely; slopingly.

 Slap (?), n. [OE. slappe; akin to LG. slappe, G. schlappe; probably of imitative origin.] A blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with something broad.

 Slap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slapping.] To strike with the open hand, or with something broad.

 Slap, adv. [Cf. LG. slap, G. schlapp. See Slap, n.]
 With a sudden and violent blow; hence, quickly; instantly; directly.


Transcribed from the 1879 John Murray edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ Book cover The authors of the Rejected Addresses REJECTED ADDRESSES: OR, THE NEW THEATRUM POETARUM By JAMES SMITH & HORACE SMITH.

"Fired that the House reject him!
'Sdeath, I'll print it, And shame the Fools!" Pope.

NEW EDITION.

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1879 "I think the 'Rejected Addresses' by far the best thing of the kind since 'The Rolliad,' and wish you had published them. Tell the author 'I forgive him, were he twenty times over our satirist;' and think his imitations not at all inferior to the famous ones of Hawkins Browne." Lord Byron to Mr. Murray, Oct. 19, 1812.
"I like the volume of 'Rejected Addresses' better and better." Lord Byron to Mr. Murray, Oct. 19, 1812.
"I take the 'Rejected Addresses' to be the very best imitations (and often of difficult originals) that ever were made; and considering their great extent and variety, to indicate a talent to which I do not know where to look for a parallel. Some few of them descend to the level of parodies; but by far the greater part are of a much higher description." Lord Jeffrey (in 1843), Note in Essays, iv.
470 p. iiiADVERTISEMENT TO THE TWENTY-SECOND EDITION.
James Smith and Horace Smith, authors of the Rejected Addresses; or, The New Theatrum Poetarum, were the sons of Robert Smith, solicitor to the Board of Ordnance.
James was born at No. 36, Basinghall Street, London, on the 10th of February, 1775; and Horace in the same house on the 31st of December, 1779.
James was educated under the Rev. Mr. Burford at Chigwell in Essex; articled to his father on leaving school, subsequently taken into partnership with him, and eventually succeeded to his father's business, as well as his appointment of solicitor to the Ordnance. Horace received the same education as his brother, became a member of the Stock Exchange in London, acquired a fortune, and retired with his wife and family to Brighton. James, who lived and died single, was the author of several small copies of verses, since collected by his brother; and Horace was the author of "Brambletye House," a novel in three volumes, well received at the time of its publication.
The work by which the brothers are best known, and by which they will long continue to be remembered, is the Rejected Addresses. This delightful volume—one of the luckiest hits in literature—appeared on the re-opening of Drury Lane Theatre, in October, 1812; the idea, as Horace relates, having been casualty started by the late Mr. Ward, secretary to the theatre, exactly six weeks before the night when the opening Address was to be spoken. The hint thus p. ivthrown out was eagerly adopted. The brothers arranged what authors they should respectively imitate; and James executed his portion in London, and Horace the remainder at Cheltenham. James supplied the imitations of Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Crabbe, and Cobbett, and Nos. 14, 16, 18, 19, and 20. The Byron was a joint effusion—James contributing the first stanza, and Horace the remainder. The Fitzgerald, the Sir Walter Scott, &c., were by Horace. The corrections which each supplied to the compositions of the other seldom exceeded verbal alterations or the addition of a few lines.
The copyright, which had been originally offered to Mr. Murray for 20l., and refused without even looking at the MS., [0a] was purchased by that gentleman in 1819, after the book had run through sixteen editions, for 131l.
James Smith died at his house, No. 27, Craven Street, Strand, on the 24th December, 1839, in the 65th year of his age; and was buried in the vaults of the church of St. Martin's in the Fields. Horace died at Tunbridge Wells, on the 12th of July, 1849, in the 70th year of his age, and was buried in the churchyard of Trinity Church, Tunbridge Wells.
P. C. p. vPREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
On the 14th of August, 1812, the following advertisement appeared in most of the daily papers:— "Rebuilding of Drury Lane Theatre.
"The Committee are desirous of promoting a free and fair competition for an Address to be spoken upon the opening of the Theatre, which will take place on the 10th of October next.
They have, therefore, thought fit to announce to the public, that they will be glad to receive any such compositions, addressed to their Secretary, at the Treasury-office, in Drury Lane, on or before the 10th of September, sealed up, with a distinguishing word, number, or motto, on the cover, corresponding with the inscription on a separate sealed paper, containing the name of the author, which will not be opened unless containing the name of the successful candidate." Upon the propriety of this plan men's minds were, as they usually are upon matters of moment, much divided. Some thought it a fair promise of the future intention of the Committee to abolish that phalanx of authors who usurp the stage, to the exclusion of a large assortment of dramatic talent blushing unseen in the background; while others contended that the scheme would prevent men of real eminence from descending into an amphitheatre in which all Grub Street (that is to say, all London and Westminster) would be arrayed against them.
The event has proved both parties to be in a degree right, and in a degree wrong. One hundred and twelve Addresses have been sent in, each sealed p. viand signed, and mottoed, "as per order," some written by men of great, some by men of little, and some by men of no talent.
Many of the public prints have censured the taste of the Committee, in thus contracting for Addresses as they would for nails—by the gross; but it is surprising that none should have censured their temerity. One hundred and eleven of the Addresses must, of course, be unsuccessful: to each of the authors, thus infallibly classed with the genus irritabile, it would be very hard to deny six stanch friends, who consider his the best of all possible Addresses, and whose tongues will be as ready to laud him as to hiss his adversary. These, with the potent aid of the bard himself, make seven foes per address; and thus will be created seven hundred and seventy-seven implacable auditors, prepared to condemn the strains of Apollo himself—a band of adversaries which no prudent manager would think of exasperating.
But, leaving the Committee to encounter the responsibility they have incurred, the public have at least to thank them for ascertaining and establishing one point, which might otherwise have admitted of controversy. When it is considered that many amateur writers have been discouraged from becoming competitors, and that few, if any, of the professional authors can afford to write for nothing, and, of course, have not been candidates for the honorary prize at Drury Lane, we may confidently pronounce that, as far as regards number, the present is undoubtedly the Augustan age of English poetry.
Whether or not this distinction will be extended to the quality of its productions, must be decided at the tribunal of posterity; though the natural anxiety of our authors on this score ought to be considerably diminished when they reflect how few will, in all probability, be had up for judgment.
It is not necessary for the Editor to mention the manner in which he became possessed of this "fair sample of the present state of poetry in Great Britain." It was his first intention to publish the whole; but a little reflection convinced him that, by so doing, he might depress the good, without elevating p. viithe bad. He has therefore culled what had the appearance of flowers, from what possessed the reality of weeds, and is extremely sorry that, in so doing, he has diminished his collection to twenty-one. Those which he has rejected may possibly make their appearance in a separate volume, or they may be admitted as volunteers in the files of some of the newspapers; or, at all events, they are sure of being received


a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam.

 Gain, a. [OE. gein, gain, good, near, quick; cf.
 Icel. gegn ready, serviceable, and gegn, adv., against, opposite. Cf. Ahain.] Convenient; suitable; direct; near; handy; dexterous; easy; profitable; cheap; respectable. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Gain (gn), n. [OE. gain, gein, gahen, gain, advantage, Icel. gagn; akin to Sw. gagn, Dan. gavn, cf. Goth. gageigan to gain. The word was prob. influenced by F. gain gain, OF. gaain. Cf. Gain, v. t.] 1. That which is gained, obtained, or acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit; -- opposed to loss.

 But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ.

Phil. iii. 7.
 Godliness with contentment is great gain.

1 Tim. vi. 6.
 Every one shall share in the gains.

Shak.
2. The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable possessions; acquisition; accumulation. "The lust of gain." Tennyson.
 Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gained (gnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaining.] [From gain, n. but. prob. influenced by F. gagner to earn, gain, OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. weidinn, weidinen to pasture, hunt, fr. weida pasturage, G. weide, akin to Icel. veiðr hunting, AS. wðu, cf. L. venari to hunt, E. venison. See Gain, n., profit.]

1. To get, as profit or advantage; to obtain or acquire by effort or labor; as, to gain a good living.

 What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?

Matt. xvi. 26.
 To gain dominion, or to keep it gained.

Milton.
 For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease.

Pope.
2. To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as, to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize.

3. To draw into any interest or party; to win to one's side; to conciliate.

 If he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother.

Matt. xviii. 15.
 To gratify the queen, and gained the court.

Dryden.
4. To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as, to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor.

 Forded Usk and gained the wood.

Tennyson.
5. To get, incur, or receive, as loss, harm, or damage. [Obs. or Ironical] Ye should... not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss.

Acts xxvii. 21.
Gained day, the calendar day gained in sailing eastward around the earth. -- To gain ground, to make progress; to advance in any undertaking; to prevail; to acquire strength or extent. -- To gain over, to draw to one's party or interest; to win over. -- To gain the wind (Naut.), to reach the windward side of another ship.

Syn. -- To obtain; acquire; get; procure; win; earn; attain; achieve. See Obtain. -- To Gain, Win. Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gains knowledge, or gains a prize, simply by striving for it; he wins a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it in a struggle with others.

 Gain (?), v. i. To have or receive advantage or profit; to acquire gain; to grow rich; to advance in interest, health, or happiness; to make progress; as, the sick man gains daily.

 Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by extortion.

Ezek. xxii. 12.
Gaining twist, in rifled firearms, a twist of the grooves, which increases regularly from the breech to the muzzle. To gain on or upon.
 (a) To encroach on; as, the ocean gains on the land. (b) To obtain influence with. (c) To win ground upon; to move faster than, as in a race or contest. (d) To get the better of; to have the advantage of.

 The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself.

Addison.
 My good behavior had so far gained on the emperor, that I began to conceive hopes of liberty.

Swift.
 Gain"a*ble (?), a. [CF. F. gagnable. See Gain, v. t.]
 Capable of being obtained or reached. Sherwood.
 Gain"age (?, 48), n. [OF. gaignage pasturage, crop, F. gaignage pasturage. See Gain, v. t.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The horses, oxen, plows, wains or wagons and implements for carrying on tillage. (b) The profit made by tillage; also, the land itself. Bouvier.
 Gain"er (?), n. One who gains. Shak.
 Gain"ful (?), a. Profitable; advantageous; lucrative. "A gainful speculation." Macaulay. -- Gain"ful*ly, adv. -- Gain"ful*ness, n. Gain"giv'ing (?), n. [See Again, and Give.] A misgiving. [Obs.]

 Gain"less, a. Not producing gain; unprofitable. Hammond. -- Gain"less/ness, n. Gain"ly, adv. [See Gain, a.] Handily; readily; dexterously; advantageously. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Gain"pain' (?), n.[F. gagner to gain + pain bread.]
 Bread-gainer; -- a term applied in the Middle Ages to the sword of a hired soldier.

 Gain'say" (? or?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainsaid (?
 or?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gainsaying.] [OE. geinseien, ageinseien.
 See Again, and Say to utter.] To contradict; to deny; to controvert; to dispute; to forbid.

 I will give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist.

Luke xxi. 15.
 The just gods gainsay That any drop thou borrow'dst from thy mother, My sacred aunt, should by my mortal sword Be drained.

Shak.
 Gain'say"er (?), n. One who gainsays, contradicts, or denies. "To convince the gainsayers." Tit. i. 9.
 Gain"some (?), a. 1. Gainful.

2. Prepossessing; well-favored. [Obs.] Massinger.
 'Gainst (?), prep. A contraction of Against.

 Gain"stand' (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainstood; p. pr. & vb. n. gainstanding.] [See Again, and Stand.] To withstand; to resist. [Obs.]

 Durst... gainstand the force of so many enraged desires.

Sir P. Sidney.
 Gain"strive' (?), v. t. & i. [See Again, and Strive.] To strive or struggle against; to withstand. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Gair"fowl' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Garefowl.

 Gair"


distinction from the cryptogams, which to a large extent are cellular only.

Vascular plants (Bot.), plants composed in part of vascular tissue, as all flowering plants and the higher cryptogamous plants, or those of the class Pteridophyta. Cf. Cellular plants, Cellular. — Vascular system (Bot.), the body of associated ducts and woody fiber; the fibrovascular part of plants. — Vascular tissue (Bot.), vegetable tissue composed partly of ducts, or sap tubes. — Water vascular system (Zoöl.), a system of vessels in annelids, nemerteans, and many other invertebrates, containing a circulating fluid analogous to blood, but not of the same composition. In annelids the fluid which they contain is usually red, but in some it is green, in others yellow, or whitish.

 Vas'cu*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Vascularities (&?;).
 (Biol.) The quality or state of being vascular.

 Vas"cu*lose' (?), n. (Bot.) One of the substances of which vegetable tissue is composed, differing from cellulose in its solubility in certain media.

 ||Vas"cu*lum (?), n.; pl. Vascula (#). [L., a small vessel.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Ascidium, n., 1.

2. A tin box, commonly cylindrical or flattened, used in collecting plants.

 Vase (vs or väz; 277), n. [F. vase; cf. Sp.
 & It. vaso; fr. L. vas, vasum. Cf. Vascular, Vessel.] 1. A vessel adapted for various domestic purposes, and anciently for sacrificial uses; especially, a vessel of antique or elegant pattern used for ornament; as, a porcelain vase; a gold vase; a Grecian vase. See Illust. of Portland vase, under Portland.

 No chargers then were wrought in burnished gold, Nor silver vases took the forming mold.

Pope.
2. (Arch.) (a) A vessel similar to that described in the first definition above, or the representation of one in a solid block of stone, or the like, used for an ornament, as on a terrace or in a garden. See Illust. of Niche. (b) The body, or naked ground, of the Corinthian and Composite capital; — called also tambour, and drum.

 Until the time of Walker (1791), vase was made to rhyme with base,, case, etc., and it is still commonly so pronounced in the United States. Walker made it to rhyme with phrase, maze, etc. Of modern English practice, Mr. A. J. Ellis (1874) says: "Vase has four pronunciations in English: vz, which I most commonly say, is going out of use, väz I hear most frequently, vz very rarely, and vs I only know from Cull's marking. On the analogy of case, however, it should be the regular sound."

3. (Bot.) The calyx of a plant.

 Vas"e*line (?), n. [Said by the manufacturer to be derived from G. wasser water + Gr. 'e'laion olive oil.] A yellowish translucent substance, almost odorless and tasteless, obtained as a residue in the purification of crude petroleum, and consisting essentially of a mixture of several of the higher members of the paraffin series. It is used as an unguent, and for various purposes in the arts. See the Note under Petrolatum. [Written also vaselin.]

 Vase"-shaped' (?), a. Formed like a vase, or like a common flowerpot.

 Vas"i*form (?), a. [L. vas a vessel + -form.] (Biol.)
 Having the form of a vessel, or duct.

Vasiform tissue (Bot.), tissue containing vessels, or ducts.

 Vas'o*con*strict"or (?), a. (Physiol.) Causing constriction of the blood vessels; as, the vasoconstrictor nerves, stimulation of which causes constriction of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vasohypertonic.

 Vas'o*den"tine (?), n. [L. vas a vessel + E. dentine.]
 (Anat.) A modified form of dentine, which is permeated by blood capillaries; vascular dentine.

 Vas'o*di*lat"or (?), a.[L. vas a vessel + dilator.]
 (Physiol.) Causing dilation or relaxation of the blood vessels; as, the vasodilator nerves, stimulation of which causes dilation of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vaso-inhibitory, and vasohypotonic nerves, since their stimulation causes relaxation and rest.

 Vas'o*form"a*tive (?), a. [L. vas a vessel + formative] (Physiol.) Concerned in the development and formation of blood vessels and blood corpuscles; as, the vasoformative cells.

 Vas'o-in*hib"i*to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) See Vasodilator.

 Vas'o*mo"tor (?), a. [L. vas a vessel + motor that which moves fr. movere to move.] (Physiol.) Causing movement in the walls of vessels; as, the vasomotor mechanisms; the vasomotor nerves, a system of nerves distributed over the muscular coats of the blood vessels.

Vasomotor center, the chief dominating or general center which supplies all the unstriped muscles of the arterial system with motor nerves, situated in a part of the medulla oblongata; a center of reflex action by the working of which afferent impulses are changed into efferent, — vasomotor impulses leading either to dilation or constriction of the blood vessels.

 Vas"sal (?), n. [F., fr. LL. vassallus, vassus; of Celtic origin; cf. W. & Corn. gwas a youth, page, servant, Arm.
 gwaz a man, a male. Cf. Valet, Varlet, Vavasor.]

1. (Feud. Law) The grantee of a fief, feud, or fee; one who holds land of superior, and who vows fidelity and homage to him; a feudatory; a feudal tenant. Burrill.
2. A subject; a dependent; a servant; a slave. "The vassals of his anger." Milton.
Rear vassal, the vassal of a vassal; an arriere vassal.

 Vas"sal, a. Resembling a vassal; slavish; servile.

 The sun and every vassal star.

Keble.
 Vas"sal, v. t. To treat as a vassal; to subject to control; to enslave. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Vas"sal*age (?), n. [OE. vassalage, F. vasselage, LL.
 vassallaticum.]

1. The state of being a vassal, or feudatory.

2. Political servitude; dependence; subjection; slavery; as, the Greeks were held in vassalage by the Turks.

3. A territory held in vassalage. "The Countship of Foix, with six territorial vassalages." Milman.
4. Vassals, collectively; vassalry. [R.] Shak.
5. Valorous service, such as that performed by a vassal; valor; prowess; courage. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Vas"sal*ess, n. A female vassal. [R.] Spenser.
 Vas"sal*ry (?), n. The body of vassals. [R.]

 Vast (?), a. [Compar. Vaster (?); superl. Vastest.]
 [L. vastus


ian eucalyptus, -- whence its name.

 Eu'ca*lyp*tol (?), n. [Eucalyptus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)
 A volatile, terpenelike oil extracted from the eucalyptus, and consisting largely of cymene.

 ||Eu'ca*lyp"tus (?), n. [NL., from GR. &?; well, good + &?; covered. The buds of Eucalyptus have a hemispherical or conical covering, which falls off at anthesis.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous genus of trees, mostly Australian. Many of them grow to an immense height, one or two species exceeding the height even of the California Sequoia.

 They have rigid, entire leaves with one edge turned toward the zenith.
 Most of them secrete resinous gums, whence they called gum trees, and their timber is of great value. Eucalyptus Globulus is the blue gum; E. gigantea, the stringy bark: E. amygdalina, the peppermint tree. E. Gunnii, the Tasmanian cider tree, yields a refreshing drink from wounds made in the bark in the spring. Other species yield oils, tars, acids, dyes and tans. It is said that miasmatic valleys in Algeria and Portugal, and a part of the unhealthy Roman Campagna, have been made more salubrious by planting groves of these trees.

 ||Eu"cha*ris (?), n. [NL., fr. L. eucharis agreeable, Gr.
 e'y'charis See Eucharist.] (Bot.) A genus of South American amaryllidaceous plants with large and beautiful white blossoms.

 Eu"cha*rist (?), n. [L. eucharistia, Gr. e'ycharisti'a, lit., a giving of thanks; e'y^ + cha'ris favor, grace, thanks; akin to chai'rein to rejoice, and prob. to yearn: cf. F. eucharistie.]
 1. The act of giving thanks; thanksgiving. [Obs.]

 Led through the vale of tears to the region of eucharist and hallelujahs.

South.
2. (Eccl.) The sacrament of the Lord's Supper; the solemn act of ceremony of commemorating the death of Christ, in the use of bread and wine, as the appointed emblems; the communion.

 -- See Sacrament.

 { Eu'cha*ris"tic (?), Eu'cha*ris"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. eucharistie.]
 1. Giving thanks; expressing thankfulness; rejoicing. [Obs.]

 The eucharistical part of our daily devotions.

Ray.
2. Pertaining to the Lord's Supper. "The eucharistic sacrament." Sir. G. C. Lewis.
 Eu"chite (?), n. [From Gr. &?; to pray.] One who resolves religion into prayer. [Obs.] Gauden.
 Eu*chlo"ric (?), a. [Gr. e'y'chlwro's fresh and green; e'y^ well + chlwro's pale green.] (Chem.) Relating to, or consisting of, euchlorine; as, euchloric gas. Davy.
 Eu*chlo"rine (?), n. [Cf. F. euchlorine. See Euchloric.] (Chem.)
 A yellow or greenish yellow gas, first prepared by Davy, evolved from potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid. It is supposed to consist of chlorine tetroxide with some free chlorine.

 { ||Eu'cho*lo"gi*on (?), Eu*chol"o*gy (?), } n. [NL. euchologion, Gr. &?; prayer book; &?; prayer, vow (fr. &?; to pray) + &?; to say, speak.] (Eccl.) A formulary of prayers; the book of offices in the Greek Church, containing the liturgy, sacraments, and forms of prayers.

 Eu"cho*logue, n. [F. euchologe.] Euchology. [R.]

 Eu"chre (?), n. [Perh. from F. écarté.] A game at cards, that may be played by two, three, or four persons, the highest card (except when an extra card called the Joker is used) being the knave of the same suit as the trump, and called right bower, the lowest card used being the seven, or frequently, in two-handed euchre, the nine spot. See Bower.

 Eu"chre, v. t. 1. To defeat, in a game of euchre, the side that named the trump.

2. To defeat or foil thoroughly in any scheme. [Slang.]

 Eu*chro"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; wellcolored; &?; well + &?; color.] (Chem.) Having a fine color.

Euchroic acid (Chem.), an organic, imide acid, obtained as a colorless crystalline substance, C12H4N2O8 by heating an ammonium salt of mellitic acid. By reduction it is changed to a dark blue substance (euchrone), -- hence its name.

 Eu"chro*ite (?), n. [See Euchroic.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in transparent emerald green crystals. It is hydrous arseniate of copper.

 Eu"chrone (?) n. (Chem.) A substance obtained from euchroic acid. See Eychroic.

 Eu"chy*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; well + &?; juice liquid. See Chyme.] (Med.) A good state of the blood and other fluids of the body.

 Eu"clase (?) n. [Gr. &?; well, easily + &?; to break. Cf.
 F. euclase, G. euklas. See named from its brittleness.] (Min.)
 A brittle gem occurring in light green, transparent crystals, affording a brilliant clinodiagonal cleavage. It is a silicate of alumina and glucina.

 Eu"clid (?), n. A Greek geometer of the 3d century b. c.; also, his treatise on geometry, and hence, the principles of geometry, in general.

 Eu*clid"i*an (?), n. Related to Euclid, or to the geometry of Euclid.

Euclidian space (Geom.), the kind of space to which the axioms and definitions of Euclid, relative to straight lines and parallel lines, apply; -- called also flat space, and homaloidal space.

 ||Eu'co*pep"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Euand Copepoda.] (Zoöl.)
 A group which includes the typical copepods and the lerneans.

 Eu"cra*sy (?). [Gr. &?;; &?;, well-tempered; e'y^ well + &?; to mix, temper: cf. F. eucrasie.] (Med.) Such a due mixture of qualities in bodies as constitutes health or soundness. Quincy.
 Euc"tic*al (?) [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to pray, wish.] Expecting a wish; supplicatory. [R.]

 Sacrifices... distinguished into expiatory, euctical, and eucharistical.

Bp. Law.
 { Eu*de"mon, Eu*dæ"mon (?) }, n. [Gr. e'y^ well, good + &?; one's demon.] A good angel. Southey.
 { Eu'de*mon"ics, Eu'dæ*mon"ics (?) }, n. [Gr. &?; conducive to happiness. See Eudemonism.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness; the science of happiness; -- contrasted with are


, etc.

 Stan*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. stannum tin + -ferous.]
 Containing or affording tin.

 { Stan"nine (?), Stan"nite (?), } n. (Min.) A mineral of a steel-gray or iron-black color; tin pyrites. It is a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron.

 Stan"no- (?). [L. stannum tin.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, tin, or including tin as an ingredient.

 Stan'no*flu"or*ide (-fl"r*d or -d), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of double fluorides of tin (stannum) and some other element.

 Stan*no"so- (stn*n"s-), a. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, certain stannnous compounds.

 Stan"no*type (stn"n*tp), n. [Stanno- + -type.] (Photog.)
 A photograph taken upon a tin plate; a tintype.

 Stan"nous (-ns), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with stannic compounds.

Stannous chloride (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, SnCl2.(H2O)2, obtained by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid. It is used as a mordant in dyeing.

 ||Stan"num (?), n. [L., alloy of silver and lead; later, tin.] (Chem.)
 The technical name of tin. See Tin.

 { Stann"yel, Stan"yel } (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Stannel.

 { Stant (?), Stont (?), } obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Stand, for standeth. Stands. Chaucer.
 Stan"za (?), n.; pl. Stanzas (#). [It. stanza a room, habitation, a stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. stans, p. pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estancia, Stance, Stanchion.] 1. A number of lines or verses forming a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, number of lines, etc., with other divisions; a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every variation of measure in that poem; a combination or arrangement of lines usually recurring; whether like or unlike, in measure.

 Horace confines himself strictly to one sort of verse, or stanza, in every ode.

Dryden.
2. (Arch.) An apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber.

 Stan*za"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, stanzas; as, a couplet in stanzaic form.

 Sta*pe"di*al (?), a. [LL. stapes stirrup.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to stapes.

 ||Sta*pe"li*a (?), n. [NL. So named after John Bodæus a Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam.] (Bot.) An extensive and curious genus of African plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceæ (Milkweed family). They are succulent plants without leaves, frequently covered with dark tubercles giving them a very grotesque appearance. The odor of the blossoms is like that of carrion.

 ||Sta"pes (?), n. [LL., a stirrup.] (Anat.) The innermost of the ossicles of the ear; the stirrup, or stirrup bone; -- so called from its form. See Illust. of Ear.

 Staph"y*line (?), a. [Gr. &?; botryodial, from &?; a bunch of grapes.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the uvula or the palate.

 Staph'y*li"nid (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kind of insect.] (Zoöl.)
 Any rove beetle.

 ||Staph'y*lo"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a bunch of grapes.] (Med.) A protrusion of any part of the globe of the eye; as, a staphyloma of the cornea.

 Staph'y*lo"ma*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to staphyloma; affected with staphyloma.

 Staph"y*lo*plas'ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; a bunch of grapes, also, the uvula when swollen at the lower end + - plasty.] (Surg.)
 The operation for restoring or replacing the soft palate when it has been lost. Dunglison. -- Staph'y*lo*plas"tic (#), a.
 { Staph'y*lor"a*phy, Staph'y*lor"rha*phy } (?), n. [Gr. &?; the uvula when swollen + &?; to sew: cf. F. staphylorraphie.] The operation of uniting a cleft palate, consisting in paring and bringing together the edges of the cleft. -- Staph'y*lo*raph"ic (#), Staph'y*lor*rhaph"ic (#), a. Staph'y*lot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; the uvula when swollen + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of removing a staphyloma by cutting.

 Sta"ple (?), n. [AS. stapul, stapol, stapel, a step, a prop, post, table, fr. stapan to step, go, raise; akin to D. stapel a pile, stocks, emporium, G. stapela heap, mart, stake, staffel step of a ladder, Sw. stapel, Dan. stabel, and E. step cf. OF. estaple a mart, F. étape.
 See Step.] 1. A settled mart; an emporium; a city or town to which merchants brought commodities for sale or exportation in bulk; a place for wholesale traffic.

 The customs of Alexandria were very great, it having been the staple of the Indian trade.

Arbuthnot.
 For the increase of trade and the encouragement of the worthy burgesses of Woodstock, her majesty was minded to erect the town into a staple for wool.

Sir W. Scott.
 In England, formerly, the king's staple was established in certain ports or towns, and certain goods could not be exported without being first brought to these places to be rated and charged with the duty payable of the king or the public. The principal commodities on which customs were lived were wool, skins, and leather; and these were originally the staple commodities.

2. Hence: Place of supply; source; fountain head.

 Whitehall naturally became the chief staple of news. Whenever there was a rumor that any thing important had happened or was about to happen, people hastened thither to obtain intelligence from the fountain head.

Macaulay.
3. The principal commodity of traffic in a market; a principal commodity or production of a country or district; as, wheat, maize, and cotton are great staples of the United States.

 We should now say, Cotton is the great staple, that is, the established merchandize, of Manchester.

Trench.
4. The principal constituent in anything; chief item.

5. Unmanufactured material; raw material.

6. The fiber of wool, cotton, flax, or the like; as, a coarse staple; a fine staple; a long or short staple.

7. A loop of iron, or a bar or wire, bent and formed with two points to be driven into wood, to hold a hook, pin, or the like.

8. (Mining) (a) A shaft, smaller and shorter than the principal one, joining different levels. (b) A small pit.

9. A district granted to an abbey. [Obs.] Camden.
 Sta"ple, a. 1. Pertaining to, or being market of staple for,