.

 In*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. inscriptio, fr. inscribere, inscriptum, to inscribe: cf. F. inscription. See Inscribe.]
 1. The act or process of inscribing.

2. That which is inscribed; something written or engraved; especially, a word or words written or engraved on a solid substance for preservation or public inspection; as, inscriptions on monuments, pillars, coins, medals, etc.

3. (Anat.) A line of division or intersection; as, the tendinous inscriptions, or intersections, of a muscle.

4. An address, consignment, or informal dedication, as of a book to a person, as a mark of respect or an invitation of patronage.

 In*scrip"tive (?), a. Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription.

 In*scroll" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscrolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inscrolling.] To write on a scroll; to record.
 [Written also inscrol.] Shak.
 In*scru'ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutableness.

 In*scru"ta*ble (?), a. [L. inscrutabilis : cf. F. inscrutable.
 See Innot, and Scrutiny.] Unsearchable; incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study; impossible or difficult to be explained or accounted for satisfactorily; obscure; incomprehensible; as, an inscrutable design or event.

 'T is not in man To yield a reason for the will of Heaven Which is inscrutable.

Beau. & Fl.
 Waiving a question so inscrutable as this.

De Quincey.
 In*scru"ta*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutability.

 In*scru"ta*bly, adv. In an inscrutable manner.

 In*sculp" (?), v. t. [L. insculpere: cf. F. insculper.
 See 1st In-, and Sculptor.] To engrave; to carve; to sculpture. [Obs.
 & R.] Shak.
 Which he insculped in two likely stones.

Drayton.
 In*sculp"tion (?), n. Inscription. [Obs.]

 In*sculp"ture (?), n. An engraving, carving, or inscription. [Obs.]

 On his gravestone this insculpture.

Shak.
 In*sculp"tured (?), p. a. Engraved. Glover.
 In*seam" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inseamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inseaming.] To impress or mark with a seam or cicatrix. Pope.
 In*search" (?), v. t. To make search after; to investigate or examine; to ensearch. [Obs.]

 In*sec"a*ble (n*sk"*b'l), a. [L. insecabilis; pref. innot + secabilis that may be cut: cf. F. insecable.]
 Incapable of being divided by cutting; indivisible.

 In"sect (n"skt), n. [F. insecte, L. insectum, fr. insectus, p. p. of insecare to cut in. See Section. The name was originally given to certain small animals, whose bodies appear cut in, or almost divided. Cf. Entomology.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the Insecta; esp., one of the Hexapoda. See Insecta.

 The hexapod insects pass through three stages during their growth, viz., the larva, pupa, and imago or adult, but in some of the orders the larva differs little from the imago, except in lacking wings, and the active pupa is very much like the larva, except in having rudiments of wings. In the higher orders, the larva is usually a grub, maggot, or caterpillar, totally unlike the adult, while the pupa is very different from both larva and imago and is inactive, taking no food.

2. (Zoöl.) Any air-breathing arthropod, as a spider or scorpion.

3. (Zoöl.) Any small crustacean. In a wider sense, the word is often loosely applied to various small invertebrates.

4. Fig.: Any small, trivial, or contemptible person or thing. Thomson.
Insect powder, a powder used for the extermination of insects; esp., the powdered flowers of certain species of Pyrethrum, a genus now merged in Chrysanthemum. Called also Persian powder.

 In"sect (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an insect or insects.

2. Like an insect; small; mean; ephemeral.

 ||In*sec"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Insect.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennæ, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheæ, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n.
2. (Zoöl.) In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda.

3. (Zoöl.) In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined.

 The typical Insecta, or hexapod insects, are divided into several orders, viz.: Hymenoptera, as the bees and ants; Diptera, as the common flies and gnats; Aphaniptera, or fleas; Lepidoptera, or moths and butterflies; Neuroptera, as the ant-lions and hellgamite; Coleoptera, or beetles; Hemiptera, as bugs, lice, aphids; Orthoptera, as grasshoppers and cockroaches; Pseudoneuroptera, as the dragon flies and termites; Euplexoptera, or earwigs; Thysanura, as the springtails, podura, and lepisma. See these words in the Vocabulary.

 In"sec*ta*ry (?), n. A place for keeping living insects. -- In'sec*ta"ri*um (#), n. [L.]

 In'sec*ta"tion (?), n. [L. insectatio. See Insectator.] The act of pursuing; pursuit; harassment; persecution. [Obs.] Sir T. More.
 In'sec*ta"tor (?), n. [L., fr. insectari to pursue, freq.
 fr. insequi. See Ensue.] A pursuer; a persecutor; a censorious critic. [Obs.] Bailey.
 In"sect*ed (?), a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or resembling, an insect. Howell.
 In*sec"ti*cide (?), n. [Insect + L. caedere to kill.]
 An agent or preparation for destroying insects; an insect powder. -- In*sec"ti*ci'dal (#), a. In*sec"tile (?), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, insects. Bacon.
 In*sec"tion (?), n. [See Insect.] A cutting in; incisure; incision.

 ||In'sec*tiv"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. insectum an insect + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects.

 They are mostly of small size, and their molar teeth have sharp cusps.
 Most of the species burrow in the earth, and many of those of cold


petrifaction, in the form of coral.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound coral; or that part formed by a single coral animal. [Written also corallet.]

 Cor"al*loid (?), a. [L. corallum coral + -oid: cf. F.
 coralloïde.] Having the form of coral; branching like coral.

 Cor'al*loid"al (?), a. resembling coral; coralloid. Sir T. browne.
 ||Co*ral"lum (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The coral or skeleton of a zoöphyte, whether calcareous of horny, simple or compound. See Coral.

 Cor"al-rag' (?), n. (geol.) Same as Corallian.

 Cor"al*wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A cruciferous herb of certain species of Dentaria; -- called also toothwort, tooth violet, or pepper root.

 Cor"a*nach (?), n. [Gael. coranach, or corranach, a crying, the Irish funeral cry (the keen), a dirge; comh with + ranaich a roaring, ran to roar, shriek.] A lamentation for the dead; a dirge. [Written also coranich, corrinoch, coronach, cronach, etc.] [Scot.]

 { Co*rant (?), Co*ran"to (?) }, n. [See Courant.] A sprightly but somewhat stately dance, now out of fashion.

 It is harder to dance a corant well, than a jig. Sir W. temple.
 Dancing a coranto with him upon the heath. Macaulay.
 Corb (kôrb), n. [L. corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil, Corp.]
 1. A basket used in coal mines, etc. see Corf.

2. (Arch.) An ornament in a building; a corbel.

 Cor"ban (kôr"bn), n. [Heb. qorbn, akin to Ar. qurbn.]
 1. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering of any kind, devoted to God and therefore not to be appropriated to any other use; esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow.

 In the old Testament the hebrew word is usually translated "oblation" as in Numb. xviii. 9, xxxi. 50.
 The traditionists laid down that a man might interdict himself by vow, not only from using for himself, but from giving to another, or receiving from him, some particular object, whether of food or any other kind. A person might thus exempt himself from assisting parents in distress, under plea of corban. Dr. W. Smith.
2. An alms basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited.

 Corbe (kôrb), a. [OF. corbe, fr. L. curvus. See Cuve.] Crooked. [Obs.] "Corbe shoulder." Spenser.
 Cor"beil (kôr"bl), n. [F. corbeille, fr. L. corbicula a little basket, dim. of corbis basket. Cf. Corbel, Corb, Corvette.]
 1. (Arch.) A sculptured basket of flowers; a corbel. [Obs.]

2. pl. (Fort.) Small gabions. Brande & C. Cor"bel (kôr"bl), n. [F. corbeau, for older corbel, dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the form of a basket.) See Corbeil.] (Arch.) A bracket supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. Corbels were employed largely in Gothic architecture.

 A common form of corbel consists of courses of stones or bricks, each projecting slightly beyond the next below it.

 Cor"bel, v. t. To furnish with a corbel or corbels; to support by a corbel; to make in the form of a corbel.

To corbel out, to furnish with a corbel of courses, each projecting beyond the one next below it.

 Cor"bel-ta'ble (?), n. (Arch.) A horizontal row of corbels, with the panels or filling between them; also, less properly used to include the stringcourse on them.

 { Cor"bie or Cor"by } (kôr"b), n.; pl. Corbies (-bz). [F. corbeau, OF. corbel, dim. fr. L. corvus raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) The raven. [Scot.]

2. (her.) A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge.

Corbie crow, the carrion crow. [Scot.]

 Cor"bie*step' (?), n. (Arch.) One of the steps in which a gable wall is often finished in place of a continuous slope; -- also called crowstep.

 Cor"cho*rus (kôr"k*rs), n. [Nl., fr. L. corchorus a poor kind of pulse, Gr. ko'rchoros a wild plant of bitter taste.] (Bot.)
 The common name of the Kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow-flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant, seen in old-fashioned gardens.

 { Cor"cle (kôr"k'l), Cor"cule (- kl) }, n. [L. corculum a little heart, dim. of cor heart.] (Bot.) The heart of the seed; the embryo or germ. [Obs.]

 Cord (kôrd), n. [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, fr. Gr. chordh'; cf. chola'des intestines, L. haruspex soothsayer (inspector of entrails), Icel. görn, pl. garnir gut, and E. yarn. Cf. Chord, Yarn.] 1. A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together.

2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile of wood, or other coarse material, eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad; -- originally measured with a cord or line.

 3. Fig.: Any moral influence by which persons are caught, held, or drawn, as if by a cord; an enticement; as, the cords of the wicked; the cords of sin; the cords of vanity.

 The knots that tangle human creeds, The wounding cords that bind and strain The heart until it bleeds. Tennyson.
4. (Anat.) Any structure having the appearance of a cord, esp. a tendon or a nerve. See under Spermatic, Spinal, Umbilical, Vocal.

5. (Mus.) See Chord. [Obs.]

Cord wood, wood for fuel cut to the length of four feet (when of full measure).

 Cord (kôrd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cording.] 1. To bind with a cord; to fasten with cords; to connect with cords; to ornament or finish with a cord or cords, as a garment.

2. To arrange (wood, etc.) in a pile for measurement by the cord.

 Cord"age (kôrd"j), n. [F. cordage. See Cord.] Ropes or cords, collectively; hence, anything made of rope or cord, as those parts of the rigging of a ship which consist of ropes.

 Cord"al (kôrd"al), n. Same as Cordelle.

 Cordate (kôr"dt), a. [L. cor, cordis, heart.]
 (Bot.) Heartshaped; as, a cordate leaf.

 Cor"date*ly, adv.


(#). [F., fr. OF. flambe flame, for flamble, from L. flammula a little flame, dim. of flamma flame. See Flame.] A flaming torch, esp. one made by combining together a number of thick wicks invested with a quick-burning substance (anciently, perhaps, wax; in modern times, pitch or the like); hence, any torch.

 Flam*boy"ant (?), a. [F.] (Arch.) Characterized by waving or flamelike curves, as in the tracery of windows, etc.; -- said of the later (15th century) French Gothic style.

 Flam*boy"er (?), n. [F. flamboyer to be bright.] (Bot.)
 A name given in the East and West Indies to certain trees with brilliant blossoms, probably species of Cæsalpinia.

 Flame (flm), n. [OE. flame, flaume, flaumbe, OF. flame, flambe, F. flamme, fr. L. flamma, fr. flamma, fr. flagrare to burn. See Flagrant, and cf.
 Flamneau, Flamingo.] 1. A stream of burning vapor or gas, emitting light and heat; darting or streaming fire; a blaze; a fire.

2. Burning zeal or passion; elevated and noble enthusiasm; glowing imagination; passionate excitement or anger. "In a flame of zeal severe." Milton.
 Where flames refin'd in breasts seraphic glow.

Pope.
 Smit with the love of sister arts we came, And met congenial, mingling flame with flame.

Pope.
3. Ardor of affection; the passion of love. Coleridge.
4. A person beloved; a sweetheart. Thackeray.
Syn. -- Blaze; brightness; ardor. See Blaze.

Flame bridge, a bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. -- Flame color, brilliant orange or yellow. B. Jonson. -- Flame engine, an early name for the gas engine. -- Flame manometer, an instrument, invented by Koenig, to obtain graphic representation of the action of the human vocal organs. See Manometer. -- Flame reaction (Chem.), a method of testing for the presence of certain elements by the characteristic color imparted to a flame; as, sodium colors a flame yellow, potassium violet, lithium crimson, boracic acid green, etc. Cf. Spectrum analysis, under Spectrum. -- Flame tree (Bot.), a tree with showy scarlet flowers, as the Rhododendron arboreum in India, and the Brachychiton acerifolium of Australia.

 Flame, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaming.] [OE. flamen, flaumben, F. flamber, OF. also, flamer. See Flame, n.] 1. To burn with a flame or blaze; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze.

 The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would make it flame again.

Shak.
2. To burst forth like flame; to break out in violence of passion; to be kindled with zeal or ardor.

 He flamed with indignation.

Macaulay.
 Flame, v. t. To kindle; to inflame; to excite.

 And flamed with zeal of vengeance inwardly.

Spenser.
 Flame"-col'ored (?), a. Of the color of flame; of a bright orange yellow color. Shak.
 Flame"less, a. Destitute of flame. Sandys.
 Flame"let (?), n. [Flame + - let.] A small flame.

 The flamelets gleamed and flickered.

Longfellow.
 Fla"men (?), n.; pl. E. Flammens (#), L. Flamines (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis.

 Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.

Milton.
 Fla*min"e*ous (?), a. Pertaining to a flamen; flaminical.

 Flam"ing (?), a. 1. Emitting flames; afire; blazing; consuming; illuminating.

2. Of the color of flame; high-colored; brilliant; dazzling. "In flaming yellow bright." Prior.
3. Ardent; passionate; burning with zeal; irrepressibly earnest; as, a flaming proclomation or harangue.

 Flam"ing*ly, adv. In a flaming manner.

 Fla*min"go (?), n.; pl. Flamingoes (#). [Sp. flamenco, cf. Pg. flamingo, Prov. flammant, F. flamant; prop. a p. pr. meaning flaming. So called in allusion to its color. See Flame.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Phœnicopterus.
 The flamingoes have webbed feet, very long legs, and a beak bent down as if broken. Their color is usually red or pink. The American flamingo is P. ruber; the European is P. antiquorum.

 Fla*min"i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to a flamen. Milton.
 Flam'ma*bil"ity (?), n. The quality of being flammable; inflammability. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Flam"ma*ble (?), a. Inflammable. [Obs.]

 Flam*ma"tion (?), n. The act of setting in a flame or blaze. [Obs.]
 Sir. T. Browne.
 Flam"me*ous (?), a. [L. flammeus from flamma flame.]
 Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, flame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Flam*mif"er*ous (?), a. [L. flammifer; flamma flame + ferre to bear.] Producing flame.

 Flam*miv"o*mous (?), a. [L. flammivomus; flamma flame + vomere to vomit.] Vomiting flames, as a volcano. W. Thompson.
 (1745).
 Flam"mu*la'ted (?), a. [L. flammula little flame, dim. fr.
 flamma flame.] Of a reddish color.

 Flam"y (?), a. [From Flame.] Flaming; blazing; flamelike; flame-colored; composed of flame. Pope.
 Flanch (?), n.; pl. Flanches (#). [Prov. E., a projection, OF. flanche flank. See Flank.] 1. A flange.
 [R.]. (Her.) A bearing consisting of a segment of a circle encroaching on the field from the side.

Flanches are always in pairs. A pair of flanches is considered one of the subordinaries.

 Flanched (?), a. (Her.) Having flanches; -- said of an escutcheon with those bearings.

 Flan'co*nade" (?), n. [F.] (Fencing) A thrust in the side.

 ||Fla'neur" (?), n. [F., fr. flâner to stroll.] One who strolls about aimlessly; a lounger; a loafer.

 Flang (?), n. A miner's twopointed pick.

 Flange (flnj), n. [Prov. E. flange to project, flanch a projection. See Flanch, Flank.] 1. An external or internal rib, or rim, for strength, as the flange of an iron beam; or for a guide, as the flange of a car wheel (see Car wheel.); or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc. Knight.
2. A plate or ring to form a rim at the end


round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible.

 Ron"do (?), n. [It. rondò, fr. F. rondeau. See Rondeau.] 1. (Mus.) A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains. "The Rondo-form was the earliest and most frequent definite mold for musical construction." Grove.
2. (Poetry) See Rondeau, 1.

 Ron"dure (?), n. [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.] 1. A round; a circle. [Obs.] Shak.
2. Roundness; plumpness. [R.]

 High-kirtled for the chase, and what was shown Of maiden rondure, like the rose half-blown.

Lowell.
 Rong (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer.
 Rong, n. Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Ron'geur" (?), n. [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.)
 An instrument for removing small rough portions of bone.

 { Ron"ion, Ron"yon } (?), n. [F. rogne scab, mange.] A mangy or scabby creature.

 "Aroint thee, with!" the rump-fed ronyon cries.

Shak.
 Ron"ne (?), obs. imp. pl., and Ron"nen (&?;), obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer.
 Ront (?), n. [See Runt.] A runt. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Rood (rd), n. [AS. rd a cross; akin to OS. rda, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. Cf. Rod a measure.]
 1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it.

 Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son's head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures.

 Savior, in thine image seen Bleeding on that precious rood.

Wordsworth.
2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a rod; a perch; a pole. [Prov. Eng.]

3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods.

By the rood, by the cross; -- a phrase formerly used in swearing.
 "No, by the rood, not so." Shak. -- Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the rood. -- Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendages were set up to view. Gwilt. -- Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. -- Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; -- when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale.
 -- Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] "Died upon the rood tree."
 Gower.
 Roo"de*bok (?), n. [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)
 The pallah.

 Rood"y (?), a. Rank in growth. [Prov. Eng.]

 Roof (?), n. [OE. rof, AS. hr&?;f top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin, Icel. hr&?;f a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hr&?;st roof, Goth. hr&?;t.
 Cf. Roost.] 1. (Arch.) The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering.

2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth.

 The flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired.

Milton.
3. (Mining.) The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein.

Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. -- Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. -- Roof plate. (Arch.)
 See Plate, n., 10.

 Roof (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Roofing.] 1. To cover with a roof.

 I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches.

Addison.
2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter.

 Here had we now our country's honor roofed.

Shak.
 Roof"er (?), n. One who puts on roofs.

 Roof"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a roof.

2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof.
 Gwilt.
3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. "Fit roofing gave." Southey.
4. (Mining) The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond.
 Roof"less, a. 1. Having no roof; as, a roofless house.

2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless.

 Roof"let (?), n. A small roof, covering, or shelter.

 Roof"tree' (?), n. The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself.

 Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall.

Tennyson.
 Roof'y (?), a. Having roofs. [R.] Dryden.
 Rook (rk), n. Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.]

 Rook, v. i. To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak.
 Rook, n. [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar.
 rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense perhaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.]
 (Chess) One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle.

 Rook, n. [AS. hrc; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hrkr, Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.] 1. (Zoöl.) A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic


neath the shelf various long wooden pegs projected from the wall; they were each about a foot and a half long, and on them hung the Abyssinian manuscripts, of which this curious library was entirely composed. The books of Abyssinia are... enclosed in a case tied up with leathern thongs; to this case is attached a strap for the convenience of carrying the volume over the shoulders, and by these straps the books were hung to the wooden pegs, three or four on a peg, or more if the books were small; their usual size was that of a small, very thick quarto. The appearance of the room, fitted up in this style, together with the presence of long staves, such as the{19} monks of all the Oriental churches lean upon at the time of prayer, resembled less a library than a barrack or guardroom, where the soldiers had hung their knapsacks and cartridge boxes against the wall." The few old Irish satchels remaining are black with age, and the characteristic decoration of diagonal lines and interlaced markings is nearly worn away. Two of them are preserved in England and Ireland: those of the Book of Armagh, in Trinity College, Dublin, and of the Irish Missal in Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The wallet at Oxford looks much like a modern schoolboy's satchel; leather straps are fixed to it, by which it was slung round the neck. The Armagh wallet is made of one piece of leather, folded to form a case a foot long, a little more than a foot broad, and two and a half inches thick. The Book of Armagh does not fit it properly. Interlaced work and zoömorphs decorate the leather. Remains of rough straps are still attached to the sides.
The second special feature of Irish book-economy was the preservation of manuscripts in cumdachs or rectangular boxes, made just large enough for the books they were intended to enshrine. As in the case of the wallet, the cumdach was not peculiar to Ireland, although the finest examples which have come down to us were made in that country.[48] They are referred to several times in{20} early Irish annals. Bishop Assicus is said to have made quadrangular book-covers in honour of Patrick.[49] In the Annals of the Four Masters is recorded, under the year 937, a reference to the cumdach of the Book of Armagh, or the Canon of Patrick.
"Canoin Phadraig was covered by Donchadh, son of Flann, king of Ireland." In 1006 the Annals note that the Book of Kells—"the Great Gospel of Columb Cille was stolen at night from the western erdomh of the Great Church of Ceannanus. This was the principal relic of the western world, on account of its singular cover; and it was found after twenty nights and two months, its gold having been stolen off it, and a sod over it."[50] These cumdachs are now lost; so also is the jewelled case of the Gospels of St. Arnoul at Metz, and that belonging to the Book of Durrow.
By good hap, several cumdachs of the greatest interest are still preserved for our inspection. One of them, the Silver Shrine of the so-called St. Patrick's Gospels, is a very peculiar case. It consists of three covers. The first, or inner, is of yew, and was perhaps made in the sixth or seventh century. The second, of copper, silver-plated, is of later make. The third, or outermost, is of silver, and was probably made in the fourteenth century. The cumdach of the Stowe Missal (1023) is a much more beautiful example. It is of oak, covered with plates of silver. The lower or more ancient side bears a cross within a rectangular frame. In the centre of the cross is a crystal set in an oval mount. The decoration of the four panels consists of metal plates, the ornament being a chequer-work of squares and triangles. The lid has a similar cross and frame, but the cross is set with pearls and{21} PLATE IV CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE'S GOSPELS: BOTTOM CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE'S GOSPELS: FRONT PLATE IV CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE'S GOSPELS: BOTTOM PLATE IV CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE'S GOSPELS: BOTTOM CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE'S GOSPELS: FRONT CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE'S GOSPELS: FRONT metal bosses, a crystal in the centre, and a large jewel at the end of each arm. The panels consist of silver-gilt plates embellished with figures of saints. The sides, which are decorated with enamelled bosses and open-work designs, are imperfect. On the box are inscriptions in Irish, such as the following: "Pray for Dunchad, descendant of Taccan, of the family of Cluain, who made this"; "A blessing of God on every soul according to its merit"; "Pray for Donchadh, son of Brian, for the king of Ireland"; "And for Macc Raith, descendant of Donnchad, for the king of Cashel."[51] Other cumdachs are those in the Royal Irish Academy for Molaise's Gospels (c. 1001-25), for Columba's Psalter (1084), and those in Trinity College, Dublin, for Dimma's book (1150) and for the Book of St. Moling. There are also the cumdachs for Cairnech's Calendar and that of Caillen; both of late date. The library of St. Gall possesses still another silver cumdach, which is probably Irish.
These are the earliest relics we have of what was undoubtedly an old and established method of enshrining books, going back as far as Patrick's time, if it be correct that Bishop Assicus made them, or if the first case of the Silver Shrine is as old as it is believed to be. The beautiful lower cover of the Gospels of Lindau, now in Mr. Pierpont Morgan's treasure-house, proves that at least as early as the seventh century the Irish lavished as much art on the outside of their manuscripts as upon the inside.[52] It is natural to make a beautiful covering for a book which is both beautiful and sacred. All the volumes upon which the Irish artist exercised his talent were invested with sacred attributes. Chroniclers would have us believe they were sometimes miraculously produced. In the life of Cronan[53] is a story telling how an expert scribe named{22} Dimma copied the four Gospels. Dimma could only devote a day to the task, whereupon Cronan bade him begin at once and continue until sunset. But the sun did not set for forty days, and by that time the copy was finished. The manuscript written for Cronan is possibly the book of Dimma, which bears the inscription: "It is finished. A prayer for Dimma, who wrote it for God, and a blessing."[54] It was believed such books could not be injured. St. Ciaran's copy of the Gospels fell into a lake, but was uninjured. St. Cronan's copy fell into Loch Cre, and remained under water forty days without injury. Even fire could not harm St. Cainnech's case of books.[55] Nor is it surprising they should be looked upon as sacred. The scribes and illuminators who took such loving care to make their work perfect, and the craftsmen who wrought beautiful shrines for the books so made, were animated with the feeling and spirit which impels men to erect beautiful churches to testify to the glory of their Creator. As Dimma says, they "wrote them for God."{23} CHAPTER II THE ENGLISH MONKS AND THEIR BOOKS "There are delightful libraries, more aromatic than stores of spicery; there are luxuriant parks of all manner of volumes; there are Academic meads shaken by the tramp of scholars; there are lounges of Athens; walks of the Peripatetics; peaks of Parnassus; and porches of the Stoics. There is seen the surveyor of all arts and sciences Aristotle, to whom belongs all that is most excellent in doctrine, so far


; qualification; requisite; article; provision; arrangement. See State.

 Con*di"tion (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conditioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.] 1. To make terms; to stipulate.

 Pay me back my credit, And I'll condition with ye. Beau.
 & Fl.
2. (Metaph.) To impose upon an object those relations or conditions without which knowledge and thought are alleged to be impossible.

 To think of a thing is to condition. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Con*di"tion, v. t. [Cf. LL. conditionare. See Condition, n.]
 1. To invest with, or limit by, conditions; to burden or qualify by a condition; to impose or be imposed as the condition of.

 Seas, that daily gain upon the shore, Have ebb and flow conditioning their march. Tennyson.
2. To contract; to stipulate; to agree.

 It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children. Sir W. Raleigh.
3. (U. S. Colleges) To put under conditions; to require to pass a new examination or to make up a specified study, as a condition of remaining in one's class or in college; as, to condition a student who has failed in some branch of study.

4. To test or assay, as silk (to ascertain the proportion of moisture it contains). McElrath.
 Con*di"tion*al (?), a. [L. conditionalis.] 1.
 Containing, implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms; as, a conditional promise.

 Every covenant of God with man... may justly be made (as in fact it is made) with this conditional punishment annexed and declared.
Bp. Warburton.
2. (Gram. & Logic) Expressing a condition or supposition; as, a conditional word, mode, or tense.

 A conditional proposition is one which asserts the dependence of one categorical proposition on another. Whately.
 The words hypothetical and conditional may be... used synonymously. J. S. Mill.
 Con*di"tion*al, n. 1. A limitation. [Obs.] Bacon.
2. A conditional word, mode, or proposition.

 Disjunctives may be turned into conditionals. L. H. Atwater.
 Con*di'tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being conditional, or limited; limitation by certain terms.

 Con*di"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In a conditional manner; subject to a condition or conditions; not absolutely or positively. Shak.
 Con*di"tion*ate (?), a. [LL. conditionatus, p. p. See Condition, v. t.] Conditional. [Obs.]

 Barak's answer is faithful, though conditionate. Bp.
 Hall.
 Con*di"tion*ate (?), v. t. 1. To qualify by conditions; to regulate. [Obs.]

2. To put under conditions; to render conditional.

 Con*di"tioned (?), a. 1. Surrounded; circumstanced; in a certain state or condition, as of property or health; as, a well conditioned man.

 The best conditioned and unwearied spirit. Shak.
2. Having, or known under or by, conditions or relations; not independent; not absolute.

 Under these, thought is possible only in the conditioned interval. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Con*di"tion*ly, adv. Conditionally. [Obs.]

 Con"di*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Conditories (#). [L. conditorium, fr. condere to hide. See Recondite.] A repository for holding things; a hinding place.

 Con*dog" (?; 115), v. i. [A punning corruption of concur.]
 To concur; to agree. [Burlesque] This word appears in early dictionaries as a synonym for the word agree; thus. "Agree; concurre, cohere, condog, condescend." Cockeram.
 Con*do"la*to*ry (?), a. Expressing condolence. Smart.
 Con*dole" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] [L. condolere; con- + dolere to feel pain, grieve. See Doleful.] To express sympathetic sorrow; to grieve in sympathy; -- followed by with.

 Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you. Sir W. Temple.
 Con*dole", v. t. To lament or grieve over. [R.]

 I come not, Samson, to condole thy chance. Milton.
 Con*dole"ment (?), n. 1. Condolence. "A pitiful condolement."
 Milton.
2. Sorrow; mourning; lamentation. Shak.
 Con*do"lence (?), n. [Cf. F. condoléance.] Expression of sympathy with another in sorrow or grief.

 Their congratulations and their condolences. Steele.
 A special mission of condolence. Macaulay.
 Con*dol"er (?), n. One who condoles.

 Con'do*na"tion (?), n. [L. condonatio a giving away.] 1.
 The act of condoning or pardoning.

2. (Law) Forgiveness, either express or implied, by a husband of his wife or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty, as adultery, with an implied condition that the offense shall not be repeated. Bouvier. Wharton.
 Con*done" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] [L. condonare, - donatum, to give up, remit, forgive; con- + donare to give. See Donate.] 1. To pardon; to forgive.

 A fraud which he had either concocted or condoned. W. Black.
 It would have been magnanimous in the men then in power to have overlooked all these things, and, condoning the politics, to have rewarded the poetry of Burns. J. C. Shairp.
2. (Law) To pardon; to overlook the offense of; esp., to forgive for a violation of the marriage law; -- said of either the husband or the wife.

 Con"dor (?), n. [Sp. condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.] (Zoöl.)
 A very large bird of the Vulture family (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), found in the most elevated parts of the Andes.

 ||Con'dot*tie"re (?), n.; pl. Condottieri (#). [It., captain.] A military adventurer of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party in any contest.

 Con*duce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] [L. conducere to bring together, conduce, hire; con- + ducere to lead. See Duke and cf.
 Conduct, n., Cond.] To lead or tend, esp. with reference to a favorable or desirable result; to contribute; -- usually followed by to or toward.

 He was sensible how much such a union would conduce to the happiness of both. Macaulay.
 The reasons you allege do more conduce To the hot passion of distemper'd blood. Shak.
Syn. -- To contribute; aid; assist; tend; subserve.

 Con*duce", v. t. To conduct; to lead; to guide. [Obs.]

 He was sent to conduce hither


HERETICS by Gilbert K. Chesterton "To My Father" Source Heretics was copyrighted in 1905 by the John Lane Company. This electronic text is derived from the twelfth (1919) edition published by the John Lane Company of New York City and printed by the Plimpton Press of Norwood, Massachusetts. The text carefully follows that of the published edition (including British spelling).
The Author Gilbert Keith Chesterton was born in London, England on the 29th of May, 1874. Though he considered himself a mere "rollicking journalist," he was actually a prolific and gifted writer in virtually every area of literature. A man of strong opinions and enormously talented at defending them, his exuberant personality nevertheless allowed him to maintain warm friendships with people—such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells—with whom he vehemently disagreed.
Chesterton had no difficulty standing up for what he believed. He was one of the few journalists to oppose the Boer War. His 1922 "Eugenics and Other Evils" attacked what was at that time the most progressive of all ideas, the idea that the human race could and should breed a superior version of itself. In the Nazi experience, history demonstrated the wisdom of his once "reactionary" views.
His poetry runs the gamut from the comic 1908 "On Running After One's Hat" to dark and serious ballads. During the dark days of 1940, when Britain stood virtually alone against the armed might of Nazi Germany, these lines from his 1911 Ballad of the White Horse were often quoted: I tell you naught for your comfort, Yea, naught for your desire, Save that the sky grows darker yet And the sea rises higher.
Though not written for a scholarly audience, his biographies of authors and historical figures like Charles Dickens and St. Francis of Assisi often contain brilliant insights into their subjects. His Father Brown mystery stories, written between 1911 and 1936, are still being read and adapted for television.
His politics fitted with his deep distrust of concentrated wealth and power of any sort. Along with his friend Hilaire Belloc and in books like the 1910 "What's Wrong with the World" he advocated a view called "Distributionism" that was best summed up by his expression that every man ought to be allowed to own "three acres and a cow." Though not known as a political thinker, his political influence has circled the world.
Some see in him the father of the "small is beautiful" movement and a newspaper article by him is credited with provoking Gandhi to seek a "genuine" nationalism for India rather than one that imitated the British.
Heretics belongs to yet another area of literature at which Chesterton excelled. A fun-loving and gregarious man, he was nevertheless troubled in his adolescence by thoughts of suicide. In Christianity he found the answers to the dilemmas and paradoxes he saw in life. Other books in that same series include his 1908 Orthodoxy (written in response to attacks on this book) and his 1925 The Everlasting Man.
Orthodoxy is also available as electronic text.
Chesterton died on the 14th of June, 1936 in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England. During his life he published 69 books and at least another ten based on his writings have been published after his death. Many of those books are still in print. Ignatius Press is systematically publishing his collected writings.
Table of Contents 1. Introductory Remarks on the Importance of Othodoxy 2. On the Negative Spirit 3. On Mr. Rudyard Kipling and Making the World Small 4. Mr. Bernard Shaw 5. Mr. H. G. Wells and the Giants 6. Christmas and the Esthetes 7. Omar and the Sacred Vine 8. The Mildness of the Yellow Press 9. The Moods of Mr. George Moore 10. On Sandals and Simplicity 11. Science and the Savages 12. Paganism and Mr. Lowes Dickinson 13. Celts and Celtophiles 14. On Certain Modern Writers and the Institution of the Family 15. On Smart Novelists and the Smart Set 16. On Mr. McCabe and a Divine Frivolity 17. On the Wit of Whistler 18. The Fallacy of the Young Nation 19. Slum Novelists and the Slums 20. Concluding Remarks on the Importance of Orthodoxy I. Introductory Remarks on the Importance of Orthodoxy Nothing more strangely indicates an enormous and silent evil of modern society than the extraordinary use which is made nowadays of the word "orthodox." In former days the heretic was proud of not being a heretic. It was the kingdoms of the world and the police and the judges who were heretics. He was orthodox. He had no pride in having rebelled against them; they had rebelled against him. The armies with their cruel security, the kings with their cold faces, the decorous processes of State, the reasonable processes of law—all these like sheep had gone astray. The man was proud of being orthodox, was proud of being right. If he stood alone in a howling wilderness he was more than a man; he was a church. He was the centre of the universe; it was round him that the stars swung. All the tortures torn out of forgotten hells could not make him admit that he was heretical. But a few modern phrases have made him boast of it. He says, with a conscious laugh, "I suppose I am very heretical," and looks round for applause. The word "heresy" not only means no longer being wrong; it practically means being clear-headed and courageous. The word "orthodoxy" not only no longer means being right; it practically means being wrong. All this can mean one thing, and one thing only. It means that people care less for whether they are philosophically right. For obviously a man ought to confess himself crazy before he confesses himself heretical. The Bohemian, with a red tie, ought to pique himself on his orthodoxy. The dynamiter, laying a bomb, ought to feel that, whatever else he is, at least he is orthodox.
It is foolish, generally speaking, for a philosopher to set fire to another philosopher in Smithfield Market because they do not agree in their theory of the universe. That was done very frequently in the last decadence of the Middle Ages, and it failed altogether in its object. But there is one thing that is infinitely more absurd and unpractical than burning a man for his philosophy. This is the habit of saying that his philosophy does not matter, and this is done universally in the twentieth century, in the decadence of the great revolutionary period. General theories are everywhere contemned; the doctrine of the Rights of Man is dismissed with the doctrine of the Fall of Man. Atheism itself is too theological for us to-day.
Revolution itself is too much of a system; liberty itself is too much of a restraint. We will have no generalizations. Mr. Bernard Shaw has put the view in a perfect epigram: "The golden rule is that there is no golden rule." We are more and more to discuss details in art, politics, literature. A man's opinion on tramcars matters; his opinion on Botticelli matters; his opinion on all things does not matter. He may turn over and explore a million objects, but he must not find that strange object, the universe; for if he does he will have a religion, and be lost. Everything matters—except everything.
Examples are scarcely needed of this total levity on the subject of cosmic philosophy. Examples are scarcely needed to show that, whatever else we think of as affecting practical affairs, we do not think it matters whether a man is a pessimist or an optimist, a Cartesian or a Hegelian, a materialist or a spiritualist. Let me, however, take a random instance. At any innocent tea-table we may easily hear a man say, "Life is not worth living." We regard it as we regard the


between two dentils. Gwilt.
 In'ter*de*pend"ence (?), n. Mutual dependence. "The interdependence of virtue and knowledge." M. Arnold.
 In'ter*de*pend"en*cy (?), n. Mutual dependence; as, interdependency of interests. De Quincey.
 In'ter*de*pend"ent (?), a. Mutually dependent.

 In'ter*dict" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdicting.] [OE. entrediten to forbid communion, L. interdicere, interdictum. See Interdict, n.]

1. To forbid; to prohibit or debar; as, to interdict intercourse with foreign nations.

 Charged not to touch the interdicted tree.

Milton.
2. (Eccl.) To lay under an interdict; to cut off from the enjoyment of religious privileges, as a city, a church, an individual.

 An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict his suffragans, but his vicar general may do the same.

Ayliffe.
 In"ter*dict' (?), n. [OE. entredit, enterdit, OF. entredit, F. interdit, fr. L. interdictum, fr. interdicere to interpose, prohibit; inter between + dicere to say. See Diction.]

1. A prohibitory order or decree; a prohibition.

 These are not fruits forbidden; no interdict Defends the touching of these viands pure.

Milton.
2. (R. C. Ch.) A prohibition of the pope, by which the clergy or laymen are restrained from performing, or from attending, divine service, or from administering the offices or enjoying the privileges of the church.

3. (Scots Law) An order of the court of session, having the like purpose and effect with a writ of injunction out of chancery in England and America.

 In'ter*dic"tion (?), n. [L. interdictio: cf. F. interdiction.]
 The act of interdicting; prohibition; prohibiting decree; curse; interdict.

 The truest issue of thy throne By his own interdiction stands accurst.

Shak.
 In'ter*dict"ive (?), a. Having the power to prohibit; as, an interdictive sentence. Milton.
 In'ter*dict"o*ry (?), a. [L. interdictorius.] Belonging to an interdiction; prohibitory.

 In'ter*dig"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the fingers or toes; as, interdigital space.

 In'ter*dig"i*tate (?), v. t. To interweave. [R.]

 In'ter*dig"i*tate, v. i. [Pref. inter- + L. digitus finger.] To interlock, as the fingers of two hands that are joined; to be interwoven; to commingle. Owen.
 In'ter*dig'i*ta"tion (?), n. (Anat.) The state of interdigitating; interdigital space. Owen.
 In"ter*dome' (?), n. (Arch.) The open space between the inner and outer shells of a dome or cupola of masonry.

 In"ter*duce (?), n. [Cf. F. entredeux, literally, between two.] (Carp.) An intertie.

 In"ter*e*pim"er*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Between the epimeral plates of insects and crustaceans.

 In'ter*e'qui*noc"tial (?), a. Coming between the equinoxes.

 Summer and winter I have called interequinoctial intervals.

F. Balfour.
 In"ter*ess (?), v. t. [See Interest, v. t.] To interest or affect. [Obs.] Hooker.
 In"ter*esse (?), n. Interest. [Obs.] Spenser.
 In"ter*est (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interesting.] [From interess'd, p. p. of the older form interess, fr. F. intéresser, L. interesse.
 See Interest, n.]

1. To engage the attention of; to awaken interest in; to excite emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing; as, the subject did not interest him; to interest one in charitable work.

 To love our native country... to be interested in its concerns is natural to all men.

Dryden.
 A goddess who used to interest herself in marriages.

Addison.
2. To be concerned with or engaged in; to affect; to concern; to excite; -- often used impersonally. [Obs.]

 Or rather, gracious sir, Create me to this glory, since my cause Doth interest this fair quarrel.

Ford.
3. To cause or permit to share. [Obs.]

 The mystical communion of all faithful men is such as maketh every one to be interested in those precious blessings which any one of them receiveth at God's hands.

Hooker.
Syn. -- To concern; excite; attract; entertain; engage; occupy; hold.

 In"ter*est, n. [OF. interest, F. intérêt, fr. L. interest it interests, is of interest, fr. interesse to be between, to be difference, to be importance; inter between + esse to be; cf. LL. interesse usury. See Essence.]

1. Excitement of feeling, whether pleasant or painful, accompanying special attention to some object; concern.

Interest expresses mental excitement of various kinds and degrees.
 It may be intellectual, or sympathetic and emotional, or merely personal; as, an interest in philosophical research; an interest in human suffering; the interest which an avaricious man takes in money getting.

 So much interest have I in thy sorrow.

Shak.
 2. Participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility; share; portion; part; as, an interest in a brewery; he has parted with his interest in the stocks.

3. Advantage, personal or general; good, regarded as a selfish benefit; profit; benefit.

 Divisions hinder the common interest and public good.

Sir W. Temple.
 When interest calls of all her sneaking train.

Pope.
4. Premium paid for the use of money, -- usually reckoned as a percentage; as, interest at five per cent per annum on ten thousand dollars.

 They have told their money, and let out Their coin upon large interest.

Shak.
5. Any excess of advantage over and above an exact equivalent for what is given or rendered.

 You shall have your desires with interest.

Shak.
6. The persons interested in any particular business or measure, taken collectively; as, the iron interest; the cotton interest.

Compound interest, interest, not only on the original principal, but also on unpaid interest from the time it fell due. -- Simple interest, interest on the principal sum without interest on overdue interest.

 In"ter*est*ed (n"tr*st*d), a. [See Interest, v. t.]

1. Having the attention engaged; having emotion or passion excited; as, an interested listener.

2. Having an interest; concerned in a cause or in consequences; liable to be affected or prejudiced; as, an interested witness.

 In"ter*est*ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being interested; selfishness. Richardson.
 In"ter*est*ing, a. Engaging the attention; exciting, or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion; as, an interesting story; interesting news. Cow


vb. n. Lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disorder. "
 Stuff lumbered together." Rymer.
2. To fill or encumber with lumber; as, to lumber up a room.

 Lum"ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened.

2. [Cf. dial. Sw. lomra to resound.] To make a sound as if moving heavily or clumsily; to rumble. Cowper.
3. To cut logs in the forest, or prepare timber for market. [U.S.]

 Lum"ber*er (?), n. One employed in lumbering, cutting, and getting logs from the forest for lumber; a lumberman. [U.S.]

Lumberers have a notion that he (the woodpecker) is harmful to timber.

Lowell.
 Lum"ber*ing, n. The business of cutting or getting timber or logs from the forest for lumber. [U.S.]

 Lum"ber*man (?), n.; pl. Lumbermen (&?;). One who is engaged in lumbering as a business or employment. [U.S.]

 Lum'bo*sa"cral (?), n. [L. lumbus loin + E. sacral.]
 (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the loins and sacrum; as, the lumbosacral nerve, a branch of one of the lumber nerves which passes over the sacrum.

 Lum"bric (?), n. [L. lumbricus.] (Zoöl.) An earthworm, or a worm resembling an earthworm.

 Lum"bric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. lombrical. See Lumbric.] (Anat.)
 Resembling a worm; as, the lumbrical muscles of the hands of the hands and feet. -- n. A lumbrical muscle.

 Lum*bric"i*form (?), a. [L. lumbricus worm + -form.]
 (Zoöl.) Resembling an earthworm; vermiform.

 Lum"bri*coid (?), a. [Lumbricus + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like an earthworm; belonging to the genus Lumbricus, or family Lumbricidæ.

 ||Lum"bri*cus (?), n. [L. See Lumbric.] (Zoöl.) A genus of annelids, belonging to the Oligochæta, and including the common earthworms. See Earthworm.

 Lu"mi*nant (?), a. Luminous. [R.]

 Lu"mi*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Luminaries (#), [F. luminaire, L. luminare a light or lamp, which was lighted in the churches, a luminary, fr. lumen, luminis, light, fr. lucere to be light, to shine, lux, lucis, light. See Light.]

1. Any body that gives light, especially one of the heavenly bodies. " Radiant luminary." Skelton.
 Where the great luminary... Dispenses light from far.

Milton.
2. One who illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind; as, Newton was a distinguished luminary.

 Lu"mi*nate (?), v. t. [L. luminatus, p. p. of luminare to illumine, fr. lumen light. See Limn.] To illuminate. [Obs.]

 Lu'mi*na"tion (?), n. Illumination. [Obs.]

 Lu"mine (?), v. i. To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Lu'mi*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. lumen light + -ferous.]
 Producing light; yielding light; transmitting light; as, the luminiferous ether.

 Lu'mi*nos"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being luminous; luminousness.

 Lu"mi*nous (?), a. [L. luminosus, fr. lumen light: cf. F. lumineux. See Luminary, Illuminate.]

1. Shining; emitting or reflecting light; brilliant; bright; as, the is a luminous body; a luminous color.

 Fire burneth wood, making it... luminous.

Bacon.
 The mountains lift... their lofty and luminous heads.

Longfellow.
2. Illuminated; full of light; bright; as, many candles made the room luminous.

 Up the staircase moved a luminous space in the darkness.

Longfellow.
3. Enlightened; intelligent; also, clear; intelligible; as, a luminous mind. " Luminous eloquence." Macaulay. " A luminous statement." Brougham.
Luminous paint, a paint made up with some phosphorescent substance, as sulphide of calcium, which after exposure to a strong light is luminous in the dark for a time.

Syn. -- Lucid; clear; shining; perspicuous.

 -- Lu"mi*nous*ly, adv. -- Lu"mi*nous*ness, n. Lum"mox (?), n. A fat, ungainly, stupid person; an awkward bungler.
 [Low.]

 Lump (?), n. [Cf. OD. lompe piece, mass. Cf. Lunch.] 1.
 A small mass of matter of irregular shape; an irregular or shapeless mass; as, a lump of coal; a lump of iron ore. " A lump of cheese." Piers Plowman. " This lump of clay." Shak.
2. A mass or aggregation of things.

3. (Firearms) A projection beneath the breech end of a gun barrel.

In the lump, In a lump, the whole together; in gross.

 They may buy them in the lump.

Addison.
 -- Lump coal, coal in large lumps; -- the largest size brought from the mine. -- Lump sum, a gross sum without a specification of items; as, to award a lump sum in satisfaction of all claims and damages.

 Lump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass; to unite in a body or sum without distinction of particulars.

 The expenses ought to be lumped together.

Ayliffe.
2. To take in the gross; to speak of collectively.

 Not forgetting all others,... whom for brevity, but out of no resentment to you, I lump all together.

Sterne.
3. To get along with as one can, although displeased; as, if he doesn't like it, he can lump it. [Low] Lump"er (?), n. [Cf. Lamper eel.] (Zoöl.) The European eelpout; -- called also lumpen.

 Lump"er, n. 1. One who lumps.

2. A laborer who is employed to load or unload vessels when in harbor.

 Lump"fish' (?), n. [From Lump, on account of its bulkiness: cf. G.
 & D. lump, F. lompe.] (Zoöl.) A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish.
 It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl.

 Lump"ing, a. Bulky; heavy. Arbuthnot.
 Lump"ish, a. Like a lump; inert; gross; heavy; dull; spiritless. "
 Lumpish, heavy, melancholy." Shak.
 -- Lump"ish*ly, adv. -- Lump"ish*ness, n. Lump"suck'er (?), n. (Zoöl.)


. 796!> Jac*ta"tion (jk*t"shn), n. [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.] A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple.
 Jac"ti*ta"tion (?), n. [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.]

1. (Law) Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another's right; false claim. Mozley & W.
2. (Med.) A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison.
Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone.
 Jac"u*la*ble (?), a. Fit for throwing. [Obs.]

 Jac"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari.
 See Ejaculate.] To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit.

 Jac'u*la"tion (?), n. [L. jaculatio.] The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears.

 Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire.

Milton.
 Jac"u*la'tor (?), [L.] 1. One who throws or casts. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.) The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator).

 Jac"u*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.]
 Darting or throwing out suddenly; also, suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as, jaculatory prayers. Smart.
 Jad"ding (?), n. (Mining) See Holing.

 Jade (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.) A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples.

 The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use.

 Jade, n. [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.]

1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer.
 Tired as a jade in overloaden cart.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also, sometimes, a worthless man. Shak.
 She shines the first of battered jades.

Swift.
3. A young woman; -- generally so called in irony or slight contempt.

 A souple jade she was, and strang.

Burns.
 Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Jading.]

1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.]

 I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me.

Shak.
3. To exhaust by overdriving or longcontinued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass.

 The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power,... checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.

Locke.
Syn. -- To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. -- To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business.

 Jade, v. i. To become weary; to lose spirit.

 They... fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution.

South.
 Jade"ite (?), n. (Min.) See Jade, the stone.

 Jad"er*y (?), n. The tricks of a jade.

 Jad"ish, a. 1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; -- applied to a horse.

2. Unchaste; -- applied to a woman. L'Estrange.
 ||Jae"ger (?), n. See Jager.

 Jag (?), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.]

1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation.

 Arethuss arose... From rock and from jag.

Shelley.
 Garments thus beset with long jags.

Holland.
2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket.
3. (Bot.) A cleft or division.

Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone.

 Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Jagging (?).] To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg.]

Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures.

 Jag, n. [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.] A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby.
 Jag, v. t. To carry, as a load; as, to jag hay, etc. [Prov.
 Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

 { ||Jag'a*nat"ha (?), ||Jag'a*nat"ha (?), } n. See Juggernaut.

 Ja"ger (?), n. [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf.
 Yager.] [Written also jaeger.] 1. (Mil.) A sharpshooter. See Yager.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius.
 Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua).

 Jagg (?), v. t. & n. See Jag


ose, fr.
 (assumed?) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to G. cha'lkanqos, i. e. copper flower, vitriol. See Copper and Rose.] Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate.

 The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc.

 Cop"per-bot'tomed (?), a. Having a bottom made of copper, as a tin boiler or other vessel, or sheathed with copper, as a ship.

 Cop"per-faced' (?), a.Faced or covered with copper; as, copper-faced type.

 Cop"per-fas'tened (?), a.Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks of ships, etc.; as, a copper-fastened ship.

 Cop"per*head' (?), n. [From its color.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 A poisonous American serpent (Ancistrodon conotortrix), closely allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles; -- called also copper-belly, and red viper.

2. A nickname applied to a person in the Northern States who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. [U.S.]

 Cop"per*ing, n. 1. The act of covering with copper.

2. An envelope or covering of copper.

 Cop"per*ish, a. Containing, or partaking of the nature of, copper; like copper; as, a copperish taste.

 Cop"per-nick'el (?), n. (Min.) Niccolite.

 Cop"per-nose (?), n. A red nose. Shak.
 Cop"per*plate' (kp"pr*plt'), n. (a) A plate of polished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. (b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate.

 In printing from a copperor steel plate the lines are filled with ink, the surface of the plate is wiped clean, the paper laid upon it, and the impression taken by pressing it under the roller of a plate press.

Copperplate press. See Plate press, under Plate.

 Cop"per*smith' (-smth'), n. One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils; a worker in copper.

 Cop"per works' (?). A place where copper is wrought or manufactured. Woodward.
 Cop"per*worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The teredo; -- so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, where not protected by copper. (b) The ringworm.

 Cop"per*y (?), a. Mixed with copper; containing copper, or made of copper; like copper.

 Cop"pice (kp"ps), n. [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut, F. couper, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, F. coup, L. colaphus, fr. Gr. ko'lafos. Cf. Copse, and cf. Coupé, Coupee.] A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. See Copse.

 The rate of coppice lands will fall, upon the discovery of coal mines. Locke.
 Cop"pin (?), n.[See Cop.] A cop of thread.

 Cop"ple (?), n. [A dim. of Cop.] Something rising in a conical shape; specifically, a hill rising to a point.

 A low cape, and upon it a copple not very high. Hakluyt.
 Cop"ple-crown (?), n. A created or high-topped crown or head. "Like the copplecrown the lapwing has." T. Randolph.
 -- Cop"ple-crowned' (#), a. Cop"pled (?), a. [From Copple.] Rising to a point; conical; copped.
 [Obs.] Woodward.
 Cop"ple dust' (?). Cupel dust. [Obs.]

 Powder of steel, or copple dust. Bacon.
 Cop"ple*stone' (?), n. A cobblestone. [Obs.]

 Copps (?), n. See Copse. [Obs.]

 Co"pra (?), n. [Malayálam koppara or Hind. khopr.]
 (Com.) The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed. [Written also cobra, copperah, coppra.]

 Cop"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. ko'pros dung + -lite.] (Paleon.)
 A piece of petrified dung; a fossil excrement.

 Cop'ro*lit"ic (?), a. Containing, pertaining to, or of the nature of, coprolites.

 Co*proph"a*gan (?), n. [See Coprophagous.] (Zoöl.) A kind of beetle which feeds upon dung.

 Co*proph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; exrement + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.)
 Feeding upon dung, as certain insects.

 Cop-rose' (?), n. [F. coprose, of uncertain origin; cf. D. klaproos, klapperroos.] The red, or corn, poppy. [Written also cup-rose.]

 Cops (?), n. [AS. cops, cosp, fetter.] The connecting crook of a harrow. [Prov. Eng.]

 Copse (?), n. [Contr. from coppice.] A wood of small growth; a thicket of brushwood. See Coppice.

 Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled. Goldsmith.
 Copse, v. t. 1. To trim or cut; -- said of small trees, brushwood, tufts of grass, etc. Halliwell.
2. To plant and preserve, as a copse. Swift.
 Copse"wood (?), n. Brushwood; coppice. Macaulay.
 Cops"y (?), a. Characterized by copses. "Copsy villages." "Copsy banks." J. Dyer.
 Cop"tic (kp"tk), a. [Abbrev. from L. Aegyptius an Egyptian, Gr. &?;, Ar. kibt, pl. kibt.] Of or pertaining to the Copts. -- n. The language of the Copts.

 Copts (kpts"), n. pl.; sing. Copt (#). [See Coptic.]
 (Etnol.) 1. An Egyptian race thought to be descendants of the ancient Egyptians.

2. The principal sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile.

 they belong to the Jacobite sect of Monophysite Christians, and for eleven centuries have had possession of the patriarchal chair of Alexandria.

 Cop"u*la (?), n. [L., bond, band. See Couple.] 1. (Logic & Gram.) The word which unites the subject and predicate.

2. (Mus.) The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; -- called also coupler.

 Cop"u*late (?), a. [L. copulatus, p. p. of copulare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.] 1. Joined; associated; coupled. [Obs.] Bacon.
2. (Gram.) Joining subject and predicate; copulative. F. A. March.
 Cop"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Copulated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Copulating.] To unite in sexual intercourse; to come together in the act of generation.

 Cop'u*la"tion (?), n.


;). The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.

 Ar'is*to*tel"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. "Aristotelic usage." Sir W. Hamilton.
 Ar"is*to'tle's lan"tern (&?;). (Zoöl.) The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins.

 A*ris"tu*late (?; 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.)
 Having a short beard or awn. Gray.
 Ar"ith*man'cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; number + -mancy.]
 Divination by means of numbers.

 A*rith"me*tic (&?;), n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; arithmetical, fr. &?; to number, fr. &?; number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures.

2. A book containing the principles of this science.

Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. -- Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. -- Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra.

 Ar'ith*met"ic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic.

Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. -- Arithmetical mean. See Mean. -- Arithmetical progression. See Progression.
 -- Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion.

 Ar'ith*met"ic*al*ly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic.

 A*rith'me*ti"cian (&?;), n. [Cf. F. arithméticien.]
 One skilled in arithmetic.

 A*rith"mo*man"cy (&?;), n. Arithmancy.

 Ar'ith*mom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; number + -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.] A calculating machine.

 Ark (&?;), n. [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS.
 arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. &?; to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.]

 Bearing that precious relic in an ark. Spenser.
2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant.

3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge.

4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market.

 Ark"ite (&?;), a. Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber.
 Ark" shell' (&?;). (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies.

 Arles (&?;), n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles.
 Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.]

Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey.
 Arm (&?;), n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. &?; joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root &?; to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame.
 &?;. See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey.

2. Anything resembling an arm; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as, the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc.

3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as, the secular arm; the arm of the law.

 To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? Isa. lii. 1.
Arm's end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden.
 -- Arm's length, the length of the arm. -- Arm's reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach. -- To go (or walk) arm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one linked in the arm of another. "When arm in armwe went along." Tennyson. -- To keep at arm's length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. -- To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously.

 Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as, the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; -- commonly in the pl.
 Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one's arms. [Obs.]

 And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave: come, arm him. Shak.
Arm your prize; I know you will not lose him. Two N. Kins.
2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.]

 His shoulders broad and strong, Armed long and round.
Beau. & Fl.
3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country.

 Abram... armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. 14.
4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as, to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling.

5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense.

Arm yourselves... with the same mind. 1 Pet. iv. 1.
To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.

 Arm, v. i. To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. " 'Tis time to arm." Shak.
 Ar*ma"da (är*m"d or är*mä"d), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare


used, very few stones will fly. The same device may be used in wide shallow shafts.

 A SIMPLE MODE OF RETORTING SMALL QUANTITIES OF AMALGAM Clean your amalgam and squeeze it as hard as possible through strong calico or chamois leather. Take a large sound potato, cut off about a quarter from one end and scoop out a hole in the centre about twice as big as the ball of amalgam. Procure a piece of flat iron—an old spade will do as well as anything—insert the amalgam, and, having placed the potato, cut side downwards, thereon, put the plate of iron on the forge, heat up first gently, then stronger, till separation has taken place, when the gold will be found in a bright clean button on the plate and the mercury in fine globules in the potato, from which it can be re-collected by breaking up the partly or wholly cooked tuber under water in an enamelled or ordinary crockery basin.

 TO RETORT SMALL QUANTITIES OF MERCURY FOR AMALGAMATING ASSAY TESTS Get two new tobacco pipes similar in shape, with the biggest bowls and longest stems procurable. Break off the stem of one close to the bowl and fill the hole with well worked clay (some battery slimes make the best luting clay). Set the stemless pipe on end in a clay bed, and fill with amalgam, pass a bit of thin iron or copper wire beneath it, and bend the ends of the wire upwards. Now fit the whole pipe, bowl inverted, on to the under one, luting the edges of both well with clay. Twist the wire over the top with a pair of nippers till the two bowls are fitted closely together, and you have a retort that will stand any heat necessary to thoroughly distil mercury.

 A SIMPLE MODE OF ASCERTAINING THE NOMINAL HORSE-POWER OF AN ENGINE Multiply the internal diameter of the cylinder by itself and strike off the last figure of the quotient. The diameter is The following rules will be found more professionally accurate from an engineering standpoint, though the term "horse-power" is not now generally employed.

To find the Nominal Horse-power.—For non-condensing engines: Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder in inches by 7 and divide the product by 80. For condensing engines: Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder in inches by 7 and divide the product by 200.

To find the Actual Horse-power of an engine, multiply the area of the cylinder in square inches by the average effective pressure in pounds per square inch, less 3 lb. per square inch as the frictional allowance, and also by the speed of the piston in feet per minute, dividing the product by 33,000, and the quotient will be the actual horse-power.

 "SCALING" COPPER PLATES To "scale" copper plates they may be put over a charcoal or coke fire to slowly sublimate the quicksilver. Where possible, the fireplace of a spare boiler can be utilised, using a thin red fire. After the entire evaporation of the quicksilver the plates should be slowly cooled, rubbed with hydrochloric acid, and put in a damp place overnight, then rubbed with a solution of sal ammoniac and nitre in equal parts, and again heated slowly over a red fire. They must not be allowed to get red hot; the proper degree of heat is indicated by the gold scale rising in blisters, when the plates should be taken from the fire and the gold scraped off.
 Any part of the plate on which the gold has not blistered should be again rubbed with the solution and fired. The gold scale should be collected in a glass or earthen dish and covered with nitric acid, till all the copper is dissolved, when the gold can be smelted in the usual way; but after it is melted corrosive sublimate should be put in the crucible till a blue flame ceases to be given off.

A Second Method The simplest plan I know is to have a hole dug nine inches deep by about the size of the plate to be scaled; place a brick at each corner, and on each side, halfway between, get up a good fire; let it burn down to strong embers, or use charcoal, then place the plate on three bars of iron extending between the three pairs of bricks, have a strong solution of borax ready in which soak strips of old "table blanket," laying these over the plate and sprinkling them with the borax solution when the plate gets too hot. After a time the deposit of mercury and gold on the plate will assume a white, efflorescent appearance, and may then be readily parted from the copper.

Another Method Heat the plate over an open fire, to drive off the mercury; after which, let it cool, and saturate with dilute sulphuric acid for three hours, or longer; then sprinkle over the surface a mixture of equal parts of common salt and sal ammoniac, and heat to redness; then cool, and the gold scale comes off freely; the scale is then boiled in nitric or sulphuric acid, to remove the copper, previous to melting. Plates may be scaled about once in six months, and will under ordinary circumstances produce about one ounce of clean gold for each superficial foot of copper surface employed. I always paint the back of the plate with a mixture of boiled oil and turpentine, or beeswax dissolved in turpentine, to prevent the acid attacking the copper.

 HOW TO SUPPLY MERCURY TO MORTAR BOXES I am indebted for the following to Mr. J. M. Drake, who, speaking of his experience on the Wentworth Mine, N.S.W., says: "Fully 90 per cent of the gold is saved on the outside plates, only a small quantity remaining in the mortar. The plates have a slope of 2 in.
 to 1 ft. No wells are used, the amalgam traps saving any quicksilver which may leach off the plates. The quicksilver is added every hour in the mortar. The quantity is regulated by the mill manager in the following manner: Three pieces of wood, 8 in. wide by 12 in. long by 2 in. thick, have 32 holes 1 in. deep bored in each of them. These holes will just take a small 2 oz. phial. The mill manager puts the required quantity of quicksilver in each bottle and the batteryman empties one bottle in each mortar every hour; and puts it back in the hole upside down. Each block of wood lasts eight hours, the duration of one man's shift." This of course is for a 20-head mill with four mortars or "boxes."

 I commend this as an excellent mode of supplying the mercury to the boxes or mortars. The quantity to be added depends on circumstances. A careless battery attendant will often put in too much or too little when working without the automatic feeder. I have known an attendant on suddenly awaking to the fact half through his shift, that he had forgotten to put in any mercury, to then empty into the stamper box two or three pounds weight; with what effect may be easily surmised.

 HOW WATER SHOULD ENTER STAMPER BOXES The following extract which relates to Californian Gold Mill practices is from Bulletin No. 6 of the California State Mining Bureau. I quite agree with the practice.

 "The battery water should enter both sides of the mortar in an even quantity, and should be sufficient to keep a fairly thick pulp which will discharge freely through the grating or screen. About 120 cubic feet of water per ton of crushed ore may be considered an average, or 8 to 10 cubic feet per stamp per hour.

 "Screens of different materials and with different orifices are used; the materials comprise wire cloth of brass or steel, tough Russian sheet iron, English tinned plate, and, quite recently, aluminium bronze. The 'aluminium bronze' plates are much longer lived than either of the other kinds, and have the further advantage that, when worn out, they can be sold for the value of the metal for remelting; these plates are bought and sold by the pound, and are said to contain 95 per cent of copper and 5 per cent of aluminium. Steel screens are not so much used, on account of their liability to rust."


THE CITY OF DREADFUL NIGHT By James Thomson PROEM


truth that all life is of the One. Trustworthy testimony, the sharing of one soul in the wisdom of another, rests on the ultimate oneness of all souls.
8. Unsound intellection is false understanding, not resting on a perception of the true nature of things.
When the object is not truly perceived, when the observation is inaccurate and faulty, thought or reasoning based on that mistaken perception is of necessity false and unsound.
9. Predication is carried on through words or thoughts not resting on an object perceived.
The purpose of this Sutra is, to distinguish between the mental process of predication, and observation, induction or testimony. Predication is the attribution of a quality or action to a subject, by adding to it a predicate.
In the sentence, "the man is wise," "the man" is the subject; "is wise" is the predicate. This may be simply an interplay of thoughts, without the presence of the object thought of; or the things thought of may be imaginary or unreal; while observation, induction and testimony always go back to an object.
10. Sleep is the psychic condition which rests on mind states, all material things being absent.
In waking life, we have two currents of perception; an outer current of physical things seen and heard and perceived; an inner current of mind-images and thoughts. The outer current ceases in sleep; the inner current continues, and watching the mind-images float before the field of consciousness, we "dream." Even when there are no dreams, there is still a certain consciousness in sleep, so that, on waking, one says, "I have slept well," or "I have slept badly." 11. Memory is holding to mind-images of things perceived, without modifying them.
Here, as before, the mental power is explained in terms of mind-images, which are the material of which the psychic world is built, Therefore the sages teach that the world of our perception, which is indeed a world of mind-images, is but the wraith or shadow of the real and everlasting world. In this sense, memory is but the psychical inversion of the spiritual, ever-present vision.
That which is ever before the spiritual eye of the Seer needs not to be remembered.
12. The control of these psychic activities comes through the right use of the will, and through ceasing from self-indulgence.
If these psychical powers and energies, even such evil things as passion and hate and fear, are but spiritual powers fallen and perverted, how are we to bring about their release and restoration? Two means are presented to us: the awakening of the spiritual will, and the purification of mind and thought.
13. The right use of the will is the steady, effort to stand in spiritual being.
We have thought of ourselves, perhaps, as creatures moving upon this earth, rather helpless, at the mercy of storm and hunger and our enemies. We are to think of ourselves as immortals, dwelling in the Light, encompassed and sustained by spiritual powers. The steady effort to hold this thought will awaken dormant and unrealized powers, which will unveil to us the nearness of the Eternal.
14. This becomes a firm resting-place, when followed long, persistently, with earnestness.
We must seek spiritual life in conformity with the laws of spiritual life, with earnestness, humility, gentle charity, which is an acknowledgment of the One Soul within us all. Only through obedience to that shared Life, through perpetual remembrance of our oneness with all Divine Being, our nothingness apart from Divine Being, can we enter our inheritance.
15. Ceasing from self-indulgence is conscious mastery over the thirst for sensuous pleasure here or hereafter.
Rightly understood, the desire for sensation is the desire of being, the distortion of the soul's eternal life. The lust of sensual stimulus and excitation rests on the longing to feel one's life keenly, to gain the sense of being really alive. This sense of true life comes only with the coming of the soul, and the soul comes only in silence, after self-indulgence has been courageously and loyally stilled, through reverence before the coming soul.
16. The consummation of this is freedom from thirst for any mode of psychical activity, through the establishment of the spiritual man.
In order to gain a true understanding of this teaching, study must be supplemented by devoted practice, faith by works. The reading of the words will not avail. There must be a real effort to stand as the Soul, a real ceasing from self-indulgence. With this awakening of the spiritual will, and purification, will come at once the growth of the spiritual man and our awakening consciousness as the spiritual man; and this, attained in even a small degree, will help us notably in our contest. To him that hath, shall be given.
17. Meditation with an object follows these stages: first, exterior examining, then interior judicial action, then joy, then realization of individual being.
In the practice of meditation, a beginning may be made by fixing the attention upon some external object, such as a sacred image or picture, or a part of a book of devotion. In the second stage, one passes from the outer object to an inner pondering upon its lessons. The third stage is the inspiration, the heightening of the spiritual will, which results from this pondering. The fourth stage is the realization of one's spiritual being, as enkindled by this meditation.
18. After the exercise of the will has stilled the psychic activities, meditation rests only on the fruit of former meditations.
In virtue of continued practice and effort, the need of an external object on which to rest the meditation is outgrown. An interior state of spiritual consciousness is reached, which is called "the cloud of things knowable" (Book IV, 29).
19. Subjective consciousness arising from a natural cause is possessed by those who have laid aside their bodies and been absorbed into subjective nature.
Those who have died, entered the paradise between births, are in a condition resembling meditation without an external object. But in the fullness of time, the seeds of desire in them will spring up, and they will be born again into this world.
20. For the others, there is spiritual consciousness, led up to by faith, valour, right mindfulness, one-pointedness, perception.
It is well to keep in mind these steps on the path to illumination: faith, valour, right mindfulness, one-pointedness, perception. Not one can be dispensed with; all must be won. First faith; and then from faith, valour; from valour, right mindfulness; from right mindfulness, a one-pointed aspiration toward the soul; from this, perception; and finally, full vision as the soul.
21. Spiritual consciousness is nearest to those of keen, intense will.
The image used is the swift impetus of the torrent; the kingdom must be taken by force. Firm will comes only through effort; effort is inspired by faith. The great secret is this: it is not enough to have intuitions; we must act on them; we must live them.
22. The will may be weak, or of middle strength, or intense.
Therefore there is a spiritual consciousness higher than this. For those of weak will, there is this counsel: to be faithful in obedience, to live the life, and thus to strengthen the will to more perfect obedience. The will is not ours, but God's, and we come into it only through obedience. As we enter into the spirit of God, we are permitted to share the power of God.
 Higher than the three stages of the way is the goal, the end of the way.
23. Or spiritual consciousness may be gained by ardent service of the Master.
If we think of our lives as tasks laid on us by the Master of Life, if we look on all duties as parts of that Master's work, entrusted to us, and forming our life-work; then, if we obey, promptly, loyally, sincerely, we shall enter by degrees into the Master's life and share the Master's power. Thus we shall be initiated into the spiritual will.
24. The Master is the spiritual man, who is free from hindrances, bondage to works, and the fruition and seed of works.
The Soul of the Master, the Lord, is of the same nature as the soul in us; but we still bear the burden of many evils, we are in bondage through our former works, we are under the dominance of sorrow. The Soul of the Master is free from sin and servitude and sorrow.
25. In the Master is the perfect seed of Omniscience.


lets, and eating utensils perform a musical act), or the emotional ballroom sequence. Everything is based on the accepted challenge: "OK, go ahead and fool us," once upon a time uttered by some art director to the computer-generated imagery specialists of the company. The story (by Mme. Leprince de Beaumont) inspired Jean Cocteau, who wrote the screenplay for (and also directed) La Belle et La Bête (1946), featuring Jean Marais, Josette Day, and Marcel André.
Anselm Kiefer (b. 1945). Seduced by the relation to history, he produces allegories in reference to myth, art, religion, and culture. His compositions are strongly evocative, not lacking a certain critical dimension, sometimes focused on art itself, which repeatedly failed during times of challenge (those of Nazi Germany included).
Terminator 2 is a movie about two cyborgs who come from the future, one to destroy, the other to protect, a boy who will affect the future when he grows up. It is reported to be the most expensive film made as of 1991 (over 130 characters are killed), costing 85 to 100 million dollars; cf. Stanley Kauffmann, The New Republic, August 12, 1991, pp. 28-29.
Kitsch: defined in dictionaries as gaudy, trash, pretentious, shallow art expression addressing a low, unrefined taste.
Kitsch-like images are used as ironic devices in artworks critical of the bourgeois taste.
The relation between art and language occasioned a major show organized by the Société des Expositions du Palais de Beaux-Arts in Brussels. A catalogue was edited by Jan Debbant and Patricia Holm (Paris: Galerie de Paris; London: Lisson Gallery; New York: Marian Goodman Gallery). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (_PHONE_). Ästhetik (Hrsg. von Friedrich Bassenge). Berlin: Verlag das Europäische Buch, 1985.
Dadaism: Hans Arp defined Dada as "the nausea caused by the foolish rational explanation of the world" (1916, Zurich).
Richard Huelsenbeck stated that "Dada cannot be understood, it must be experienced" (1920). More on this subject can be found in: Raoul Hausmann. Am Anfang war Dada. (Hrsg. von Karl Riha & Gunter Kampf). Steinbach/Giessen: Anabas-Verlag G. Kampf, 1972.
Serge Lemoine. Dada. Paris: Hazan, 1986.
Dawn Ades. Dada and Surrealism Reviewed. London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1978.
Hans Bollinger, et al. Dada in Zurich. Zurich: Kunsthaus Zurich, 1985.
Walter Benjamin. Art in the Age of its Mechanical Reproduction is a translation of Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit: drei studien zur Kunstsoziologie.
Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1963.
Walter de Maria's Lightning Field project was carried out with the support of the Dia Art Foundation, which bought the land and maintains and allows for limited public access to the work. As the prototypical example of land-art, this lattice of lightning rods covers an area of one mile by one kilometer. Filled with 400 rods placed equidistantly, the lightning field is the interplay between precision and randomness. During the storm season in New Mexico, the work is brought to life by many bolts of lightning. The artist explained that "Light is as important as lightening." Indeed, during its 24-hour cycle, the field goes through a continuous metamorphosis. Nature and art interact in fascinating ways.
Christo's latest work was entitled Wrapped Reichstag, Berlin, July 1995. Regarding Christo's many ambitious projects, some references are: Erich Himmel, Editor. Christo. The Pont-Neuf Wrapped, Paris _PHONE_. New York: Abrams, 1990.
Christo: The Umbrellas. Joint project for Japan and the USA, 25 May - 24 June, 1988. London: Annely Juda Fine Art, 1988.
Christo: Surrounded Islands. Köln: DuMont Buch Verlag, 1984.
Christo: Wrapped Walkways, Loose Park, Kansas City, Missouri, _PHONE_. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1978.
Christo: Valley Curtain, Riffle, Colorado. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1973.
The Bauhaus, a school of arts and crafts, founded in 1919 in Weimar, by Walter Gropius. Its significance results from the philosophy of education expressed in the Bauhaus program, to which distinguished artists contributed, and from the impressive number of people who, after studying at the Bauhaus, affirmed its methods and vision in worlds of art, architecture, and new educational programs. Among the major themes at Bauhaus were the democratization of artistic creation (one of the last romantic ideas of our time), the social implication of art, and the involvement of technology. Collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts were encouraged; the tendency to overcome cultural and national boundaries was tirelessly pursued; the rationalist attitude became the hallmark of all who constituted the school.
In 1925, the Bauhaus had to move to Dessau, where it remained until 1928, before it settled in Berlin. After Gropius, the architects Hans Mayer (_PHONE_) and Mies van der Rohe (_PHONE_) worked on ascertaining the international style intended to offer visual coherence and integrity. In some ways, the Bauhaus was continued in the USA, since many of its personalities and students had to emigrate from Nazi Germany and found safe haven in the USA.
Leon Battista Alberti (15th century) wrote extensively on painting and sculpture: De pictura and De Statua were translated by Cecil Grayson (London: Phaidon, 1972). Alberti's writings on the art of building, De re aedificatoria, was translated by Joseph Rykwert, Neil Leach, and Robert Tavernor (10 volumes, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1988).
Marcel Duchamp (_PHONE_). Intently against those who were "intoxicated by turpentine," he pursued a "dry art." From the Nu descendant un escalier, considered "an explosion in a fireworks factory" to his celebrated ready-mades, Duchamp pursued the call to "de-artify" art. Selection became the major operation in offering objects taken out of context and appropriating them as aesthetic icons. He argued that "Art is a path to regions where neither time nor space dominate."
Happening: An artistic movement based on the interaction among different forms of expression. Allan Kaprow (at Douglas College in 1958) and the group associated with the Reuben gallery in New York (Kaprow, Jim Dine, Claes Oldenburg, Whitman, Hausen) brought the movement to the borderline where distinctions between the artist and the public are erased. Later, the movement expanded to Europe.
Andy Warhol. The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: from A to B and Back Again. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975.
-. Strong Opinions. New York: McGraw Hill, 1973.
Andy Warhol is remembered for saying that in the future, everyone will be a celebrity for 15 minutes.
Vladimir (Vladimirovich) Nabokov. Lectures on Literature. Edited by Fredson Bowers, introduction by John Updike. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, _PHONE_.
"A rose is a rose is a rose…," now quite an illustrious (if not trite) line, originated in Gertrude Stein's poem Sacred Emily.
But "…A rose by any other name/would smell as sweet." from Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet can be seen as a precursor.
Symbolism is a neo-romantic art movement of the end of the 19th century, in reaction to the Industrial Revolution and positivist attitudes permeating art and existence. Writers such as Beaudelaire, Rimbaud, Maeterlinck, Huysmans, composers (Wagner, in the first place), painters such as Gauguin, Ensor