roth in 1789, and so named in honor of Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus in 1781.

 { U"ran-o'cher, U"ran-o'chre } (?), n. [Cf. F. uranochre.]
 (Min.) (a) A yellow, earthy incrustation, consisting essentially of the oxide of uranium, but more or less impure.

 { U'ra*no*graph"ic (?), U'ra*no*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to uranography; as, an uranographic treatise.

 U'ra*nog"ra*phist (?), n. One practiced in uranography.

 U'ra*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; heaven + &?; to write.] A description or plan of the heavens and the heavenly bodies; the construction of celestial maps, globes, etc.; uranology.

 U*ran"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; heaven + - lite.] A meteorite or aërolite. [Obs.] Hutton.
 U'ra*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; heaven + - logy.] A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the heavenly bodies; the study of the heavens; uranography.

 ||U'ra*nom'e*tri"a (?), n. [NL.] A uranometry.

 U'ra*nom"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; heaven + - metry.] (Astron.)
 A chart or catalogue of fixed stars, especially of stars visible to the naked eye.

 U"ra*no*plas'ty (?), n. [See Uraniscoplasty.] (Surg.) The plastic operation for closing a fissure in the hard palate.

 U'ra*nos"co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; + - scopy.] Observation of the heavens or heavenly bodies.

 U'ra*no"so- (&?;), a. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) from uranium; — used in naming certain complex compounds; as in uranoso-uranic oxide, uranoso-uranic sulphate.

 U"ra*nous ("r*ns), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, uranium; designating those compounds in which uranium has a lower valence as contrasted with the uranic compounds.

 U"ra*nus (-ns), n. [L. Uranus, Gr. O'yrano's Uranus, o'yrano's heaven, sky. Cf. Uranium.]

1. (Gr. Myth.) The son or husband of Gaia (Earth), and father of Chronos (Time) and the Titans.

2. (Astron.) One of the primary planets. It is about 1,800,000,000 miles from the sun, about 36,000 miles in diameter, and its period of revolution round the sun is nearly 84 of our years.

 This planet has also been called Herschel, from Sir William Herschel, who discovered it in 1781, and who named it Georgium Sidus, in honor of George III., then King of England.

 U*ran"-u*tan' (?), (Zoöl.) The orangutang U"ra*nyl (?), n. [Uranium + - yl.] (Chem.) The radical UO2, conveniently regarded as a residue of many uranium compounds.

 U*ra"o (?), n. [Sp.] (Min.) See Trona.

 { U*ra"re (?), U*ra"ri }, n. See Curare.

 U"rate (?), n. [Cf. F. urate.] (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of uric acid; as, sodium urate; ammonium urate.

 U*rat"ic (?), (Physiol. Chem.) Of or containing urates; as, uratic calculi.

 Ur"ban (?), a. [L. urbanus belonging to the &?;ity or town, refined, polished, fr. urbs, urbis, a city: cf. F. urbain.
 Cf. Urbane.]

1. Of or belonging to a city or town; as, an urban population.

2. Belonging to, or suiting, those living in a city; cultivated; polite; urbane; as, urban manners.

Urban servitude. See Predial servitude, under Servitude.

 Ur*bane" (?), a. [See Urban.] Courteous in manners; polite; refined; elegant.

 Ur"ban*iste (?), n. (Bot.) A large and delicious pear or Flemish origin.

 Ur*ban"i*ty (?), n. [L. urbanitas; cf. F. urbanité.]

1. The quality or state of being urbane; civility or courtesy of manners; politeness; refinement.

 The marquis did the honors of his house with the urbanity of his country.

W. Irving.
2. Polite wit; facetiousness. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Raillery in the sauce of civil entertainment; and without some such tincture of urbanity, good humor falters.

L'Estrange.
Syn. — Politeness; suavity; affability; courtesy.

 Ur"ban*ize (?), v. t. To render urban, or urbane; to refine; to polish. Howell.
 ||Ur*bic"o*læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. urbs, urbis, a city + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) An extensive family of butterflies, including those known as skippers (Hesperiadæ).

 Ur*bic"o*lous (?), a. Of or pertaining to a city; urban. [R.]

 Ur"ce*o*lar (û"s**lr), a. Urceolate.

 Ur"ce*o*late (?), a. [L. urceolus, dim. of urceus a pitcher or waterpot.] (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like a pitcher or urn; swelling below, and contracted at the orifice, as a calyx or corolla.

 Ur"ce*ole (?), n. [See Urceolate.] (R. C. Ch.) A vessel for water for washing the hands; also, one to hold wine or water.

 ||Ur*ce"o*lus (?), n.; pl. Urceoli (#). [L., a little pitcher.] (Bot.) Any urn-shaped organ of a plant.

 Ur"chin (û"chn), n. [OE. urchon, irchon, a hedgehog, OF. ireçon, eriçon, heriçon, herichon, F. hérisson, a derivative fr. L. ericius, from er a hedgehog, for her; akin to Gr. chh'r. Cf. Herisson.]

1. (Zoöl.) A hedgehog.

2. (Zoöl.) A sea urchin. See Sea urchin.

3. A mischievous elf supposed sometimes to take the form a hedgehog. "We 'll dress [them] like urchins, ouphes, and fairies."
 Shak.
4. A pert or roguish child; — now commonly used only of a boy.

 And the urchins that stand with their thievish eyes Forever on watch ran off each with a prize.

W. Howitt.
 You did indeed dissemble, you urchin you; but where's the girl that won't dissemble for an husband?

Goldsmith.
5. One of a pair in a series of small card cylinders, arranged around a carding drum; — so called from its fancied resemblance to the hedgehog. Knight.
Urchin fish (Z


SECOND APRIL By Edna St. Vincent Millay TO MY BELOVED FRIEND CAROLINE B. DOW CONTENTS SECOND APRIL SPRING CITY TREES THE BLUE-FLAG IN THE BOG JOURNEY EEL-GRASS ELEGY BEFORE DEATH THE BEAN-STALK WEEDS PASSER MORTUUS EST PASTORAL ASSAULT TRAVEL LOW-TIDE SONG OF A SECOND APRIL ROSEMARY THE POET AND HIS BOOK ALMS INLAND TO A POET THAT DIED YOUNG WRAITH EBB ELAINE BURIAL MARIPOSA THE LITTLE HILL DOUBT NO MORE THAT OBERON LAMENT EXILED THE DEATH OF AUTUMN ODE TO SILENCE EPITAPH PRAYER TO PERSEPHONE CHORUS ELEGY DIRGE SONNETS WILD SWANS SECOND APRIL SPRING CITY TREES THE BLUE-FLAG IN THE BOG JOURNEY EEL-GRASS ELEGY BEFORE DEATH THE BEAN-STALK WEEDS PASSER MORTUUS EST PASTORAL ASSAULT TRAVEL LOW-TIDE SONG OF A SECOND APRIL ROSEMARY THE POET AND HIS BOOK ALMS INLAND TO A POET THAT DIED YOUNG WRAITH EBB ELAINE BURIAL MARIPOSA THE LITTLE HILL DOUBT NO MORE THAT OBERON LAMENT EXILED THE DEATH OF AUTUMN ODE TO SILENCE EPITAPH PRAYER TO PERSEPHONE CHORUS ELEGY DIRGE SONNETS WILD SWANS


borealis is the only orchid which reaches 68° N. Ca*lyp"tra (k*lp"tr), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kaly'ptra a covering for the head, fr. kaly'ptein to cover.] (Bot.) A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flasklike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also, any similar covering body.

 Ca*lyp"tri*form (?), a. [Calyptra + -form.] Having the form a calyptra, or extinguisher.

 Ca"lyx (k"lks; 277), n.; pl. E. Calyxes (#), L. Calyces (kl"*sz). [L. calyx, -ycis, fr. Gr. ka'lyx husk, shell, calyx, from the root of kaly'ptein to cover, conceal. Cf. Chalice Helmet.]
 1. (Bot.) The covering of a flower. See Flower.

 The calyx is usually green and foliaceous, but becomes delicate and petaloid in such flowers as the anemone and the four-o'clock. Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal.

2. (Anat.) A cuplike division of the pelvis of the kidney, which surrounds one or more of the renal papillæ.

 Cal*zoons" (kl*znz"), n. pl. [F. caleçons (cf. It. calzoni breeches), fr. L. calceus shoe.] Drawers. [Obs.]

 Cam (km), n. [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. W., Gael., and Ir., cam bent. See 1st Comb.] 1. (Med.) (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which it acts.

 Cams are much used in machinery involving complicated, and irregular movements, as in the sewing machine, pin machine, etc.

2. A ridge or mound of earth. [Prow. Eng.] Wright.
Cam wheel (Mach.), a wheel with one or more projections (cams) or depressions upon its periphery or upon its face; one which is set or shaped eccentrically, so that its revolutions impart a varied, reciprocating, or intermittent motion.

 Cam (?), a. [See Kam.] Crooked. [Obs.]

 Ca*ma"ieu (?), n. [F.; of unknown origin. Cf. Cameo.] 1. A cameo. [Obs.] Crabb.
2. (Fine Arts) Painting in shades of one color; monochrome.
 Mollett.
 Ca*mail" (?), n. [F. camail (cf. It. camaglio), fr.
 L. caput head + source of E. mail.] 1. (Ancient Armor) A neck guard of chain mall, hanging from the bascinet or other headpiece.

2. A hood of other material than mail; esp. (Eccl.), a hood worn in church services, -- the amice, or the like.

 ||Cam'a*ra*sau"rus (?), n. [NL. fr. Gr. &?; a vaulted chamber + &?; lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic American Jurassic dinosaurs, having large cavities in the bodies of the dorsal vertebræ.

 ||Ca'ma*ril"la (?), n. [Sp., a small room.]

1. The private audience chamber of a king.

2. A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

 Cam"ass (?), n. [American Indian name.] (Bot.) A blue-flowered liliaceous plant (Camassia esculenta) of northwestern America, the bulbs of which are collected for food by the Indians.
 [Written also camas, cammas, and quamash.]

 The Eastern cammass is Camassia Fraseri.

 Cam"ber (?), n. [Of. cambre bent, curved; akin to F. cambrer to vault, to bend, fr. L. camerare to arch over, fr. camera vault, arch. See Chamber, and cf. Camerate.] 1. (Shipbuilding) An upward convexity of a deck or other surface; as, she has a high camber (said of a vessel having an unusual convexity of deck).

2. (Arch.) An upward concavity in the under side of a beam, girder, or lintel; also, a slight upward concavity in a straight arch. See Hogback.

Camber arch (Arch.), an arch whose intrados, though apparently straight, has a slightly concave curve upward. -- Camber beam (Arch.), a beam whose under side has a concave curve upward.

 Cam"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cambered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cambering.] To cut bend to an upward curve; to construct, as a deck, with an upward curve.

 Cam"ber, v. i. To curve upward.

 Cam"ber*keeled (?), a. (Naut.) Having the keel arched upwards, but not actually hogged; -- said of a ship.

 Cam"bi*al (?), a. [LL. cambialis, fr. cambiars. See Change.] Belonging to exchanges in commerce; of exchange. [R.]

 Cam"bist (?), n. [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. L. cambire to exchange. See Change.] A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange.

 Cam"bist*ry (?), n. The science of exchange, weight, measures, etc.

 Cam"bi*um (?), n. [LL. cambium exchange, fr. L. cambire to exchange. It was supposed that cambium was sap changing into wood.] 1.
(Bot.) A series of formative cells lying outside of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. The growth of new wood takes place in the cambium, which is very soft.

2. (Med.) A fancied nutritive juice, formerly supposed to originate in the blood, to repair losses of the system, and to promote its increase. Dunglison.
 Cam"blet (?), n. See Camlet.

 Cam*boge" (?), n. See Gamboge.

 Cam*boose" (?), n. (Naut.) See Caboose.

 Cam"bra*sine (?), n. A kind of linen cloth made in Egypt, and so named from its resemblance to cambric.

 Cam"brel (?), n. See Gambrel, n., 2. Wright.
 Cam"bri*a (?), n. The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

 Cam"bri*an (?), a. 1. (Geog.) Of or pertaining to Cambria or Wales.

2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest subdivision of the rocks of the Silurian or Molluscan age; -- sometimes described as inferior to the Silurian. It is named from its development in Cambria or Wales. See the Diagram under Geology.

 Cam"bri*an, n. 1. A native of Cambria or Wales.

2. (Geol.) The Cambrian formation.

 Cam"bric (?), n. [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai (Flemish


or plant which is much below the ordinary size of its species or kind; especially, a diminutive human being.

 During the Middle Ages dwarfs as well as fools shared the favor of courts and the nobility.

Dwarf is used adjectively in reference to anything much below the usual or normal size; as, dwarf tree; dwarf honeysuckle.

Dwarf elder (Bot.), danewort. -- Dwarf wall (Arch.), a low wall, not as high as the story of a building, often used as a garden wall or fence. Gwilt.
 Dwarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dwarfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dwarfing.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to make or keep small; to stunt. Addison.
 Even the most common moral ideas and affections... would be stunted and dwarfed, if cut off from a spiritual background.

J. C. Shairp.
 Dwarf, v. i. To become small; to diminish in size.

 Strange power of the world that, the moment we enter it, our great conceptions dwarf.

Beaconsfield.
 Dwarf"ish, a. Like a dwarf; below the common stature or size; very small; petty; as, a dwarfish animal, shrub. -- Dwarf"ish*ly, adv.
 -- Dwarf"ish*ness, n. Dwarf"ling (?), n. A diminutive dwarf.

 Dwarf"y (?), a. Much undersized. [R.] Waterhouse.
 { Dwaul, Dwaule } (?), v. i. [See Dull, Dwell.] To be delirious.
 [Obs.] Junius.
 Dwell (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwelled (?), usually contracted into Dwelt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Dwelling.]
 [OE. dwellen, dwelien, to err, linger, AS. dwellan to deceive, hinder, delay, dwelian to err; akin to Icel. dvelja to delay, tarry, Sw. dväljas to dwell, Dan. dvæle to linger, and to E. dull. See Dull, and cf. Dwale.] 1. To delay; to linger. [Obs.]

2. To abide; to remain; to continue.

 I 'll rather dwell in my necessity.

Shak.
 Thy soul was like a star and dwelt apart.

Wordsworth.
3. To abide as a permanent resident, or for a time; to live in a place; to reside.

 The parish in which I was born, dwell, and have possessions.

Peacham.
 The poor man dwells in a humble cottage near the hall where the lord of the domain resides.

C. J. Smith.
To dwell in, to abide in (a place); hence, to depend on. "My hopes in heaven to dwell." Shak. -- To dwell on or upon, to continue long on or in; to remain absorbed with; to stick to; to make much of; as, to dwell upon a subject; a singer dwells on a note.

 They stand at a distance, dwelling on his looks and language, fixed in amazement.

Buckminster.
Syn. -- To inhabit; live; abide; sojourn; reside; continue; stay; rest.

 Dwell (?), v. t. To inhabit. [R.] Milton.
 Dwell"er (?), n. An inhabitant; a resident; as, a cave dweller.
 "Dwellers at Jerusalem." Acts i. 19.
 Dwell"ing, n. Habitation; place or house in which a person lives; abode; domicile.

 Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons.

Jer. xlix. 33.
 God will deign To visit oft the dwellings of just men.

Milton.
 Philip's dwelling fronted on the street.

Tennyson.
Dwelling house, a house intended to be occupied as a residence, in distinction from a store, office, or other building. -- Dwelling place, place of residence.

 Dwelt (?), imp. & p. p.of Dwell.

 Dwin"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwindled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dwindling (?).] [From OE. dwinen to languish, waste away, AS. dwnan; akin to LG. dwinen, D. dwijnen to vanish, Icel. dvna to cease, dwindle, Sw. tvina; of uncertain origin. The suffix -le, preceded by d excrescent after n, is added to the root with a diminutive force.] To diminish; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away; to become degenerate; to fall away.

 Weary sennights nine times nine Shall he dwindle, peak and pine.

Shak.
 Religious societies, though begun with excellent intentions, are said to have dwindled into factious clubs.

Swift.
 Dwin"dle, v. t. 1. To make less; to bring low.

 Our drooping days are dwindled down to naught.

Thomson.
2. To break; to disperse. [R.] Clarendon.
 Dwin"dle, n. The process of dwindling; dwindlement; decline; degeneracy. [R.] Johnson.
 Dwin"dle*ment (?), n. The act or process of dwindling; a dwindling.
 [R.] Mrs. Oliphant.
 Dwine (?), v. i. [See Dwindle.] To waste away; to pine; to languish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower.
 Dy"ad (?), n. [L. dyas, dyadis, the number two. Gr.
 &?;: cf. F. dyade. See two, and cf. Duad.] 1. Two units treated as one; a couple; a pair.

2. (Chem.) An element, atom, or radical having a valence or combining power of two.

 Dy"ad, a. (Chem.) Having a valence or combining power of two; capable of being substituted for, combined with, or replaced by, two atoms of hydrogen; as, oxygen and calcium are dyad elements. See Valence.

 Dy*ad"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; two.] Pertaining to the number two; of two parts or elements.

Dyadic arithmetic, the same as binary arithmetic.

 Dy"aks (?), n. pl.; sing. Dyak. (Ethnol.) The aboriginal and most numerous inhabitants of Borneo. They are partially civilized, but retain many barbarous practices.

 ||Dy"as (?), n. [L. dyas the number two.] (Geol.) A name applied in Germany to the Permian formation, there consisting of two principal groups.

 Dye (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dyeing.] [OE. deyan, dyen, AS. deágian.]
 To stain; to color; to give a new and permanent color to, as by the application of dyestuffs.

 Cloth to be dyed of divers colors.

Trench.
 The soul is dyed by its thoughts.

Lubbock.
To dye in the grain, To dye in the wool (Fig.), to dye firmly; to imbue thoroughly.

 He might truly be termed a legitimate son of the revenue system dyed in the wool.

Hawthorne.
Syn. -- See Stain.

 Dye, n. 1. Color produced by dyeing.

2. Material used for dyeing; a dyestuff.

 Dye, n. Same as Die, a lot. Spenser.
 Dye"house' (?), n. A building in which dyeing is carried on.

 Dye"ing (?),


3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U.S.]

 The word buck is much used in composition for the names of antelopes; as, bush buck, spring buck.

Blue buck. See under Blue. -- Water buck, a South African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See Illust. of Antelope.

 Buck (bk), v. i. 1. To copulate, as bucks and does.

2. To spring with quick plunging leaps, descending with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down as possible; -- said of a vicious horse or mule.

 Buck, v. t. 1. (Mil.) To subject to a mode of punishment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees.

2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2.

 The brute that he was riding had nearly bucked him out of the saddle. W. E. Norris.
 Buck, n. A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck.

Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawhorse.

 Buck, n. [See Beech, n.] The beech tree. [Scot.]

Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson.
 Buck"-bas'ket (&?;), n. [See 1st Buck.] A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shak.
 Buck" bean' (bn'). (Bot.) A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having racemes of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter leaves, sometimes used in medicine; marsh trefoil; -- called also bog bean.

 Buck"board' (&?;), n. A four-wheeled vehicle, having a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon it; -- called also buck wagon.

 Buck"er (&?;), n. (Mining) 1. One who bucks ore.

2. A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore.

 Buck"er, n. A horse or mule that bucks.

 Buck"et (&?;), n. [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids.

 The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well. Wordsworth.
2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, etc.

3. (Mach.) One of the receptacles on the rim of a water wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve; also, a float of a paddle wheel.

4. The valved piston of a lifting pump.

Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out fires. -- To kick the bucket, to die. [Low] Buck"et shop' (&?;). An office or a place where facilities are given for betting small sums on current prices of stocks, petroleum, etc.
 [Slang, U.S.]

 Buck"et*y (&?;), n. [A corruption of buckwheat.] Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan.
 Buck"eye' (bk"'), n. 1. (Bot.) A name given to several American trees and shrubs of the same genus (Æsculus) as the horse chestnut.

The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is Æsculus glabra. -- Red buckeye is Æ. Pavia. -- Small buckeye is Æ. paviflora. -- Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is Æ. flava.

2. A cant name for a native in Ohio. [U.S.]

Buckeye State, Ohio; -- so called because buckeye trees abound there.

 Buck"-eyed' (&?;), a. Having bad or speckled eyes. "A buck-eyed horse." James White.
 Buck"hound' (&?;), n. A hound for hunting deer.

Master of the buckhounds, an officer in the royal household. [Eng.]

 Buck"ie (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large spiral marine shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.]

Deil's buckie, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang] Buck"ing, n. 1. The act or process of soaking or boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of bleaching; also, the liquid used. Tomlinson.
2. A washing.

3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores.

Bucking iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in bucking or breaking up ores. -- Bucking kier (Manuf.), a large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. -- Bucking stool, a washing block.

 Buck"ish, a. Dandified; foppish.

 Buc"kle (&?;), n. [OE. bocle buckle, boss of a shield, OF. bocle, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss or knob resembling a cheek.] 1. A device, usually of metal, consisting of a frame with one more movable tongues or catches, used for fastening things together, as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing through the frame and pierced by the tongue.

2. A distortion bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade or a plate of sheet metal. Knight.
3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly worn; also, the state of being curled.

 Earlocks in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face. W. Irving.
 Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year. Addison.
4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [R.]

 'Gainst nature armed by gravity, His features too in buckle see. Churchill.
 Buc"kle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buckled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] [OE. boclen, F. boucler.
 See Buckle, n.] 1. To fasten or confine with a buckle or buckles; as, to buckle a harness.

2. To bend; to cause to kink, or to become distorted.

3. To prepare for action; to apply with vigor and earnestness; -- generally used reflexively.

 Cartwright buckled himself to the employment. Fuller.
4. To join in marriage. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Buc"kle (bk"k'l), v. i. 1. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to bow; to curl; to kink.

Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment. Pepys.
2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall.

3. To yield; to give way; to cease opposing. [Obs.]

 The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle. Pepys.
4. To enter upon some labor or contest; to join in close fight; to struggle; to contend.

 The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord Protector as he was with him. Latimer.
 In single combat thou shalt buckle with me. Shak.
To buckle to, to bend to; to engage with zeal.

 To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto. Barrow.
 Before buckling to my winter's work. J. D


Pilotage. [Obs.]

 Lode"-ship' (?), n. An old name for a pilot boat.

 Lodes"man (?), n. Same as Loadsman. [Obs.]

 Lode"star' (?), n. Same as Loadstar.

 Lode"stone' (?), n. (Min.) Same as Loadstone.

 Lodge (?), n. [OE. loge, logge, F. loge, LL.
 laubia porch, gallery, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor, bower, fr. lab foliage. See Leaf, and cf. Lobby, Loggia.] 1.
 A shelter in which one may rest; as: (a) A shed; a rude cabin; a hut; as, an Indian's lodge. Chaucer.
 Their lodges and their tentis up they gan bigge [to build].

Robert of Brunne.
 O for a lodge in some vast wilderness!

Cowper.
(b) A small dwelling house, as for a gamekeeper or gatekeeper of an estate. Shak. (c) A den or cave. (d) The meeting room of an association; hence, the regularly constituted body of members which meets there; as, a masonic lodge. (c) The chamber of an abbot, prior, or head of a college.

2. (Mining) The space at the mouth of a level next the shaft, widened to permit wagons to pass, or ore to be deposited for hoisting; -- called also platt. Raymond.
3. A collection of objects lodged together.

 The Maldives, a famous lodge of islands.

De Foe.
4. A family of North American Indians, or the persons who usually occupy an Indian lodge, -- as a unit of enumeration, reckoned from four to six persons; as, the tribe consists of about two hundred lodges, that is, of about a thousand individuals.

Lodge gate, a park gate, or entrance gate, near the lodge. See Lodge, n., 1 (b).

 Lodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lodged (ljd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lodging (lj"ng).] 1. To rest or remain a lodge house, or other shelter; to rest; to stay; to abide; esp., to sleep at night; as, to lodge in York Street. Chaucer.
 Stay and lodge by me this night.

Shak.
 Something holy lodges in that breast.

Milton.
2. To fall or lie down, as grass or grain, when overgrown or beaten down by the wind. Mortimer.
3. To come to a rest; to stop and remain; as, the bullet lodged in the bark of a tree.

 Lodge, v. t. [OE. loggen, OF. logier, F. loger.
 See Lodge, n. ] 1. To give shelter or rest to; especially, to furnish a sleeping place for; to harbor; to shelter; hence, to receive; to hold.

 Every house was proud to lodge a knight.

Dryden.
 The memory can lodge a greater store of images than all the senses can present at one time.

Cheyne.
2. To drive to shelter; to track to covert.

 The deer is lodged; I have tracked her to her covert.

Addison.
3. To deposit for keeping or preservation; as, the men lodged their arms in the arsenal.

4. To cause to stop or rest in; to implant.

 He lodged an arrow in a tender breast.

Addison.
5. To lay down; to prostrate.

 Though bladed corn be lodged, and trees blown down.

Shak.
To lodge an information, to enter a formal complaint.

 Lodge"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. logeable.] 1. That may be or can be lodged; as, so many persons are not lodgeable in this village.

2. Capable of affording lodging; fit for lodging in. [R.] " The lodgeable area of the earth." Jeffrey.
 Lodged (?), a. (Her.) Lying down; -- used of beasts of the chase, as couchant is of beasts of prey.

 Lodge"ment (?), n. See Lodgment.

 Lodg"er (?), n. One who, or that which, lodges; one who occupies a hired room in another's house.

 Lodg"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lodges.

2. A place of rest, or of temporary habitation; esp., a sleeping apartment; -- often in the plural with a singular meaning. Gower.
 Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow.

Pope.
3. Abiding place; harbor; cover.

 Fair bosom... the lodging of delight.

Spenser.
Lodging house, a house where lodgings are provided and let. -- Lodging room, a room in which a person lodges, esp. a hired room.

 Lodg"ment (?), n. [Written also lodgement.] [Cf. F. logement.
 See Lodge, v.] 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged.

 Any particle which is of size enough to make a lodgment afterwards in the small arteries.

Paley.
2. A lodging place; a room. [Obs.]

3. An accumulation or collection of something deposited in a place or remaining at rest.

4. (Mil.) The occupation and holding of a position, as by a besieging party; an instrument thrown up in a captured position; as, to effect a lodgment.

 Lod"i*cule (?), n. [L. lodicula. dim, of lodix, lodicis, a coverlet: cf. F. lodicule.] (Bot.) One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses.

 Loel"ling*ite (?), n. [So called from Lölling, in Austria.] (Min.) A tin-white arsenide of iron, isomorphous with arsenopyrite.

 Loess (?), n. [G. löss.] (Geol.) A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers.

 Loev"en's lar"va (?). [Named after the Swedish zoölogist, S. F. Löven, who discovered it.] (Zoöl.) The peculiar larva of Polygordius.
 See Polygordius.

 Loffe (?), v. i. To laugh. [Obs.] Shak.
 Loft (?), n. [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper room; akin to AS. lyft air, G. luft, Dan. loft loft, Goth. luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & n. ] That which is lifted up; an elevation. Hence, especially: (a) The room or space under a roof and above the ceiling of the uppermost story. (b) A gallery or raised apartment in a church, hall, etc.; as, an organ loft. (c) A floor or room placed above another; a story.

 Eutychus... fell down from the third loft.

Acts xx. 9.
On loft, aloft; on high. Cf. Onloft. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Loft, a. Lofty; proud. [R. & Obs.] Surrey.
 Loft"i*ly (?), adv. [From Lofty.] In a lofty manner or position; haughtily.

 Loft"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being lofty.

 Loft"y (?), a. [Compar. Loftier (?); superl. Loftiest.]
 [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up; having great height; towering; high.

 See lofty Lebanon his head advance.

Pope.
2. Fig.: Elevated in character, rank, dignity, spirit,


OUR AMERICAN COUSIN A Drama, in 3 Acts.

 By Tom Taylor This etext was produced by the Levin family, Englewood, CO. Like many plays, there is no authoritative version and it evolved over the course of time, indeed in multiple directions. The 1869 printing upon which this etext is primarily based was poorly printed and we have corrected outright punctuation and grammatical errors while maintaining its original, whimisical use of capitalization and punctuation. This version contains very few "Dundrearyisms" such as "birds of a feather gather no moss" for which the play gained much of its popular appeal.

Abraham Lincoln was watching this play when he was assassinated. (Act III, halfway through Scene 2.)

 Contents ORIGINAL CAST OF CHARACTERS.
OUR AMERICAN COUSIN.
ACT I. ACT II ACT III.
 ORIGINAL CAST OF CHARACTERS. [Our American Cousin.]

Lord DundrearyMr. E. A. Sothern Asa Trenchard" Jos. Jefferson Sir Edward Trenchard" E. Varrey Capt. De Boots" Clinton Harry Vernon" M. Levick Abel Murcott" C.W. Couldock Mr. Coyle" J.G. Burnett Mr. Buddicombe" McDouall Mr. Binny" Peters John Wickens" Brown Mrs. MountchessingtonMiss Mary Wells Florence Trenchard" Laura Keene Mary" Sara Stevens Augusta" E. Germon GeorginaMrs. Sothern SharpeMiss Flynn SkilletMrs. M. Levick OUR AMERICAN COUSIN.

 ACT I. Scene 1—Drawing room in 3. Trenchard Manor, C. D., backed by interior, discovering table with luncheon spread. Large French window, R.
 3 E., through which a fine English park is seen. Open archway, L. 3 E. Set balcony behind. Table, R., books and papers on it. Work basket containing wools and embroidery frame. A fashionable arm chair and sofa, L. 2 E., small table near C. D. Stage handsomely set, costly furniture, carpet down, chairs, etc.

 Buddicombe discovered on sofa reading newspaper. Skillet and Sharpe busily arranging furniture as curtain rises.

Sharpe I don't know how you may feel as a visitor, Mr.
 Buddicombe, but I think this is a most uncomfortable family.

Bud Very uncomfortable. I have no curtain to my bed.

Skil And no wine at the second table.

Sharpe And meaner servants I never seed.

Bud I'm afraid Sir Edward is in a queer strait.

Skil Yes, for only this morning, Mr. Binny, Mrs. Skillet says he— Enter Binny, L. 3 E. Binny Mind your hown business instead hof your betters.
 I'm disgusted with you lower servants. When the wine merchant presents his bills, you men, hear me, say he's been pressing for the last six months, do you?

Skil Nor I, that the last year's milliner's bills have not been paid.

Sharpe Nor I, that Miss Florence has not had no new dresses from London all winter.

Bud And I can solemnly swear that his lordship's hair has been faithfully bound in this bosom.

Binny That'll do, that'll do; but to remember to check hidle curiosity is the first duty of men hin livery. Ha, 'ere hare the letters.

 Enter John Wickens, L. 3 E., with green baize bag. Binny takes bag, takes out letters and reads addresses.

Binny Hah! bill, of course, Miss Augusta, Mrs.
 Mountchessington, Lord Dundreary, Capt. De Boots, Miss Georgina Mountchessington, Lieut. Vernon, ah! that's from the admiralty. What's this? Miss Florence Trenchard, via Brattleboro', Vermont.

Bud Where's that, Mr. Binny.

John Why that be hin the United States of North Hamerica, and a main good place for poor folks.

Binny John Wickens, you forget yourself.

John Beg pardon, Mr. Binny.

Binny John Wickens, leave the room.

John But I know where Vermont be tho'.

Binny John Wickens, get hout. [Exit John, L. 3 E.]

Bud Dreadful low fellow, that.

Binny Halways himpudent.

Bud [Looking at letter in Binny's hand.] Why, that is Sir Edward's hand, Mr. Binny, he must have been sporting.

Binny Yes, shooting the wild helephants and buffalos what abound there.

Bud The nasty beasts. [Looking off, R. 2 E.] Hello, there comes Miss Florence tearing across the lane like a three year old colt.

Sharp & Skil Oh, Gemini. [Run off, R. 2 E. Bud. runs off, L. 2 E.]

 Enter Florence, R. 2 E. Flo [As if after running.] Oh! I'm fairly out of breath.
 Good morning, Binny, the letter bag I saw coming, Wickens coming with it.
 I thought I could catch him before I reached the house. [Sits R.] So off I started, I forgot the pond, it was in or over. I got over, but my hat got in. I wish you'd fish it out for me, you won't find the pond very deep.

Binny Me fish for an at? Does she take me for an hangler?

Flo. Give me the letters. [Takes them.] Ah, blessed budget that descends upon Trenchard Manor, like rain on a duck pond. Tell papa and all, that the letters have come, you will find them on the terrace.

Binny Yes, Miss. [Going, L. 3 E.]

Flo And then go fish out my hat out of the pond, it's not very deep Binny [Aside.] Me fish for 'ats? I wonder if she takes me for an hangler? [Exit disgusted, R. 3 E.]

Flo [Reading directions.] Lieut. Vernon. [This is a large letter with a large white envelope, red seal.] In her Majesty's service. Admiralty, R. N. Ah, that's an answer to Harry's application for a ship. Papa promised to use his influence for him. I hope he has succeeded, but then he will have to leave us, and who knows if he ever comes back. What a foolish girl I am, when I know that his rise in the service will depend upon it. I do hope he'll get it, and, if he must leave us, I'll bid him good bye as a lass who loves a sailor should.

 Enter Sir Edward, Mrs. M., Augusta, Capt. De Boots, Vernon, L. 3 E. Flo Papa, dear, here are letters for you, one for you, Mrs. Mountchessington, one for you, Capt. De Boots, and one for you, Harry. [Hiding letter behind her.]

Ver Ah, one for me, Florence?

Flo Now what will you give me for one?

Ver Ah, then you have one?

Flo Yes, there, Harry. [Gives it.]

Ver Ah, for a ship. [Opens and reads.]

Flo Ah! Mon ami, you are to leave us. Good news, or bad?

Ver No ship yet, this promises another year of land lubbery. [Goes up.]

Flo. I'm so sorry. [Aside.] I'm so glad he's not going away. But where's Dundreary. Has anybody seen Dundreary?

 Enter Dundreary.

Dun Good morning, Miss Florence.

Flo [Comes down, L.] Good morning, my Lord


The Importance of Being Earnest A Trivial Comedy for Serious People THE PERSONS IN THE PLAY John Worthing, J.P.
Algernon Moncrieff Rev. Canon Chasuble, D.D.
Merriman, Butler Lane, Manservant Lady Bracknell Hon. Gwendolen Fairfax Cecily Cardew Miss Prism, Governess THE SCENES OF THE PLAY ACT I. Algernon Moncrieff's Flat in Half-Moon Street, W. ACT II. The Garden at the Manor House, Woolton.
ACT III. Drawing-Room at the Manor House, Woolton.
TIME: The Present.
LONDON: ST. JAMES'S THEATRE Lessee and Manager: Mr. George Alexander February 14th, 1895 * * * * * John Worthing, J.P.: Mr. George Alexander.
Algernon Moncrieff: Mr. Allen Aynesworth.
Rev. Canon Chasuble, D.D.: Mr. H. H. Vincent.
Merriman: Mr. Frank Dyall.
Lane: Mr. F. Kinsey Peile.
Lady Bracknell: Miss Rose Leclercq.
Hon. Gwendolen Fairfax: Miss Irene Vanbrugh.
Cecily Cardew: Miss Evelyn Millard.
Miss Prism: Mrs. George Canninge.
FIRST ACT SCENE Morning-room in Algernon's flat in Half-Moon Street. The room is luxuriously and artistically furnished. The sound of a piano is heard in the adjoining room.
[Lane is arranging afternoon tea on the table, and after the music has ceased, Algernon enters.]
ALGERNON.
Did you hear what I was playing, Lane?
LANE.
I didn't think it polite to listen, sir.
ALGERNON.
I'm sorry for that, for your sake. I don't play accurately—any one can play accurately—but I play with wonderful expression. As far as the piano is concerned, sentiment is my forte. I keep science for Life.
LANE.
Yes, sir.
ALGERNON.
And, speaking of the science of Life, have you got the cucumber sandwiches cut for Lady Bracknell?
LANE.
Yes, sir. [Hands them on a salver.]
ALGERNON.
[Inspects them, takes two, and sits down on the sofa.] Oh!... by the way, Lane, I see from your book that on Thursday night, when Lord Shoreman and Mr.
Worthing were dining with me, eight bottles of champagne are entered as having been consumed.
LANE.
Yes, sir; eight bottles and a pint.
ALGERNON.
Why is it that at a bachelor's establishment the servants invariably drink the champagne? I ask merely for information.
LANE.
I attribute it to the superior quality of the wine, sir. I have often observed that in married households the champagne is rarely of a first-rate brand.
ALGERNON.
Good heavens! Is marriage so demoralising as that?
LANE.
I believe it is a very pleasant state, sir. I have had very little experience of it myself up to the present. I have only been married once. That was in consequence of a misunderstanding between myself and a young person.
ALGERNON.
[Languidly.] I don't know that I am much interested in your family life, Lane.
LANE.
No, sir; it is not a very interesting subject. I never think of it myself.
ALGERNON.
Very natural, I am sure. That will do, Lane, thank you.
LANE.
Thank you, sir. [Lane goes out.]
ALGERNON.
Lane's views on marriage seem somewhat lax. Really, if the lower orders don't set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them? They seem, as a class, to have absolutely no sense of moral responsibility.
[Enter Lane.]
LANE.
Mr. Ernest Worthing.
[Enter Jack.]
[Lane goes out.]
ALGERNON.
How are you, my dear Ernest? What brings you up to town?
JACK.
Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere? Eating as usual, I see, Algy!
ALGERNON.
[Stiffly.] I believe it is customary in good society to take some slight refreshment at five o'clock. Where have you been since last Thursday?
JACK.
[Sitting down on the sofa.] In the country.
ALGERNON.
What on earth do you do there?
JACK.
[Pulling off his gloves.] When one is in town one amuses oneself. When one is in the country one amuses other people. It is excessively boring.
ALGERNON.
And who are the people you amuse?
JACK.
[Airily.] Oh, neighbours, neighbours.
ALGERNON.
Got nice neighbours in your part of Shropshire?
JACK.
Perfectly horrid! Never speak to one of them.
ALGERNON.
How immensely you must amuse them! [Goes over and takes sandwich.] By the way, Shropshire is your county, is it not?
JACK.
Eh? Shropshire? Yes, of course. Hallo! Why all these cups? Why cucumber sandwiches? Why such reckless extravagance in one so young? Who is coming to tea?
ALGERNON.
Oh! merely Aunt Augusta and Gwendolen.
JACK.
How perfectly delightful!
ALGERNON.
Yes, that is all very well; but I am afraid Aunt Augusta won't quite approve of your being here.
JACK.
May I ask why?
ALGERNON.
My dear fellow, the way you flirt with Gwendolen is perfectly disgraceful. It is almost as bad as the way Gwendolen flirts with you.
JACK.
I am in love with Gwendolen. I have come up to town expressly to propose to her.
ALGERNON.
I thought you had come up for pleasure?... I call that business.
JACK.
How utterly unromantic you are!
ALGERNON.
I really don't see anything romantic in proposing. It is very romantic to be in love. But there is nothing romantic about a definite proposal. Why, one may be accepted. One usually is, I believe. Then the excitement is all over.
The very essence of romance is uncertainty. If ever I get married, I'll certainly try to forget the fact.
JACK.
I have no doubt about that, dear Algy. The Divorce Court was specially invented for people whose memories are so curiously constituted.
ALGERNON.
Oh! there is no use speculating on that subject. Divorces are made in Heaven—[Jack puts out his hand to take a sandwich. Algernon at once interferes.] Please don't touch the cucumber sandwiches. They are ordered specially for Aunt Augusta. [Takes one and eats it.]
JACK.
Well, you have been eating them all the time.
ALGERNON.
That is quite a different matter. She is my aunt. [Takes plate from below.]
Have some bread and butter. The bread and butter is for Gwendolen. Gwendolen is devoted to bread and butter.
JACK.
[Advancing to table and helping himself.] And very good bread and butter it is too.
ALGERNON.
Well, my dear fellow, you need not eat as if you were going to eat it all. You behave as if you were married to her already. You are not married to her already, and I don't think you ever will be.
JACK.
Why on earth do you say that?
ALGERNON.
Well, in the first place girls never marry the men they flirt with. Girls don't think it right.
JACK.
Oh, that is nonsense!
ALGERNON.
It isn't. It is a great truth. It accounts for the extraordinary number of bachelors that one sees all over the place. In the second place, I don't give my consent.
JACK.
Your consent!
ALGERNON.
My dear fellow, Gwendolen is my first cousin. And before I allow you to marry her, you will have to clear up the whole question of Cecily. [Rings bell.]
JACK.
Cecily! What on earth do you mean? What do you mean, Algy, by Cecily! I don't know any one of the name of Cecily.
[Enter Lane.]
ALGERNON.
Bring me that cigarette case Mr. Worthing left in the smoking-room the last time he dined here.
LANE.
Yes, sir. [Lane goes out.]
JACK.
Do you mean to say you have had my cigarette case all this time? I wish to goodness you had let me know. I have been writing frantic letters


object or attribute of the verb, when a pronoun, is often used to introduce the sentence. "Who should I see coming toward me but my old friend?" Who should be whom, for it is the object, and not the subject, of the verb should see.
"Whom do you think that tall gentleman is?" Whom should be who, as it is the attribute of the verb is.
"Who do you take me for?" Being the object of the preposition for, who should be whom.
After "To be" "I knew it was him" is incorrect, because the word which forms the pronoun attribute of the verb was must be in the nominative case. But the infinitive of the neuter verb requires the objective case.
Therefore we must say, "I knew it to be him," not "I knew it to be he." The latter faulty form is very frequently employed.
"Who did you suppose it to be?" Incorrect. Say, "whom." "Whom did you suppose it was?" Incorrect. Say, "who." After the Imperative The imperative mood requires the objective case after it. "Let you and I try it." It should be, "Let you and me try it." "Let he who made thee answer that."—Byron. He should have said, "Let him who made thee answer that." "Let him be whom, he may." Him is the objective after the imperative let, and is correct. Whom should be who, as pronoun attribute of the verb may be.
"Who he may be, I cannot tell," is correct.
"Who he may be, let him be," is also correct. By transposing, and by omitting be, we have "Let him be who he may." "Let the sea roar, and the fullness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein." When, as in this case, the verb is widely separated from its object, we need to give particular care to the case of the pronoun which constitutes the object. They should be them.
Silent Predicate "Who will go with us to the woods? Me." The complete answer would be," Me will go with you to the woods," the faultiness of which is evident. The answer should be "I." After "Than" and "As" The objective pronoun is often incorrectly used for the nominative after than or as.
"He can swim better than me." The complete sentence would be, "He can swim better than I can swim." The omission of the verb can swim affords no reason for changing I to me.
"He is no better than me." Say, "He is no better than I," meaning, I am.
"They are common people, such as you and me." Such people "as you and I are." The pronoun should be I, not me.
Parenthetical Expressions When a parenthetical expression comes between a pronoun in the nominative case and its verb, the objective is often incorrectly used instead of the nominative.
"She sang for the benefit of those whom she thought might be interested." The explanatory parenthesis "she thought" comes between the pronominal subject and its verb might be interested.
Omit the explanatory clause and the case of the pronoun becomes clear.
"She sang for the benefit of those who might be interested." Agreement with Antecedent A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, person, and number. The gender and person usually take care of themselves, but the number of pronouns is a serious obstacle to correct speech.
"One tells the quality of their minds when they try to talk well"—George Eliot, in Middlemarch. The pronouns their and they should be singular.
"Everybody has something to say which they think is worthy of being heard." Everybody refers to persons singly, and not collectively. They think should be he thinks, he being the proper pronoun to employ when the gender is not indicated.
"Every nation has laws and customs of their own." The use of the word every necessitates a pronoun in the singular, hence their should be its.
"Every one is accountable for their own acts." Use his.
"She studied his countenance like an inscription, and deciphered each rapt expression that crossed it, and stored them in her memory." Change them to it.
"Each of them, in their turn, received the reward to which they were entitled." This should be "Each of them in his turn received the reward to which he was entitled." No and not, like each and every, when they qualify a plural antecedent, or one consisting of two or more nouns, require a pronoun in the singular.
"No policeman, no employee, no citizen dared to lift their hand" Say, his hand.
Or, Nor When the antecedent consists of two or more nouns separated by or, nor, as well as, or any other disjunctive, the pronoun must be singular.
"Neither spelling nor parsing receive the attention they once received." Verb and pronoun should be singular, receives and it.
Collective Noun When a noun of multitude or collective noun is the antecedent, the pronoun, like the verb, must be plural or singular according to the sense intended to be conveyed.
Ambiguity Never leave the antecedent of your pronoun in doubt.
"John tried to see his father in the crowd, but could not, because he was so short." If the father was short, repeat the noun and omit the pronoun, as "John tried to see his father in the crowd but could not because his father was so short." If John was short, recast the sentence: "John, being short of stature, tried in vain to see his father in the crowd." "He said to his friend that, if he did not feel better soon, he thought he had better go home." This sentence is susceptible of four interpretations. We shall omit the first part of the sentence in the last three interpretations, as it is the same in all. "He said to his friend: 'If I do not feel better soon, I think I had better go home.'" "If I do not feel better soon, I think you had better go home." "If you do not feel better soon, I think I had better go home." "If you do not feel better soon, I think you had better go home." "The lad cannot leave his father; for, if he should leave him, he would die." To avoid ambiguity substitute his father for the italicised pronouns. The repetition is not pleasant, but it is the lesser of two evils.
Needless Pronouns Avoid all pronouns and other words that are not essential to the meaning.
"The father he died, the mother she soon followed after, and the children they were all taken down sick." "Let every one turn from his or her evil ways." Unless there is special reason for emphasizing the feminine pronoun, avoid the awkward expression his or her. The pronoun his includes the other.
Mixed Pronouns Do not use two styles of the pronoun in the same Sentence. "Enter thou into the joy of your Lord." "Love thyself last, and others will love you." Them, Those It should not be necessary to caution the reader against the use of them for those.
"Fetch me them books." "Did you see them, fat oxen?" "Them's good; I'll take another dish." Which, Who "Those which say so are mistaken." Who is applied to persons; which, to the lower animals and to inanimate things.
"He has some friends which I know." Whom, the objective case form of the pronoun who, should here be used.
"The dog, who was called Rover, went mad." Use which.
What, That That is applied to persons, animals, and things. What is applied to things. The antecedent of what should not be expressed. What is both antecedent and relative.
"All what he saw he described." Say, "What he saw," or "All that he saw," etc.
Uniform Relatives When several relative clauses relate to the same antecedent, they should have the same relative pronoun.
"It was Joseph that was sold into Egypt, who became governor of the land, and which saved his father and brothers from


day God created the sea, but as soon as the sea caught sight of Moses, it retreated before him affrighted. On the fourth day God created the sun and the moon to illuminate the earth, but Moses said to God: "I do not wish sun and moon to give light to Israel, Thou Thyself shalt do so," and God granted his prayer. On the fifth day God created the animals, but Moses slaughtered whatever animals he wanted for Israel's needs. When, therefore, God laid all the objects of creation on one side of the scales, and Moses upon the other, Moses outweighed them. [964] Moses was justly called, "the man of God," for he was half man and half God. [965] But not in this world alone was Moses the great leader and teacher of his people, he shall be the same in the future world, in accordance with the promise God made him shortly before his death. God said: "Thou that didst lead My children in this world, shalt also lead them in the future world. [966]


ach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts.
 of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc.

9. (Bot.) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; -- called also key fruit.

10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as " sharp four, " "flat seven," etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote.

 Both warbling of one song, both in one key.

Shak.
11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance.

 You fall at once into a lower key.

Cowper.
Key bed. Same as Key seat. -- Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. -- Key of a position or country.
(Mil.) See Key, 4. -- Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other.
 -- Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; -- called also key seat. -- Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. -- Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; -- so called from the declaration of Christ, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Matt. xvi. 19.
 Key (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.] To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis.
To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in.

 Key"age (?), n. [OF. caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.] Wharfage; quayage.

 Key"board' (?), n. The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc.

 Key"-cold' (?), a. Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton.
 Keyed (kd), a. Furnished with keys; as, a keyed instrument; also, set to a key, as a tune.

Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle.

 Key"hole' (?), n. 1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key.

2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter.

Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. -- Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. -- Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; -- so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes.

 Key"note' (?), n. 1. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; -- called also key tone.

2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as, the keynote of a policy or a sermon.

 Key"seat' (?), v. t. To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.

 Key"stone' (?), n. (Arch.) The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust.
 of Arch.

Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; - - so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution.

 Key" tone' (?). (Mus.) See Keynote.

 Key"way' (?), n. See Key way, under Key.

 Kha"liff (?), n. See Caliph.

 Kham*sin' (?), n. Same as Kamsin.

 Khan (?), n. [Pers. & Tart. khn.] [Also kan, kaun.] A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; -- so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them.

 Khan, n. [Per. khn, khnah, house, tent, inn.] An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.]

 Khan*ate (&?;), n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan.

 Kha"ya (?), n. (Bot.) A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

 ||Khe'dive" (?), n. [F. khédive, Pers. khediw a prince.] A governor or viceroy; -- a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt.

 Khen"na (?), n. See Henna.

 Kho"lah (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Indian jackal.

 Khol"sun (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The dhole.

 Khut"bah (?), n. [Ar.] An address or public prayer read from the steps of the pulpit in Mohammedan mosques, offering glory to God, praising Mohammed and his descendants, and the ruling princes.

 Ki'a*boo"ca wood' (?). See Kyaboca wood.

 Ki*ang" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dziggetai.

 Kib"ble (?), v. t. To bruise; to grind coarsely; as, kibbled oats. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.
 Kib"ble, n. A large iron bucket used in Cornwall and Wales for raising ore out of mines. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also kibbal.]

 Kib"blings (?), n. pl. Portions of small fish used for bait on the banks of Newfoundland.

 Kibe (?), n. [W. cib + gwst pain, sickness.] A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold; an ulcerated chilblain. "He galls his kibe."
 Shak.
 Kib


BALLADS OF A CHEECHAKO by Robert W. Service [British-born Canadian Poet—_PHONE_.]

 American 1909 edition.

CONTENTS CONTENTS OF FIRST LINES To the Man of the High North Men of the High North The Ballad of the Northern Lights The Ballad of the Black Fox Skin The Ballad of Pious Pete The Ballad of Blasphemous Bill The Ballad of One-Eyed Mike The Ballad of the Brand The Ballad of Hard-Luck Henry The Man from Eldorado My Friends The Prospector The Black Sheep The Telegraph Operator The Wood-Cutter The Song of the Mouth-Organ The Trail of Ninety-Eight The Ballad of Gum-Boot Ben Clancy of the Mounted Police Lost L'Envoi CONTENTS OF FIRST LINES: To the Man of the High North Men of the High North The Ballad of the Northern Lights The Ballad of the Black Fox Skin The Ballad of Pious Pete The Ballad of Blasphemous Bill The Ballad of One-Eyed Mike The Ballad of the Brand The Ballad of Hard-Luck Henry The Man from Eldorado My Friends The Prospector The Black Sheep The Telegraph Operator The Wood-Cutter The Song of the Mouth-Organ The Trail of Ninety-Eight The Ballad of Gum-Boot Ben Clancy of the Mounted Police Lost L'Envoi


ye shall possess their land.

Josh. xxiii. 5.
3. To cut off from further connection with an institution of learning, a society, and the like; as, to expel a student or member.

4. To keep out, off, or away; to exclude. "To expel the winter's flaw." Shak.
5. To discharge; to shoot. [Obs.]

 Then he another and another [shaft] did expel.

Spenser.. Syn. -- To banish; exile; eject; drive out. See Banish.

 Ex*pel"la*ble (?), a. Capable of being expelled or driven out. "Expellable by heat." Kirwan.
 Ex*pel"ler (?), n. One who, or that which, expels.

 Ex*pend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Expending.] [L. expendere, expensum, to weigh out, pay out, lay out, lay out; ex out + pendere to weigh. See Poise, and cf. Spend.] To lay out, apply, or employ in any way; to consume by use; to use up or distribute, either in payment or in donations; to spend; as, they expend money for food or in charity; to expend time labor, and thought; to expend hay in feeding cattle, oil in a lamp, water in mechanical operations.

 If my death might make this island happy... I would expend it with all willingness.

Shak.
 Ex*pend", v. i. 1. To be laid out, used, or consumed.

2. To pay out or disburse money.

 They go elsewhere to enjoy and to expend.

Macaulay.

 Ex*pend"i*tor (?), n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) A disburser; especially, one of the disbursers of taxes for the repair of sewers. Mozley & W. Ex*pend"iture (?), n. 1. The act of expending; a laying out, as of money; disbursement.

 Our expenditure purchased commerce and conquest.

Burke.
2. That which is expended or paid out; expense.

 The receipts and expenditures of this extensive country.

A. Hamilton.
 Ex*pense" (?), n. [L. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expensum, fr. expensus, p. p. of expendere. See Expend.] 1. A spending or consuming; disbursement; expenditure.

 Husband nature's riches from expense.

Shak.
2. That which is expended, laid out, or consumed; cost; outlay; charge; -- sometimes with the notion of loss or damage to those on whom the expense falls; as, the expenses of war; an expense of time.

 Courting popularity at his party's expense.

Brougham.
3. Loss. [Obs.] Shak.
 And moan the expense of many a vanished sight.

Spenser.
Expense magazine (Mil.), a small magazine containing ammunition for immediate use. H. L. Scott.
 Ex*pense"full (?), a. Full of expense; costly; chargeable. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. -- Ex*pense"ful*ly, adv. [R.] -- Ex*pense"ful*ness, n. [R.]

 Ex*pense"less, a. Without cost or expense.

 Ex*pen"sive (?), a. 1. Occasioning expense; calling for liberal outlay; costly; dear; liberal; as, expensive dress; an expensive house or family.

 War is expensive, and peace desirable.

Burke.
2. Free in expending; very liberal; especially, in a bad sense: extravagant; lavish. [R.]

 An active, expensive, indefatigable goodness.

Sprat.
 The idle and expensive are dangerous.

Sir W. Temple.
Syn. -- Costly; dear; high-priced; lavish; extravagant.

 -- Ex*pen"sive*ly, adv. -- Ex*pen"sive*ness, n. Ex*pe"ri*ence (?), n. [F. expérience, L. experientia, tr. experiens, -entis, p. pr. of experiri, expertus, to try; ex out + the root of pertus experienced. See Peril, and cf. Expert.] 1. Trial, as a test or experiment. [Obs.]

 She caused him to make experience Upon wild beasts.

Spenser.
2. The effect upon the judgment or feelings produced by any event, whether witnessed or participated in; personal and direct impressions as contrasted with description or fancies; personal acquaintance; actual enjoyment or suffering. "Guided by other's experiences." Shak.
 I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience.

P. Henry To most men experience is like the stern lights of a ship, which illumine only the track it has passed.

Coleridge.
 When the consuls... came in... they knew soon by experience how slenderly guarded against danger the majesty of rulers is where force is wanting.

Holland.
 Those that undertook the religion of our Savior upon his preaching, had no experience of it.

Sharp.
3. An act of knowledge, one or more, by which single facts or general truths are ascertained; experimental or inductive knowledge; hence, implying skill, facility, or practical wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling or action; as, a king without experience of war.

 Whence hath the mind all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer in one word, from experience.

Locke.
Experience may be acquired in two ways; either, first by noticing facts without any attempt to influence the frequency of their occurrence or to vary the circumstances under which they occur; this is observation; or, secondly, by putting in action causes or agents over which we have control, and purposely varying their combinations, and noticing what effects take place; this is experiment.

Sir J. Herschel.
 Ex*pe"ri*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experienced (-enst); p. pr. & vb. n. Experiencing (-en-s?ng).] 1. To make practical acquaintance with; to try personally; to prove by use or trial; to have trial of; to have the lot or fortune of; to have befall one; to be affected by; to feel; as, to experience pain or pleasure; to experience poverty; to experience a change of views.

 The partial failure and disappointment which he had experienced in India.

Thirwall.
2. To exercise; to train by practice.

 The youthful sailors thus with early care Their arms experience, and for sea prepare.

Harte.
To experience religion (Theol.), to become a convert to the doctrines of Christianity; to yield to the power of religious truth.

 Ex*pe"ri*enced (-enst), p. p. & a. Taught by practice or by repeated observations; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or observation; as, an experienced physician, workman, soldier; an experienced eye.

 The ablest and most experienced statesmen.

Bancroft.
 Ex*pe"ri*en*cer (-en-s?r), n. 1. One who experiences.

2. An experimenter. [Obs.] Sir. K. Gigby.
 Ex*pe"ri*ent (-ent), a. Experienced. [Obs.]

 The prince now ripe and full experient.

Beau. & Fl.
 Ex*pe'ri*en"tial (?), a. Derived from, or pertaining to, experience. Coleridge.
 It is called empirical or experiential... because it is divan to


ices heaven.

Prior.
 Were he [Cain] alive, it would rejoice his soul to see what mischief it had made.

Arbuthnot.
Syn. -- To please; cheer; exhilarate; delight.

 Re*joice", n. The act of rejoicing. Sir T. Browne.
 Re*joice"ment (-ment), n. Rejoicing. [Obs.]

 Re*joi"cer (r?-joi"s?r), n. One who rejoices.

 Re*joi"cing (-s?ng), n. 1. Joy; gladness; delight.

 We should particularly express our rejoicing by love and charity to our neighbors.

R. Nelson.
2. The expression of joy or gladness.

 The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous.

Ps. cxviii. 15.
3. That which causes to rejoice; occasion of joy.

 Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage forever, for they are the rejoicing of my heart.

Ps. cxix. 111.
 Re*joi"cing*ly, adv. With joi or exultation.

 Re*join" (r?-join"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rejoined (-joind"); p. pr. & vb. n. Rejoining.] [F. rejoindre; pref. rere- + joindre to join. See Join, and cf. Rejoinder.]
 1. To join again; to unite after separation.

2. To come, or go, again into the presence of; to join the company of again.

 Meet and rejoin me, in the pensive grot.

Pope.
3. To state in reply; -- followed by an object clause.

 Re*join", v. i. 1. To answer to a reply.

2. (Law) To answer, as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication.

 Re*join"der (-d?r), n. [From F. rejoindre, inf., to join again. See Rejoin.] 1. An answer to a reply; or, in general, an answer or reply.

2. (Law) The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's replication.

Syn. -- Reply; answer; replication. See Reply.

 Re*join"der, v. i. To make a rejoinder. [Archaic] Re*join"dure (-dr), n. Act of joining again. [Obs.] "Beguiles our lips of all rejoindure" (i.e., kisses). Shak.
 Re*joint" (r-joint"), v. t. 1. To reunite the joints of; to joint anew. Barrow.
2. Specifically (Arch.), to fill up the joints of, as stones in buildings when the mortar has been dislodged by age and the action of the weather. Gwilt.
 Re*jolt" (r?-j?lt"), n. A reacting jolt or shock; a rebound or recoil. [R.]

 These inward rejolts and recoilings of the mind.

South.
 Re*jolt", v. t. To jolt or shake again. Locke.
 Re*journ" (r?-j?rn"), v. t. [Cf. F. réajourner. See Adjourn.] To adjourn; to put off. [Obs.] Shak.
 Re*journ"ment (-ment), n. Adjournment. [Obs.]

 Re*judge" (r?-j?j"), v. t. To judge again; to reëxamine; to review; to call to a new trial and decision.

Rejudge his acts, and dignify disgrace.

Pope.
 Re*ju"ve*nate (r?-j?"v?-n?t), v. t. [Pref. rere- + L. juventis young, youthful.] To render young again.

 Re*ju've*na"tion (-n?"sh?n), n. Rejuvenescence.

 Re*ju've*nes"cence (-n?s"sens), n. 1. A renewing of youth; the state of being or growing young again.

2. (Bot.) A method of cell formation in which the entire protoplasm of an old cell escapes by rupture of the cell wall, and then develops a new cell wall. It is seen sometimes in the formation of zoöspores, etc.

 Re*ju've*nes"cen*cy (-sen-s?), n. Rejuvenescence.

 Re*ju've*nes"cent (-sent), a. Becoming, or causing to become, rejuvenated; rejuvenating.

 Re*ju've*nize (r?-j?"v?-n?z), v. t. To rejuvenate.

 Re*kin"dle (r?-k?n"d'l), v. t. & i. To kindle again.

 Rek"ne (r?k"ne), v. t. To reckon. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Re*lade" (r*ld"), v. t. To lade or load again.

 Re*laid" (r*ld"), imp. & p. p. of Relay.

 ||Re*lais" (re*l"), n. [F. See Relay, n.] (Fort.)
 A narrow space between the foot of the rampart and the scarp of the ditch, serving to receive the earth that may crumble off or be washed down, and prevent its falling into the ditch. Wilhelm.
 Re*land" (r?-l?nd"), v. t. To land again; to put on land, as that which had been shipped or embarked.

 Re*land", v. i. To go on shore after having embarked; to land again.

 Re*lapse" (r?-l?ps"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relapsed (-l?pst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Relapsing.] [L. relapsus, p. p. of relabi to slip back, to relapse; pref. rere- + labi to fall, slip, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To slip or slide back, in a literal sense; to turn back. [Obs.] Dryden.
2. To slide or turn back into a former state or practice; to fall back from some condition attained; -- generally in a bad sense, as from a state of convalescence or amended condition; as, to relapse into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism; -- sometimes in a good sense; as, to relapse into slumber after being disturbed.

 That task performed, [preachers] relapse into themselves.

Cowper.
3. (Theol.) To fall from Christian faith into paganism, heresy, or unbelief; to backslide.

 They enter into the justified state, and so continue all along, unless they relapse.

Waterland.
 Re*lapse", n. [For sense 2 cf. F. relaps. See Relapse, v.]
 1. A sliding or falling back, especially into a former bad state, either of body or morals; backsliding; the state of having fallen back.

 Alas! from what high hope to what relapse Unlooked for are we fallen!

Milton.
2. One who has relapsed, or fallen back, into error; a backslider; specifically, one who, after recanting error, returns to it again. [Obs.]

 Re*laps"er (-l?ps"?r), n. One who relapses. Bp. Hall.
 Re*laps"ing, a. Marked by a relapse; falling back; tending to return to a former worse state.

Relapsing fever (Med.), an acute, epidemic, contagious fever, which prevails also endemically in Ireland, Russia, and some other regions. It is marked by one or two remissions of the fever, by articular and muscular pains, and by the


some evil might happen to the person or thing under the Curse, unjustly.
It is to sentence for, or to evil, (that is, without a cause): Thus Shimei cursed David: He sentenced him for and to evil unjustly, when he said to him, Come out, come out thou bloody man, and thou man of Belial. The Lord hath returned upon thee all the blood of the house of Saul, in whose stead thou hast reigned, and the Lord hath delivered the kingdom into the hand of Absalom thy son: and behold thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou art a bloody man. [34c] This David calls a grievous Curse. And behold, saith he to Solomon his Son, thou hast with thee Shimei a Benjamite, which cursed me with a grievous curse in the day when I went to Mahanaim. [34d] But what was this Curse? Why, First, It was a wrong sentence past upon David; Shimei called him Bloody man, man of Belial, when he was not. Secondly, He sentenced him to the evil that at present was upon him, for being a bloody man, (that is, against the house of Saul,) when that present evil overtook David, for quite another thing.
And we may thus apply it to the [34e] profane ones of our times who in their rage and envy, have little else in their mouths but a sentence against their Neighbour for, and to evil unjustly. How common is it with many, when they are but a little offended with one, to cry, Hang him, Damn him, Rogue! This is both a sentencing of him for, and to evil, and is in it self a grievous Curse.
2. The other kind of Cursing, is to wish that some evil might happen to, and overtake this or that person or thing: And this kind of Cursing, Job counted a grievous sin. I have not suffered (says he) my mouth to sin, [35a] by wishing a curse to his soul; or consequently, to Body or Estate. This then is a wicked cursing, to wish that evil might either befall another or our selves: And this kind of cursing young Badman accustomed himself unto.
1. He [35b] would wish that evil might befall others; he would wish their Necks broken, or that their Brains were out, or that the Pox, or Plague was upon them, and the like: All which is a devilish kind of cursing, and is become one of the common sins of our age.
2. He would also as often wish a Curse to himself, saying, Would I might be hanged, or burned, or that the Devil might fetch me, if it be not so, or the like. We count the [35c] Damme Blades to be great Swearers; but when in their hellish fury they say, God-damme me, God perish me, or the like, they rather curse than swear; yea, curse themselves, and that with a Wish that Damnation might light upon themselves; which wish and Curse of theirs, in a little time, they will see accomplished upon them, even in Hell-fire, if they repent not of their sins.
Atten. But did this young Badman accustom himself to such filthy kind of language?
Wise. I think I may say, that nothing was more frequent in his mouth, and that upon the least provocation. Yea he was so versed in such kind of language, that neither [35d] Father, nor Mother, nor Brother, nor Sister, nor Servant, no nor the very Cattel that his Father had, could escape these Curses of his. I say, that even the bruit Beasts when he drove them, or rid upon them, if they pleased not his humour, they must be sure to partake of his curse. [35e] He would wish their Necks broke, their Legs broke, their Guts out, or that the Devil might fetch them, or the like: and no marvel, for he that is so hardy to wish damnation, or other bad curses to himself, or dearest relations; will not stick to wish evil to the silly Beast, in his madness.
Atten. Well, I see still that this Badman was a desperate villain. But pray, Sir, since you have gone thus far, now shew me whence this evil of cursing ariseth, and also what dishonour it bringeth to God; for I easily discern that it doth bring damnation to the soul.
Wise. This evil of Cursing ariseth, in general, from the desperate wickedness of the heart, but particularly from, [36a] [36b] 1. Envie, which is, as I apprehend, the leading sin to Witchcraft.
2. It also ariseth from Pride which was the sin of the fallen Angels; 3. It ariseth too from Scorn and contempt of others: 4. But for a man to curse himself, must needs arise from desperate Madness.
The [36c] dishonour that it bringeth to God, is this. It taketh away from him his Authority, in whose power it is onely, to Bless and Curse; not to Curse wickedly, as Mr.
Badman, but justly, and righteously, giving by his Curse to those that are wicked, the due Reward of their deeds.
Besides, these wicked men, in their wicked cursing of their Neighbour, &c. do even Curse God himself in his handy work. Man is Gods Image, and to curse wickedly the Image of God, is to curse God himself. [36d] Therefore as when men wickedly swear, they rend, and tare Gods Name, and make him, as much as in them lies, the avoucher and approver of all their wickedness; so he that curseth and condemneth in this sort his Neighbour, or that wisheth him evil, curseth, condemneth, and wisheth evil to the Image of God, and consequently judgeth and condemneth God himself.
Suppose that a man should say with his mouth, I wish that the Kings Picture was burned; would not this mans so saying, render him as an Enemy to the Person of the King? Even so it is with them that, by cursing, wish evil to their neighbour, or to themselves, they contemn the Image, even the Image of God himself.
Atten. But do you think that the men that do thus, do think that they do so vilely, so abominably?
Wise. The question is not what men do believe concerning their sin, but what Gods Word says of it: If Gods Word says that Swearing and Cursing are sins, though men should count them for Vertues, their reward will be a reward for sin, to wit, the damnation of the soul.
To [37a] curse another, and to swear vainly and falsly, are sins against the Light of Nature.
1. To Curse is so, because, whoso curseth another, knows, that at the same time he would not be so served himself.
2. To Swear also, is a sin against the same Law: for Nature will tell me, that I should not lie, and therefore much less Swear to confirm it. Yea, the Heathens have looked upon Swearing to be a solemn Ordinance of God, and therefore not to be lightly or vainly used by men, though to confirm a matter of truth. [37b] Atten. But I wonder, since Curseing and Swearing are such evils in the eyes of God, that he doth not make some Examples to others, for their committing such wickedness.
Take note symbol Wise. Alas! so he has, a thousand times twice told, as may be easily gathered by any observing people in every Age and Countrey. I could present you with several my self; but waving the abundance that might be mentioned, I will here present you with [37c] two; One was that dreadful Judgment of God upon one N. P. at Wimbleton in Surrey; who, after a horrible fit of Swearing at, and Cursing of some persons that did


the whorls of a spiral univalve shell.

 Center of gyration. (Mech.) See under Center. -- Radius of gyration, the distance between the axis of a rotating body and its center of gyration. Rankine.
 Gy"ra*to*ry (j"r*t*r), a. Moving in a circle, or spirally; revolving; whirling around.

 Gyre (jr), n. [L. gyrus, Gr. gy^ros, cf. gyro's round.] A circular motion, or a circle described by a moving body; a turn or revolution; a circuit.

 Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres.

Dryden.
 Still expanding and ascending gyres.

Mrs. Browning.
 Gyre, v. t. & i. [Cf. OF. gyrer, girer. See Gyrate.] To turn round; to gyrate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Drayton.
 Gyre"ful (-fl), a. Abounding in gyres. [Obs.]

 ||Gyr'en*ceph"a*la (jr'n*sf"*l), n. pl. [NL. fr. Gr. gyro's round + 'egke'falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted. -- Gyr'en*ceph"a*lous (-ls), a. Gyr"fal'con (jr"f'k'n), n. [OE. gerfaucon, OF. gerfaucon, LL. gyrofalco, perh. fr. L. gyrus circle + falco falcon, and named from its circling flight; or cf. E. gier-eagle.
 See Gyre, n., Falcon.] (Zoöl.) One of several species and varieties of large Arctic falcons, esp. Falco rusticolus and the white species F. Islandicus, both of which are circumpolar. The black and the gray are varieties of the former. See Illust. of Accipiter. [Written also gerfalcon, gierfalcon, and jerfalcon.]

 ||Gy"ri (j"r), n. pl. See Gyrus.

 Gyr"land (gr"land), v. t. [See Garland.] To garland. [Obs.]

 Their hair loose and flowing, gyrlanded with sea grass.

B. Jonson.
 ||Gyr"o*dus (jr"*ds), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro's round + 'odoy's tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct oölitic fishes, having rounded teeth in several rows adapted for crushing.

 Gy*rog"o*nite (j*rg"*nt), n. [Gr. gy^ros circle, ring + go'nos fruit.] (Paleon.) The petrified fruit of the Chara hispida, a species of stonewort. See Stonewort. Lyell.
 Gy*roid"al (j*roid"al), a. [Gr. gy^ros circle + -oid + -al.] 1. Spiral in arrangement or action.

2. (Crystallog.) Having the planes arranged spirally, so that they incline all to the right (or left) of a vertical line; -- said of certain hemihedral forms.

3. (Opt.) Turning the plane of polarization circularly or spirally to the right or left.

 ||Gy*rol"e*pis (j*rl"*ps), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyro's round + lepi's scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of ganoid fishes, found in strata of the new red sandstone, and the lias bone beds. Agassiz.
 ||Gy*ro"ma (j*r"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gyroy^n to round, bend, fr.
 gyro's round.] A turning round. [R.]

 Gyr"o*man'cy (jr"*mn's or j"r-), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + -mancy: cf. F. gyromancie.] A kind of divination performed by drawing a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. Brande & C. Gy"ron (j"rn), n. [F. giron; of German origin. See Gore a piece of cloth.] (Her.) A subordinary of triangular form having one of its angles at the fess point and the opposite side at the edge of the escutcheon. When there is only one gyron on the shield it is bounded by two lines drawn from the fess point, one horizontally to the dexter side, and one to the dexter chief corner.

 Gy"ron*ny (j"rn*n), a. [F. gironné.] (Her.)
 Covered with gyrons, or divided so as to form several gyrons; -- said of an escutcheon.

 Gy"ro-pi'geon (j"r*pj'n), n. [L. gyrare to revolve + E. pigeon.]
 A flying object simulating a pigeon in flight, when projected from a spring trap. It is used as a flying target in shooting matches. Knight.
 Gy"ro*scope (j"r*skp), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + - scope.]
 1. A rotating wheel, mounted in a ring or rings, for illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the composition of rotations, etc. It was devised by Professor W. R. Johnson, in 1832, by whom it was called the rotascope.

2. A form of the above apparatus, invented by M. Foucault, mounted so delicately as to render visible the rotation of the earth, through the tendency of the rotating wheel to preserve a constant plane of rotation, independently of the earth's motion.

 Gy'ro*scop"ic (-skp"k), a. Pertaining to the gyroscope; resembling the motion of the gyroscope.

 Gy*rose" (j*rs" or j"rs), a. [See Gyre.] (Bot.) Turned round like a crook, or bent to and fro. Loudon.
 Gy"ro*stat (j"r*stt), n. [Gr. gy^ros ring, circle + "ista'nai to cause to stand.] (Physics) A modification of the gyroscope, consisting essentially of a fly wheel fixed inside a rigid case to which is attached a thin flange of metal for supporting the instrument. It is used in studying the dynamics of rotating bodies.

 Gy'ro*stat"ic (-stt"k), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the gyrostat or to gyrostatics.

 Gy'ro*stat"ics (-ks), n. (Physics) The doctrine or theory of the gyrostat, or of the phenomena of rotating bodies.

 ||Gy"rus (j"rs), n.; pl. Gyri (-r). [L. See Gyre, n.]
 A convoluted ridge between grooves; a convolution; as, the gyri of the brain; the gyri of brain coral. See Brain.

 Gyse (gz), n. Guise. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Gyte (gt), a. Delirious; senselessly extravagant; as, the man is clean gyte. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Gyve (jv), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geibhionn, Gael. geimheal.] A shackle; especially, one to confine the legs; a fetter. [Written also give.]

 Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves.

Shak.
 With gyves upon his wrist.

Hood.
 Gyve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gyved (jvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Gyving.] To fetter; to shackle; to chain. Spenser.
 I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.


is aurita). The Bengal floriken is Sypheotides Bengalensis.
 [Written also florikan, florikin, florican.]

 Flo"ri*lege (?), n. [L. florilegus flower-culling; flos, floris, flower + legere to gather: cf. F. florilège.]
 The act of gathering flowers.

 Flo"ri*mer (?), n. (Bot.) See Floramour. [Obs.]

 Flor"in (?), n. [F. florin, It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin, with a lily on it, fr. flore a flower, fr. L. flos.
 See Flower, and cf. Floren.] A silver coin of Florence, first struck in the twelfth century, and noted for its beauty. The name is given to different coins in different countries. The florin of England, first minted in 1849, is worth two shillings, or about 48 cents; the florin of the Netherlands, about 40 cents; of Austria, about 36 cents.

 Flo"rist (? or?; 277), n. [Cf. F. fleuriste, floriste, fr. F. fleur flower. See Flower.] 1. A cultivator of, or dealer in, flowers.

2. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants.

 Flo*roon" (?), n. [F. fleuron. See Flower.] A border worked with flowers. Wright.
 Flor"u*lent (?), a. [L. florulentus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] Flowery; blossoming. [Obs.] Blount.
 Flos"cu*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Flosculous.

 Flos'cu*la"ri*an (?), n. [From L. flosculus a floweret.] (Zoöl.)
 One of a group of stalked rotifers, having ciliated tentacles around the lobed disk.

 Flos*cule (?), n. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos flower: cf. F. floscule.] (Bot.) A floret.

 Flos"cu*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Consisting of many gamopetalous florets.

 ||Flos'-fer"ri (?), n.[L., flower of iron.] (Min.) A variety of aragonite, occuring in delicate white coralloidal forms; -- common in beds of iron ore.

 Flosh (?), n. [Cf. G. flösse a trough in which tin ore is washed.] (Metallurgy) A hopper-shaped box or &?;nortar in which ore is placed for the action of the stamps. Knight.
 Floss (?; 195), n. [It. floscio flabby, soft, fr. L. fluxus flowing, loose, slack. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) The slender styles of the pistillate flowers of maize; also called silk.

2. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering.

Floss silk, silk that has been twisted, and which retains its loose and downy character. It is much used in embroidery. Called also floxed silk. -- Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, used for embroidery; -- called also linen floss, and floss yarn.
 McElrath.
 Floss, n. [Cf. G. floss a float.] 1. A small stream of water. [Eng.]

2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths which are present.

Floss hole. (a) A hole at the back of a puddling furnace, at which the slags pass out. (b) The tap hole of a melting furnace. Knight.
 Flos'si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. Florification.] A flowering; florification. [R.] Craig.
 Floss"y (?; 115), a. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss; hence, light; downy.

 ||Flo"ta (?), n. [Sp. See Flotilla.] A fleet; especially, a &?;eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

 Flo"tage (?), n. [OF. flotage, F. flottage, fr. flotter to float.] 1. The state of floating.

2. That which floats on the sea or in rivers. [Written also floatage.]

 Flo"tant (?), a. [OF. flotant, F. flottant, p. pr. of flotter to float.] (Her.) Represented as flying or streaming in the air; as, a banner flotant.

 Flo*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. flottation a floating, flottaison water line, fr. flotter to float. See Flotilla.] 1. The act, process, or state of floating.

2. The science of floating bodies.

Center of flotation. (Shipbuilding) (a) The center of any given plane of flotation. (b) More commonly, the middle of the length of the load water line. Rankine. -- Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. See Bearing, n., 9 (c).
 -- Surface of flotation (Shipbuilding), the imaginary surface which all the planes of flotation touch when a vessel rolls or pitches; the envelope of all such planes.

 Flote (?), v. t. To fleet; to skim. [Obs.] Tusser.
 Flote, n. [Cf. F. flot, L. fluctus; also cf. Float, n.] A wave. [Obs.] "The Mediterranean flote." Shak.
 Flot"er*y (?), a. Wavy; flowing. [Obs.]

 With flotery beard.

Chaucer.
 Flo*til"la (?), n. [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota fleet; akin to F. flotte, It. flotta, and F. flot wave, fr. L. fluctus, but prob. influenced by words akin to E. float.
 See Fluctuate, and cf. Float, n.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels.

 { Flot"sam (?), Flot"son (?) }, n. [F. flotter to float. See FFlotilla, and cf. Jetsam.] (Law) Goods lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea; -- in distinction from jetsam or jetson.
 Blackstone.
 Flot"ten (?), p. p. of Flote, v. t. Skimmed. [Obs.]

 Flounce (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flounced (flounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing (?).] [Cf. OSw. flunsa to immerge.]
 To throw the limbs and body one way and the other; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence; to struggle, as a horse in mire; to flounder; to throw one's self with a jerk or spasm, often as in displeasure.

 To flutter and flounce will do nothing but batter and bruise us.

Barrow.
 With his broad fins and forky tail he laves The rising sirge, and flounces in the waves.

Addison.
 Flounce (?), n. The act of floucing; a sudden, jerking motion of the body.

 Flounce, n. [Cf. G. flaus, flausch, a tuft of wool or hair; akin to vliess, E. fleece; or perh. corrupted fr. rounce.]
 An ornamental appendage to the skirt of a woman's


cover THE MOONSTONE A Romance by Wilkie Collins Contents PROLOGUE THE STORY FIRST PERIOD CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII SECOND PERIOD FIRST NARRATIVE CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII SECOND NARRATIVE CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III THIRD NARRATIVE CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X FOURTH NARRATIVE FIFTH NARRATIVE SIXTH NARRATIVE I II III IV V SEVENTH NARRATIVE EIGHTH NARRATIVE EPILOGUE I II III PROLOGUE THE STORMING OF SERINGAPATAM (1799): (Extracted from a Family Paper.)
I I address these lines—written in India—to my relatives in England.
My object is to explain the motive which has induced me to refuse the right hand of friendship to my cousin, John Herncastle. The reserve which I have hitherto maintained in this matter has been misinterpreted by members of my family whose good opinion I cannot consent to forfeit. I request them to suspend their decision until they have read my narrative. And I declare, on my word of honour, that what I am now about to write is, strictly and literally, the truth.
The private difference between my cousin and me took its rise in a great public event in which we were both concerned—the storming of Seringapatam, under General Baird, on the 4th of May, 1799.
In order that the circumstances may be clearly understood, I must revert for a moment to the period before the assault, and to the stories current in our camp of the treasure in jewels and gold stored up in the Palace of Seringapatam.
II One of the wildest of these stories related to a Yellow Diamond—a famous gem in the native annals of India.
The earliest known traditions describe the stone as having been set in the forehead of the four-handed Indian god who typifies the Moon. Partly from its peculiar colour, partly from a superstition which represented it as feeling the influence of the deity whom it adorned, and growing and lessening in lustre with the waxing and waning of the moon, it first gained the name by which it continues to be known in India to this day—the name of THE MOONSTONE. A similar superstition was once prevalent, as I have heard, in ancient Greece and Rome; not applying, however (as in India), to a diamond devoted to the service of a god, but to a semi-transparent stone of the inferior order of gems, supposed to be affected by the lunar influences—the moon, in this latter case also, giving the name by which the stone is still known to collectors in our own time.
The adventures of the Yellow Diamond begin with the eleventh century of the Christian era.
At that date, the Mohammedan conqueror, Mahmoud of Ghizni, crossed India; seized on the holy city of Somnauth; and stripped of its treasures the famous temple, which had stood for centuries—the shrine of Hindoo pilgrimage, and the wonder of the Eastern world.
Of all the deities worshipped in the temple, the moon-god alone escaped the rapacity of the conquering Mohammedans. Preserved by three Brahmins, the inviolate deity, bearing the Yellow Diamond in its forehead, was removed by night, and was transported to the second of the sacred cities of India—the city of Benares.
Here, in a new shrine—in a hall inlaid with precious stones, under a roof supported by pillars of gold—the moon-god was set up and worshipped.
Here, on the night when the shrine was completed, Vishnu the Preserver appeared to the three Brahmins in a dream.
The deity breathed the breath of his divinity on the Diamond in the forehead of the god. And the Brahmins knelt and hid their faces in their robes. The deity commanded that the Moonstone should be watched, from that time forth, by three priests in turn, night and day, to the end of the generations of men. And the Brahmins heard, and bowed before his will. The deity predicted certain disaster to the presumptuous mortal who laid hands on the sacred gem, and to all of his house and name who received it after him. And the Brahmins caused the prophecy to be written over the gates of the shrine in letters of gold.
One age followed another—and still, generation after generation, the successors of the three Brahmins watched their priceless Moonstone, night and day. One age followed another until the first years of the eighteenth Christian century saw the reign of Aurungzebe, Emperor of the Moguls. At his command havoc and rapine were let loose once more among the temples of the worship of Brahmah. The shrine of the four-handed god was polluted by the slaughter of sacred animals; the images of the deities were broken in pieces; and the Moonstone was seized by an officer of rank in the army of Aurungzebe.
Powerless to recover their lost treasure by open force, the three guardian priests followed and watched it in disguise. The generations succeeded each other; the warrior who had committed the sacrilege perished miserably; the Moonstone passed (carrying its curse with it) from one lawless Mohammedan hand to another; and still, through all chances and changes, the successors of the three guardian priests kept their watch, waiting the day when the will of Vishnu the Preserver should restore to them their sacred gem. Time rolled on from the first to the last years of the eighteenth Christian century. The Diamond fell into the possession of Tippoo, Sultan of Seringapatam, who caused it to be placed as an ornament in the handle of a dagger, and who commanded it to be kept among the choicest treasures of his armoury. Even then—in the palace of the Sultan himself—the three guardian priests still kept their watch in secret. There were three officers of Tippoo's household, strangers to the rest, who had won their master's confidence by conforming, or appearing to conform, to the Mussulman faith; and to those three men report pointed as the three priests in disguise.
III So, as told in our camp, ran the fanciful story of the Moonstone. It made no serious impression on any of us except my cousin—whose love of the marvellous induced him to believe it. On the night before the assault on Seringapatam, he was absurdly angry with me, and with others, for treating the whole thing as a fable. A foolish wrangle followed; and Herncastle's unlucky temper got the better of him. He declared, in his boastful way, that we should see the Diamond on his finger, if the English army took Seringapatam.
The sally was saluted by a roar of laughter, and there, as we all thought that night, the thing ended.
Let me now take you on to the day of the assault.
My cousin and I were separated at the outset. I never saw him when we forded the river; when we planted the English flag in the first breach; when we crossed the ditch beyond; and, fighting every inch of our way, entered the town. It was only at dusk, when the place was ours, and after General Baird