OF THE NATURE OF THINGS By Titus Lucretius Carus A Metrical Translation By William Ellery Leonard CONTENTS BOOK I SUBSTANCE IS ETERNAL THE VOID NOTHING EXISTS per se EXCEPT ATOMS AND THE VOID CHARACTER OF THE ATOMS CONFUTATION OF OTHER PHILOSOPHERS THE INFINITY OF THE UNIVERSE BOOK II PROEM ATOMIC MOTIONS ATOMIC FORMS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS INFINITE WORLDS BOOK III PROEM NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE MIND THE SOUL IS MORTAL FOLLY OF THE FEAR OF DEATH BOOK IV PROEM EXISTENCE AND CHARACTER OF THE IMAGES THE SENSES AND MENTAL PICTURES SOME VITAL FUNCTIONS THE PASSION OF LOVE BOOK V PROEM THE WORLD IS NOT ETERNAL ORIGINS OF VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL LIFE ORIGINS AND SAVAGE PERIOD OF MANKIND BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION BOOK VI PROEM GREAT METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA, ETC.
 THE PLAGUE ATHENS BOOK I PROEM SUBSTANCE IS ETERNAL THE VOID NOTHING EXISTS per se EXCEPT ATOMS AND THE VOID CHARACTER OF THE ATOMS CONFUTATION OF OTHER PHILOSOPHERS THE INFINITY OF THE UNIVERSE BOOK II PROEM ATOMIC MOTIONS ATOMIC FORMS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS ABSENCE OF SECONDARY QUALITIES INFINITE WORLDS BOOK III PROEM NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE MIND THE SOUL IS MORTAL FOLLY OF THE FEAR OF DEATH BOOK IV PROEM EXISTENCE AND CHARACTER OF THE IMAGES THE SENSES AND MENTAL PICTURES SOME VITAL FUNCTIONS THE PASSION OF LOVE BOOK V PROEM THE WORLD IS NOT ETERNAL ORIGINS OF VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL LIFE ORIGINS AND SAVAGE PERIOD OF MANKIND BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION BOOK VI PROEM GREAT METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA, ETC.

 THE PLAGUE ATHENS


THE BRIDE OF THE NILE By Georg Ebers Translated from the German by Clara Bell CONTENTS PREFACE.
 BOOK 1.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 CHAPTER IV.
 CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI.
 CHAPTER VII.
 CHAPTER VIII.
 CHAPTER IX.
 CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI.
 CHAPTER XII.
 CHAPTER XIII.
 CHAPTER XIV.
 CHAPTER XV.
 CHAPTER XVI.
 CHAPTER XVII.
 CHAPTER XVIII.
 CHAPTER XIX.
 CHAPTER XX.
 CHAPTER XXI.
 CHAPTER XXII.
 CHAPTER XXIII.
 CHAPTER XXIV.
 CHAPTER XXV.
 BOOK 2.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 CHAPTER IV.
 CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI.
 CHAPTER VII.
 CHAPTER VIII.
 CHAPTER IX.
 CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI.
 CHAPTER XII.
 CHAPTER XIII.
 CHAPTER XIV.
 CHAPTER XV.
 CHAPTER XVI.
 CHAPTER XVII.
 CHAPTER XVIII.
 CHAPTER XIX.
 CHAPTER XX.
 CHAPTER XXI.
 CHAPTER XXII.
 CHAPTER XXIII.
 CHAPTER XXIV.
 CHAPTER XXV.

 PREFACE.

 The "Bride of the Nile" needs no preface. For the professional student I may observe that I have relied on the authority of de Goeje in adhering to my own original opinion that the word Mukaukas is not to be regarded as a name but as a title, since the Arab writers to which I have made reference apply it to the responsible representatives of the Byzantine Emperor in antagonism to the Moslem power. I was unfortunately unable to make further use of Karabacek's researches as to the Mukaukas.

 I shall not be held justified in placing the ancient Horus Apollo (Horapollo) in the seventh century after Christ by any one who regards the author of the Hieroglyphica as identical with the Egyptian philosopher of the same name who, according to Suidas, lived under Theodosius, and to whom Stephanus of Byzantium refers, writing so early as at the end of the fifth century. But the lexicographer Suidas enumerates the works of Horapollo, the philologer and commentator on Greek poetry, without naming the Hieroglyphica, which is the only treatise alluded to by Stephanus.
 Besides, all the other ancient writers who mention Horapollo at all leave us quite free to suppose that there may have been two sages of the same name—as does C. Leemans, who is most intimately versed in the Hieroglyphica—and the second certainly cannot have lived earlier than the VIIth century, since an accurate knowledge of hieroglyphic writing must have been lost far more completely in his time than we can suppose possible in the IVth century. It must be remembered that we still possess well-executed hieroglyphic inscriptions dating from the time of Decius, 250 years after Christ. Thus the Egyptian commentator on Greek poetry could hardly have needed a translator, whereas the Hieroglyphica seems to have been first rendered into Greek by Philippus. The combination by which the author called in Egyptian Horus (the son of Isis) is supposed to have been born in Philae, where the cultus of the Egyptian heathen was longest practised, and where some familiarity with hieroglyphics must have been preserved to a late date, takes into due account the real state of affairs at the period I have selected for my story.

 BOOK 1.

 CHAPTER I. Half a lustrum had elapsed since Egypt had become subject to the youthful power of the Arabs, which had risen with such unexampled vigor and rapidity. It had fallen an easy prey, cheaply bought, into the hands of a small, well-captained troop of Moslem warriors; and the fair province, which so lately had been a jewel of the Byzantine Empire and the most faithful foster-mother to Christianity, now owned the sway of the Khalif Omar and saw the Crescent raised by the side of the Cross.

 It was long since a hotter season had afflicted the land; and the Nile, whose rising had been watched for on the Night of Dropping—the 17th of June—with the usual festive preparations, had cheated the hopes of the Egyptians, and instead of rising had shrunk narrower and still narrower in its bed.—It was in this time of sore anxiety, on the 10th of July, A.D. 643, that a caravan from the North reached Memphis.

 It was but a small one; but its appearance in the decayed and deserted city of the Pyramids—which had grown only lengthwise, like a huge reed-leaf, since its breadth was confined between the Nile and the Libyan Hills—attracted the gaze of the passers-by, though in former years a Memphite would scarcely have thought it worth while to turn his head to gaze at an interminable pile of wagons loaded with merchandise, an imposing train of vehicles drawn by oxen, the flashing maniples of the imperial cavalry, or an endless procession wending its way down the five miles of high street.

 The merchant who, riding a dromedary of the choicest breed, conducted this caravan, was a lean Moslem of mature age, robed in soft silk. A vast turban covered his small head and cast a shadow over his delicate and venerable features.

 The Egyptian guide who rode on a brisk little ass by his side, looked up frequently and with evident pleasure at the merchant's face—not in itself a handsome one with its hollow cheeks, meagre beard and large aquiline nose—for it was lighted up by a pair of bright eyes, full of attractive thoughtfulness and genuine kindness. But that this fragile-looking man, in whose benevolent countenance grief and infirmities had graven many a furrow, could not only command but compel submission was legible alike in his thin, firmly-closed lips and in the zeal with which his following of truculent and bearded fighting men, armed to the teeth, obeyed his slightest sign.

 His Egyptian attendant, the head of the Hermeneutai—the guild of the Dragomans of that period—was a swarthy and surly native of Memphis; whenever he accidentally came too close to the fierce-looking riders of the dromedaries he shrunk his shoulders as if he expected a blow or a push, while he poured out question and answer to the Merchant Haschim, the owner of the caravan, without timidity and with the voluble garrulity of his tribe.

 "You seem very much at home here in Memphis," he observed, when the old man had expressed his surprise at the decadence and melancholy change in the city.

 "Thirty years ago," replied the merchant, "my business often brought me hither. How many houses are now empty and in ruins where formerly only heavy coin could secure admittance! Ruins on all sides!—Who has so cruelly mutilated that fine church? My fellow-believers left every Christian fane untouched—that I know from our chief Amru himself." "It was the principal church of the Melchites, the Emperor's minions," cried the guide, as if that were ample explanation of the fact. The merchant, however, did not take it so.

 "Well," he said, "and what is there so dreadful in their creed?" "What?" said the Egyptian, and his eye flashed wrathfully. "What?—They dismember the divine person of the Saviour and attribute to it two distinct natures. And then!—All the Greeks settled here, and encouraged by the protection of the emperor, treated us, the owners of the


by such exposure.
 Johnson.
 In'so*la"tion (?), n. [L. insolatio: cf. F. insolation.]

1. The act or process to exposing to the rays of the sun for the purpose of drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, etc., or of rendering acid, as vinegar.

2. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) Exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; a sun bath.

 In"sole' (?), n. The inside sole of a boot or shoe; also, a loose, thin strip of leather, felt, etc., placed inside the shoe for warmth or ease.

 In"so*lence (?), n. [F. insolence, L. insolentia. See Insolent.]

1. The quality of being unusual or novel. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. The quality of being insolent; pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others; arrogant contempt; brutal impudence.

 Flown with insolence and wine.

Milton.
3. Insolent conduct or treatment; insult.

 Loaded with fetters and insolences from the soldiers.

Fuller.
 In"so*lence, v. t. To insult. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike.
 In"so*len*cy (?), n. Insolence. [R.] Evelyn.
 In"so*lent (?), a. [F. insolent, L. insolens, -entis, pref. innot + solens accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accustomed.]

1. Deviating from that which is customary; novel; strange; unusual.
 [Obs.]

 If one chance to derive any word from the Latin which is insolent to their ears... they forthwith make a jest at it.

Pettie.
 If any should accuse me of being new or insolent.

Milton.
2. Haughty and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language; overbearing; domineering; grossly rude or disrespectful; saucy; as, an insolent master; an insolent servant. "A paltry, insolent fellow." Shak.
Insolent is he that despiseth in his judgment all other folks as in regard of his value, of his cunning, of his speaking, and of his bearing.

Chaucer.
 Can you not see? or will ye not observe... How insolent of late he is become, How proud, how peremptory?

Shak.
3. Proceeding from or characterized by insolence; insulting; as, insolent words or behavior.

 Their insolent triumph excited... indignation.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; opprobrious. -- Insolent, Insulting. Insolent, in its primitive sense, simply denoted unusual; and to act insolently was to act in violation of the established rules of social intercourse. He who did this was insolent; and thus the word became one of the most offensive in our language, indicating gross disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting denotes a personal attack, either in words or actions, indicative either of scorn or triumph. Compare Impertinent, Affront, Impudence.

 In"so*lent*ly, adv. In an insolent manner.

 In'so*lid"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. innot + solidity: cf. F. insolidité.] Want of solidity; weakness; as, the insolidity of an argument. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 In*sol'u*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. insolubilitas: cf. F. insolubilité.]

1. The quality or state of being insoluble or not dissolvable, as in a fluid.

2. The quality of being inexplicable or insolvable.

 In*sol"u*ble (?), a. [L. insolubilis indissoluble, that can not be loosed: cf. F. insoluble. See Innot, and Soluble, and cf.
 Insolvable.]

1. Not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by a liquid; as, chalk is insoluble in water.

2. Not to be solved or explained; insolvable; as, an insoluble doubt, question, or difficulty.

3. Strong. "An insoluble wall." [Obs.] Holland In*sol"u*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being insoluble; insolubility. Boyle.
 In*solv"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not solvable; insoluble; admitting no solution or explanation; as, an insolvable problem or difficulty. I. Watts.
2. Incapable of being paid or discharged, as debts.

3. Not capable of being loosed or disentangled; inextricable.
 "Bands insolvable." Pope.
 In*sol"ven*cy (?), n.; pl. Insolvencies (&?;). (Law) (a) The condition of being insolvent; the state or condition of a person who is insolvent; the condition of one who is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course of trade and business; as, a merchant's insolvency. (b) Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the owner; as, the insolvency of an estate.

Act of insolvency. See Insolvent law under Insolvent, a. In*sol"vent (?), a. [Pref. innot + solvent: cf. OF.
 insolvent.] (Law) (a) Not solvent; not having sufficient estate to pay one's debts; unable to pay one's debts as they fall due, in the ordinary course of trade and business; as, in insolvent debtor. (b) Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; as, an insolvent estate. (c) Relating to persons unable to pay their debts.

Insolvent law, or Act of insolvency, a law affording relief, -- subject to various modifications in different States, -- to insolvent debtors, upon their delivering up their property for the benefit of their creditors. See Bankrupt law, under Bankrupt, a. In*sol"vent, n. (Law) One who is insolvent; as insolvent debtor; -- in England, before 1861, especially applied to persons not traders. Bouvier.
 In*som"ni*a (?), n. [L., fr. insomnis sleepless; pref. innot + somnus sleep.] Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness.

 In*som"ni*ous (?), a. [L. insomniosus, fr. insomnia insomnia.] Restless; sleepless. Blount.
 In*som"no*lence (?), n. Sleeplessness.

 In'so*much" (?), adv. So; to such a degree; in such wise; -- followed by that or as, and formerly sometimes by both. Cf.
 Inasmuch.

Insomusch as that field is called... Aceldama.

Acts i. 19.
 Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch that he made his fortune by it.

L'Estrange.
 In'so*no"rous (?), a. Not clear or melodious.

 In*sooth" (?), adv. In sooth; truly. [Archaic] ||In'sou'ciance" (?), n. [F.] Carelessness; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; unconcern.

 ||In'sou'ciant" (?), a. [F.] Careless; heedless; indifferent; unconcerned. J. S. Mill.
 In*soul" (?), v. t. To set a soul in; reflexively, to fix one's strongest affections on. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor


Dis*tinc"ture (?), n. Distinctness. [R.]

 Dis*tin"guish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distinguished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Distinguishing.] [F. distinguer, L. distinguere, distinctum; di- = dis- + stinguere to quench, extinguish; prob. orig., to prick, and so akin to G. stechen, E. stick, and perh. sting. Cf. Extinguish.] 1. Not set apart from others by visible marks; to make distinctive or discernible by exhibiting differences; to mark off by some characteristic.

 Not more distinguished by her purple vest, Than by the charming features of her face.

Dryden.
 Milton has distinguished the sweetbrier and the eglantine.

Nares.
2. To separate by definition of terms or logical division of a subject with regard to difference; as, to distinguish sounds into high and low.

 Moses distinguished the causes of the flood into those that belong to the heavens, and those that belong to the earth.

T. Burnet.
3. To recognize or discern by marks, signs, or characteristic quality or qualities; to know and discriminate (anything) from other things with which it might be confounded; as, to distinguish the sound of a drum.

 We are enabled to distinguish good from evil, as well as truth from falsehood.

Watts.
 Nor more can you distinguish of a man, Than of his outward show.

Shak.
4. To constitute a difference; to make to differ.

 Who distinguisheth thee?

1 Cor. iv. 7. (Douay version).
5. To separate from others by a mark of honor; to make eminent or known; to confer distinction upon; -- with by or for."To distinguish themselves by means never tried before." Johnson.
Syn. -- To mark; discriminate; differentiate; characterize; discern; perceive; signalize; honor; glorify.

 Dis*tin"guish, v. i. 1. To make distinctions; to perceive the difference; to exercise discrimination; -- with between; as, a judge distinguishes between cases apparently similar, but differing in principle.

2. To become distinguished or distinctive; to make one's self or itself discernible. [R.]

 The little embryo... first distinguishes into a little knot.

Jer. Taylor.
 Dis*tin"guish*a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being distinguished; separable; divisible; discernible; capable of recognition; as, a tree at a distance is distinguishable from a shrub.

 A simple idea being in itself uncompounded... is not distinguishable into different ideas.

Locke.
2. Worthy of note or special regard. Swift.
 Dis*tin"guish*a*ble*ness (?), n. The quality of being distinguishable.

 Dis*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. So as to be distinguished.

 Dis*tin"guished (?), a. 1. Marked; special.

 The most distinguished politeness.

Mad. D' Arblay.
2. Separated from others by distinct difference; having, or indicating, superiority; eminent or known; illustrious; -- applied to persons and deeds.

Syn. -- Marked; noted; famous; conspicuous; celebrated; transcendent; eminent; illustrious; extraordinary; prominent. -- Distinguished, Eminent, Conspicuous, Celebrated, Illustrious. A man is eminent, when he stands high as compared with those around him; conspicuous, when he is so elevated as to be seen and observed; distinguished, when he has something which makes him stand apart from others in the public view; celebrated, when he is widely spoken of with honor and respect; illustrious, when a splendor is thrown around him which confers the highest dignity.

 Dis*tin"guish*ed*ly (?), adv. In a distinguished manner. [R.] Swift.
 Dis*tin"guish*er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, distinguishes or separates one thing from another by marks of diversity.
 Sir T. Browne.
2. One who discerns accurately the difference of things; a nice or judicious observer. Dryden.
 Dis*tin"guish*ing, a. Constituting difference, or distinction from everything else; distinctive; peculiar; characteristic.

 The distinguishing doctrines of our holy religion.

Locke.
Distinguishing pennant (Naut.), a special pennant by which any particular vessel in a fleet is recognized and signaled. Simmonds.
 Dis*tin"guish*ing*ly, adv. With distinction; with some mark of preference. Pope.
 Dis*tin"guish*ment (?), n. Observation of difference; distinction.
 Graunt.
 Dis*ti"tle (?), v. t. To deprive of title or right. [R.] B. Jonson.
 ||Dis"to*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di's- twice + &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic, trematode worms, having two suckers for attaching themselves to the part they infest. See 1st Fluke, 2.

 Dis*tort" (?), a. [L. distortus, p. p. of distorquere to twist, distort; dis- + torquere to twist. See Torsion.]
 Distorted; misshapen. [Obs.]

 Her face was ugly and her mouth distort.

Spenser.
 Dis*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distorted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Distorting.] 1. To twist of natural or regular shape; to twist aside physically; as, to distort the limbs, or the body.

 Whose face was distorted with pain.

Thackeray.
2. To force or put out of the true posture or direction; to twist aside mentally or morally.

 Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, do darken and distort the understandings of men.

Tillotson.
3. To wrest from the true meaning; to pervert; as, to distort passages of Scripture, or their meaning.

Syn. -- To twist; wrest; deform; pervert.

 Dis*tort"er (?), n. One who, or that which, distorts.

 Dis*tor"tion (?), n. [L. distortio: cf. F. distortion.]
 1. The act of distorting, or twisting out of natural or regular shape; a twisting or writhing motion; as, the distortions of the face or body.

2. A wresting from the true meaning. Bp. Wren.
3. The state of being distorted, or twisted out of shape or out of true position; crookedness; perversion.

4. (Med.) An unnatural deviation of shape or position of any part of the body producing visible deformity.

 Dis*tort"ive (?), a. Causing distortion.

 Dis*tract" (?), a. [L. distractus, p. p. of distrahere to draw asunder; dis- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf.
 Distraught.] 1. Separated; drawn asunder. [Obs.]

2. Insane; mad. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Dis*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distracted, old p. p. Distraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Distracting.] 1. To draw apart or away; to divide; to disjoin.

 A city... distracted from itself.

Fuller.
2. To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) in different directions; to perplex; to confuse; as, to distract the eye; to distract the attention.

 Mixed metaphors... distract the


Fur. Seals are much hunted for their skins and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species is very abundant.

Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal (Phoca vitulina).
 It inhabits both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, and often ascends rivers; -- called also marbled seal, native seal, river seal, bay seal, land seal, sea calf, sea cat, sea dog, dotard, ranger, selchie, tangfish.

 Seal, n. [OE. seel, OF. seel, F. sceau, fr. L. sigillum a little figure or image, a seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, figure, or image. See Sign, n., and cf. Sigil.] 1.
 An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security.

2. Wax, wafer, or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and impressed or stamped with a seal; as, to give a deed under hand and seal.

 Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud.

Shak.
3. That which seals or fastens; esp., the wax or wafer placed on a letter or other closed paper, etc., to fasten it.

4. That which confirms, ratifies, or makes stable; that which authenticates; that which secures; assurance. "Under the seal of silence." Milton.
 Like a red seal is the setting sun On the good and the evil men have done.

Longfellow.
5. An arrangement for preventing the entrance or return of gas or air into a pipe, by which the open end of the pipe dips beneath the surface of water or other liquid, or a deep bend or sag in the pipe is filled with the liquid; a draintrap.

Great seal. See under Great. -- Privy seal. See under Privy, a. -- Seal lock, a lock in which the keyhole is covered by a seal in such a way that the lock can not be opened without rupturing the seal. -- Seal manual. See under Manual, a. -- Seal ring, a ring having a seal engraved on it, or ornamented with a device resembling a seal; a signet ring. Shak.
 Seal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sealing.] [OE. selen; cf. OF. seeler, seieler, F. sceller, LL. sigillare. See Seal a stamp.] 1. To set or affix a seal to; hence, to authenticate; to confirm; to ratify; to establish; as, to seal a deed.

 And with my hand I seal my true heart's love.

Shak.
2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; as, to seal weights and measures; to seal silverware.

3. To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as, to seal a letter.

4. Hence, to shut close; to keep close; to make fast; to keep secure or secret.

Seal up your lips, and give no words but "mum".

Shak.
5. To fix, as a piece of iron in a wall, with cement, plaster, or the like. Gwilt.
6. To close by means of a seal; as, to seal a drainpipe with water. See 2d Seal, 5.

7. Among the Mormons, to confirm or set apart as a second or additional wife. [Utah, U.S.]

 If a man once married desires a second helpmate... she is sealed to him under the solemn sanction of the church.

H. Stansbury.
 Seal, v. i. To affix one's seal, or a seal. [Obs.]

 I will seal unto this bond.

Shak.
 Sea" la"ces (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed (Chorda Filum) having blackish cordlike fronds, often many feet long.

 Sea" lam"prey (?). (Zoöl.) The common lamprey.

 Sea" lan"guage (?). The peculiar language or phraseology of seamen; sailor's cant.

 Sea" lark' (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). (b) Any one of several small sandpipers and plovers, as the ringed plover, the turnstone, the dunlin, and the sanderling.

 Sea" lav"en*der (?). (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary, under Marsh.

 Sea" law"yer (?). (Zoöl.) The gray snapper. See under Snapper.

 Seal"-brown' (?), a. Of a rich dark brown color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed.

 Sea" legs' (?). Legs able to maintain their possessor upright in stormy weather at sea, that is, ability to stand or walk steadily on deck when a vessel is rolling or pitching in a rough sea. [Sailor's Cant] Totten.
 Sea" lem"on (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of nudibranchiate mollusks of the genus Doris and allied genera, having a smooth, thick, convex yellow body.

 Sea" leop"ard (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of spotted seals, especially Ogmorhinus leptonyx, and Leptonychotes Weddelli, of the Antarctic Ocean. The North Pacific sea leopard is the harbor seal.

 Seal"er (?), n. One who seals; especially, an officer whose duty it is to seal writs or instruments, to stamp weights and measures, or the like.

 Sealer, n. A mariner or a vessel engaged in the business of capturing seals.

 Sea" let"ter (?). (Mar. Law.) The customary certificate of national character which neutral merchant vessels are bound to carry in time of war; a passport for a vessel and cargo. Burrill.
 Sea" let"tuce (?). (Bot.) The green papery fronds of several seaweeds of the genus Ulva, sometimes used as food.

 Sea" lev"el (?). The level of the surface of the sea; any surface on the same level with the sea.

 { Sealgh (?), Selch, n. }. (Zoöl.) A seal. [Scotch] Sea" lil"y (?). (Zoöl.) A crinoid.

 Seal"ing wax' (?). A compound of the resinous materials, pigments, etc., used as a material for seals, as for letters, documents, etc.

 Sea" li"on (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several large species of seals of the family Otariidæ native of the Pacific Ocean, especially the southern sea lion (Otaria jubata) of the South American coast; the northern sea lion (Eumetopias Stelleri) found from California to Japan; and the black, or California, sea lion (Zalophus Californianus), which is common on the rocks near San Francisco.

 Sea" loach" (?). (Zoöl.) The threebearded rockling. See Rockling.

 Sea" louse' (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of isopod crustaceans of Cymothoa, Livoneca, and allied genera, mostly parasites on fishes.

 Seam (sm), n. [See Saim.] Grease; tallow; lard. [Obs. or Prov.
 Eng.] Shak. Dryden.
 Seam, n. [OE. seem, seam, AS. seám; akin to D. zoom, OHG. soum, G. saum, LG. soom, Icel. saumr, Sw. & Dan. söm, and E. sew.
 √ 156. See Sew to fasten with thread.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing together two pieces of cloth or leather.

2. Hence, a line of junction; a joint; a suture, as on a ship, a


-- Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded "down to the atmosphere" when its pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) -- Atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not merely downwards, but in every direction. In amounts to about 14.7 Ibs. on each square inch. -- Atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. -- Atmospheric tides.
 See under Tide.

 At'mos*pher"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In relation to the atmosphere.

 At'mos*phe*rol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Atmosphere + -logy.]
 The science or a treatise on the atmosphere.

 At"o*kous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; barren; 'a priv. + &?; offspring.] (Zoöl.) Producing only asexual individuals, as the eggs of certain annelids.

 A*toll" (&?;), n. [The native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island.

 At"om (&?;), n. [L. atomus, Gr. &?;, uncut, indivisible; 'a priv. + &?;, verbal adj. of &?; to cut: cf. F. atome.
 See Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (b) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule. (c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles.

 These three definitions correspond to different views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter. In the case of the last two, the particles are more correctly called molecules. Dana.
2. (Chem.) The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule.

3. Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit.

 There was not an atom of water. Sir J. Ross.
 At"om, v. t. To reduce to atoms. [Obs.] Feltham.
 { A*tom"ic (&?;), A*tom"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. atomique.]
 1. Of or pertaining to atoms.

2. Extremely minute; tiny.

Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which, assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean philosophy. -- Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers. -- Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard.

 A*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy.

 At'o*mi"cian (&?;), n. An atomist. [R.]

 A*tom"i*cism (&?;), n. Atomism. [Obs.]

 At'o*mic"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. atomicité.] (Chem.)
 Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence.

 At"om*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. atomisme.] The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

 At"om*ist, n. [Cf. F. atomiste.] One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke.
 At'om*is"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to atoms; relating to atomism. [R.]

 It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with synartesis. Coleridge.
 At'om*i*za"tion, n. 1. The act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles; or the state of being so reduced.

2. (Med.) The reduction of fluids into fine spray.

 At"om*ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray.

 The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized, nebulized, or atomized. Dunglison.
 At"om*i'zer (t"m*'zr), n. One who, or that which, atomizes; esp., an instrument for reducing a liquid to spray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming.

 At'om*ol"o*gy (t'm*l"*j), n. [Atom + -logy.] The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth.
 At"om*y (t"m*), n. An atom; a mite; a pigmy.

 At"o*my (&?;), n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.]
 A skeleton. [Ludicrous] Shak.
 A*ton"a*ble (&?;), a. Admitting an atonement; capable of being atoned for; expiable.

 At one" (&?;). [OE. at on, atone, atoon, attone.]
 1. In concord or friendship; in agreement (with each other); as, to be, bring, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be or bring in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation.

 If gentil men, or othere of hir contree Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon. Chaucer.
2. Of the same opinion; agreed; as, on these points we are at one.

3. Together. [Obs.] Spenser.
 A*tone" (*tn"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Atoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Atoning.] [From at one,, i. e., to be, or cause to be, at one. See At one.] 1. To agree; to be in accordance; to accord. [Obs.]

 He and Aufidius can no more atone Than violentest contrariety. Shak.
2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation, compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime.

 The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood. Pope.
 The ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any wise or popular measure. Junius.
 A*tone", v. t. 1. To set at one; to reduce to concord; to reconcile, as parties at variance; to appease. [Obs.]

 I would do much To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio. Shak.
2. To unite in making. [Obs. & R.]

 The four elements... have atoned A noble league. Ford.
3. To make satisfaction for; to expiate.

 Or each atone his guilty love with life. Pope.
 A*tone"ment (&?;), n. 1. (Literally, a setting at one.)
 Reconciliation; restoration of friendly relations; agreement; concord.
 [Archaic] By whom we have now received the atonement. Rom. v. 11.
 He desires to make atonement Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers. Shak.
2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing of suffering that which will be


DAVID COPPERFIELD By Charles Dickens 0008 0009 AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE HON. Mr. AND Mrs. RICHARD WATSON, OF ROCKINGHAM, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
CONTENTS PREFACE TO 1850 EDITION PREFACE TO THE CHARLES DICKENS EDITION THE PERSONAL HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE OF DAVID COPPERFIELD THE YOUNGER CHAPTER 1. — I AM BORN CHAPTER 2. — I OBSERVE CHAPTER 3. — I HAVE A CHANGE CHAPTER 4. — I FALL INTO DISGRACE CHAPTER 5. — I AM SENT AWAY FROM HOME CHAPTER 6. — I ENLARGE MY CIRCLE OF ACQUAINTANCE CHAPTER 7. — MY 'FIRST HALF' AT SALEM HOUSE CHAPTER 8. — MY HOLIDAYS. ESPECIALLY ONE HAPPY AFTERNOON CHAPTER 9. — I HAVE A MEMORABLE BIRTHDAY CHAPTER 10. — I BECOME NEGLECTED, AND AM PROVIDED FOR CHAPTER 11. — I BEGIN LIFE ON MY OWN ACCOUNT, AND DON'T LIKE IT CHAPTER 12. — LIKING LIFE ON MY OWN ACCOUNT NO BETTER, I FORM A GREAT RESOLUTION CHAPTER 13. — THE SEQUEL OF MY RESOLUTION CHAPTER 14. — MY AUNT MAKES UP HER MIND ABOUT ME CHAPTER 15. — I MAKE ANOTHER BEGINNING CHAPTER 16. — I AM A NEW BOY IN MORE SENSES THAN ONE CHAPTER 17. — SOMEBODY TURNS UP CHAPTER 18. — A RETROSPECT CHAPTER 19. — I LOOK ABOUT ME, AND MAKE A DISCOVERY CHAPTER 20. — STEERFORTH'S HOME CHAPTER 21. — LITTLE EM'LY CHAPTER 22. — SOME OLD SCENES, AND SOME NEW PEOPLE CHAPTER 23. — I CORROBORATE Mr. DICK, AND CHOOSE A PROFESSION CHAPTER 24. — MY FIRST DISSIPATION CHAPTER 25. — GOOD AND BAD ANGELS CHAPTER 26. — I FALL INTO CAPTIVITY CHAPTER 27. — TOMMY TRADDLES CHAPTER 28. — Mr. MICAWBER'S GAUNTLET CHAPTER 29. — I VISIT STEERFORTH AT HIS HOME, AGAIN CHAPTER 30. — A LOSS CHAPTER 31. — A GREATER LOSS CHAPTER 32. — THE BEGINNING OF A LONG JOURNEY CHAPTER 33. — BLISSFUL CHAPTER 34. — MY AUNT ASTONISHES ME CHAPTER 35. — DEPRESSION CHAPTER 36. — ENTHUSIASM CHAPTER 37. — A LITTLE COLD WATER CHAPTER 38. — A DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP CHAPTER 39. — WICKFIELD AND HEEP CHAPTER 40. — THE WANDERER CHAPTER 41. — DORA'S AUNTS CHAPTER 42. — MISCHIEF CHAPTER 43. — ANOTHER RETROSPECT CHAPTER 44. — OUR HOUSEKEEPING CHAPTER 45. — MR. DICK FULFILS MY AUNT'S PREDICTIONS CHAPTER 46. — INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER 47. — MARTHA CHAPTER 48. — DOMESTIC CHAPTER 49. — I AM INVOLVED IN MYSTERY CHAPTER 50. — Mr. PEGGOTTY'S DREAM COMES TRUE CHAPTER 51. — THE BEGINNING OF A LONGER JOURNEY CHAPTER 52. — I ASSIST AT AN EXPLOSION CHAPTER 53. — ANOTHER RETROSPECT CHAPTER 54. — Mr. MICAWBER'S TRANSACTIONS CHAPTER 55. — TEMPEST CHAPTER 56. — THE NEW WOUND, AND THE OLD CHAPTER 57. — THE EMIGRANTS CHAPTER 58. — ABSENCE CHAPTER 59. — RETURN CHAPTER 60. — AGNES CHAPTER 61. — I AM SHOWN TWO INTERESTING PENITENTS CHAPTER 62. — A LIGHT SHINES ON MY WAY CHAPTER 63. — A VISITOR CHAPTER 64. — A LAST RETROSPECT PREFACE TO 1850 EDITION I do not find it easy to get sufficiently far away from this Book, in the first sensations of having finished it, to refer to it with the composure which this formal heading would seem to require. My interest in it, is so recent and strong; and my mind is so divided between pleasure and regret—pleasure in the achievement of a long design, regret in the separation from many companions—that I am in danger of wearying the reader whom I love, with personal confidences, and private emotions.
Besides which, all that I could say of the Story, to any purpose, I have endeavoured to say in it.
It would concern the reader little, perhaps, to know, how sorrowfully the pen is laid down at the close of a two-years' imaginative task; or how an Author feels as if he were dismissing some portion of himself into the shadowy world, when a crowd of the creatures of his brain are going from him for ever.
Yet, I have nothing else to tell; unless, indeed, I were to confess (which might be of less moment still) that no one can ever believe this Narrative, in the reading, more than I have believed it in the writing.
Instead of looking back, therefore, I will look forward. I cannot close this Volume more agreeably to myself, than with a hopeful glance towards the time when I shall again put forth my two green leaves once a month, and with a faithful remembrance of the genial sun and showers that have fallen on these leaves of David Copperfield, and made me happy.
London, October, 1850.
PREFACE TO THE CHARLES DICKENS EDITION I REMARKED in the original Preface to this Book, that I did not find it easy to get sufficiently far away from it, in the first sensations of having finished it, to refer to it with the composure which this formal heading would seem to require. My interest in it was so recent and strong, and my mind was so divided between pleasure and regret—pleasure in the achievement of a long design, regret in the separation from many companions—that I was in danger of wearying the reader with personal confidences and private emotions.
Besides which, all that I could have said of the Story to any purpose, I had endeavoured to say in it.
It would concern the reader little, perhaps, to know how sorrowfully the pen is laid down at the close of a two-years' imaginative task; or how an Author feels as if he were dismissing some portion of himself into the shadowy world, when a crowd of the creatures of his brain are going from him for ever. Yet, I had nothing else to tell; unless, indeed, I were to confess (which might be of less moment still), that no one can ever believe this Narrative, in the reading, more than I believed it in the writing.
So true are these avowals at the present day, that I can now only take the reader into one confidence more. Of all my books, I like this the best. It will be easily believed that I am a fond parent to every child of my fancy, and that no one can ever love that family as dearly as I love them. But, like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is DAVID COPPERFIELD.
1869 THE PERSONAL HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE OF DAVID COPPERFIELD THE YOUNGER CHAPTER 1. I AM BORN Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody


trigonometrical functions of x, and are written sin x, cos x, tan x (or tang x), cot x, sec x, cosec x, versin x, coversin x. These quantities are also considered as functions of the angle BOA.

 { Func"tion (?), Func"tion*ate (?), } v. i. To execute or perform a function; to transact one's regular or appointed business.

 Func"tion*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, a function or duty; official.

2. (Physiol.) Pertaining to the function of an organ or part, or to the functions in general.

Functional disease (Med.), a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to any appreciable lesion or change of structure; the derangement of an organ arising from a cause, often unknown, external to itself opposed to organic disease, in which the organ itself is affected.

 Func"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To assign to some function or office.
 [R.]

 Func"tion*al*ly, adv. In a functional manner; as regards normal or appropriate activity.

 The organ is said to be functionally disordered.

Lawrence.
 Func"tion*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Functionaries (#). [Cf.
 F. fonctionnaire.] One charged with the performance of a function or office; as, a public functionary; secular functionaries.

 Func"tion*less, a. Destitute of function, or of an appropriate organ. Darwin.

 Fund (?), n. [OF. font, fond, nom. fonz, bottom, ground, F. fond bottom, foundation, fonds fund, fr.
 L. fundus bottom, ground, foundation, piece of land. See Found to establish.] 1. An aggregation or deposit of resources from which supplies are or may be drawn for carrying on any work, or for maintaining existence.

2. A stock or capital; a sum of money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial or other operation undertaken with a view to profit; that reserve by means of which expenses and credit are supported; as, the fund of a bank, commercial house, manufacturing corporation, etc.

3. pl. The stock of a national debt; public securities; evidences (stocks or bonds) of money lent to government, for which interest is paid at prescribed intervals; -- called also public funds.

4. An invested sum, whose income is devoted to a specific object; as, the fund of an ecclesiastical society; a fund for the maintenance of lectures or poor students; also, money systematically collected to meet the expenses of some permanent object.

5. A store laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a supply; a full provision of resources; as, a fund of wisdom or good sense.

 An inexhaustible fund of stories.

Macaulay.
Sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extinguishment of the debt of a government, or of a corporation, by the accumulation of interest.

 Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Funded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of; to make permanent provision of resources (as by a pledge of revenue from customs) for discharging the interest of or principal of; as, to fund government notes.

2. To place in a fund, as money.

3. To put into the form of bonds or stocks bearing regular interest; as, to fund the floating debt.

 Fund"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being funded, or converted into a fund; convertible into bonds.

 Fun"da*ment (?), n. [OE. fundament, fundement, fondement, OF. fundement, fondement, F. fondement, fr. L. fundamentum foundation, fr. fundare to lay the bottom, to found, fr. fundus bottom. See Fund.] 1. Foundation. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. The part of the body on which one sits; the buttocks; specifically (Anat.), the anus. Hume.
 Fun'da*men"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. fondamental.] Pertaining to the foundation or basis; serving for the foundation. Hence: Essential, as an element, principle, or law; important; original; elementary; as, a fundamental truth; a fundamental axiom.

 The fundamental reasons of this war.

Shak.
 Some fundamental antithesis in nature.

Whewell.
Fundamental bass (Mus.), the root note of a chord; a bass formed of the roots or fundamental tones of the chords. -- Fundamental chord (Mus.), a chord, the lowest tone of which is its root. -- Fundamental colors, red, green, and violet-blue. See Primary colors, under Color.

 Fun"da*men'tal, n. A leading or primary principle, rule, law, or article, which serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part, as, the fundamentals of the Christian faith.

 Fun'da*men"tal*ly, adv. Primarily; originally; essentially; radically; at the foundation; in origin or constituents. "Fundamentally defective." Burke.
 Fund"ed (?), a. 1. Existing in the form of bonds bearing regular interest; as, funded debt.

2. Invested in public funds; as, funded money.

 Fund"hold"er (?), a. One who has money invested in the public funds. J. S. Mill.
 Fund"ing, a. 1. Providing a fund for the payment of the interest or principal of a debt.

2. Investing in the public funds.

Funding system, a system or scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying the interest or principal of a public debt.

 Fund"less, a. Destitute of funds.

 ||Fun"dus (fn"ds), n. [L., bottom.] (Anat.) The bottom or base of any hollow organ; as, the fundus of the bladder; the fundus of the eye.

 Fu*ne"bri*al (f*n"br*al), a. [L. funebris belonging to a funeral, fr. funus funeral.] Pertaining to a funeral or funerals; funeral; funereal. [Obs.] [Written also funebral.] Sir T. Browne.
 Fu*ne"bri*ous (?), a. Funebrial. [Obs.]

 Fu"ner*al (f"nr*al), n. [LL. funeralia, prop. neut.
 pl. of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral: cf. F. funérailles.] 1. The solemn rites used in the disposition of a dead human body, whether such disposition be by interment, burning, or otherwise; esp., the ceremony or solemnization of interment; obsequies; burial; -- formerly used in the plural.

 King James his funerals were performed very solemnly in the collegiate church at Westminster.

Euller.
2. The procession attending the burial of the dead; the show and accompaniments of an interment. "The long funerals." Pope.
3. A funeral sermon; -- usually in the plural. [Obs.]

 Mr. Giles Lawrence preached his funerals.

South.
 Fu"ner*al, a. [LL. funeralis. See Funeral, n.] Per.
 taining to a funeral; used at the interment of the dead; as, funeral rites, honors, or ceremonies. Shak.
Funeral pile, a structure of combustible material, upon which a dead body is placed to be reduced to ashes, as part of a funeral rite; a pyre.

 -- Fu"ner*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Fu"ner*ate (?), v. t. [L. funer


Transcribed from the 1907 Methuen & Co. edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ THE MIRROR OF THE SEA MEMORIES AND IMPRESSIONS BY JOSEPH CONRAD "... for this miracle or this wonder troubleth me right greatly." BOETHIUS DE CON: PHIL: B. IV., PROSE VI.

THIRD EDITION METHUEN & CO.
36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON First published October 1906 Second Edition December 1906 Third Edition January 1907 TO KATHERINE SANDERSON WHOSE WARM WELCOME AND GRACIOUS HOSPITALITY EXTENDED TO THE FRIEND OF HER SON CHEERED THE FIRST DARK DAYS OF MY PARTING WITH THE SEA THESE PAGES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TABLE OF CONTENTS THE MIRROR OF THE SEA:— PAGE LANDFALLS AND DEPARTURES I.
1 EMBLEMS OF HOPE IV.
17 THE FINE ART VII.
33 COBWEBS AND GOSSAMER X.
52 THE WEIGHT OF THE BURDEN XIII.
69 OVERDUE AND MISSING XVI.
86 THE GRIP OF THE LAND XX.
102 THE CHARACTER OF THE FOE XXII.
109 RULES OF EAST AND WEST XXV.
123 THE FAITHFUL RIVER XXX.
157 IN CAPTIVITY XXXIII.
180 INITIATION XXXV.
201 THE NURSERY OF THE CRAFT XXXVII.
233 THE TREMOLINO XL.
244 THE HEROIC AGE XLVI.
289 p. 1I.
"And shippes by the brinke comen and gon, And in swich forme endure a day or two." The Frankeleyn's Tale.
Landfall and Departure mark the rhythmical swing of a seaman's life and of a ship's career. From land to land is the most concise definition of a ship's earthly fate.
A "Departure" is not what a vain people of landsmen may think. The term "Landfall" is more easily understood; you fall in with the land, and it is a matter of a quick eye and of a clear atmosphere. The Departure is not the ship's going away from her port any more than the Landfall can be looked upon as the synonym of arrival. But there is this difference in the Departure: that the term does not imply so much a sea event as a definite act entailing a process—the precise observation of certain landmarks by means of the compass card.
Your Landfall, be it a peculiarly-shaped mountain, a rocky headland, or a stretch of sand-dunes, you meet at first with a single glance. Further recognition will follow in due course; but essentially a Landfall, good or bad, is made and done with at the first cry of "Land ho!" The Departure is distinctly a ceremony of navigation. A ship may have left her port some time before; she may have been at sea, in the fullest sense of the phrase, for days; but, for all that, as long as the coast she was about to leave remained in sight, a southern-going ship of yesterday had not in the sailor's sense begun the enterprise of a passage.
The taking of Departure, if not the last sight of the land, is, perhaps, the last professional recognition of the land on the part of a sailor. It is the technical, as distinguished from the sentimental, "good-bye." Henceforth he has done with the coast astern of his ship. It is a matter personal to the man. It is not the ship that takes her departure; the seaman takes his Departure by means of cross-bearings which fix the place of the first tiny pencil-cross on the white expanse of the track-chart, where the ship's position at noon shall be marked by just such another tiny pencil cross for every day of her passage. And there may be sixty, eighty, any number of these crosses on the ship's track from land to land. The greatest number in my experience was a hundred and thirty of such crosses from the pilot station at the Sand Heads in the Bay of Bengal to the Scilly's light. A bad passage...
A Departure, the last professional sight of land, is always good, or at least good enough. For, even if the weather be thick, it does not matter much to a ship having all the open sea before her bows. A Landfall may be good or bad. You encompass the earth with one particular spot of it in your eye. In all the devious tracings the course of a sailing-ship leaves upon the white paper of a chart she is always aiming for that one little spot—maybe a small island in the ocean, a single headland upon the long coast of a continent, a lighthouse on a bluff, or simply the peaked form of a mountain like an ant-heap afloat upon the waters. But if you have sighted it on the expected bearing, then that Landfall is good. Fogs, snowstorms, gales thick with clouds and rain—those are the enemies of good Landfalls.
II.
Some commanders of ships take their Departure from the home coast sadly, in a spirit of grief and discontent. They have a wife, children perhaps, some affection at any rate, or perhaps only some pet vice, that must be left behind for a year or more. I remember only one man who walked his deck with a springy step, and gave the first course of the passage in an elated voice. But he, as I learned afterwards, was leaving nothing behind him, except a welter of debts and threats of legal proceedings.
On the other hand, I have known many captains who, directly their ship had left the narrow waters of the Channel, would disappear from the sight of their ship's company altogether for some three days or more. They would take a long dive, as it were, into their state-room, only to emerge a few days afterwards with a more or less serene brow. Those were the men easy to get on with. Besides, such a complete retirement seemed to imply a satisfactory amount of trust in their officers, and to be trusted displeases no seaman worthy of the name.
On my first voyage as chief mate with good Captain MacW— I remember that I felt quite flattered, and went blithely about my duties, myself a commander for all practical purposes.
Still, whatever the greatness of my illusion, the fact remained that the real commander was there, backing up my self-confidence, though invisible to my eyes behind a maple-wood veneered cabin-door with a white china handle.
That is the time, after your Departure is taken, when the spirit of your commander communes with you in a muffled voice, as if from the sanctum sanctorum of a temple; because, call her a temple or a "hell afloat"—as some ships have been called—the captain's state-room is surely the august place in every vessel.
The good MacW— would not even come out to his meals, and fed solitarily in his holy of holies from a tray covered with a white napkin. Our steward used to bend an ironic glance at the perfectly empty plates he was bringing out from there.
This grief for his home, which overcomes so many married seamen, did not deprive Captain MacW— of his legitimate appetite. In fact, the steward would almost invariably come up to me, sitting in the captain's chair at the head of the table, to say in a grave murmur, "The captain asks for one more slice of meat and two potatoes." We, his officers, could hear him moving about in his berth, or lightly snoring, or fetching deep sighs, or splashing and blowing in his bath-room; and we made our reports to him through the keyhole, as it were. It was the crowning achievement of his amiable character that the answers we got were given in a quite mild and friendly tone. Some commanders in their periods of seclusion are constantly grumpy, and seem to resent the mere sound of your voice as an injury and an insult.
But


. Blackw.
 Mag.
3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a quality or attribute. Whately.
4. To epitomize; to abridge. Franklin.
5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till.

 Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness. W. Black.
6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chemical processes. In this sense extract is now more generally used.

 Ab*stract", v. t. To perform the process of abstraction. [R.]

 I own myself able to abstract in one sense. Berkeley.
 Ab"stract' (&?;), n. [See Abstract, a.] 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief.

 An abstract of every treatise he had read. Watts.
 Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled. Ford.
2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated things.

3. An abstract term.

 The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety." J. S. Mill.
4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance.

Abstract of title (Law), an epitome of the evidences of ownership.

Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See Abridgment.

 Ab*stract"ed (&?;), a. 1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart.

 The evil abstracted stood from his own evil. Milton.
2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.]

3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] Johnson.
4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. "An abstracted scholar." Johnson.
 Ab*stract"ed*ly, adv. In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind.

 Ab*stract"ed*ness, n. The state of being abstracted; abstract character.

 Ab*stract"er (&?;), n. One who abstracts, or makes an abstract.

 Ab*strac"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. abstraction. See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the state of being withdrawn; withdrawal.

 A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community. J. S. Mill.
2. (Metaph.) The act process of leaving out of consideration one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also, when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects.

Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which things are arranged in genera and species. We separate in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the same kind, from others which are different, in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body.

Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention. Sir W. Hamilton.
3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature; as, to fight for mere abstractions.

4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as, a hermit's abstraction.

5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects.

6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part of the property of another; purloining. [Modern] 7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation. Nicholson.
 Ab*strac"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to abstraction.

 Ab*strac"tion*ist, n. An idealist. Emerson.
 Ab'strac*ti"tious (&?;), a. Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] Crabb.
 Ab*strac"tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abstractif.] Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature. "The abstractive faculty." I. Taylor.
 Ab*strac"tive*ly, adv. In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. Feltham.
 Ab*strac"tive*ness, n. The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property.

 Ab"stract'ly (#; 277), adv. In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by itself; as, matter abstractly considered.

 Ab"stract'ness, n. The quality of being abstract. "The abstractness of the ideas." Locke.
 Ab*stringe" (&?;), v. t. [L ab + stringere, strictum, to press together.] To unbind. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Ab*strude" (&?;), v. t. [L. abstrudere. See Abstruse.]
 To thrust away. [Obs.] Johnson.
 Ab*struse" (&?;), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere to thrust away, conceal; ab, abs + trudere to thrust; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or hidden out of the way. [Obs.]

 The eternal eye whose sight discerns Abstrusest thoughts.
Milton.
2. Remote from apprehension; difficult to be comprehended or understood; recondite; as, abstruse learning.

 Profound and abstruse topics. Milman.
 Ab*struse"ly, adv. In an abstruse manner.

 Ab*struse"ness, n. The quality of being abstruse; difficulty of apprehension. Boyle.
 Ab*stru"sion (&?;), n. [L. abstrusio. See Abstruse.] The act of thrusting away. [R.] Ogilvie.
 Ab*stru"si*ty (b*str"s*t), n. Abstruseness; that which is abstruse.
 [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ab*sume" (b*sm"), v. t. [L. absumere, absumptum; ab + sumere to take.] To consume gradually; to waste away. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Ab*sump"tion (b*smp"shn; 215), n. [L. absumptio. See Absume.]
 Act of wasting away; a consuming; extinction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ab*surd" (b*sûrd"), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding; ab + (prob) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound; not connected with surd: cf. F. absurde. See Syringe.] Contrary to reason or propriety; obviously and flatly opposed to manifest truth; inconsistent with the plain dictates of common sense; logically contradictory; nonsensical; ridiculous; as, an absurd person, an absurd opinion; an absurd dream.

 This proffer is absurd and reasonless. Shak.
 'This phrase absurd to call a villain great. Pope. p.
 9 Syn. -- Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; inconsistent; incongruous. -- Absurd, Irrational, Foolish, Preposterous.
 Of these terms, irrational is the weakest,


adverted to what was said.

 I may again advert to the distinction. Owen.
Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer.

 { Ad*vert"ence (&?;), Ad*vert"en*cy (&?;), } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness.

 To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation. J. S. Mill.
 Ad*vert"ent (&?;), a. [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. -- Ad*vert"ent*ly, adv.
 Ad'ver*tise" (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising (&?;).] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement.
 See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; -- often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num.
 xxiv. 14.
4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting.

Syn. -- To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish.

 Ad*ver"tise*ment (d*vr"tz*ment or d'vr*tz"ment; 277), n. [F. avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet.
2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.]

 Therefore give me no counsel: My griefs cry louder than advertisement.
Shak.
3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisements.

 Ad'ver*tis"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, advertises.

 Ad*vice" (&?;), n. [OE. avis, F. avis; &?; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel.

 We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin.
2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.]

 How shall I dote on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her? Shak.
3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; -- commonly in the plural.

 In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; -- used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath.
4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act.
 Wharton.
Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. -- To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others.

Syn. -- Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice.

 Ad*vis'a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness.

 Ad*vis"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent.

 Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day. South.
2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South.
Syn. -- Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.

 Ad*vis"a*ble-ness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability.

 Ad*vis"a*bly, adv. With advice; wisely.

 Ad*vise" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advising (&?;).] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. "I shall no more advise thee." Milton.
2. To give information or notice to; to inform; -- with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk.

To advise one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.]

 Bid thy master well advise himself. Shak.
Syn. -- To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.

 Ad*vise", v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.]

Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton.
2. To take counsel; to consult; -- followed by with; as, to advise with friends.

 Ad*vis"ed*ly (&?;), adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak.
2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. "Advisedly undertaken." Suckling.
 Ad*vis"ed*ness n. Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution.

 Ad*vise"ment (d*vz"ment), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advice; information. [Archaic] And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep. Daniel.
2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation.

 Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser.
 Ad*vis"er (&?;), n. One who advises.

 Ad*vis"er*ship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.]

 Ad*vi"so (&?;), n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ad*vi"so*ry (&?;), a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory.

 The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull.
 Ad"vo*ca*cy (&?;), n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia.
 See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession.

 Ad"vo*cate (&?;), n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who


; cheerfulness; gayety; hilarity; merriment; jollity.

 Ex*hort" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhorted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Exhorting.] [L. exhortari; ex out + hortari to incite, encourage; cf. F. exhorter. See Hortative.] To incite by words or advice; to animate or urge by arguments, as to a good deed or laudable conduct; to address exhortation to; to urge strongly; hence, to advise, warn, or caution.

 Examples gross as earth exhort me.

Shak.
 Let me exhort you to take care of yourself.

J. D. Forbes.
 Ex*hort", v. i. To deliver exhortation; to use words or arguments to incite to good deeds.

 With many other words did he testify and exhort.

Acts ii. 40.
 Ex*hort", n. Exhortation. [Obs.] Pope.
 Ex'hor*ta"tion (?), n. [L. exhortatio: cf. F. exhortation.]
 1. The act of practice of exhorting; the act of inciting to laudable deeds; incitement to that which is good or commendable.

2. Language intended to incite and encourage; advice; counsel; admonition.

 I'll end my exhortation after dinner.

Shak.
 Ex*hor"ta*tive (?), a. [L. exhortativus: cf. F. exhortatif.]
 Serving to exhort; exhortatory; hortative. Barrow.
 Ex*hor"ta*to*ry (?) a. [L. exhortatorius: cf. F. exhortatoire.]
 Of or pertaining to exhortation; hortatory. Holinshed.
 Ex*hort"er (?), n. One who exhorts or incites.

 Ex*hu"ma*ted (?), a. Disinterred. [Obs.]

 Ex'hu*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. exhumatio, F. exhumation.]
 The act of exhuming that which has been buried; as, the exhumation of a body.

 Ex*hume" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhumed (?) p. pr.
 & vb. n.. Exhuming.] [LL. exhumare; L. ex out + humus ground, soil: cf. F. exhumer. See Humble.] To dig out of the ground; to take out of a place of burial; to disinter. Mantell.
 Ex"ic*cate (?), v. t. See Exsiccate. [Obs.] Holland.
 Ex'ic*ca"tion (?), n. See Exsiccation. [Obs.]

 Ex"i*gence (?), n. [F.] Exigency. Hooker.
 Ex"i*gen*cy (?), n.; pl. Exigencies (#). [LL. exigentia: cf. F. exigence.] The state of being exigent; urgent or exacting want; pressing necessity or distress; need; a case demanding immediate action, supply, or remedy; as, an unforeseen exigency. "The present exigency of his affairs." Ludlow.
Syn. -- Demand; urgency; distress; pressure; emergency; necessity; crisis.

 Ex'i*gen"da*ry (?), n. See Exigenter.

 Ex'i*gent, a. [L. exigens, - entis, p. pr. of exigere to drive out or forth, require, exact. See Exact.] Exacting or requiring immediate aid or action; pressing; critical. "At this exigent moment." Burke.
 Ex"i*gent, n. 1. Exigency; pressing necessity; decisive moment. [Obs.]

 Why do you cross me in this exigent?

Shak.
2. (o. Eng. Law) The name of a writ in proceedings before outlawry. Abbott.
 Ex"i*gent*er (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) An officer in the Court of King's Bench and Common Pleas whose duty it was to make out exigents.
 The office is now abolished. Cowell.
 Ex"i*gi*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. exigible. See Exigent.] That may be exacted; repairable. [R.] A. Smith.
 Ex'i*gu"i*ty (?), n. [L. exiguitas, fr. exiguus small: cf. F. exiguité.] Scantiness; smallness; thinness.
 [R.] Boyle.
 Ex*ig"u*ous (?), a. [L. exiguus.] Scanty; small; slender; diminutive. [R.] "Exiguous resources." Carlyle. -- Ex*ig"uous*ness, n. [R.]

 Ex"ile (?), n. [OE. exil, fr. L. exilium, exsilium, fr. exsuil one who quits, or is banished from, his native soil; ex out + solum ground, land, soil, or perh. fr.the root of salire to leap, spring; cf. F. exil. Cf. Sole of the foot, Saltation.] 1.
 Forced separation from one's native country; expulsion from one's home by the civil authority; banishment; sometimes, voluntary separation from one's native country.

 Let them be recalled from their exile.

Shak.
2. The person expelled from his country by authority; also, one who separates himself from his home.

 Thou art in exile, and thou must not stay.

Shak.
Syn. -- Banishment; proscription; expulsion.

 Ex"ile (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exiled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Exiling.] To banish or expel from one's own country or home; to drive away. "Exiled from eternal God." Tennyson.
 Calling home our exiled friends abroad.

Shak.
Syn. -- See Banish.

 Ex*ile" (?), a. [L. exilis.] Small; slender; thin; fine.
 [Obs.] "An exile sound." Bacon.
 Ex"ile*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. exilement.] Banishment. [R.] Sir.
 H. Wotton.
 Ex*il"ic (?), a. Pertaining to exile or banishment, esp. to that of the Jews in Babylon. Encyc. Dict.
 Ex'i*li"tion (?), n. [L. exsilire to spring from; ex out + salire to spring, leap.] A sudden springing or leaping out.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ex*il"ity (?), n. [L. exilitas: cf. F. exilité.
 See Exile, a.] Smallness; meagerness; slenderness; fineness, thinness. [R.] Paley.
 Ex*im"ious (?) a. [L. eximius taken out, i. e. select, fr. eximere to take out. See Exempt.] Select; choice; hence, extraordinary, excellent. [Obs.]

 The eximious and arcane science of physic.

Fuller.
 Ex*in"a*nite (?), v. t. [L. exinanitus, p. p. of exinanire; ex out (intens.) + inanire to make empty, inanis, empty.] To make empty; to render of no effect; to humble. [Obs.] Bp.
 Pearson.
 Ex*in'a*ni"tion (?) n. [L. exinanitio.] An emptying; an enfeebling; exhaustion; humiliation. [Obs.]

 Fastings to the exinanition of spirits.

Jer. Taylor.
 Ex*ist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p.


epsilon nu omicron sigma / tau omicron nu / epsilon kappa epsilon iota nu omicron upsilon /epsilon lambda lambda epsilon beta omicron rho omicron nu}. To employ such license at all obtrusively is, no doubt, grotesque; but in any mode of poetic diction there must be moderation.
 Even metaphors, strange (or rare) words, or any similar forms of speech, would produce the like effect if used without propriety and with the express purpose of being ludicrous. How great a difference is made by the appropriate use of lengthening, may be seen in Epic poetry by the insertion of ordinary forms in the verse. So, again, if we take a strange (or rare) word, a metaphor, or any similar mode of expression, and replace it by the current or proper term, the truth of our observation will be manifest. For example Aeschylus and Euripides each composed the same iambic line. But the alteration of a single word by Euripides, who employed the rarer term instead of the ordinary one, makes one verse appear beautiful and the other trivial. Aeschylus in his Philoctetes says: {Phi alpha gamma epsilon delta alpha iota nu alpha / delta / eta / mu omicron upsilon / sigma alpha rho kappa alpha sigma / epsilon rho theta iota epsilon iota / pi omicron delta omicron sigma}.

 Euripides substitutes {Theta omicron iota nu alpha tau alpha iota} 'feasts on' for {epsilon sigma theta iota epsilon iota} 'feeds on.' Again, in the line, {nu upsilon nu / delta epsilon / mu /epsilon omega nu / omicron lambda iota gamma iota gamma upsilon sigma / tau epsilon / kappa alpha iota / omicron upsilon tau iota delta alpha nu omicron sigma / kappa alpha iota / alpha epsilon iota kappa eta sigma), the difference will be felt if we substitute the common words, {nu upsilon nu / delta epsilon / mu / epsilon omega nu / mu iota kappa rho omicron sigma / tau epsilon / kappa alpha iota / alpha rho theta epsilon nu iota kappa omicron sigma / kappa alpha iota / alpha epsilon iota delta gamma sigma}. Or, if for the line, {delta iota phi rho omicron nu / alpha epsilon iota kappa epsilon lambda iota omicron nu / kappa alpha tau alpha theta epsilon iota sigma / omicron lambda iota gamma eta nu / tau epsilon / tau rho alpha pi epsilon iota sigma / omicron lambda iota gamma eta nu / tau epsilon / tau rho alpha pi epsilon zeta alpha nu,} We read, {delta iota phi rho omicron nu / mu omicron chi theta eta rho omicron nu / kappa alpha tau alpha theta epsilon iota sigma / mu iota kappa rho alpha nu / tau epsilon / tau rho alpha pi epsilon zeta alpha nu}.

 Or, for {eta iota omicron nu epsilon sigma / beta omicron omicron omega rho iota nu, eta iota omicron nu epsilon sigma kappa rho alpha zeta omicron upsilon rho iota nu} Again, Ariphrades ridiculed the tragedians for using phrases which no one would employ in ordinary speech: for example, {delta omega mu alpha tau omega nu / alpha pi omicron} instead of {alpha pi omicron / delta omega mu alpha tau omega nu}, {rho epsilon theta epsilon nu}, {epsilon gamma omega / delta epsilon / nu iota nu}, {Alpha chi iota lambda lambda epsilon omega sigma / pi epsilon rho iota} instead of {pi epsilon rho iota / 'Alpha chi iota lambda lambda epsilon omega sigma}, and the like. It is precisely because such phrases are not part of the current idiom that they give distinction to the style. This, however, he failed to see.

 It is a great matter to observe propriety in these several modes of expression, as also in compound words, strange (or rare) words, and so forth. But the greatest thing by far is to have a command of metaphor.
 This alone cannot be imparted by another; it is the mark of genius, for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances.

 Of the various kinds of words, the compound are best adapted to Dithyrambs, rare words to heroic poetry, metaphors to iambic. In heroic poetry, indeed, all these varieties are serviceable. But in iambic verse, which reproduces, as far as may be, familiar speech, the most appropriate words are those which are found even in prose. These are,—the current or proper, the metaphorical, the ornamental.

 Concerning Tragedy and imitation by means of action this may suffice.

 XXIII As to that poetic imitation which is narrative in form and employs a single metre, the plot manifestly ought, as in a tragedy, to be constructed on dramatic principles. It should have for its subject a single action, whole and complete, with a beginning, a middle, and an end.
 It will thus resemble a living organism in all its unity, and produce the pleasure proper to it. It will differ in structure from historical compositions, which of necessity present not a single action, but a single period, and all that happened within that period to one person or to many, little connected together as the events may be. For as the sea-fight at Salamis and the battle with the Carthaginians in Sicily took place at the same time, but did not tend to any one result, so in the sequence of events, one thing sometimes follows another, and yet no single result is thereby produced. Such is the practice, we may say, of most poets. Here again, then, as has been already observed, the transcendent excellence of Homer is manifest. He never attempts to make the whole war of Troy the subject of his poem, though that war had a beginning and an end. It would have been too vast a theme, and not easily embraced in a single view. If, again, he had kept it within moderate limits, it must have been over-complicated by the variety of the incidents. As it is, he detaches a single portion, and admits as episodes many events from the general story of the war—such as the Catalogue of the ships and others—thus diversifying the poem. All other poets take a single hero, a single period, or an action single indeed, but with a multiplicity of parts. Thus did the author of the Cypria and of the Little Iliad. For this reason the Iliad and the Odyssey each furnish the subject of one tragedy, or, at most, of two; while the Cypria supplies materials for many, and the Little Iliad for eight—the Award of the Arms, the Philoctetes, the Neoptolemus, the Eurypylus, the Mendicant Odysseus, the Laconian Women, the Fall of Ilium, the Departure of the Fleet.

 XXIV Again, Epic poetry must have as many kinds as Tragedy: it must be simple, or complex, or 'ethical,' or 'pathetic.' The parts also, with the exception of song and spectacle, are the same; for it requires Reversals of the Situation, Recognitions, and Scenes of Suffering. Moreover, the thoughts and the diction must be artistic. In all these respects Homer is our earliest and sufficient model. Indeed each of his poems has a twofold character. The Iliad is at once simple and 'pathetic,' and the Odyssey complex (for Recognition scenes run through it), and at the same time 'ethical.' Moreover, in diction and thought they are supreme.

 Epic poetry differs from Tragedy in the scale on which it is constructed, and in its metre. As regards scale or length, we have already laid down an adequate limit:—the beginning and the end must be capable of being brought within a single view. This condition will be satisfied by poems on a smaller scale than the old epics, and answering in length to the group of tragedies presented at a single sitting.

 Epic poetry has, however, a great—a special—capacity for enlarging its dimensions, and we can see the reason. In Tragedy we cannot imitate several lines of actions carried on at one and the same time; we must confine ourselves to the action on the stage and the part taken by the players. But in Epic poetry, owing to the narrative form, many events simultaneously transacted can be presented; and these, if relevant to


), Ca*len"dric*al (?), } a., Of or pertaining to a calendar.

 Cal"ends (?), n. pl. [OE. kalendes month, calends, AS. calend month, fr. L. calendae; akin to calare to call, proclaim, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;. CF. Claim.] The first day of each month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Written also kalends.]

The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends.

 ||Ca*len"du*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. calendae calends.] (Bot.)
 A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

 Ca*len"du*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A gummy or mucilaginous tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin.

 Cal"en*ture (?), n. [F. calenture, fr. Sp. calenture heat, fever, fr. calentar to heat, fr. p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] (Med.) A name formerly given to various fevers occuring in tropics; esp. to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it.

 Cal"en*ture, v. i. To see as in the delirium of one affected with calenture. [Poetic] Hath fed on pageants floating through the air Or calentures in depths of limpid flood. Wordsworth.
 Ca*les"cence (?), n. [L. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.] Growing warmth; increasing heat.

 Calf (?), n.; pl. Calves (#). [OE. calf, kelf, AS. cealf; akin to D. kalf, G. kalb, Icel. klfr, Sw. kalf, Dan. kalv, Goth. kalb; cf. Skr. garbha fetus, young, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr grabh to seize, conceive, Ir. colpa, colpach, a calf. √222.] 1.
 The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. Also, the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale.

2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light-colored leather used in bookbinding; as, to bind books in calf.

3. An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt.
 [Colloq.]

 Some silly, doting, brainless calf. Drayton.
4. A small island near a larger; as, the Calf of Man.

5. A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface. Kane.
6. [Cf. Icel. klfi.] The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee.

Calf's-foot jelly, jelly made from the feet of calves. The gelatinous matter of the feet is extracted by boiling, and is flavored with sugar, essences, etc.

 Calf"skin' (?), n. The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin.

 ||Ca"li (?), n. (Hindoo Myth.) The tenth avatar or incarnation of the god Vishnu. [Written also Kali.]

 { Cal"i*ber, Cal"ibre } (?), n. [F. calibre, perh. fr. L. qualibra of what pound, of what weight; hence, of what size, applied first to a ball or bullet; cf. also Ar. qlib model, mold. Cf. Calipers, Calivere.]

1. (Gunnery) The diameter of the bore, as a cannon or other firearm, or of any tube; or the weight or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry; as, an 8 inch gun, a 12-pounder, a 44 caliber.

 The caliber of empty tubes. Reid.
 A battery composed of three guns of small caliber. Prescott.
 The caliber of firearms is expressed in various ways. Cannon are often designated by the weight of a solid spherical shot that will fit the bore; as, a 12-pounder; pieces of ordnance that project shell or hollow shot are designated by the diameter of their bore; as, a 12 inch mortar or a 14 inch shell gun; small arms are designated by hundredths of an inch expressed decimally; as, a rifle of.44 inch caliber.

2. The diameter of round or cylindrical body, as of a bullet or column.

3. Fig.: Capacity or compass of mind. Burke.
Caliber compasses. See Calipers. -- Caliber rule, a gunner's calipers, an instrument having two scales arranged to determine a ball's weight from its diameter, and conversely. -- A ship's caliber, the weight of her armament.

 Cal"i*brate (?), v. i. To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also, more generally, to determine or rectify the graduation of, as of the various standards or graduated instruments.

 Cal'ibra"*tion (?), n. The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also, more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument.

 Cal"ice (?), n. [See Calice.] See Chalice.

 Cal"i*cle (?), n. [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. of calicis, a cup. Cf Calycle.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals. Each is formed by a polyp. (b) One of the cuplike structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. See Campanularian.
 [Written also calycle. See Calycle.]

 Cal"i*co (?), n.; pl. Calicoes (#). [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.]
 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes, shirting calicoes, unbleached calicoes, etc. [Eng.]

 The importation of printed or stained colicoes appears to have been coeval with the establishment of the East India Company . Beck (Draper's Dict. ).
2. Cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern.

 In the United States the term calico is applied only to the printed fabric.

Calico bass (Zoöl.), an edible, fresh-water fish (Pomoxys sparaides) of the rivers and lake of the Western United States (esp.
 of the Misissippi valley.), allied to the sunfishes, and so called from its variegated colors; -- called also calicoback, grass bass, strawberry bass, barfish, and bitterhead. -- Calico printing, the art or process of impressing the figured patterns on calico.

 Cal"i*co (?), a. Made of, or having the appearance of, calico; -- often applied to an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose body are large patches of a color strikingly different from its main color. [Colloq. U.
 S.]

 Cal"i*co*back' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The calico


.] 1. To curdle; to turn, as milk; to coagulate; as, to posset the blood. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To treat with possets; to pamper. [R.] "She was cosseted and posseted."
 O. W. Holmes.
 Pos'si*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Possibilities (#). [F. possibilité, L. possibilitas.] 1. The quality or state of being possible; the power of happening, being, or existing.
 "All possibility of error." Hooker. "Latent possibilities of excellence." Johnson.
2. That which is possible; a contingency; a thing or event that may not happen; a contingent interest, as in real or personal estate. South.
 Burrill.
 Pos"si*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. possibilis, fr. posse to be able, to have power; potis able, capable + esse to be.
 See Potent, Am, and cf. Host a landlord.] Capable of existing or occurring, or of being conceived or thought of; able to happen; capable of being done; not contrary to the nature of things; -- sometimes used to express extreme improbability; barely able to be, or to come to pass; as, possibly he is honest, as it is possible that Judas meant no wrong.

 With God all things are possible.

Matt. xix. 26.
Syn. -- Practicable; likely. See Practicable.

 Pos"si*bly, adv. In a possible manner; by possible means; especially, by extreme, remote, or improbable intervention, change, or exercise of power; by a chance; perhaps; as, possibly he may recover.

 Can we... possibly his love desert?

Milton.
 When possibly I can, I will return.

Shak.
 Pos"sum (?), n. [Shortened from opossum.] (Zoöl.)
 An opossum. [Colloq. U. S.]

To play possum, To act possum, to feign ignorance, indifference or inattention, with the intent to deceive; to dissemble; -- in allusion to the habit of the opossum, which feigns death when attacked or alarmed.

 Post- (pst). [L. post behind, after; cf. Skr. paçcbehind, afterwards.] A prefix signifying behind, back, after; as, postcommissure, postdot, postscript.

 Post, a. [F. aposter to place in a post or position, generally for a bad purpose.] Hired to do what is wrong; suborned. [Obs.]
 Sir E. Sandys.
 Post, n. [AS., fr. L. postis, akin to ponere, positum, to place. See Position, and cf. 4th Post.] 1. A piece of timber, metal, or other solid substance, fixed, or to be fixed, firmly in an upright position, especially when intended as a stay or support to something else; a pillar; as, a hitching post; a fence post; the posts of a house.

 They shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper doorpost of the houses.

Ex. xii. 7.
 Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore, The gates of Azza, post and massy bar.

Milton.
 Unto his order he was a noble post.

Chaucer.
Post, in the sense of an upright timber or strut, is used in composition, in such words as king-post, queenpost, crown-post, gatepost, etc.

2. The doorpost of a victualer's shop or inn, on which were chalked the scores of customers; hence, a score; a debt. [Obs.]

 When God sends coin I will discharge your post.

S. Rowlands.
From pillar to post. See under Pillar. -- Knight of the post.
 See under Knight. -- Post hanger (Mach.), a bearing for a revolving shaft, adapted to be fastened to a post. -- Post hole, a hole in the ground to set the foot of a post in. -- Post mill, a form of windmill so constructed that the whole fabric rests on a vertical axis firmly fastened to the ground, and capable of being turned as the direction of the wind varies. -- Post and stall (Coal Mining), a mode of working in which pillars of coal are left to support the roof of the mine.

 Post, n. [F. poste, LL. posta station, post (where horses were kept), properly, a fixed or set place, fem. fr. L. positus placed, p. p. of ponere. See Position, and cf. Post a pillar.] 1.
 The place at which anything is stopped, placed, or fixed; a station.
 Specifically: (a) A station, or one of a series of stations, established for the refreshment and accommodation of travelers on some recognized route; as, a stage or railway post. (b) A military station; the place at which a soldier or a body of troops is stationed; also, the troops at such a station. (c) The piece of ground to which a sentinel's walk is limited.

2. A messenger who goes from station; an express; especially, one who is employed by the government to carry letters and parcels regularly from one place to another; a letter carrier; a postman.

 In certain places there be always fresh posts, to carry that further which is brought unto them by the other.

Abp. Abbot.
 I fear my Julia would not deign my lines, Receiving them from such a worthless post.

Shak.
3. An established conveyance for letters from one place or station to another; especially, the governmental system in any country for carrying and distributing letters and parcels; the post office; the mail; hence, the carriage by which the mail is transported.

 I send you the fair copy of the poem on dullness, which I should not care to hazard by the common post.

Pope.
4. Haste or speed, like that of a messenger or mail carrier. [Obs.]
 "In post he came." Shak.
5. One who has charge of a station, especially of a postal station.
 [Obs.]

 He held office of postmaster, or, as it was then called, post, for several years.

Palfrey.
6. A station, office, or position of service, trust, or emolument; as, the post of duty; the post of danger.

 The post of honor is a private station.

Addison.
7. A size of printing and writing paper. See the Table under Paper.

Post and pair, an old game at cards, in which each player a hand of three cards. B. Jonson. -- Post bag, a mail bag. -- Post bill, a bill of letters mailed by a postmaster. -- Post chaise, or Post coach, a carriage usually with four wheels, for the conveyance of travelers who travel post. -- Post day, a day on which the mall arrives or departs. -- Post hackney, a hired post horse. Sir H. Wotton. -- Post horn, a horn, or trumpet, carried and blown by a carrier of the public mail, or by a coachman. -- Post horse, a horse stationed, intended, or used for the post. -- Post hour, hour for posting letters. Dickens. -- Post office.
 (a) An office under governmental superintendence, where letters, papers, and other mailable matter, are received and distributed; a place appointed for attending to all business connected with the mail. (b) The governmental system for forwarding mail matter. -- Postoffice order.
 See Money order, under Money. -- Post road, or Post route, a road or way over which the mail is carried. -- Post town. (a) A town in which post horses are kept. (b) A town


In stock breeding half blood is descent showing one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or warm blood, is the same as blood.

5. The fleshy nature of man.

 Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood. Shak.
6. The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction.

 So wills the fierce, avenging sprite, Till blood for blood atones. Hood.
7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [R.]

 He was a thing of blood, whose every motion Was timed with dying cries. Shak.
8. Temper of mind; disposition; state of the passions; -- as if the blood were the seat of emotions.

 When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth. Shak.
 Often, in this sense, accompanied with bad, cold, warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. To warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qualified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified; as, my blood was up.

9. A man of fire or spirit; a fiery spark; a gay, showy man; a rake.

 Seest thou not... how giddily 'a turns about all the hot bloods between fourteen and five and thirty? Shak.
 It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood. Thackeray.
10. The juice of anything, especially if red.

 He washed... his clothes in the blood of grapes. Gen.
 xiix. 11.
Blood is often used as an adjective, and as the first part of self-explaining compound words; as, blood-bespotted, bloodbought, blood-curdling, blood-dyed, blood-red, blood-spilling, blood-stained, blood-warm, bloodwon.

Blood baptism (Eccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. -- Blood blister, a blister or bleb containing blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an injury. -- Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. -- Blood clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve mollusk of the genus Arca and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American coast. So named from the color of its flesh. -- Blood corpuscle. See Corpuscle. -- Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of the crystals formed by the separation in a crystalline form of the hæmoglobin of the red blood corpuscles; hæmatocrystallin. All blood does not yield blood crystals. -- Blood heat, heat equal to the temperature of human blood, or about 98½ ° Fahr. -- Blood horse, a horse whose blood or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly prized origin or stock. -- Blood money. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blood orange, an orange with dark red pulp. -- Blood poisoning (Med.), a morbid state of the blood caused by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from without, or the absorption or retention of such as are produced in the body itself; toxæmia. -- Blood pudding, a pudding made of blood and other materials. -- Blood relation, one connected by blood or descent. -- Blood spavin. See under Spavin.
 -- Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families, which, according to a Spanish prover, has in it a tinge of blue; -- hence, a member of an old and aristocratic family. -- Flesh and blood. (a) A blood relation, esp. a child. (b) Human nature. -- In blood (Hunting), in a state of perfect health and vigor. Shak. -- To let blood.
 See under Let. -- Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal; and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of the blood royal.

 Blood (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Blooding.] 1. To bleed. [Obs.] Cowper.
 2. To stain, smear or wet, with blood. [Archaic] Reach out their spears afar, And blood their points. Dryden.
3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of blood, as in hunting or war.

 It was most important too that his troops should be blooded.
Macaulay.
4. To heat the blood of; to exasperate. [Obs.]

 The auxiliary forces of the French and English were much blooded one against another. Bacon.
 Blood"bird' (bld"brd'), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian honeysucker (Myzomela sanguineolata); -- so called from the bright red color of the male bird.

 Blood"-bol'tered (&?;), a. [Blood + Prov. E. bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Balter.] Having the hair matted with clotted blood.
 [Obs. & R.]

 The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me. Shak.
 Blood"ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture or pure blood; of approved breed; of the best stock.

 Used also in composition in phrases indicating a particular condition or quality of blood; as, cold-blooded; warmblooded.

 Blood"flow'er (&?;), n. [From the color of the flower.] (Bot.)
 A genus of bulbous plants, natives of Southern Africa, named Hæmanthus, of the Amaryllis family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hottentots to poison their arrows.

 Blood"guilt'y (&?;), a. Guilty of murder or bloodshed. "A bloodguilty life." Fairfax. -- Blood"guilt'i*ness (&?;), n. -- Blood"guilt'less, a. Blood"hound' (&?;), n. A breed of large and powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, and remarkable for acuteness of smell.
 It is employed to recover game or prey which has escaped wounded from a hunter, and for tracking criminals. Formerly it was used for pursuing runaway slaves. Other varieties of dog are often used for the same purpose and go by the same name. The Cuban bloodhound is said to be a variety of the mastiff.

 Blood"i*ly (&?;), adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood.

 Blood"i*ness, n. 1. The state of being bloody.

2. Disposition to shed blood; bloodthirstiness.

 All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our nature.
Holland.
 Blood"less, a. [AS. bl&?;dleás.] 1.
 Destitute of blood, or apparently so; as, bloodless cheeks; lifeless; dead.

 The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold. Dryden.
2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter; as, a bloodless victory. Froude.
3. Without spirit or activity.

 Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood! Shak.
 -- Blood"less*ly, adv. -- Blood"less*ness, n. Blood"let' (&?;), v. t. [AS. bl&?;dl&?;tan; bl&?;d blood + l&?;atan to let.] bleed; to let blood. Arbuthnot.
 Blood"let'ter (&?;), n. One who, or that


THE VERSE-BOOK OF A HOMELY WOMAN By Fay Inchfawn [Elizabeth Rebecca Ward] CONTENTS PART I. INDOORS The Long View Within my House The Housewife To Mother In Such an Hour The Daily Interview The Little House The House-Mother A Woman in Hospital In Convalescence Homesick On Washing Day When Baby Strayed If Only —— Listening The Reason Two Women The Prize Fight The Home Lights To an Old Teapot For Mothering!
 Little Fan The Naughty Day To a Little White Bird Because When He Comes PART II. OUT OF DOORS Early Spring The Witness In Somerset At the Cross Roads Summer met Me The Carrier The Thrush In Dorset Dear The Flight of the Fairies The Street Player On All Souls' Eve The Log Fire God save the King Dedicated TO MY FIRST LOVE, MY MOTHER PART I. INDOORS The Long View Within my House The Housewife To Mother In Such an Hour The Daily Interview The Little House The House-Mother A Woman in Hospital In Convalescence Homesick On Washing Day When Baby Strayed If Only —— Listening The Reason Two Women The Prize Fight The Home Lights To an Old Teapot For Mothering!

 Little Fan The Naughty Day To a Little White Bird Because When He Comes PART II. OUT OF DOORS Early Spring The Witness In Somerset At the Cross Roads Summer met Me The Carrier The Thrush In Dorset Dear The Flight of the Fairies The Street Player On All Souls' Eve The Log Fire God save the King