BLEAK HOUSE by Charles Dickens CONTENTS Preface I. In Chancery II. In Fashion III. A Progress IV. Telescopic Philanthropy V. A Morning Adventure VI. Quite at Home VII. The Ghost's Walk VIII. Covering a Multitude of Sins IX. Signs and Tokens X. The Law-Writer XI. Our Dear Brother XII. On the Watch XIII. Esther's Narrative XIV. Deportment XV. Bell Yard XVI. Tom-all-Alone's XVII. Esther's Narrative XVIII. Lady Dedlock XIX. Moving On XX. A New Lodger XXI. The Smallweed Family XXII. Mr. Bucket XXIII. Esther's Narrative XXIV. An Appeal Case XXV. Mrs. Snagsby Sees It All XXVI. Sharpshooters XXVII. More Old Soldiers Than One XXVIII. The Ironmaster XXIX. The Young Man XXX. Esther's Narrative XXXI. Nurse and Patient XXXII. The Appointed Time XXXIII. Interlopers XXXIV. A Turn of the Screw XXXV. Esther's Narrative XXXVI. Chesney Wold XXXVII. Jarndyce and Jarndyce XXXVIII. A Struggle XXXIX. Attorney and Client XL. National and Domestic XLI. In Mr. Tulkinghorn's Room XLII. In Mr. Tulkinghorn's Chambers XLIII. Esther's Narrative XLIV. The Letter and the Answer XLV. In Trust XLVI. Stop Him!
XLVII. Jo's Will XLVIII. Closing In XLIX. Dutiful Friendship L. Esther's Narrative LI. Enlightened LII. Obstinacy LIII. The Track LIV. Springing a Mine LV. Flight LVI. Pursuit LVII. Esther's Narrative LVIII. A Wintry Day and Night LIX. Esther's Narrative LX. Perspective LXI. A Discovery LXII. Another Discovery LXIII. Steel and Iron LXIV. Esther's Narrative LXV. Beginning the World LXVI. Down in Lincolnshire LXVII. The Close of Esther's Narrative PREFACE A Chancery judge once had the kindness to inform me, as one of a company of some hundred and fifty men and women not labouring under any suspicions of lunacy, that the Court of Chancery, though the shining subject of much popular prejudice (at which point I thought the judge's eye had a cast in my direction), was almost immaculate.
There had been, he admitted, a trivial blemish or so in its rate of progress, but this was exaggerated and had been entirely owing to the "parsimony of the public," which guilty public, it appeared, had been until lately bent in the most determined manner on by no means enlarging the number of Chancery judges appointed—I believe by Richard the Second, but any other king will do as well.
This seemed to me too profound a joke to be inserted in the body of this book or I should have restored it to Conversation Kenge or to Mr. Vholes, with one or other of whom I think it must have originated. In such mouths I might have coupled it with an apt quotation from one of Shakespeare's sonnets: "My nature is subdued To what it works in, like the dyer's hand: Pity me, then, and wish I were renewed!"
But as it is wholesome that the parsimonious public should know what has been doing, and still is doing, in this connexion, I mention here that everything set forth in these pages concerning the Court of Chancery is substantially true, and within the truth. The case of Gridley is in no essential altered from one of actual occurrence, made public by a disinterested person who was professionally acquainted with the whole of the monstrous wrong from beginning to end. At the present moment (August, 1853) there is a suit before the court which was commenced nearly twenty years ago, in which from thirty to forty counsel have been known to appear at one time, in which costs have been incurred to the amount of seventy thousand pounds, which is A FRIENDLY SUIT, and which is (I am assured) no nearer to its termination now than when it was begun. There is another well-known suit in Chancery, not yet decided, which was commenced before the close of the last century and in which more than double the amount of seventy thousand pounds has been swallowed up in costs. If I wanted other authorities for Jarndyce and Jarndyce, I could rain them on these pages, to the shame of—a parsimonious public.
There is only one other point on which I offer a word of remark. The possibility of what is called spontaneous combustion has been denied since the death of Mr. Krook; and my good friend Mr. Lewes (quite mistaken, as he soon found, in supposing the thing to have been abandoned by all authorities) published some ingenious letters to me at the time when that event was chronicled, arguing that spontaneous combustion could not possibly be. I have no need to observe that I do not wilfully or negligently mislead my readers and that before I wrote that description I took pains to investigate the subject. There are about thirty cases on record, of which the most famous, that of the Countess Cornelia de Baudi Cesenate, was minutely investigated and described by Giuseppe Bianchini, a prebendary of Verona, otherwise distinguished in letters, who published an account of it at Verona in 1731, which he afterwards republished at Rome. The appearances, beyond all rational doubt, observed in that case are the appearances observed in Mr. Krook's case. The next most famous instance happened at Rheims six years earlier, and the historian in that case is Le Cat, one of the most renowned surgeons produced by France. The subject was a woman, whose husband was ignorantly convicted of having murdered her; but on solemn appeal to a higher court, he was acquitted because it was shown upon the evidence that she had died the death of which this name of spontaneous combustion is given. I do not think it necessary to add to these notable facts, and that general reference to the authorities which will be found at page 30, vol. ii.,* the recorded opinions and experiences of distinguished medical professors, French, English, and Scotch, in more modern days, contenting myself with observing that I shall not abandon the facts until there shall have been a considerable spontaneous combustion of the testimony on which human occurrences are usually received.** In Bleak House I have purposely dwelt upon the romantic side of familiar things.
1853 * **Another case, very clearly described by a dentist, occurred at the town of Columbus, in the United States of America, quite recently. The subject was a German who kept a liquor-shop and was an inveterate drunkard.

CHAPTER I In Chancery London. Michaelmas term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet long or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill. Smoke lowering down from chimney-pots, making a soft black drizzle, with flakes of soot in it as big as full-grown snowflakes—gone into mourning, one might imagine, for the death of the sun. Dogs, undistinguishable in mire. Horses, scarcely better; splashed to their very blinkers. Foot passengers, jostling one another's umbrellas in a general infection of ill temper, and losing their foot-hold at street-corners, where tens of thousands of other foot passengers have been slipping and sliding since the day broke (if this day ever broke), adding new deposits to the crust upon crust of mud, sticking at those points tenaciously to


See 1st Lap, 10.

 Lap, v. t. [OE. lappen to fold (see Lap, n.); cf.
 also OE. wlappen, perh. another form of wrappen, E, wrap.]
 1. To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as, to lap a piece of cloth.

2. To wrap or wind around something.

 About the paper... I lapped several times a slender thread of very black silk.

Sir I. Newton.
3. To infold; to hold as in one's lap; to cherish.

 Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds.

Dryden.
4. To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as, to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as, to lap weather-boards; also, to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as, the hinder boat lapped the foremost one.

5. (Carding & Spinning) To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working.

To lap boards, shingles, etc., to lay one partly over another. -- To lap timbers, to unite them in such a way as to preserve the same breadth and depth throughout, as by scarfing. Weale.
 Lap, v. i. To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as, the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap.

 The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a flay.

Grew.
 Lap (?), v. i. [OE. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, OHG. laffan, Icel. lepja, Dan. lade, Sw. läppja, L. lambere; cf. Gr. &?;, W. llepio.
 Cf. Lambent.] 1. To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something.

 The dogs by the River Nilus's side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run along the shore.

Sir K. Digby.
2. To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue.

 I heard the ripple washing in the reeds, And the wild water lapping on the crag.

Tennyson.
 Lap, v. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue.

 They 'II take suggestion as a cat laps milk.

Shak.
 Lap, n. 1. The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as, to take anything into the mouth with a lap.

2. The sound of lapping.

 Lap"a*ro*cele' (?), n. [Gr. &?; loins + &?; tumor.] (Med.)
 A rupture or hernia in the lumbar regions.

 Lap'a*rot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; loins + te'mnein to cut.] (Surg.)
 A cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as in the Cæsarean section.

 Lap"board' (?), n. A board used on the lap as a substitute for a table, as by tailors.

 Lap"dog' (?), n. A small dog fondled in the lap.

 La*pel" (?), n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] That part of a garment which is turned back; specifically, the lap, or fold, of the front of a coat in continuation of collar. [Written also lappel and lapelle.]

 La*pelled" (?), a. Furnished with lapels.

 Lap"ful (?), n.; pl. Lapfuls (&?;). As much as the lap can contain.

 Lap"i*cide (?), n. [L. lapicida, fr. lapis stone + caedere to cut.] A stonecutter. [Obs.]

 Lap'i*da"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to stone; inscribed on stone; as, a lapidarian record.

 Lap'i*da"ri*ous (?), a. [L. lapidarius, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] Consisting of stones.

 Lap"i*da*ry (?), n.; pl. Lapidaries (#). [L. lapidarius, fr. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1.
 An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones; hence, a dealer in precious stones.

2. A virtuoso skilled in gems or precious stones; a connoisseur of lapidary work.

Lapidary's lathe, mill, or wheel, a machine consisting essentially of a revolving lap on a vertical spindle, used by a lapidary for grinding and polishing.

 Lap"i*da*ry, a. [L. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F.
 lapidaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting stones, or engraving on stones, either gems or monuments; as, lapidary ornamentation.

2. Of or pertaining to monumental inscriptions; as, lapidary adulation.

Lapidary style, that style which is proper for monumental and other inscriptions; terse; sententious.

 Lap"i*date (?), v. t. [L. lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. lapis stone.] To stone. [Obs.]

 Lap'i*da"tion (?), n. [L. lapidatio: cf. F. lapidation.]
 The act of stoning. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 La*pid"e*ous (?), a. [L. lapideus, fr. lapis stone.]
 Of the nature of stone. [Obs.] Ray.
 Lap'i*des"cence (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being lapidescent.

2. A hardening into a stone substance.

3. A stony concretion. Sir T. Browne.
 Lap'i*des"cent (?), a. [L. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapidescere to become stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone: cf. F. lapidescent.]
 Undergoing the process of becoming stone; having the capacity of being converted into stone; having the quality of petrifying bodies.

 Lap"i*des"cent, n. Any substance which has the quality of petrifying other bodies, or of converting or being converted into stone.

 { Lap'i*dif"ic (?), Lap'i*dif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. lapis, -idis, stone + facere to make: cf. F. lapidifique.] Forming or converting into stone.

 La*pid'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. lapidification.] The act or process of lapidifying; fossilization; petrifaction.

 La*pid"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapidified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapidifying (?).] [Cf. f. lapidifier. See Lapidific, and -fy.] To convert into stone or stony material; to petrify.

 La*pid"i*fy, v. i. To become stone or stony.

 Lap"i*dist (?), n. [L. lapis, -idis, a stone.] A lapidary. Ray.
 Lap"il*la"tion (?), n. [See Lapilli.] The state of being, or the act of making, stony.

 ||La*pil"li (?), n. pl. [L. lapillus a little stone, dim. of lapis


See Inunction.] Anointed. [Obs.] Cockeram.
 In*unc"tion (?), n. [L. inunctio, fr. inungere, inunctum, to anoint. See 1st In-, and Unction.] The act of anointing, or the state of being anointed; unction; specifically (Med.), the rubbing of ointments into the pores of the skin, by which medicinal agents contained in them, such as mercury, iodide of potash, etc., are absorbed.

 In*unc'tu*os"i*ty (?; 135), n. The want of unctuosity; freedom from greasiness or oiliness; as, the inunctuosity of porcelain clay. Kirwan.
 In*un"dant (?), a. [L. inundans, p. pr. of inundare.]
 Overflowing. [R.] Shenstone.
 In*un"date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inundated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inundating.] [L. inundatus, p. p. of inundare to inundate; pref. inin + undare to rise in waves, to overflow, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.]

1. To cover with a flood; to overflow; to deluge; to flood; as, the river inundated the town.

2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity; as, the country was inundated with bills of credit.

Syn. -- To overflow; deluge; flood; overwhelm; submerge; drown.

 In'un*da"tion (?), n. [L. inundatio: cf. F. inondation.]

1. The act of inundating, or the state of being inundated; an overflow; a flood; a rising and spreading of water over grounds.

 With inundation wide the deluge reigns, Drowns the deep valleys, and o'erspreads the plains.

Wilkie.
2. An overspreading of any kind; overflowing or superfluous abundance; a flood; a great influx; as, an inundation of tourists.

 To stop the inundation of her tears.

Shak.
 In*un'der*stand"ing (?), a. Void of understanding. [Obs.] Bp.
 Pearson.
 In'ur*bane" (?), a. [L. inurbanus. See Innot, and Urbane.]
 Uncivil; unpolished; rude. M. Arnold. -- In'ur*bane"ly, adv.
 -- In'ur*bane"ness, n. In'ur*ban"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inurbanité.] Want of urbanity or courtesy; unpolished manners or deportment; inurbaneness; rudeness. Bp. Hall.
 In*ure" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Inuring.] [From pref. inin + ure use, work. See Ure use, practice, Opera, and cf. Manure.] To apply in use; to train; to discipline; to use or accustom till use gives little or no pain or inconvenience; to harden; to habituate; to practice habitually. "To inure our prompt obedience." Milton.
 He... did inure them to speak little.

Sir T. North.
Inured and exercised in learning.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
 The poor, inured to drudgery and distress.

Cowper.
 In*ure", v. i. To pass into use; to take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the use or benefit of; as, a gift of lands inures to the heirs. [Written also enure.]

 In*ure"ment (?), n. Use; practice; discipline; habit; custom.

 In*urn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inurned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Inurning.] To put in an urn, as the ashes of the dead; hence, to bury; to intomb.

 The sepulcher Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned.

Shak.
 In*u"si*tate (?), a. [L. inusitatus unusual. See Use.]
 Unusual. [R.] Bramhall.
 In*u"si*ta"tion (?), n. Want of use; disuse. [R.] Paley.
 In*ust" (?), a. [L. inurere, inustum, to burn in; pref. inin + urere to burn.] Burnt in. [Obs.]

 In*us"tion (?), n. The act of burning or branding. [Obs.] T. Adams.
 In*u"tile (?), a. [L. inutilis: cf. F. inutile. See Innot, Utile.] Useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] Bacon.
 In'u*til"i*ty (?), n. [L. inutilitas: cf. F. inutilité.]
 Uselessness; the quality of being unprofitable; unprofitableness; as, the inutility of vain speculations and visionary projects.

 In*ut"ter*a*ble (?), a. Unutterable; inexpressible. Milton.
 ||In' vac"u*o (?). [L.] (Physics) In a vacuum; in empty space; as, experiments in vacuo.

 In*vade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invaded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Invading.] [L. invadere, invasum; pref. inin + vadere to go, akin to E. wade: cf. OF. invader, F. envahir. See Wade.]

1. To go into or upon; to pass within the confines of; to enter; -- used of forcible or rude ingress. [Obs.]

 Which becomes a body, and doth then invade The state of life, out of the grisly shade.

Spenser.
2. To enter with hostile intentions; to enter with a view to conquest or plunder; to make an irruption into; to attack; as, the Romans invaded Great Britain.

 Such an enemy Is risen to invade us.

Milton.
3. To attack; to infringe; to encroach on; to violate; as, the king invaded the rights of the people.

4. To grow or spread over; to affect injuriously and progressively; as, gangrene invades healthy tissue.

Syn. -- To attack; assail; encroach upon. See Attack.

 In*vade", v. i. To make an invasion. Brougham.
 In*vad"er (?), n. One who invades; an assailant; an encroacher; an intruder.

 In*vag"i*nate (?), v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to produce intussusception in.

 { In*vag"i*nate (?), In*vag"i*na'ted (?), } a. (Biol.) (a) Sheathed. (b) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion.

 In*vag'i*na"tion (?), n. [L. pref. in- + vagina sheath.]

1. (Biol.) The condition of an invaginated organ or part.

2. (Biol.) One of the methods by which the various germinal layers of the ovum are differentiated.

 In embolic invagination, one half of the blastosphere is pushed in towards the other half, producing an embryonic form known as a gastrula.
 -- In epibolic invagination, a phenomenon in the development of some invertebrate ova, the epiblast appears to grow over or around the hypoblast.

 In'va*les"cence (?), n. [L. invalescens, p. pr. of invalescere to become strong. See 1st


screw; a worm.

 Tan*gen"tal (?), a. (Geom.) Tangential.

 Tan*gen"tial (?), a. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a tangent; in the direction of a tangent.

Tangential force (Mech.), a force which acts on a moving body in the direction of a tangent to the path of the body, its effect being to increase or diminish the velocity; — distinguished from a normal force, which acts at right angles to the tangent and changes the direction of the motion without changing the velocity. — Tangential stress. (Engin.) See Shear, n., 3.

 Tan*gen"tial*ly, adv. In the direction of a tangent.

 Tan"ger*ine' (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A kind of orange, much like the mandarin, but of deeper color and higher flavor. It is said to have been produced in America from the mandarin. [Written also tangierine.]

 Tang"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common harbor seal.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 ||Tan*ghin"i*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) The ordeal tree. See under Ordeal.

 Tan'gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. tanggibilité.] The quality or state of being tangible.

 Tan"gi*ble (?), a. [L. tangibilis, fr. tangere to touch: cf. F. tangible. See Tangent.] 1. Perceptible to the touch; tactile; palpable. Bacon.
2. Capable of being possessed or realized; readily apprehensible by the mind; real; substantial; evident. "A tangible blunder." Byron.
 Direct and tangible benefit to ourselves and others.

Southey.
 — Tan"gi*ble*ness, n. — Tan"gi*bly, adv.
 Tan"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tangled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Tangling (?).] [A frequentative fr. tang seaweed; hence, to twist like seaweed. See Tang seaweed, and cf. Tangle, n.]
 1. To unite or knit together confusedly; to interweave or interlock, as threads, so as to make it difficult to unravel the knot; to entangle; to ravel.

2. To involve; to insnare; to entrap; as, to be tangled in lies. "Tangled in amorous nets." Milton.
 When my simple weakness strays, Tangled in forbidden ways.

Crashaw.
 Tan"gle, v. i. To be entangled or united confusedly; to get in a tangle.

 Tan"gle, n. 1. [Cf. Icel. þöngull. See Tang seaweed.] (Bot.) Any large blackish seaweed, especially the Laminaria saccharina. See Kelp.

 Coral and sea fan and tangle, the blooms and the palms of the ocean.

C. Kingsley.
2. [From Tangle, v.] A knot of threads, or other thing, united confusedly, or so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged; a snarl; as, hair or yarn in tangles; a tangle of vines and briers. Used also figuratively.

3. pl. An instrument consisting essentially of an iron bar to which are attached swabs, or bundles of frayed rope, or other similar substances, — used to capture starfishes, sea urchins, and other similar creatures living at the bottom of the sea.

Blue tangle. (Bot.)See Dangleberry. — Tangle picker (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Prov. Eng.]

 Tan"gle*fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sea adder, or great pipefish of Europe.

 Tan"gling*ly (?), adv. In a tangling manner.

 Tan"gly (?), a. 1. Entangled; intricate.

2. Covered with tangle, or seaweed.

 Prone, helpless, on the tangly beach he lay.

Falconer.
 Tan"gram (?), n. [Cf. Trangram.] A Chinese toy made by cutting a square of thin wood, or other suitable material, into seven pieces, as shown in the cut, these pieces being capable of combination in various ways, so as to form a great number of different figures. It is now often used in primary schools as a means of instruction.

 Tangue (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tenrec.

 Tan"gun (?), n. (Zoöl.) A piebald variety of the horse, native of Thibet.

 Tang"whaup (?), n. (Zoöl.) The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.]

 Tan"i*er (?), n. (Bot.) An aroid plant (Caladium sagittæfolium), the leaves of which are boiled and eaten in the West Indies. [Written also tannier.]

 Tan"ist (?), n. [Ir. tanaiste, tanaise, second, the second person in rank, the presumptive or apparent heir to a prince.] In Ireland, a lord or proprietor of a tract of land or of a castle, elected by a family, under the system of tanistry.

 This family [the O'Hanlons] were tanists of a large territory within the present county of Armagh.

M. A. Lower.
 Tan"ist*ry (?), n. [See Tanist.] In Ireland, a tenure of family lands by which the proprietor had only a life estate, to which he was admitted by election.

 The primitive intention seems to have been that the inheritance should descend to the oldest or most worthy of the blood and name of the deceased. This was, in reality, giving it to the strongest; and the practice often occasioned bloody feuds in families, for which reason it was abolished under James I. Ta"nite (?), n. A firm composition of emery and a certain kind of cement, used for making grinding wheels, slabs, etc.

 Tank (?), n. A small Indian dry measure, averaging 240 grains in weight; also, a Bombay weight of 72 grains, for pearls. Simmonds.
 Tank, n. [Pg. tanque, L. stangum a pool; or perhaps of East Indian origin. Cf. Stank, n.] A large basin or cistern; an artificial receptacle for liquids.

Tank engine, a locomotive which carries the water and fuel it requires, thus dispensing with a tender. — Tank iron, plate iron thinner than boiler plate, and thicker than sheet iron or stovepipe iron.
 — Tank worm (Zoöl.), a small nematoid worm found in the water tanks of India, supposed by some to be the young of the Guinea worm.

 Tan"ka (?), n. (Naut.) A kind of boat used in Canton. It is about 25 feet long and is often rowed by women. Called also tankia.
 S. W. Williams.
 Tank"ard (?), n. [OF. tanquart; cf. OD. tanckaert; of uncertain origin.] A large drinking vessel, especially one with a cover.

 Marius was the first who drank out of a silver tankard, after the manner of Bacchus.

Arbuthnot.
 Tan"ki*a (?), n. (Naut.) See Tanka.

 Tank"ling (?), n. A tinkling. [Obs.]

 Tan"ling (?), n. One tanned by the sun. [R.]

 Hot summer's tanlings and The shrinking slaves of winter.

Shak.
 Tan"na*ble (?), a. That may be tanned.

 Tan"nage (?), n. A tanning; the act, operation,


being dressy.

 Dress"ing, n. 1. Dress; raiment; especially, ornamental habiliment or attire. B. Jonson.
2. (Surg.) An application (a remedy, bandage, etc.) to a sore or wound. Wiseman.
3. Manure or compost over land. When it remains on the surface, it is called a top-dressing.

4. (Cookery) (a) A preparation to fit food for use; a condiment; as, a dressing for salad. (b) The stuffing of fowls, pigs, etc.; forcemeat.

5. Gum, starch, and the like, used in stiffening or finishing silk, linen, and other fabrics.

6. An ornamental finish, as a molding around doors, windows, or on a ceiling, etc.

7. Castigation; scolding; -- often with down. [Colloq.]

Dressing case, a case of toilet utensils. -- Dressing forceps, a variety of forceps, shaped like a pair of scissors, used in dressing wounds. -- Dressing gown, a light gown, such as is used by a person while dressing; a study gown. -- Dressing room, an apartment appropriated for making one's toilet. -- Dressing table, a table at which a person may dress, and on which articles for the toilet stand. -- Top-dressing, manure or compost spread over land and not worked into the soil.

 Dress"mak'er (?), n. A maker of gowns, or similar garments; a mantuamaker.

 Dress"mak'ing, n. The art, process, or occupation, of making dresses.

 Dress"y (?), a. Showy in dress; attentive to dress.

 A dressy flaunting maidservant.

T. Hook.
 A neat, dressy gentleman in black.

W. Irving.
 Drest (?), p. p. of Dress.

 Dretch (?), v. t. & i. See Drecche. [Obs.]

 Dreul (?), v. i. To drool. [Obs.]

 Drev"il (?), n. A fool; a drudge. See Drivel.

 Drew (?), imp. of Draw.

 Drey (?), n. A squirrel's nest. See Dray. [Obs.]

 Dreye (?), a. Dry. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dreyn"te (?), imp., Dreynt (&?;), p. p., of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Drib (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dribbed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Dribbing.] [Cf. Drip.] To do by little and little; as: (a) To cut off by a little at a time; to crop. (b) To appropriate unlawfully; to filch; to defalcate.

 He who drives their bargain dribs a part.

Dryden.
(c) To lead along step by step; to entice.

 With daily lies she dribs thee into cost.

 Dryden.
 Drib (?), v. t. & i. (Archery) To shoot (a shaft) so as to pierce on the descent. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
 Drib, n. A drop. [Obs.] Swift.
 Drib"ber (?), n. One who dribs; one who shoots weakly or badly.
 [Obs.] Ascham.
 Drib"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dribbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing (?).] [Freq. of drib, which is a variant of drip.] 1. To fall in drops or small drops, or in a quick succession of drops; as, water dribbles from the eaves.

2. To slaver, as a child or an idiot; to drivel.

3. To fall weakly and slowly. [Obs.] "The dribbling dart of love." Shak. (Meas. for Meas., i. 3, 2). [Perhaps an error for dribbing.]

 Drib"ble, v. t. To let fall in drops.

 Let the cook... dribble it all the way upstairs.

 Swift.
 Drib"ble, n. A drizzling shower; a falling or leaking in drops.
 [Colloq.]

 Drib"bler (?), n. One who dribbles.

 { Drib"blet (?), Drib"let (?), } n. [From Dribble.] A small piece or part; a small sum; a small quantity of money in making up a sum; as, the money was paid in dribblets.

 When made up in dribblets, as they could, their best securities were at an interest of twelve per cent.

Burke.
 Drie (?), v. t. [See Dree.] To endure. [Obs.]

 So causeless such drede for to drie.

 Chaucer.
 Dried (drd), imp. & p. p. of Dry. Also adj.; as, dried apples.

 Dri"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, dries; that which may expel or absorb moisture; a desiccative; as, the sun and a northwesterly wind are great driers of the earth.

2. (Paint.) Drying oil; a substance mingled with the oil used in oil painting to make it dry quickly.

 Dri"er, compar., Dri"est, superl., of Dry, a. Drift (?), n. [From drive; akin to LG. & D. drift a driving, Icel. drift snowdrift, Dan. drift, impulse, drove, herd, pasture, common, G. trift pasturage, drove. See Drive.] 1.
 A driving; a violent movement.

 The dragon drew him [self] away with drift of his wings.

King Alisaunder (1332).
2. The act or motion of drifting; the force which impels or drives; an overpowering influence or impulse.

 A bad man, being under the drift of any passion, will follow the impulse of it till something interpose.

South.
3. Course or direction along which anything is driven; setting.
 "Our drift was south." Hakluyt.
4. The tendency of an act, argument, course of conduct, or the like; object aimed at or intended; intention; hence, also, import or meaning of a sentence or discourse; aim.

 He has made the drift of the whole poem a compliment on his country in general.

 Addison.
 Now thou knowest my drift.

Sir W. Scott.
5. That which is driven, forced, or urged along; as: (a) Anything driven at random. "Some log... a useless drift." Dryden.
(b) A mass of matter which has been driven or forced onward together in a body, or thrown together in a heap, etc., esp. by wind or water; as, a drift of snow, of ice, of sand, and the like.

Drifts of rising dust involve the sky.

 Pope.
 We got the brig a good bed in the rushing drift [of ice].

Kane.
(c) A drove or flock, as of cattle, sheep, birds. [Obs.]

 Cattle coming over the bridge (with their great drift doing much damage to the high ways).

 Fuller.
6. (Arch.) The horizontal thrust or pressure of an arch or vault upon the abutments. [R.] Knight.
7. (Geol.) A collection of loose earth and rocks, or boulders, which have been distributed over large portions of the earth's surface, especially in latitudes north of forty degrees, by the agency of ice.

8. In South Africa, a ford in a river.

9. (Mech.) A slightly tapered tool of steel for enlarging or shaping a hole in metal, by being forced or driven into or


form of the action, as the judges who decided Southcote's Case took part in the decision. See, further, Evans v. Yeoman, Clayton, 33.

 186 (return) 186/1 See Symons v. Darknoll, and the second count in Morse v. Slue infra.
 (The latter case shows the averment of negligence to have been mere form.)
 Cf. I Salk. 18, top.

 187 (return) 187/1 Supra, p. 179.

 187/2 Boson v. Sandford, Shower, 101; Coggs v. Bernard, infra.

 187/3 Symons v. Darknoll, infra.

 188 (return) 188/1 Reg. Brev. 92b, 95a, 98a, 100b, 104a; cf. Y.B. 19 Ed. II. 624; 30 Ed. III. 25, 26; 2 Hen. IV. 18, pl. 6; 22 Hen. VI. 21, pl. 38; 32 & 33 Ed. I., Int., xxxiii.; Brunner, Schwurgerichte, 177; id. Franzosische, Inhaberpapier, 9, n. 1.

 188/2 12 Co. Rep. 64.

 188/3 See, besides the following cases, the declaration in Chamberlain v. Cooke, 2 Ventris, 75 (1 W. & M.), and note especially the variations of statement in Morse v. Slue, set forth below, in the text.

 189 (return) 189/1 Hobart, 17; Cro. Jac. 330. See also George v. Wiburn, 1 Roll. Abr.
 6, pl. 4 (A.D. 1638).

 190 (return) 190/1 The use which has been made of this case in later times shows the extreme difficulty in distinguishing between principles of substantive law and rules relating only to procedure, in the older books.

 190/2 Y.B. 22 Hen. VI. 21, pl. 38; supra, p. 188, n. 1.

 191 (return) 191/1 Palmer, 523.

 191/2 Palmer, 548.

 191/3 Aleyn, 93.

 191/4 1 Sid. 36.

 192 (return) 192/1 1 Sid. 244. Cf. Dalston v. Janson, 1 Ld. Raym. 58.

 192/2 2 Keb. 866; 3 id. 72, 112, 135; 2 Lev. 69; I Vent. 190, 238; 1 Mod.
 85; Sir T. Raym. 220.

 193 (return) 193/1 2 Keb. 866. See 3 Keb. 74; 1 Mod. 85; Sir T. Raym. 220.

 193/2 2 Keb. 72.

 193/3 Y.B. 33 Hen. VI. 1; supra, p. 177.

 193/4 3 Keble, 73. This is the main point mentioned by Sir T. Raymond and Levinz.

 193/5 Cf. 1 Mod. 85.

 194 (return) 194/1 1 Ventris, 238, citing Southcote's Case in the margin. Cf. 3 Keble, 135.

 194/2 Aleyn, 93; supra, p. 191.

 194/3 See also 1 Hale, P.C. 512, 513.

 195 (return) 195/1 King v. Viscount Hertford, 2 Shower, 172, pl. 164; cf. Woodlife's Case, supra.

 195/2 Boson v. Sandford, 1 Shower, 101 (2 W. & M.). See above, pp.
 183,185; below, p. 197. Modern illustrations of the doctrine will be found in Fleming v. Manchester, Sheffield, & Lincolnshire Railway Co., 4 Q.B.D. 81, and cases cited. In Boorman v. Brown, 3 Q.B.511, 526, the reader the primitive assumpsit, which was the inducement to a declaration in tort, interpreted as meaning contract in the modern sense. It will be seen directly that Lord Holt took a different view. Note the mode of dealing with the Marshal's case, 33 Hen; VI. 1, in Aleyn, 27.

 196 (return) 196/1 See Lovett v. Hobbs, 2 Shower, 127 (32 Car. II.); Chamberlain v. Cooke, 2 Ventris, 75 (1 W. & M.); Boson v. Sandford, 1 Shower, 101, citing Southcote's Case (2 W. & M.); Upshare v. Aidee, 1 Comyns, 25 (8 W. III.); Middleton v. Fowler, I Salk. 288 (10 W. III.).

 196/2 12 Mod. 472.

 196/3 2 Ld. Raym. 909.

 197 (return) 197/1 Powtuary v. Walton, 1 Roll. Abr. 10, pl. 5 (39 Eliz.). Cf. Keilway, 160.

 197/2 2 Ld. Raym. 919. See Lecture VII. How little Lord Holt meant to adopt the modern view, that delivery, being a detriment to the owner, was a consideration, may be further seen by examining the cases put and agreed to by him from the Year Books.

 199 (return) 199/1 2 Kent, 598; 1 C.P. D. 429.

 199/2 Palmer, 523. See too Keilway, 77 b, and 160, pl. 2, where the encroachment of case on detinue, and the corresponding confusion in principle, may be pretty clearly seen taking place. But see p. 175, supra.

 200 (return) 200/1 2 Kent, 597; Forward v. Pittard, 1 T. R. 27.

 200/2 Cf. Y.B. 7 Hen. IV. 14; 2 Hen. VII. 11; Keilway, 77 b, 160, pl. 2, and other cases already cited.

 200/3 Y.B. 41 Ed. III. 3, pl. 8.

 200/4 Y.B. 33 Hen. YI. 1, pl. 3.

 200/5 Reg. Brev. 107 a, 108 a, 110 a, b; entries cited 1 T. R. 29.

 200/6 See above, pp. 167, 175 et seq.; 12 Am. Law Rev. 692, 693; Y.B. 42 Ed. III. 11, pl. 13; 42 Ass., pl. 17.

 201 (return) 201/1 1 Wilson, 282; cf. 2 Kent (12th ed.), 596, n. 1, b.

 201/2 Y.B. 33 Hen. VI. 1, pl. 3.

 202 (return) 202/1 Mouse's Case, 12 Co. Rep. 63.

 202/2 Bird v. Astcock, 2 Bulstr. 280; cf. Dyer, 33 a, pl. 10; Keighley's Case, 10 Co. Rep. 139 b, 140.

 202/3 Y.B. 40 Ed. III. 5, 6, pl. 11; see also Willams v. Hide, Palmer, 548; Shep. Touchst. 173.

 203 (return) 203/1 See Safe Delcosit Company of Pittsburgh v. Pollock,


Di'e*ta"ri*an (?), n. One who lives in accordance with prescribed rules for diet; a dieter.

 Di"et*a*ry (?), a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules of diet.

 Di"et*a*ry, n.; pl. Dietaries (&?;). A rule of diet; a fixed allowance of food, as in workhouse, prison, etc.

 Di"et*er (?), n. One who diets; one who prescribes, or who partakes of, food, according to hygienic rules.

 { Di'e*tet"ic (?), Di'e*tet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. diététique.
 See Diet.] Of or performance to diet, or to the rules for regulating the kind and quantity of food to be eaten.

 Di'e*tet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a dietetical manner.

 Di'e*tet"ics (?), n. That part of the medical or hygienic art which relates to diet or food; rules for diet.

 To suppose that the whole of dietetics lies in determining whether or not bread is more nutritive than potatoes.

H. Spencer.
 Di'e*tet"ist, n. A physician who applies the rules of dietetics to the cure of diseases. Dunglison.
 Di*eth'yl*am"ine (?), n. [Pref. di- + ethylamine.]
 (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, alkaline liquid, NH(C2H5)2, having a strong fishy odor resembling that of herring or sardines. Cf.
 Methylamine.

 Di*et"ic (?), a. Dietetic.

 Di*et"ic*al (?), a. Dietetic. [R.] Ferrand.
 Di"et*ine (?), n. [Cf. F. diétine.] A subordinate or local assembly; a diet of inferior rank.

 { Di"et*ist (?), Di'e*ti"tian (?), } n. One skilled in dietetics.
 [R.]

 Dif*fame' (?), n. [See Defame.] Evil name; bad reputation; defamation. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dif*far're*a"tion (?), n. [L. diffarreatio; dif- = farreum a spelt cake. See Confarreation.] A form of divorce, among the ancient Romans, in which a cake was used. See Confarreation.

 Dif"fer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Differed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Differing.] [L. differre; dif- = dis- + ferre to bear, carry: cf. F. différer. See 1st Bear, and cf. Defer, Delay.] 1. To be or stand apart; to disagree; to be unlike; to be distinguished; -- with from.

 One star differeth from another star in glory.

1 Cor. xv. 41.
 Minds differ, as rivers differ.

Macaulay.
2. To be of unlike or opposite opinion; to disagree in sentiment; -- often with from or with.

3. To have a difference, cause of variance, or quarrel; to dispute; to contend.

 We 'll never differ with a crowded pit.

Rowe.
Syn. -- To vary; disagree; dissent; dispute; contend; oppose; wrangle. -- To Differ with, Differ from. Both differ from and aiffer with are used in reference to opinions; as, "I differ from you or with you in that opinion."" In all other cases, expressing simple unlikeness, differ from is used; as, these two persons or things differ entirely from each other.

 Severely punished, not for differing from us in opinion, but for committing a nuisance.

Macaulay.
 Davidson, whom on a former occasion we quoted, to differ from him.

M. Arnold.
 Much as I differ from him concerning an essential part of the historic basis of religion.

Gladstone.
 I differ with the honorable gentleman on that point.

Brougham.
 If the honorable gentleman differs with me on that subject, I differ as heartily with him, and shall always rejoice to differ.

Canning.
 Dif"fer, v. t. To cause to be different or unlike; to set at variance. [R.]

 But something 'ts that differs thee and me.

Cowley.
 Dif"fer*ence (?), n. [F. différence, L. differentia.]
 1. The act of differing; the state or measure of being different or unlike; distinction; dissimilarity; unlikeness; variation; as, a difference of quality in paper; a difference in degrees of heat, or of light; what is the difference between the innocent and the guilty?

Differencies of administration, but the same Lord.

1 Cor. xii. 5.
2. Disagreement in opinion; dissension; controversy; quarrel; hence, cause of dissension; matter in controversy.

 What was the difference? It was a contention in public.

Shak.
 Away therefore went I with the constable, leaving the old warden and the young constable to compose their difference as they could.

T. Ellwood.
 3. That by which one thing differs from another; that which distinguishes or causes to differ; mark of distinction; characteristic quality; specific attribute.

 The marks and differences of sovereignty.

Davies.
4. Choice; preference. [Obs.]

 That now he chooseth with vile difference To be a beast, and lack intelligence.

Spenser.
5. (Her.) An addition to a coat of arms to distinguish the bearings of two persons, which would otherwise be the same. See Augmentation, and Marks of cadency, under Cadency.

6. (Logic) The quality or attribute which is added to those of the genus to constitute a species; a differentia.

7. (Math.) The quantity by which one quantity differs from another, or the remainder left after subtracting the one from the other.

Ascensional difference. See under Ascensional.

Syn. -- Distinction; dissimilarity; dissimilitude; variation; diversity; variety; contrariety; disagreement; variance; contest; contention; dispute; controversy; debate; quarrel; wrangle; strife.

 Dif"fer*ence (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Differenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Differencing.] To cause to differ; to make different; to mark as different; to distinguish.

 Thou mayest difference gods from men.

Chapman.
 Kings, in receiving justice and undergoing trial, are not differenced from the meanest subject.

Milton.
 So completely differenced by their separate and individual characters that we at once acknowledge them as distinct persons.

Sir W. Scott.
 Dif"fer*ent (?), a. [L. differens, -entis, p. pr. of differre: cf. F. différent.] 1. Distinct; separate; not the same; other. "Five different churches." Addison.
2. Of various or contrary nature, form, or quality; partially or totally unlike; dissimilar; as, different kinds of food or drink; different states of health; different shapes; different degrees of excellence.

 Men are as different from each other, as the regions in which they are born are different.

Dryden.
Different is properly followed by from. Different to, for different from, is a common English colloquialism. Different than is quite inadmissible.

 ||Dif'fer*en"ti*a (?), n.; pl. Differentiæ (#).
 [L. See Difference.] (Logic) The formal or distinguishing part of


program (or the resulting display) is likely to be referred to as 'munching foos'. [This is a good example of the use of the word foo as a metasyntactic variable.]
Node:munchkin, Next:mundane, Previous:munching squares, Up:= M = munchkin /muhnch'kin/ n.
[from the squeaky-voiced little people in L. Frank Baum's "The Wizard of Oz"] A teenage-or-younger micro enthusiast hacking BASIC or something else equally constricted. A term of mild derision -- munchkins are annoying but some grow up to be hackers after passing through a larval stage. The term urchin is also used. See also wannabee, bitty box.
Node:mundane, Next:mung, Previous:munchkin, Up:= M = mundane n.
[from SF fandom] 1. A person who is not in science fiction fandom. 2. A person who is not in the computer industry. In this sense, most often an adjectival modifier as in "in my mundane life...." See also Real World, muggle.
Node:mung, Next:munge, Previous:mundane, Up:= M = mung /muhng/ vt.
[in 1960 at MIT, 'Mash Until No Good'; sometime after that the derivation from the recursive acronym 'Mung Until No Good' became standard; but see munge] 1. To make changes to a file, esp. large-scale and irrevocable changes. See BLT. 2. To destroy, usually accidentally, occasionally maliciously. The system only mungs things maliciously; this is a consequence of Finagle's Law. See scribble, mangle, trash, nuke. Reports from Usenet suggest that the pronunciation /muhnj/ is now usual in speech, but the spelling 'mung' is still common in program comments (compare the widespread confusion over the proper spelling of kluge). 3. The kind of beans the sprouts of which are used in Chinese food.
(That's their real name! Mung beans! Really!)
Like many early hacker terms, this one seems to have originated at TMRC; it was already in use there in 1958. Peter Samson (compiler of the original TMRC lexicon) thinks it may originally have been onomatopoeic for the sound of a relay spring (contact) being twanged. However, it is known that during the World Wars, 'mung' was U.S. army slang for the ersatz creamed chipped beef better known as 'SOS', and it seems quite likely that the word in fact goes back to Scots-dialect munge.
Node:munge, Next:Murphy's Law, Previous:mung, Up:= M = munge /muhnj/ vt.
1. [derogatory] To imperfectly transform information. 2. A comprehensive rewrite of a routine, data structure or the whole program. 3. To modify data in some way the speaker doesn't need to go into right now or cannot describe succinctly (compare mumble). 4. To add spamblock to an email address.
This term is often confused with mung, which probably was derived from it.
However, it also appears the word 'munge' was in common use in Scotland in the 1940s, and in Yorkshire in the 1950s, as a verb, meaning to munch up into a masticated mess, and as a noun, meaning the result of munging something up (the parallel with the kluge/kludge pair is amusing). The OED reports 'munge' as an archaic verb nmeaning "to wipe (a person's nose)".
Node:Murphy's Law, Next:music, Previous:munge, Up:= M = Murphy's Law prov.
The correct, original Murphy's Law reads: "If there are two or more ways to do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will do it." This is a principle of defensive design, cited here because it is usually given in mutant forms less descriptive of the challenges of design for lusers. For example, you don't make a two-pin plug symmetrical and then label it 'THIS WAY UP'; if it matters which way it is plugged in, then you make the design asymmetrical (see also the anecdote under magic smoke).
Edward A. Murphy, Jr. was one of the engineers on the rocket-sled experiments that were done by the U.S. Air Force in 1949 to test human acceleration tolerances (USAF project MX981).
One experiment involved a set of 16 accelerometers mounted to different parts of the subject's body. There were two ways each sensor could be glued to its mount, and somebody methodically installed all 16 the wrong way around. Murphy then made the original form of his pronouncement, which the test subject (Major John Paul Stapp) quoted at a news conference a few days later.
Within months 'Murphy's Law' had spread to various technical cultures connected to aerospace engineering. Before too many years had gone by variants had passed into the popular imagination, changing as they went. Most of these are variants on "Anything that can go wrong, will"; this is correctly referred to as Finagle's Law. The memetic drift apparent in these mutants clearly demonstrates Murphy's Law acting on itself!
Node:music, Next:mutter, Previous:Murphy's Law, Up:= M = music n. A common extracurricular interest of hackers (compare science-fiction fandom, oriental food; see also filk). Hackish folklore has long claimed that musical and programming abilities are closely related, and there has been at least one large-scale statistical study that supports this. Hackers, as a rule, like music and often develop musical appreciation in unusual and interesting directions. Folk music is very big in hacker circles; so is electronic music, and the sort of elaborate instrumental jazz/rock that used to be called 'progressive' and isn't recorded much any more. The hacker's musical range tends to be wide; many can listen with equal appreciation to (say) Talking Heads, Yes, Gentle Giant, Pat Metheny, Scott Joplin, Tangerine Dream, Dream Theater, King Sunny Ade, The Pretenders, Screaming Trees, or the Brandenburg Concerti. It is also apparently true that hackerdom includes a much higher concentration of talented amateur musicians than one would expect from a similar-sized control group of mundane types.
Node:mutter, Next:N, Previous:music, Up:= M = mutter vt.
To quietly enter a command not meant for the ears, eyes, or fingers of ordinary mortals. Often used in 'mutter an incantation'. See also wizard.
Node:= N =, Next:= O =, Previous:= M =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = N = N: nadger: nagware: nailed to the wall: nailing jelly: naive: naive user: NAK: NANA: nano: nano-: nanoacre: nanobot: nanocomputer: nanofortnight: nanotechnology: nasal demons: nastygram: Nathan Hale: nature: neat hack: neats vs.
scruffies: neep-neep: neophilia: nerd: nerd knob: net.-: net.god: net.personality: net.police: NetBOLLIX: netburp: netdead: nethack: netiquette: netlag: netnews: netrock: Netscrape: netsplit: netter: network address: network meltdown: New Jersey: New Testament: newbie: newgroup wars: newline: NeWS: newsfroup: newsgroup: nick: nickle: night mode: Nightmare File System: NIL: Ninety-Ninety Rule: nipple mouse: NMI: no-op: noddy: node: Nominal Semidestructor: non-optimal solution: nonlinear: nontrivial: not ready for prime time: notwork: NP-: nroff: NSA line eater: NSP: nude: nugry: nuke: number-crunching: numbers: NUXI problem: nybble: nyetwork: Node:N, Next:nad


by construction of law, when not include virtually; as, war implies fighting.

 Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious intention is implied.

Bp. Sherlock.
 When a man employs a laborer to work for him,... the act of hiring implies an obligation and a promise that he shall pay him a reasonable reward for his services.

Blackstone.
3. To refer, ascribe, or attribute. [Obs.]

 Whence might this distaste arise?

 If [from] neither your perverse and peevish will. To which I most imply it.

J. Webster.
Syn. -- To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; denote; signify; betoken. See Involve.

 Im*poi"son (?), v. t. [Cf. Empoison.] To poison; to imbitter; to impair.

 Im*poi"son*er (?), n. A poisoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Im*poi"son*ment (?), n. [Cf. Empoisonment.] The act of poisoning or impoisoning. [Obs.] Pope.
 { Im*po"lar*i*ly (?), Im*po"lar*ly (?), } adv. Not according to or in, the direction of the poles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Im*pol"i*cy (?), n. The quality of being impolitic; inexpedience; unsuitableness to the end proposed; bads policy; as, the impolicy of fraud. Bp. Horsley.
 Im'po*lite" (?), a. [L. impolitus unpolishied, pref. imnot + politus, p. p. of polire to polish, refine. See Polite.]
 Not polite; not of polished manners; wanting in good manners; discourteous; uncivil; rude. -- Im'po*lite"ly, adv. -- Im'po*lite"ness, n. Im*pol"i*tic (?), a. [Pref. imnot + politic; cf. F.
 impolitique.] Not politic; contrary to, or wanting in, policy; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; inexpedient; as, an impolitic ruler, law, or measure.

 The most unjust and impolitic of all things, unequal taxation.

Burke.
Syn. -- Indiscreet; inexpedient; undiplomatic.

 Im'po*lit"i*cal (?), a. Impolitic. [Obs.] -- Im'po*lit"i*cal*ly, adv.
 [Obs.] Bacon.
 Im*pol"i*tic*ly (?), adv. In an impolitic manner.

 Im*pol"i*tic*ness, n. The quality of being impolitic.

 Im*pon'der*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impondérabilité.]
 The quality or state of being imponderable; imponderableness.

 Im*pon"der*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. imnot + ponderable: cf. F. impondérable.] Not ponderable; without sensible or appreciable weight; incapable of being weighed.

 Im*pon"der*a*ble, n. (Physics) An imponderable substance or body; specifically, in the plural, a name formerly applied to heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, regarded as subtile fluids destitute of weight but in modern science little used.

 Im*pon"der*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being imponderable.

 Im*pon"der*ous (?), a. Imponderable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 -- Im*pon"der*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

 Im*pone" (?), v. t. [L. imponere, impositum, to place upon; pref. imin + ponere to place. See Position.] To stake; to wager; to pledge. [Obs.]

 Against the which he has imponed, as I take it, six French rapiers and poniards.

Shak.
 ||Im*poo"fo (?), n. (Zoöl.) The eland. [Written also impoofoo.]

 ||Im*poon" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

 Im*poor" (?), v. t. To impoverish. [Obs.]

 Im'po*ros"i*ty (?), n. [Perf. imnot + porosity: cf. F. imporosité.] The state or quality of being imporous; want of porosity; compactness. "The... imporosity betwixt the tangible parts." Bacon.
 Im*por"ous (?), a. Destitute of pores; very close or compact in texture; solid. Sir T. Browne.
 Im*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imported; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Importing.] [L. importare to bring in, to occasion, to cause; pref. imin + portare to bear. Sense 3 comes through F. importer, from the Latin. See Port demeanor.] 1.
 To bring in from abroad; to introduce from without; especially, to bring (wares or merchandise) into a place or country from a foreign country, in the transactions of commerce; -- opposed to export. We import teas from China, coffee from Brasil, etc.

2. To carry or include, as meaning or intention; to imply; to signify.

 Every petition... doth... always import a multitude of speakers together.

Hooker.
3. To be of importance or consequence to; to have a bearing on; to concern.

 I have a motion much imports your good.

Shak.
 If I endure it, what imports it you?

Dryden.
Syn. -- To denote; mean; signify; imply; indicate; betoken; interest; concern.

 Im*port", v. i. To signify; to purport; to be of moment. "For that ... importeth to the work." Bacon.
 Im"port (?), n. 1. Merchandise imported, or brought into a country from without its boundaries; -- generally in the plural, opposed to exports.

 I take the imports from, and not the exports to, these conquests, as the measure of these advantages which we derived from them.

Burke.
2. That which a word, phrase, or document contains as its signification or intention or interpretation of a word, action, event, and the like.

3. Importance; weight; consequence.

 Most serious design, and the great import.

Shak.
 Im*port"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. importable. See Import.]
 Capable of being imported.

 Im*port"a*ble, a. [L. importabilis; pref. imnot + portabilis bearable: cf. OF. importable. See Portable.] Not to be endured; insupportable; intolerable. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Im*port"a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.]

 Im*por"tance (?), n. [F. importance. See Important.] 1.
 The quality or state of being important; consequence; weight; moment; significance.

 Thy own importance know, Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.

Pope.
2. Subject; matter. [Obs.]

 Upon importance of so slight and trivial a nature.

Shak.
3. Import; meaning; significance. [Obs.]

 The wisest beholder could not say if the importance were joy or sorrow.

Shak.
4. Importunity; solicitation. [Obs.]

 At our importance hither is he


a white flag. "A great and a good man has departed." The verb has implies that only one man has departed, hence the sentence should be, "A great and good man has departed." "They sang the first and second verse," should be, "They sang the first and the second verse." "The literal and figurative meaning of words" should be, "The literal and the figurative meaning of words." "In framing of his sentences he was very exact," should be, "In the framing," etc., or, "In framing his sentences he was very exact." "The masculine and feminine gender," should be, "The masculine and the feminine gender." "After singing a hymn, Miss Willard made a stirring address." If Miss Willard alone sang the hymn the sentence is correct. If the congregation sang the hymn the sentence should be, "After the singing of a hymn, Miss Willard made a stirring address." "He is but a poor writer at best." Say, "at the best." "He received but a thousand votes at most." Say, "at the most." "John came day before yesterday." Say, "the day before yesterday." Article redundant "Shakespeare was a greater writer than an actor," should be, "Shakespeare was a greater writer than actor." "This is the kind of a tree of which he was speaking," should be, "This is the kind of tree," etc.
"What kind of a bird is this?" should be, "What kind of bird." "The one styled the Provost is the head of the University," should be, "The one styled Provost." "The nominative and the objective cases," should be "The nominative and objective cases." "He made a mistake in the giving out the text." Say "in giving out the text," or, "in the giving out of the text." In the latter instance, the participle becomes a noun and may take the article before it.
Articles interchanged "An elephant is the emblem of Siam," should be, "The elephant is the emblem," etc. "A digraph is the union of two letters to represent one sound." Should be, "A digraph is a union," etc.
CHAPTER XIV Redundancy We are all creatures of habit. Our sayings, as well as our doings, are largely a series of habits. In some instances we are unconscious of our peculiarities and find it almost impossible to shake them off.
The following are verbatim expressions as they dropped from the lips of a young clergyman in the pulpit. They show a deeply-seated habit of repetition of thought. As he was a graduate of one of the first colleges in the land, we are the more surprised that the habit was not checked before he passed through his college and seminary courses. The expressions are here given as a caution to others to be on their guard: "Supremest and highest," "separate and sever us," "derision, sarcasm, and contempt," "disobedient and disloyal and sinful," "hold aloof from iniquity, from sin," "necessity of being reclaimed and brought back," "their beautiful and their elegant city," "so abandoned and given up to evil and iniquity," "soaked and stained with human gore and blood," "beautiful and resplendent," "hardened and solidified into stone and adamant," "this arctic splendor and brilliancy," "were being slaughtered and cut down," "in the rapidity and the swiftness of the train," "with all the mightiness and the splendor of his genius," "the force and the pressure it brings to bear," "has and possesses the power," "lights flashed and gleamed." The above were all taken from a single discourse. Another peculiarity of the same speaker was his use of the preposition between. Instead of saying, "Between him and his father there was a perfect understanding of the matter," he would say, "Between him and between his father there was a perfect understanding of the matter." Young writers will find it a valuable exercise to go through a letter, essay, or other composition which they have written, with the view of ascertaining how many words they can eliminate without diminishing the force of what has been written. An article or two from the daily paper, and an occasional page from some recent work of fiction will afford further opportunity for profitable practice in pruning.
Widow woman "And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephrathite of Zereda, Solomon's servant, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman, even he lifted up his hand against the king."—I Kings xi, 26.
The expression is now regarded as an archaism, and not to be used in modern speech or writing. Omit woman.
Why Many persons have a foolish habit of beginning their answer to a question with the word why. In some cases it doubtless has its origin in the desire to gain time while the mind is preparing the answer, but in most instances it is merely a habit.
Some persons prefix the word why to the statement of a fact or to the asking of a question. This is even worse than to employ it to introduce the answer. Restrict it to its legitimate use.
Look at here This is one of the numerous expressions designed to call the attention of the person addressed to the speaker. It is both ungrammatical and vulgar. The omission of at will render it grammatical. "See here" is still better.
Look and see "Look and see if the teacher is coming." The words "look and" are superfluous. "See whether the teacher is coming" is a better expression.
Recollect of The word of is superfluous in such expressions; as, "I recollect of crossing Lake Champlain on the ice," "Do you recollect of his paying you a compliment?" Settle up, down "He has settled up his father's affairs." "He has settled down upon the old farm." Up and down may be omitted.
"He has settled down to business" is a colloquial expression which may be improved by recasting the sentence.
In so far "He is not to blame in so far as I understand the circumstances." "In so far as I know he is a thoroughly honest man." "In so far as I have influence it shall be exerted in your favor." Omit in.
Pocket-handkerchief The word handkerchief conveys the full meaning. Pocket is therefore superfluous and should be omitted. If a cloth or tie for the neck is meant, call it a neck tie or a neckerchief, but not a neck-handkerchief.
Have got "I have got a fine farm." "He has got four sons and three daughters." "James has got a rare collection of butterflies." In such expressions got is superfluous. But, if the idea of gaining or acquiring is to be conveyed, the word got may be retained; as, "I have got my license," "I have got my degree," "I have got my reward." Off of "Can I borrow a pencil off of you?" "I bought a knife off of him yesterday." Such faulty expressions are very common among school children, and should be promptly checked by the teacher. The off is superfluous.
"He jumped off of the boat." Say, "He jumped off the boat." The young lady appointed to sell articles at a church fair entreated her friends to "buy something off of me." She should say, "Please buy something from me," or "Make your purchases at my table." For to see "But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment?" Matt. xi, 8. "I will try for to do what you wish." This form of expression, once very common, is now obsolete. Omit for.
Appreciate highly To appreciate is to set a full value upon a thing. We may value highly, or prize highly, or esteem highly, but the word highly when used with appreciate is superfluous.
Ascend up "With


the state.

 She wrote the "Bible and the Flag in the Public Schools" and has contributed both prose and verse to the leading magazines and newspapers.
 Feature articles and many good essays appear over her signature. Her "Passing From Under The Partial Eclipse" did much to give Kansas City, Kansas her recognized place commercially on the map. A novel, "The Cresap Pension," exposing a great pension fraud, is ready for the press.

 JESSIE WRIGHT WHITECOMB.

 Jessie Wright Whitcomb, a Topeka writer of juvenile books is a lawyer in active practice with her husband, Judge George H. Whitcomb and a mother of a remarkable family of five boys and one girl. The oldest son gained his A. B. in 1910 at the age of eighteen; in 1911 was appointed Rhodes scholar for Kansas; and is now a student at Oxford. His father and mother are in England at present visiting him.

 Mrs. Whitcomb is a contributor to the magazines and in addition, has written "Odd Little Lass," "Freshman and Senior," "Majorbanks," "His Best Friend," "Pen's Venture," "Queer As She Could Be," and "Curly Head."

 She is a graduate of the University of Vermont and the Boston University Law School and was the first woman to lecture before a man's law school.

 MYRA WILLIAMS JARRELL.

 Myra Williams Jarrell, the daughter of the late Archie L. Williams, for thirty years, the attorney for the Union Pacific Railway in Kansas, and the grand-daughter of Judge Archibald Williams, the first United States Circuit Judge of Kansas, appointed by Lincoln, comes of a literary family.
 All of the men and some of the women on the father's side of the family and also, on the mother's to a great extent, had literary talent.

 As a child, she cherished an ambition to write and when occasionally one of her letters to St. Nicholas saw publication, she felt she had crossed the Alps of her desire. Her first real story, however, was written as she rocked the cradle of her first born. The day, when she first saw her "stuff" in print, stands out in her memory second only to the hallowed days of her personal history, her wedding day and the days upon which her children were born.

 Since then, Mrs. Jarrell has contributed to almost all the high class magazines and has furnished special feature articles to newspapers.

 Some years ago, a small book, "Meg, of Valencia," was written and now, a novel, "The Hand of The Potter" is ready for publication.

 In 1894, Myra Williams and J. F. Jarrell were married. This union was blest with four children, three sons and one daughter. Mr. Jarrell is Publicity Agent of the Santa Fe. A number of years ago, he bought the Holton Signal and in trying to help her husband put some individuality into the paper, Mrs. Jarrell began a department headed "Ramblings." Later this was syndicated and finally issued in book form.

 Last winter, a play, "The Plain Clothes Man," was produced by the North Brothers Stock Co., at the Majestic Theatre, Topeka. This well written play, with its novel and original characterization and its effective comedy lines, is now in the hands of two New York play brokers. Before many months, Mrs. Jarrell will be enjoying a royalty.

 In preparation, are two plays, as yet nameless; also, a play in collaboration with Mr. North of the North Stock Co. With her brother, Burus L. Williams, of Kansas City, Mo., Mrs. Jarrell has written an opera, "The Mix Up in the Kingdom of Something-Like," which awaits only the lyrics Mr. Williams is writing and the music. An opera, "The Kingdom of Never Come True," also, in collaboration with Mr. Williams, is being set to music by Arthur Pryor, the bandmaster.

 A serial story, "John Bishop, Farmer," a collaboration with Albert T. Reed, the artist, is to be published soon in the Kansas Farmer. Later, this will appear in book form. A novel, which Mrs. Jarrell believes will be her best work, is in construction and is clamoring to be written.

 ELLEN PALMER ALLERTON.

 Ellen Palmer Allerton, the sweet and gentle poetess, beloved of Kansas, lived at Padonia, in Brown County, when she wrote her famous poem, "Wall of Corn."

 She was past her prime when she came to Kansas from the Wisconsin home, the subject of many of her noble gems. As she grew older, she grew stronger in poetic strength.

 Three volumes of poems have been published, "Walls of Corn and Other Poems," "Annabel and Other Poems," and "Poems of the Prairie." Her "Walls of Corn," written in 1884, famous from the first, as used as railroad immigration advertising, was translated in several languages and distributed all over Europe. This and her "Trail of Forty-nine" are her best, although the classic beauty of "Beautiful Things" is unsurpassed by any other American writer.

 is a fitting close to the beautiful, useful life of the author.

 Mrs. Allerton was born in Centerville. New York, in 1835 and began writing verse at the age of seventeen. Much as she has written, yet writing was only a pastime. She never let it interfere with her housework. Thoroughly practical, she did all her own work, just because she loved to do it. Her flowers of which she had many, in doors and out, resulted in many noble, inspiring lines. In 1862, she was married to A. B. Allerton of Wisconsin, coming to Kansas in 1865. She was best appreciated for her social qualities and her interest in charity—that broader charity that praises the beauty and ignores the blemishes. Her last poem, "When Days Grow Dark" is a beautiful pen picture of her sweetness and resignation in her growing blindness and her love and trust in him who had been her companion down the years.

 She died in 1893, at Padonia, and was buried in a bed of her favorite white flowers, donated by loving friends. In the little graveyard at Hamlin, one reads "Beautiful Things" on a modest stone at the head of her little bed.

 EMMA TANNER WOOD.

 Mrs. Emma Tanner Wood (Caroline Cunningham), a Topeka woman, began newspaper work in 1872. The result of those early years' work was "Spring Showers," a volume of prose. After thirty years of study and experience among the defectives, she wrote "Too Fit For The Unfit," advocating surgery for the feeble-minded. The story of Mrs. Benton, one of the characters, led Mrs. Wood to introduce a law preventing children being sent to the poor house. This was the first law purely in the interest of children ever passed in Kansas. Later, a law preventing traveling hypnotists from using school children as subjects in public exhibitions was drawn up by Mrs. Wood and passed.

 Several years ago, a book on hypnotism, far in advance of the public thought, was written and is to be published this year.

 Mrs. Wood is seventy years young and as she says: "finds age the very sweetest part of life. It is no small satisfaction to laugh at the follies of others and know that you are past committing them. It is equally delightful to be responsible only to one's self and order one's life as one chooses. Every day is a holy day to me now and the sweetness of common things, grass, flowers, neighborly love, grand-children, and home comforts fill me with satisfaction. To think kindly of all things under the sun (but sin); to speak kindly to all; to do little kindly acts is a greater good to the world at large than we think while we are in the heat of battle."

 CORNELIA M. STOCKTON.

 A cheerful little room in the East wing of St. Margaret's Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas; an invalid chair wheeled up to a window over looking the street; and the eager, expectant face and the warm hand clasp of the occupant, Mrs. Cornelia M. Stockton, assures the visitor of a hearty welcome.

 Greatly enfeebled by long illness and with impaired sight, this bright


the effort will have largely been wasted.
Foods For Monodiet, Juice or Broth Fastingg zucchini, garlic, onion, green beans, kale, celery, beet greens and root, cabbage, carrot, wheat grass juice, alfalfa juice, barley green juice, parsley juice, lemon/lime juice, grapefruit juice, apples (not juice, too sweet), diluted orange juice, diluted grape juice Less-Rigorous-Than-Water Fasts There are gradations of fasting measures ranging from rigorous to relatively casual. Water fasting is the most rapid and effective one. Other methods have been created by grasping the underlying truth of fasting, namely whenever the digestive effort can be reduced, by whatever degree, whenever the formation of the toxins of misdigestion can be reduced or prevented, to that extent the body can divert energy to the healing process. Thus comes about assorted famous and sometimes notorious monodiet semi-fasts like the grape cure where the faster eats only grapes for a month or so, or the lemon cure, where the juice of one or more lemons is added to water and nothing else is consumed for weeks on end. Here I should also mention the "lemon juice/cayenne pepper/maple syrup cure," the various green drink cures using spirulina, chlorella, barley green or wheat grass, and the famous Bieler broths--vegetable soups made of overcooked green beans or zucchini.
 I do not believe that monodiets work because of some magical property of a particular food used. They work because they are semi-fasts and may be extremely useful, especially for those individuals who can not or will not tolerate a water fast.
 The best foods for monodiet fasting are the easiest ones digest: juices of raw fruits and nonstarchy vegetables with all solids strained out.
Strained mineral broths made of long-simmered non-starchy vegetables (the best of them made of leafy green vegetables) fall in the same category. So if you are highly partial to the flavor of grapes or lemons or cayenne and (highly diluted) maple syrup, a long fast on one of these would do you a world of good, just not quite as much good as the same amount of time spent on water alone. If you select something more "solid" for a long monodiet fast, like pureed zucchini, it is essential that you not overeat. Dr. Bieler gave his fasting patients only one pint of zucchini soup three or four times a day. The way to evaluate how much to eat is by how much weight you are losing. When fasting, you must lose weight! And the faster the better.
 Pure absolute water fasting while not taking any vitamins or other nutritional supplementation has a very limited maximum duration, perhaps 45 days. The key concept here is nutritional reserves. Body fat is stored, surplus energy fuel. But energy alone cannot keep a body going. It needs much more than fuel to rebuild and repair and maintain its systems. So the body in its wisdom also stores up vitamins and minerals and other essential substances in and in-between all its cells. Bodies that have been very well nourished for a long time have very large reserves; poorly nourished ones may have very little set aside for a rainy day. And it is almost a truism that a sick person has, for quite some time, been a poorly nourished one. With low nutritional reserves. This fact alone can make it difficult for a sick person to water fast for enough time to completely heal their damaged organs and other systems.
 Obese people have fat reserves sufficient to provide energy for long periods, but rarely can any body, no matter how complete its nutrition was for years previously, contain sufficient nutritional reserves to support a water fast of over six weeks. To water fast the very obese down to normal weight can take months but to make this possible, rather diverse and concentrated nutrition containing few calories must be given. It is possible to fast even a very slim a person for quite a bit longer than a month when their body is receiving easily assimilable vitamins and minerals and small amounts of sugars or other simple carbohydrates.
 I estimate that fasting on raw juices and mineral broths will result in healing at 25 to 75 percent of the efficiency of water fasting, depending on the amount of nutrition taken and the amount the juices or broths are diluted.
But juice fasting can permit healing to go on several times longer than water might.
 Fasting on dilute juice and broth can also save the life of someone whose organs of elimination are insufficiently strong to withstand the work load created by water fasting. In this sense, juices can be regarded as similar to the moderators in a nuclear reactor, slowing the process down so it won"t destroy the container. On a fast of undiluted juice, the healing power drops considerably, but a person on this regimen, if not sick, is usually capable of working.
 Duration of juice fasts can vary greatly. Most of the time there is no need to continue fasting after the symptoms causing concern have been eliminated, and this could happen as quickly as one week or take as long as 60 days if the person is very obese. Fasters also lose their motivation once the complaint has vanished. But feeling better is no certain indication that the need to fast has ended. This points up one of the liabilities of juice fasting; the person is already eating, their digestive system never shut down and consequently, it is much easier for them to resume eating. The thing to keep in mind is that if the symptoms return, the fast was not long enough or the diet was not properly reformed after the fast.
 During a long fast on water or dilute juice, if the body has used up all of it"s reserves and/or the body has reached skeletal condition, and the condition or symptoms being addressed persists the fast should be ended, the person should go on a raw food healing diet. If three to six months on raw food don"t solve the complaint then another spell of water or dilute juice fasting should be attempted. Most fasters are incapable of persisting until the body reserves have been used up because social conditioning is telling them their emaciated-looking body must be dying when it is actually far from death, but return of true hunger is the critical indicator that must not be ignored. True hunger is not what most people think of when they think they are hungry. Few Americans have ever experienced true hunger. It is not a rumbling in the stomach or a set of uncomfortable sensations (caused by the beginning of detoxification) you know will go away after eating. True hunger is an animal, instinctual feeling in the back of one"s throat (not in the stomach) that demands you eat something, anything, even grass or shoe leather.
 Seriously ill people inevitably start the cleansing process with a pre-existing and serious mineral deficiencies. I say inevitably because they likely would not have become ill had they been properly nourished. Sick fasters may be wise to take in minerals from thin vegetable broths or vitamin-like supplements in order to prevent uncomfortable deficiency states. For example calcium or magnesium deficiencies can make water fasters experience unpleasant symptoms such as hand tremors, stiff muscles, cramps in the hands, feet, and legs, and difficulty relaxing. I want to stress here that fasting itself does not create deficiencies. But a person already deficient in minerals should watch for these symptoms and take steps to remedy the deficiencies if necessary.
Raw Food Healing Diets Next in declining order of healing effectiveness is what I call a raw food healing diet or cleansing diet. It consists of those very same watery fruits and nonstarchy vegetables one juices or makes into vegetable broths, but eaten whole and raw. Heating food does two harmful things: it destroys many vitamins, enzymes and other nutritional elements and it makes many foods much harder to digest.
So no cooked vegetables or fruits are allowed because to maintain health on this limited regimen it is essential that every possible vitamin and enzyme present in the food be available for digestion. Even though still raw, no starchy or fatty vegetables or fruits are allowed that contain concentrated calories like potatoes, winter squash, avocados, sweet potatoes, fresh raw corn, dates, figs, raisins, or bananas. And naturally, no salad dressings containing vegetable oils or (raw) ground seeds are allowed. Nor are raw grains or other raw concentrated energy sources.
 When a person starts this diet they will at first experience considerable weight loss because it is difficult to extract a large number of calories from these foods (though I have seen people actually gain weight on a pure melon diet, so much sugar do these fruits have, and well-chewed watermelon


THE CONGO AND OTHER POEMS By Vachel Lindsay [Nicholas Vachel Lindsay, Illinois Artist. _PHONE_.]
With an introduction by Harriet Monroe Editor of "Poetry" [Notes: The'stage-directions' given in "The Congo" and those poems which are meant to be read aloud, are traditionally printed to the right side of the first line it refers to. This is possible, but impracticable, to imitate in a simple ASCII text. Therefore these 'stage-directions' are given on the line BEFORE the first line they refer to, and are furthermore indented 20 spaces and given bold print to keep it clear to the reader which parts are text and which parts directions.]
[This electronic text was transcribed from a reprint of the original edition, which was first published in New York, in September, 1914. Due to a great deal of irregularity between titles in the table of contents and in the text of the original, there are some slight differences from the original in these matters—with the more complete titles replacing cropped ones. In one case they are different enough that both are given, and "Twenty Poems in which...." was originally "Twenty Moon Poems" in the table of contents—the odd thing about both these titles is that there are actually twenty-TWO moon poems.]
 THE CONGO AND OTHER POEMS Introduction. By Harriet Monroe When 'Poetry, A Magazine of Verse', was first published in Chicago in the autumn of 1912, an Illinois poet, Vachel Lindsay, was, quite appropriately, one of its first discoveries. It may be not quite without significance that the issue of January, 1913, which led off with 'General William Booth Enters into Heaven', immediately followed the number in which the great poet of Bengal, Rabindra Nath Tagore, was first presented to the American public, and that these two antipodal poets soon appeared in person among the earliest visitors to the editor.
For the coming together of East and West may prove to be the great event of the approaching era, and if the poetry of the now famous Bengali laureate garners the richest wisdom and highest spirituality of his ancient race, so one may venture to believe that the young Illinois troubadour brings from Lincoln's city an authentic strain of the lyric message of this newer world.
It is hardly necessary, perhaps, to mention Mr. Lindsay's loyalty to the people of his place and hour, or the training in sympathy with their aims and ideals which he has achieved through vagabondish wanderings in the Middle West. And we may permit time to decide how far he expresses their emotion. But it may be opportune to emphasize his plea for poetry as a song art, an art appealing to the ear rather than the eye. The first section of this volume is especially an effort to restore poetry to its proper place—the audience-chamber, and take it out of the library, the closet. In the library it has become, so far as the people are concerned, almost a lost art, and perhaps it can be restored to the people only through a renewal of its appeal to the ear.
I am tempted to quote from Mr. Lindsay's explanatory note which accompanied three of these poems when they were first printed in 'Poetry'. He said: "Mr. Yeats asked me recently in Chicago, 'What are we going to do to restore the primitive singing of poetry?' I find what Mr. Yeats means by 'the primitive singing of poetry' in Professor Edward Bliss Reed's new volume on 'The English Lyric'. He says in his chapter on the definition of the lyric: 'With the Greeks "song" was an all-embracing term. It included the crooning of the nurse to the child... the half-sung chant of the mower or sailor... the formal ode sung by the poet.
In all Greek lyrics, even in the choral odes, music was the handmaid of verse.... The poet himself composed the accompaniment. Euripides was censured because Iophon had assisted him in the musical setting of some of his dramas.' Here is pictured a type of Greek work which survives in American vaudeville, where every line may be two-thirds spoken and one-third sung, the entire rendering, musical and elocutionary, depending upon the improvising power and sure instinct of the performer.
"I respectfully submit these poems as experiments in which I endeavor to carry this vaudeville form back towards the old Greek precedent of the half-chanted lyric. In this case the one-third of music must be added by the instinct of the reader. He must be Iophon. And he can easily be Iophon if he brings to bear upon the piece what might be called the Higher Vaudeville imagination.... "Big general contrasts between the main sections should be the rule of the first attempts at improvising. It is the hope of the writer that after two or three readings each line will suggest its own separate touch of melody to the reader who has become accustomed to the cadences.
Let him read what he likes read, and sing what he likes sung."
It was during this same visit in Chicago, at 'Poetry's' banquet on the evening of March first, 1914, that Mr. Yeats honored Mr. Lindsay by addressing his after-dinner talk primarily to him as "a fellow craftsman", and by saying of 'General Booth': "This poem is stripped bare of ornament; it has an earnest simplicity, a strange beauty, and you know Bacon said, 'There is no excellent beauty without strangeness.'"
This recognition from the distinguished Irish poet tempts me to hint at the cosmopolitan aspects of such racily local art as Mr. Lindsay's. The subject is too large for a merely introductory word, but the reader may be invited to reflect upon it. If Mr. Lindsay's poetry should cross the ocean, it would not be the first time that our most indigenous art has reacted upon the art of older nations. Besides Poe—who, though indigenous in ways too subtle for brief analysis, yet passed all frontiers in his swift, sad flight—the two American artists of widest influence, Whitman and Whistler, have been intensely American in temperament and in the special spiritual quality of their art.
If Whistler was the first great artist to accept the modern message in Oriental art, if Whitman was the first great modern poet to discard the limitations of conventional form: if both were more free, more individual, than their contemporaries, this was the expression of their Americanism, which may perhaps be defined as a spiritual independence and love of adventure inherited from the pioneers. Foreign artists are usually the first to recognize this new tang; one detects the influence of the great dead poet and dead painter in all modern art which looks forward instead of back; and their countrymen, our own contemporary poets and painters, often express indirectly, through French influences, a reaction which they are reluctant to confess directly.
A lighter phase of this foreign enthusiasm for the American tang is confessed by Signor Marinetti, the Italian "futurist", when in his article on 'Futurism and the Theatre', in 'The Mask', he urges the revolutionary value of "American eccentrics", citing the fundamental primitive quality in their vaudeville art. This may be another statement of Mr. Lindsay's plea for a closer relation between the poet and his audience, for a return to the healthier open-air conditions, and immediate personal contacts, in the art of the Greeks and of primitive nations. Such conditions and contacts may still be found, if the world only knew it, in the wonderful song-dances of the Hopis and others of our aboriginal tribes. They may be found, also, in a measure, in the quick response between artist and audience in modern vaudeville. They are destined to a wider and higher influence; in fact, the development of that influence, the return to primitive sympathies between artist and audience, which may make possible once more the assertion of primitive creative power, is recognized as the immediate movement in modern art.
It is a movement strong enough to persist in spite of extravagances and absurdities; strong enough, it may be hoped, to fulfil its purpose and revitalize the world.
It is because Mr. Lindsay's poetry seems to be definitely in that movement that it is, I think, important.
Harriet Monroe.
Contents THE CONGO AND OTHER POEMS Introduction. By Harriet


." -- To set one's cap, to make a fool of one. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To set one's cap for, to try to win the favor of a man with a view to marriage. [Colloq.]

 Cap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Capping.] 1. To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as, to cap a post; to cap a gun.

 The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilaginous substance. Derham.
2. To deprive of cap. [Obs.] Spenser.
3. To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as, to cap the climax of absurdity.

4. To salute by removing the cap. [Slang. Eng.]

 Tom... capped the proctor with the profoundest of bows.
Thackeray.
5. To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as, to cap text; to cap proverbs. Shak.
 Now I have him under girdle I'll cap verses with him to the end of the chapter. Dryden.
 In capping verses, when one quotes a verse another must cap it by quoting one beginning with the last letter of the first letter, or with the first letter of the last word, or ending with a rhyming word, or by applying any other arbitrary rule may be agreed upon.

 Cap, v. i. To uncover the head respectfully. Shak.
 Ca'pa*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Capabilities (#). 1.
 The quality of being capable; capacity; capableness; esp. intellectual power or ability.

 A capability to take a thousand views of a subject. H. Taylor.
2. Capacity of being used or improved.

 Ca"pa*ble (?), a. [F. capable, LL. capabilis capacious, capable, fr. L. caper to take, contain. See Heave.] 1.
 Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as, a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault.

 Concious of joy and capable of pain. Prior.
2. Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as, a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations.

 More capable to discourse of battles than to give them. Motley.
3. Possessing legal power or capacity; as, a man capable of making a contract, or a will.

4. Capacious; large; comprehensive. [Obs.] Shak.
Capable is usually followed by of, sometimes by an infinitive.

Syn. -- Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful.

 Ca"pa*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being capable; capability; adequateness; competency.

 Ca*pac"i*fy (k*ps"*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacified (-fd).] [L. capax, -acis, capacious + -fy.] To quality. [R.]

 The benefice he is capacified and designed for. Barrow.
 Ca*pa"cious (k*p"shs), a. [L. capax, -acis, fr. capere to take. See Heave.] 1. Having capacity; able to contain much; large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; as, a capacious vessel, room, bay, or harbor.

 In the capacious recesses of his mind. Bancroft.
2. Able or qualified to make large views of things, as in obtaining knowledge or forming designs; comprehensive; liberal. "A capacious mind." Watts.
 Ca*pa"cious*ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree; comprehensively.

 Ca*pa"cious*ness, n. The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc.

 Ca*pac"i*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capacitating.] To render capable; to enable; to qualify.

 By this instruction we may be capaciated to observe those errors.
Dryden.
 Ca*pac"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Capacities (-tz). [L. capacitus, fr. capax, capacis; fr. F. capacité. See Capacious.] 1. The power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; passive power; -- used in reference to physical things.

 Had our great palace the capacity To camp this host, we all would sup together. Shak.
 The capacity of the exhausted cylinder. Boyle.
2. The power of receiving and holding ideas, knowledge, etc.; the comprehensiveness of the mind; the receptive faculty; capability of understanding or feeling.

Capacity is now properly limited to these [the mere passive operations of the mind]; its primary signification, which is literally room for, as well as its employment, favors this; although it can not be denied that there are examples of its usage in an active sense.
Sir W. Hamilton.
3. Ability; power pertaining to, or resulting from, the possession of strength, wealth, or talent; possibility of being or of doing.

 The capacity of blessing the people. Alex. Hamilton.
 A cause with such capacities endued. Blackmore.
4. Outward condition or circumstances; occupation; profession; character; position; as, to work in the capacity of a mason or a carpenter.

5. (Law) Legal or moral qualification, as of age, residence, character, etc., necessary for certain purposes, as for holding office, for marrying, for making contracts, wills, etc.; legal power or right; competency.

Capacity for heat, the power of absorbing heat. Substances differ in the amount of heat requisite to raise them a given number of thermometric degrees, and this difference is the measure of, or depends upon, what is called their capacity for heat. See Specific heat, under Heat.

Syn. -- Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency; cleverness. See Ability.

 Cap'*a*pe" (?), adv. See Cap-a-pie. Shak.
 ||Cap'*a*pie" (?), adv. [OF. (&?;) cap-a-pie, from head to foot, now de pied en cap from foot to head; L. pes foot + caput head.] From head to foot; at all points. "He was armed cap-a-pie."
 Prescott.
 Ca*par"i*son (?), n. [F. caparaçon, fr. Sp. caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc.; capa cloak, cover (fr. LL. capa, cf. LL. caparo also fr. capa) + the term. azon. See Cap.] 1. An ornamental covering or housing for a horse; the harness or trappings of a horse, taken collectively, esp. when decorative.

 Their horses clothed with rich caparison. Drylen.
2. Gay or rich clothing.

 My heart groans beneath the gay caparison. Smollett.
 Ca*par"i*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caparisoned (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Caparisoning.] [Cf. F caparaçonner.]

1. To cover with housings, as a horse; to harness or fit out with decorative trappings, as a horse.

 The steeds, caparisoned with purple, stand. Dryden.
2. To adorn with rich dress; to dress.


and stews.
In general, most fruits or vegetables, to be dried quickly, must first be shredded or cut into slices, because many are too large to dry quickly, or have skins the purpose of which is to prevent drying out. If the air applied at first is too hot, the cut surfaces of the sliced fruits or vegetables become hard, or scorched, covering the juicy interior so that it will not dry. Generally it is not desirable that the temperature in drying should go above 140 deg to 150 deg F., and it is better to keep it well below this point. Insects and insect eggs are killed by the heat.
It is important to know the degree of heat in the drier, and this cannot be determined accurately except by a thermometer. Inexpensive oven thermometers can be found on the market, or an ordinary chemical thermometer can be suspended in the drier.
Drying of certain products can be completed in some driers within two or three hours. When sufficiently done they should be so dry that water cannot be pressed out of the freshly cut pieces, they should not show any of the natural grain of the fruit on being broken, and yet not be so dry as to snap or crackle. They should be leathery and pliable.
When freshly cut fruits or vegetables are spread out they immediately begin to evaporate moisture into the air, and if in a closed box will very soon saturate the air with moisture. This will slow down the rate of drying and lead to the formation of molds. If a current of dry air is blown over them continually, the water in them will evaporate steadily until they are dry and crisp. Certain products, especially raspberries, should not be dried hard, because if too much moisture is removed from them they will not resume their original form when soaked in water.
The rotary hand slicer is adapted for use on a very wide range of material. Don't slice your hand with it.
From an eighth to a quarter of an inch is a fair thickness for most of the common vegetables to be sliced. To secure fine quality, much depends upon having the vegetables absolutely fresh, young, tender, and perfectly clean; one decayed root may flavor several kettles of soup if the slices from it are scattered through a batch of material. High-grade "root" vegetables can only be made from peeled roots.
Blanching consists of plunging the vegetables into boiling water for a short time. Use a wire basket or cheesecloth bag for this. After blanching as many minutes as is needed, drain well and remove the surface moisture from vegetables by placing them between two towels or by exposing them to the sun and air for a short time.
A mosquito net is thrown over the product to protect the slices from flies and other insects. Fruits and vegetables, when dried in the sun, generally are spread on large trays of uniform size which can be stacked one on top of the other and protected from rain by covers made of oilcloth, canvas, or roofing paper.
A very cheap tray can be made of lath three fourths of an inch thick and 2 inches wide, which form the sides and ends of a box, and smoothed lath which is nailed on to form the bottom. As builders' laths are 4 feet long, these lath trays are most economical of material when made 4 feet in length.
A cheap and very satisfactory drier for use over the kitchen stove can be made by any handy man of small-mesh galvanized-wire netting and laths or strips of wood about 1/2 inch thick and 2 inches wide. By using two laths nailed together the framework can be stiffened and larger trays made if desirable. This form can be suspended from the ceiling over the kitchen range or over a clear burning oil, gasoline, or gas stove, and it will utilize the hot air which rises during the cooking hour. It can be raised out of the way or swung to one side by a pulley or by a crane made of lath. When the stove is required for cooking, the frame is lowered or swung back to utilize the heat which otherwise would be wasted. Still another home drier is the cookstove oven. Bits of food, left overs, especially sweet corn, can be dried on plates in a very slow oven or on the back of the cookstove and saved for winter use.
Where the electric "juice" is not monopolized, an electric fan in drying is economical, especially for those who already have a fan.
Many sliced fruits placed in long trays 3 by 1 foot and stacked in two tiers, end to end, before an electric fan can be dried within twenty-four hours. Some require much less time. For instance, sliced string beans and shredded sweet potatoes will dry before a fan running at a moderate speed within a few hours.
The dried fruit or vegetables must be protected from insects and rodents, also from the outside moisture, and will keep best in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. In the more humid regions, moisture-tight containers should be used. If a small amount of dried product is put in each receptacle, just enough for one or two meals, it will not be necessary to open a large container.
Your American ingenuity and the American practice of reading will show you a lot of ways of saving waste: for example, frozen potatoes are not necessarily spoiled, we are told by Mr. de Ronsic, a writer in the Reveil Agricole. They may be dried and then cooked as usual. The Revue Scientifique (Paris), abstracting the article in question, says: "The potatoes must be dried to prevent decomposition, which takes place very rapidly after they have thawed out...." The oven should be heated as for baking bread. Then, when it has reached the necessary temperature, which is easily recognized, the potatoes are put in, cutting up the largest. They are spread out in a layer so that evaporation may easily take place, the door of the oven being left open. From time to time the mass is stirred up with a poker to facilitate the evaporation. When the drying has gone far enough, the potatoes having become hard as bits of wood, they are withdrawn to make room for others.
"Potatoes thus dried may be boiled with enough water to make a paste similar to that which they would have furnished if mashed in the ordinary manner, and which will answer very well, at least to feed stock. The potatoes will be found to have lost none of their nutritive value."
Even if you haven't any acres—yet, there isn't any law against drying in the city. Either in sales or in saving it will help to pay for the country place later and the country place can be made to pay it back again.
Call your product say "Landers' Desiccated Beans" or "Glory's Dehydrated Corn." They will sell better, they may even taste better, trying to live up to the description. There's dollars in a name.
As a preservative ice must not be neglected. The Country Gentleman says: While the temperature is below the freezing point we should take advantage of even short frosts to lay up ice for next summer. The man without an ice pond need not be, without ice—he can freeze it in pans outdoors. An ice plant of this sort will cost from fifteen to twenty dollars.
A double tank should be made of galvanized iron. The inner compartment of this tank should be ten feet long, two feet wide, and twelve inches deep. The top of the tank should be slightly wider than the bottom. The inner tank should be divided into six compartments by means of galvanized iron strips. The double tank should be placed near the outdoor pump, or stream, where it can easily be filled.
Being exposed on all sides, the water will freeze in from one hour to three hours. A bucket of hot water poured into the space between the tanks will loosen the cakes of ice, each weighing 200 pounds.
Four tons of ice will last the average family a year. The cakes may be packed away in the icehouse as they are frozen.
CHAPTER XXVI HOME COLD-PACK CANNING To save vegetables and fruits by canning is a patriotic duty. The war makes the need for food conservation more imperative than at any time in history. America is mainly responsible for the food supply of the world. In this way the abundance of the summer may be made to supply the needs of the winter.
By the modern cold-pack method it is as easy