.
55VILLANELLE (TO M. JOSEPH BOULMIER, AUTHOR OF "LES VILLANELLES.") Villanelle, why art thou mute?
 Hath the singer ceased to sing?
Hath the Master lost his lute?
Many a pipe and scrannel flute On the breeze their discords fling; Villanelle, why art thou mute?
Sound of tumult and dispute, Noise of war the echoes bring; Hath the Master lost his lute?
p.
56Once he sang of bud and shoot In the season of the Spring; Villanelle, why art thou mute?
Fading leaf and falling fruit Say, "The year is on the wing, Hath the Master lost his lute?" Ere the axe lie at the root, Ere the winter come as king, Villanelle, why art thou mute?
Hath the Master lost his lute?
p.
57TRIOLETS AFTER MOSCHUS.
Αίαῖ ταὶ μαλάχαι μέν ἐπὰν κατὰ κᾱπον ὄλωνται ὕστερον άυ ζώοντι καὶ εἰς ἔτος ἄλλο φύοντι άμμες δ' οι μεγάλοι καὶ χαρτερί οι σοφοὶ ἄνδρες ὁππότε πρᾱτα θάνωμες άνάχοοι ἔν χθονὶ χοίλα 'εύδομες ἔυ μάλα μαχρὸν ἀπέμονα νήγρετον 'ύπνον.
Alas, for us no second spring, Like mallows in the garden-bed, For these the grave has lost his sting, Alas, for us no second spring, Who sleep without awakening, And, dead, for ever more are dead, Alas, for us no second spring, Like mallows in the garden-bed!
Alas, the strong, the wise, the brave That boast themselves the sons of men!
p. 58Once they go down into the grave— Alas, the strong, the wise, the brave,— They perish and have none to save, They are sown, and are not raised again; Alas, the strong, the wise, the brave, That boast themselves the sons of men!
p.
59BALLADE OF CRICKET.
TO T. W. LANG.
The burden of hard hitting: slog away!
Here shalt thou make a "five" and there a "four," And then upon thy bat shalt lean, and say, That thou art in for an uncommon score.
Yea, the loud ring applauding thee shall roar, And thou to rival Thornton shalt aspire, When lo, the Umpire gives thee "leg before,"— "This is the end of every man's desire!" The burden of much bowling, when the stay Of all thy team is "collared," swift or slower, When "bailers" break not in their wonted way, And "yorkers" come not off as here-to-fore, p. 60When length balls shoot no more, ah never more, When all deliveries lose their former fire, When bats seem broader than the broad barn-door,— "This is the end of every man's desire!" The burden of long fielding, when the clay Clings to thy shoon in sudden shower's downpour, And running still thou stumblest, or the ray Of blazing suns doth bite and burn thee sore, And blind thee till, forgetful of thy lore, Thou dost most mournfully misjudge a "skyer," And lose a match the Fates cannot restore,— "This is the end of every man's desire!" Envoy.
Alas, yet liefer on Youth's hither shore Would I be some poor Player on scant hire, Than King among the old, who play no more,— "This is the end of every man's desire!" p. 61THE LAST MAYING.
"It is told of the last Lovers which watched May-night in the forest, before men brought the tidings of the Gospel to this land, that they beheld no Fairies, nor Dwarfs, nor no such Thing, but the very Venus herself, who bade them 'make such cheer as they might, for' said she, 'I shall live no more in these Woods, nor shall ye endure to see another May time.'"—Edmund Gorliot, "Of Phantasies and Omens," p. 149. (1573.)
"Whence do ye come, with the dew on your hair?
From what far land are the boughs ye bear, The blossoms and buds upon breasts and tresses, The light burned white in your faces fair?" "In a falling fane have we built our house, With the dying Gods we have held carouse, And our lips are wan from their wild caresses, Our hands are filled with their holy boughs.
p.
62As we crossed the lawn in the dying day No fairy led us to meet the May, But the very Goddess loved by lovers, In mourning raiment of green and grey.
She was not decked as for glee and game, She was not veiled with the veil of flame, The saffron veil of the Bride that covers The face that is flushed with her joy and shame.
On the laden branches the scent and dew Mingled and met, and as snow to strew The woodland rides and the fragrant grasses, White flowers fell as the night wind blew.
Tears and kisses on lips and eyes Mingled and met amid laughter and sighs For grief that abides, and joy that passes, For pain that tarries and mirth that flies.
p.
63It chanced as the dawning grew to grey Pale and sad on our homeward way, With weary lips, and palled with pleasure The Goddess met us, farewell to say.
"Ye have made your choice, and the better part, Ye chose" she said, "and the wiser art; In the wild May night drank all the measure, The perfect pleasure of heart and heart.
"Ye shall walk no more with the May," she said, "Shall your love endure though the Gods be dead?
 Shall the flitting flocks, mine own, my chosen, Sing as of old, and be happy and wed?
"Yea, they are glad as of old; but you, Fair and fleet as the dawn or the dew, Abide no more, for the springs are frozen, And fled the Gods that ye loved and knew.
p.
64Ye shall never know Summer again like this; Ye shall play no more with the Fauns, I wis, No more in the nymphs' and dryads' playtime Shall echo and answer kiss and kiss.
"Though the flowers in your golden hair be bright, Your golden hair shall be waste and white On faded brows ere another May time Bring the spring, but no more delight." p.
65HOMERIC UNITY.
The sacred keep of Ilion is rent By shaft and pit; foiled waters wander slow Through plains where Simois and Scamander went To war with Gods and heroes long ago.
 Not yet to tired Cassandra, lying low In rich Mycenæ, do the Fates relent: The bones of Agamemnon are a show, And ruined is his royal monument.
The dust and awful treasures of the Dead, Hath Learning scattered wide, but vainly thee, Homer, she meteth with her tool of lead, And strives to rend thy songs; too blind to see The crown that burns on thine immortal head Of indivisible supremacy!
p. 66IN TINTAGEL.
LUI.
Ah lady, lady, leave the creeping mist, And leave the iron castle by the sea!
ELLE.
Nay, from the sea there came a ghost that kissed My lips, and so I cannot come to thee!
LUI.
Ah lady, leave the cruel landward wind That crusts the blighted flowers with bitter foam!
ELLE.
Nay, for his arms are cold and strong to bind, And I must dwell with him and make my home!
p. 67LUI.
Come, for the Spring is fair in Joyous Guard And down deep alleys sweet birds sing again.
ELLE.
But I must tarry with the winter hard, And with the bitter memory of pain, Although the Spring be fair in Joyous Guard, And in the gardens glad birds sing again!
p.
68PISIDICÊ.
The incident is from the Love


we have no name, and human flesh may become the veil of a horror one dare not express. I played with energies which I did not understand, you have seen the ending of it. Helen Vaughan did well to bind the cord about her neck and die, though the death was horrible. The blackened face, the hideous form upon the bed, changing and melting before your eyes from woman to man, from man to beast, and from beast to worse than beast, all the strange horror that you witness, surprises me but little. What you say the doctor whom you sent for saw and shuddered at I noticed long ago; I knew what I had done the moment the child was born, and when it was scarcely five years old I surprised it, not once or twice but several times with a playmate, you may guess of what kind. It was for me a constant, an incarnate horror, and after a few years I felt I could bear it no more, and I sent Helen Vaughan away. You know now what frightened the boy in the wood. The rest of the strange story, and all else that you tell me, as discovered by your friend, I have contrived to learn from time to time, almost to the last chapter. And now Helen is with her companions... THE END.
NOTE.—Helen Vaughan was born on August 5th, 1865, at the Red House, Breconshire, and died on July 25th, 1888, in her house in a street off Piccadilly, called Ashley Street in the story.


o- (?). [From Ilium.] A combining form used in anatomy to denote connection with, or relation to, the ilium; as, ilio-femoral, iliolumbar, ilio-psoas, etc.

 Il'i*o*fem"o*ral (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium and femur; as, iliofemoral ligaments.

 Il'i*o*lum"bar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the iliac and lumbar regions; as, the iliolumbar artery.

 Il'i*o*pso"as (?), n. (Anat.) The great flexor muscle of the hip joint, divisible into two parts, the iliac and great psoas, -- often regarded as distinct muscles.

 ||Il"i*um (?), n. [See Ileum.] (Anat.) The dorsal one of the three principal bones comprising either lateral half of the pelvis; the dorsal or upper part of the hip bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. [Written also ilion, and ileum.]

 Il'ix*an"thin (?), n. [Ilex the genus including the holly + Gr. &?; yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow dye obtained from the leaves of the holly.

 Ilk (?), a. [Scot. ilk, OE. ilke the same, AS. ilca.
 Cf. Each.] Same; each; every. [Archaic] Spenser.
Of that ilk, denoting that a person's surname and the title of his estate are the same; as, Grant of that ilk, i.e., Grant of Grant.
 Jamieson.
 Il"ke (?), a. [See Ilk.] Same. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Il*kon", Il*koon" (?) }, pron. [See Ilk, and One.] Each one; every one. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ill (?), a. [The regular comparative and superlative are wanting, their places being supplied by worse (&?;) and worst (&?;), from another root.] [OE. ill, ille, Icel. illr; akin to Sw. illa, adv., Dan. ilde, adv.] 1. Contrary to good, in a physical sense; contrary or opposed to advantage, happiness, etc.; bad; evil; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable.

 Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets, and ill neighbors.

Bacon.
 There's some ill planet reigns.

Shak.
2. Contrary to good, in a moral sense; evil; wicked; wrong; iniquitious; naughtly; bad; improper.

 Of his own body he was ill, and gave The clergy ill example.

Shak.
3. Sick; indisposed; unwell; diseased; disordered; as, ill of a fever.

 I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill.

Shak.
4. Not according with rule, fitness, or propriety; incorrect; rude; unpolished; inelegant.

 That's an ill phrase.

Shak.
Ill at ease, uneasy; uncomfortable; anxious. "I am very ill at ease." Shak. -- Ill blood, enmity; resentment. -- Ill breeding, want of good breeding; rudeness. -- Ill fame, ill or bad repute; as, a house of ill fame, a house where lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. -- Ill humor, a disagreeable mood; bad temper. -- Ill nature, bad disposition or temperament; sullenness; esp., a disposition to cause unhappiness to others. -- Ill temper, anger; moroseness; crossness. -- Ill turn. (a) An unkind act. (b) A slight attack of illness. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Ill will, unkindness; enmity; malevolence.

Syn. -- Bad; evil; wrong; wicked; sick; unwell.

 Ill (?), n. 1. Whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success; evil of any kind; misfortune; calamity; disease; pain; as, the ills of humanity.

 Who can all sense of others' ills escape Is but a brute at best in human shape.

Tate.
 That makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of.

Shak.
2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral sense; wickedness; depravity; iniquity; wrong; evil.

 Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still, Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill.

Dryden.
 Ill, adv. In a ill manner; badly; weakly.

 How ill this taper burns!

Shak.
Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay.

Goldsmith.
Ill, like above, well, and so, is used before many participal adjectives, in its usual adverbal sense. When the two words are used as an epithet preceding the noun qualified they are commonly hyphened; in other cases they are written separatively; as, an ill-educated man; he was ill educated; an ill-formed plan; the plan, however ill formed, was acceptable. Ao, also, the following: ill-affected or ill affected, ill-arranged or ill arranged, ill-assorted or ill assorted, ill-boding or ill boding, ill-bred or ill bred, illconditioned, ill-conducted, ill-considered, illdevised, ill-disposed, ill-doing, ill-fairing, ill-fated, ill-favored, ill-featured, ill-formed, ill-gotten, ill-imagined, ill-judged, ill-looking, ill-mannered, ill-matched, ill-meaning, ill-minded, ill-natured, ill-omened, ill-proportioned, ill-provided, ill-required, ill-sorted, ill-starred, ill-tempered, ill-timed, ill-trained, ill-used, and the like.

 I' ll (?). Contraction for I will or I shall.

I'll by a sign give notice to our friends.

Shak.
 Il*lab"ile (?), a. Incapable of falling or erring; infalliable.
 [Obs.] -- Il'la*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.]

 Il*lac"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. illacerabilis: cf. F. illacérable.
 See Innot, and Lacerable.] Not lacerable; incapable of being torn or rent. [Obs.]

 Il*lac"ry*ma*ble (?), a. [L. illacrimabilis; pref. ilnot + lacrimabilis worthy of tears.] Incapable of weeping. [Obs.]
 Bailey.
 Il*laps"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. ilnot + lapsable.]
 Incapable of slipping, or of error. [R.]

 Morally immutable and illapsable.

Glanvill.
 Il*lapse" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Illapsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illapsing.] [L. illapsus, p. p. of illabi; pref. ilin + labi to fall, slide.] To fall or glide; to pass; -- usually followed by into. Cheyne.
 Il*lapse", n. [L. illapsus. See Illapse, v. i.] A gliding in; an immisson or entrance of one thing into another; also, a sudden descent or attack. Akenside.
 They sit silent... waiting for an illapse of the spirit.

Jeffrey.
 Il*la"que*a*ble (?),


luxuria, fr. luxus: cf. F. luxure.] 1. A free indulgence in costly food, dress, furniture, or anything expensive which gratifies the appetites or tastes.

 Riches expose a man to pride and luxury.

Spectator.
2. Anything which pleases the senses, and is also costly, or difficult to obtain; an expensive rarity; as, silks, jewels, and rare fruits are luxuries; in some countries ice is a great luxury.

 He cut the side of a rock for a garden, and, by laying on it earth, furnished out a kind of luxury for a hermit.

Addison.
3. Lechery; lust. [Obs.] Shak.
Luxury is in wine and drunkenness.

Chaucer.
4. Luxuriance; exuberance. [Obs.] Bacon.
Syn. -- Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; lasciviousness; dainty; delicacy; gratification.

 Luz (?), n. A bone of the human body which was supposed by certain Rabbinical writers to be indestructible. Its location was a matter of dispute. Brande & C.
 -ly (?). [OE. -lich, AS. -lic, orig. the same word as E. like, a. See Like, a.] A suffix forming adjectives and adverbs, and denoting likeness or resemblance.

 Ly"am (?), n. [See Leam.] A leash. [Obs.]

 Ly"can*thrope (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a wolf + &?; a man.] 1. A human being fabled to have been changed into a wolf; a werewolf.

2. One affected with lycanthropy.

 ||Ly'can*thro"pi*a (?), n. [NL.] See Lycanthropy, 2.

 Ly'can*throp"ic (?), a. Pertaining to lycanthropy.

 Ly*can"thro*pist (?), n. One affected by the disease lycanthropy.

 Ly*can"thro*pous (?), a. Lycanthropic.

 Ly*can"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. lycanthropie.]
 1. The supposed act of turning one's self or another person into a wolf. Lowell.
2. (Med.) A kind of erratic melancholy, in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and imitates the actions of that animal.

 Ly*ce"um (?), n.; pl. E. Lyceums (#), L. Lycea (#). [L. lyceum, Gr. &?;, so named after the neighboring temple of &?; &?; Apollo the wolf slayer, prob. fr. &?; belonging to a wolf, fr &?; wolf. See Wolf.] 1. A place of exercise with covered walks, in the suburbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy.

2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by lectures or disquisitions.

3. A higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university.

4. An association for debate and literary improvement.

 Lyche (?), a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ly"chee' (?), n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

 Lych" gate' (?). See under Lich.

 ||Lych"nis (?), n. [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. lychni's; cf.
 ly'chnos a lamp.] (Bot.) A genus of Old World plants belonging to the Pink family (Caryophyllaceæ). Most of the species have brilliantly colored flowers and cottony leaves, which may have anciently answered as wicks for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for the garden species. The corn cockle (Lychnis Githago) is a common weed in wheat fields.

 Lych"no*bite (?), n. [Gr. ly'chnos a lamp + bi'os life.] One who labors at night and sleeps in the day.

 Lych"no*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; + - scope.] (Arch.)
 Same as Low side window, under Low, a. Lyc"ine (?), n. (Chem.) A weak base identical with betaine; -- so called because found in the boxthorn (Lycium barbarum). See Betaine.

 ||Ly'co*per"don (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; wolf + &?; to break wind.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi, remarkable for the great quantity of spores, forming a fine dust, which is thrown out like smoke when the plant is compressed or burst; puffball.

 Ly"co*pod (?), n. [Cf. F. lycopode.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycopodium.

 Ly"co*pode (?), n. [F.] Same as Lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

 Ly'co*po'di*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging, or relating, to the Lycopodiaceæ, an order of cryptogamous plants (called also club mosses) with branching stems, and small, crowded, one-nerved, and usually pointed leaves.

 Ly*cop"o*dite (?), n. (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil club moss.

 Ly'co*po"di*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; wolf + &?;, &?;, a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of mosslike plants, the type of the order Lycopodiaceæ; club moss.

Lycopodium powder, a fine powder or dust composed of the spores of Lycopodium, and other plants of the order Lycopodiaceæ. It is highly inflammable, and is sometimes used in the manufacture of fireworks, and the artificial representation of lightning.

 Ly*cot"ro*pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; hook + &?; to turn.] (Bot.)
 Campylotropous.

 Lyd"en (?), n. See Leden. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lyd"i*an (?), a. [L. Lydius, fr. Lydia, Gr. &?;.]
 Of or pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants; hence, soft; effeminate; -- said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, the music in which was of a soft, pathetic, or voluptuous character.

 Softly sweet in Lydian measures, Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures.

Dryden.
Lydian stone, a flint slate used by the ancients to try gold and silver; a touchstone. See Basanite.

 Lyd"ine (?), n. (Dyeing) A violet dye derived from aniline.

 Lye (?), n. [Written also lie and ley.] [AS. leáh; akin to D. loog, OHG. louga, G. lauge; cf. Icel. laug a bath, a hot spring.] A strong caustic alkaline solution of potassium salts, obtained by leaching wood ashes. It is much used in making soap, etc.

 Lye, n. (Railroad) A short side line, connected with the main line; a turn-out; a siding. [Eng.]

 Lye, n. A falsehood. [Obs.] See Lie.

 ||Ly'en*ceph"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to loose + &?; the brain.] (Zoöl.) A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; -- so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary.

 Ly'en*ceph"a*lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Lyenceph


;; &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; discourse: cf. F. gastrologie.] The science which treats of the structure and functions of the stomach; a treatise of the stomach.

 ||Gas'tro*ma*la"ci*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; softness, fr. &?; soft.] (Med.) A softening of the coats of the stomach; -- usually a postmorten change.

 Gas'tro*man"cy (?), n. [Gastro- + -mancy: cf. F. gastromancy.]
 (Antiq.) (a) A kind of divination, by means of words seemingly uttered from the stomach. (b) A species of divination, by means of glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of which figures are supposed to appear by magic art.

 ||Gas'tro*my"ces (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?;, &?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) The fungoid growths sometimes found in the stomach; such as Torula, etc.

 Gas"tro*myth (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; to say, speak.]
 One whose voice appears to proceed from the stomach; a ventriloquist.
 [Obs.]

 { Gas"tro*nome (?), Gas*tron"o*mer (?), } n. [F. gastronome, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; law, &?; to distribute.]
 One fond of good living; an epicure. Sir W. Scott.
 Gas'tro*nom"ic (?), Gas'tro*nom"ic*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. gastronomique.]
 Pertaining to gastromony.

 Gas*tron"o*mist (?), n. A gastromomer.

 Gas*tron"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. gastronomie.] The art or science of good eating; epicurism; the art of good cheer.

 Gas'tro*phren"ic (?), a. [Gastro- + -phrenic.] (Anat.)
 Pertaining to the stomach and diaphragm; as, the gastrophrenic ligament.

 Gas'tro*pneu*mat"ic (?), a. [Gastro- + pneumatic.]
 (Anat.) Pertaining to the alimentary canal and air passages, and to the cavities connected with them; as, the gastropneumatic mucuos membranes.

 Gas"tro*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gastropoda.
 [Written also gasteropod.]

 ||Gas*trop"o*da (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + -poda.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca. [Written also Gasteropoda.]

 The Gastropoda are divided into three subclasses; viz.: (a) The Streptoneura or Dioecia, including the Pectinibranchiata, Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa, and Heteropoda. (b) The Euthyneura, including the Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia. (c) The Amphineura, including the Polyplacophora and Aplacophora.

 Gas*trop"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gastropoda.

 Gas*tror"a*phy (?), n. [Gr.&?;; &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; a sewing, fr. &?; to sew: cf. F. gastrorrhaphie.] (Surg.)
 The operation of sewing up wounds of the abdomen. Quincy.
 Gas"tro*scope (?), n. [Gastro- + -scope.] (Med.)
 An instrument for viewing or examining the interior of the stomach.

 Gas'tro*scop"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to gastroscopy.

 Gas*tros"co*py (?), n. (Med.) Examination of the abdomen or stomach, as with the gastroscope.

 Gas'tro*splen"ic (?), n. [Gastro- + splenic.] (Anat.)
 Pertaining to the stomach and spleen; as, the gastrosplenic ligament.

 Gas*tros"tege (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; roof.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the large scales on the belly of a serpent.

 Gas*tros"to*my (?), n. [Gastro- + Gr. &?; mouth.] (Surg.)
 The operation of making a permanent opening into the stomach, for the introduction of food.

 Gas*trot"o*my (?), n. [Gastro + Gr. &?; to cut: cf. F.
 gastrotomie.] (Surg.) A cutting into, or opening of, the abdomen or the stomach.

 ||Gas*trot"ri*cha (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?; belly + &?;, &?;, hair.] (Zoöl.) A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids.

 ||Gas*trot"ro*cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, stomach + &?; a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side.

 Gas'tro*vas"cu*lar (?), a. [Gastro- + -vascular.] (Zoöl.)
 Having the structure, or performing the functions, both of digestive and circulatory organs; as, the gastrovascular cavity of cœlenterates.

 ||Gas"tru*la (?), n.; pl. Gastrulæ (#) [NL., dim. fr. Gr. &?; the stomach.] (Biol.) An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a doublewalled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastræa.
 -- a. Of or pertaining to a gastrula.

 Gas'tru*la"tion (gs'tr*l"shn), n. (Biol.) The process of invagination, in embryonic development, by which a gastrula is formed.

 ||Gas*tru"ra (gs*tr"r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. gasth'r belly + o'yra' tail.] (Zoöl.) See Stomatopoda.

 Gas*tru"rous (-rs), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gastrura.

 Gat (gt), imp. of Get. [Obs.]

 Gate (gt), n. [OE. et, eat, giat, gate, door, AS. geat, gat, gate, door; akin to OS., D., & Icel. gat opening, hole, and perh. to E. gate a way, gait, and get, v. Cf. Gate a way, 3d Get.] 1. A large door or passageway in the wall of a city, of an inclosed


after it has been used. Called also tan bark.

2. A yellowish-brown color, like that of tan.

3. A brown color imparted to the skin by exposure to the sun; as, hands covered with tan.

Tan bed (Hort.), a bed made of tan; a bark bed. — Tan pickle, the liquor used in tanning leather. — Tan spud, a spud used in stripping bark for tan from trees. — Tan stove. See Bark stove, under Bark. — Tan vat, a vat in which hides are steeped in liquor with tan.

 Tan, a. Of the color of tan; yellowishbrown.

Black and tan. See under Black, a. Tan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanned (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Tanning.] [F. tanner, LL. tannare. See Tan, n.]
 1. To convert (the skin of an animal) into leather, as by usual process of steeping it in an infusion of oak or some other bark, whereby it is impregnated with tannin, or tannic acid (which exists in several species of bark), and is thus rendered firm, durable, and in some degree impervious to water.

 The essential result in tanning is due to the fact that the tannins form, with gelatins and albuminoids, a series of insoluble compounds which constitute leather. Similar results may be produced by the use of other reagents in place of tannin, as alum, and some acids or chlorides, which are employed in certain processes of tanning.

2. To make brown; to imbrown, as by exposure to the rays of the sun; as, to tan the skin.

 Tan (?), v. i. To get or become tanned.

 Ta"na (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Banxring.

 Tan"a*ger (?), n. [NL. tanagra, probably fr. Brazilian tangara.]
 (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of bright-colored singing birds belonging to Tanagra, Piranga, and allied genera. The scarlet tanager (Piranga erythromelas) and the summer redbird (Piranga rubra) are common species of the United States.

 Tan"a*grine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tanagers.

 Tan"a*groid (?), a. [Tanager + - oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Tanagrine.

 ||Ta*na"te (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Asiatic wild dog (Canis procyonoides), native of Japan and adjacent countries. It has a short, bushy tail. Called also raccoon dog.

 Tan"dem (?), adv. & a. [L. tandem at length (of time only), punningly taken as meaning, lengthwise.] One after another; — said especially of horses harnessed and driven one before another, instead of abreast.

 Tan"dem, n. A team of horses harnessed one before the other. "He drove tandems." Thackeray.
Tandem engine, a compound steam engine having two or more steam cylinders in the same axis, close to one another. — Tandem bicycle or tricycle, one for two persons in which one rider sits before the other.

 Tang (tng), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. tang seaweed, Sw.
 tång, Icel. þang. Cf. Tangle.] (Bot.) A coarse blackish seaweed (Fuscus nodosus). Dr. Prior.
Tang sparrow (Zoöl.), the rock pipit. [Prov. Eng.]

 Tang, n. [Probably fr. OD. tanger sharp, tart, literally, pinching; akin to E. tongs. √59. See Tong.] 1. A strong or offensive taste; especially, a taste of something extraneous to the thing itself; as, wine or cider has a tang of the cask.

2. Fig.: A sharp, specific flavor or tinge. Cf. Tang a twang.

 Such proceedings had a strong tang of tyranny.

Fuller.
 A cant of philosophism, and a tang of party politics.

Jeffrey.
3. [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. tangi a projecting point; akin to E. tongs. See Tongs.] A projecting part of an object by means of which it is secured to a handle, or to some other part; anything resembling a tongue in form or position. Specifically: — (a) The part of a knife, fork, file, or other small instrument, which is inserted into the handle.

(b) The projecting part of the breech of a musket barrel, by which the barrel is secured to the stock.

(c) The part of a sword blade to which the handle is fastened.

(d) The tongue of a buckle. [Prov. Eng.]

 Tang, n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Twang. This word has become confused with tang tatse, flavor.] A sharp, twanging sound; an unpleasant tone; a twang.

 Tang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tanging.] To cause to ring or sound loudly; to ring.

 Let thy tongue tang arguments of state.

Shak.
To tang bees, to cause a swarm of bees to settle, by beating metal to make a din.

 Tang, v. i. To make a ringing sound; to ring.

 Let thy tongue tang arguments of state.

Shak.
 Tan"ga*lung (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian civet (Viverra tangalunga).

 Tan"gence (?), n. Tangency. [R.]

 Tan"gen*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being tangent; a contact or touching.

 Tan"gent (?), n. [L. tangens, - entis, p. pr. of tangere to touch; akin to Gr. &?; having seized: cf. F. tangente. Cf.
 Attain, Contaminate, Contingent, Entire, Tact, Taste, Tax, v. t.]
 (Geom.) A tangent line curve, or surface; specifically, that portion of the straight line tangent to a curve that is between the point of tangency and a given line, the given line being, for example, the axis of abscissas, or a radius of a circle produced. See Trigonometrical function, under Function.

Artificial, or Logarithmic, tangent, the logarithm of the natural tangent of an arc. — Natural tangent, a decimal expressing the length of the tangent of an arc, the radius being reckoned unity. — Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a form of galvanometer having a circular coil and a short needle, in which the tangent of the angle of deflection of the needle is proportional to the strength of the current. — Tangent of an angle, the natural tangent of the arc subtending or measuring the angle. — Tangent of an arc, a right line, as ta, touching the arc of a circle at one extremity a, and terminated by a line ct, passing from the center through the other extremity o. Tan"gent, a. [L. tangens, - entis, p. pr.] Touching; touching at a single point; specifically (Geom.) meeting a curve or surface at a point and having at that point the same direction as the curve or surface; — said of a straight line, curve, or surface; as, a line tangent to a curve; a curve tangent to a surface; tangent surfaces.

Tangent plane (Geom.), a plane which touches a surface in a point or line. — Tangent scale (Gun.), a kind of breech sight for a cannon. — Tangent screw (Mach.), an endless


Innocent.] 1. The state or quality of being innocent; freedom from that which is harmful or infurious; harmlessness.

2. The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness.

 The silence often of pure innocence Persuades when speaking fails.

Shak.
 Banished from man's life his happiest life, Simplicity and spotless innocence!

Milton.
3. The state or quality of being not chargeable for, or guilty of, a particular crime or offense; as, the innocence of the prisoner was clearly shown.

4. Simplicity or plainness, bordering on weakness or silliness; artlessness; ingenuousness. Chaucer. Shak.
Syn. -- Harmlessness; innocuousness; blamelessness; purity; sinlessness; guiltlessness.

 In"no*cen*cy (?), n. Innocence.

 In"no*cent (?), a. [F. innocent, L. innocens, -entis; pref. innot + nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm, hurt. See Noxious.] 1. Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as, an innocent medicine or remedy.

 The spear Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.

Pope.
2. Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright.

 To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb.

Shak.
 I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood.

Matt. xxvii. 4.
 The aidless, innocent lady, his wished prey.

Milton.
3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as, a man is innocent of the crime charged.

Innocent from the great transgression.

Ps. xix. 13.
4. Simple; artless; foolish. Shak.
5. Lawful; permitted; as, an innocent trade.

6. Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as, innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation.

Innocent party (Law), a party who has not notice of a fact tainting a litigated transaction with illegality.

Syn. -- Harmless; innoxious; innoffensive; guiltless; spotless; immaculate; pure; unblamable; blameless; faultless; guileless; upright.

 In"no*cent, n. 1. An innocent person; one free from, or unacquainted with, guilt or sin. Shak.
2. An unsophisticated person; hence, a child; a simpleton; an idiot. B. Jonson.
 In Scotland a natural fool was called an innocent.

Sir W. Scott.
Innocents' day (Eccl.), Childermas day.

 In"no*cent*ly, adv. In an innocent manner.

 In"no*cu"i*ty (?), n. Innocuousness.

 In*noc"u*ous (?), a. [L. innocuus; innot + nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt. See Innocent.] Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent.

 A patient, innocuous, innocent man.

Burton.
 -- In*noc"u*ous*ly, adv. -- In*noc"u*ous*ness, n. Where the salt sea innocuously breaks.

Wordsworth.
 In"no*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innodated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Innodating (?).] [L. innodatus, p. p. of innodare; pref. inin + nodus knot.] To bind up, as in a knot; to include. [Obs.] Fuller.
 In*nom"i*na*ble (?), a. [L. innominabilis; pref. innot + nominare to name: cf. F. innominable.] Not to be named. [R.] Testament of Love.
 In*nom"i*nate (?), a. [L. innominatus; pref. innot + nominare to name.] 1. Having no name; unnamed; as, an innominate person or place. [R.] Ray.
2. (Anat.) A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as, the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava.

Innominate bone (Anat.), the great bone which makes a lateral half of the pelvis in mammals; hip bone; haunch bone; huckle bone.
 It is composed of three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, consolidated into one in the adult, though separate in the fetus, as also in many adult reptiles and amphibians. -- Innominate contracts (Law), in the Roman law, contracts without a specific name.

 In"no*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Innovating (?).] [L. innovatus, p. p. of innovare to revew; pref. inin + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New.] 1. To bring in as new; to introduce as a novelty; as, to innovate a word or an act. [Archaic] 2. To change or alter by introducing something new; to remodel; to revolutionize. [Archaic] Burton.
 From his attempts upon the civil power, he proceeds to innovate God's worship.

South.
 In"no*vate, v. i. To introduce novelties or changes; -- sometimes with in or on. Bacon.
 Every man, therefore, is not fit to innovate.

Dryden.
 In'no*va"tion (?), n. [L. innovatio; cf. F. innovation.]
 1. The act of innovating; introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc. Dryden.
2. A change effected by innovating; a change in customs; something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites. Bacon.
 The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness, but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations.

Hooker.
3. (Bot.) A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses.

 In'no*va"tion*ist, n. One who favors innovation.

 In"no*va*tive (?), a. Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Fitzed. Hall.
 In"no*va'tor (?), n. [Cf. F. innovateur.] One who innovates.
 Shak.
 In*nox"ious (?), a. [L. innoxius. See Innot, and Noxious.]
 1. Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. "Innoxious flames." Sir K. Digby.
2. Free from crime; pure; innocent. Pope.
 -- In*nox'ious*ly, adv. -- In*nox"ious*ness, n. In*nu"bi*lous (?), a. [L. innubilus. See Nubilous.]
 Cloudless. [Obs.] Blount.
 In'nu*en"do (?), n.; pl. Innuedoes(&?;). [L., by intimation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give a nod, to intimate; pref. inin, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod. See Nutation.] 1. An oblique hint; a remote allusion or reference, usually derogatory to a person or thing not named; an insinuation.

 Mercury... owns it a marriage by an innuendo.

Dryden.
 Pursue your trade of scandal picking; Your innu


, or the like. See Etch, v. t.
2. A design carried out by means of the above process; a pattern on metal, glass, etc., produced by etching.

3. An impression on paper, parchment, or other material, taken in ink from an etched plate.

Etching figures (Min.), markings produced on the face of a crystal by the action of an appropriate solvent. They have usually a definite form, and are important as revealing the molecular structure. -- Etching needle, a sharp-pointed steel instrument with which lines are drawn in the ground or varnish in etching. -- Etching stitch (Needlework), a stitch used outline embroidery.

 E'te*os"tic (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, year + &?; row.] A kind of chronogram. [R.] B. Jonson.
 E*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. [Pref. e- + terminable.]
 Interminable. [Obs.] Skelton.
 { E*tern" or E*terne" (?) }, a. [OF. eterne, L. aeternus, for aeviturnus, fr. aevum age. See Age, and cf. Eternal.]
 Eternal. [Poetic] Shak.
 Built up to eterne significance.

Mrs. Browning.
 E*ter"nal (?), a. [F. éternel, L. aeternalis, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Without beginning or end of existence; always existing.

 The eternal God is thy refuge.

Deut. xxxiii. 27.
 To know wether there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal.

Locke.
2. Without end of existence or duration; everlasting; endless; immortal.

 That they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory.

2 Tim. ii. 10.
3. Continued without intermission; perpetual; ceaseless; constant.

 And fires eternal in thy temple shine.

Dryden.
4. Existing at all times without change; immutable.

 Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed.

Dryden.
 What are the eternal objects of poetry among all nations, and at all times?

M. Arnold.
5. Exceedingly great or bad; -- used as a strong intensive. "Some eternal villain."

The Eternal City, an appellation of Rome.

Syn. -- Everlasting; endless; infinite; ceaseless; perpetual; interminable. See Everlasting.

 E*ter"nal, n. 1. One of the appellations of God.

 Law whereby the Eternal himself doth work.

Hooker.
2. That which is endless and immortal. Young.
 E*ter"nal*ist, n. One who holds the existence of matter to be from eternity. T. Burnet.
 E*ter"nal*ize (?), v. t. To make eternal. Shelton.
 E*ter"nal*ly, adv. In an eternal manner.

 That which is morally good or evil at any time or in any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so.

South.
 Where western gales eternally reside.

Addison.
 E*terne" (?), a. See Etern.

 E*ter"ni*fy (?), v. t. To make eternal. [Obs.]

 Fame... eternifies the name.

Mir. for Mag.
 E*ter"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Eternities (#). [F. éternité, L. aeternitas, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Infinite duration, without beginning in the past or end in the future; also, duration without end in the future; endless time.

 The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.

Is. lvii. 15.
2. Condition which begins at death; immortality.

 Thou know'st 't is common; all that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity.

Shak.
 E*ter'ni*za"tion (?), n. The act of eternizing; the act of rendering immortal or famous.

 E*ter"nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eternized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Eterniziing.] [Cf. F. éterniser.] 1.
 To make eternal or endless.

 This other [gift] served but to eternize woe.

Milton.
2. To make forever famous; to immortalize; as, to eternize one's self, a name, exploits.

 St. Alban's battle won by famous York, Shall be eternized in all age to come.

Shak.
 E*te"sian (?), a. [L. etesiae, pl., periodic winds, Gr.
 &?;, fr. &?; year: cf. F. étésien.]
 Periodical; annual; -- applied to winds which annually blow from the north over the Mediterranean, esp. the eastern part, for an irregular period during July and August.

 Eth"al (?), n. [Ether + alcohol: cf. F. éthal.]
 (Chem.) A white waxy solid, C16H33.OH; -- called also cetylic alcohol. See Cetylic alcohol, under Cetylic.

 Eth"ane (?), n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H6, forming a constituent of ordinary illuminating gas. It is the second member of the paraffin series, and its most important derivatives are common alcohol, aldehyde, ether, and acetic acid. Called also dimethyl.

 Ethe (?), a. [See Eath.] Easy. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Eth"el (?), a. [AS. e&?;ele, æ&?;ele.
 See Atheling.] Noble. [Obs.]

 Eth"ene (?), n. (Chem.) Ethylene; olefiant gas.

 E*then"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from. or resembling, ethene or ethylene; as, ethenic ether.

 Eth"e*nyl (?), n. [Ethene + - yl.] (Chem.) (a) A trivalent hydrocarbon radical, CH3.C. (b) A univalent hydrocarbon radical of the ethylene series, CH2:CH; -- called also vinyl. See Vinyl.

 E'the*os"to*moid (?), a. [NL. etheostoma name of a genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, the genus Etheostoma.
 -- n. Any fish of the genus Etheostoma and related genera, allied to the perches; -- also called darter. The etheostomoids are small and often bright-colored fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of North America. About seventy species are known. See Darter.

 E"ther ("thr), n. [L. aether, Gr. a'iqh'r, fr. a'i'qein to light up, kindle, burn, blaze; akin to Skr. idh, indh, and prob. to E. idle: cf. F. éther.] [Written also æther.]
 1. (Physics) A medium of great elasticity and extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, the interior of solid bodies not excepted, and to be the medium of transmission of light and heat; hence often called luminiferous ether.

2. Supposed matter above the air; the air itself.

3. (Chem.) (a) A light, volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid, (C2H5)2O, of a characteristic aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid, and hence called also sulphuric ether. It is powerful solvent of fats, resins, and pyroxylin


ontos} means "reckoning Heracles" (who is mentioned by name just below in this connexion) "as the son of Amphitryon and not of Zeus."]

 37 (return) [ i.e. "of heaven."]

 38 (return) [ {medimnon}, the Lacedemonian {medimnos} being equal to rather more than two bushels.]

 39 (return) [ {tetarten Lakomiken}, quantity uncertain.]

 40 (return) [ {proxeinous}.]

 41 (return) [ {khoinikas}. There were 48 {khoinikes} in the {medimnos}.]

 42 (return) [ {kotulen}.]

 4201 (return) [ The loose manner in which this is expressed, leaving it uncertain whether each king was supposed by the writer to have two votes given for him (cp. Thuc. i. 20), or whether the double vote was one for each king, must of course be reproduced in the translation.]

 43 (return) [ {perioikon}.]

 44 (return) [ See ch. 51.]

 45 (return) [ {proergazomenon}: a conjectural emendation of {prosergazomenon}.]

 46 (return) [ {tes apates te paragoge}, "by the misleading of the deception."]

 47 (return) [ i.e. lunar months.]

 48 (return) [ {en thoko katemeno}.]

 49 (return) [ {pandemei}.]

 50 (return) [ {aren}.]

 51 (return) [ i.e. "prayed for by the people."]

 52 (return) [ {di a}: a conjectural emendation of {dia ta}. Some Editors suppose that other words have dropped out.]

 53 (return) [ {promantin}: cp. vii.
 III.]

 54 (return) [ {ton splagkhnon}.]

 55 (return) [ {tou erkeiou}.]

 56 (return) [ {ton mataioteron logon legontes}.]

 57 (return) [ Lit. "on the third night after the first," but the meaning is as given.]

 58 (return) [ Most of the MSS. have "Astrobacos," which may be right.]

 59 (return) [ Or "to the honour of the Lacedemonians."]

 60 (return) [ i.e. any more than his predecessor.]

 61 (return) [ See ch. 50.]

 62 (return) [ {neotera epresse pregmata}.]

 63 (return) [ {up Arkadon}: several good MSS. have {ton Arkadon}, which is adopted by some Editors. The meaning would be "near this city it is said that there is the Styx water of the Arcadians."]

 64 (return) [ {upomargoteron}.]

 65 (return) [ Demeter and Core.]

 66 (return) [ The MSS. give also "Sepeia" and "Sipei01." The place is not elsewhere mentioned.]

 67 (return) [ See ch. 19.]

 68 (return) [ {duo mneai}: cp. v. 77.]

 69 (return) [ {o theos}, i.e. Hera: cp. i. 105.]

 70 (return) [ {kalliereumeno}.]

 71 (return) [ {kat akres}: cp. ch.
 18.]

 72 (return) [ i.e. was acquitted of the charge brought against him.]

 73 (return) [ {episkuthison}.]

 74 (return) [ {bouleuesthe}: some MSS.
 and editions have {boulesthe}, "desiring."]

 75 (return) [ {en khrono ikneumeno}.]

 76 (return) [ i.e. take an oath to that effect.]

 77 (return) [ See v. 80.]

 78 (return) [ {penteteris}. The reading {penteres}, which is given by most of the MSS. and by several Editors, can hardly be defended.]

 79 (return) [ {kai en gar}, "and since there was."]

 80 (return) [ {Knoithou kaleomenos}: cp. vii. 143.]

 81 (return) [ {thesmophorou}.]

 82 (return) [ {pentaethlon epaskesas}.]

 83 (return) [ {mounomakhien epaskeon}, "practising single combat," as if training for the games.]

 84 (return) [ {para te Ikarion}: the use of {para} and the absence of the article may justify the conjecture {para te Ikarion} (or {Ikaron}) "by Icaria" (or "Icaros"), the island from which the Icarian Sea had its name.]

 85 (return) [ This perhaps should be emended, for the event referred to occurred two years before, cp. ch. 46 and 48: The reading {trito proteron etei} has been proposed.]

 86 (return) [ See v. 33 ff.]

 8601 (return) [ i.e. Apollo: or perhaps more generally, "God," as in ch. 27.]

 87 (return) [ This in brackets is probably an interpolation. It is omitted by some of the best MSS. Some Editors suspect the genuineness of the next four lines also, on internal grounds.]

 88 (return) [ {erxies}, perhaps meaning "worker."]

 89 (return) [ {areios}.]

 90 (return) [ {megas areios}.]

 91 (return) [ {ippoboteon}, lit.
 "horse-breeding": see v. 77.]

 9101 (return) [ Or (according to some MSS.), "having come to shore at these places."]

 92 (return) [ {katergontes}: the word is not elsewhere found intransitive, yet it is rather difficult to supply {tous Athenaious}. Some alterations have been proposed, but none probable.]

 93 (return) [ Lit. "and it happened that in winning this victory he won the same victory as his half-brother Miltiades." See ch. 36.]

 94 (return) [ Or, according to some authorities, "Philippides."]

 95 (return) [ Lit. "except the circle were full."]

 96 (return) [ Or "Aigilei01."]

 97 (return) [ Lit. "by violence, having coughed."]

 98 (return) [ "by the bean."]

 99 (return) [ {es se toi}, a conjectural emendation of {es se ti}.]

 100 (return) [ {prutaneie tes emeres}.]

 101 (return) [ Some Editors propose to omit {gar} or alter it. If it be allowed to stand, the meaning must be that the importance of the place is testified by the commemoration mentioned.]

 102 (return) [ {es tas panegurias}, some MSS. have {kai panegurias}, "hold sacrifices and solemn assemblies."]

 103 (return) [ {penteterisi}.]

 104 (return) [ Lit. "the good things."]

 105 (return) [ {stadioi}: the distance would be rather over 1600 yards.]

 106 (


. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr.
 midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mid.] In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. "This fair tree amidst the garden." "Unseen amid the throng." "Amidst thick clouds." Milton.
 "Amidst acclamations." "Amidst the splendor and festivity of a court." Macaulay.
 But rather famish them amid their plenty. Shak.
Syn. -- Amidst, Among. These words differ to some extent from each other, as will be seen from their etymology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and hence surrounded by; as, this work was written amidst many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects; as, "He fell among thieves." "Blessed art thou among women." Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients, among the thickest of trees, among these considerations, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say, they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was sinking amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many difficulties; in none of which cases could among be used. In like manner, Milton speaks of Abdiel, -- The seraph Abdiel, faithful found; Among the faithless faithful only he, because he was then considered as one of the angels. But when the poet adds, -- From amidst them forth he passed, we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body.
 Those squalid cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he was born. Macaulay.
 Am"ine (?; 277), n. [Ammonia + - ine.] (Chem.)
 One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical.

 Am"i*oid (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Amioidei. -- n. One of the Amioidei.

 ||Am'i*oi"de*i (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Amia + -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which Amia is the type.
 See Bowfin and Ganoidei.

 ||A*mir" (&?;), n. Same as Ameer.

 A*miss" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + miss.] Astray; faultily; improperly; wrongly; ill.

 What error drives our eyes and ears amiss? Shak.
 Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss. James iv.
 3.
To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive to (an act or thing); to take offense at; to take unkindly; as, you must not take these questions amiss.

 A*miss" (*ms"), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; improper; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [Used only in the predicate.] Dryden.
 His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances. Wollaston.
 A*miss", n. A fault, wrong, or mistake. [Obs.]

 Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss. Shak.
 A*mis'si*bil"i*ty (&?;), [Cf. F. amissibilité. See Amit.]
 The quality of being amissible; possibility of being lost. [R.]

 Notions of popular rights and the amissibility of sovereign power for misconduct were alternately broached by the two great religious parties of Europe. Hallam.
 A*mis"si*ble (&?;), a. [L. amissibilis: cf. F. amissible.]
 Liable to be lost. [R.]

 A*mis"sion (&?;), n. [L. amissio: cf. F. amission.]
 Deprivation; loss. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 A*mit" (&?;), v. t. [L. amittere, amissum, to lose; a (ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] To lose. [Obs.]

 A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue. Sir T. Browne.
 Am"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Amities (&?;). [F. amitié, OF. amistié, amisté, fr. an assumed LL. amisitas, fr. L. amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.]
 Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations; friendly relations; good understanding; as, a treaty of amity and commerce; the amity of the Whigs and Tories.

 To live on terms of amity with vice. Cowper.
Syn. -- Harmony; friendliness; friendship; affection; good will; peace.

 ||Am"ma (&?;), n. [LL. amma, prob. of interjectional or imitative origin: cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse, Basque ama mother, Heb. &?;m, Ar. immun, ummun.] An abbes or spiritual mother.

 Am"me*ter (&?;), n. (Physics) A contraction of amperometer or ampèremeter.

 Am"mi*ral (&?;), n. An obsolete form of admiral. "The mast of some great ammiral." Milton.
 Am"mite (m"mt), n. [Gr. 'ammi'ths, 'ammi'tis, sandstone, fr.
 'a'mmos or "a'mmos sand.] (Geol.) Oölite or roestone; -- written also hammite. [Obs.]

 Am"mo*dyte (&?;), n. [L. ammodytes, Gr. &?; sand burrower, a kind of serpent; 'a'mmos sand + &?; diver, &?; to dive.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a genus of fishes; the sand eel. (b) A kind of viper in southern Europe. [Obs.]

 Am*mo"ni*a (&?;), n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtaining near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning camel's dung. See Ammoniac.] (Chem.) A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: -- often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn.

 { Am*mo"ni*ac (&?;), Am'mo*ni"a*cal (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties; as, an ammoniac salt; ammoniacal gas.

Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of ammonia is used as the motive force. -- Sal ammoniac [L. sal ammoniacus], the salt usually called chloride of ammonium, and formerly muriate of ammonia.

 Am*mo"ni*ac (&?;) (or Gum' am*mo"ni*ac, n. [L. Ammoniacum, Gr. &?; a resinous gum, said to distill from a tree near the temple of Jupiter Ammon; cf. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (Med.)
 The concrete juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema ammoniacum. It is brought chiefly from Persia in the


See Ponder.] To ponder. [Obs.]

 Pleaseth you, pond your suppliant's plaint.

Spenser.
 Pon"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pondered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pondering.] [L. ponderare, fr. pondus, ponderis, a weight, fr. pendere to weigh: cf. F. pondérer. See Pendant, and cf. Pound a weight.]

1. To weigh. [Obs.]

2. To weigh in the mind; to view with deliberation; to examine carefully; to consider attentively.

Ponder the path of thy feet.

Prov. iv. 26.
Syn. -- To Ponder, Consider, Muse. To consider means to view or contemplate with fixed thought. To ponder is to dwell upon with long and anxious attention, with a view to some practical result or decision. To muse is simply to think upon continuously with no definite object, or for the pleasure it gives. We consider any subject which is fairly brought before us; we ponder a concern involving great interests; we muse on the events of childhood.

 Pon"der, v. i. To think; to deliberate; to muse; -- usually followed by on or over. Longfellow.
 Pon'der*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pondérabilité.]
 The quality or state of being ponderable.

 Pon"der*a*ble (?), a. [L. ponderabilis: cf. F. pondérable.]
 Capable of being weighed; having appreciable weight. -- Pon"der*a*ble*ness, n. Pon"der*al (?), a. [Cf. F. pondéral.] Estimated or ascertained by weight; -- distinguished from numeral; as, a ponderal drachma. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 Pon"der*ance (?), n. [L. ponderans, p. pr. of ponderare to weigh: cf. OF. ponderant of weight.] Weight; gravity. [R.] Gregory.
 Pon"der*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to weight; as, a ponderary system. [R.] M'Culloch.
 Pon"der*ate (?), v. t. [L. ponderatus, p. p. of ponderare.
 See Ponder.] To consider; to ponder. [R.]

 Pon"der*ate, v. i. To have weight or influence. [R.]

 Pon'der*a"tion (?), n. [L. ponderatio: cf. F. pondération.]
 The act of weighing. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 Pon"der*er (?), n. One who ponders.

 Pon"der*ing, a. Deliberating. -- Pon"der*ing*ly, adv.
 Pon'der*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Ponderosities (#). [OF.
 ponderosité.] The quality or state of being ponderous; weight; gravity; heaviness, ponderousness; as, the ponderosity of gold. Ray.
 Pon"der*ous (?), a. [L. ponderosus, from pondus, -eris, a weight: cf. F. pondéreux. See Ponder.] 1. Very heavy; weighty; as, a ponderous shield; a ponderous load; the ponderous elephant.

 The sepulcher... Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws.

Shak.
2. Important; momentous; forcible. "Your more ponderous and settled project." Shak.
3. Heavy; dull; wanting; lightless or spirit; as, a ponderous style; a ponderous joke.

Ponderous spar (Min.), heavy spar, or barytes. See Barite.

 Pon"der*ous*ly, adv. In a ponderous manner.

 Pon"der*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being ponderous; ponderosity.

 Pond"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of American fresh-water fishes belonging to the family Centrarchidæ; -- called also pond perch, and sunfish.

 The common pondfish of New England (Lepomis gibbosus) is called also bream, pumpkin seed, and sunny. See Sunfish. The long-eared pondfish (Lepomis auritus) of the Eastern United States is distinguished by its very long opercular flap.

 Pond"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) Any aquatic plant of the genus Potamogeton, of which many species are found in ponds or slow-moving rivers.

Choke pondweed, an American water weed (Anarcharis, or Elodea, Canadensis.) See Anacharis. -- Horned pondweed, the Zannichellia palustris, a slender, branching aquatic plant, having pointed nutlets.

 Pone (pn), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] A kind of johnnycake.
 [Written also paune.] [Southern U. S.]

 Po"nent (?), a. [OF., fr. It. ponente, properly, setting (applied to the setting sun), fr. L. ponens, p. pr. of ponere to set, put.] Western; occidental. [R.]

 Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds.

Milton.
 Pon*gee" (?), n. [Of East Indian origin.] A fabric of undyed silk from India and China.

 Pon*ghee" (?), n. [From the native name.] A Buddhist priest of the higher orders in Burmah. Malcom.
 Pon"go (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any large ape; especially, the chimpanzee and the orangoutang.

 Pon"iard (?), n. [F. poignard (cf. It. pugnale, Sp.
 puñal), fr. L. pugio, -onis; probably akin to pugnus fist, or fr. pugnus fist, as held in the fist. See Pugnacious.] A kind of dagger, -- usually a slender one with a triangular or square blade.

 She speaks poniards, and every word stabs.

Shak.
 Pon"iard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poniarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Poniarding.] To pierce with a poniard; to stab. Cowper.
 Po'ni*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. ponere to place.] The capability of being placed or located. [Obs.] Barrow.
 ||Pons (?), n.; pl. Pontes (#). [L., a bridge.] (Anat.)
 A bridge; -- applied to several parts which connect others, but especially to the pons Varolii, a prominent band of nervous tissue situated on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata and connected at each side with the hemispheres of the cerebellum; the mesocephalon. See Brain.

||Pons asinorum. [L., literally, bridge of asses.] See Asses' bridge, under Ass.

 Pon"tage (?; 48), n. [LL. pontagium, from L. pons, pontis, a bridge: cf. F. pontage.] (O. Eng. Law) A duty or tax paid for repairing bridges. Ayliffe.
 Pon*tee" (?), n. [F. pontil, pontis.] (Glass Making) An iron rod used by glass makers for manipulating the hot glass; -- called also, puntil, puntel, punty, and ponty.
 See Fascet.

 Pon"tic (?), a. [L. Ponticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the sea, especially, the Black Sea.] Of or pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea.

 ||Pon"ti*fex (?), n.; pl. Pontifices (#). [L.]


UNCLE JOSH'S PUNKIN CENTRE STORIES By Cal Stewart Preface To the Reader.

 The one particular object in writing this book is to furnish you with an occasional laugh, and the writer with an occasional dollar. If you get the laugh you have your equivalent, and the writer has his.

 In Uncle Josh Weathersby you have a purely imaginary character, yet one true to life. A character chuck full of sunshine and rural simplicity.
 Take him as you find him, and in his experiences you will observe there is a bright side to everything.

 Sincerely Yours Cal Stewart CONTENTS Preface Life Sketch of Author My Old Yaller Almanac Uncle Josh Weathersby's Arrival in New York Uncle Josh in Society Uncle Josh in a Chinese Laundry Uncle Josh in a Museum Uncle Josh in Wall Street Uncle Josh and the Fire Department Uncle Josh in an Auction Room Uncle Josh on a Fifth Ave. 'Bus Uncle Josh in a Department Store Uncle Josh's Comments on the Signs Seen in New York Uncle Josh on a Street Car My Fust Pair of Copper Toed Boots Uncle Josh in Police Court Uncle Josh at Coney Island Uncle Josh at the Opera Uncle Josh at Delmonico's It is Fall Si Pettingill's Brooms Uncle Josh Plays Golf Jim Lawson's Hogs Uncle Josh and the Lightning Rod Agent A Meeting of the Annanias Club Jim Lawson's Hoss Trade A Meeting of the School Directors The Weekly Paper at Punkin Centre Uncle Josh at a Camp Meeting The Unveiling of the Organ Uncle Josh Plays a Game of Base Ball The Punkin Centre and Paw Paw Valley Railroad Uncle Josh on a Bicycle A Baptizin' at the Hickory Corners Church Reminiscence of My Railroad Days Uncle Josh at a Circus Uncle Josh Invites the City Folks to Visit Him Yosemite Jim, or a Tale of the Great White Death Uncle Josh Weathersby's Trip to Boston Who Marched in Sixty-One Life Sketch of Author THE author was born in Virginia, on a little patch of land, so poor we had to fertilize it to make brick. Our family, while having cast their fortunes with the South, was not a family ruined by the war; we did not have anything when the war commenced, and so we held our own. I secured a common school education, and at the age of twelve I left home, or rather home left me—things just petered out. I was slush cook on an Ohio River Packet; check clerk in a stave and heading camp in the knobs of Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia; I helped lay the track of the M. K. & T. R. R., and was chambermaid in a livery stable. Made my first appearance on the stage at the National Theatre in Cincinnati, Ohio, and have since then chopped cord wood, worked in a coal mine, made cross ties (and walked them), worked on a farm, taught a district school (made love to the big girls), run a threshing machine, cut bands, fed the machine and ran the engine. Have been a freight and passenger brakeman, fired and ran a locomotive; also a freight train conductor and check clerk in a freight house; worked on the section; have been a shot gun messenger for the Wells, Fargo Company. Have been with a circus, minstrels, farce comedy, burlesque and dramatic productions; have been with good shows, bad shows, medicine shows, and worse, and some shows where we had landlords singing in the chorus. Have played variety houses and vaudeville houses; have slept in a box car one night, and a swell hotel the next; have been a traveling salesman (could spin as many yarns as any of them). For the past four years have made the Uncle Josh stories for the talking machine. The Lord only knows what next!

 My Old Yaller Almanac Uncle Josh Weathersby's Arrival in New York WALL, fer a long time I had my mind made up that I'd cum down to New York, and so a short time ago, as I had my crops all gathered in and produce sold I calculated as how it would be a good time to come down here. Folks at home said I'd be buncoed or have my pockets picked fore I'd bin here mor'n half an hour; wall, I fooled 'em a little bit, I wuz here three days afore they buncoed me. I spose as how there are a good many of them thar bunco fellers around New York, but I tell you them thar street keer conductors take mighty good care on you. I wuz ridin' along in one of them keers, had my pockit book right in my hand, I alowed no feller would pick my pockits and git it long as I had it in my hand, and it shet up tight as a barrel when the cider's workin'. Wall that conductor feller he jest kept his eye on me, and every little bit he'd put his head in the door and say "hold fast." But I'm transgressin' from what I started to tell ye. I wuz ridin' along in one of them sleepin' keers comin' here, and along in the night some time I felt a feller rummagin' around under my bed, and I looked out jest in time to see him goin' away with my boots, wall I knowed the way that train wuz a runnin' he couldn't git off with them without breakin' his durned neck, but in about half an hour he brot them back, guess they didn't fit him. Wall I wuz sort of glad he took em cause he hed em all shined up slicker 'n a new tin whistle. Wall when I got up in the mornin' my trubbles commenced. I wuz so crouded up like, durned if I could git my clothes on, and when I did git em on durned if my pants wa'nt on hind side afore, and my socks got all tangled up in that little fish net along side of the bed and I couldn't git em out, and I lost a bran new collar button that I traded Si Pettingill a huskin' peg fer, and I got my right boot on my left foot and the left one on the right foot, and I wuz so durned badly mixed up I didn't know which way the train wuz a runnin', and I bumped my head on the roof of the bed over me, and then sot down right suddin like to think it over when some feller cum along and stepped right squar on my bunion and I let out a war whoop you could a heerd over in the next county. Wall, along cum that durned porter and told me I wuz a wakin' up everybody in the keer. Then I started in to hunt fer my collar button, cause I sot a right smart store by that button, thar warns another one like it in Punkin Centre, and I thought it would be kind of doubtful if they'd have any like it in New York, wall I see one stuck right in the wall so I tried to git it out with my jack knife, when along came that durned black jumpin' jack dressed in soldier clothes and ast me what I wanted, and I told him I didn't want anything perticler, then he told me to quit ringin' the bell, guess he wuz a little crazy, I didn't see no bell. Wall, finally I got my clothes on and went into a room whar they had a row of little troughs to wash in, and fast as I could pump water in the durned thing it run out of a little


Many of the species are called orioles in America. [Written also troopial.]

 Trouse (?), n. Trousers. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Trou"ser*ing (?), n. Cloth or material for making trousers.

 Trou"sers (?), n. pl. [OF. trousses breeches worn by pages, from trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss. See Truss, and cf.
 Trossers, Trouse.] A garment worn by men and boys, extending from the waist to the knee or to the ankle, and covering each leg separately.

 ||Trous'seau" (tr's"), n. [F., fr. OF. trossel, dim. of trousse a bundle, truss. See Truss.] The collective lighter equipments or outfit of a bride, including clothes, jewelry, and the like; especially, that which is provided for her by her family.

 Trout (trout), n. [AS. truht, L. tructa, tructus; akin to Gr. trw'kths a sea fish with sharp teeth, fr. trw'gein to gnaw.]
 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of fishes belonging to Salmo, Salvelinus, and allied genera of the family Salmonidæ. They are highly esteemed as game fishes and for the quality of their flesh. All the species breed in fresh water, but after spawning many of them descend to the sea if they have an opportunity.

 The most important European species are the river, or brown, trout (Salmo fario), the salmon trout, and the sewen. The most important American species are the brook, speckled, or red-spotted, trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of the Northern United States and Canada; the red-spotted trout, or Dolly Varden (see Malma); the lake trout (see Namaycush); the black-spotted, mountain, or silver, trout (Salmo purpuratus); the golden, or rainbow, trout (see under Rainbow); the blueback trout (see Oquassa); and the salmon trout (see under Salmon.) The European trout has been introduced into America.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of marine fishes more or less resembling a trout in appearance or habits, but not belonging to the same family, especially the California rock trouts, the common squeteague, and the southern, or spotted, squeteague; — called also salt-water trout, sea trout, shad trout, and gray trout. See Squeteague, and Rock trout under Rock.

Trout perch (Zoöl.), a small freshwater American fish (Percopsis guttatus), allied to the trout, but resembling a perch in its scales and mouth.

 Trout"bird' (trout"brd'), n. (Zoöl.) The American golden plover. [Local, U. S.]

 Trout"-col'ored (-kl'rd), a. White, with spots of black, bay, or sorrel; as, a trout-colored horse.

 Trout"let (-lt), n. A little trout; a troutling. Hood.
 Trout"ling (-lng), n. A little trout; a troutlet.

 { ||Trou'vère" (?), ||Trou'veur" (?), } n. [F. trouveur, trouvère. See Troubadour.] One of a school of poets who flourished in Northern France from the eleventh to the fourteenth century.

 Tro"ver (tr"vr), n. [OF. trover, truver, to find, F. trouver; probably originally, to invent or compose (melodies), fr.
 (assumed) LL. tropare. See Troubadour, Trope, and cf. Contrive, Reirieve, Trouveur.] (Law) (a) The gaining possession of any goods, whether by finding or by other means. (b) An action to recover damages against one who found goods, and would not deliver them to the owner on demand; an action which lies in any case to recover the value of goods wrongfully converted by another to his own use. In this case the finding, though alleged, is an immaterial fact; the injury lies in the conversion.

 Trow (?), n. A boat with an open well amidships. It is used in spearing fish. Knight.
 Trow (?), v. i. & t. [OE. trowen, AS. treówan to trust, believe, fr. treów trust, treówe true, faithful. See True.] To believe; to trust; to think or suppose.
 [Archaic] So that ye trow in Christ, and you baptize.

Chaucer.
 A better priest, I trow, there nowhere none is.

Chaucer.
 It never yet was worn, I trow.

Tennyson.
I trow, or trow alone, was formerly sometimes added to questions to express contemptuous or indignant surprise.

 What tempest, I trow, threw this whale... ashore?

Shak.
 What is the matter, trow?

Shak.
 Trow"el (?), n. [OE. truel, OF. truele, F. truelle, LL. truella, L. trulla, dim. of trua a ladle; probably akin to Gr. &?; a stirrer, ladle, G. quirl a stirrer, MHG. twirel, OHG. dwiril, Icel. þvara, AS. þwiril.
 Cf. Twirl.] 1. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks to shape them.

2. A gardener's tool, somewhat like a scoop, used in taking up plants, stirring the earth, etc.

3. (Founding) A tool used for smoothing a mold.

Trowel bayonet. See Spade bayonet, under Spade. — Fish trowel. See Fish slice, under Fish.

 Trow"eled (?). Formed with a trowel; smoothed with a trowel; as, troweled stucco, that is, stucco laid on and ready for the reception of paint.
 [Written also trowelled.]

 Trow"el*ful (?), n.; pl. Trowelfuls (&?;). As much as a trowel will hold; enough to fill a trowel.

 Trowl (?), n. See Troll.

 Trowsed (?), a. Wearing trousers. [Obs.]

 Trow"sers (?), n. pl. Same as Trousers.

 Troy (?), n. Troy weight.

Troy weight, the weight which gold and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. It was so named from Troyes, in France, where it was first adopted in Europe. The troy ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades. In this weight the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the pennyweight into 24 grains; hence, the troy ounce contains 480 grains, and the troy pound contains 5760 grains. The avoirdupois pound contains 7000 troy grains; so that 175 pounds troy equal 144 pounds avoirdupois, or 1 pound troy = 0.82286 of a pound avoirdupois, and 1 ounce troy = 1 or 1.09714 ounce avoirdupois. Troy weight when divided, the pound into 12 ounces, the ounce into 8 drams, the dram into 3 scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains, is called apothecaries' weight, used in weighing medicines, etc. In the standard weights of the United States, the troy ounce is divided decimally down to the part.

 Troy"ounce


n), n. [L. factio a doing, a company of persons acting together, a faction: cf. F. faction See Fashion.] 1.
(Anc. Hist.) One of the divisions or parties of charioteers (distinguished by their colors) in the games of the circus.

2. A party, in political society, combined or acting in union, in opposition to the government, or state; -- usually applied to a minority, but it may be applied to a majority; a combination or clique of partisans of any kind, acting for their own interests, especially if greedy, clamorous, and reckless of the common good.

3. Tumult; discord; dissension.

 They remained at Newbury in great faction among themselves.

Clarendon.
Syn. -- Combination; clique; junto. See Cabal.

 Fac"tion*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. factionnaire, L. factionarius the head of a company of charioteers.] Belonging to a faction; being a partisan; taking sides. [Obs.]

 Always factionary on the party of your general.

Shak.
 Fac"tion*er (-?r), n. One of a faction. Abp. Bancroft.
 Fac"tion*ist, n. One who promotes faction.

 Fac"tious (?). a. [L. factiosus: cf. F. factieux.] 1.
 Given to faction; addicted to form parties and raise dissensions, in opposition to government or the common good; turbulent; seditious; prone to clamor against public measures or men; -- said of persons.

Factious for the house of Lancaster.

Shak.
2. Pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction; indicating, or characterized by, faction; -- said of acts or expressions; as, factious quarrels.

 Headlong zeal or factious fury.

Burke.
 -- Fac"tious*ly, adv. -- Fac"tiousness, n. Fac*ti"tious (?), a. [L. factitius, fr. facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Fetich.] Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature; artificial; sham; formed by, or adapted to, an artificial or conventional, in distinction from a natural, standard or rule; not natural; as, factitious cinnabar or jewels; a factitious taste. -- Fac-ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Fac*ti"tious-ness, n. He acquires a factitious propensity, he forms an incorrigible habit, of desultory reading.

De Quincey.
Syn. -- Unnatural. -- Factitious, Unnatural. Anything is unnatural when it departs in any way from its simple or normal state; it is factitious when it is wrought out or wrought up by labor and effort, as, a factitious excitement. An unnatural demand for any article of merchandise is one which exceeds the ordinary rate of consumption; a factitious demand is one created by active exertions for the purpose. An unnatural alarm is one greater than the occasion requires; a factitious alarm is one wrought up with care and effort.

 Fac"ti*tive (?). a. [See Fact.] 1. Causing; causative.

2. (Gram.) Pertaining to that relation which is proper when the act, as of a transitive verb, is not merely received by an object, but produces some change in the object, as when we say, He made the water wine.

 Sometimes the idea of activity in a verb or adjective involves in it a reference to an effect, in the way of causality, in the active voice on the immediate objects, and in the passive voice on the subject of such activity. This second object is called the factitive object.

J. W. Gibbs.
 Fac"tive (?), a. Making; having power to make. [Obs.] "You are..
 . factive, not destructive." Bacon.
 ||Fac"to (?), adv. [L., ablative of factum deed, fact.] (Law) In fact; by the act or fact.

De facto. (Law) See De facto.

 Fac"tor (?), n. [L. factor a doer: cf. F. facteur a factor. See Fact.] 1. (Law) One who transacts business for another; an agent; a substitute; especially, a mercantile agent who buys and sells goods and transacts business for others in commission; a commission merchant or consignee. He may be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell in his own name, and he is intrusted with the possession and control of the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker. Story. Wharton.
 My factor sends me word, a merchant's fled That owes me for a hundred tun of wine.

Marlowe.
2. A steward or bailiff of an estate. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
3. (Math.) One of the elements or quantities which, when multiplied together, form a product.

4. One of the elements, circumstances, or influences which contribute to produce a result; a constituent.

 The materal and dynamical factors of nutrition.

H. Spencer.
 Fac"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factored (-t?rd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Factoring.] (Mach.) To resolve (a quantity) into its factors.

 Fac"tor*age (?), n. [Cf. F. factorage.] The allowance given to a factor, as a compensation for his services; -- called also a commission.

 Fac"tor*ess (?), n. A factor who is a woman. [R.]

 Fac*to"ri*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a factory. Buchanan.
2. (Math.) Related to factorials.

 Fac*to"ri*al, n. (Math.) (a) pl. A name given to the factors of a continued product when the former are derivable from one and the same function F(x) by successively imparting a constant increment or decrement h to the independent variable. Thus the product F(x).F(x + h).F(x + 2h)... F[x + (n-1)h] is called a factorial term, and its several factors take the name of factorials. Brande & C.
(b) The product of the consecutive numbers from unity up to any given number.

 Fac"tor*ing (?), n. (Math.) The act of resolving into factors.

 Fac"tor*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factorized (-?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factorizing (-?"z?ng).] (Law) (a) To give warning to; -- said of a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, the warning being to the effect that he shall not pay the money or deliver the property of the defendant in his hands to him, but appear and answer the suit of the plaintiff. (b) To attach (the effects of a debtor) in the hands of a third person ; to garnish. See Garnish. [Vt. & Conn.]

 Fac"tor*ship, n. The business of a factor.

 Fac"to*ry (?), n.; pl. Factories (-r&?;z). [Cf.
 F. factorerie.] 1. A house or place where factors, or commercial agents, reside, to transact business for their employers. "The Company's factory at Madras." Burke.
2. The body of factors in any place; as, a chaplain to a British factory.
 W. Guthrie.
3. A building, or collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils; a manufactory; as, a cotton factory.

Factory leg (Med.), a variety of bandy leg, associated with


cooked proteins are so delicious, especially cooked red meats and the harder, more flavorful fishes.
 To appreciate this, consider how those enzymes that digest proteins work. A protein molecule is a large, complex string of amino acids, each linked to the next in a specific order. Suppose there are only six amino acids: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. So a particular (imaginary) protein could be structured: 1, 4, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5, 4, 2, 3, 6, 1, 1, 2, 3, etc. Thus you should see that by combining a limited number of amino acids there can be a virtually infinite number of proteins.
 But proteins are rarely water soluble. As I said a few paragraphs back, digestion consists of rendering insoluble foods into water-soluble substances so they can pass into the blood stream and be used by the body's chemistry. To make them soluble, enzymes break down the proteins, separating the individual amino acids one from the other, because amino acids are soluble. Enzymes that digest proteins work as though they are mirror images of a particular amino acid. They fit against a particular amino acid like a key fits into a lock. Then they break the bonds holding that amino acid to others in the protein chain, and then, what I find so miraculous about this process, the enzyme is capable of finding yet another amino acid to free, and then yet another.
 So with sufficient churning in an acid environment, with enough time (a few hours), and enough enzymes, all the recently eaten proteins are decomposed into amino acids and these amino acids pass into the blood where the body recombines them into structures it wants to make. And we have health. But when protein chains are heated, the protein structures are altered into physical shapes that the enzymes can't "latch" on to. The perfect example of this is when an egg is fried. The eggwhite is albumen, a kind of protein. When it is heated, it shrivels up and gets hard. While raw and liquid, it is easily digestable. When cooked, largely indigestable.
 Stress also inhibits the churning action in the stomach so that otherwise digestible foods may not be mixed efficiently with digestive enzymes.
For all these reasons, undigested proteins may pass into the gut.
 Along with undigested starches. When starches convert best to sugars under the alkaline conditions found in the mouth. Once they pass into the acid stomach starch digestion is not as efficient. If starches reach the small intestine they are fermented by yeasts. The products of starch fermentation are only mildly toxic. The gases produced by yeast fermentations usually don't smell particularly bad; bodies that regularly contain starch fermentation usually don't smell particularly bad either. In otherwise healthy people it can take many years of exposure to starch fermentation toxins to produce a life-threatening disease.
 But undigested proteins aren't fermented by yeasts, they putrefy in the gut (are attacked by anaerobic bacteria). Many of the waste products of anaerobic putrefaction are highly toxic and evil smelling; when these toxins are absorbed through the small or large intestines they are very irritating to the mucous membranes, frequently contributing to or causing cancer of the colon. Protein putrefaction may even cause psychotic symptoms in some individuals. Meat eaters often have a very unpleasant body odor even when they are not releasing intestinal gasses.
 Adding a heavy toxic burden from misdigested foods to the normal toxic load a body already has to handle creates a myriad of unpleasant symptoms, and greatly shortens life. But misdigestion also carries with it a double whammy; fermenting and/or putrefying foods immediately interfere with the functioning of another vital organ--the large intestine--and cause constipation.
 Most people don't know what the word constipation really means. Not being able to move one's bowels is only the most elementary type of constipation.
A more accurate definition of constipation is "the retention of waste products in the large intestine beyond the time that is conducive to health." Properly digested food is not sticky and exits the large intestine quickly. But improperly digested food (or indigestible food) gradually coats the large intestine, making an ever-thicker lining that interferes with the intestine's functioning. Far worse, this coating steadily putrefies, creating additional highly-potent toxins. Lining the colon with undigested food can be compared to the mineral deposits filling in the inside of an old water pipe, gradually choking off the flow. In the colon, this deposit can become rock-hard, just like water pipe scale.
 Since the large intestine is also an organ that removes moisture and water-soluble minerals from the food and moves them into the blood stream, when the large intestine is lined with putrefying undigested food waste, the toxins of this putrefaction are also steadily moved into the bloodstream and place an even greater burden on the liver and kidneys, accelerating their breakdown, accelerating the aging process and contributing to a lot of interesting and unpleasant symptoms that keep doctors busy and financially solvent. I'll have quite a bit more to say about colon cleansing later.
The Progress Of Disease: Irritation, Enervation, Toxemia Disease routinely lies at the end of a three-part chain that goes: irritation or sub-clinical malnutrition, enervation, toxemia. Irritations are something the person does to themselves or something that happens around them. Stresses, in other words.
 Mental stressors include strong negative emotional states such as anger, fear, resentment, hopelessness, etc. Behind most diseases it is common to find a problematic mind churning in profound confusion, one generated by a character that avoids responsibility. There may also be job stress or ongoing hostile relationships, often within the family.
 Indigestible foods and misdigestion are also stressful irritations, as are mild recreational poisons such as "soft" drugs, tobacco and alcohol.
Opiates are somewhat more toxifying, primarily because they paralyze the gut and induce profound constipation. Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines are the most damaging recreational drugs ; these are highly toxic and rapidly shorten life.
 Repeated irritations and/or malnutrition eventually produce enervation. The old-time hygienists defined enervation as a lack of or decline in an unmeasurable phenomena, "nerve energy." They viewed the functioning of vital organs as being controlled by or driven by nerve force, sometimes called life force or élan vital. Whatever this vital force actually is, it can be observed and subjectively measured by comparing one person with another. Some people are full of it and literally sparkle with overflowing energy. Beings like this make everyone around them feel good because they somehow momentarily give energy to those endowed with less. Others possess very little and dully plod through life.
 As vital force drops, the overall efficiency of all the body's organs correspondingly decline. The pancreas creates less digestive enzymes; the thymus secretes less of its vital hormones that mobilize the immune system; the pituitary makes less growth hormone so the overall repair and rebuilding of cells and tissues slows correspondingly; and so forth. It does not really matter if there is or is not something called nerve energy that can or cannot be measured in a laboratory.
Vital force is observable to many people. However, it is measurable by laboratory test that after repeated irritation the overall functioning of the essential organs and glands does deteriorate.
 Enervation may develop so gradually that it progresses below the level of awareness of the person, or times of increased enervation can be experienced as a complaint--as a lack of energy, as tiredness, as difficulties digesting, as a new inability to handle a previously-tolerated insult like alcohol.
 Long-term consumption of poor-quality food causes enervation.
The body is a carbon/oxygen engine designed to run efficiently only on highly nutritious food and this aspect of human genetic programming cannot be changed significantly by adaptation. Given enough generations a human gene pool can adapt to extracting its nutrition from a different group of foods. For example, a group of isolated Fijians currently enjoying long healthy lives eating a diet of seafoods and tropical root crops could suddenly be moved to the highlands of Switzerland and forced to eat the local fare or starve. But most of the Fijians would not have systems adept at making those enzymes necessary to digest cows milk. So the transplanted Fijians would experience many generations of poorer health and shorter life spans until their genes had been


ease of mind.

 Among these nations shalt thou find no ease.

Deut. xxviii. 65.
 Take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.

Luke xii. 19.
(c) Freedom from constraint, formality, difficulty, embarrassment, etc.; facility; liberty; naturalness; -- said of manner, style, etc.; as, ease of style, of behavior, of address.

 True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.

Pope.
 Whate'er he did was done with so much ease, In him alone 't was natural to please.

Dryden.
At ease, free from pain, trouble, or anxiety. "His soul shall dwell at ease." Ps. xxv. 12. -- Chapel of ease. See under Chapel. -- Ill at ease, not at ease, disquieted; suffering; anxious. -- To stand at ease (Mil.), to stand in a comfortable attitude in one's place in the ranks. -- With ease, easily; without much effort.

Syn. -- Rest; quiet; repose; comfortableness; tranquillity; facility; easiness; readiness.

 Ease (z), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Eased (zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Easing.] [OE. esen, eisen, OF. aisier.
 See Ease, n.] 1. To free from anything that pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to relieve from toil or care; to give rest, repose, or tranquillity to; -- often with of; as, to ease of pain; to ease the body or mind.

Eased [from] the putting off These troublesome disguises which we wear.

Milton.
 Sing, and I 'll ease thy shoulders of thy load.

Dryden.
2. To render less painful or oppressive; to mitigate; to alleviate.

 My couch shall ease my complaint.

Job vii. 13.
3. To release from pressure or restraint; to move gently; to lift slightly; to shift a little; as, to ease a bar or nut in machinery.

4. To entertain; to furnish with accommodations. [Obs.] Chaucer.
To ease off, To ease away (Naut.), to slacken a rope gradually. -- To ease a ship (Naut.), to put the helm hard, or regulate the sail, to prevent pitching when closehauled. -- To ease the helm (Naut.), to put the helm more nearly amidships, to lessen the effect on the ship, or the strain on the wheel rope. Ham.
 Nav. Encyc.
Syn. -- To relieve; disburden; quiet; calm; tranquilize; assuage; alleviate; allay; mitigate; appease; pacify.

 Ease"ful (?), a. Full of ease; suitable for affording ease or rest; quiet; comfortable; restful. Shak. -- Ease"ful*ly, adv. -- Ease"ful*ness, n. Ea"sel (?), n. [D. ezel ass, donkey, hence, easel, or G. esel; akin to E. ass. See Ass.] A frame (commonly) of wood serving to hold a canvas upright, or nearly upright, for the painter's convenience or for exhibition.

Easel picture, Easel piece, a painting of moderate size such as is made while resting on an easel, as distinguished from a painting on a wall or ceiling.

 Ease"less (?), a. Without ease. Donne.
 Ease"ment (?), n. [OF. aisement. See Ease, n.] 1.
 That which gives ease, relief, or assistance; convenience; accommodation.

 In need of every kind of relief and easement.

Burke.
2. (Law) A liberty, privilege, or advantage, which one proprietor has in the estate of another proprietor, distinct from the ownership of the soil, as a way, water course, etc. It is a species of what the civil law calls servitude. Kent.
3. (Arch.) A curved member instead of an abrupt change of direction, as in a baseboard, hand rail, etc.

 Eas"i*ly (?), adv. [From Easy.] 1. With ease; without difficulty or much effort; as, this task may be easily performed; that event might have been easily foreseen.

2. Without pain, anxiety, or disturbance; as, to pass life well and easily. Sir W. Temple.
3. Readily; without reluctance; willingly.

 Not soon provoked, she easily forgives.

Prior.
 4. Smoothly; quietly; gently; gracefully; without &?;umult or discord.

5. Without shaking or jolting; commodiously; as, a carriage moves easily.

 Eas"i*ness (?), n. 1. The state or condition of being easy; freedom from distress; rest.

2. Freedom from difficulty; ease; as the easiness of a task.

3. Freedom from emotion; compliance; disposition to yield without opposition; unconcernedness.

 Give to him, and he shall but laugh at your easiness.

South.
4. Freedom from effort, constraint, or formality; -- said of style, manner, etc.

 With painful care, but seeming easiness.

Roscommon.
5. Freedom from jolting, jerking, or straining.

 East (st), n. [OE. est, east, AS. eást; akin to D. oost, oosten, OHG. stan, G. ost, osten, Icel. austr, Sw. ost, Dan. öst, östen, Lith. auszra dawn, L. aurora (for ausosa), Gr. 'hw's, "e'os, 'a'yws, Skr. ushas; cf. Skr. ush to burn, L. urere.
 √149, 288. Cf. Aurora, Easter, Sterling.] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and which is toward the right hand of one who faces the north; the point directly opposite to the west.

 The east began kindle.

E. Everett.
2. The eastern parts of the earth; the regions or countries which lie east of Europe; the orient. In this indefinite sense, the word is applied to Asia Minor, Syria, Chaldea, Persia, India, China, etc.; as, the riches of the East; the diamonds and pearls of the East; the kings of the East.

 The gorgeous East, with richest hand, Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.

Milton.
3. (U. S. Hist. and Geog.) Formerly, the part of the United States east of the Alleghany Mountains, esp. the Eastern, or New England, States; now, commonly, the whole region east of the Mississippi River, esp. that which is north of Maryland and the Ohio River; -- usually with the definite article; as, the commerce of the East is not independent of the agriculture of the West.

East by north, East by south, according to the notation of the mariner's compass, that point which lies 11¼° to the north or south, respectively, of the point due east. -- East-northeast, East-southeast, that which lies 22½° to the north or south of east, or half way between east and northeast or southeast, respectively. See Illust. of Compass.

 East (?), a. Toward the rising sun; or toward the point where the sun rises when in the equinoctial; as, the east gate; the east border; the east side; the east wind is a wind that blows from the east.

 East, adv. East


ain glass (Chem.), a fine variety of soda-lime plate glass, so called from St. Gobain in France, where it was manufactured. -- Saint Ignatius's bean (Bot.), the seed of a tree of the Philippines (Strychnos Ignatia), of properties similar to the nux vomica. -- Saint James's shell (Zoöl.), a pecten (Vola Jacobæus) worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land. See Illust. under Scallop. -- Saint James's-wort (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa).
 -- Saint John's bread. (Bot.) See Carob. -- Saint John's-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hypericum, most species of which have yellow flowers; -- called also John's-wort.
 -- Saint Leger, the name of a race for three-year-old horses run annually in September at Doncaster, England; -- instituted in 1776 by Col.
 St. Leger. -- Saint Martin's herb (Bot.), a small tropical American violaceous plant (Sauvagesia erecta). It is very mucilaginous and is used in medicine. -- Saint Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather frequently prevailing during late autumn in England and the Mediterranean countries; -- so called from St. Martin's Festival, occurring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian summer in America. Shak. Whittier.
 -- Saint Patrick's cross. See Illust. 4, under Cross. -- Saint Patrick's Day, the 17th of March, anniversary of the death (about 466) of St. Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland. -- Saint Peter's fish. (Zoöl.) See John Dory, under John. -- Saint Peter's-wort (Bot.), a name of several plants, as Hypericum Ascyron, H. quadrangulum, Ascyrum stans, etc. -- Saint Peter's wreath (Bot.), a shrubby kind of Spiræa (S. hypericifolia), having long slender branches covered with clusters of small white blossoms in spring. -- Saint's bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. -- Saint Vitus's dance (Med.), chorea; -- so called from the supposed cures wrought on intercession to this saint.

 Saint (snt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sainting.] To make a saint of; to enroll among the saints by an offical act, as of the pope; to canonize; to give the title or reputation of a saint to (some one).

 A large hospital, erected by a shoemaker who has been beatified, though never sainted.

Addison.
To saint it, to act as a saint, or with a show of piety.

 Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it.

Pope.
 Saint, v. i. To act or live as a saint. [R.] Shak.
 Saint"dom (-dm), n. The state or character of a saint. [R.] Tennyson.
 Saint"ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. "A most sainted king." Shak.
 Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats.

Milton.
2. Entered into heaven; -- a euphemism for dead.

 Saint"ess, n. A female saint. [R.] Bp. Fisher.
 Saint"hood (?), n. 1. The state of being a saint; the condition of a saint. Walpole.
2. The order, or united body, of saints; saints, considered collectively.

 It was supposed he felt no call to any expedition that might endanger the reign of the military sainthood.

Sir W. Scott.
 Saint"ish, a. Somewhat saintlike; - - used ironically.

 Saint"ism (?), n. The character or quality of saints; also, hypocritical pretense of holiness. Wood.
 Saint"like' (?), a. Resembling a saint; suiting a saint; becoming a saint; saintly.

 Glossed over only with a saintlike show.

Dryden.
 Saint"li*ness (?), n. Quality of being saintly.

 Saint"ly, a. [Compar. Saintlier (?); superl.
 Saintliest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person.

 So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity.

Milton.
 Saint*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Saint + -logy + -ist.]
 (Theol.) One who writes the lives of saints. [R.]

 Saint"ship, n. The character or qualities of a saint.

 Saint'-Si*mo"ni*an (?), n. A follower of the Count de St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of property held in common, and the just division of the fruits of common labor among the members of society, are the true remedy for the social evils which exist.
 Brande & C. Saint'-Si*mo"ni*an*ism (?), n. The principles, doctrines, or practice of the Saint-Simonians; -- called also SaintSimonism.

 Saith (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Say. [Archaic] Saithe (?), n. [Gael. saoidheam.] (Zoöl.) The pollock, or coalfish; -- called also sillock. [Scot.]

 Sai"va (? or?), n. [Skr. çaiva devoted to Siva.]
 One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration.

 Sai"vism (?), n. The worship of Siva.

 Sa*jene" (?), n. Same as Sagene.

 Sa"jou (?; F. &?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sapajou.

 Sake (sk), n. [OE. sake cause, also, lawsuit, fault, AS. sacu strife, a cause or suit at law; akin to D. zaak cause, thing, affair, G. sache thing, cause in law, OHG. sahha, Icel. sök, Sw. sak, Dan. sag, Goth. sakj strife, AS. sacan to contend, strive, Goth. sakam, Icel. saka to contend, strive, blame, OHG. sahhan, MHG. sachen, to contend, strive, defend one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, and also to E. seek.
 Cf. Seek.] Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; motive; reason; interest; concern; account; regard or respect; -- used chiefly in such phrases as, for the sake of, for his sake, for man's sake, for mercy's sake, and the like; as, to commit crime for the sake of gain; to go abroad for the sake of one's health.

 Moved with wrath and shame and ladies' sake.

Spenser.
 I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake.

Gen. viii. 21.
 Will he draw out, For anger's sake, finite to infinite?

Milton.
 Knowledge is for the sake of man, and not man for the sake of knowledge.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 The -s of the possessive case preceding sake is sometimes omitted for euphony; as, for goodness sake. "For conscience sake."
 1 Cor. x. 28. The plural sakes is often used with a possessive plural. "For both our sakes." Shak.
 Sa"ker (s"kr), n. [F. sacre (cf. It. sagro, Sp. & Pg. sacre), either fr. L. sacer sacred, holy, as a translation of Gr. "ie'rax falcon, from "iero's holy, or more probably from Ar. çaqr hawk.] [Written also sacar, sacre.]
 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A falcon (Falco sacer) native of Southern Europe and Asia, closely resembling the lanner.

 The female is called chargh, and the male charghela, or sakeret.

(b