A TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE By David Hume CONTENTS ADVERTISEMENT.
 INTRODUCTION.
 BOOK I. OF THE UNDERSTANDING PART I. OF IDEAS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, CONNEXION, ABSTRACTION, ETC.
 SECT. I. OF THE ORIGIN OF OUR IDEAS.
 SECT. II. DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT.
 SECT. III. OF THE IDEAS OF THE MEMORY AND IMAGINATION.
 SECT. IV. OF THE CONNEXION OR ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS.
 SECT. V. OF RELATIONS.
 SECT. VI. OF MODES AND SUBSTANCES SECT. VII. OF ABSTRACT IDEAS.
 PART II. OF THE IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME.
 SECT. I. OF THE INFINITE DIVISIBILITY OF OUR IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME.
 SECT. II. OF THE INFINITE DIVISIBILITY OF SPACE AND TIME.
 SECT. III. OF THE OTHER QUALITIES OF OUR IDEA OF SPACE AND TIME.
 SECT. IV. OBJECTIONS ANSWERED.
 SECT. V. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED.
 SECT. VI. OF THE IDEA OF EXISTENCE, AND OF EXTERNAL EXISTENCE.
 PART III. OF KNOWLEDGE AND PROBABILITY.
 SECT. I. OF KNOWLEDGE.
 SECT. II. OF PROBABILITY, AND OF THE IDEA OF CAUSE AND EFFECT.
 SECT. III. WHY A CAUSE IS ALWAYS NECESSARY.

 SECT. IV. OF THE COMPONENT PARTS OF OUR REASONINGS CONCERNING CAUSE AND EFFECT.
 SECT. V. OF THE IMPRESSIONS OF THE SENSES AND MEMORY.
 SECT. VI. OF THE INFERENCE FROM THE IMPRESSION TO THE IDEA.
 SECT. VII. OF THE NATURE OF THE IDEA OR BELIEF.
 SECT. VIII. OF THE CAUSES OF BELIEF.
 SECT. IX. OF THE EFFECTS OF OTHER RELATIONS AND OTHER HABITS.
 SECT. X. OF THE INFLUENCE OF BELIEF.
 SECT. XI. OF THE PROBABILITY OF CHANCES.
 SECT. XII. OF THE PROBABILITY OF CAUSES.
 SECT. XIII. OF UNPHILOSOPHICAL PROBABILITY.

 SECT. XIV. OF THE IDEA OF NECESSARY CONNEXION.

 SECT. XV. RULES BY WHICH TO JUDGE OF CAUSES AND EFFECTS.
 SECT. XVI OF THE REASON OF ANIMALS PART IV. OF THE SCEPTICAL AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY.
 SECT. I. OF SCEPTICISM WITH REGARD TO REASON.

 SECT. II. OF SCEPTICISM WITH REGARD TO THE SENSES.
 SECT. III. OF THE ANTIENT PHILOSOPHY.
 SECT. IV. OF THE MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
 SECT. V. OF THE IMMATERIALITY OF THE SOUL.

 SECT. VI. OF PERSONAL IDENTITY SECT. VII. CONCLUSION OF THIS BOOK.
 BOOK II OF THE PASSIONS PART I OF PRIDE AND HUMILITY SECT. I DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT SECT. II OF PRIDE AND HUMILITY, THEIR OBJECTS AND CAUSES SECT. III WHENCE THESE OBJECTS AND CAUSES ARE DERIVED SECT. IV OF THE RELATIONS OF IMPRESSIONS AND IDEAS SECT. V OF THE INFLUENCE OF THESE RELATIONS ON PRIDE AND HUMILITY SECT. VI LIMITATIONS OF THIS SYSTEM SECT. VII OF VICE AND VIRTUE SECT. VIII OF BEAUTY AND DEFORMITY SECT. IX OF EXTERNAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES SECT. X OF PROPERTY AND RICHES SECT. XI OF THE LOVE OF FAME SECT. XII OF THE PRIDE AND HUMILITY OF ANIMALS PART II OF LOVE AND HATRED SECT. I OF THE OBJECT AND CAUSES OF LOVE AND HATRED SECT. II EXPERIMENTS TO CONFIRM THIS SYSTEM SECT. III DIFFICULTIES SOLVED SECT. IV OF THE LOVE OF RELATIONS SECT. V OF OUR ESTEEM FOR THE RICH AND POWERFUL SECT. VI OF BENEVOLENCE AND ANGER SECT. VII OF COMPASSION SECT. VIII OF MALICE AND ENVY SECT. IX OF THE MIXTURE OF BENEVOLENCE AND ANGER WITH COMPASSION AND MALICE SECT. X OF RESPECT AND CONTEMPT SECT. XI OF THE AMOROUS PASSION, OR LOVE BETWIXT THE SEXES SECT. XII OF THE LOVE AND HATRED OF ANIMALS PART III OF THE WILL AND DIRECT PASSIONS SECT. I OF LIBERTY AND NECESSITY SECT. II THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED SECT. III OF THE INFLUENCING MOTIVES OF THE WILL SECT. IV OF THE CAUSES OF THE VIOLENT PASSIONS SECT. V OF THE EFFECTS OF CUSTOM SECT. VI OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE IMAGINATION ON THE PASSIONS SECT. VII OF CONTIGUITY AND DISTANCE IN SPACE AND TIME SECT. VIII THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED SECT. IX OF THE DIRECT PASSIONS SECT. X OF CURIOSITY, OR THE LOVE OF TRUTH BOOK III OF MORALS PART I OF VIRTUE AND VICE IN GENERAL SECT. I MORAL DISTINCTIONS NOT DERIVED FROM REASON SECT. II MORAL DISTINCTIONS DERIVED FROM A MORAL SENSE PART II OF JUSTICE AND INJUSTICE SECT. I JUSTICE, WHETHER A NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL VIRTUE?
 SECT. II OF THE ORIGIN OF JUSTICE AND PROPERTY SECT. III OF THE RULES WHICH DETERMINE PROPERTY SECT. IV OF THE TRANSFERENCE OF PROPERTY BY CONSENT SECT. V OF THE OBLIGATION OF PROMISES SECT. VI SOME FARTHER REFLECTIONS CONCERNING JUSTICE AND INJUSTICE SECT. VII OF THE ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT SECT. VIII OF THE SOURCE OF ALLEGIANCE SECT. IX OF THE MEASURES OF ALLEGIANCE SECT. X OF THE OBJECTS OF ALLEGIANCE SECT. XI OF THE LAWS OF NATIONS SECT. XII OF CHASTITY AND MODESTY PART III OF THE OTHER VIRTUES AND VICES SECT. I OF THE ORIGIN OF THE NATURAL VIRTUES AND VICES SECT. II OF GREATNESS OF MIND SECT. III OF GOODNESS AND BENEVOLENCE SECT. IV OF NATURAL ABILITIES SECT. V SOME FARTHER REFLECTIONS CONCERNING THE NATURAL VIRTUES SECT. VI CONCLUSION OF THIS BOOK APPENDIX ADVERTISEMENT.

 My design in the present work is sufficiently explained in the Introduction. The reader must only observe, that all the subjects I have there planned out to myself, are not treated of in these two


PHAEDRA By Jean Baptiste Racine Translated by Robert Bruce Boswell Contents INTRODUCTORY NOTE PHAEDRA ACT I ACT II ACT III ACT IV ACT V INTRODUCTORY NOTE JEAN BAPTISTE RACINE, the younger contemporary of Corneille, and his rival for supremacy in French classical tragedy, was born at Ferte-Milon, December 21, 1639. He was educated at the College of Beauvais, at the great Jansenist school at Port Royal, and at the College d'Harcourt. He attracted notice by an ode written for the marriage of Louis XIV in 1660, and made his first really great dramatic success with his "Andromaque."
 His tragic masterpieces include "Britannicus," "Berenice," "Bajazet," "Mithridate," "Iphigenie," and "Phaedre," all written between 1669 and 1677. Then for some years he gave up dramatic composition, disgusted by the intrigues of enemies who sought to injure his career by exalting above him an unworthy rival. In 1689 he resumed his work under the persuasion of Mme. de Maintenon, and produced "Esther" and "Athalie," the latter ranking among his finest productions, although it did not receive public recognition until some time after his death in 1699. Besides his tragedies, Racine wrote one comedy, "Les Plaideurs," four hymns of great beauty, and a history of Port Royal.

 The external conventions of classical tragedy which had been established by Corneille, Racine did not attempt to modify. His study of the Greek tragedians and his own taste led him to submit willingly to the rigor and simplicity of form which were the fundamental marks of the classical ideal. It was in his treatment of character that he differed most from his predecessor; for whereas, as we have seen, Corneille represented his leading figures as heroically subduing passion by force of will, Racine represents his as driven by almost uncontrollable passion. Thus his creations appeal to the modern reader as more warmly human; their speech, if less exalted, is simpler and more natural; and he succeeds more brilliantly with his portraits of women than with those of men.

 All these characteristics are exemplified in "Phaedre," the tragedy of Racine which has made an appeal to the widest audience. To the legend as treated by Euripides, Racine added the love of Hippolytus for Aricia, and thus supplied a motive for Phaedra's jealousy, and at the same time he made the nurse instead of Phaedra the calumniator of his son to Theseus.

 PHAEDRA The scene is laid at Troezen, a town of the Peloponnesus.

 ACT I ACT II ACT III ACT IV ACT V


ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN By "Elizabeth", AKA Marie Annette Beauchamp Contents INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EDITION ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EDITION Originally published in 1898, "Elizabeth and her German Garden" is the first book by Marie Annette Beauchamp—known all her life as "Elizabeth". The book, anonymously published, was an incredible success, going through printing after printing by several publishers over the next few years. (I myself own three separate early editions of this book by different publishers on both sides of the Atlantic.) The present Gutenberg edition was scanned from the illustrated deluxe MacMillan (London) edition of 1900.

 Elizabeth was a cousin of the better-known writer Katherine Mansfield (whose real name was Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp). Born in Australia, Elizabeth was educated in England. She was reputed to be a fine organist and musician. At a young age, she captured the heart of a German Count, was persuaded to marry him, and went to live in Germany. Over the next years she bore five daughters. After her husband's death and the decline of the estate, she returned to England. She was a friend to many of high social standing, including people such as H. G. Wells (who considered her one of the finest wits of the day). Some time later she married the brother of Bertrand Russell; which marriage was a failure and ended in divorce. Eventually Elizabeth fled to America at the outbreak of the Second World War, and there died in 1941.

 Elizabeth is best known to modern readers by the name "Elizabeth von Arnim", author of "The Enchanted April" which was recently made into a successful film by the same title. Another of her books, "Mr.
 Skeffington" was also once made into a film starring Bette Davis, circa 1940.

 Some of Elizabeth's work is published in modern editions by Virago and other publishers. Among these are: "Love", "The Enchanted April", "Caravaners", "Christopher and Columbus", "The Pastor's Wife", "Mr.
 Skeffington", "The Solitary Summer", and "Elizabeth's Adventures in Rugen". Also published by Virago is her non-autobiography "All the Dogs of My Life"—as the title suggests, it is the story not of her life, but of the lives of the many dogs she owned; though of course it does touch upon her own experiences.

 In the centennial year of this book's first publication, I hope that its availability through Project Gutenberg will stir some renewed interest in Elizabeth and her delightful work. She is, I would venture, my favorite author; and I hope that soon she will be one of your favorites.

 R. McGowan San Jose, April 11 1998.

 The first page of the book contains two musical phrases, marked in the text below between square brackets [ ].

 ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN May 7th.—I love my garden. I am writing in it now in the late afternoon loveliness, much interrupted by the mosquitoes and the temptation to look at all the glories of the new green leaves washed half an hour ago in a cold shower. Two owls are perched near me, and are carrying on a long conversation that I enjoy as much as any warbling of nightingales. The gentleman owl says [[musical notes occur here in the printed text]], and she answers from her tree a little way off, [[musical notes]], beautifully assenting to and completing her lord's remark, as becomes a properly constructed German she-owl. They say the same thing over and over again so emphatically that I think it must be something nasty about me; but I shall not let myself be frightened away by the sarcasm of owls.

 This is less a garden than a wilderness. No one has lived in the house, much less in the garden, for twenty-five years, and it is such a pretty old place that the people who might have lived here and did not, deliberately preferring the horrors of a flat in a town, must have belonged to that vast number of eyeless and earless persons of whom the world seems chiefly composed. Noseless too, though it does not sound pretty; but the greater part of my spring happiness is due to the scent of the wet earth and young leaves.

 I am always happy (out of doors be it understood, for indoors there are servants and furniture) but in quite different ways, and my spring happiness bears no resemblance to my summer or autumn happiness, though it is not more intense, and there were days last winter when I danced for sheer joy out in my frost-bound garden, in spite of my years and children.
 But I did it behind a bush, having a due regard for the decencies.

 There are so many bird-cherries round me, great trees with branches sweeping the grass, and they are so wreathed just now with white blossoms and tenderest green that the garden looks like a wedding. I never saw such masses of them; they seemed to fill the place. Even across a little stream that bounds the garden on the east, and right in the middle of the cornfield beyond, there is an immense one, a picture of grace and glory against the cold blue of the spring sky.

 My garden is surrounded by cornfields and meadows, and beyond are great stretches of sandy heath and pine forests, and where the forests leave off the bare heath begins again; but the forests are beautiful in their lofty, pink-stemmed vastness, far overhead the crowns of softest gray-green, and underfoot a bright green wortleberry carpet, and everywhere the breathless silence; and the bare heaths are beautiful too, for one can see across them into eternity almost, and to go out on to them with one's face towards the setting sun is like going into the very presence of God.

 In the middle of this plain is the oasis of birdcherries and greenery where I spend my happy days, and in the middle of the oasis is the gray stone house with many gables where I pass my reluctant nights. The house is very old, and has been added to at various times. It was a convent before the Thirty Years' War, and the vaulted chapel, with its brick floor worn by pious peasant knees, is now used as a hall. Gustavus Adolphus and his Swedes passed through more than once, as is duly recorded in archives still preserved, for we are on what was then the high-road between Sweden and Brandenburg the unfortunate. The Lion of the North was no doubt an estimable person and acted wholly up to his convictions, but he must have sadly upset the peaceful nuns, who were not without convictions of their own, sending them out on to the wide, empty plain to piteously seek some life to replace the life of silence here.

 From nearly all the windows of the house I can look out across the plain, with no obstacle in the shape of a hill, right away to a blue line of distant forest, and on the west side uninterruptedly to the setting sun—nothing but a green, rolling plain, with a sharp edge against the sunset. I love those west windows better than any others, and have chosen my bedroom on that side of the house so that even times of hair-brushing may not be entirely lost, and the young woman who attends to such matters has been taught to fulfil her duties about a mistress recumbent in an easychair before an open window, and not to profane with chatter that sweet and solemn time. This girl is grieved at my habit of living almost in the garden, and all her ideas as to the sort of life a respectable German lady should lead have got into a sad muddle since she came to


THE PROFITS OF RELIGION An Essay in Economic Interpretation By Upton Sinclair THE PROFITS OF RELIGION OFFERTORY This book is a study of Supernaturalism from a new point of view—as a Source of Income and a Shield to Privilege. I have searched the libraries through, and no one has done it before. If you read it, you will see that it needed to be done. It has meant twenty-five years of thought and a year of investigation. It contains the facts.

 I publish the book myself, so that it may be available at the lowest possible price. I am giving my time and energy, in return for one thing which you may give me—the joy of speaking a true word and getting it heard.

 The present volume is the first of a series, which will do for Education, Journalism and Literature what has here been done for the Church: the four volumes making a work of revolutionary criticism, an Economic Interpretation of Culture under the general title of "The Dead Hand."

CONTENTS THE PROFITS OF RELIGION OFFERTORY INTRODUCTORY BOOTSTRAP-LIFTING RELIGION BOOK ONE — The Church of the Conquerors The Priestly Lie The Great Fear Salve Regina!
 Fresh Meat Priestly Empires Prayer-wheels The Butcher-Gods The Holy Inquisition Hell-Fire BOOK TWO — The Church of Good Society The Babylonian Fire-god The Medicine-men The Canonization of Incompetence Gibson's Preservative The Elders Church History Land and Livings Graft in Tail Bishops and Beer Anglicanism and Alcohol Dead Cats Suffer Little Children The Court Circular Horn-blowing Trinity Corporation Spiritual Interpretation BOOK THREE — The Church of the Servant-girls Charity God's Armor Thanksgivings The Holy Roman Empire Temporal Power Knights of Slavery Priests and Police The Church Militant The Church Triumphant God in the Schools The Menace King Coal The Unholy Alliance Secret Service Tax Exemption "Holy History" Das Centrum BOOK FOUR — The Church of the Slavers Face of Caesar Deutschland ueber Alles Der Tag.
 King Cotton Witches and Women Moth and Rust The Octopus The Industrial Shelley The Outlook for Graft Clerical Camouflage The Jungle BOOK FIVE — The Church of the Merchants The Head Merchant "Herr Beeble" Holy Oil Rhetorical Black-hanging The Great American Fraud Riches in Glory Captivating Ideals Spook Hunting Running the Rapids Birth Control Sheep BOOK SIX — The Church of the Quacks Tabula Rasa The Book of Mormon Holy Rolling Bible Prophecy Koreshanity Mazdaznan Black Magic Mental Malpractice Science and Wealth New Nonsense "Dollars Want Me" Spiritual Financiering The Graft of Grace BOOK SEVEN — The Church of the Social Revolution Christ and Caesar Locusts and Wild Honey Mother Earth The Soap Box The Church Machine The Church Redeemed The Desire of Nations The Knowable Nature's Insurgent Son The New Morality Envoi Reader: INTRODUCTORY BOOTSTRAP-LIFTING Bootstrap-lifting? says the reader.

 It is a vision I have seen: upon a vast plain, men and women are gathered in dense throngs, crouched in uncomfortable and distressing positions, their fingers hooked in the straps of their boots. They are engaged in lifting themselves; tugging and straining until they grow red in the face, exhausted. The perspiration streams from their foreheads, they show every symptom of distress; the eyes of all are fixed, not upon each other, nor upon their boot-straps, but upon the sky above. There is a look of rapture upon their faces, and now and then, amid grunts and groans, they cry out with excitement and triumph.

 I approach one and say to him, "Friend, what is this you are doing?"

 He answers, without pausing to glance at me, "I am performing spiritual exercises. See how I rise?"

 "But," I say, "you are not rising at all!"

 Whereat he becomes instantly angry. "You are one of the scoffers!"

 "But, friend," I protest, "don't you feel the earth under your feet?"

 "You are a materialist!"

 "But, friend, I can see—" "You are without spiritual vision!"

 And so I move on among the sweating and groaning hordes. Being of a sympathetic turn of mind, I cannot help being distressed by the prevalence of this singular practice among so large a portion of the human race. How is it possible that none of them should suspect the futility of their procedure? Or can it really be that I am uncomprehending? That in some way they are actually getting off the ground, or about to get off the ground?

 Then I observe a new phenomenon: a man gliding here and there among the bootstrap-lifters, approaching from the rear and slipping his hands into their pockets. The position of the spiritual exercisers greatly facilitates his work; their eyes being cast up to heaven, they do not see him, their thoughts being occupied, they do not heed him; he goes through their pockets at leisure, and transfers the contents to a bag he carries, and then moves on to the next victim. I watch him for a while, and finally approach and ask, "What are you doing, sir?"

 He answers, "I am picking pockets."

 "Oh," I say, puzzled by his matter-of-course tone. "But—I beg pardon—are you a thief?"

 "Oh, no," hie answers, smilingly, "I am the agent of the Wholesale Pickpockets' Association. This is Prosperity."

 "I see," I reply. "And these people let you—" "It is the law," he says. "It is also the gospel."

 I turn, following his glance, and observe another person approaching—a stately figure, clad in scarlet and purple robes, moving with slow dignity. He gazes about at the sweating and grunting hordes; now and then he stops and lifts his hands in a gesture of benediction, and proclaims in rolling tones, "Blessed are the Bootstrap-lifters, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven." He moves on, and after a bit stops and announces again, "Man doth not live by bread alone, but by every word that cometh out of the mouth of the prophets and priests of Bootstrap-lifting."

 Watching a while longer, I see this majestic one approach the agent of the Wholesale Pickpockets' Association. The agent greets him as a friend, and proceeds to transfer to the pockets of his capacious robes a generous share of the loot which he has collected. The majestic one does not


by blood of swine".(2) Apollonius says that the red hand of the murderer was dipped in the blood of swine and then washed.(3) Athenaeus describes a similar unpleasant ceremony.(4) The blood of whelps was apparently used also, men being first daubed with it and then washed clean.(5) The word (Greek text omitted) is again the appropriate ritual term. Such rites Plutarch calls (Greek text omitted), "filthy purifications".(6) If daubing with dirt is known to have been a feature of Greek mysteries, it meets us everywhere among savages. In O-Kee-Pa, that curiously minute account of the Mandan mysteries, Catlin writes that a portion of the frame of the initiate was "covered with clay, which the operator took from a wooden bowl, and with his hand plastered unsparingly over". The fifty young men waiting for initiation "were naked and entirely covered with clay of various colours".(7) The custom is mentioned by Captain John Smith in Virginia.
 Mr. Winwood Reade found it in Africa, where, as among the Mandans and Spartans, cruel torture and flogging accompanied the initiation of young men.(8) In Australia the evidence for daubing the initiate is very abundant.(9) In New Mexico, the Zunis stole Mr. Cushing's black paint, as considering it even better than clay for religious daubing.(10) (1) So Hermann, op. cit., 133.

 (2) Eumenides, 273.

 (3) Argonautica, iv. 693.

 (4) ix. 78. Hermann, from whom the latter passages are borrowed, also quotes the evidence of a vase published by Feuerbach, Lehrbuch, p. 131, with other authorities.

 (5) Plutarch, Quaest. Rom., 68.

 (6) De Superstitione, chap. xii.

 (7) O-Kee-Pa, London, 1867, p. 21.

 (8) Savage Africa, case of Mongilomba; Pausanias, iii. 15.

 (9) Brough Smyth, i. 60.

 (10) Custma and Myth, p. 40.

 4. Another savage rite, the use of serpents in Greek mysteries, is attested by Clemens Alexandrinus and by Demosthenes (loc. cit.). Clemens says the snakes were caressed in representations of the loves of Zeus in serpentine form. The great savage example is that of "the snake-dance of the Moquis," who handle rattle-snakes in the mysteries without being harmed.(1) The dance is partly totemistic, partly meant, like the Thesmophoria, to secure the fertility of the lands of the Moquis of Arizonas. The turndum or (Greek text omitted) is employed. Masks are worn, as in the rites of Demeter Cidiria in Arcadia.(2) (1) The Snake-Dance of the Moquis. By Captain John G. Bourke, London, 1884.

 (2) Pausanias, viii. 16.

 5. This last point of contact between certain Greek and certain savage mysteries is highly important. The argument of Lobeck, in his celebrated work Aglaophamus, is that the Mysteries were of no great moment in religion. Had he known the evidence as to savage initiations, he would have been confirmed in his opinion, for many of the singular Greek rites are clearly survivals from savagery. But was there no more truly religious survival? Pindar is a very ancient witness that things of divine import were revealed. "Happy is he who having seen these things goes under the hollow earth. He knows the end of life, and the god-given beginning."(1) Sophocles "chimes in," as Lobeck says, declaring that the initiate alone LIVE in Hades, while other souls endure all evils. Crinagoras avers that even in life the initiate live secure, and in death are the happier.
 Isagoras declares that about the end of life and all eternity they have sweet hopes.

 (1) Fragm., cxvi., 128 H. p. 265.

 Splendida testimonia, cries Lobeck. He tries to minimise the evidence, remarking that Isocrates promises the very same rewards to all who live justly and righteously. But why not, if to live justly and righteously was part of the teaching of the mysteries of Eleusis? Cicero's evidence, almost a translation of the Greek passages already cited, Lobeck dismisses as purely rhetorical.(1) Lobeck's method is rather cavalier. Pindar and Sophocles meant something of great significance.

 (1) De Legibus ii. 14; Aglaophamus, pp. 69-74.

 Now we have acknowledged savage survivals of ugly rites in the Greek mysteries. But it is only fair to remember that, in certain of the few savage mysteries of which we know the secret, righteousness of life and a knowledge of good are inculcated. This is the case in Australia, and in Central Africa, where to be "uninitiated" is equivalent to being selfish.(1) Thus it seems not improbable that consolatory doctrines were expounded in the Eleusinia, and that this kind of sermon or exhortation was no less a survival from savagery than the daubing with clay, and the (Greek text omitted), and other wild rites.

 (1) Making of Religion, pp. 193-197, 235.

 We have now attempted to establish that in Greek law and ritual many savage customs and usages did undeniably survive. We have seen that both philosophical and popular opinion in Greece believed in a past age of savagery. In law, in religion, in religious art, in custom, in human sacrifice, in relics of totemism, and in the mysteries, we have seen that the Greeks retained plenty of the usages now found among the remotest and most backward races. We have urged against the suggestion of borrowing from Egypt or Asia that these survivals are constantly found in local and tribal religion and rituals, and that consequently they probably date from that remote prehistoric past when the Greeks lived in village settlements.
 It may still doubtless be urged that all these things are Pelasgic, and were the customs of a race settled in Hellas before the arrival of the Homeric Achaeans, and Dorians, and Argives, who, on this hypothesis, adopted and kept up the old savage Pelasgian ways and superstitions. It is impossible to prove or disprove this belief, nor does it affect our argument. We allege that all Greek life below the surface was rich in institutions now found among the most barbaric peoples. These institutions, whether borrowed or inherited, would still be part of the legacy left by savages to cultivated peoples. As this legacy is so large in custom and ritual, it is not unfair to argue that portions of it will also be found in myths. It is now time to discuss Greek myths of the origin of things, and decide whether they are or are not analogous in ideas to the myths which spring from the wild and ignorant fancy of Australians, Cahrocs, Nootkas and Bushmen.

 CHAPTER X. GREEK COSMOGONIC MYTHS.

 Nature of the evidence—Traditions of origin of the world and man—Homeric, Hesiodic and Orphic myths—Later evidence of historians, dramatists, commentators—The Homeric story comparatively pure—The story in Hesiod, and its savage analogues—The explanations of the myth of Cronus, modern and ancient—The Orphic cosmogony—Phanes and Prajapati—Greek myths of the origin of man—Their savage analogues.

 The authorities for Greek cosmogonic myth are extremely various in date, character and value. The most ancient texts are the Iliad and the poems attributed to Hesiod. The Iliad, whatever its date, whatever the place of its composition, was intended to please a noble class of warriors. The Hesiodic poems, at least the Theogony, have clearly a didactic aim, and the intention of presenting a systematic and orderly account of the divine


THE DISGUISING AT HERTFORD By John Lydgate c.1370 - 1449 A verse play written circa 1427.

 This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

 For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'. It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash. Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed. Superscript tildes and mid-script tildes have been removed. Mid-script dots have been changed to colons as they seem to indicate a deliberate suspension. The last four words of the initial rubric (Brys : slayne at Loviers) appear to have been added to the manuscript at a date slightly later than when it was first written.
 Section marks occur in the original without consistency; where these clearly indicate a new section, a blank line has been inserted to produce a similar effect.

 The endnotes include the original stage directions. Two lacunae in the manuscript have been supplied by reference to John Stow's late 16thcentury manuscript copy of the text. The other endnotes are glosses of particular words in the text.

 The transcription of Lydgate's text has also been published in book form under the title 'Lydgate's Disguising at Hertford Castle', including a modern verse translation of the text, an editor's introduction and notes, and a study of the literary and historical background of the play and of its first performance, which took place at Hertford Castle as part of the royal Christmas festivities of, probably, 1427. It is hoped that this additional material will become available as a Project Gutenberg etext.
 Readers interested in the book may wish to have its publication details Copies of the book were distributed by the Society for Theatre Research to its members worldwide in 1998, and can be consulted in the libraries of institutions which subscribe to the Society.

 THE DISGUISING AT HERTFORD GLOSSARY, STAGE DIRECTIONS, NOTES THE DISGUISING AT HERTFORD Nowe folowethe here the maner of a bille by wey of supplicacon putte to the kyng holding his noble feest of Cristmasse in the Castel of Hertford as in a disguysing : of the Rude upplandisshe people compleyning on hir wyves with the boystous aunswere of hir wyves devysed by lydegate at the Request of the Countre Roullour Brys : slayne at Loviers The complaynte of the lewed housbandes wt the cruwell aunswers of theyre wyves herde, the kyng yivethe ther vpon sentence and iugement.

 GLOSSARY, STAGE DIRECTIONS, NOTES


defy the arguments of an opponent; to defy public opinion.

 I once again Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight.

Milton.
 I defy the enemies of our constitution to show the contrary.

Burke.
 De*fy" (?), n. A challenge. [Obs.] Dryden.
 De*gar"nish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degarnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Degarnishing.] [F. dégarnir; pref. dé- , des- (L. dis-) + garnir to furnish. See Garnish, and cf. Disgarnish.] 1. To strip or deprive of entirely, as of furniture, ornaments, etc.; to disgarnish; as, to degarnish a house, etc. [R.]

2. To deprive of a garrison, or of troops necessary for defense; as, to degarnish a city or fort. [R.] Washington.
 De*gar"nish*ment (?), n. The act of depriving, as of furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. [R.]

 { De*gen"der (?), De*gen"er (?), } v. i. [See Degenerate.] To degenerate. [Obs.] "Degendering to hate." Spenser.
 He degenereth into beastliness.

Joye.
 De*gen"er*a*cy (?), n. [From Degenerate, a.] 1. The act of becoming degenerate; a growing worse.

 Willful degeneracy from goodness.

Tillotson.
2. The state of having become degenerate; decline in good qualities; deterioration; meanness.

Degeneracy of spirit in a state of slavery.

Addison.
 To recover mankind out of their universal corruption and degeneracy.

S. Clarke.
 De*gen"er*ate (?), a. [L. degeneratus, p. p. of degenerare to degenerate, cause to degenerate, fr. degener base, degenerate, that departs from its race or kind; de- + genus race, kind.
 See Kin relationship.] Having become worse than one's kind, or one's former state; having declined in worth; having lost in goodness; deteriorated; degraded; unworthy; base; low.

 Faint-hearted and degenerate king.

Shak.
 A degenerate and degraded state.

Milton.
Degenerate from their ancient blood.

Swift.
 These degenerate days.

Pope.
 I had planted thee a noble vine... : how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me?

Jer. ii. 21.
 De*gen"er*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Degenerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Degenerating.] 1. To be or grow worse than one's kind, or than one was originally; hence, to be inferior; to grow poorer, meaner, or more vicious; to decline in good qualities; to deteriorate.

 When wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates into insolence and impiety.

Tillotson.
2. (Biol.) To fall off from the normal quality or the healthy structure of its kind; to become of a lower type.

 De*gen"er*ate*ly (?), adv. In a degenerate manner; unworthily.

 De*gen"er*ate*ness, n. Degeneracy.

 De*gen'er*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. dégénération.]
 1. The act or state of growing worse, or the state of having become worse; decline; degradation; debasement; degeneracy; deterioration.

 Our degeneration and apostasy.

Bates.
2. (Physiol.) That condition of a tissue or an organ in which its vitality has become either diminished or perverted; a substitution of a lower for a higher form of structure; as, fatty degeneration of the liver.

3. (Biol.) A gradual deterioration, from natural causes, of any class of animals or plants or any particular organ or organs; hereditary degradation of type.

4. The thing degenerated. [R.]

 Cockle, aracus,... and other degenerations.

Sir T. Browne.
Amyloid degeneration, Caseous degeneration, etc. See under Amyloid, Caseous, etc.

 De*gen'er*a"tion*ist, n. (Biol.) A believer in the theory of degeneration, or hereditary degradation of type; as, the degenerationists hold that savagery is the result of degeneration from a superior state.

 De*gen"er*a*tive (?), a. Undergoing or producing degeneration; tending to degenerate.

 De*gen"er*ous (?), a. [L. degener. See Degenerate.]
 Degenerate; base. [Obs.] "Degenerous passions." Dryden. "Degenerous practices." South.
 De*gen"er*ous*ly, adv. Basely. [Obs.]

 De*glaz"ing (?), n. The process of giving a dull or ground surface to glass by acid or by mechanical means. Knight.
 De*glo"ried (?), a. Deprived of glory; dishonored. [Obs.] "With thorns degloried." G. Fletcher.
 De*glu"ti*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deglutinating.] [L. deglutinatus, p. p. of deglutinare to deglutinate; de- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] To loosen or separate by dissolving the glue which unties; to unglue.

 De*glu'ti*na"tion (?), n. The act of ungluing.

 Deg'lu*ti"tion (?), n. [L. deglutire to swallow down; de- + glutire to swallow: cf. F. déglutition. See Glut.]
 The act or process of swallowing food; the power of swallowing.

 The muscles employed in the act of deglutition.

Paley.
 Deg'lu*ti"tious (?), a. Pertaining to deglutition. [R.]

 De*glu"ti*to*ry (?), a. Serving for, or aiding in, deglutition.

 Deg'ra*da"tion (?), n. [LL. degradatio, from degradare: cf. F. dégradation. See Degrade.] 1. The act of reducing in rank, character, or reputation, or of abasing; a lowering from one's standing or rank in office or society; diminution; as, the degradation of a peer, a knight, a general, or a bishop.

 He saw many removes and degradations in all the other offices of which he had been possessed.

Clarendon.
2. The state of being reduced in rank, character, or reputation; baseness; moral, physical, or intellectual degeneracy; disgrace; abasement; debasement.

 The... degradation of a needy man of letters.

Macaulay.
 Deplorable is the degradation of our nature.

South.
 Moments there frequently must be, when a sinner is sensible of the degradation of his state.

Blair.
3. Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy, or value; degeneration; deterioration.

 The development and degradation of the alphabetic forms can be traced.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).
4. (Geol.) A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, frost etc.

5. (Biol.) The state or condition of a species or group which exhibits degraded forms; degeneration.

 The degradation of the species man is observed in some of its


RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM By Omar Khayyam Rendered into English Verse by Edward Fitzgerald Contents Introduction Footnotes: First Edition Fifth Edition Notes: Introduction Omar Khayyam, The Astronomer-Poet of Persia.

 Omar Khayyam was born at Naishapur in Khorassan in the latter half of our Eleventh, and died within the First Quarter of our Twelfth Century. The Slender Story of his Life is curiously twined about that of two other very considerable Figures in their Time and Country: one of whom tells the Story of all Three. This was Nizam ul Mulk, Vizier to Alp Arslan the Son, and Malik Shah the Grandson, of Toghrul Beg the Tartar, who had wrested Persia from the feeble Successor of Mahmud the Great, and founded that Seljukian Dynasty which finally roused Europe into the Crusades. This Nizam ul Mulk, in his Wasiyat—or Testament—which he wrote and left as a Memorial for future Statesmen—relates the following, as quoted in the Calcutta Review, No. 59, from Mirkhond's History of the Assassins.

 "'One of the greatest of the wise men of Khorassan was the Imam Mowaffak of Naishapur, a man highly honored and reverenced,—may God rejoice his soul; his illustrious years exceeded eighty-five, and it was the universal belief that every boy who read the Koran or studied the traditions in his presence, would assuredly attain to honor and happiness.
 For this cause did my father send me from Tus to Naishapur with Abd-us-samad, the doctor of law, that I might employ myself in study and learning under the guidance of that illustrious teacher. Towards me he ever turned an eye of favor and kindness, and as his pupil I felt for him extreme affection and devotion, so that I passed four years in his service. When I first came there, I found two other pupils of mine own age newly arrived, Hakim Omar Khayyam, and the illfated Ben Sabbah. Both were endowed with sharpness of wit and the highest natural powers; and we three formed a close friendship together. When the Imam rose from his lectures, they used to join me, and we repeated to each other the lessons we had heard. Now Omar was a native of Naishapur, while Hasan Ben Sabbah's father was one Ali, a man of austere life and practise, but heretical in his creed and doctrine. One day Hasan said to me and to Khayyam, "It is a universal belief that the pupils of the Imam Mowaffak will attain to fortune. Now, even if we all do not attain thereto, without doubt one of us will; what then shall be our mutual pledge and bond?" We answered, "Be it what you please." "Well," he said, "let us make a vow, that to whomsoever this fortune falls, he shall share it equally with the rest, and reserve no pre-eminence for himself." "Be it so," we both replied, and on those terms we mutually pledged our words. Years rolled on, and I went from Khorassan to Transoxiana, and wandered to Ghazni and Cabul; and when I returned, I was invested with office, and rose to be administrator of affairs during the Sultanate of Sultan Alp Arslan.'

 "He goes on to state, that years passed by, and both his old schoolfriends found him out, and came and claimed a share in his good fortune, according to the school-day vow. The Vizier was generous and kept his word. Hasan demanded a place in the government, which the Sultan granted at the Vizier's request; but discontented with a gradual rise, he plunged into the maze of intrigue of an oriental court, and, failing in a base attempt to supplant his benefactor, he was disgraced and fell. After many mishaps and wanderings, Hasan became the head of the Persian sect of the Ismailians,—a party of fanatics who had long murmured in obscurity, but rose to an evil eminence under the guidance of his strong and evil will. In A.D. 1090, he seized the castle of Alamut, in the province of Rudbar, which lies in the mountainous tract south of the Caspian Sea; and it was from this mountain home he obtained that evil celebrity among the Crusaders as the OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS, and spread terror through the Mohammedan world; and it is yet disputed where the word Assassin, which they have left in the language of modern Europe as their dark memorial, is derived from the hashish, or opiate of hemp-leaves (the Indian bhang), with which they maddened themselves to the sullen pitch of oriental desperation, or from the name of the founder of the dynasty, whom we have seen in his quiet collegiate days, at Naishapur. One of the countless victims of the Assassin's dagger was Nizam ul Mulk himself, the old school-boy friend.1 "Omar Khayyam also came to the Vizier to claim his share; but not to ask for title or office. 'The greatest boon you can confer on me,' he said, 'is to let me live in a corner under the shadow of your fortune, to spread wide the advantages of Science, and pray for your long life and prosperity.' The Vizier tells us, that when he found Omar was really sincere in his refusal, he pressed him no further, but granted him a yearly pension of 1200 mithkals of gold from the treasury of Naishapur.

 "At Naishapur thus lived and died Omar Khayyam, 'busied,' adds the Vizier, 'in winning knowledge of every kind, and especially in Astronomy, wherein he attained to a very high pre-eminence. Under the Sultanate of Malik Shah, he came to Merv, and obtained great praise for his proficiency in science, and the Sultan showered favors upon him.'

 "When the Malik Shah determined to reform the calendar, Omar was one of the eight learned men employed to do it; the result was the Jalali era (so called from Jalal-ud-din, one of the king's names)—'a computation of time,' says Gibbon, 'which surpasses the Julian, and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style.' He is also the author of some astronomical tables, entitled 'Ziji-Malikshahi,' and the French have lately republished and translated an Arabic Treatise of his on Algebra.

 "His Takhallus or poetical name (Khayyam) signifies a Tent-maker, and he is said to have at one time exercised that trade, perhaps before Nizam-ul-Mulk's generosity raised him to independence. Many Persian poets similarly derive their names from their occupations; thus we have Attar, 'a druggist,' Assar, 'an oil presser,' etc.2 Omar himself alludes to his name in the following whimsical lines:— "We have only one more anecdote to give of his Life, and that relates to the close; it is told in the anonymous preface which is sometimes prefixed to his poems; it has been printed in the Persian in the Appendix to Hyde's Veterum Persarum Religio, p. 499; and D'Herbelot alludes to it in his Bibliotheque, under Khiam.3— "'It is written in the chronicles of the ancients that this King of the Wise, Omar Khayyam, died at Naishapur in the year of the Hegira, 517 (A.D.
 1123); in science he was unrivaled,—the very paragon of his age.
 Khwajah Nizami of Samarcand, who was one of his pupils, relates the following story: "I often used to hold conversations with my teacher, Omar Khayyam, in a garden; and one day he said to me, 'My tomb shall be in a spot where the north wind may scatter roses over it


-complement machine. If the result loops with period greater than 1, including the beginning, you are on a ones-complement machine. If the result loops with period greater than 1, not including the beginning, your machine isn't binary -- the pattern should tell you the base. If you run out of memory, you are on a string or bignum system. If arithmetic overflow is a fatal error, some fascist pig with a read-only mind is trying to enforce machine independence.
But the very ability to trap overflow is machine dependent. By this strategy, consider the universe, or, more precisely, algebra: Let X = the sum of many powers of 2 = ...111111 (base 2). Now add X to itself: X + X = ...111110. Thus, 2X = X - 1, so X = -1. Therefore algebra is run on a machine (the universe) that is two's-complement.
Item 174 (Bill Gosper and Stuart Nelson): 21963283741 is the only number such that if you represent it on the PDP-10 as both an integer and a floating-point number, the bit patterns of the two representations are identical.
Item 176 (Gosper): The "banana phenomenon" was encountered when processing a character string by taking the last 3 letters typed out, searching for a random occurrence of that sequence in the text, taking the letter following that occurrence, typing it out, and iterating. This ensures that every 4-letter string output occurs in the original. The program typed BANANANANANANANA.... We note an ambiguity in the phrase, "the Nth occurrence of." In one sense, there are five 00's in _PHONE_; in another, there are nine. The editing program TECO finds five. Thus it finds only the first ANA in BANANA, and is thus obligated to type N next. By Murphy's Law, there is but one NAN, thus forcing A, and thus a loop. An option to find overlapped instances would be useful, although it would require backing up N - 1 characters before seeking the next N-character string.
Note: This last item refers to a Dissociated Press implementation.
See also banana problem.
HAKMEM also contains some rather more complicated mathematical and technical items, but these examples show some of its fun flavor.
An HTML transcription of the entire document is available at _URL_
Node:hakspek, Next:Halloween Documents, Previous:HAKMEM, Up:= H = hakspek /hak'speek/ n. A shorthand method of spelling found on many British academic bulletin boards and talker systems. Syllables and whole words in a sentence are replaced by single ASCII characters the names of which are phonetically similar or equivalent, while multiple letters are usually dropped. Hence, 'for' becomes '4'; 'two', 'too', and 'to' become '2'; 'ck' becomes 'k'. "Before I see you tomorrow" becomes "b4 i c u 2moro". First appeared in London about 1986, and was probably caused by the slowness of available talker systems, which operated on archaic machines with outdated operating systems and no standard methods of communication. Has become rarer since. See also talk mode.
Node:Halloween Documents, Next:hammer, Previous:hakspek, Up:= H = Halloween Documents n. A pair of Microsoft internal strategy memoranda leaked to ESR in late 1998 that confirmed everybody's paranoia about the current Evil Empire. These documents praised the technical excellence of Linux and outlined a counterstrategy of attempting to lock in customers by "de-commoditizing" Internet protocols and services. They were extensively cited on the Internet and in the press and proved so embarrassing that Microsoft PR barely said a word in public for six months afterwards.
Node:hammer, Next:hamster, Previous:Halloween Documents, Up:= H = hammer vt.
Commonwealth hackish syn. for bang on.
Node:hamster, Next:HAND, Previous:hammer, Up:= H = hamster n.
1. [Fairchild] A particularly slick little piece of code that does one thing well; a small, self-contained hack. The image is of a hamster happily spinning its exercise wheel. 2. A tailless mouse; that is, one with an infrared link to a receiver on the machine, as opposed to the conventional cable. 3. [UK] Any item of hardware made by Amstrad, a company famous for its cheap plastic PC-almost-compatibles.
Node:HAND, Next:hand cruft, Previous:hamster, Up:= H = HAND // [Usenet: very common] Abbreviation: Have A Nice Day. Typically used to close a Usenet posting, but also used to informally close emails; often preceded by HTH.
Node:hand cruft, Next:hand-hacking, Previous:HAND, Up:= H = hand cruft vt.
[pun on 'hand craft'] See cruft, sense 3.
Node:hand-hacking, Next:hand-roll, Previous:hand cruft, Up:= H = hand-hacking n.
1. [rare] The practice of translating hot spots from an HLL into hand-tuned assembler, as opposed to trying to coerce the compiler into generating better code. Both the term and the practice are becoming uncommon. See tune, bum, by hand; syn. with v. cruft. 2. [common] More generally, manual construction or patching of data sets that would normally be generated by a translation utility and interpreted by another program, and aren't really designed to be read or modified by humans.
Node:hand-roll, Next:handle, Previous:hand-hacking, Up:= H = hand-roll v.
[from obs. mainstream slang 'hand-rolled' in opposition to 'ready-made', referring to cigarettes] To perform a normally automated software installation or configuration process by hand; implies that the normal process failed due to bugs in the configurator or was defeated by something exceptional in the local environment. "The worst thing about being a gateway between four different nets is having to hand-roll a new sendmail configuration every time any of them upgrades."
Node:handle, Next:handshaking, Previous:hand-roll, Up:= H = handle n.
1. [from CB slang] An electronic pseudonym; a 'nom de guerre' intended to conceal the user's true identity. Network and BBS handles function as the same sort of simultaneous concealment and display one finds on Citizen's Band radio, from which the term was adopted. Use of grandiose handles is characteristic of warez d00dz, crackers, weenies, spods, and other lower forms of network life; true hackers travel on their own reputations rather than invented legendry. Compare nick, screen name. 2. A magic cookie, often in the form of a numeric index into some array somewhere, through which you can manipulate an object like a file or window. The form 'file handle' is especially common. 3.
[Mac] A pointer to a pointer to dynamically-allocated memory; the extra level of indirection allows on-the-fly memory compaction (to cut down on fragmentation) or aging out of unused resources, with minimal impact on the (possibly multiple) parts of the larger program containing references to the allocated memory.
Compare snap (to snap a handle would defeat its purpose); see also aliasing bug, dangling pointer.
Node:handshaking, Next:handwave, Previous:handle, Up:= H = handshaking n.
[very common] Hardware or software activity designed to start or keep two machines or programs in synchronization as they do protocol. Often applied to human activity; thus, a hacker might watch two people in conversation nodding their heads to indicate that they have heard each others' points and say "Oh, they're handshaking!". See also protocol.
Node:handwave, Next:hang, Previous:handshaking, Up:= H = handwave [poss. from gestures characteristic of stage magicians] 1. v. To gloss over a complex point; to distract a listener; to support a (possibly actually valid) point with blatantly faulty logic. 2. n. The act of handwaving. "Boy, what a handwave!"
If someone starts a sentence with "Clearly..." or "Obviously..." or "It is self-evident


that, cried so long and lustily that all the women in the Glynn house opposite were on the alert, and also some of the friends who were calling there. Abby Simson was one.

 "Harry Lawton has been there over an hour now," said Abby, while the wailing continued, "and I know as well as I want to that there will be a wedding." "I wonder he doesn't object to that adopted baby," said Julia Esterbrook.

 "I know one thing," said Abby Simson. "It must be a boy baby, it hollers so."


trussed up in his wallet.

Chaucer.
2. To take fast hold of; to seize and hold firmly; to pounce upon.
 [Obs.]

 Who trussing me as eagle doth his prey.

Spenser.
3. To strengthen or stiffen, as a beam or girder, by means of a brace or braces.

4. To skewer; to make fast, as the wings of a fowl to the body in cooking it.

5. To execute by hanging; to hang; — usually with up.
 [Slang.] Sir W. Scott.
To truss a person or one's self, to adjust and fasten the clothing of; especially, to draw tight and tie the laces of garments.
 [Obs.] "Enter Honeysuckle, in his nightcap, trussing himself." J. Webster (1607). — To truss up, to strain; to make close or tight. — Trussed beam, a beam which is stiffened by a system of braces constituting a truss of which the beam is a chord.

 Truss"ing (?), n. 1. (Arch. & Engin.) The timbers, etc., which form a truss, taken collectively. Weale.
2. (Arch. & Engin.) The art of stiffening or bracing a set of timbers, or the like, by putting in struts, ties, etc., till it has something of the character of a truss.

3. The act of a hawk, or other bird of prey, in seizing its quarry, and soaring with it into air. [Obs.]

 Trust (?), n. [OE. trust, trost, Icel. traust confidence, security; akin to Dan. & Sw. tröst comfort, consolation, G. trost, Goth. trausti a convention, covenant, and E. true. See True, and cf. Tryst.] 1. Assured resting of the mind on the integrity, veracity, justice, friendship, or other sound principle, of another person; confidence; reliance; reliance. "O ever-failing trust in mortal strength!" Milton.
 Most take things upon trust.

Locke.
2. Credit given; especially, delivery of property or merchandise in reliance upon future payment; exchange without immediate receipt of an equivalent; as, to sell or buy goods on trust.

3. Assured anticipation; dependence upon something future or contingent, as if present or actual; hope; belief. "Such trust have we through Christ." 2 Cor. iii. 4.
 His trust was with the Eternal to be deemed Equal in strength.

Milton.
4. That which is committed or intrusted to one; something received in confidence; charge; deposit.

5. The condition or obligation of one to whom anything is confided; responsible charge or office.

 [I] serve him truly that will put me in trust.

Shak.
 Reward them well, if they observe their trust.

Denham.
6. That upon which confidence is reposed; ground of reliance; hope.

 O Lord God, thou art my trust from my youth.

Ps. lxxi. 5.
7. (Law) An estate devised or granted in confidence that the devisee or grantee shall convey it, or dispose of the profits, at the will, or for the benefit, of another; an estate held for the use of another; a confidence respecting property reposed in one person, who is termed the trustee, for the benefit of another, who is called the cestui que trust.

8. An organization formed mainly for the purpose of regulating the supply and price of commodities, etc.; as, a sugar trust. [Cant] Syn. — Confidence; belief; faith; hope; expectation.

Trust deed (Law), a deed conveying property to a trustee, for some specific use.

 Trust, a. Held in trust; as, trust property; trustmoney.

 Trust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trusted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Trusting.] [OE. trusten, trosten. See Trust, n.]
 1. To place confidence in; to rely on, to confide, or repose faith, in; as, we can not trust those who have deceived us.

 I will never trust his word after.

Shak.
 He that trusts every one without reserve will at last be deceived.

Johnson.
2. To give credence to; to believe; to credit.

Trust me, you look well.

Shak.
3. To hope confidently; to believe; — usually with a phrase or infinitive clause as the object.

 I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face.

2 John 12.
 We trustwe have a good conscience.

Heb. xiii. 18.
4. to show confidence in a person by intrusting (him) with something.

 Whom, with your power and fortune, sir, you trust, Now to suspect is vain.

Dryden.
5. To commit, as to one's care; to intrust.

 Merchants were not willing to trust precious cargoes to any custody but that of a man-of-war.

Macaulay.
6. To give credit to; to sell to upon credit, or in confidence of future payment; as, merchants and manufacturers trust their customers annually with goods.

7. To risk; to venture confidently.

 [Beguiled] by thee to trust thee from my side.

Milton.
 Trust, v. i. 1. To have trust; to be credulous; to be won to confidence; to confide.

 More to know could not be more to trust.

Shak.
2. To be confident, as of something future; to hope.

 I will trust and not be afraid.

Isa. xii. 2.
3. To sell or deliver anything in reliance upon a promise of payment; to give credit.

 It is happier sometimes to be cheated than not to trust.

Johnson.
To trust in, To trust on, to place confidence in,; to rely on; to depend. "Trust in the Lord, and do good." Ps. xxxvii. 3.
 "A priest... on whom we trust." Chaucer.
 Her widening streets on new foundations trust.

Dryden.
 — To trust to or unto, to depend on; to have confidence in; to rely on.

 They trusted unto the liers in wait.

Judges xx. 36.
 Trus*tee" (?), n. (Law) A person to whom property is legally committed in trust, to be applied either for the benefit of specified individuals, or for public uses; one who is intrusted with property for the benefit of another; also, a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached in a trustee process.

Trustee process (Law), a process by which a creditor may attach his debtor's goods, effects, and credits, in the hands of a third person; — called, in some States, the process of foreign attachment, garnishment, or factorizing process. [U. S.]

 Trus*tee" (?), v. t. 1. To commit (property) to the care of a trustee; as, to trustee an estate.

2. (Law) To attach (a debtor's wages, credits, or property in the hands of a third person) in the interest of the creditor. [U. S.]

 Trus*tee"ship, n. The office or duty of a trustee.

 Trust"er (?), n. 1. One who trusts, or credits.

2. (Scots Law) One who makes a trust; — the correlative of trustee.

 Trust"ful (?), a. 1. Full of trust; trusting.

2. Worthy of trust; faithful; trusty; trustworthy.

 — Trust"ful*ly,adv. — Trust"ful*ness, n. Trust"i*ly (?), adv. In a trusty manner.

 Trust"i*ness, n. The quality or state


3.5" microfloppies as '1.44 MB' In fact, this is a completely bogus number. The correct size is 1440 KB, that is, 1440 * 1024 = _PHONE_ bytes. So the 'mega' in '1.44 MB' is compounded of two 'kilos', one of which is 1024 and the other of which is 1000. The correct number of megabytes would of course be 1440 / 1024 = 1.40625. Alas, this fine point is probably lost on the world forever.
[1993 update: hacker Morgan Burke has proposed, to general approval on Usenet, the following additional prefixes: groucho 10^(-30) harpo 10^(-27) harpi 10^(27) grouchi 10^(30) We observe that this would leave the prefixes zeppo-, gummo-, and chicoavailable for future expansion. Sadly, there is little immediate prospect that Mr. Burke's eminently sensible proposal will be ratified.]
[1999 upate: there is an IEC proposal for binary multipliers, but no evidence that any of its proposals are in live use.]
Node:quantum bogodynamics, Next:quarter, Previous:quantifiers, Up:= Q = quantum bogodynamics /kwon'tm boh'goh-di:-nam'iks/ n. A theory that characterizes the universe in terms of bogon sources (such as politicians, used-car salesmen, TV evangelists, and suits in general), bogon sinks (such as taxpayers and computers), and bogosity potential fields.
Bogon absorption, of course, causes human beings to behave mindlessly and machines to fail (and may also cause both to emit secondary bogons); however, the precise mechanics of the bogon-computron interaction are not yet understood and remain to be elucidated. Quantum bogodynamics is most often invoked to explain the sharp increase in hardware and software failures in the presence of suits; the latter emit bogons, which the former absorb. See bogon, computron, suit, psyton.
Node:quarter, Next:ques, Previous:quantum bogodynamics, Up:= Q = quarter n. Two bits. This in turn comes from the 'pieces of eight' famed in pirate movies -- Spanish silver crowns that could be broken into eight pie-slice-shaped 'bits' to make change. Early in American history the Spanish coin was considered equal to a dollar, so each of these 'bits' was considered worth 12.5 cents.
Syn. tayste, crumb, quad. Usage: rare. General discussion of such terms is under nybble.
Node:ques, Next:quick-and-dirty, Previous:quarter, Up:= Q = ques /kwes/ 1. n. The question mark character (?, ASCII _PHONE_). 2. interj. What? Also frequently verb-doubled as "Ques ques?" See wall.
Node:quick-and-dirty, Next:quine, Previous:ques, Up:= Q = quick-and-dirty adj.
[common] Describes a crock put together under time or user pressure. Used esp. when you want to convey that you think the fast way might lead to trouble further down the road. "I can have a quick-and-dirty fix in place tonight, but I'll have to rewrite the whole module to solve the underlying design problem." See also kluge.
Node:quine, Next:quote chapter and verse, Previous:quick-and-dirty, Up:= Q = quine /kwi:n/ n.
[from the name of the logician Willard van Orman Quine, via Douglas Hofstadter] A program that generates a copy of its own source text as its complete output. Devising the shortest possible quine in some given programming language is a common hackish amusement. (We ignore some variants of BASIC in which a program consisting of a single empty string literal reproduces itself trivially.) Here is one classic quine: This one works in LISP or Scheme. It's relatively easy to write quines in other languages such as Postscript which readily handle programs as data; much harder (and thus more challenging!)
in languages like C which do not. Here is a classic C quine for ASCII machines: For excruciatingly exact quinishness, remove the interior line breaks. Here is another elegant quine in ANSI C: Some infamous Obfuscated C Contest entries have been quines that reproduced in exotic ways. There is an amusing Quine Home Page.
Node:quote chapter and verse, Next:quotient, Previous:quine, Up:= Q = quote chapter and verse v.
[by analogy with the mainstream phrase] To cite a relevant excerpt from an appropriate bible. "I don't care if rn gets it wrong; 'Followup-To: poster' is explicitly permitted by RFC-1036. I'll quote chapter and verse if you don't believe me." See also legalese, language lawyer, RTFS (sense 2).
Node:quotient, Next:quux, Previous:quote chapter and verse, Up:= Q = quotient n. See coefficient of X. Node:quux, Next:qux, Previous:quotient, Up:= Q = quux /kwuhks/ n.
[Mythically, from the Latin semi-deponent verb quuxo, quuxare, quuxandum iri; noun form variously 'quux' (plural 'quuces', anglicized to 'quuxes') and 'quuxu' (genitive plural is 'quuxuum', for four u-letters out of seven in all, using up all the 'u' letters in Scrabble).] 1. Originally, a metasyntactic variable like foo and foobar. Invented by Guy Steele for precisely this purpose when he was young and naive and not yet interacting with the real computing community. Many people invent such words; this one seems simply to have been lucky enough to have spread a little. In an eloquent display of poetic justice, it has returned to the originator in the form of a nickname. 2. interj. See foo; however, denotes very little disgust, and is uttered mostly for the sake of the sound of it. 3. Guy Steele in his persona as 'The Great Quux', which is somewhat infamous for light verse and for the 'Crunchly' cartoons. 4. In some circles, used as a punning opposite of 'crux'. "Ah, that's the quux of the matter!" implies that the point is not crucial (compare tip of the ice-cube). 5. quuxy: adj. Of or pertaining to a quux.
Node:qux, Next:QWERTY, Previous:quux, Up:= Q = qux /kwuhks/ The fourth of the standard metasyntactic variable, after baz and before the quu(u...)x series. See foo, bar, baz, quux. This appears to be a recent mutation from quux, and many versions (especially older versions) of the standard series just run foo, bar, baz, quux,.... Node:QWERTY, Next:rabbit job, Previous:qux, Up:= Q = QWERTY /kwer'tee/ adj.
[from the keycaps at the upper left] Pertaining to a standard English-language typewriter keyboard (sometimes called the Sholes keyboard after its inventor), as opposed to Dvorak or non-US-ASCII layouts or a space-cadet keyboard or APL keyboard.
Historical note: The QWERTY layout is a fine example of a fossil. It is sometimes said that it was designed to slow down the typist, but this is wrong; it was designed to allow faster typing -- under a constraint now long obsolete. In early typewriters, fast typing using nearby type-bars jammed the mechanism. So Sholes fiddled the layout to separate the letters of many common digraphs (he did a far from perfect job, though; 'th', 'tr', 'ed', and 'er', for example, each use two nearby keys). Also, putting the letters of 'typewriter' on one line allowed it to be typed with particular speed and accuracy for demos. The jamming problem was essentially solved soon afterward by a suitable use of springs, but the


a newsgroup with multiple copies of a message. This is more specifically called 'EMP', Excessive Multi-Posting. 5. To mass-mail unrequested identical or nearly-identical email messages, particularly those containing advertising. Especially used when the mail addresses have been culled from network traffic or databases without the consent of the recipients. Synonyms include UCE, UBE. 6. Any large, annoying, quantity of output. For instance, someone on IRC who walks away from their screen and comes back to find 200 lines of text might say "Oh no, spam".
The later definitions have become much more prevalent as the Internet has opened up to non-techies, and to most people senses 3 4 and 5 are now primary. All three behaviors are considered abuse of the net, and are almost universally grounds for termination of the originator's email account or network connection. In these senses the term 'spam' has gone mainstream, though without its original sense or folkloric freight - there is apparently a widespread myth among lusers that "spamming" is what happens when you dump cans of Spam into a revolving fan.
Node:spam bait, Next:spamblock, Previous:spam, Up:= S = spam bait n. Email addresses included in, or comprising the entirety of, a usenet message so that spammers mining a newsgroup with an address harvester will collect them. These addresses can be people who have offended or annoyed the poster, or who are included so that a spammer will spam an official, thereby causing himself trouble. One particularly effective form of spam bait is the address of a teergrube.
Node:spamblock, Next:spamhaus, Previous:spam bait, Up:= S = spamblock /spam'blok/ n.
[poss. by analogy to sunblock] Text inserted in an email address to render it invalid and thus useless to spammers. For example, the address '_EMAIL_' might be transformed to '_EMAIL_'. Adding spamblock to an address is often referred to as 'munging' it (see munge)-. This evasion tactic depends on the fact that most spammers collect names with some sort of address harvester on volumes too high to de-mung by hand, but individual humans reading an email message can readily spot and remove a spamblock in the from address.
Note: This is not actually a very effective tactic, and may already be passing out of use in early 1999 after about two years of life. In both mail and news, it's essentially impossible to keep a smart address harvester from mining out the addresses in the message header and trace lines. Therefore the only people who can be protected are third parties mentioned by email address in the message - not a common enough case to interest spammers.
Node:spamhaus, Next:spamvertize, Previous:spamblock, Up:= S = spamhaus spam'hows n. Pejorative term for an internet service provider that permits or even encourages spam mailings from its systems. The plural is 'spamhausen'. There is a web page devoted to tracking spamhausen.
The most notorious of the spamhausen was Sanford Wallace's Cyber Promotions Inc., shut down by a lawsuit on 16 October 1997.
The anniversary of the shutdown is celebrated on Usenet as Spam Freedom Day, but lesser imitators of the Spamford still infest various murky corners of the net. Since prosecution of spammers became routine under the junk-fax laws and statues specifically targeting spam, spamhausen have declined in relative importance; today, hit-and-run attacks by spammers using relay rape and throwaway accounts on reputable ISPs seem to account for most of the flow.
Node:spamvertize, Next:spangle, Previous:spamhaus, Up:= S = spamvertize v. To advertise using spam.
Pejorative.
Node:spangle, Next:spawn, Previous:spamvertize, Up:= S = spangle n.
[UK] The singular of bells and whistles. See also spungle.
Node:spawn, Next:special-case, Previous:spangle, Up:= S = spawn n.,vi.
1. [techspeak] In UNIX parlance, to create a child process from within a process. Technically this is a 'fork'; the term 'spawn' is a bit more general and is used for threads (lightweight processes) as well as traditional heavyweight processes. 2. In gaming, meant to indicate where ('spawn-point') and when a player comes to life (or 're-spawns') after being killed. Opposite of frag.
Node:special-case, Next:speedometer, Previous:spawn, Up:= S = special-case vt.
To write unique code to handle input to or situations arising in a program that are somehow distinguished from normal processing. This would be used for processing of mode switches or interrupt characters in an interactive interface (as opposed, say, to text entry or normal commands), or for processing of hidden flags in the input of a batch program or filter.
Node:speedometer, Next:spell, Previous:special-case, Up:= S = speedometer n. A pattern of lights displayed on a linear set of LEDs (today) or nixie tubes (yesterday, on ancient mainframes). The pattern is shifted left every N times the operating system goes through its main loop. A swiftly moving pattern indicates that the system is mostly idle; the speedometer slows down as the system becomes overloaded. The speedometer on Sun Microsystems hardware bounces back and forth like the eyes on one of the Cylons from the wretched "Battlestar Galactica" TV series.
Historical note: One computer, the GE 600 (later Honeywell 6000) actually had an analog speedometer on the front panel, calibrated in instructions executed per second.
Node:spell, Next:spelling flame, Previous:speedometer, Up:= S = spell n. Syn. incantation.
Node:spelling flame, Next:spider, Previous:spell, Up:= S = spelling flame n. // [Usenet] A posting ostentatiously correcting a previous article's spelling as a way of casting scorn on the point the article was trying to make, instead of actually responding to that point (compare dictionary flame). Of course, people who are more than usually slovenly spellers are prone to think any correction is a spelling flame. It's an amusing comment on human nature that spelling flames themselves often contain spelling errors.
Node:spider, Next:spider food, Previous:spelling flame, Up:= S = spider The Web-walking part of a search engine that collects pages for indexing in the search engine's database. Also called a bot. The best-known spider is Scooter, the web-walker for the Alta Vista search engine.
Node:spider food, Next:spiffy, Previous:spider, Up:= S = spider food n. Keywords embedded (usually invisibly) into a web page to attract search engines (spiders). The intended result of including spider food in one's web page is to insure that the page appears high on the list of matching entries to a search engine query. There are right and wrong ways to do this; the right way is a discreet 'meta keywords' tag, the wrong way is to embed many repeats of a keyword in comments (and many search engines now detect and ignore the latter).
Node:spiffy, Next:spike, Previous:spider food, Up:= S = spiffy /spi'fee/ adj.
1. Said of programs having a pretty, clever, or exceptionally well-designed interface. "Have you seen the spiffy X version of empire yet?" 2. Said sarcastically of a program that is perceived to have little more than a flashy interface going for it. Which meaning should be drawn depends delicately on tone of voice and context. This word was common mainstream slang during the 1940s, in a sense close to 1.
Node:spike, Next:spin, Previous:spiffy, Up:= S = spike v. To defeat a selection mechanism by introducing a (sometimes temporary) device that forces a specific result. The word is used in several industries; telephone engineers refer to spiking a relay by inserting a pin to hold the relay in either the closed or open state, and railroaders refer to spiking a track switch so that it cannot


.

5. (Scots Law) A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.

6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng.]

Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the secretary of briefs, dated "a die Nativitatis," i. e., "from the day of the Nativity," and sealed with the ring of the fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, written character, date, and seal. See Bull. -- Brief of title, an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. -- In brief, in a few words; in short; briefly. "Open the matter in brief." Shak.
 Brief, v. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings.

 Brief"less (&?;), a. Having no brief; without clients; as, a briefless barrister.

 Brief"ly (&?;), adv. Concisely; in few words.

 Brief"man (&?;), n. 1. One who makes a brief.

2. A copier of a manuscript.

 Brief"ness (&?;), n. The quality of being brief; brevity; conciseness in discourse or writing.

 { Bri"er, Bri"ar } (&?;), n. [OE. brere, brer, AS. brr, brær; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael. preas bush, brier, W. prys, prysg.]
 1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax.

2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings.

 The thorns and briers of reproof. Cowper.
Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walteri; -- used for tobacco pipes. -- Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia, etc.) -- Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbrier. - - Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina.

 Bri"ered (&?;), a. Set with briers. Chatterton.
 Bri"er*y (&?;), a. Full of briers; thorny.

 Bri"er*y, n. A place where briers grow. Huloet.
 Brig (brg), n. A bridge. [Scot.] Burns.
 Brig, n. [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.) A two-masted, square-rigged vessel.

Hermaphrodite brig, a two-masted vessel squarerigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Bri*gade" (&?;), n. [F. brigade, fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, originally, a contending troop, fr. briga trouble, quarrel. See Brigand.] 1. (Mil.) A body of troops, whether cavalry, artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more regiments, under the command of a brigadier general.

 Two or more brigades constitute a division, commanded by a major general; two or more divisions constitute an army corps, or corps d'armée.
 [U.S.]

2. Any body of persons organized for acting or marching together under authority; as, a fire brigade.

Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect troops in companies before they are mustered into service. -- Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties.

 Bri*gade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into brigades.

 Brig'a*dier" gen"er*al (&?;). [F. brigadier, fr. brigade.]
 (Mil.) An officer in rank next above a colonel, and below a major general. He commands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shortening of his title, simple a brigadier.

 Brig"and (brg"and), n. [F. brigand, OF. brigant light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier (cf. It.
 brigante.) fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break; cf. Goth. brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brigue.] 1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.]

2. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder; one of a band of robbers; especially, one of a gang living in mountain retreats; a highwayman; a freebooter.

 Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti. Jeffery.
 Brig"and*age (-j), n. [F. brigandage.] Life and practice of brigands; highway robbery; plunder.

 Brig"an*dine (&?;), n. [F. brigandine (cf. It. brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.] A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4.
 Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet, And brigandine of brass. Milton.
 Brig"and*ish (&?;), a. Like a brigand or freebooter; robberlike.

 Brig"and*ism (&?;), n. Brigandage.

 Brig"an*tine (&?;), n. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigantino, originally, a practical vessel. See Brigand, and cf. Brig] 1. A practical vessel. [Obs.]

2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail.

3. See Brigandine.

 Brig"ge (&?;), n. A bridge. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bright (&?;), v. i. See Brite, v. i. Bright (&?;), a. [OE. briht, AS. beorht, briht; akin to OS. berht, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth.
 baírhts. √94.] 1. Radiating or reflecting light; shedding or having much light; shining; luminous; not dark.

 The sun was bright o'erhead. Longfellow.
 The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright. Drake.
 The public places were as bright as at noonday. Macaulay.
2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent.

 From the brightest wines He 'd turn abhorrent. Thomson.
3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye; resplendent with charms; as, bright beauty.

Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky. Parnell.
4. Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent.

5. Sparkling with wit; lively; vivacious; shedding cheerfulness and joy around; cheerful; cheery.

 Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak.
6. Illustrious; glorious.

 In the brightest annals of a female reign. Cotton.
7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes; clear; evident; plain.

 That he may with more ease


Wife dcccxcvi [896] h. The Old Woman, the Merchant and the King dcccxcvi [896] i. The Credulous Husband dcccxcviii [898] j. The Unjust King and the Tither dcccxcix [899] ja. Story of David and Solomon dcccxcix [899] k. The Thief and the Woman dcccxcix [899] l. The Three Men and our Lord Jesus dcccci [901] la. The Disciple's Story dcccci [901] m. The Dethroned King whose Kingdom and Good were Restored to Him dcccci [901] n. The Man whose Caution was the Cause of his Death dcccciii [903] o. The Man who was lavish of his House and his Victual to one whom he knew not dcccciv [904] p. The Idiot and the Sharper dccccv [905] q. Khelbes and his Wife and the Learned Man dccccvi [906] r. The Pious Woman accused of Lewdness dccccvii [907] s. The Journeyman and the Girl dccccix [909] t. The Weaver who became a Physician by his Wife's Commandment dccccix [909] u. The Two Sharpers who cheated each his Fellow dccccxi [911] v. The Sharpers with the Money-Changer and the Ass dccccxiv [914] w. The Sharper and the Merchants dccccxv [915] wa. The Hawk and the Locust dccccxvi [916] x. The King and his Chamberlain's Wife dccccxvii [917] xa. The Old Woman and the Draper's Wife dccccxvii [917] y. The foul-favoured Man and his Fair Wife dccccxviii [918] z. The King who lost Kingdom and Wife and Wealth and God restored them to him dccccxvix [919] za. Selim and Selma dccccxxii [922] zb. The King of Hind and his Vizier dccccxxviii [928] 111. El Melik er Zahir Rukneddin Bibers el Bunducdari and the Sixteen Officers of Police dccccxxx [930] a. The First Officer's Story dccccxxx [930] b. The Second Officer's Story dccccxxxii [932] c. The Third Officer's Story dccccxxxii [932] d. The Fourth Officer's Story dccccxxxiv [934] e. The Fifth Officer's Story dccccxxxiv [934] f. The Sixth Officer's Story dccccxxxiv [934] g. The Seventh Officer's Story dccccxxxiv [934] h. The Eighth Officer's Story dccccxxxv [935] ha. The Thief's Story dccccxxxviii [938] i. The Ninth Officer's Story dccccxxxviii [938] j. The Tenth Officer's Story dccccxxxviii [938] k. The Eleventh Officer's Story dccccxxxviii [938] l. The Twelfth Officer's Story dccccxxxxix [939] m. The Thirteenth Officer's Story dcccccxxxix [939] n. The Fourteenth Officer's Story dccccxxxxix [939] na. A Merry Jest of a Thief dccccxl [940] nb. Story of the Old Sharper dccccxl [940] o. The Fifteenth Officer's Story dccccxl [940] p. The Sixteenth Officer's Story dccccxl [940] 112. Abdallah ben Nafi and the King's Son of Cashghar dccccxli [941] a. Story of Tuhfet el Culoub and Haroun er Reshid dccccxlii [942] 113. Noureddin Ali and Sitt el Milah dcccclviii [958] 114. El Abbas and the King's Daughter of Baghdad dcccclxvi [966] 115. The Malice of Women dcccclxxix [979] a. The King and his Vizier's Wife dcccclxxx [980] b. The Merchant's Wife and the Parrot dcccclxxx [980] c. The Fuller and his Son dcccclxxx [980] d. The Lover's Trick against the Chaste Wife dcccclxxx [980] e. The Niggard and the Loaves of Bread dcccclxxx [980] f. The Lady and her Two Lovers dcccclxxx [980] g. The King's Son and the Ogress dcccclxxxv [985] h. The Drop of Honey dcccclxxxvi [986] i. The Woman who make her Husband Sift Dust dcccclxxxvi [986] j. The Enchanted Springs dcccclxxxvi [986] k. The Vizier's Son and the Bathkeeper's Wife dcccclxxxviii [988] 1. The Wife's Device to Cheat her Husband dcccclxxxix [989] m. The Goldsmith and the Cashmere Singing-Girl dccccxc [990] n. The Man who never Laughed again dccccxci [991] o. The King's Son and the Merchant's Wife dccccxciii [993] p. The Man who saw the Night of Power dccccxciii [993] q. The Stolen Necklace dccccxciv [994] r. Prince Behram of Persia and the Princess Ed Detma dccccxciv [994] s. The House with the Belvedere dccccxcv [995] t. The Sandalwood Merchant and the Sharpers dccccxcviii [998] u. The Debauchee and the Three-year-old Child dccccxcviii [998] v. The Stolen Purse dccccxcix [999] w. The Fox and the Folk[FN#467] m [1000] 116. The Two Kings and the Vizier's Daughters mi [1001] 117. The Favourite and her Lover mi [1001] 118. The Merchant of Cairo and the Favourite of the Khalif El Mamoun El Hakim bi Amrillah mi [1001] Conclusion.
INDEX IV.—C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE MCNAUGHTEN OR TURNER MACAN TEXT (1839-42) AND BULAK EDITION (A.H. 1251 = A.D. 1835-36) OF THE ARABIC TEXT OF THE BOOK OF THE THOUSAND NIGHTS AND A NIGHT; AS TRANSLATED BY MR. JOHN PAYNE.
 Night INTRODUCTION.—Story of King Shehriyar and his Brother a. Story of the Ox and the Ass 1. The Merchant and the Genie i [1] a. The First Old Man's Story i [1] b. The Second Old Man's Story ii [2] c. The Third Old Man's Story ii [2] 2. The Fisherman and the Genie iii [3


a German physicist.] Parallel lines that are made to appear convergent or divergent by means of oblique intersections.

 Zone, n. 1. (Biogeography) An area or part of a region characterized by uniform or similar animal and plant life; a life zone; as, Littoral zone, Austral zone, etc. The zones, or life zones, commonly recognized for North America are Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition, Upper Austral, Lower Austral, and Tropical.

2. (Cryst.) A series of faces whose intersection lines with each other are parallel.

3. (Railroad Econ.) (a) The aggregate of stations, in whatsoever direction or on whatsoever line of railroad, situated between certain maximum and minimum limits from a point at which a shipment of traffic originates. (b) Any circular or ring-shaped area within which the street-car companies make no differences of fare.

4. In the United States parcel-post system, any of the areas about any point of shipment for which but one rate of postage is charged for a parcel post shipment from that point. The rate increases from within outwards. The first zone includes the unit of area "(a quadrangle 30 minutes square)" in which the place of shipment is situated and the 8 contiguous units; the outer limits of the second to the seventh zones, respectively, are approximately 150, 300, 600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 miles from the point of shipment; the eighth zone includes all units of area outside the seventh zone.

 Zo*öl"o*gize (?), v. i. To study zoölogy; esp., to collect animals for study.

 Zu"lu (?), n. [Also Zooloo.] 1. Any member of the tribe of Zulus; a ZuluKaffir. See Zulus.

2. (Philol.) One of the most important members of the South African, or Bantu, family of languages, spoken partly in Natal and partly in Zululand, but understood, and more or less in use, over a wide territory, at least as far north as the Zambezi; -- called also Zulu-Kaffir.

 Zu"lu-Kaf"fir, n. A member of the Bantu race comprising the Zulus and the Kaffirs.

 Zu"ñi*an (?), a. Of or pert. to the Zuñis, or designating their linguistic stock. -- n. A Zuñi.

 ||Zwie"back' (?), n. [G., fr. zwietwo, twice (see Twice) + backen to bake.] A kind of biscuit or rusk first baked in a loaf and afterwards cut and toasted.

 Zwing"li*an (?), a. (Theol.) Of or pertaining to Ulric Zwingli (_PHONE_), the reformer of German Switzerland, who maintained that in the Lord's Supper the true body of Christ is present by the contemplation of faith but not in essence or reality, and that the sacrament is a memorial without mystical elements. -- n. A follower of Zwingli.

 ||Zy*mol"y*sis (?), n. [NL. See Zyme, and Lysis.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) The action of enzymes; also, the changes produced by such action. -- Zy'mo*lyt"ic (#), a. Zy"mo*scope (?), n. [Zyme + - scope.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) An apparatus for determining the fermenting power of yeast by measuring the amount of carbonic acid evolved from a given quantity of sugar.


uncle.
Galen mentions death from joy, and in comment upon it he says that the emotion of joy is much more dangerous than that of anger. In discussing this subject, Haller says that the blood is probably sent with such violence to the brain as to cause apoplexy. There is one case on record in which after a death from sudden joy the pericardium was found full of blood. The Ephemerides, Marcellus Donatus, Martini, and Struthius all mention death from joy.
Death from violent laughter has been recorded, but in this instance it is very probable that death was not due to the emotion itself, but to the extreme convulsion and exertion used in the laughter. The Ephemerides mentions a death from laughter, and also describes the death of a pregnant woman from violent mirth. Roy, Swinger, and Camerarius have recorded instances of death from laughter. Strange as it may seem, Saint-Foix says that the Moravian brothers, a sect of Anabaptists having great horror of bloodshed, executed their condemned brethren by tickling them to death.
Powerfully depressing emotions, which are called by Kant "asthenic," such as great and sudden sorrow, grief, or fright, have a pronounced effect on the vital functions, at times even causing death. Throughout literature and history we have examples of this anomaly. In Shakespeare's "Pericles," Thaisa, the daughter to Simonides and wife of Pericles, frightened when pregnant by a threatened shipwreck, dies in premature childbirth.
In Scott's "Guy Mannering," Mrs. Bertram, on suddenly learning of the death of her little boy, is thrown into premature labor, followed by death. Various theories are advanced in explanation of this anomaly. A very plausible one is, that the cardiac palsy is caused by energetic and persistent excitement of the inhibitory cardiac nerves. Strand is accredited with saying that agony of the mind produces rupture of the heart. It is quite common to hear the expression, "Died of a broken heart;" and, strange to say, in some cases postmortem examination has proved the actual truth of the saying. Bartholinus, Fabricius Hildanus, Pliny, Rhodius, Schenck, Marcellus Donatus, Riedlin, and Garengeot speak of death from fright and fear, and the Ephemerides describes a death the direct cause of which was intense shame. Deleau, a celebrated doctor of Paris, while embracing his favorite daughter, who was in the last throes of consumption, was so overcome by intense grief that he fell over her corpse and died, and both were buried together.
The fear of child-birth has been frequently cited as a cause of death McClintock quotes a case from Travers of a young lady, happily married; who entertained a fear of death in child-birth; although she had been safely delivered, she suddenly and without apparent cause died in six hours. Every region of the body was examined with minutest care by an eminent physician, but no signs indicative of the cause of death were found. Mordret cites a similar instance of death from fear of labor.
Morgagni mentions a woman who died from the disappointment of bearing a girl baby when she was extremely desirous of a boy.
The following case, quoted from Lauder Brunton, shows the extent of shock which may be produced by fear: Many years ago a janitor of a college had rendered himself obnoxious to the students, and they determined to punish him. Accordingly they prepared a block and an axe, which they conveyed to a lonely place, and having appropriately dressed themselves, some of them prepared to act as judges, and sent others of their company to bring him before them. He first affected to treat the whole affair as a joke, but was solemnly assured by the students that they meant it in real earnest. He was told to prepare for immediate death. The trembling janitor looked all around in the vain hope of seeing some indication that nothing was really meant, but stern looks met him everywhere. He was blindfolded, and made to kneel before the block. The executioner's axe was raised, but, instead of the sharp edge, a wet towel was brought sharply down on the back of the neck. The bandage was now removed from the culprit's eyes, but to the horror and astonishment of the students they found that he was dead. Such a case may be due to heart-failure from fear or excitement.
It is not uncommon that death ensues from the shock alone following blows that cause no visible injury, but administered to vital parts.
This is particularly true of blows about the external genital region, or epigastrium, where the solar plexus is an active factor in inhibition. Ivanhoff of Bulgaria in 1886 speaks of a man of forty-five who was dealt a blow on the testicle in a violent street fight, and staggering, he fell insensible. Despite vigorous medical efforts he never regained consciousness and died in forty-five minutes. Postmortem examination revealed everything normal, and death must have been caused by syncope following violent pain. Watkins cites an instance occurring in South Africa. A native shearing sheep for a farmer provoked his master's ire by calling him by some nickname. While the man was in a squatting posture the farmer struck him in the epigastrium. He followed this up by a kick in the side and a blow on the head, neither of which, however, was as severe as the first blow. The man fell unconscious and died. At the autopsy there were no signs indicative of death, which must have been due to the shock following the blow on the epigastrium.
As illustrative of the sensitiveness of the epigastric region, Vincent relates the following case: "A man received a blow by a stick upon the epigastrium. He had an anxious expression and suffered from oppression.
Irregular heart-action and shivering were symptoms that gradually disappeared during the day. In the evening his appetite returned and he felt well; during the night he died without a struggle, and at the autopsy there was absolutely nothing abnormal to be found." Blows upon the neck often produce sudden collapse. Prize-fighters are well aware of the effects of a blow on the jugular vein. Maschka, quoted by Warren, reports the case of a boy of twelve, who was struck on the anterior portion of the larynx by a stone. He fell lifeless to the ground, and at autopsy no local lesion was found nor any lesion elsewhere. The sudden death may be attributed in this case partly to shock and partly to cerebral anemia.
Soldiers have been seen to drop lifeless on the battle-field without apparent injury or organic derangement; in the olden times this death was attributed to fear and fright, and later was supposed to be caused by what is called "the wind of a cannon-ball." Tolifree has written an article on this cause of sudden death and others have discussed it. By some it is maintained that the momentum acquired by a cannon-ball generates enough force in the neighboring air to prostrate a person in the immediate vicinity of its path of flight.
CHAPTER X. SURGICAL ANOMALIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
Injuries of such a delicate organ as the eye, in which the slightest accident can produce such disastrous consequences, naturally elicit the interest of all. Examples of exophthalmos, or protrusion of the eye from the orbit from bizarre causes, are of particular interest. Among the older writers we find Ficker and the Ephemerides giving instances of exophthalmos from vomiting. Fabricius Hildanus mentions a similar instance. Salmuth, Verduc, and others mention extrusion of the eyeball from the socket, due to excessive coughing. Ab Heers and Sennert mention instances in which after replacement the sight was uninjured.
Tyler relates the case of a man who, after arising in the morning, blew his nose violently, and to his horror his left eye extruded from the orbit. With the assistance of his wife it was immediately replaced and a bandage placed over it. When Tyler saw him the upper lid was slightly swollen and discolored, but there was no hemorrhage.
Hutchinson describes extrusion of the eyeball from the orbit caused by a thrust with a stick. There was paraphymotic strangulation of the globe, entirely preventing replacement and necessitating excision.
Reyssie speaks of a patient who, during a fire, was struck in the right eye by a stream of water from a