Pope.
 En*light"en (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + lighten: cf. AS.
 inlhtan. Cf. Enlight.] 1. To supply with light; to illuminate; as, the sun enlightens the earth.

 His lightnings enlightened the world.

Ps. xcvii. 4.
2. To make clear to the intellect or conscience; to shed the light of truth and knowledge upon; to furnish with increase of knowledge; to instruct; as, to enlighten the mind or understanding.

 The conscience enlightened by the Word and Spirit of God.

Trench.
 En*light"en*er (?), n. One who enlightens or illuminates; one who, or that which, communicates light to the eye, or clear views to the mind.

 En*light"en*ment (?), n. Act of enlightening, or the state of being enlightened or instructed.

 En*limn" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + limn. Cf. Enlumine, Illuminate.] To adorn by illuminating or ornamenting with colored and decorated letters and figures, as a book or manuscript. [R.] Palsgrave.
 En*link" (?), v. t. To chain together; to connect, as by links. Shak.
 En*list" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlisted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Enlisting.] 1. To enter on a list; to enroll; to register.

2. To engage for military or naval service, the name being entered on a list or register; as, to enlist men.

3. To secure the support and aid of; to employ in advancing interest; as, to enlist persons in the cause of truth, or in a charitable enterprise.

 En*list", v. i. 1. To enroll and bind one's self for military or naval service; as, he enlisted in the regular army; the men enlisted for the war.

2. To enter heartily into a cause, as if enrolled.

 En*list"ment (?), n. 1. The act or enlisting, or the state of being enlisted; voluntary enrollment to serve as a soldier or a sailor.

2. The writing by which an enlisted man is bound.

 En*live" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + live, a.] To enliven. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 En*liv"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlivened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enlivening (?).] [Pref. en- + liven.].
 1. To give life, action, or motion to; to make vigorous or active; to excite; to quicken; as, fresh fuel enlivens a fire.

 Lo! of themselves th' enlivened chessmen move.

Cowley.
2. To give spirit or vivacity to; to make sprightly, gay, or cheerful; to animate; as, mirth and good humor enliven a company; enlivening strains of music.

Syn. -- To animate; rouse; inspire; cheer; encourage; comfort; exhilarate; inspirit; invigorate.

 En*liv"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, enlivens, animates, or invigorates.

 En*lock" (?), v. t. To lock; to inclose.

 En*lu"mine (?), v. t. [F. enluminer; pref. en- (L. in) + L. luminare to light up, illumine. See Illuminate, and cf. Limn.]
 To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*lute" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + L. lutum mud, clay.]
 To coat with clay; to lute. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||En'man'ché" (?), a. [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + manche sleeve.] (Her.) Resembling, or covered with, a sleeve; -- said of the chief when lines are drawn from the middle point of the upper edge upper edge to the sides.

 En*mar"ble (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + marble.] To make hard as marble; to harden. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*mesh" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.]
 To catch or entangle in, or as in, meshes. Shak.
 My doubts enmesh me if I try.

Lowell.
 En*mew" (?), v. t. See Emmew.

 En*mist" (?), v. t. To infold, as in a mist.

 En"mi*ty (?), n.; pl. Enmities (#). [OE. enemyte, fr. enemy: cf. F. inimitié, OF. enemistié.
 See Enemy, and cf. Amity.] 1. The quality of being an enemy; hostile or unfriendly disposition.

 No ground of enmity between us known.

Milton.
2. A state of opposition; hostility.

 The friendship of the world is enmity with God.

James iv. 4.
Syn. -- Rancor; hostility; hatred; aversion; antipathy; repugnance; animosity; ill will; malice; malevolence. See Animosity, Rancor.

 En*mossed" (?; 115), a. [Pref. en- + moss.] Covered with moss; mossed. Keats.
 En*move" (?), v. t. See Emmove. [Obs.]

 En*muf"fle (?), v. t. To muffle up.

 En*mure" (?), v. t. To immure. [Obs.]

 En*na"tion (?), n. [Gr. 'enne'a nine.] (Zoöl.) The ninth segment in insects.

 En"ne*ad (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. 'enne'a nine.] The number nine or a group of nine.

The Enneads, the title given to the works of the philosopher Plotinus, published by his pupil Porphyry; -- so called because each of the six books into which it is divided contains nine chapters.

 En"ne*a*gon (?; 277), n. [Gr. 'enne'a nine + gwni'a corner, angle: cf. ennéagone.] (Geom.) A polygon or plane figure with nine sides and nine angles; a nonagon.

 En'ne*ag"o*nal (?), a. (Geom.) Belonging to an enneagon; having nine angles.

 En'ne*ag"y*nous (?), a. [Gr. 'enne'a nine + &?; woman, female.]
 (Bot.) Having or producing nine pistils or styles; -- said of a flower or plant.

 En'ne*a*he"dral (?), a. [Gr. 'enne'a nine + &?; side.] (Geom.)
 Having nine sides.

 { En'ne*a*he"dri*a (?), En'ne*a*he"dron (?), } n. (Geom.) A figure having nine sides; a nonagon.

 ||En'ne*an"dri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'enne'a nine + 'anh'r, 'andro's, man, male: cf. F. ennéandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having nine stamens.

 { En'ne*an"dri*an (?), En'ne*an"drous (?), } a. (Bot.)
 Having nine stamens.

 En'ne*a*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Gr. 'enne'a nine + E. petalous: cf. F. ennéapétale.] (Bot.) Having nine petals, or flower leaves.

 En'ne*a*sper"


Prose, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose; not in verse; as, prose composition.

2. Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics; plain; dull; prosaic; as, the prose duties of life.

 Prose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prosing.] 1. To write in prose.

2. To write or repeat in a dull, tedious, or prosy way.

 Prose, v. i. 1. To write prose.

Prosing or versing, but chiefly this latter.

Milton.
 Pro*sec"tor (?), n. [L., an anatomist, from prosecare to cut up; pro before + secare to cut.] One who makes dissections for anatomical illustration; usually, the assistant of a professional anatomist.

 Pros"e*cu'ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being prosecuted; liable to prosecution.

 Pros"e*cute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosecuted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prosecuting.] [L. prosecutus, p. p. of prosequi to follow, pursue. See Pursue.]

1. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to endeavor to obtain or complete; to carry on; to continue; as, to prosecute a scheme, hope, or claim.

 I am beloved Hermia; Why should not I, then, prosecute my right?

Shak.
2. To seek to obtain by legal process; as, to prosecute a right or a claim in a court of law.

3. (Law) To pursue with the intention of punishing; to accuse of some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or punishment, before a legal tribunal; to proceed against judicially; as, to prosecute a man for trespass, or for a riot.

 To acquit themselves and prosecute their foes.

Milton.
 Pros"e*cute, v. i. 1. To follow after. [Obs.] Latimer.
2. (Law) To institute and carry on a legal prosecution; as, to prosecute for public offenses. Blackstone.
 Pros'e*cu"tion (?), n. [L. prosecutio a following.] 1.
 The act or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something; pursuit by efforts of body or mind; as, the prosecution of a scheme, plan, design, or undertaking; the prosecution of war.

 Keeping a sharp eye on her domestics... in prosecution of their various duties.

Sir W. Scott.
2. (Law) (a) The institution and carrying on of a suit in a court of law or equity, to obtain some right, or to redress and punish some wrong; the carrying on of a judicial proceeding in behalf of a complaining party, as distinguished from defense. (b) The institution, or commencement, and continuance of a criminal suit; the process of exhibiting formal charges against an offender before a legal tribunal, and pursuing them to final judgment on behalf of the state or government, as by indictment or information. (c) The party by whom criminal proceedings are instituted. Blackstone. Burrill. Mozley & W. Pros"e*cu'tor (?), n. [Cf. L. prosecutor an attendant.] 1.
 One who prosecutes or carries on any purpose, plan, or business.

2. (Law) The person who institutes and carries on a criminal suit against another in the name of the government. Blackstone.
 Pros"e*cu'trix (?), n. [NL.] A female prosecutor.

 Pros"e*lyte (?), n. [OE. proselite, OF. proselite, F. proselytus, Gr. &?;, adj., that has come, n., a new comer, especially, one who has come over from heathenism to the Jewish religion; &?; toward, to + (prob.) the root of &?; to come.] A new convert especially a convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, or party; thus, a Gentile converted to Judaism, or a pagan converted to Christianity, is a proselyte.

 Ye [Scribes and Pharisees] compass sea and land to make one proselyte.

Matt. xxiii. 15.
 Fresh confidence the speculatist takes From every harebrained proselyte he makes.

Cowper.
Syn. -- See Convert.

 Pros"e*lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proselyted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proselyting.] To convert to some religion, opinion, or system; to bring over. Dr. H. More.
 Pros"e*ly*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. prosélytisme.] 1.
 The act or practice of proselyting; the making of converts to a religion or a religious sect, or to any opinion, system, or party.

 They were possessed of a spirit of proselytism in the most fanatical degree.

Burke.
2. Conversion to a religion, system, or party.

 Pros"e*ly*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. proselytized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proselytizing (?).] To convert to some religion, system, opinion, or the like; to bring, or cause to come, over; to proselyte.

 One of those whom they endeavor to proselytize.

Burke.
 Pros"e*ly*tize, v. i. To make converts or proselytes.

 Pros"e*ly*ti'zer, n. One who proselytes.

 Prose"man (?), n. A writer of prose. [R.]

 Pro*sem"i*na*ry (?), n. A seminary which prepares pupils for a higher institution. T. Warton.
 Pro*sem'i*na"tion (?), n. [L. proseminare, proseminatum, to disseminate.] Propagation by seed. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
 Pros*en'ce*phal"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prosencephalon.

 Pros'en*ceph"a*lon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; toward, near to + E. encephalon.] [Sometimes abbreviated to proen.] (Anat.) (a) The anterior segment of the brain, including the cerebrum and olfactory lobes; the forebrain. (b) The cerebrum. Huxley.
 Pros*en"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; near + -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) A general term applied to the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

 Pros"er (?), n. 1. A writer of prose. [Obs.]

2. One who talks or writes tediously. Sir W. Scott.
 Pro*sil"i*en*cy (?), n. [L. prosilere to leap forth.] The act of leaping forth or forward; projection. "Such prosiliency of relief." Coleridge.
 Pros"i*ly (?), adv. In a prosy manner.

 Pros'i*met"ric*al (?), a. [Prose + metrical.]
 Consisting both of prose and verse. Clarke.
 ||Pro*sim"i*æ (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pro-. and Simia.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Lemuroidea.

 Pros"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being prosy; tediousness; tiresomeness.


; coldness; a chill.

 Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn. Longfellow.
 Chill"y (?), a. Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering.

 Chi"log*nath (?), n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilognatha.

 ||Chi*log"na*tha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip + gna'qos Jaw.] (Zoöl.) One of the two principal orders of myriapods.
 They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

 Chi*lo"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip, fr. &?; lip. See -oma.] (Zoöl.) The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

 Chi"lo*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilopoda.

 ||Chi*lop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip + -poda.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot.

 { ||Chi*los"to*ma (?), Chi*lo*stom"a*ta (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; + &?;, &?;, outh.] (Zoöl.) An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.]

 Chi'lo*stoma*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma.

 Chiltern Hundreds (?). [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, ærn, place.] A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats.

 ||Chi*mæ"ra (?), n. [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali.
 The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

 Chi*mæ"roid (?), a. [Chimæra + old.] (Zoöl.)
 Related to, or like, the chimæra.

 Chi*man"go [Native name] (Zoöl.) A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara.

 Chimb (chm), n. [AS. cim, in cimstn base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.] The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also chime.]

 Chimb, v. i. Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Chime (chm), n. [See Chimb.] See Chine, n., 3.

 Chime (chm), n. [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky'mbalon. See Cymbal.] 1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments.

 Instruments that made melodius chime. Milton.
2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions.

 We have heard the chimes at midnight. Shak.
3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. "Chimes of verse." Cowley.
 Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] [See Chime, n.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells.

2. To be in harmony; to agree; to suit; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with.

 Everything chimed in with such a humor. W. irving.
3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; -- followed by in or in with. [Colloq.]

4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley Chime (?), v. i. 1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony.

 And chime their sounding hammers. Dryden.
2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically.

Chime his childish verse. Byron.
 Chim"er (?), n. One who chimes.

 Chime"ra (?), n.; pl. Chimeras (#). [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. &?; a she-goat, a chimera, fr. &?; he-goat; cf. Icel. qymbr a yearling ewe.] 1. (Myth.)
 A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. "Dire chimeras and enchanted isles." Milton.
2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author. Burke.
 Chi*mere" (?), n. [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It.
 zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammr the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.] The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook.
 Chi*mer"ic (?), a. Chimerical.

 Chi*mer"ic*al (?), a. Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as, chimerical projects.

Syn. -- Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive.

 Chi*mer"ic*al*ly, adv. Wildy; vainly; fancifully.

 Chim"i*nage (?), n. [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law) A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell.
 Chim"ney, n.; pl. Chimneys (#). [F. cheminée, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. &?; furnace, oven.] 1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft.

 Hard by a cottage chimney smokes. Milton.
3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion.

4. (Min.) A body of ore


seized together; -- called also cuckold's neck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 Cuck"oo (k??k"??), n. [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. cuculus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr. k&?;ki&?;a, G. kuckuk, D. koekoek.] (Zoöl.)
 A bird belonging to Cuculus, Coccyzus, and several allied genera, of many species.

 The European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) builds no nest of its own, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them. The American yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus Americanus) and the black-billed cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) build their own nests.

Cuckoo bee (Zool.), a bee, parasitic in the larval stage in the nests of other bees, feeding either upon their food or larvae. They belong to the genera Nomada, Melecta, Epeolus, and others. - - Cuckoo clock, a clock so constructed that at the time for striking it gives forth sounds resembling the cry of the cuckoo. -- Cuckoo dove (Zoöl.), a long-tailed pigeon of the genus Macropygia.
 Many species inhabit the East Indies. -- Cuckoo fish (Zoöl.), the European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). The name probably alludes to the sound that it utters. -- Cuckoo falcon (Zoöl.), any falcon of the genus Baza. The genus inhabits Africa and the East Indies. -- Cuckoo maid (Zoöl.), the wryneck; -- called also cuckoo mate. -- Cuckoo ray (Zoöl.), a British ray (Raia miraletus). -- Cuckoo spit, or Cuckoo spittle. (a) A frothy secretion found upon plants, exuded by the larvae of certain insects, for concealment; -- called also toad spittle and frog spit. (b) (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect, the larva of which, living on grass and the leaves of plants, exudes this secretion. The insects belong to Aphrophora, Helochara, and allied genera. -- Ground cuckoo, the chaparral cock.

 Cuck"oo*bud" (k??k"??-b?d'), n. (Bot.) A species of Ranunculus (R. bulbosus); -- called also butterflower, buttercup, kingcup, goldcup. Shak.
 Cuck"oo*flow'er (-flou'?r), n. (Bot.) A species of Cardamine (C. pratensis), or lady's smock. Its leaves are used in salads.
 Also, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi).

 Cuck"oo*pint' (-p?nt'), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Arum (A. maculatum); the European wake-robin.

 Cuc"quean' (k?k"kw?n'), n. [Cuckold + quean.] A woman whose husband is unfaithful to her. [Obs.]

 ||Cu*cu"jo (k??-k??"h?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The fire beetle of Mexico and the West Indies.

 { Cu"cul*late (k?"k?l-l?t or k?-k?l"l?t), Cu"cul*la'ted (-l?'t?d or -l?-t?d), } a. [LL. cullatus, fr. L. cucullus a cap, hood. See Cowl a hood.] 1. Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood.
 Sir T. Browne.
2. (Bot.) Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects. (b) Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles.

 Cu"cu*loid (k?k?-loid), a. [L. cuculus a cuckoo + -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the cuckoos (Cuculidæ).

 Cu"cum*ber (k?'k?m-b?r, formerly kou"k?m-b?r), n.[OE. cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen. cucumeris; cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.) A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the genus Cucumis, esp.
 Cucumis sativus, the unripe fruit of which is eaten either fresh or picked. Also, similar plants or fruits of several other genera. See below.

Bitter cucumber (Bot.), the Citrullus or Cucumis Colocynthis. See Colocynth. -- Cucumber beetle. (Zoöl.)
(a) A small, black fleabeetle (Crepidodera cucumeris), which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon vines. (b) The squash beetle. -- Cucumber tree. (a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its young fruit to a small cucumber.
 (b) An East Indian plant (Averrhoa Bilimbi) which produces the fruit known as bilimbi. -- Jamaica cucumber, Jerusalem cucumber, the prickly-fruited gherkin (Cucumis Anguria). -- Snake cucumber, a species (Cucumis flexuosus) remarkable for its long, curiously-shaped fruit. -- Squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecbalium Elaterium) whose small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force through the opening thus made. See Elaterium. -- Star cucumber, a climbing weed (Sicyos angulatus) with prickly fruit.

 Cu*cu"mi*form (k?-k?"m?-f?rm), a. [L. cucumis cucumber + -form.]
 Having the form of a cucumber; having the form of a cylinder tapered and rounded at the ends, and either straight or curved.

 ||Cu"cu*mis (k?k?--m?s), n. [L., cucumber.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cucumber, melon, and same kinds of gourds.

 { Cu*cur"bit Cu*cur"bite } (k*kûr"bt), n. [L. cucurbita a gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See Gourd.] (Chem.) A vessel or flask for distillation, used with, or forming part of, an alembic; a matrass; -- originally in the shape of a gourd, with a wide mouth. See Alembic.

 Cu*cur'bi*ta"ceous (-b*t"shs), a. [Cf. F. cucurbitacé.]
 (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples.

 Cu*cur"bi*tive (k?-k?r"b?-t?v), a. Having the shape of a gourd seed; -- said of certain small worms.

 Cud (kd), n. [AS. cudu, cwudu,cwidu,cweodo, of uncertain origin; cf, G. köder bait, Icel. kviðr womb, Goth. qiþus. Cf. Quid.] 1. That portion of food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first


Cooper and Smith: these names are expressed in the English Gypsy dialect by Vardo-mescro and Petulengro. The first of these renderings is by no means a satisfactory one, as Vardo-mescro means a cartwright, or rather a carter. To speak the truth, it would be next to impossible to render the word 'cooper' into English Gypsy, or indeed into Gypsy of any kind; a cooper, according to the p. 186common acceptation of the word, is one who makes pails, tubs, and barrels, but there are no words in Gypsy for such vessels. The Transylvanian Gypsies call a cooper a bedra-kero or pail-maker, but bedra is not Gypsy, but Hungarian, and the English Gypsies might with equal propriety call a cooper a pail-engro. On the whole the English Gypsies did their best when they rendered 'cooper' into their language by the word for 'cartwright.' Petulengro, the other trade name, is borne by the Gypsies who are known to the public by the English appellation of Smith. It is not very easy to say what is the exact meaning of Petulengro: it must signify, however, either horseshoe-fellow or tinker: petali or petala signifies in Gypsy a horseshoe, and is probably derived from the Modern Greek πέταλον; engro is an affix, and is either derived from or connected with the Sanscrit kara, to make, so that with great feasibility Petulengro may be translated horseshoe-maker. But bedel in Hebrew means 'tin,' and as there is little more difference between petul and bedel than between petul and petalon, Petulengro may be translated with almost equal feasibility by tinker or tin-worker, more especially as tinkering is a principal pursuit of Gypsies, and to jal petulengring signifies to go a-tinkering in English Gypsy. Taken, however, in either sense, whether as horseshoe-maker or tin-worker (and, as has been already observed, it must mean one or the other), Petulengro may be considered as a tolerably fair rendering of the English Smith.
So much for the names of the Gypsies which p. 187the writer has ventured to call the trade names; now for those of the other class. These are English surnames, and for the most part of a highly aristocratic character, and it seems at first surprising that people so poor and despised as Gypsies should be found bearing names so time-honoured and imposing. There is, however, a tolerable explanation of the matter in the supposition that on their first arrival in England the different tribes sought the protection of certain grand powerful families, and were permitted by them to locate themselves on their heaths and amid their woodlands, and that they eventually adopted the names of their patrons. Here follow the English names of some of the principal tribes, with the Romany translations or equivalents:— Boswell.—The proper meaning of this word is the town of Bui. The initial Bo or Bui is an old Northern name, signifying a colonist or settler, one who tills and builds. It was the name of a great many celebrated Northern kempions, who won land and a home by hard blows. The last syllable, well, is the French ville: Boswell, Boston, and Busby all signify one and the same thing—the town of Bui—the well being French, the ton Saxon, and the by Danish; they are half-brothers of Bovil and Belville, both signifying fair town, and which ought to be written Beauville and Belville. The Gypsies, who know and care nothing about etymologies, confounding bos with buss, a vulgar English verb not to be found in dictionaries, which signifies to kiss, rendered the name Boswell by Chumomisto, that is, Kisswell, or one who kisses p. 188well—choom in their language signifying to kiss, and misto well—likewise by choomomescro, a kisser. Vulgar as the word buss may sound at present, it is by no means of vulgar origin, being connected with the Latin basio and the Persian bousè.
Grey.—This is the name of a family celebrated in English history. The Gypsies who adopted it, rendered it into their language by Gry, a word very much resembling it in sound, though not in sense, for gry, which is allied to the Sanscrit ghora, signifies a horse. They had no better choice, however, for in Romany there is no word for grey, any more than there is for green or blue. In several languages there is a difficulty in expressing the colour which in English is called grey.
In Celtic, for instance, there is no definite word for it; glas, it is true, is used to express it, but glas is as frequently used to express green as it is to express grey.
Hearne, Herne.—This is the name of a family which bears the heron for its crest, the name being either derived from the crest, or the crest from the name. There are two Gypsy renderings of the word—Rossar-mescro or Ratzie-mescro, and Balorengre. Rossar-mescro signifies duck-fellow, the duck being substituted for the heron, for which there is no word in Romany. The meaning of Balor-engre is hairy people; the translator or translators seeming to have confounded Hearne with 'haaren,' old English for hairs. The latter rendering has never been much in use.
Lee.—The Gypsy name of this tribe is Purrum, sometimes pronounced Purrun.
The meaning of Purrurn is an onion, and it may be asked what p.
189connection can there be between Lee and onion?
None whatever: but there is some resemblance in sound between Lee and leek, and it is probable that the Gypsies thought so, and on that account rendered the name by Purrum, which, if not exactly a leek, at any rate signifies something which is cousin-german to a leek. It must be borne in mind that in some parts of England the name Lee is spelt Legh and Leigh, which would hardly be the case if at one time it had not terminated in something like a guttural, so that when the Gypsies rendered the name, perhaps nearly four hundred years ago, it sounded very much like 'leek,' and perhaps was Leek, a name derived from the family crest. At first the writer was of opinion that the name was Purrun, a modification of pooro, which in the Gypsy language signifies old, but speedily came to the conclusion that it must be Purrum, a leek or onion; for what possible reason could the Gypsies have for rendering Lee by a word which signifies old or ancient? whereas by rendering it by Purrum, they gave themselves a Gypsy name, which, if it did not signify Lee, must to their untutored minds have seemed a very good substitute for Lee. The Gypsy word pooro, old, belongs to Hindostan, and is connected with the Sanscrit pura, which signifies the same. Purrum is a modification of the Wallachian pur, a word derived from the Latin porrum, an onion, and picked up by the Gypsies in Roumania or Wallachia, the natives of which region speak a highly curious mixture of Latin and Sclavonian.
Lovel.—This is the name or title of an old and powerful English family. The meaning of it is p.
190Leo's town, Lowe's town, or Louis' town. The Gypsies, who adopted it, seem to have imagined that it had something to do with love, for they translated it by Camlo or Caumlo, that which is lovely or amiable, and also by Camomescro, a lover, an amorous person, sometimes used for 'friend.' Camlo is connected with the Sanscrit Cama, which signifies love, and is the appellation of the Hindoo god of love. A name of the same root as the one borne by that divinity was not altogether inapplicable to the Gypsy tribe who adopted it: Cama, if all tales be true, was black, black though comely, a Beltenebros, and the Lovel tribe is decidedly the most comely and at the same time the darkest of all the Anglo-Egyptian families. The faces of many of them, male


'ter (?), n. [Formed like poetaster: cf. F. théologastre.]
 A pretender or quack in theology. [R.] Burton.
 The*ol"o*ger (?), n. A theologian. Cudworth.
 The'o*lo"gi*an (?), n. [Cf. F. théologien, L. theologus, Gr. &?;. See Theology.] A person well versed in theology; a professor of theology or divinity; a divine.

 The'o*log"ic (?), a. Theological.

 The'o*log"ic*al (?), a. [L. theologicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F.
 théologique.] Of or pertaining to theology, or the science of God and of divine things; as, a theological treatise. — The'o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.
 The'o*log"ics (?), n. Theology. Young.
 The*ol"o*gist (?), n. A theologian.

 The*ol"o*gize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Theologized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Theologizing (?).] [Cf. F. théologiser.]
 To render theological; to apply to divinity; to reduce to a system of theology.

 School divinity was but Aristotle's philosophy theologized.

Glanvill.
 The*ol"o*gize, v. i. To frame a system of theology; to theorize or speculate upon theological subjects.

 The*ol"o*gi'zer (?), n. One who theologizes; a theologian. [R.] Boyle.
 The"o*logue (?), n. [Cf. L. theologus, Gr. &?;, and E.
 philologue.] 1. A theologian. Dryden.
 Ye gentle theologues of calmer kind.

Young.
 He [Jerome] was the theologue — and the word is designation enough.

I. Taylor.
2. A student in a theological seminary. [Written also theolog.]
 [Colloq. U. S.]

 The*ol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Theologies (#). [L. theologia, Gr. &?;; &?; God + &?; discourse: cf. F. théologie.
 See Theism, and Logic.] The science of God or of religion; the science which treats of the existence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity; (as more commonly understood) "the knowledge derivable from the Scriptures, the systematic exhibition of revealed truth, the science of Christian faith and life."

 Many speak of theology as a science of religion [instead of "science of God"] because they disbelieve that there is any knowledge of God to be attained.

Prof. R. Flint (Enc. Brit.).
Theology is ordered knowledge; representing in the region of the intellect what religion represents in the heart and life of man.

Gladstone.
Ascetic theology, Natural theology. See Ascetic, Natural. — Moral theology, that phase of theology which is concerned with moral character and conduct. — Revealed theology, theology which is to be learned only from revelation. — Scholastic theology, theology as taught by the scholastics, or as prosecuted after their principles and methods. — Speculative theology, theology as founded upon, or influenced by, speculation or metaphysical philosophy. — Systematic theology, that branch of theology of which the aim is to reduce all revealed truth to a series of statements that together shall constitute an organized whole. E. G. Robinson (Johnson's Cyc.).
 The*om"a*chist (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] One who fights against the gods; one who resists God of the divine will.

 The*om"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a god + &?; a battle.] 1. A fighting against the gods, as the battle of the gaints with the gods.

2. A battle or strife among the gods. Gladstone.
3. Opposition to God or the divine will. Bacon.
 The"o*man'cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a god + - mancy: cf. F. théomancie, Gr. &?; a spirit of prophecy,.] A kind of divination drawn from the responses of oracles among heathen nations.

 { The'o*pa*thet"ic (?), The'o*path"ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a theopathy.

 The*op"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; God + &?;, &?;, to suffer, feel.] Capacity for religious affections or worship.

 The'o*phan"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a theopany; appearing to man, as a god.

 The*oph"a*ny (?), n.; pl. - nies (#). [Gr. &?;; &?; God + &?; to appear.] A manifestation of God to man by actual appearance, usually as an incarnation.

 The'o*phil'an*throp"ic (?), a. Pertaining to theophilanthropy or the theophilanthropists.

 The'o*phi*lan"thro*pism (?), n. The doctrine of the theophilanthropists; theophilanthropy.

 The'o*phi*lan"thro*pist (?), n. [Cf. F. théophilanthrope.]
 (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a deistical society established at Paris during the French revolution.

 The'o*phi*lan"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; God + E. philanthropy.]
 Theophilanthropism. Macaulay.
 The'o*phil'o*soph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; God + E. philosophic.]
 Combining theism and philosophy, or pertaining to the combination of theism and philosophy.

 The'op*neus"ted (?), a. Divinely inspired; theopneustic. [R.]

 The'op*neus"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; inspired of God; &?; God + &?; to blow, to breathe.] Given by the inspiration of the Spirit of God.

 The"op*neus'ty (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] Divine inspiration; the supernatural influence of the Divine Spirit in qualifying men to receive and communicate revealed truth.

 The*or"bist (?), n. (Mus.) One who plays on a theorbo.

 The*or"bo (?), n. [F. théorbe, téorbe, formerly tuorbe, tiorbe, It. tiorba.] (Mus.)
 An instrument made like large lute, but having two necks, with two sets of pegs, the lower set holding the strings governed by frets, while to the upper set were attached the long bass strings used as open notes.

 A larger form of theorbo was also called the archlute, and was used chiefly, if not only, as an accompaniment to the voice. Both have long fallen into disuse.

 The"o*rem (?), n. [L. theorema, Gr. &?; a sight, speculation, theory, theorem, fr. &?; to look at, &?; a spectator: cf. F. théorème. See Theory.] 1. That which is considered and established as a principle; hence, sometimes, a rule.

 Not theories, but theorems (&?;), the intelligible products of contemplation, intellectual objects in the mind, and of and for the mind exclusively.

Coleridge.
 By the theorems, Which your polite and terser gallants practice,


mystic (trilateral) figure Om; the Reig, the Yagush, and the Saman Vedas." It is a unity and still a trinity. This Om or Aum stands for the Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer or Regenerator, and represents the threefold aspect of the force within the sun. The doctrine maintained throughout the Geeta is not only that the great life-force represents a trinity in unity, but that it is both female and male. On this subject Maurice, in his Indian Antiquities, says: "This notion of three persons in the Deity was diffused amongst all the nations of the earth, established at once in regions so distant as Japan and Peru, immemorially acknowledged throughout the whole extent of Egypt and India, and flourishing with equal vigor amidst the snowy mountains of Thibet, and the vast deserts of Siberia."

 We have observed that the idea of a trinity as conceived by the so-called ancients, although at all times founded on the same conception, viz., that of the reproductive powers of Nature and especially of mankind, differed in expression according to its application. Although in human beings this triune creative idea was expressed by the mother, father, and child, as set forth in the temples and on the monuments of Egypt, when applied directly to the sun and the planets, it appears as the Creator, Preserver, and Regenerator or Destroyer.

 Destruction, or the absence of the sun's heat, represented by winter, was necessary to life, and therefore the Destroyer was also the Regenerator and equally with the Creator and Preserver constituted a beneficent factor in the god-idea. In fact as this third element really embodied the substance of the other two, it finally became the supreme God, little afterward being heard about the Creator and Preserver. The Regenerator or Destroyer was of course the sun, which in winter died away and rose again in the spring-time as a beneficent Savior or renewer of life. The principle involved in these processes represented Fertility, Life, reproductive energy. As applied to mortals, it comprehended the power to create combined with perceptive Wisdom or Knowledge.

 This idea, portrayed as it was by a mother and her child, linked woman with the stars. It produced the "Virgin of the Sphere," Queen of Heaven, "Isiac Controller of the Zodiac," at the same time that it made her the mother of all mankind.

 Every year this Virgin of the Sphere as she appeared above the horizon at the winter solstice gave birth to the sun. Astronomically this new sun was the Regenerator, by which all Nature was renewed. Mythologically, after the higher truths contained in these doctrines were lost, it came to be the Savior, the Son of the Virgin, the seed of the woman, which was to bruise the serpent's head.

 That the religion of an ancient race comprehended a knowledge of the evolutionary processes of Nature may not be doubted. The myths still extant, and even the oldest Assyrian inscriptions which have been deciphered, reveal the fact that the seeds of the visible universe were hidden in the "great deep"—that animal creation sprang from the earth and the sea through the influence of the sun's rays.

 It is now known that the philosophy of an older race involved a belief in the Eternity of Matter. The abstruse doctrine of Reincarnation and the Renewal of Worlds seems to have formed the basis of their philosophy.
 According to these speculations, a portion of the earth was destroyed or resolved into its primary elements every six hundred years, while at the end of each Kalpia, or great Cycle of several thousand years, the entire earth was renovated or absorbed into the two fecundating principles of the universe. These two indivisible forces represented by Vishnu rested in the water, or brooded on the face of the deep. When stirred by love for each other they again became active, and from the germs of a former world, which had been absorbed by themselves, created again the earth and everything upon it. In other words, "the earth sprang from the navel of Vishnu or Brahme." According to the Buddhists of Ceylon, the universe has perished ten different times, and each time has been renewed by the operations of Nature, or by the preservation of germs from a former world.
 In their mythology these germs are represented by a parent and a triplicated offspring. It is perhaps unnecessary to add that this monad trinity is the Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer with their great parent, the Mother of the Gods, which in process of time came to be regarded as male. According to Wilford, Hindoo chronology presents fourteen different periods, six of which have already elapsed; we are in the seventh, which began with the flood. Each of these periods is called a Manwantara, the presiding genius or Deity of which is a Menu. At the close of each dynasty a total destruction of the world takes place, everything being destroyed except the ruler, or Menu, who "escapes in a boat." Each new world is an exact counterpart of the one destroyed, and each Menu is a representation of all preceding ones. Thus the history of one dynasty serves for all the rest. This doctrine of a triplicated Deity appearing at the beginning of a new creation may be traced in nearly every country of the globe. Among the Buddhists of China, Fo is mysteriously multiplied into three persons in the same manner as is Fo-hi, who is evidently Noah. Among the Hindoos is observed the triad Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva springing from the monad Brahm or Brahme. This triad appears on the earth at the beginning of each Manwantara in the human form of Menu and his three sons. We are assured that among the Tartars evident traces are found of a similar God, who is seated on the lotus. It is also figured on a Siberian medal in the imperial collection at St. Petersburg. The Jakuthi Tartars, who are said to be the most numerous people of Siberia, worship a triplicated Deity under the three denominations of Artugon and Schugo-tangon and Tangara.
 Faber tells us that this Tartar God is the same even in appellation with the Tanga-tanga of the Peruvians, who, like other tribes of America, seem plainly to have crossed over from the North-eastern extremity of Siberia.
 Upon this subject the same writer remarks thus: "Agreeably to the mystical notion so familiar to the Hindoos, that the self-triplicated Great Father yet remained but one in essence, the Peruvians supposed their Tanga-tanga to be one in three, and three in one: and in consequence of the union of hero worship with the astronomical and material systems of idolatry they venerated the sun and the air, each under three images and three names. The same opinions equally prevailed throughout the nations which lie to the west of Hindostan. Thus the Persians had their Ormuzd, Mithras, and Ahriman: or, as the matter was sometimes represented, their self-triplicating Mithras. The Syrians had their Monimus, Aziz, and Ares. The Egyptians had their Emeph, Eicton, and Phtha. The Greeks and Romans had their Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto; three in number, though one in essence, and all springing from Cronus, a fourth, yet older God. The Canaanites had their Baal-Spalisha or self-triplicated Baal. The Goths had their Odin, Vile, and Ve, who are described as the three sons of Bura, the offspring of the mysterious cow, and the Celts had their three bulls, venerated as the living symbols of the triple Hu or Menu. To the same class we must ascribe the triads of the Orphic and Pythagorean and Platonic schools; each of which must again be identified with the imperial triad of the old Chaldaic or Babylonian philosophy."(43) The history of the catastrophe known as the deluge, which, it is claimed, took place either in Armenia, at Cashgar, or at some other place in the East, is observed, in later ages, to furnish a covering beneath which have been veiled the mythical doctrines of the priests. Of the catastrophes which from time to time have visited our planet, and of the belief which


The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Brontë WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY MRS HUMPHREY WARD LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1920 Contents This Table of Contents contains the original chapter headings that were present in the first printed edition of 1848. These headings were removed in later (one-volume) editions of the text, after Anne Brontë's death in 1849.
 I. A Discovery II. An Interview III. A Controversy IV. The Party V. The Studio VI. Progression VII. The Excursion VIII. The Present IX. A Snake in the Grass X. A Contract and a Quarrel XI. The Vicar Again XII. A Tête-à-Tête and a Discovery XIII. A Return to Duty XIV. An Assault XV. An Encounter and its Consequences XVI. The Warnings of Experience XVII. Further Warnings XVIII. The Miniature XIX. An Incident XX. Persistence XXI. Opinions XXII. Traits of Friendship XXIII. First Weeks of Matrimony XXIV. First Quarrel XXV. First Absence XXVI. The Guests XXVII. A Misdemeanour XXVIII. Parental Feelings XXIX. The Neighbour XXX. Domestic Scenes XXXI. Social Virtues XXXII. Comparisons: Information Rejected XXXIII. Two Evenings XXXIV. Concealment XXXV. Provocations XXXVI. Dual Solitude XXXVII. The Neighbour Again XXXVIII. The Injured Man XXXIX. A Scheme of Escape XL. A Misadventure XLI. "Hope Springs Eternal in the Human Breast" XLII. A Reformation XLIII. The Boundary Past XLIV. The Retreat XLV. Reconciliation XLVI. Friendly Counsels XLVII. Startling Intelligence XLVIII. Further Intelligence XLIX.
 L. Doubts and Disappointments LI. An Unexpected Occurrence LII. Fluctuations LIII. Conclusion LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Portrait of Anne Brontë Moorland Scene, Haworth Moorland scene (with water): Haworth Moorland scene (with cottage), Haworth Blake Hall—The Approach (Grassdale Manor) Blake Hall—Front (Grassdale Manor) Blake Hall—Side (Grassdale Manor) Illustration: Anne Brontë from a drawing by Charlotte Brontë in the possession of the Rev. A. B. Nicholls INTRODUCTION Anne Brontë serves a twofold purpose in the study of what the Brontës wrote and were. In the first place, her gentle and delicate presence, her sad, short story, her hard life and early death, enter deeply into the poetry and tragedy that have always been entwined with the memory of the Brontës, as women and as writers; in the second, the books and poems that she wrote serve as matter of comparison by which to test the greatness of her two sisters. She is the measure of their genius—like them, yet not with them.
Many years after Anne's death her brother-in-law protested against a supposed portrait of her, as giving a totally wrong impression of the "dear, gentle Anne Brontë." "Dear" and "gentle" indeed she seems to have been through life, the youngest and prettiest of the sisters, with a delicate complexion, a slender neck, and small, pleasant features. Notwithstanding, she possessed in full the Brontë seriousness, the Brontë strength of will. When her father asked her at four years old what a little child like her wanted most, the tiny creature replied—if it were not a Brontë it would be incredible!—"Age and experience." When the three children started their "Island Plays" together in 1827, Anne, who was then eight, chose Guernsey for her imaginary island, and peopled it with "Michael Sadler, Lord Bentinck, and Sir Henry Halford." She and Emily were constant companions, and there is evidence that they shared a common world of fancy from very early days to mature womanhood. "The Gondal Chronicles" seem to have amused them for many years, and to have branched out into innumerable books, written in the "tiny writing" of which Mr. Clement Shorter has given us facsimiles. "I am now engaged in writing the fourth volume of Solala Vernon's Life," says Anne at twenty-one. And four years later Emily says, "The Gondals still flourish bright as ever. I am at present writing a work on the First War. Anne has been writing some articles on this and a book by Henry Sophona. We intend sticking firm by the rascals as long as they delight us, which I am glad to say they do at present." That the author of "Wildfell Hall" should ever have delighted in the Gondals, should ever have written the story of Solala Vernon or Henry Sophona, is pleasant to know. Then, for her too, as for her sisters, there was a moment when the power of "making out" could turn loneliness and disappointment into riches and content. For a time at least, and before a hard and degrading experience had broken the spring of her youth, and replaced the disinterested and spontaneous pleasure that is to be got from the life and play of imagination, by a sad sense of duty, and an inexorable consciousness of moral and religious mission, Anne Brontë wrote stories for her own amusement, and loved the "rascals" she created.
But already in 1841, when we first hear of the Gondals and Solala Vernon, the material for quite other books was in poor Anne's mind. She was then teaching in the family at Thorpe Green, where Branwell joined her as tutor in 1843, and where, owing to events that are still a mystery, she seems to have passed through an ordeal that left her shattered in health and nerve, with nothing gained but those melancholy and repulsive memories that she was afterwards to embody in "Wildfell Hall." She seems, indeed, to have been partly the victim of Branwell's morbid imagination, the imagination of an opium-eater and a drunkard. That he was neither the conqueror nor the villain that he made his sisters believe, all the evidence that has been gathered since Mrs. Gaskell wrote goes to show. But poor Anne believed his account of himself, and no doubt saw enough evidence of vicious character in Branwell's daily life to make the worst enormities credible. She seems to have passed the last months of her stay at Thorpe Green under a cloud of dread and miserable suspicion, and was thankful to escape from her situation in the summer of 1845. At the same moment Branwell was summarily dismissed from his tutorship, his employer, Mr. Robinson, writing a stern letter of complaint to Branwell's father, concerned no doubt with the young man's disorderly and intemperate habits. Mrs. Gaskell says: "The premature deaths of two at least of the sisters—all the great possibilities of their earthly lives snapped short—may be dated from Midsummer 1845." The facts as we now know them hardly bear out so strong a judgment. There is nothing to show that Branwell's conduct was responsible in any way for Emily's illness and death, and Anne, in the contemporary fragment recovered by Mr. Shorter, gives a less tragic account of the matter. "During my stay (at Thorpe Green)," she writes on July 31, 1845, "I have had some very unpleasant and undreamt-of experience of human nature.... Bran


f. OF. chapelerie.] The territorial district legally assigned to a chapel.

 Chap"er*on (?), n. [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.] 1.
 A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood.

 His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through. Howell.
2. A device placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals.

3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector.

 Chap"er*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chaperoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.]
 To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize.

 Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself. Hannah More.
 Chap"er*on'age (?), n. Attendance of a chaperon on a lady in public; protection afforded by a chaperon.

 Chap"fall'en (?), a. Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, -- an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen.

 Chap"i*ter (?), n. [OF. chapitel, F. chapiteau, from L. capitellum, dim. of caput head. Cf. Capital, Chapter.] 1.
(Arch.) A capital [Obs.] See Chapital. Ex. xxxvi. 38.
2. (Old Eng. Law) A summary in writing of such matters as are to be inquired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions; -- also called articles.
 Jacob.
 Chap"lain (?), n. [F. chapelain, fr. LL. capellanus, fr. capella. See Chapel.] 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs religious service in a chapel.

2. A clergyman who is officially attached to the army or navy, to some public institution, or to a family or court, for the purpose of performing divine service.

3. Any person (clergyman or layman) chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc.; as, a chaplain of a Masonic or a temperance lodge.

 Chap"lain*cy (?), n.; pl. Chaplaincies (&?;). The office, position, or station of a chaplain. Swift.
 Chap"lain*ship, n. 1. The office or business of a chaplain.

 The Bethesda of some knight's chaplainship. Milton.
2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson.
 Chap"less (?), a. Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.]
 "Yellow, chapless skulls." Shak.
 Chap"let (?), n. [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.] 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head.

2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads.

 Her chaplet of beads and her missal. Longfellow.
3. (Arch.) A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc.

4. (Man.) A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1.

5. (Founding) A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold.

6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. Johnson.
 Chap"let, n. A small chapel or shrine.

 Chap"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapleted.] To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning.
 Chap"man (?), n.; pl. Chapmen (#). [AS. ceápman; ceáp trade + man man; akin to D. koopman, Sw.
 köpman, Dan. kiöpmand, G. kaufmann.f. Chap to cheapen, and see Cheap.] 1. One who buys and sells; a merchant; a buyer or a seller. [Obs.]

 The word of life is a quick commodity, and ought not, as a drug to be obtruded on those chapmen who are unwilling to buy it. T. Fuller.
2. A peddler; a hawker.

 Chap"py (?), Full of chaps; cleft; gaping; open.

 Chaps (?), n. pl. The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. "Open your chaps again." Shak.
 Chap"ter (?), n. [OF. chapitre, F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput head, the chief person or thing, the principal division of a writing, chapter. See Chief, and cf, Chapiter.]
 1. A division of a book or treatise; as, Genesis has fifty chapters.

2. (Eccl.) (a) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over by the dean.(b) A community of canons or canonesses.(c) A bishop's council.(d) A business meeting of any religious community.

3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity as of the Freemasons. Robertson.
4. A meeting of certain organized societies or orders.

5. A chapter house. [R.] Burrill.
6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe.
7. A location or compartment.

 In his bosom! In what chapter of his bosom? Shak.
Chapter head, or Chapter heading, that which stands at the head of a chapter, as a title. -- Chapter house, a house or room where a chapter meets, esp. a cathedral chapter. -- The chapter of accidents, chance. Marryat.
 Chap"ter (?), v. t. 1. To divide into chapters, as a book.
 Fuller.
2. To correct; to bring to book, i. e., to demand chapter and verse. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Chap"trel (?), n. [See Chapiter.] (Arch.) An impost. [Obs.]

 { Char, Charr (?), } n. [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood-colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char.

 Char, n. [F.] A car; a chariot. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Char (?), n. [OE. cherr, char a turning, time, work, AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn; akin to OS. kërian, OHG. chëran, G. kehren. Cf. Chore, Ajar.] Work done by the day; a single job, or task; a chore. [Written also chare.] [Eng.]

 When thou hast done this chare, I give thee leave To play till doomsday. Shak.
 { Char, Chare, } v. t. [See 3d Char.] 1. To perform; to do; to finish. [Obs.] Nores.
 Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband. Old Proverb.
2. To work or hew, as stone. Oxf. Gloss


. akin to poena punishment. See Pain.] 1. Feeling pain or sorrow on account of sins or offenses; repentant; contrite; sincerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolved on amendment of life.

 Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite.

Milton.
 The pound he tamed, the penitent he cheered.

Dryden.
2. Doing penance. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pen"i*tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin; one sorrowful on account of his transgressions.

2. One under church censure, but admitted to penance; one undergoing penance.

3. One under the direction of a confessor.

Penitents is an appellation given to certain fraternities in Roman Catholic countries, distinguished by their habit, and employed in charitable acts.

 Pen'i*ten"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. pénitentiel.] Of or pertaining to penitence, or to penance; expressing penitence; of the nature of penance; as, the penitential book; penitential tears. "Penitential stripes." Cowper.
 Guilt that all the penitential fires of hereafter can not cleanse.

Sir W. Scott.
 Pen'i*ten"tial, n. (R. C. Ch.) A book formerly used by priests hearing confessions, containing rules for the imposition of penances; -- called also penitential book.

 Pen'i*ten"tial*ly, adv. In a penitential manner.

 Pen'i*ten"tia*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. pénitentiaire.] 1.
 Relating to penance, or to the rules and measures of penance. "A penitentiary tax." Abp. Bramhall.
2. Expressive of penitence; as, a penitentiary letter.

3. Used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. "Penitentiary houses." Blackstone.
 Pen'i*ten"tia*ry, n.; pl. Penitentiaries (#). [Cf. F. pénitencier. See Penitent.] 1. One who prescribes the rules and measures of penance. [Obs.] Bacon.
2. One who does penance. [Obs.] Hammond.
3. A small building in a monastery where penitents confessed. Shpiley.
4. That part of a church to which penitents were admitted. Shipley.
5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An office of the papal court which examines cases of conscience, confession, absolution from vows, etc., and delivers decisions, dispensations, etc. Its chief is a cardinal, called the Grand Penitentiary, appointed by the pope. (b) An officer in some dioceses since A. D. 1215, vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him.

6. A house of correction, in which offenders are confined for punishment, discipline, and reformation, and in which they are generally compelled to labor.

 Pen'i*ten"tia*ry*ship, n. The office or condition of a penitentiary of the papal court. [R.] Wood.
 Pen"i*tent*ly, adv. In a penitent manner.

 Penk (?), n. A minnow. See Pink, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] Walton.
 Pen"knife' (?), n.; pl. Penknives (#). [Pen + knife.] A small pocketknife; formerly, a knife used for making and mending quill pens.

 Pen"man (?), n.; pl. Penmen (&?;). 1. One who uses the pen; a writer; esp., one skilled in the use of the pen; a calligrapher; a writing master.

2. An author; a composer. South.
 Pen"man*ship, n. The use of the pen in writing; the art of writing; style or manner of writing; chirography; as, good or bad penmanship.

 ||Pen"na (?), n.; pl. Pennæ (#). [L.] (Zoöl.)
 A perfect, or normal, feather.

 Pen"na"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a normal feather.

 Pen"nach (?), n. [OF. pennache. See Panache.] A bunch of feathers; a plume. [Obs.] Holland.
 Pen"nached (?), a. [Cf. OF. pennaché. See Panache.]
 Variegated; striped. [Obs.] Evelyn.
 Pen"nage (?), n. [L. penna feather.] Feathery covering; plumage. [Obs.] Holland.
 Pen"nant (?), n. [OE. penon, penoun, pynoun, OF. penon, F. pennon, fr. L. penna feather. See Pen a feather, and cf. Pennon, Pinion.] (Naut.) (a) A small flag; a pennon. The narrow, or long, pennant (called also whip or coach whip) is a long, narrow piece of bunting, carried at the masthead of a government vessel in commission. The board pennant is an oblong, nearly square flag, carried at the masthead of a commodore's vessel. "With flags and pennants trimmed." Drayton. (b) A rope or strap to which a purchase is hooked.

 { Pen"nate (?), Pen"na*ted (?), } a. [L. pennatus feathered, winged, from penna feather, wing.] 1. Winged; plumeshaped.

2. (Bot.) Same as Pinnate.

 ||Pen*nat"u*la (?), n.; pl. L. Pennatulæ (#), E. Pennatulas (#). [NL., fr. L. penna a feather.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of numerous species of Pennatula, Pteroides, and allied genera of Alcyonaria, having a featherlike form; a sea-pen. The zooids are situated along one edge of the side branches.

 ||Pen*nat'u*la"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pennatula.] (Zoöl.)
 A division of alcyonoid corals, including the seapens and related kinds.
 They are able to move about by means of the hollow muscular peduncle, which also serves to support them upright in the mud. See Pennatula, and Illust. under Alcyonaria.

 Penned (?), a. 1. Winged; having plumes. [Obs.]

2. Written with a pen; composed. "Their penned speech." Shak.
 Pen"ner (?), n. 1. One who pens; a writer. Sir T. North.
2. A case for holding pens. [Obs.]

 Pen"ni*form (?), a. [L. penna feather + -form: cf. F.
 penniforme.] Having the form of a feather or plume.

 Pen*nig"er*ous (?), a. [L. penniger; penna feather + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Bearing feathers or quills.

 Pen"ni*less (?), a. [From Penny.] Destitute of money; impecunious; poor. -- Pen"ni*less*ness, n. Pen"ni*nerved' (?), a. [L. penna feather + E. nerve.]
 Pinnately veined or nerved.

 Pen*nip"o*tent (?), a. [L. pennipotens; penna wing + potens strong.] Strong of wing; strong on the wing. [Poetic] Davies (Holy Roode).
 Pen"non (?), n. [Cf. Pinion.] A wing; a pinion. Milton.
 Pen"non, n. [See Penn


LES MISÉRABLES By Victor Hugo Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
No. 13, Astor Place New York Copyright 1887 Bookshelf spines Bookcover Frontpapers Frontispiece Titlepage Volume One Titlepage Verso Contents LES MISÉRABLES PREFACE VOLUME I—FANTINE BOOK FIRST—A JUST MAN CHAPTER I—M. MYRIEL CHAPTER II—M. MYRIEL BECOMES M. WELCOME CHAPTER III—A HARD BISHOPRIC FOR A GOOD BISHOP CHAPTER IV—WORKS CORRESPONDING TO WORDS CHAPTER V—MONSEIGNEUR BIENVENU MADE HIS CASSOCKS LAST TOO LONG CHAPTER VI—WHO GUARDED HIS HOUSE FOR HIM CHAPTER VII—CRAVATTE CHAPTER VIII—PHILOSOPHY AFTER DRINKING CHAPTER IX—THE BROTHER AS DEPICTED BY THE SISTER CHAPTER X—THE BISHOP IN THE PRESENCE OF AN UNKNOWN LIGHT CHAPTER XI—A RESTRICTION CHAPTER XII—THE SOLITUDE OF MONSEIGNEUR WELCOME CHAPTER XIII—WHAT HE BELIEVED CHAPTER XIV—WHAT HE THOUGHT BOOK SECOND—THE FALL CHAPTER I—THE EVENING OF A DAY OF WALKING CHAPTER II—PRUDENCE COUNSELLED TO WISDOM CHAPTER III—THE HEROISM OF PASSIVE OBEDIENCE CHAPTER IV—DETAILS CONCERNING THE CHEESE-DAIRIES OF PONTARLIER CHAPTER V—TRANQUILLITY CHAPTER VI—JEAN VALJEAN CHAPTER VII—THE INTERIOR OF DESPAIR CHAPTER VIII—BILLOWS AND SHADOWS CHAPTER IX—NEW TROUBLES CHAPTER X—THE MAN AROUSED CHAPTER XI—WHAT HE DOES CHAPTER XII—THE BISHOP WORKS CHAPTER XIII—LITTLE GERVAIS BOOK THIRD—IN THE YEAR 1817 CHAPTER I—THE YEAR 1817 CHAPTER II—A DOUBLE QUARTETTE CHAPTER III—FOUR AND FOUR CHAPTER IV—THOLOMYÈS IS SO MERRY THAT HE SINGS A SPANISH DITTY CHAPTER V—AT BOMBARDA'S CHAPTER VI—A CHAPTER IN WHICH THEY ADORE EACH OTHER CHAPTER VII—THE WISDOM OF THOLOMYÈS CHAPTER VIII—THE DEATH OF A HORSE CHAPTER IX—A MERRY END TO MIRTH BOOK FOURTH—TO CONFIDE IS SOMETIMES TO DELIVER INTO A PERSON'S POWER CHAPTER I—ONE MOTHER MEETS ANOTHER MOTHER CHAPTER II—FIRST SKETCH OF TWO UNPREPOSSESSING FIGURES CHAPTER III—THE LARK BOOK FIFTH—THE DESCENT CHAPTER I—THE HISTORY OF A PROGRESS IN BLACK GLASS TRINKETS CHAPTER II—MADELEINE CHAPTER III—SUMS DEPOSITED WITH LAFFITTE CHAPTER IV—M. MADELEINE IN MOURNING CHAPTER V—VAGUE FLASHES ON THE HORIZON CHAPTER VI—FATHER FAUCHELEVENT CHAPTER VII—FAUCHELEVENT BECOMES A GARDENER IN PARIS CHAPTER VIII—MADAME VICTURNIEN EXPENDS THIRTY FRANCS ON MORALITY CHAPTER IX—MADAME VICTURNIEN'S SUCCESS CHAPTER X—RESULT OF THE SUCCESS CHAPTER XI—CHRISTUS NOS LIBERAVIT CHAPTER XII—M. BAMATABOIS'S INACTIVITY CHAPTER XIII—THE SOLUTION OF SOME QUESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE MUNICIPAL POLICE BOOK SIXTH—JAVERT CHAPTER I—THE BEGINNING OF REPOSE CHAPTER II—HOW JEAN MAY BECOME CHAMP BOOK SEVENTH—THE CHAMPMATHIEU AFFAIR CHAPTER I—SISTER SIMPLICE CHAPTER II—THE PERSPICACITY OF MASTER SCAUFFLAIRE CHAPTER III—A TEMPEST IN A SKULL CHAPTER IV—FORMS ASSUMED BY SUFFERING DURING SLEEP CHAPTER V—HINDRANCES CHAPTER VI—SISTER SIMPLICE PUT TO THE PROOF CHAPTER VII—THE TRAVELLER ON HIS ARRIVAL TAKES PRECAUTIONS FOR DEPARTURE CHAPTER VIII—AN ENTRANCE BY FAVOR CHAPTER IX—A PLACE WHERE CONVICTIONS ARE IN PROCESS OF FORMATION CHAPTER X—THE SYSTEM OF DENIALS CHAPTER XI—CHAMPMATHIEU MORE AND MORE ASTONISHED BOOK EIGHTH—A COUNTER-BLOW CHAPTER I—IN WHAT MIRROR M. MADELEINE CONTEMPLATES HIS HAIR CHAPTER II—FANTINE HAPPY CHAPTER III—JAVERT SATISFIED CHAPTER IV—AUTHORITY REASSERTS ITS RIGHTS CHAPTER V—A SUITABLE TOMB VOLUME II—COSETTE BOOK FIRST—WATERLOO CHAPTER I—WHAT IS MET WITH ON THE WAY FROM NIVELLES CHAPTER II—HOUGOMONT CHAPTER III—THE EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE, 1815 CHAPTER IV—A CHAPTER V—THE QUID OBSCURUM OF BATTLES CHAPTER VI—FOUR O'CLOCK IN THE AFTERNOON CHAPTER VII—NAPOLEON IN A GOOD HUMOR CHAPTER VIII—THE EMPEROR PUTS A QUESTION TO THE GUIDE LACOSTE CHAPTER IX—THE UNEXPECTED CHAPTER X—THE PLATEAU OF MONT-SAINT-JEAN CHAPTER XI—A BAD GUIDE TO NAPOLEON; A GOOD GUIDE TO BÜLOW CHAPTER XII—THE GUARD CHAPTER XIII—THE CATASTROPHE CHAPTER XIV—THE LAST SQUARE CHAPTER XV—CAMBRONNE CHAPTER XVI—QUOT LIBRAS IN DUCE?
 CHAPTER XVII—IS WATERLOO TO BE CONSIDERED GOOD?
 CHAPTER XVIII—A RECRUDESCENCE OF DIVINE RIGHT CHAPTER XIX—THE BATTLE-FIELD AT NIGHT BOOK SECOND—THE SHIP ORION CHAPTER I—NUMBER 24,601 BECOMES NUMBER 9,430 CHAPTER II—IN WHICH THE READER WILL PERUSE TWO VERSES, WHICH ARE OF THE DEVIL'S COMPOSITION, POSSIBLY CHAPTER III—THE ANKLE-CHAIN MUST HAVE UNDERGONE A CERTAIN PREPARATORY MANIPULATION TO BE THUS BROKEN WITH A BLOW FROM A HAMMER BOOK THIRD—ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE PROMISE MADE TO THE DEAD WOMAN CHAPTER I—THE WATER QUESTION AT MONTFERMEIL CHAPTER II—TWO COMPLETE PORTRAITS CHAPTER III—MEN MUST HAVE WINE, AND HORSES MUST HAVE WATER CHAPTER IV—ENTRANCE ON THE SCENE OF A DOLL CHAPTER V—THE LITTLE ONE ALL ALONE CHAPTER VI—WHICH POSSIBLY PROVES BOULATRUELLE'S INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER VII—COSETTE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE STRANGER IN THE DARK CHAPTER VIII—THE UNPLEASANTNESS OF RECEIVING INTO ONE'S HOUSE A POOR MAN WHO MAY BE A RICH MAN CHAPTER IX—THÉNARDIER AND HIS MANŒUVRES CHAPTER X—HE WHO SEEKS TO BETTER HIMSELF MAY RENDER HIS SITUATION WORSE CHAPTER XI—NUMBER 9,430 RE


axis is identical with that of a body acted on by an attractive central force varying directly as the distance. In the case of the hyperbolas in the plane of the greatest and least axis, this force must be supposed repulsive. The dots in the figures 1, 2, 3, are intended to indicate roughly the progress made by the invariable axis during each revolution of the body about the axis of $x$, $y$ and $z$ respectively. It must be remembered that the rotation about these axes varies with their inclination to the invariable axis, so that the angular velocity diminishes as the inclination increases, and therefore the areas in the ellipses above mentioned are not described with uniform velocity in absolute time, but are less rapidly swept out at the extremities of the major axis than at those of the minor.
* When two of the axes have equal moments of inertia, or $b = c$, then the angular velocity $\omega_1$ is constant, and the path of the invariable axis is circular, the number of revolutions of the body during one circuit of the invariable axis, being \begin{displaymath} \frac{a^2}{b^2 - a^2} \end{displaymath} The motion is in the same direction as that of the rotation, or in the opposite direction, according as the axis of $x$ is that of greatest or of least moment of inertia.
* Both in this case, and in that in which the three axes are unequal, the motion of the invariable axis in the body may be rendered very slow by diminishing the difference of the moments of inertia. The angular velocity of the axis of $x$ about the invariable axis in space is \begin{displaymath} \omega_1\frac{e^2 - a^2l^2}{a^2(1 - l^2)}, \end{displaymath} which is greater or less than $\omega_1$, as $e^2$ is greater or less than $a^2$, and, when these quantities are nearly equal, is very nearly the same as $\omega_1$ itself. This quantity indicates the rate of revolution of the axle of the top about its mean position, and is very easily observed.
* The instantaneous axis is not so easily observed. It revolves round the invariable axis in the same time with the axis of $x$, at a distance which is very small in the case when $a$, $b$, $c$, are nearly equal. From its rapid angular motion in space, and its near coincidence with the invariable axis, there is no advantage in studying its motion in the top.
* By making the moments of inertia very unequal, and in definite proportion to each other, and by drawing a few strong lines as diameters of the disc, the combination of motions will produce an appearance of epicycloids, which are the result of the continued intersection of the successive positions of these lines, and the cusps of the epicycloids lie in the curve in which the instantaneous axis travels. Some of the figures produced in this way are very pleasing.
In order to illustrate the theory of rotation experimentally, we must have a body balanced on its centre of gravity, and capable of having its principal axes and moments of inertia altered in form and position within certain limits. We must be able to make the axle of the instrument the greatest, least, or mean principal axis, or to make it not a principal axis at all, and we must be able to see the position of the invariable axis of rotation at any time. There must be three adjustments to regulate the position of the centre of gravity, three for the magnitudes of the moments of inertia, and three for the directions of the principal axes, nine independent adjustments, which may be distributed as we please among the screws of the instrument.
Figure: Figure 6 The form of the body of the instrument which I have found most suitable is that of a bell (fig. 6). $C$ is a hollow cone of brass, $R$ is a heavy ring cast in the same piece. Six screws, with heavy heads, $x$, $y$, $z$, $x'$, $y'$, $z'$, work horizontally in the ring, and three similar screws, $l$, $m$, $n$, work vertically through the ring at equal intervals. $AS$ is the axle of the instrument, $SS$ is a brass screw working in the upper part of the cone $C$, and capable of being firmly clamped by means of the nut $c$. $B$ is a cylindrical brass bob, which may be screwed up or down the axis, and fixed in its place by the nut $b$.
The lower extremity of the axle is a fine steel point, finished without emery, and afterwards hardened. It runs in a little agate cup set in the top of the pillar $P$. If any emery had been embedded in the steel, the cup would soon be worn out. The upper end of the axle has also a steel point by which it may be kept steady while spinning.
When the instrument is in use, a coloured disc is attached to the upper end of the axle.
It will be seen that there are eleven adjustments, nine screws in the brass ring, the axle screwing in the cone, and the bob screwing on the axle. The advantage of the last two adjustments is, that by them large alterations can be made, which are not possible by means of the small screws.
The first thing to be done with the instrument is, to make the steel point at the end of the axle coincide with the centre of gravity of the whole. This is done roughly by screwing the axle to the right place nearly, and then balancing the instrument on its point, and screwing the bob and the horizontal screws till the instrument will remain balanced in any position in which it is placed.
When this adjustment is carefully made, the rotation of the top has no tendency to shake the steel point in the agate cup, however irregular the motion may appear to be.
The next thing to be done, is to make one of the principal axes of the central ellipsoid coincide with the axle of the top.
To effect this, we must begin by spinning the top gently about its axle, steadying the upper part with the finger at first. If the axle is already a principal axis the top will continue to revolve about its axle when the finger is removed. If it is not, we observe that the top begins to spin about some other axis, and the axle moves away from the centre of motion and then back to it again, and so on, alternately widening its circles and contracting them.
It is impossible to observe this motion successfully, without the aid of the coloured disc placed near the upper end of the axis. This disc is divided into sectors, and strongly coloured, so that each sector may be recognised by its colour when in rapid motion. If the axis about which the top is really revolving, falls within this disc, its position may be ascertained by the colour of the spot at the centre of motion. If the central spot appears red, we know that the invariable axis at that instant passes through the red part of the disc.
In this way we can trace the motion of the invariable axis in the revolving body, and we find that the path which it describes upon the disc may be a circle, an ellipse, an hyperbola, or a straight line, according to the arrangement of the instrument.
In the case in which the invariable axis coincides at first with the axle of the top, and returns to it after separating from it for a time, its true path is a circle or an ellipse having the axle in its circumference. The true principal axis is at the centre of the closed curve. It must be made to coincide with the axle by adjusting the vertical screws $l$, $m$, $n$.
Suppose that the colour of the centre of motion, when farthest from the axle, indicated that the axis of rotation passed through the sector $L$, then the principal axis must also lie in that sector at half the distance from the axle.
If this principal axis be that of greatest moment of inertia, we must raise the screw $l$ in order to bring it nearer the axle $A$. If it be the axis of least moment we must lower the screw $l$. In this way we may make the principal axis coincide with the axle. Let us suppose that


The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in Europe. Shak.
 Cheap, a. [Abbrev. fr. "good cheap": a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marché, à bon marché.
 See Cheap, n., Cheapen.] 1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value.

 Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap. Locke.
2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean.

 You grow cheap in every subject's eye. Dryden.
Dog cheap, very cheap, -- a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.]

 Cheap, adv. Cheaply. Milton.
 Cheap, v. i. To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cheap"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupn to trade.
 Cf. Chap to bargain.] 1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.]

 Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift.
2. [Cf. Cheap, a.] To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope.
 My proffered love has cheapened me. Dryden.
 Cheap"en*er (?), n. One who cheapens.

 { Cheap"-jack' (?), Cheap"-john' (?), } n. A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker.

 Cheap"ly (?), adv. At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

 Cheap"ness (?), n. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

 Chear (?), n. & v. [Obs.] See Cheer.

Syn. -- Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem.

 Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Cheating.] [See Cheat, n., Escheat.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle.

 I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island. Shak.
2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott.
 To cheat winter of its dreariness. W. Irving.
Syn. -- To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle.

 Cheat, v. i. To practice fraud or trickery; as, to cheat at cards.

 Cheat, n. [Perh. from OF. cheté goods, chattels.]
 Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Their purest cheat, Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste. Chapman.
 Cheat"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being cheated.

 Cheat"a*ble*ness, n. Capability of being cheated.

 Cheat"er (?), n. 1. One who cheats.

2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.
 Che*bac"co (?), n. [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; -- called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.
 Che"bec (?), n. (Naut.) See Chebacco.

 Che*bec" (?), n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

 Check (?), n. [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. échec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. échecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shh king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.] 1. (Chess) A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player's king by an adversary's move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture.
 A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move.

2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as, to hold an enemy in check.

 Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity. Addison.
 No check, no stay, this streamlet fears. Wordsworth.
3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff.

 Useful check upon the administration of government. Washington.
 A man whom no check could abash. Macaulay.
4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as, checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad.

5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below.

6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also, cloth having such a figure.

7. (Falconry) The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds.

8. Small chick or crack.

Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. -- Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. -- Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. -- Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. -- Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. -- Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. -- To take check, to take offense.
 [Obs.] Dryden.
Syn. -- Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

 Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. checking.] 1. (Chess) To make a move which puts an adversary's piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check.

2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb.

 So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression. Burke.
3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as, to check an account; to check baggage.

4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove.

 The good king, his master, will check him for it. Shak.
5. (Naut.) To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended.

6. To make checks or chinks in


conductor's punch which rings a bell when used. -- Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. -- Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. -- Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. -- Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. -- Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap.

 Bell (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.] To put a bell upon; as, to bell the cat.

2. To make bell-mouthed; as, to bell a tube.

 Bell, v. i. To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as, hops bell.

 Bell, v. t. [AS. bellan. See Bellow.] To utter by bellowing.
 [Obs.]

 Bell, v. i. To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar.

 As loud as belleth wind in hell. Chaucer.
 The wild buck bells from ferny brake. Sir W. Scott.
 Bel'la*don"na (&?;), n. [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents.
 Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains.
 Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

 Bell" an'i*mal"cule (&?;). (Zoöl.) An infusorian of the family Vorticellidæ, common in fresh-water ponds.

 Bell" bear'er (&?;). (Zoöl.) A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bellshaped appendages of its thorax.

 Bell"bird' (&?;), n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.)
(a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidæ, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia.

 Bell" crank' (&?;). A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery.


it; to stain or dye a thing is to impart color to its substance. To stain is said chiefly of solids, as wood, glass, paper; to dye, of fibrous substances, textile fabrics, etc.; the one, commonly, a simple process, as applying a wash; the other more complex, as fixing colors by mordants.

 Stain, v. i. To give or receive a stain; to grow dim.

 Stain, n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter; a spot; as, a stain on a garment or cloth. Shak.
2. A natural spot of a color different from the gound.

 Swift trouts, diversified with crimson stains.

Pope.
3. Taint of guilt; tarnish; disgrace; reproach.

 Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains.

Dryden.
 Our opinion... is, I trust, without any blemish or stain of heresy.

Hooker.
4. Cause of reproach; shame. Sir P. Sidney.
5. A tincture; a tinge. [R.]

 You have some stain of soldier in you.

Shak.
Syn. -- Blot; spot; taint; pollution; blemish; tarnish; color; disgrace; infamy; shame.

 Stain"er (?), n. 1. One who stains or tarnishes.

2. A workman who stains; as, a stainer of wood.

 Stain"less, a. Free from stain; immaculate. Shak.
 The veery care he took to keep his name Stainless, with some was evidence of shame.

Crabbe.
Syn. -- Blameless; spotless; faultless. See Blameless.

 Stain"less*ly, adv. In a stainless manner.

 Stair (?), n. [OE. steir, steyer, AS. st&?;ger, from &?;igan to ascend, rise. √164. See Sty to ascend.]
 1. One step of a series for ascending or descending to a different level; -- commonly applied to those within a building.

2. A series of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to another; -- commonly used in the plural; but originally used in the singular only. "I a winding stair found." Chaucer's Dream.
Below stairs, in the basement or lower part of a house, where the servants are. -- Flight of stairs, the stairs which make the whole ascent of a story. -- Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs. -- pair, in this phrase, having its old meaning of a set. See Pair, n., 1. -- Run of stars (Arch.), a single set of stairs, or section of a stairway, from one platform to the next. -- Stair rod, a rod, usually of metal, for holding a stair carpet to its place.
 -- Up stairs. See Upstairs in the Vocabulary.

 Stair"case' (?), n. A flight of stairs with their supporting framework, casing, balusters, etc.

 To make a complete staircase is a curious piece of architecture.

Sir H. Wotton.
Staircase shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any scalaria, or wentletrap. (b) Any species of Solarium, or perspective shell.

 Stair"head' (?), n. The head or top of a staircase.

 Stair"way' (?), n. A flight of stairs or steps; a staircase. "A rude and narrow stairway." Moore.
 Staith (?), n. [AS. stæ&?; a bank, shore, from the root of E. stead.] A landing place; an elevated staging upon a wharf for discharging coal, etc., as from railway cars, into vessels.

 Staith"man (?), n. A man employed in weighing and shipping at a staith. [Eng.]

 Stake (?), n. [AS. staca, from the root of E. stick; akin to OFries. & LG. stake, D. staak, Sw. stake, Dan.
 stage. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stockade.] 1.
 A piece of wood, usually long and slender, pointed at one end so as to be easily driven into the ground as a support or stay; as, a stake to support vines, fences, hedges, etc.

 A sharpened stake strong Dryas found.

Dryden.
2. A stick inserted upright in a lop, eye, or mortise, at the side or end of a cart, a flat car, or the like, to prevent goods from falling off.

3. The piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed to be burned; hence, martyrdom by fire.

4. A small anvil usually furnished with a tang to enter a hole in a bench top, -- used by tinsmiths, blacksmiths, etc., for light work, punching upon, etc.

5. That which is laid down as a wager; that which is staked or hazarded; a pledge.

At stake, in danger; hazarded; pledged. "I see my reputation is at stake." Shak.
 Stake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Staking.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; as, to stake vines or plants.

2. To mark the limits of by stakes; -- with out; as, to stake out land; to stake out a new road.

3. To put at hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future contingency; to wager; to pledge.

 I'll stake yon lamb, that near the fountain plays.

Pope.
4. To pierce or wound with a stake. Spectator.
 Stake"-driv'er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); -- so called because one of its notes resembles the sound made in driving a stake into the mud. Called also meadow hen, and Indian hen.

 Stake"head' (?), n. (Rope making) A horizontal bar on a stake, used for supporting the yarns which are kept apart by pins in the bar.

 Stake"hold'er (?), n. The holder of a stake; one with whom the bets are deposited when a wager is laid.

 Stak*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; falling by drops + -meter.]
 A drop measurer; a glass tube tapering to a small orifice at the point, and having a bulb in the middle, used for finding the number of drops in equal quantities of different liquids. See Pipette. Sir D. Brewster.
 Stal (?), obs. imp. of Steal. Stole.

 { Sta*lac"tic (?), Sta*lac"tic*al (?) }, a. (Geol.)
 Stalactitic.

 Sta*lac"ti*form (?), a. Like a stalactite; resembling a stalactite.

 Sta*lac"tite (?), n.; pl. Stalactites (#). [Gr. &?; oozing out in drops, dropping, fr. &?; to drop: cf. F. stalactite.]
 (Geol.) (a) A pendent cone or cylinder of calcium carbonate resembling an icicle in form and mode of attachment. Stalactites are found depending from the roof or sides of caverns, and are produced by deposition from waters which have percolated through, and partially dissolved, the overlying limestone rocks. (b) In an extended sense, any mineral or rock of similar form and origin; as, a stalactite of lava.

 ||Stal'ac*ti"tes (?), n. [NL.] A stalactite. [Obs.] Woodward.
 { Stal'ac*tit"ic (?), Stal'ac*tit"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. stalactitique.]
 (Geol.) Of or pertaining to a stalactite; having the form or characters of a stalactite; stalactic.

 Stal'ac*tit"i*form (?), a. Having the form of a stalactite; stalactiform.

 Sta*lag"mite (?), n. [Gr. &?; that which drops, a drop, fr.
 &?;


light requires a perfectly definite time T to pass from one mirror to the other and back again, if the whole system be at rest with respect to the æther. It is found by calculation, however, that a slightly different time T′ is required for this process, if the body, together with the mirrors, be moving relatively to the æther. And yet another point: it is shown by calculation that for a given velocity v with reference to the æther, this time T′ is different when the body is moving perpendicularly to the planes of the mirrors from that resulting when the motion is parallel to these planes. Although the estimated difference between these two times is exceedingly small, Michelson and Morley performed an experiment involving interference in which this difference should have been clearly detectable. But the experiment gave a negative result—a fact very perplexing to physicists.
Lorentz and FitzGerald rescued the theory from this difficulty by assuming that the motion of the body relative to the æther produces a contraction of the body in the direction of motion, the amount of contraction being just sufficient to compensate for the difference in time mentioned above. Comparison with the discussion in Section XII shows that also from the standpoint of the theory of relativity this solution of the difficulty was the right one. But on the basis of the theory of relativity the method of interpretation is incomparably more satisfactory. According to this theory there is no such thing as a "specially favoured" (unique) co-ordinate system to occasion the introduction of the æther-idea, and hence there can be no æther-drift, nor any experiment with which to demonstrate it. Here the contraction of moving bodies follows from the two fundamental principles of the theory, without the introduction of particular hypotheses; and as the prime factor involved in this contraction we find, not the motion in itself, to which we cannot attach any meaning, but the motion with respect to the body of reference chosen in the particular case in point. Thus for a co-ordinate system moving with the earth the mirror system of Michelson and Morley is not shortened, but it is shortened for a co-ordinate system which is at rest relatively to the sun.
1 The general theory of relativity renders it likely that the electrical masses of an electron are held together by gravitational forces. ↑ [Contents] XVII Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space The non-mathematician is seized by a mysterious shuddering when he hears of "four-dimensional" things, by a feeling not unlike that awakened by thoughts of the occult. And yet there is no more common-place statement than that the world in which we live is a four-dimensional space-time continuum.
Space is a three-dimensional continuum. By this we mean that it is possible to describe the position of a point (at rest) by means of three numbers (co-ordinates), and that there is an indefinite number of points in the neighbourhood of this one, the position of which can be described by co-ordinates such as, which may be as near as we choose to the respective values of the co-ordinates, of the first point. In virtue of the latter property we speak of a "continuum," and owing to the fact that there are three co-ordinates we speak of it as being "three-dimensional." Similarly, the world of physical phenomena which was briefly called "world" by Minkowski is naturally four-dimensional in the space-time sense. For it is composed of individual events, each of which is described by four numbers, namely, three space co-ordinates , and a time co-ordinate, the time value t. The "world" is in this sense also a continuum; for to every event there are as many "neighbouring" events (realised or at least thinkable) as we care to choose, the co-ordinates of which differ by an indefinitely small amount from those of the event originally considered. That we have not been accustomed to regard the world in this sense as a four-dimensional continuum is due to the fact that in physics, before the advent of the theory of relativity, time played a different and more independent role, as compared with the space coordinates. It is for this reason that we have been in the habit of treating time as an independent continuum. As a matter of fact, according to classical mechanics, time is absolute, i.e. it is independent of the position and the condition of motion of the system of co-ordinates.
We see this expressed in the last equation of the Galileian transformation () The four-dimensional mode of consideration of the "world" is natural on the theory of relativity, since according to this theory time is robbed of its independence.
This is shown by the fourth equation of the Lorentz transformation: Moreover, according to this equation the time difference of two events with respect to K′ does not in general vanish, even when the time difference of the same events with reference to K vanishes. Pure "space-distance" of two events with respect to K results in "time-distance" of the same events with respect to K′. But the discovery of Minkowski, which was of importance for the formal development of the theory of relativity, does not lie here. It is to be found rather in the fact of his recognition that the four-dimensional space-time continuum of the theory of relativity, in its most essential formal properties, shows a pronounced relationship to the three-dimensional continuum of Euclidean geometrical space.1 In order to give due prominence to this relationship, however, we must replace the usual time co-ordinate t by an imaginary magnitude proportional to it. Under these conditions, the natural laws satisfying the demands of the (special) theory of relativity assume mathematical forms, in which the time co-ordinate plays exactly the same role as the three space co-ordinates. Formally, these four co-ordinates correspond exactly to the three space co-ordinates in Euclidean geometry. It must be clear even to the non-mathematician that, as a consequence of this purely formal addition to our knowledge, the theory perforce gained clearness in no mean measure.
These inadequate remarks can give the reader only a vague notion of the important idea contributed by Minkowski. Without it the general theory of relativity, of which the fundamental ideas are developed in the following pages, would perhaps have got no farther than its long clothes. Minkowski's work is doubtless difficult of access to anyone inexperienced in mathematics, but since it is not necessary to have a very exact grasp of this work in order to understand the fundamental ideas of either the special or the general theory of relativity, I shall leave it here at present, and revert to it only towards the end of Part II.
1 Cf. the somewhat more detailed discussion in Appendix II. ↑ PART II The General Theory of Relativity [Contents] XVIII Special and General Principle of Relativity The basal principle, which was the pivot of all our previous considerations, was the special principle of relativity, i.e. the principle of the physical relativity of all uniform motion. Let as once more analyse its meaning carefully.
It was at all times clear that, from the point of view of the idea it conveys to us, every motion must be considered only as a relative motion. Returning to the illustration we have frequently used of the embankment and the railway carriage, we can express the fact of the motion here taking place in the following two forms, both of which are equally justifiable: (a) The carriage is in motion relative to the embankment, (b) The embankment is in motion relative to the carriage.
In (a) the embankment, in (b) the carriage, serves as the body of reference in our statement of the motion taking place. If it is simply a question of detecting or of describing the motion involved, it is in principle immaterial to what reference-body we refer the motion. As already mentioned, this is self-evident, but it must not be confused with the much more comprehensive statement called "the principle of relativity," which we have taken as the basis of our investigations.
The principle we have made use of not only maintains that we may equally well choose the carriage or the embankment as our reference-body for the description of any event (for this, too, is self-evident). Our principle rather asserts what follows: If we formulate the general laws of nature as they are obtained from experience, by making use of (a) the embankment as reference-body, (b) the railway carriage as reference-body, then these general laws of nature (e.g. the laws of mechanics or the law of the propagation of light in vacuo) have exactly the same form in both cases. This can also be expressed as follows: For the physical