1. Ruling; governing; regnant. "Some other active regent principle... which we call the soul." Sir M. Hale.
2. Exercising vicarious authority. Milton.
Queen regent. See under Queen, n. Re"gent, n. [F. régent. See Regent, a.] 1.
 One who rules or reigns; a governor; a ruler. Milton.
2. Especially, one invested with vicarious authority; one who governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disability of the sovereign.

3. One of a governing board; a trustee or overseer; a superintendent; a curator; as, the regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

4. (Eng.Univ.) A resident master of arts of less than five years' standing, or a doctor of less than twwo. They were formerly privileged to lecture in the schools.

Regent bird (Zoöl.), a beautiful Australian bower bird (Sericulus melinus). The male has the head, neck, and large patches on the wings, bright golden yellow, and the rest of the plumage deep velvety black; -- so called in honor of the Prince of Wales (afterward George IV.), who was Prince Regent in the reign of George III. -- The Regents of the University of the State of New York, the members of a corporate body called the University of New York. They have a certain supervisory power over the incorporated institution for Academic and higher education in the State.

 Re"gent*ess, n. A female regent. [R.] Cotgrave.
 Re"gent*ship, n. The office of a regent; regency.

 Re*ger"mi*nate (r?*j?r"m?*n?t), v. i. [Pref. re- + germinate: cf. L. regerminare.] To germinate again.

 Perennial plants regerminate several years successively.

J. Lee.
 Re*ger'mi*na"tion (-n?"sh?n), n. [L. regerminatio.] A germinating again or anew.

 Re*gest" (r?*j?st"), n. [L. regesta, pl.: cf. OF. regestes, pl. See Register.] A register. [Obs.] Milton.
 Re*get" (r?*g?t"), v. t. To get again.

 Re"gi*an (r?"j?-an), n. [L. regius regal.] An upholder of kingly authority; a royalist. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Reg"i*ble (r?j"?*b'l), a. [L. regibilis, from regere to rule.] Governable; tractable. [Obs.]

 Reg"i*ci'dal (r?j"?*s?'dal), a. Pertaining to regicide, or to one committing it; having the nature of, or resembling, regicide. Bp.
 Warburton.
 Reg"i*cide (r?j"?*s?d), n. [F. régicide; L. rex, regis, a king + caedere to kill. Cf. Homicide.] 1.
 One who kills or who murders a king; specifically (Eng.Hist.), one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to death.

2. The killing or the murder of a king.

 Re*gild" (r?*g?ld"), v. t. To gild anew.

 ||Ré'gime" (r?'zh?m"), n. [F. See Regimen.] 1. Mode or system of rule or management; character of government, or of the prevailing social system.

 I dream... of the new régime which is to come.

H. Kingsley.
2. (Hydraul.) The condition of a river with respect to the rate of its flow, as measured by the volume of water passing different cross sections in a given time, uniform régime being the condition when the flow is equal and uniform at all the cross sections.

The ancient régime, or Ancien régime [F.], the former political and social system, as distinguished from the modern; especially, the political and social system existing in France before the Revolution of 1789.

 Reg"i*men (r?j"?*m?n), n. [L. regimen, -inis, fr. regere to guide, to rule. See Right, and cf. Regal, Régime, Regiment.] 1.
 Orderly government; system of order; adminisration. Hallam.
2. Any regulation or remedy which is intended to produce beneficial effects by gradual operation; esp. (Med.), a systematic course of diet, etc., pursed with a view to improving or preserving the health, or for the purpose of attaining some particular effect, as a reduction of flesh; -- sometimes used synonymously with hygiene.

3. (Gram.) (a) A syntactical relation between words, as when one depends on another and is regulated by it in respect to case or mood; government. (b) The word or words governed.

 Reg"i*ment (-ment), n. [F. régiment a regiment of men, OF. also government, L. regimentum government, fr. regere to guide, rule. See Regimen.] 1. Government; mode of ruling; rule; authority; regimen. [Obs.] Spenser. "Regiment of health." Bacon.
 But what are kings, when regiment is gone, But perfect shadows in a sunshine day?

Marlowe.
 The law of nature doth now require of necessity some kind of regiment.

Hocker.
2. A region or district governed. [Obs.] Spenser.
3. (Mil.) A body of men, either horse, foot, or artillery, commanded by a colonel, and consisting of a number of companies, usually ten.

 In the British army all the artillery are included in one regiment, which (reversing the usual practice) is divided into brigades.

Regiment of the line (Mil.), a regiment organized for general service; -- in distinction from those (as the Life Guards) whose duties are usually special. [Eng.]

 Reg"i*ment (-m?nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regimented; p. pr. & vb. n. Regimenting.] To form into a regiment or into regiments. Washington.
 Reg'i*men"tal (-m?n"tal), a. Belonging to, or concerning, a regiment; as, regimental officers, clothing.

Regimental school, in the British army, a school for the instruction of the private soldiers of a regiment, and their children, in the rudimentary branches of education.

 Reg'i*men"tal*ly, adv. In or by a regiment or regiments; as, troops classified regimentally.

 Reg'i*men"tals (-talz), n. pl. (Mil.) The uniform worn by the officers and soldiers of a regiment; military dress; -- formerly used in the singular in the same sense. Colman.
 Re*gim"i*nal (r?*j?m"?*nal), a. Of or relating to regimen; as, regiminal rules.

 Re"gion (r?"j?n), n. [F. région, from L. regio a direction, a boundary line, region, fr. regere to guide, direct.
 See Regimen.] 1. One of the grand districts or quarters into which any space or surface, as of the earth or the heavens, is conceived of as divided; hence, in general, a portion of space or territory of indefinite extent; country; province; district; tract.

 If thence he'scappe, into whatever world, Or unknown region.

Milton.
2. Tract, part, or space, lying about and including anything; neighborhood; vicinity; sphere. "Though the fork invade the region of my heart." Shak.
 Philip, tetrarch of.. the region of Trachonitis.


and allied genera. See Pond snail, under Pond. -- River tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous fresh-water tortoises inhabiting rivers, especially those of the genus Trionyx and allied genera.
 See Trionyx.

 Riv"er (?), v. i. To hawk by the side of a river; to fly hawks at river fowl. [Obs.] Halliwell.
 Riv"ered (?), a. Supplied with rivers; as, a well rivered country.

 Riv"er*et (?), n. A rivulet. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Riv"er*hood (?), n. The quality or state of being a river. "Useful riverhood." H. Miller.
 Riv"er*ling (?), n. A rivulet. [R.] Sylvester.
 Riv"er*side' (?), n. The side or bank of a river.

 Riv"er*y (?), a. Having rivers; as, a rivery country. Drayton.
 Riv"et (?), n. [F., fr. river to rivet; perh. fr. Icel. rifa to fasten together. Cf. Reef part of a sail.] A metallic pin with a head, used for uniting two plates or pieces of material together, by passing it through them and then beating or pressing down the point so that it shall spread out and form a second head; a pin or bolt headed or clinched at both ends.

 With busy hammers closing rivets up.

Shak.
Rivet joint, or Riveted joint, a joint between two or more pieces secured by rivets.

 Riv"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Riveting.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets; as, to rivet two pieces of iron.

2. To spread out the end or point of, as of a metallic pin, rod, or bolt, by beating or pressing, so as to form a sort of head.

3. Hence, to fasten firmly; to make firm, strong, or immovable; as, to rivet friendship or affection.

Rivet and nail me where I stand, ye powers!

Congreve.
 Thus his confidence was riveted and confirmed.

Sir W. Scott.
 Riv"et*er (?), n. One who rivets.

 Riv"et*ing, n. 1. The act of joining with rivets; the act of spreading out and clinching the end, as of a rivet, by beating or pressing.

2. The whole set of rivets, collectively. Tomlinsin.
Butt riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates form a butt joint, and are fastened together by being riveted to a narrow strip which covers the joint. -- Chain riveting, riveting in which the rivets, in two or more rows along the seam, are set one behind the other.
 -- Crossed riveting, riveting in which the rivets in one row are set opposite the spaces between the rivets in the next row. -- Double riveting, in lap riveting, two rows of rivets along the seam; in butt riveting, four rows, two on each side of the joint. -- Lap riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates overlap and are riveted together.

 Ri*vose" (?), a. [From L. rivus a brook, channel.] Marked with sinuate and irregular furrows.

 Riv"u*let (?), n. [Earlier rivolet, It. rivoletto, a dim. fr. rivolo, L. rivulus, dim. of rivus a brook.
 CF. Rival, Rite.] A small stream or brook; a streamlet.

 By fountain or by shady rivulet He sought them.

Milton.
 Rix*a"tion (?), n. [L. rixari, p. p. rixatus, to brawl, fr. rixa a quarrel.] A brawl or quarrel. [Obs.]

 ||Rix*a"trix (?), n. [L.] (Old Eng. Law) A scolding or quarrelsome woman; a scold. Burrill.
 ||Rix"da'ler (?), n. A Dutch silver coin, worth about $1.00.

 Rix"-dol'lar (?), n. [Sw. riksdaler, or Dan. rigsdaler, or D. rijksdaalder, or G. reichsthaler, literally, dollar of the empire or realm, fr. words akin to E. rich, and dollar.
 See Rich, Dollar.] A name given to several different silver coins of Denmark, Holland, Sweden,, NOrway, etc., varying in value from about 30 cents to $1.10; also, a British coin worth about 36 cents, used in Ceylon and at the Cape of Good Hope. See Rigsdaler, Riksdaler, and Rixdaler.

 Most of these pieces are now no longer coined, but some remain in circulation.

 Riz"zar (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To dry in the sun; as, rizzared haddock. [Scot.]

 Roach (?), n. (Zoöl.) A cockroach.

 Roach, n. [OE. rroche; cf. AS. reohha, D. rog, roch, G. roche, LG. ruche, Dan. rokke ray, Sw.
 rocka, and E. ray a fish.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fresh-water fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus rutilus).
 It is silver-white, with a greenish back. (b) An American chub (Semotilus bullaris); the fallfish. (c) The redfin, or shiner.

2. (Naut.) A convex curve or arch cut in the edge of a sail to prevent chafing, or to secure a better fit.

As sound as a roach [roach perhaps being a corruption of a F. roche a rock], perfectly sound.

 Roach, v. t. 1. To cause to arch.

2. To cut off, as a horse's mane, so that the part left shall stand upright.

 Roach"-backed' (?), a. Having a back like that of roach; -- said of a horse whose back a convex instead of a concave curve.

 Road (?), n. [AS. rd a riding, that on which one rides or travels, a road, fr. rdan to ride. See Ride, and cf. Raid.] 1.
 A journey, or stage of a journey. [Obs.]

 With easy roads he came to Leicester.

Shak.
2. An inroad; an invasion; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.
3. A place where one may ride; an open way or public passage for vehicles, persons, and animals; a track for travel, forming a means of communication between one city, town, or place, and another.

 The most villainous house in all the London road.

Shak.
 The word is generally applied to highways, and as a generic term it includes highway, street, and lane.

4. [Possibly akin to Icel. reiði the rigging of a ship, E. ready.] A place where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead; -- often in the plural; as, Hampton Roads.
 Shak.
 Now strike your saile, ye jolly mariners, For we be come unto a quiet rode [road].

Spenser.
On, or Upon, the road, traveling or passing over a road; coming or going; on the way.

 My hat and wig will soon be here, They are upon the road.

Cowper.
 -- Road agent, a highwayman, especially on the stage routes of the unsettled western parts of the United States; -- a humorous


, is a constellation in the northern hemisphere, between Scorpio and Hercules.

 HERCULES, one of the old northern constellations. In Grecian mythology it was taught and believed that Hercules, the Theban, was born of a human mother and an immortal father, like other so-called saviours of mankind.
 His mother, the fair Alcmena, wife of Amphitryon, having found favor in the eyes of the god Jupiter, soon fell an unwilling victim to his celestial wiles. The life of the infant Hercules, born of this unnatural union, was threatened by the jealous Juno, the same as the life of the infant Jesus was threatened by the tyrant Herod. Like Jesus, Hercules devoted his life to the benefit of the human race, and like Jesus he was also worshipped after his death as a God in heaven. He is shown in the astrological chart, enveloped in the skin of the lion he has slain, with his club upraised, and his foot placed threateningly above the head of the Dragon, as if about to fulfill the scriptural prophecy, that "the seed of the woman shall bruise the serpent's head."


and passes out the rectum.
 If all the digestive processes have been efficient there now are an abundance of soluble nutrients for the blood stream to distribute to hungry cells throughout the body. It is important to understand the process at least on the level of oversimplification just presented in order to begin to understand better how health is lost or regained through eating, digestion, and elimination. And most importantly, through not eating.
How Fasting Heals Its an old hygienic maxim that the doctor does not heal, the medicines do not heal, only the body heals itself. If the body can"t heal then nothing can heal it. The body always knows best what it needs and what to do.
 But healing means repairing damaged organs and tissues and this takes energy, while a sick body is already enervated, weakened and not coping with its current stressors. If the sick person could but somehow increase the body"s energy resources sufficiently, then a slowly healing body could heal faster while a worsening one, or one that was failing or one that was not getting better might heal.
 Fasting does just that. To whatever degree food intake is reduced the body"s digestive workload is proportionately reduced and it will naturally, and far more intelligently than any physician could order, redirect energy to wherever it decides that energy is most needed. A fasting body begins accessing nutritional reserves (vitamins and minerals) previously stored in the tissues and starts converting body fat into sugar for energy fuel. During a time of water fasting, sustaining the body"s entire energy and nutritional needs from reserves and fat does require a small effort, but far less effort than eating. I would guess a fasting body used about five percent of its normal daily energy budget on nutritional concerns rather than the 33 percent it needs to process new food. Thus, water fasting puts something like 28 percent more energy at the body"s disposal. This is true even though the water faster may feel weak, energyless.
 I would worry if sick or toxic fasters did not complain about their weakness. They should expect to feel energyless. In fact, the more internal healing and detoxification the body requires, the tireder the faster feels because the body is very hard at work internally. A great deal of the body"s energy will go toward boosting the immune system if the problem is an infection. Liberated energy can also be used for healing damaged parts, rebuilding failing organs, for breaking down and eliminating deposits of toxic materials. Only after most of the healing has occurred does a faster begin to feel energetic again. Don"t expect to feel anything but tired and weak.
 The only exception to this would be a person who has already significantly detoxified and healed their body by previous fasting, or the rare soul that has gone from birth through adulthood enjoying extraordinarily good nutrition and without experiencing the stressors of improper digestion. When one experienced faster I know finds himself getting "run down" or catching a cold, he quits eating until he feels really well. Instead of feeling weak as most fasters do, as each of the first four or five days of water fasting pass, he experiences a resurgence of more and more energy. On the first fasting day he would usually feel rotten, which was why he started fasting in the first place. On the second fasting day he"d feel more alert and catch up on his paper work. By his third day on only water he would be out doing hard physical chores like cutting the grass, splitting wood or weeding his vegetable garden. Day four would also be an energetic one, but if the fast extended beyond that, lowering blood sugar would begin to make him tired and he"d feel forced to begin laying down.
 After a day of water fasting the average person"s blood sugar level naturally drops; making a faster feel somewhat tired and "spacey," so a typical faster usually begins to spend much more time resting, further reducing the amount of energy being expended on moving the body around, serendipitously redirecting even more of the body"s energy budget toward healing. By the end of five or six days on water, I estimate that from 40 to 50 percent of the body"s available energy is being used for healing, repair and detoxification.
 The amount of work that a fasting body"s own healing energy can do and what it feels like to be there when it is happening is incredible.
But you can"t know it if you haven"t felt it. So hardly anyone in our present culture knows.
 As I mentioned in the first chapter, at Great Oaks School I apprenticed myself to the traveling masters of virtually every system of natural healing that existed during the '70s. I observed every one of them at work and tried most of them on my clients. After all that I can say with experience that I am not aware of any other healing tool that can be so effective as the fast.
Essentials of a Successful, Safe Fast 1. Fast in a bright airy room, with exceptionally good ventilation, because fasters not only need a lot of fresh air; their bodies give off powerfully offensive odors.
 2. Sun bathe if possible in warm climates for 10 to 20 minutes in the morning before the sun gets too strong.
 3. Scrub/massage the skin with a dry brush, stroking toward the heart, followed by a warm water shower two to four times a day to assist the skin in eliminating toxins. If you are too weak to do this, have an assisted bed bath.
 4. Have two enemas daily for the first week of a fast and then once daily until the fast is terminated.
 5. Insure a harmonious environment with supportive people or else fast alone if you are experienced. Avoid well-meaning interference or anxious criticism at all cost. The faster becomes hypersensitive to others" emotions.
 6. Rest profoundly except for a short walk of about 200 yards morning and night.
 7. Drink water! At least three quarts every day. Do not allow yourself to become dehydrated!
 8. Control yourself! Break a long fast on diluted non-sweet fruit juice such as grapefruit juice, sipped a teaspoon at a time, no more than eight ounces at a time no oftener than every 2 or 3 hours. The second day you eat, add small quantities of fresh juicy fruit to the same amount of juice you took the day before no oftener than every 3 hours. By small quantities I mean half an apple or the equivalent. On the third day of eating, add small quantities of vegetable juice and juicy vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers.
 Control yourself! The second week after eating resumed add complex vegetable salads plus more complex fruit salads. Do not mix fruit and vegetables at meals.
 The third week add raw nuts and seeds no more than 1/2 ounce three times daily. Add 1/4 avocado daily. Fourth week increase to 3 ounces of raw soaked nuts and seeds daily and 1/2 avocado daily. Cooked grains may also be added, along with steamed vegetables and vegetable soups.

The Prime Rules Of Fasting Another truism of natural hygiene is that we dig our own graves with our teeth. It is sad but true that almost all eat too much quantity of too little quality. Dietary excesses are the main cause of death in North America.
Fasting balances these excesses. If people were to eat a perfect diet and not overeat, fasting would rarely be necessary.
 There are two essential rules of fasting. If these rules are ignored or broken, fasting itself can be life threatening. But if the rules are followed, fasting presents far less risk than any other important medical procedure with a far greater likelihood of a positive outcome. And let me stress here, there is no medical procedure without risk. Life itself is fraught with risk, it is a one-way ticket from birth to death, with no certainty as to when the end of the line will be reached. But in my opinion, when handling degenerative illness and infections, natural hygiene and fasting usually offer the best hope of healing with the least possible risk.
 The first vital concern is the duration of the fast. Two eliminatory processes go on simultaneously while fasting. One is the dissolving and elimination of the excess, toxic or dysfunctional deposits in the body, and second process, the gradual exhaustion of the body"s stored nutritional reserves. The fasting body first consumes those parts of the body that are unhealthy; eventually these are all gone. Simultaneously the body uses up stored fat and other reserve nutritional elements. A well-fed reasonably healthy body usually has enough stored nutrition to fast for quite a


fr. the Ar. alKhowrezm of Khowrezm, the modern Khiwa, surname of Abu Ja'far Mohammed ben Mus, author of a work on arithmetic early in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due to a supposed connection with Gr. &?; number.] 1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.

2. The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.

 Al"gous (&?;), a. [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.]
 Of or pertaining to the algæ, or seaweeds; abounding with, or like, seaweed.

 ||Al'gua*zil" (&?;) (&?;), n. [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar.
 alwazr the vizier. Cf. Vizier.] An inferior officer of justice in Spain; a warrant officer; a constable. Prescott.
 Al"gum (&?;), n. Same as Almug (and etymologically preferable).
 2 Chron. ii. 8.
 Al*ham"bra (&?;), n. [Ultimately fr. Ar. al the + hamr red; i. e., the red (sc. house).] The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada.

 { Al'ham*bra"ic (&?;), Al'ham*bresque" (?; 277), } a. Made or decorated after the fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, which affords an unusually fine exhibition of Saracenic or Arabesque architecture.

 ||Al*hen"na (&?;), n. See Henna.

 A"li*as (&?;), adv. [L., fr. alius. See Else.] (Law) (a) Otherwise; otherwise called; -- a term used in legal proceedings to connect the different names of any one who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as, Smith, alias Simpson. (b) At another time.

 A"li*as, n.; pl. Aliases (&?;). [L., otherwise, at another time.] (Law) (a) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b) Another name; an assumed name.

 Al"i*bi (&?;), n. [L., elsewhere, at another place. See Alias.]
 (Law) The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove that he was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as, to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi.

 Al'i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Quality of being alible.

 Al"i*ble (&?;), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Nutritive; nourishing.

 Al"i*cant (&?;), n. A kind of wine, formerly much esteemed; -- said to have been made near Alicant, in Spain. J. Fletcher.
 Al"i*dade (&?;), n. [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr.
 Ar. al-'idda a sort of rule: cf. F. alidade.] The portion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astrolabe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument Whewell.
 Al"ien (&?;), a. [OF. alien, L. alienus, fr. alius another; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See Else.] 1.
 Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign; as, alien subjects, enemies, property, shores.

2. Wholly different in nature; foreign; adverse; inconsistent (with); incongruous; -- followed by from or sometimes by to; as, principles alien from our religion.

 An alien sound of melancholy. Wordsworth.
Alien enemy (Law), one who owes allegiance to a government at war with ours. Abbott.
 Al"ien, n. 1. A foreigner; one owing allegiance, or belonging, to another country; a foreign-born resident of a country in which he does not possess the privileges of a citizen. Hence, a stranger.
 See Alienage.

2. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged; as, aliens from God's mercies.

Aliens from the common wealth of Israel. Ephes. ii. 12.
 Al"ien, v. t. [F. aliéner, L. alienare.] To alienate; to estrange; to transfer, as property or ownership. [R.] "It the son alien lands." Sir M. Hale.
 The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of... the marriage. Clarendon.
 Al'ien*a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Capability of being alienated. "The alienability of the domain." Burke.
 Al"ien*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aliénable.]
 Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state.

 Al"ien*age (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. aliénage.] 1.
 The state or legal condition of being an alien.

 The disabilities of alienage are removable by naturalization or by special license from the State of residence, and in some of the United States by declaration of intention of naturalization. Kent. Wharton.
 Estates forfeitable on account of alienage. Story.
2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another. Brougham.


. interceptus, p. p. of intercipere to intercept; inter between + capere to take, seize: cf. F. intercepter. See Capable.]

1. To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as, to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris.

 God will shortly intercept your breath.

Joye.
2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as, to intercept the current of a river.

 Who intercepts me in my expedition?

Shak.
 We must meet first, and intercept his course.

Dryden.
3. To interrupt communication with, or progress toward; to cut off, as the destination; to blockade.

 While storms vindictive intercept the shore.

Pope.
 4. (Math.) To include between; as, that part of the line which is intercepted between the points A and B. Syn. -- To cut off; stop; catch; seize; obstruct.

 In"ter*cept' (?), n. (Math.) A part cut off or intercepted, as a portion of a line included between two points, or cut off two straight lines or curves.

 In'ter*cept"er (?), n. One who, or that which, intercepts. Shak.
 In'ter*cep"tion (?), n. [L. interceptio a taking away: cf.
 F. interception.] The act of intercepting; as, interception of a letter; interception of the enemy.

 In'ter*cept"ive (?), a. Intercepting or tending to intercept.

 In'ter*ces"sion (?), n. [L. intercessio an intervention, a becoming surety: cf. F. intercession. See Intercede.] The act of interceding; mediation; interposition between parties at variance, with a view to reconcilation; prayer, petition, or entreaty in favor of, or (less often) against, another or others.

 But the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which can not be uttered.

Rom. viii. 26.
 In'ter*ces"sion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty.

 In'ter*ces"sion*ate (?), v. t. To entreat. [Obs.]

 In'ter*ces"sor (?), n. [L., a surety: cf. F. intercesseur.]

1. One who goes between, or intercedes; a mediator. (a) One who interposes between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them.
 (b) One who pleads in behalf of another. Milton.
2. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishopric till a successor is installed.

 In'ter*ces*so"ri*al (?), a. Intercessory.

 In'ter*ces"so*ry (?), a. [LL. intercessorius.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession; interceding; as, intercessory prayer.

 In'ter*chain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interchaining.] To link together; to unite closely or firmly, as by a chain.

 Two bosoms interchained with an oath.

Shak.
 In'ter*change" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interchanging (?).] [OE. entrechangen, OF. entrechangier. See Inter-, and Change.]

1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as, to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services.

 I shall interchange My waned state for Henry's regal crown.

Shak.
2. To cause to follow alternately; to intermingle; to vary; as, to interchange cares with pleasures.

 In'ter*change", v. i. To make an interchange; to alternate. Sir P. Sidney.
 In'ter*change" (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrechange.]

1. The act of mutually changing; the act of mutually giving and receiving; exchange; as, the interchange of civilities between two persons. "Interchange of kindnesses." South.
2. The mutual exchange of commodities between two persons or countries; barter; commerce. Howell.
3. Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling.

 The interchanges of light and darkness.

Holder.
 Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.
 In'ter*change'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being interchangeable; interchangeableness.

 In'ter*change"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. entrechangeable.]

1. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. "Interchangeable warrants." Bacon.
2. Following each other in alternate succession; as, the four interchangeable seasons. Holder.
 -- In'ter*change"a*ble*ness, n. -- In'ter*change"a*bly, adv.
 In'ter*change"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrechangement.] Mutual transfer; exchange. [Obs.] Shak.
 In'ter*chap"ter (?), n. An intervening or inserted chapter.

 In*ter"ci*dence (?), n. [See Intercident.] The act or state of coming or falling between; occurrence; incident. [Obs.] Holland.
 In*ter"ci*dent (?), a. [L. intercidens, -entis, p. pr. of intercidere to fall between; inter between + cadere to fall.] Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. [Obs.] Boyle.
 In'ter*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. intercipiens, -entis, p. pr. of intercipere. See Intercept.] Intercepting; stopping. -- n. One who, or that which, intercepts or stops anything on the passage. Wiseman.
 In'ter*ci"sion (?), n. [L. intercisio a cutting through, fr.
 intercidere to cut asunder.] A cutting off, through, or asunder; interruption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 In'ter*cit"i*zen*ship (?), n. The mutual right to civic privileges, in the different States. Bancroft.
 In'ter*clav"i*cle (?), n. (Anat.) See Episternum.

 In'ter*cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Between the clavicles; as, the interclavicular notch of the sternum. (b) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle.

 In'ter*close" (?), v. t. [Pref. inter- + close. See Interclude.] To shut in; to inclose. [Obs.]

 In'ter*cloud" (?), v. t. To cloud. [R.] Daniel.
 In'ter*clude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercluding.] [L. intercludere, interclusum; inter between + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf.
 Interclose.] To shut off or out from a place or course, by something intervening; to intercept; to cut off; to interrupt. Mitford.
 So all passage of external air into the receiver may be intercluded.

Boyle.
 In'ter*clu"sion (?), n. [L. interclusio. See Interclude.]
 Inter


THE SEA FOGS By Robert Louis Stevenson With an Introduction by Thomas Rutherford Bacon Western Classics No. 1 Introduction THE SEA FOGS Introduction Robert Louis Stevenson first came to California in 1879 for the purpose of getting married. The things that delayed his marriage are sufficiently set forth in his "Letters" (edited by Sidney Colvin) and in his "Life" (written by Graham Balfour). It is here necessary to refer only to the last of the obstacles, the breaking down of his health. It is in connection with the evil thing that came to him at this time that he first makes mention of "the sea fogs," that beset a large part of the California coast. He speaks of them as poisonous; and poisonous they are to any one who is afflicted with pulmonary weakness, but bracing and glorious to others. They give the charm of climate to dwellers around the great bay.
 How he took this first very serious attack of the terrible malady is indicated in the letter to Edmund Gosse, dated April 16, 1880. His attitude toward death is shown here, and is further shown in his little paper AEs Triplex, in which he successfully vindicates his generation from the charge of cowardice in the face of death. Stevenson's two distinguishing characteristics were his courage and his determination to be happy as the right way of making other people happy. His courage, far more than change of scene and climate, gave him fourteen more years in which to contribute to the sweetness and light of the world. These years were made fruitful to others by his determined happiness, a happiness in which the main factor, outside of his own determination, came from the companionship which his marriage brought to him. The great principles by which he lived influenced those who did not know him personally, through his gift of writing. He always maintained that it was not a gift but an achievement, and that any one could write as well as he by taking as much pains. We may well doubt the soundness of this theory, but we cannot doubt the spiritual attitude from which it came. It came from no mock humility, but from a feeling that nothing was creditable to him except what he did.
 He asked no credit for the talents committed to his charge. He asked credit only for the use be made of the talents.

 Stevenson was married May 19, 1880. His health, which had delayed the marriage, determined the character of the honeymoon. He must get away from the coast and its fogs. His honeymoon experiences are recorded in one of the most delightful of his minor writings, "The Silverado Squatters." He went, with his wife, his stepson and a dog, to squat on the eastern shoulder of Mount Saint Helena, a noble mountain which closes and dominates the Napa Valley, a wonderful and fertile valley, running northward from the bay of San Francisco. Silverado was a deserted mining-camp. Stevenson has intimated that there are more ruined cities in California than in the land of Bashan, and in one of these he took up his residence for about two months, "camping" in the deserted quarters of the extinct mining company. Had he gone a little beyond the toll-house, just over the shoulder of the mountain, he would probably never have seen the glory of "the sea fogs." It would have been better for his health but worse for English literature.

 My first knowledge of that glory came to me twenty years ago. I had come to California to care for one dearly beloved by me, who was fighting the same fight that Stevenson fought, and against the same enemy, and who was fighting it just as bravely. I took him to the summit of the Santa Cruz Mountains in the hope that we might escape the fogs. As I watched on the porch of the little cottage where he lay, I saw night after night what I believe to be the most beautiful of all natural phenomena, the sea fog of the Pacific, seen from above. Under the full moon, or under the early sun which slowly withers it away, the great silver sea with its dark islands of redwood seemed to me the most wonderful of things. With my wonder and delight, perhaps making them more poignant, was the fear lest the glory should mount too high, and lay its attractive hand on my beloved. The fog has been dear to me ever since. I have often grumbled at it when I was in it or under it, but when I have seen it from above, that first thrill of wonder and delight has come back to me —always. Whether on the Berkeley hills I see its irresistible columns moving through the Golden Gate across the bay to take possession of the land, or whether I stand on the height of Tamalpais and look at the white, tangled flood below,— It remains to me— When the beauty of the fog first got hold of me, I wondered whether any one had given literary expression to its supreme charm. I searched the works of some of the better-known California poets, not quite without result. I was familiar with what seem to me the best of the serious verses of Bret Harte, the lines on San Francisco,—wherein the city is pictured as a penitent Magdalen, cowled in the grey of the Franciscans, —the soft pale grey of the sea fog. The literary value of the figure is hardly injured by the cold fog that the penitence of this particular Magdalen has never been of an enduring quality. It is to be noted that what Harte speaks of is not the beauty of the fog, but its sobriety and dignity.

 Sill, with his susceptibility to the infinite variety of nature and with the spark of the divine fire which burned in him, refers often to some of the effects of the fog, such as the wonderful sunset colors on the Berkeley hills in summer. But I find only one direct allusion to the beauty of the fog itself:— In 1887 I had not read "The Silverado Squatters." Part of it had been published in Scribner's Magazine. It was only in the following year that I got hold of the book and found an almost adequate expression of my own feeling about the sea fogs. Stevenson did not know all their beauty, for he was not here long enough, but he could tell what he saw. In other words, he had a gift which is denied to most of us.

 Silverado is now a quite impossible place for squatting. When I first tried to enter, I found it so given over to poison-oak and rattlesnakes that I did not care to pursue my investigations very far. I did not know at that time that I was quite immune from the poison of the oak and that the California rattlesnake was quite so friendly and harmless an animal as John Muir has since assured us that he is. The last time that I passed Silverado, it was accessible only by the aid of a gang of wood-choppers.

 Curiously, the last great fog effect that I have seen was almost the same which Stevenson has described. Last summer we had been staying for a month with our friends who have a summer home about three miles beyond Stevenson's "toll-house." It is, I believe, the most beautiful country-seat on this round earth, and its free and gentle hospitality cannot be surpassed. We left this delightful place of sojourning between three and four o'clock in the morning to catch the early train from Calistoga. Our steep climb up to the toll-house was under the broad smile of the moon, which gradually gave way to the brilliant dawn. When we passed the toll-house, the whole Napa Valley should have been revealed to us, but it was not. The fog had surged through it and had hidden it. What we saw was better than the beautiful Napa Valley. I should like to tell what we saw, but I cannot,—"For what can the man do who cometh after the king?"

 (1) This exquisite little poem is unaccountably omitted from the Household (and presumably complete) Edition of Sill's poems issued by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1906. It is found in the little volume, "Poems," by Edward Rowland Sill, published by the same firm at an earlier date.
 Mountain View Cemetery is no longer a "little city."


language. "To articulate a word." Ray.
4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to.

 Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra.
 To... articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle.
 Ar*tic"u*la'ted (&?;), a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton.

2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced.

 Ar*tic"u*late*ly (&?;), adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint.

2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley.
 I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller.
3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds.

 Ar*tic"u*late*ness, n. Quality of being articulate.

 Ar*tic'u*la"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L.
 articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton.

 Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc.

2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley.
3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint.

4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.]

 That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge.
5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation.

6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant.

 Ar*tic"u*la*tive (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush.
 Ar*tic"u*la'tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering.

 ||Ar*tic"u*lus (&?;) n.; pl. Articuli (&?;).
 [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.

 Ar"ti*fice (&?;), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F.
 artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.]

2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work.

 The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth.
3. Artful or skillful contrivance.

 His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice.
Craik.
4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.]

 Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay.
 Ar*tif"i*cer (&?;), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.]
 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith.

2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. "Artificer of fraud." Milton.
 The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper.
3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory.

Syn. -- Artisan; artist. See Artisan.

 Ar'ti*fi"cial (&?;), a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.

Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak.
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. "Artificial tears." Shak.
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak.
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon.
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. -- Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in botany, which is the same as the Linnæan system. -- Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. -- Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. -- Artificial numbers, logarithms. -- Artificial person (Law). See under Person. -- Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural sines, tangents, etc. Hutton.
 Ar'ti*fi'ci*al"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial.

 Ar'ti*fi"cial*ize (&?;), v. t. To render artificial.

 Ar'ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature.

2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.]

 The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson.
3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.]

 Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet.
 Ar'ti*fi"cial*ness, n. The quality of being artificial.

 Ar'ti*fi"cious (&?;), a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial.
 [Obs.] Johnson.
 Art"i*lize (&?;), v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.]

 If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke.
 Ar*til"ler*ist (&?;), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman.

 Ar*til"ler*y (&?;), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all


this. A poker, for instance, is just a poker; we do not call one "John" and another "Peter."

 There is a large class of words, such as "eating," "walking," "speaking," which mean a set of similar occurrences. Two instances of walking have the same name because they resemble each other, whereas two instances of Jones have the same name because they are causally connected. In practice, however, it is difficult to make any precise distinction between a word such as "walking" and a general name such as "man." One instance of walking cannot be concentrated into an instant: it is a process in time, in which there is a causal connection between the earlier and later parts, as between the earlier and later parts of Jones. Thus an instance of walking differs from an instance of man solely by the fact that it has a shorter life. There is a notion that an instance of walking, as compared with Jones, is unsubstantial, but this seems to be a mistake. We think that Jones walks, and that there could not be any walking unless there were somebody like Jones to perform the walking. But it is equally true that there could be no Jones unless there were something like walking for him to do. The notion that actions are performed by an agent is liable to the same kind of criticism as the notion that thinking needs a subject or ego, which we rejected in Lecture I. To say that it is Jones who is walking is merely to say that the walking in question is part of the whole series of occurrences which is Jones. There is no LOGICAL impossibility in walking occurring as an isolated phenomenon, not forming part of any such series as we call a "person."

 We may therefore class with "eating," "walking," "speaking" words such as "rain," "sunrise," "lightning," which do not denote what would commonly be called actions. These words illustrate, incidentally, how little we can trust to the grammatical distinction of parts of speech, since the substantive "rain" and the verb "to rain" denote precisely the same class of meteorological occurrences. The distinction between the class of objects denoted by such a word and the class of objects denoted by a general name such as "man," "vegetable," or "planet," is that the sort of object which is an instance of (say) "lightning" is much simpler than (say) an individual man. (I am speaking of lightning as a sensible phenomenon, not as it is described in physics.) The distinction is one of degree, not of kind. But there is, from the point of view of ordinary thought, a great difference between a process which, like a flash of lightning, can be wholly comprised within one specious present and a process which, like the life of a man, has to be pieced together by observation and memory and the apprehension of causal connections. We may say broadly, therefore, that a word of the kind we have been discussing denotes a set of similar occurrences, each (as a rule) much more brief and less complex than a person or thing. Words themselves, as we have seen, are sets of similar occurrences of this kind. Thus there is more logical affinity between a word and what it means in the case of words of our present sort than in any other case.

 There is no very great difference between such words as we have just been considering and words denoting qualities, such as "white" or "round." The chief difference is that words of this latter sort do not denote processes, however brief, but static features of the world. Snow falls, and is white; the falling is a process, the whiteness is not. Whether there is a universal, called "whiteness," or whether white things are to be defined as those having a certain kind of similarity to a standard thing, say freshly fallen snow, is a question which need not concern us, and which I believe to be strictly insoluble. For our purposes, we may take the word "white" as denoting a certain set of similar particulars or collections of particulars, the similarity being in respect of a static quality, not of a process.

 From the logical point of view, a very important class of words are those that express relations, such as "in," "above," "before," "greater," and so on. The meaning of one of these words differs very fundamentally from the meaning of one of any of our previous classes, being more abstract and logically simpler than any of them. If our business were logic, we should have to spend much time on these words. But as it is psychology that concerns us, we will merely note their special character and pass on, since the logical classification of words is not our main business.

 We will consider next the question what is implied by saying that a person "understands" a word, in the sense in which one understands a word in one's own language, but not in a language of which one is ignorant. We may say that a person understands a word when (a) suitable circumstances make him use it, (b) the hearing of it causes suitable behaviour in him. We may call these two active and passive understanding respectively. Dogs often have passive understanding of some words, but not active understanding, since they cannot use words.

 It is not necessary, in order that a man should "understand" a word, that he should "know what it means," in the sense of being able to say "this word means so-and-so." Understanding words does not consist in knowing their dictionary definitions, or in being able to specify the objects to which they are appropriate. Such understanding as this may belong to lexicographers and students, but not to ordinary mortals in ordinary life.
 Understanding language is more like understanding cricket*: it is a matter of habits, acquired in oneself and rightly presumed in others. To say that a word has a meaning is not to say that those who use the word correctly have ever thought out what the meaning is: the use of the word comes first, and the meaning is to be distilled out of it by observation and analysis. Moreover, the meaning of a word is not absolutely definite: there is always a greater or less degree of vagueness. The meaning is an area, like a target: it may have a bull's eye, but the outlying parts of the target are still more or less within the meaning, in a gradually diminishing degree as we travel further from the bull's eye. As language grows more precise, there is less and less of the target outside the bull's eye, and the bull's eye itself grows smaller and smaller; but the bull's eye never shrinks to a point, and there is always a doubtful region, however small, surrounding it.** A word is used "correctly" when the average hearer will be affected by it in the way intended. This is a psychological, not a literary, definition of "correctness." The literary definition would substitute, for the average hearer, a person of high education living a long time ago; the purpose of this definition is to make it difficult to speak or write correctly.

 The relation of a word to its meaning is of the nature of a causal law governing our use of the word and our actions when we hear it used. There is no more reason why a person who uses a word correctly should be able to tell what it means than there is why a planet which is moving correctly should know Kepler's laws.

 To illustrate what is meant by "understanding" words and sentences, let us take instances of various situations.

 Suppose you are walking in London with an absent-minded friend, and while crossing a street you say, "Look out, there's a motor coming." He will glance round and jump aside without the need of any "mental" intermediary.
 There need be no "ideas," but only a stiffening of the muscles, followed quickly by action. He "understands" the words, because he does the right thing. Such "understanding" may be taken to belong to the nerves and brain, being habits which they have acquired while the language was being learnt. Thus understanding in this sense may be reduced to mere physiological causal laws.

 If you say the same thing to a Frenchman with a slight knowledge of English he will go through some inner speech which may be represented by "Que dit-il? Ah, oui, une automobile!" After this, the rest follows as with the Englishman. Watson would contend that the inner speech must be incipiently pronounced; we should argue that it MIGHT be merely imaged.
 But this


which immediately unite with other oxygen molecules on the surfaces of particles in the upper atmosphere. It is this union which forms ozone, or O3. The heat released by the ozone-forming process is the reason for the curious increase with altitude of the temperature of the stratosphere (the base of which is about 36,000 feet above the earth's surface).
While the natural chemical reaction produces about 4,500 tons of ozone per second in the stratosphere, this is offset by other natural chemical reactions which break down the ozone. By far the most significant involves nitric oxide (NO) which breaks ozone (O3) into molecules. This effect was discovered only in the last few years in studies of the environmental problems which might be encountered if large fleets of supersonic transport aircraft operate routinely in the lower stratosphere. According to a report by Dr. Harold S. Johnston, University of California at Berkeley--prepared for the Department of Transportation's Climatic Impact Assessment Program--it now appears that the NO reaction is normally responsible for 50 to 70 percent of the destruction of ozone.
In the natural environment, there is a variety of means for the production of NO and its transport into the stratosphere. Soil bacteria produce nitrous oxide (N2O) which enters the lower atmosphere and slowly diffuses into the stratosphere, where it reacts with free oxygen (O) to form two NO molecules. Another mechanism for NO production in the lower atmosphere may be lightning discharges, and while NO is quickly washed out of the lower atmosphere by rain, some of it may reach the stratosphere. Additional amounts of NO are produced directly in the stratosphere by cosmic rays from the sun and interstellar sources.
It is because of this catalytic role which nitric oxide plays in the destruction of ozone that it is important to consider the effects of high-yield nuclear explosions on the ozone layer. The nuclear fireball and the air entrained within it are subjected to great heat, followed by relatively rapid cooling. These conditions are ideal for the production of tremendous amounts of NO from the air. It has been estimated that as much as 5,000 tons of nitric oxide is produced for each megaton of nuclear explosive power.
What would be the effects of nitric oxides driven into the stratosphere by an all-out nuclear war, involving the detonation of 10,000 megatons of explosive force in the northern hemisphere? According to the recent National Academy of Sciences study, the nitric oxide produced by the weapons could reduce the ozone levels in the northern hemisphere by as much as 30 to 70 percent.
To begin with, a depleted ozone layer would reflect back to the earth's surface less heat than would normally be the case, thus causing a drop in temperature--perhaps enough to produce serious effects on agriculture. Other changes, such as increased amounts of dust or different vegetation, might subsequently reverse this drop in temperature--but on the other hand, it might increase it.
Probably more important, life on earth has largely evolved within the protective ozone shield and is presently adapted rather precisely to the amount of solar ultraviolet which does get through. To defend themselves against this low level of ultraviolet, evolved external shielding (feathers, fur, cuticular waxes on fruit), internal shielding (melanin pigment in human skin, flavenoids in plant tissue), avoidance strategies (plankton migration to greater depths in the daytime, shade-seeking by desert iguanas) and, in almost all organisms but placental mammals, elaborate mechanisms to repair photochemical damage.
It is possible, however, that a major increase in solar ultraviolet might overwhelm the defenses of some and perhaps many terrestrial life forms. Both direct and indirect damage would then occur among the bacteria, insects, plants, and other links in the ecosystems on which human well-being depends. This disruption, particularly if it occurred in the aftermath of a major war involving many other dislocations, could pose a serious additional threat to the recovery of postwar society. The National Academy of Sciences report concludes that in 20 years the ecological systems would have essentially recovered from the increase in ultraviolet radiation--though not necessarily from radioactivity or other damage in areas close to the war zone. However, a delayed effect of the increase in ultraviolet radiation would be an estimated 3 to 30 percent increase in skin cancer for 40 years in the Northern Hemisphere's mid-latitudes.
SOME CONCLUSIONS We have considered the problems of large-scale nuclear war from the standpoint of the countries not under direct attack, and the difficulties they might encounter in postwar recovery. It is true that most of the horror and tragedy of nuclear war would be visited on the populations subject to direct attack, who would doubtless have to cope with extreme and perhaps insuperable obstacles in seeking to reestablish their own societies. It is no less apparent, however, that other nations, including those remote from the combat, could suffer heavily because of damage to the global environment.
Finally, at least brief mention should be made of the global effects resulting from disruption of economic activities and communications.
Since 1970, an increasing fraction of the human race has been losing the battle for self-sufficiency in food, and must rely on heavy imports. A major disruption of agriculture and transportation in the grain-exporting and manufacturing countries could thus prove disastrous to countries importing food, farm machinery, and fertilizers--especially those which are already struggling with the threat of widespread starvation. Moreover, virtually every economic area, from food and medicines to fuel and growth engendering industries, the less-developed countries would find they could not rely on the "undamaged" remainder of the developed world for trade essentials: in the wake of a nuclear war the industrial powers directly involved would themselves have to compete for resources with those countries that today are described as "less-developed."
Similarly, the disruption of international communications--satellites, cables, and even high frequency radio links--could be a major obstacle to international recovery efforts.
In attempting to project the after-effects of a major nuclear war, we have considered separately the various kinds of damage that could occur. It is also quite possible, however, that interactions might take place among these effects, so that one type of damage would couple with another to produce new and unexpected hazards. For example, we can assess individually the consequences of heavy worldwide radiation fallout and increased solar ultraviolet, but we do not know whether the two acting together might significantly increase human, animal, or plant susceptibility to disease. We can conclude that massive dust injection into the stratosphere, even greater in scale than Krakatoa, is unlikely by itself to produce significant climatic and environmental change, but we cannot rule out interactions with other phenomena, such as ozone depletion, which might produce utterly unexpected results.
We have come to realize that nuclear weapons can be as unpredictable as they are deadly in their effects. Despite some 30 years of development and study, there is still much that we do not know. This is particularly true when we consider the global effects of a large-scale nuclear war.
Note 1: Nuclear Weapons Yield The most widely used standard for measuring the power of nuclear weapons is "yield," expressed as the quantity of chemical explosive (TNT) that would produce the same energy release. The first atomic weapon which leveled Hiroshima in 1945, had a yield of 13 kilotons; that is, the explosive power of 13,000 tons of TNT. (The largest conventional bomb dropped in World War II contained about 10 tons of TNT.)
Since Hiroshima, the yields or explosive power of nuclear weapons have vastly increased. The world's largest nuclear detonation, set off in 1962 by the Soviet Union, had a yield of 58 megatons--equivalent to 58 million tons of TNT. A modern ballistic missile may carry warhead yields up to 20 or more megatons.
Even the most violent wars of recent history have been relatively limited in terms of the total destructive power of the non-nuclear weapons used. A single aircraft or ballistic missile today can carry a nuclear explosive force surpassing that of all the non-nuclear bombs used in recent wars. The number of nuclear bombs and missiles the superpowers now possess runs into the thousands.
Note 2: Nuclear Weapons Design Nuclear weapons depend on two fundamentally different types of nuclear reactions, each of which releases energy


of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2.

 ||Co'ni*ros"ter (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Conirostres.

 Co'ni*ros"tral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Conirostres.

 ||Co'ni*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches.

 Con'i*sor" (?), n. [Obs.] See Cognizor.

 ||Co*nis"tra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dust.] (Greek Antiq.) Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

 Co"nite (?), n. [Gr. &?; dust: cf. F. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.) A magnesian variety of dolomite.

 ||Co*ni"um (? or &?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hemlock.] 1.
(Bot.) A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit ("seeds") and decompound leaves.

 2. (Med.) The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine.

 Con*ject" (?), v. t. [L. conjectus, p. p. of conjicere.
 See Conjecture, n.] To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp.
 Montagu.
 Con*ject", v. t. To conjecture; also, to plan. [Obs.]

 Con*ject"or (?), n. [L.] One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.]

 A great conjector at other men by their writings. Milton.
 Con*jec"tur*a*ble (?; 135), a. Capable of being conjectured or guessed.

 Con*jec"tur*al (?), a. [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.]
 Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful.

 And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me. Shak.
 A slight expense of conjectural analogy. Hugh Miller.
 Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural. Carlyle.
 Con*jec"tur*al*ist, n. A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev.
 Con*jec'tur*al"ly (?), n. That which depends upon guess; guesswork.
 [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Con*jec'tur*al*ly, adv. In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle.
 Con*jec"ture (; 135?), n. [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.] An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion.

 He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature. Whewell.
Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm. Milton.
 Con*jec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjectured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjecturing.] [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf.
 Conject.] To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning.

 Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be.
South.
 Con*jec"ture, v. i. To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine.

 Con*jec"tur*er (?), n. One who conjectures. Hobbes.
 Con*join (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjoining.] [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf.
 Conjugate, Conjunction.] To join together; to unite.

 The English army, that divided was Into two parties, is now conjoined in one. Shak.
 If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined.
Shak.
 Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already. Locke.
 Con*join", v. i. To unite; to join; to league. Shak.
 Con*joined" (?), a. (Her.) Joined together or touching.

 Con*joint" (?), a. [F. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre.
 See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.] United; connected; associated. "Influence conjoint." Glover.
Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson.
 -- Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; -- also written conjunct.

 Con*joint"ly, adv. In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne.
 Con*joint"ness, n. The quality of being conjoint.

 Con*ju"bi*lant (?), a. Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale.
 Con"ju*gal (?), a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage.
 See Conjoin.] Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. "Conjugal affection." Milton.
 Con'ju*gal"i*ty (?), n. The conjugal state; sexual intercourse.
 [R.] Milton.
 Con"ju*gal*ly (?), adv. In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially.

 Con"ju*gate (?), a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.] 1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled.

2. (Bot.) In single pairs; coupled.

3. (Chem.) Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.]

4. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; -- said of words.

5. (Math.) Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; -- frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc.

Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. -- Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or


better his circumstances. Thackeray.
2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically, financially, socially, or otherwise.

 The constant effort of every man to better himself. Macaulay.
3. To surpass in excellence; to exceed; to excel.

 The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be bettered.
Hooker.
4. To give advantage to; to support; to advance the interest of.
 [Obs.]

 Weapons more violent, when next we meet, May serve to better us and worse our foes. Milton.
Syn. -- To improve; meliorate; ameliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; advance; promote.

 Bet"ter, v. i. To become better; to improve. Carlyle.
 Bet"ter, n. One who bets or lays a wager.

 Bet"ter*ment (&?;), n. 1. A making better; amendment; improvement. W. Montagu.
2. (Law) An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing would do; -- generally used in the plural. [U. S.] Bouvier.
 Bet"ter*most' (&?;), a. Best. [R.] "The bettermost classes." Brougham.
 Bet"ter*ness, n. 1. The quality of being better or superior; superiority. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.
2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds in fineness the standard.

 ||Bet"tong (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bettongia; the jerboa kangaroo.

 Bet"tor (&?;), n. One who bets; a better. Addison.
 Bet"ty (&?;), n. 1. [Supposed to be a cant word, from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also called Bess (i. e., Elizabeth) in the Canting Dictionary of 1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open.
 [Written also bettee.]

 The powerful betty, or the artful picklock. Arbuthnot.
2. [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.] A name of contempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of women in a household, or who occupies himself with womanish matters.

3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round with straw, in which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy; -- called by chemists a Florence flask. [U. S.] Bartlett.
 Bet"u*lin (&?;), n. [L. betula birch tree.] (Chem.)
 A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom; -- called also birch camphor. Watts.
 Be*tum"ble (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betumbled (&?;).]
 To throw into disorder; to tumble. [R.]

 From her betumbled couch she starteth. Shak.
 Be*tu"tor (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored (&?;).]
 To tutor; to instruct. Coleridge.
 Be*tween" (&?;), prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betweónan, betweónum; prefix beby + a form fr. AS. tw two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece.
 See Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as, New York is between Boston and Philadelphia.

2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place to another; from one to another of two.

 If things should go so between them. Bacon.
3. Belonging in common to two; shared by both.

 Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them. Locke.
4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and involving reciprocal action or affecting their mutual relation; as, opposition between science and religion.

 An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty. Hume.
5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject; as, to judge between or to choose between courses; to distinguish between you and me; to mediate between nations.

6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, quantity, or degree; as, between nine and ten o'clock.

Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the decks of a vessel. -- Between ourselves, Between you and me, Between themselves, in confidence; with the understanding that the matter is not to be communicated to others.

Syn. -- Between, Among. Between etymologically indicates only two; as, a quarrel between two men or two nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however extended to more than two in expressing a certain relation.

 I... hope that between public business, improving studies, and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find any place for entrance. Johnson.
Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons, and always supposes more than two; as, the prize money was equally divided among the ship's crew.

 Be*tween", n. Intermediate time or space; interval. [Poetic & R.] Shak.
 Be*twixt" (&?;), prep. [OE. betwix, bitwix, rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwh; pref. beby + a form fr. AS. tw two. See Between.] 1. In the space which separates; between.

 From betwixt two aged oaks. Milton.
2. From one to another of; mutually affecting.

 There was some speech of marriage Betwixt myself and her.
Shak.
Betwixt and between, in a midway position; so-so; neither one thing nor the other. [Colloq.]

 ||Beur*ré" (&?;), n. [F., fr. beurre butter.] (Bot.)
 A beurré (or buttery) pear, one with the meat soft and melting; -- used with a distinguishing word; as, Beurré d'Anjou; Beurré Clairgeau.

 Bev"el (&?;), n. [C. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp. baivel; of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.] 1. Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as, to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber.

2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; -- called also a bevel square.
 Gwilt.
 Bev"el, a. 1. Having the slant of a bevel; slanting.

2. Hence: Morally distorted; not upright. [Poetic] I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel. Shak.
A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90°. -- Bevel wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the axis. Knight.
 Bev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled (&?;) or Bevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.] To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.

 Bev"el, v. i. To deviate or incline from an angle of 90°, as a surface; to slant.

 Their houses are


through normal regexp facilities (for example, one containing a newline). 3. vt. To process data using awk(1).
Node:= B =, Next:= C =, Previous:= A =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = B = B5: back door: backbone cabal: backbone site: backgammon: background: backreference: backronym: backspace and overstrike: backward combatability: BAD: Bad and Wrong: Bad Thing: bag on the side: bagbiter: bagbiting: baggy pantsing: balloonian variable: bamf: banana label: banana problem: banner ad: banner site: barn: batbelt: Befunge: BI: binary four: bandwidth: bang: bang on: bang path: banner: bar: bare metal: barf: barfmail: barfulation: barfulous: barney: baroque: BASIC: batch: bathtub curve: baud: baud barf: baz: bazaar: bboard: BBS: BCPL: beam: beanie key: beep: beige toaster: bells and whistles: bells whistles and gongs: benchmark: Berkeley Quality Software: berklix: Berzerkeley: beta: BFI: bible: BiCapitalization: B1FF: biff: Big Gray Wall: big iron: Big Red Switch: Big Room: big win: big-endian: bignum: bigot: bit: bit bang: bit bashing: bit bucket: bit decay: bit rot: bit twiddling: bit-paired keyboard: bitblt: BITNET: bits: bitty box: bixen: bixie: black art: black hole: black magic: Black Screen of Death: Black Thursday: blammo: blargh: blast: blat: bletch: bletcherous: blink: blinkenlights: blit: blitter: blivet: bloatware: BLOB: block: block transfer computations: Bloggs Family: blow an EPROM: blow away: blow out: blow past: blow up: BLT: Blue Book: blue box: Blue Glue: blue goo: Blue Screen of Death: blue wire: blurgle: BNF: boa: board: boat anchor: bob: bodysurf code: BOF: BOFH: bogo-sort: bogometer: BogoMIPS: bogon: bogon filter: bogon flux: bogosity: bogotify: bogue out: bogus: Bohr bug: boink: bomb: bondage-and-discipline language: bonk/oif: book titles: boot: Borg: borken: bot: bot spot: bottom feeder: bottom-up implementation: bounce: bounce message: boustrophedon: box: boxed comments: boxen: boxology: bozotic: BQS: brain dump: brain fart: brain-damaged: brain-dead: braino: branch to Fishkill: bread crumbs: break: break-even point: breath-of-life packet: breedle: Breidbart Index: bring X to its knees: brittle: broadcast storm: brochureware: broken: broken arrow: BrokenWindows: broket: Brooks's Law: brown-paper-bag bug: browser: BRS: brute force: brute force and ignorance: BSD: BSOD: BUAF: BUAG: bubble sort: bucky bits: buffer chuck: buffer overflow: bug: bug-compatible: bug-for-bug compatible: bug-of-the-month club: buglix: bulletproof: bullschildt: bum: bump: burble: buried treasure: burn-in period: burst page: busy-wait: buzz: BWQ: by hand: byte: byte sex: bytesexual: Bzzzt! Wrong.: Node:B5, Next:back door, Previous:awk, Up:= B = B5 // [common] Abbreviation for "Babylon 5", a science-fiction TV series as revered among hackers as was the original Star Trek.
Node:back door, Next:backbone cabal, Previous:B5, Up:= B = back door n.
[common] A hole in the security of a system deliberately left in place by designers or maintainers. The motivation for such holes is not always sinister; some operating systems, for example, come out of the box with privileged accounts intended for use by field service technicians or the vendor's maintenance programmers. Syn. trap door; may also be called a 'wormhole'. See also iron box, cracker, worm, logic bomb.
Historically, back doors have often lurked in systems longer than anyone expected or planned, and a few have become widely known. Ken Thompson's 1983 Turing Award lecture to the ACM admitted the existence of a back door in early Unix versions that may have qualified as the most fiendishly clever security hack of all time. In this scheme, the C compiler contained code that would recognize when the 'login' command was being recompiled and insert some code recognizing a password chosen by Thompson, giving him entry to the system whether or not an account had been created for him.
Normally such a back door could be removed by removing it from the source code for the compiler and recompiling the compiler.
But to recompile the compiler, you have to use the compiler -- so Thompson also arranged that the compiler would recognize when it was compiling a version of itself, and insert into the recompiled compiler the code to insert into the recompiled 'login' the code to allow Thompson entry -- and, of course, the code to recognize itself and do the whole thing again the next time around! And having done this once, he was then able to recompile the compiler from the original sources; the hack perpetuated itself invisibly, leaving the back door in place and active but with no trace in the sources.
The talk that suggested this truly moby hack was published as "Reflections on Trusting Trust", "Communications of the ACM 27", 8 (August 1984), pp. 761-763 (text available at _URL_
Ken Thompson has since confirmed that this hack was implemented and that the Trojan Horse code did appear in the login binary of a Unix Support group machine. Ken says the crocked compiler was never distributed. Your editor has heard two separate reports that suggest that the crocked login did make it out of Bell Labs, notably to BBN, and that it enabled at least one late-night login across the network by someone using the login name 'kt'.
Node:backbone cabal, Next:backbone site, Previous:back door, Up:= B = backbone cabal n. A group of large-site administrators who pushed through the Great Renaming and reined in the chaos of Usenet during most of the 1980s. During most of its lifetime, the Cabal (as it was sometimes capitalized) steadfastly denied its own existence; it was almost obligatory for anyone privy to their secrets to respond "There is no Cabal" whenever the existence or activities of the group were speculated on in public.
The result of this policy was an attractive aura of mystery.
Even a decade after the cabal mailing list disbanded in late 1988 following a bitter internal catfight, many people believed (or claimed to believe) that it had not actually disbanded but only gone deeper underground with its power intact.
This belief became a model for various paranoid theories about various Cabals with dark nefarious objectives beginning with taking over the Usenet or Internet. These paranoias were later satirized in ways that took on a life of their own. See Eric Conspiracy for one example.
See NANA for the subsequent history of "the Cabal".
Node:backbone site, Next:backgammon, Previous:backbone cabal, Up:= B = backbone site n.,obs.
Formerly, a key Usenet and email site, one that


Either origin of the Couvade is consistent with early beliefs and customs.
EYEBRIGHT. This is a purely fanciful rendering of Esclaire.
Footnotes: {1} Gaston Paris, in M. Bida's edition, p. xii. Paris, 1878.
The blending is not unknown in various countries. See note at end of Translation.
{2} I know not if I unconsciously transferred this criticism from M. Gaston Paris.
{3} "Love in Idleness." London, 1883, p. 169.
{4} Theocritus, x. 37.
{5} I have not thought it necessary to discuss the conjectures,—they are no more,—about the Greek or Arabic origin of the cante-fable, about the derivation of Aucassin's name, the supposed copying of Floire et Blancheflor, the longitude and latitude of the land of Torelore, and so forth. In truth "we are in Love's land to-day," where the ships sail without wind or compass, like the barques of the Phaeacians. Brunner and Suchier add nothing positive to our knowledge, and M. Gaston Paris pretends to cast but little light on questions which it is too curious to consider at all.
In revising the translation I have used with profit the versions of M. Bida, of Mr. Bourdillon, the glossary of Suchier, and Mr. Bourdillon's glossary. As for the style I have attempted, if not Old English, at least English which is elderly, with a memory of Malory.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUCASSIN AND NICOLETE***


CAST UPON THE BREAKERS by Horatio Alger, Jr.

CONTENTS CHAPTER I. -- A FAITHLESS GUARDIAN.
 CHAPTER II. -- THE CASKET OF JEWELS.
 CHAPTER III. -- A STRANGE DISAPPEARANCE.
 CHAPTER IV. -- IN PURSUIT OF A THIEF.
 CHAPTER V. -- A YOUNG FINANCIAL WRECK.
 CHAPTER VI. -- AN IMPUDENT ADVENTURER.
 CHAPTER VII. -- AT THE NEWSBOY'S LODGING HOUSE.
 CHAPTER VIII. -- RODNEY FINDS A PLACE.
 CHAPTER IX. -- THE FIRST DAY AT WORK.
 CHAPTER X. -- MIKE PUTS ON A UNIFORM.
 CHAPTER XI. -- MISSING GOODS.
 CHAPTER XII. -- WHAT WAS FOUND IN RODNEY'S ROOM.
 CHAPTER XIII. -- CHARGED WITH THEFT.
 CHAPTER XIV. -- RODNEY IS DISCHARGED.
 CHAPTER XV. -- A RICH FIND.
 CHAPTER XVI. -- A SURPRISING TURN OF FORTUNE.
 CHAPTER XVII. -- JASPER'S PERPLEXITY.
 CHAPTER XVIII. -- RODNEY'S SECRET IS DISCOVERED.
 CHAPTER XIX. -- JASPER'S REVENGE.
 CHAPTER XX. -- RODNEY LOSES HIS PUPIL.
 CHAPTER XXI. -- CONTINUED ILL LUCK.
 CHAPTER XXII. -- AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE TURNS UP.
 CHAPTER XXIII. -- MR. WHEELER HAS A SET BACK.
 CHAPTER XXIV. -- A CHANGE OF SCENE.
 CHAPTER XXV. -- JEFFERSON PETTIGREW'S HOME.
 CHAPTER XXVI. -- THE BOY CAPITALIST.
 CHAPTER XXVII. -- THE FAILURE OF SQUIRE SHELDON'S PLOT.
 CHAPTER XXVIII. -- A MINISTER'S GOOD FORTUNE.
 CHAPTER XXIX. -- A MINING TOWN IN MONTANA.
 CHAPTER XXX. -- THE MYSTERIOUS ROBBERY.
 CHAPTER XXXI. -- MR. WHEELER EXPLAINS.
 CHAPTER XXXII. -- RODNEY FALLS INTO A TRAP.
 CHAPTER XXXIII. -- UNDERGROUND.
 CHAPTER XXXIV. -- RODNEY'S DISCOVERY.
 CHAPTER XXXV. -- A BLOODY CONFLICT.
 CHAPTER XXXVI. -- THE RODNEY MINE.
 CHAPTER XXXVII. -- CONCLUSION.

 CHAPTER I. A FAITHLESS GUARDIAN.

 "Well, good by, Rodney! I leave school tomorrow. I am going to learn a trade." "I am sorry to part with you, David. Couldn't you stay another term?" "No: my uncle says I must be earning my living, and I have a chance to learn the carpenter's trade." "Where are you going?" "To Duffield, some twenty miles away. I wish I were in your shoes. You have no money cares, and can go on quietly and complete your education." "I don't know how I am situated, David. I only know that my guardian pays my expenses at this boarding school." "Yes, you are a star boarder, and have the nicest room in the institution.
 I am only a poor day scholar. Still I feel thankful that I have been allowed to remain as long as I have. Who is your guardian?" "A Mr. Benjamin Fielding, of New York." "Is he a business man?" "I believe so." "Do you know how much you will inherit when you come of age?" asked David, after a short pause.

 "I haven't an idea." "It seems to me your guardian ought to have told you." "I scarcely know my guardian. Five years ago I spent a week at his home. I don't remember much about it except that he lives in a handsome house, and has plenty of servants. Since then, as you know, I have passed most of my time here, except that in the summer I was allowed to board at the Catskills or any country place I might select." "Yes, and I remember one year you took me with you and paid all my expenses. I shall never forget your kindness, and how much I enjoyed that summer." Rodney Ropes smiled, and his smile made his usually grave face look very attractive.

 "My dear David," he said, "it was all selfishness on my part. I knew I should enjoy myself much better with a companion." "You may call that selfishness, Rodney, but it is a kind of selfishness that makes me your devoted friend. How long do you think you shall remain at school?" "I don't know. My guardian has never told me his plans for me. I wish he would." "I shall miss you, Rodney, but we will correspond, won't we?" "Surely. You know I shall always feel interested in you and your welfare." David was a plain boy of humble parentage, and would probably be a hard working mechanic. In fact he was looking for nothing better.

 But Rodney Ropes looked to be of genteel blood, and had the air of one who had been brought up a gentleman. But different as they were in social position the two boys had always been devoted friends.

 The boarding school of which Rodney was, as his friend expressed himself, a star pupil, was situated about fifty miles from the city of New York. It was under the charge of Dr. Sampson, a tall, thin man of fair scholarship, keenly alive to his own interest, who showed partiality for his richer pupils, and whenever he had occasion to censure bore most heavily upon boys like David Hull, who was poor.

 Rodney occupied alone the finest room in the school. There was a great contrast between his comfortable quarters and the extremely plain dormitories occupied by less favored pupils.

 In the case of some boys the favoritism of the teacher would have led them to put on airs, and made them unpopular with their school fellows. But Rodney had too noble a nature to be influenced by such considerations. He enjoyed his comfortable room, but treated his school fellows with a frank cordiality that made him a general favorite.

 After David left his room Rodney sat down to prepare a lesson in Cicero, when he was interrupted by the entrance through the half open door of a younger boy.

 "Rodney," he said, "the doctor would like to see you in his office." "Very well, Brauner, I will go down at once." He put aside his book and went down to the office of Dr. Sampson on the first floor.

 The doctor was sitting at his desk. He turned slightly as Rodney entered.

 "Take a seat, Ropes," he said curtly.

 His tone was so different from his usual cordiality that Rodney was somewhat surprised.

 "Am I in disgrace?" he asked himself. "Dr. Sampson doesn't seem as friendly as usual." After a brief interval Dr. Sampson wheeled round in his office chair.

 "I have a letter for you from your guardian, Ropes," he said. "Here it is.
 Do me the favor to read it here." With some wonder Rodney took the letter and read as follows: DEAR RODNEY—I have bad news to communicate. As you know, I was left by your father in charge of you and your fortune. I have never told you the amount, but I will say now that it was about fifty thousand dollars.
 Until two years since I kept it intact but then began a series of reverses in which my own fortune was swallowed up. In the hope of relieving myself I regret to say that I


FAIRE EM By William Shakespeare (Apocryphal) A PLEASANT COMMODIE OF FAIRE EM THE MILLERS DAUGHTER OF MANCHESTER WITH THE LOVE OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROUR Contents DRAMATIS PERSONAE.
 ACT I. ACT II.
 ACT III.
 ACT IV.
 ACT V. DRAMATIS PERSONAE.

 ACT I. ACT II.

 ACT III.

 ACT IV.

 ACT V.


oceros.
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pucker; as, a puckery taste. Lowell.
2. Inclined to become puckered or wrinkled; full of puckers or wrinkles.

 Puck"fist' (?), n. A puffball.

 Puck"ish, a. [From Puck.] Resembling Puck; merry; mischievous. "Puckish freaks." J. R. Green.
 Pu"cras (?), n. [From a native name in India.] (Zoöl.)
 See Koklass.

 Pud (?), n. Same as Pood.

 Pud (?), n. The hand; the first. [Colloq.] Lamb.
 Pud"den*ing (?), n. [Probably fr. pudden, for pudding, in allusion to its softness.] (Naut.) (a) A quantity of rope-yarn, or the like, placed, as a fender, on the bow of a boat. (b) A bunch of soft material to prevent chafing between spars, or the like.

 Pud"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puddered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Puddering.] [Cf. Pother.] To make a tumult or bustle; to splash; to make a pother or fuss; to potter; to meddle.

Puddering in the designs or doings of others.

Barrow.
 Others pudder into their food with their broad nebs.

Holland.
 Pud"der, v. t. To perplex; to embarrass; to confuse; to bother; as, to pudder a man. Locke.
 Pud"der, n. A pother; a tumult; a confused noise; turmoil; bustle.
 "All in a pudder." Milton.
 Pud"ding (?), n. [Cf. F. boudin black pudding, sausage, L. botulus, botellus, a sausage, G. & Sw. pudding pudding, Dan. podding, pudding, LG. puddig thick, stumpy, W. poten, potten, also E. pod, pout, v.] 1. A species of food of a soft or moderately hard consistence, variously made, but often a compound of flour or meal, with milk and eggs, etc.

 And solid pudding against empty praise.

Pope.
2. Anything resembling, or of the softness and consistency of, pudding.

3. An intestine; especially, an intestine stuffed with meat, etc.; a sausage. Shak.
4. Any food or victuals.

 Eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue.

Prior.
5. (Naut.) Same as Puddening.

Pudding grass (Bot.), the true pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium), formerly used to flavor stuffing for roast meat. Dr.
 Prior. -- Pudding pie, a pudding with meat baked in it. Taylor (1630). -- Pudding pipe (Bot.), the long, cylindrical pod of the leguminous tree Cassia Fistula. The seeds are separately imbedded in a sweetish pulp. See Cassia. -- Pudding sleeve, a full sleeve like that of the English clerical gown. Swift. -- Pudding stone. (Min.) See Conglomerate, n., 2. -- Pudding time. (a) The time of dinner, pudding being formerly the dish first eaten. [Obs.] Johnson. (b) The nick of time; critical time. [Obs.]

 Mars, that still protects the stout, In pudding time came to his aid.

Hudibras.
 Pud"ding-head'ed (?), a. Stupid. [Colloq.]

 Pud"dle (?), n. [OE. podel; cf. LG. pudel, Ir. & Gael. plod pool.] 1. A small quantity of dirty standing water; a muddy plash; a small pool. Spenser.
2. Clay, or a mixture of clay and sand, kneaded or worked, when wet, to render it impervious to water.

Puddle poet, a low or worthless poet. [R.] Fuller.
 Pud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puddled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Puddling (?).] 1. To make foul or muddy; to pollute with dirt; to mix dirt with (water).

 Some unhatched practice... Hath puddled his clear spirit.

Shak.
2. (a) To make dense or close, as clay or loam, by working when wet, so as to render impervious to water. (b) To make impervious to liquids by means of puddle; to apply puddle to.

3. To subject to the process of puddling, as iron, so as to convert it from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought iron. Ure.
Puddled steel, steel made directly from cast iron by a modification of the puddling process.

 Pud"dle, v. i. To make a dirty stir. [Obs.] R. Junius.
 Pud"dle-ball' (?), n. The lump of pasty wrought iron as taken from the puddling furnace to be hammered or rolled.

 Pud"dle-bar" (?), n. An iron bar made at a single heat from a puddle-ball hammering and rolling.

 Pud"dler (?), n. One who converts cast iron into wrought iron by the process of puddling.

 Pud"dling (?), n. 1. (Hydraul. Engin.) (a) The process of working clay, loam, pulverized ore, etc., with water, to render it compact, or impervious to liquids; also, the process of rendering anything impervious to liquids by means of puddled material. (b) Puddle. See Puddle, n., 2.

2. (Metal.) The art or process of converting cast iron into wrought iron or steel by subjecting it to intense heat and frequent stirring in a reverberatory furnace in the presence of oxidizing substances, by which it is freed from a portion of its carbon and other impurities.

Puddling furnace, a reverberatory furnace in which cast iron is converted into wrought iron or into steel by puddling.

 Pud"dly (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, puddles; muddy; foul.
 "Thick puddly water." Carew.
 Pud"dock (?), n. [For paddock, or parrock, a park.] A small inclosure. [Written also purrock.] [Prov. Eng.]

 Pu"den*cy (?), n. [L. pudens, p. pr. of pudere to be ashamed.] Modesty; shamefacedness. "A pudency so rosy." Shak.
 ||Pu*den"da (?), n. pl. [L., from pudendus that of which one ought to be ashamed, fr. pudere to be ashamed.] (Anat.) The external organs of generation.

 Pu*den"dal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pudenda, or pudendum.

 ||Pu*den"dum (?), n. [NL. See Pudenda.] (Anat.) The external organs of generation, especially of the female; the vulva.

 Pudg"y (?), a. Short and fat or sturdy; dumpy; podgy; as, a short, pudgy little man; a pudgy little hand. Thackeray.
 Pu"dic (?), a. [L. pudicus modest, fr. pudere to be ashamed: cf. F. pudique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the external organs of generation.

 Pu"dic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Pudic.

 Pu*dic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pudicité, L. pudicitia.]
 Modesty; chastity