maintain the point of view that the marble slab is a "Euclidean continuum." This can be done in a satisfactory manner by making a more subtle stipulation about the measurement or the comparison of lengths.
But if rods of every kind (i.e. of every material) were to behave in the same way as regards the influence of temperature when they are on the variably heated marble slab, and if we had no other means of detecting the effect of temperature than the geometrical behaviour of our rods in experiments analogous to the one described above, then our best plan would be to assign the distance one to two points on the slab, provided that the ends of one of our rods could be made to coincide with these two points; for how else should we define the distance without our proceeding being in the highest measure grossly arbitrary? The method of Cartesian coordinates must then be discarded, and replaced by another which does not assume the validity of Euclidean geometry for rigid bodies.1 The reader will notice that the situation depicted here corresponds to the one brought about by the general postulate of relativity (Section XXIII).
1 Mathematicians have been confronted with our problem in the following form. If we are given a surface (e.g. an ellipsoid) in Euclidean three-dimensional space, then there exists for this surface a two-dimensional geometry, just as much as for a plane surface. Gauss undertook the task of treating this two-dimensional geometry from first principles, without making use of the fact that the surface belongs to a Euclidean continuum of three dimensions.
If we imagine constructions to be made with rigid rods in the surface (similar to that above with the marble slab), we should find that different laws hold for these from those resulting on the basis of Euclidean plane geometry. The surface is not a Euclidean continuum with respect to the rods, and we cannot define Cartesian co-ordinates in the surface. Gauss indicated the principles according to which we can treat the geometrical relationships in the surface, and thus pointed out the way to the method of Riemann of treating multi-dimensional, non-Euclidean continuum. Thus it is that mathematicians long ago solved the formal problems to which we are led by the general postulate of relativity. ↑ [Contents] XXV Gaussian Co-Ordinates Fig. 4.Fig. 4.
According to Gauss, this combined analytical and geometrical mode of handling the problem can be arrived at in the following way. We imagine a system of arbitrary curves (see Fig. 4) drawn on the surface of the table. These we designate as u-curves, and we indicate each of them by means of a number. The curves, and are drawn in the diagram. Between the curves and we must imagine an infinitely large number to be drawn, all of which correspond to real numbers lying between 1 and 2. We have then a system of u-curves, and this "infinitely dense" system covers the whole surface of the table.
These u-curves must not intersect each other, and through each point of the surface one and only one curve must pass. Thus a perfectly definite value of u belongs to every point on the surface of the marble slab. In like manner we imagine a system of v-curves drawn on the surface. These satisfy the same conditions as the u-curves, they are provided with numbers in a corresponding manner, and they may likewise be of arbitrary shape. It follows that a value of u and a value of v belong to every point on the surface of the table. We call these two numbers the co-ordinates of the surface of the table (Gaussian co-ordinates). For example, the point P in the diagram has the Gaussian co-ordinates,. Two neighbouring points P and on the surface then correspond to the co-ordinates where du and dv signify very small numbers. In a similar manner we may indicate the distance (line-interval) between P and P′, as measured with a little rod, by means of the very small number ds. Then according to Gauss we have where, are magnitudes which depend in a perfectly definite way on u and v. The magnitudes, and, determine the behaviour of the rods relative to the u-curves and v-curves, and thus also relative to the surface of the table. For the case in which the points of the surface considered form a Euclidean continuum with reference to the measuring-rods, but only in this case, it is possible to draw the u-curves and v-curves and to attach numbers to them, in such a manner, that we simply have: Under these conditions, the u-curves and v-curves are straight lines in the sense of Euclidean geometry, and they are perpendicular to each other. Here the Gaussian coordinates are simply Cartesian ones. It is clear that Gauss co-ordinates are nothing more than an association of two sets of numbers with the points of the surface considered, of such a nature that numerical values differing very slightly from each other are associated with neighbouring points "in space." So far, these considerations hold for a continuum of two dimensions. But the Gaussian method can be applied also to a continuum of three, four or more dimensions. If, for instance, a continuum of four dimensions be supposed available, we may represent it in the following way. With every point of the continuum, we associate arbitrarily four numbers,, which are known as "co-ordinates." Adjacent points correspond to adjacent values of the coordinates. If a distance ds is associated with the adjacent points P and, this distance being measurable and well-defined from a physical point of view, then the following formula holds: where the magnitudes, etc., have values which vary with the position in the continuum. Only when the continuum is a Euclidean one is it possible to associate the co-ordinates. with the points of the continuum so that we have simply In this case relations hold in the four-dimensional continuum which are analogous to those holding in our three-dimensional measurements.
However, the Gauss treatment for which we have given above is not always possible. It is only possible when sufficiently small regions of the continuum under consideration may be regarded as Euclidean continua.
For example, this obviously holds in the case of the marble slab of the table and local variation of temperature. The temperature is practically constant for a small part of the slab, and thus the geometrical behaviour of the rods is almost as it ought to be according to the rules of Euclidean geometry. Hence the imperfections of the construction of squares in the previous section do not show themselves clearly until this construction is extended over a considerable portion of the surface of the table.
We can sum this up as follows: Gauss invented a method for the mathematical treatment of continua in general, in which "size-relations" ("distances" between neighbouring points) are defined. To every point of a continuum are assigned as many numbers (Gaussian coordinates) as the continuum has dimensions. This is done in such a way, that only one meaning can be attached to the assignment, and that numbers (Gaussian coordinates) which differ by an indefinitely small amount are assigned to adjacent points. The Gaussian coordinate system is a logical generalisation of the Cartesian co-ordinate system. It is also applicable to non-Euclidean continua, but only when, with respect to the defined "size" or "distance," small parts of the continuum under consideration behave more nearly like a Euclidean system, the smaller the part of the continuum under our notice.
[Contents] XXVI The Space-Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum We are now in a position to formulate more exactly the idea of Minkowski, which was only vaguely indicated in Section XVII. In accordance with the special theory of relativity, certain co-ordinate systems are given preference for the description of the four-dimensional, space-time continuum.
We called these "Galileian co-ordinate systems." For these systems, the four co-ordinates , which determine an event or—in other words, a point of the four-dimensional continuum—are defined physically in a simple manner, as set forth in detail in the first part of this book. For the transition from one Galileian system to another, which is moving uniformly with reference to the first, the equations of the Lorentz transformation are valid. These last form the basis for the derivation of deductions from the special theory of relativity, and in themselves they are nothing more than the expression of the universal validity of the law of transmission of light for all Galileian systems of reference.
Minkowski found that the Lorentz transformations satisfy the following simple conditions.
Let us consider two neighbouring events, the relative position of which in the four-dimensional continuum is given with respect to a Galileian reference-body K by the space co-ordinate differences and the time-difference dt. With reference to a second Galileian system we


AMOURS DE VOYAGE By Arthur Hugh Clough 1903 Macmillan edition Contents AMOURS DE VOYAGE.
 Canto I. Canto II.
 Canto III.
 Canto IV.
 Canto V. AMOURS DE VOYAGE.

 Canto I. Canto II.

 Canto III.

 Canto IV.

 Canto V.


have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine.

2. The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached.

 The medicinal "cassia" (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries.

Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. -- Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). -- Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; -- called also oil of cinnamon.

 Cas"si*can (?), n. [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zoöl.) An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird.

 Cas*sid"e*ous (?), a. [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.)
 Helmet-shaped; -- applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet-shaped upper petal, as in aconite.

 Cas"si*do*ny (?), n. [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. cassidoine.
 See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lavandula Stœchas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma Linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed.

 Cas"si*mere (?), n. [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. [Written also kerseymere.]

 Cas'si*nette" (?), n. [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.]
 A cloth with a cotton warp, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk.

 Cas*sin"i*an o"vals (?). (Math.) See under Oval.

 Cas*si"no (?), n. [It. casino a small house, a gaming house.
 See casino.] A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points.

Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. -- Little cassino, the two of spades.

 Cas"si*o*ber'ry (?), n. [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida.

 Cas'si*o*pe"ia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia.

Cassiopeia's Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair.

 Cas*sit"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; tin.] (Min.) Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black.

 Cas"sius (?), n. [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.] A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius.

 Cas"sock (?), n. [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh.
 fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.]

1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform.

2. (Eccl.) A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.

 Cas"socked (?), a. Clothed with a cassock.

 ||Cas'so*lette" (?), n. [F.] a box, or vase, with a perforated cover to emit perfumes.

 Cas'son*ade" (?), n. [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.] Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath.
 Cas"so*wa*ry (?), n.; pl. Cassowaries (#). [Malay kasuri.]
 (Zoöl.) A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc.

 { Cas'su*mu"nar (?), Cas'su*mu"ni*ar (?), } n. [Hind.] (Med.)
 A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies.

 Cast (kst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] [Cf. Dan. kaste, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerere to bear, carry. E. jest.] 1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel.

 Uzziah prepared... slings to cast stones. 2 Chron.
 xxvi. 14.
Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. Acts. xii. 8.
 We must be cast upon a certain island. Acts. xxvii. 26.
2. To direct or turn, as the eyes.

 How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me! Shak.
3. To drop; to deposit; as, to cast a ballot.

4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak.
5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart.

 Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee. Luke xix. 48.
6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose.

 His filth within being cast. Shak.
 Neither shall your vine cast her fruit. Mal. iii. 11 The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc.
Bacon.
7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink.

 Thy she-goats have not cast their young. Gen. xxi. 38.
8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.]

 This... casts a sulphureous smell. Woodward.
9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as, to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject.

10. To impose; to bestow; to rest.

 The government I cast upon my brother. Shak.
Cast thy burden upon the Lord. Ps. iv. 22.
11


; to sustain; to undergo; to support without breaking or yielding; as, metals endure a certain degree of heat without melting; to endure wind and weather.

 Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure, As might the strokes of two such arms endure.

Dryden.
2. To bear with patience; to suffer without opposition or without sinking under the pressure or affliction; to bear up under; to put up with; to tolerate.

 I will no longer endure it.

Shak.
 Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sake.

2 Tim. ii. 10.
 How can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people?

Esther viii. 6.
3. To harden; to toughen; to make hardy. [Obs.]

 Manly limbs endured with little ease.

Spenser.
Syn. -- To last; remain; continue; abide; brook; submit to; suffer.

 En*dure"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. endurement.] Endurance. [Obs.]
 South.
 En*dur"er (?), n. One who, or that which, endures or lasts; one who bears, suffers, or sustains.

 En*dur"ing, a. Lasting; durable; long-suffering; as, an enduring disposition. "A better and enduring substance." Heb. x. 34.
 -- En*dur"ing*ly, adv. T. Arnold. -- En*dur"ing*ness, n.
 { End"ways' (?), End"wise (?), } adv. 1. On end; erectly; in an upright position.

2. With the end forward.

 ||En"dy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a garment.] (Anat.)
 See Ependyma.

 ||En"dy*sis (?), n.; pl. Endyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; a putting on, fr. &?; to put on.] (Biol.) The act of developing a new coat of hair, a new set of feathers, scales, etc.; -- opposed to ecdysis.

 En"e*cate (?), v. t. [L. enecatus, p. p. of enecare; e out, utterly + necare to kill.] To kill off; to destroy.
 [Obs.] Harvey.
 E*ne"id (?), n. Same as Æneid.

 En"e*ma (?), n.; pl. L. Enemata (#). [L. enema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to send in; &?; in + &?; to send.] (Med.)
 An injection, or clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine, or to impart nourishment. Hoblyn.
 En"e*my (?), n.; pl. Enemies (#). [OF. enemi, F. ennemi, from L. inimicus; in- (negative) + amicus friend. See Amicable.] One hostile to another; one who hates, and desires or attempts the injury of, another; a foe; an adversary; as, an enemy of or to a person; an enemy to truth, or to falsehood.

 To all good he enemy was still.

Spenser.
 I say unto you, Love your enemies.

Matt. v. 44.
The enemy (Mil.), the hostile force. In this sense it is construed with the verb and pronoun either in the singular or the plural, but more commonly in the singular; as, we have met the enemy and he is ours or they are ours.

 It was difficult in such a country to track the enemy. It was impossible to drive him to bay.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Foe; antagonist; opponent. See Adversary.

 En"e*my, a. Hostile; inimical. [Obs.]

 They... every day grow more enemy to God.

Jer. Taylor.
 En*ep'i*der"mic (?), a. [Pref. en- (Gr. &?;) + epidermic.]
 (Med.) Applied to the skin without friction; -- said of medicines.

 { En'er*get"ic (?), En'er*get"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr.
 &?; to work, be active, fr. &?; active. See Energy.] 1.
 Having energy or energies; possessing a capacity for vigorous action or for exerting force; active. "A Being eternally energetic." Grew.
2. Exhibiting energy; operating with force, vigor, and effect; forcible; powerful; efficacious; as, energetic measures; energetic laws.

Syn. -- Forcible; powerful; efficacious; potent; vigorous; effective; strenuous.

 -- En'er*get"ic*al*ly, adv. -- En'er*get"ic*al*ness, n. En'er*get"ics (?), n. That branch of science which treats of the laws governing the physical or mechanical, in distinction from the vital, forces, and which comprehends the consideration and general investigation of the whole range of the forces concerned in physical phenomena. [R.]

 { En*er"gic (?), En*er"gic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. énergique.]
 1. In a state of action; acting; operating.

2. Having energy or great power; energetic.

 The energic faculty that we call will.

Blackw. Mag.
 En"er*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Energized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Energizing (?).] [From Energy.] To use strength in action; to act or operate with force or vigor; to act in producing an effect.

 Of all men it is true that they feel and energize first, they reflect and judge afterwards.

J. C. Shairp.
 En"er*gize, v. t. To give strength or force to; to make active; to alacrify; as, to energize the will.

 En"er*gi'zer (?), n. One who, or that which, gives energy, or acts in producing an effect.

 En"er*gi'zing (?), a. Capable of imparting or exercising energy.

 Those nobler exercises of energizing love.

Bp. Horsley.
 En'er*gu"men (?), n. [L. energumenos, fr. Gr. &?; possessed by an evil spirit, from &?;: cf. F. énergumène.
 See Energetic.] (Eccl. Antiq.) One possessed by an evil spirit; a demoniac.

 En"er*gy (?), n.; pl. Energies (#). [F. énergie, LL. energia, fr. Gr.&?;, fr. &?; active; &?; in + &?; work. See In, and Work.] 1. Internal or inherent power; capacity of acting, operating, or producing an effect, whether exerted or not; as, men possessing energies may suffer them to lie inactive.

 The great energies of nature are known to us only by their effects.

Paley.
2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted; vigorous or effectual operation; as, the energy of a magistrate.

3. Strength of expression; force of utterance; power to impress the mind and arouse the feelings; life; spirit; -- said of speech, language, words, style; as, a style full of energy.

4. (Physics) Capacity for performing work.

 The kinetic energy of a body is the energy it has in virtue of being in motion. It is measured by one half of the product of the mass of each element of the body multiplied by the square of the velocity of the element, relative to some given body or point. The available kinetic energy of a material system unconnected with any other system is that energy which is due to the motions of the


by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis.

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis.

 Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 Syn"the*sist (?), n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods.

 Syn"the*size (?), v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite.

2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin.

 { Syn*thet"ic (?), Syn*thet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synthétique.]
 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical.

 Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments.

Bolingbroke.
2. (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2.

3. (Zoöl.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3.

Synthetic, or Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris.
 Syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synthetic manner.

 Syn"the*tize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.]

 Syn"to*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cut short; sy'n with + &?; to cut.] Brevity; conciseness. [R.]

 Syn"to*nin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; stretched tight, intense.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin.
 See Acid albumin, under Albumin.

 Sy"pher*ing (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead.

 Syph"i*lide (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis.

 Syph"i*lis (?), n. [NL., fr. Syphilus, the name of a shepherd in the Latin poem of Fracastoro, "Syphilus, sive Morbus Gallicus," which was published in 1530; Gr. &?; hog, swine + &?; dear, loving. The term was introduced into nosology by Sauvages.] (Med.)
 The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

 Syph'i*lit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. syphilitique.] (Med.)
 Of or pertaining to syphilis; of the nature of syphilis; affected with syphilis. -- n. A syphilitic patient.

 Syph'i*lit"ic*al*ly (?), adv. (Med.) In a syphilitic manner; with venereal disease.

 Syph'i*li*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) Inoculation with the syphilitic virus, especially when employed as a preventive measure, like vaccination.

 Syph"i*lize (?), v. t. (Med.) To inoculate with syphilis.

 Syph"i*lo*derm (?), n. [See Syphilis, and Derm.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection due to syphilis.

 Syph'i*lo*der"ma*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis.

 Syph"i*loid (?), a. [Syphilis + -oid.] (Med.)
 Resembling syphilis.

 Syph'i*lol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in syphilology.

 Syph'i*lol"o*gy (?), n. [Syphilis + -logy.] That branch of medicine which treats of syphilis.

 Sy"phon (?), n. See Syphon.

 Syr"a*cuse (?), n. A red wine of Italy.

 Sy"ren (?), n. See Siren. [R.]

 Syr"i*ac (?), a. [L. Syriacus, from Syria: cf. F. syriaque.]
 Of or pertaining to Syria, or its language; as, the Syriac version of the Pentateuch. -- n. The language of Syria; especially, the ancient language of that country.

 Syr"i*a*cism (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism.

 Syr"i*an (?), a. [L. Syrius: cf. F. Syrien.] Of or pertaining to Syria; Syriac. -- n. A native of Syria.

 Syr"i*an*ism (?), n. A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity of the Syrian language; a Syriacism. Paley.
 Syr"i*asm (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism; a Syriacism. M. Stuart.
 The Scripture Greek is observed to be full of Syriasms and Hebraisms.

Bp. Warburton.
 Sy*rin"ga (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a shepherd's pipe, tube. Cf. Syringe.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants; the lilac. (b) The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.

 Syr"inge (?), n. [F. seringue (cf. Pr. siringua, Sp.
 jeringa, It. sciringa, scilinga), fg. Gr. &?;, &?;, a pipe or tube; cf. Skr. svar to sound, and E. swarum.
 Cf. Syringa.] A kind of small hand-pump for throwing a stream of liquid, or for purposes of aspiration. It consists of a small cylindrical barrel and piston, or a bulb of soft elastic material, with or without valves, and with a nozzle which is sometimes at the end of a flexible tube; -- used for injecting animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc.

Garden syringe. See Garden.

 Syr"inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syringed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Syringing (?).] 1. To inject by means of a syringe; as, to syringe warm water into a vein.

2. To wash and clean by injection from a syringe.

 Sy*rin"ge*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the syrinx; as, the syringeal muscle.

 Sy*rin"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark of the lilac (Syringa) and extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called also lilacin.

 ||Sy*rin"go*cœle (?), n. [Syrinx + Gr. &?; hollow.] (Anat.) The central canal of the spinal cord. B. G.


, or make to resemble, jasper.

 Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods.

Pop. Sci. Monthly.
 Jas"per*y (?), a. Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper.

 { Jas*pid"e*an (?), Jas*pid"e*ous (?), } a. [L. iaspideus.
 See Jasper.] Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike.

 Jas"pi*lite (?), n. [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.) A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper.

 Jas"poid (?), a. [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr. &?; form.] Resembling jasper. [R.]

 Jasp'o"nyx (?), n. [L. iasponyx, Gr. &?;. See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.) An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper.

 Ja*troph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha.

 Jaunce (?), v. i. [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.] To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.]

 Spurr'd, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke.

Shak.
 Jaun"dice (?; 277), n. [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr.
 jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.) A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the fæces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood.

Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy.

 Jaun"dice (?), v. t. To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice.

 The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul.

Ld. Lytton.
 Jaun"diced (?), a. 1. Affected with jaundice.

Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow.

Bp. Hall.
2. Prejudiced; envious; as, a jaundiced judgment.

 Jaunt (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh.
 akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.]

1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion.

2. To ride on a jaunting car.

Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray.
 Jaunt, v. t. To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale.
 Jaunt, n. 1. A wearisome journey. [R.]

 Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore. Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest.

Milton.
2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey.

 Jaun"ti*ly (?), adv. In a jaunty manner.

 Jaun"ti*ness, n. The quality of being jaunty.

 That jauntiness of air I was once master of.

Addison.
 Jaun"ty (?), a. [Compar. Jauntier (?); superl.
 Jauntiest.] [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.] Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner.

 Ja"va (?), n. 1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands.

2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java.

Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. -- Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird.

 Jav'a*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Java.

 Jav"el (?), n. A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Jave"lin (?), n. [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf.
 Gavelock.] A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by the hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game.

 Flies the javelin swifter to its mark, Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm?

Addison.
 Jave"lin, v. t. To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson.
 Jave'lin*ier" (?), n. A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland.
 Jaw (?), n. [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.]

1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also, the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth.

2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as, the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak.
3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as, the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as, the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine.

4. (Naut.) The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast.

5. Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.
Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. -- Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] -- Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. -- Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth.

 Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Jawing.] To scold; to clamor. [Low] Smollett.
 Jaw, v. t. To assail or abuse by scolding. [Low] Jaw"bone' (?), n. The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible.

 Jawed (jd), a. Having jaws; - - chiefly in


rubbing; usually, to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening; as, to scrub a floor, a doorplate.

 Scrub, v. i. To rub anything hard, especially with a wet brush; to scour; hence, to be diligent and penurious; as, to scrub hard for a living.

 Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly; a mean fellow. "A sorry scrub." Bunyan.
 We should go there in as proper a manner as possible; nor altogether like the scrubs about us.

Goldsmith.
2. Something small and mean.

3. A worn-out brush. Ainsworth.
4. A thicket or jungle, often specified by the name of the prevailing plant; as, oak scrub, palmetto scrub, etc.

5. (Stock Breeding) One of the common live stock of a region of no particular breed or not of pure breed, esp. when inferior in size, etc. [U.S.]

Scrub bird (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird of the family Atrichornithidæ, as Atrichia clamosa; -- called also brush bird. -- Scrub oak (Bot.), the popular name of several dwarfish species of oak. The scrub oak of New England and the Middle States is Quercus ilicifolia, a scraggy shrub; that of the Southern States is a small tree (Q. Catesbæi); that of the Rocky Mountain region is Q. undulata, var. Gambelii. -- Scrub robin (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird of the genus Drymodes.

 Scrub, a. Mean; dirty; contemptible; scrubby.

 How solitary, how scrub, does this town look!

Walpole.
 No little scrub joint shall come on my board.

Swift.
Scrub game, a game, as of ball, by unpracticed players. -- Scrub race, a race between scrubs, or between untrained animals or contestants.

 Scrub"bed (?), a. Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby.

 Scrub"ber (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs; esp., a brush used in scrubbing.

2. (Gas Manuf.) A gas washer. See under Gas.

 Scrub"board' (?), n. A baseboard; a mopboard.

 Scrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Scrubbier (?); superl.
 Scrubbiest.] Of the nature of scrub; small and mean; stunted in growth; as, a scrubby cur. "Dense, scrubby woods." Duke of Argyll.
 Scrub"stone' (?), n. A species of calciferous sandstone. [Prov.
 Eng.]

 Scruff (?), n. [See Scurf.] Scurf. [Obs.]

 Scruff, n. [Cf. Scuff.] The nape of the neck; the loose outside skin, as of the back of the neck.

 Scrum"mage (?; 43), n. See Scrimmage.

 Scrump"tious (?), a. Nice; particular; fastidious; excellent; fine.
 [Slang] Scrunch (?), v. t. & v. i. [Cf. Scranch, Crunch.] To scranch; to crunch. Dickens.
 Scru"ple (?), n. [L. scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a scruple, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, uneasiness; perh.
 akin to Gr. &?; the chippings of stone, &?; a razor, Skr. kshura: cf. F. scrupule.] 1. A weight of twenty grains; the third part of a dram.

2. Hence, a very small quantity; a particle.

 I will not bate thee a scruple.

Shak.
3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation proceeding from motives of conscience.

 He was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples.

Macaulay.
To make scruple, to hesitate from conscientious motives; to scruple. Locke.
 Scru"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrupled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Scrupling (?).] To be reluctant or to hesitate, as regards an action, on account of considerations of conscience or expedience.

 We are often over-precise, scrupling to say or do those things which lawfully we may.

Fuller.
 Men scruple at the lawfulness of a set form of divine worship.

South.
 Scru"ple, v. t. 1. To regard with suspicion; to hesitate at; to question.

 Others long before them... scrupled more the books of heretics than of gentiles.

Milton.
2. To excite scruples in; to cause to scruple. [R.]

 Letters which did still scruple many of them.

E. Symmons.
 Scru"pler (?), n. One who scruples.

 Scru"pu*list (?), n. A scrupler. [Obs.]

 Scru"pu*lize (?), v. t. To perplex with scruples; to regard with scruples. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.
 Scru'pu*los"i*ty (skr'p*ls"*t), n. [L. scrupulositas.] The quality or state of being scrupulous; doubt; doubtfulness respecting decision or action; caution or tenderness from the fear of doing wrong or offending; nice regard to exactness and propriety; precision.

 The first sacrilege is looked on with horror; but when they have made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires.

Dr. H. More.
 Careful, even to scrupulosity,... to keep their Sabbath.

South.
 Scru"pu*lous (?), a. [L. scrupulosus: cf. F. scrupuleux.]
 1. Full of scruples; inclined to scruple; nicely doubtful; hesitating to determine or to act, from a fear of offending or of doing wrong.

 Abusing their liberty, to the offense of their weak brethren which were scrupulous.

Hooker.
2. Careful; cautious; exact; nice; as, scrupulous abstinence from labor; scrupulous performance of duties.

3. Given to making objections; captious. [Obs.]

 Equality of two domestic powers Breed scrupulous faction.

Shak.
4. Liable to be doubted; doubtful; nice. [Obs.]

 The justice of that cause ought to be evident; not obscure, not scrupulous.

Bacon.
Syn. -- Cautious; careful; conscientious; hesitating.

 -- Scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. -- Scru"pu*lous*ness, n. Scru"ta*ble (?), a. Discoverable by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical examination. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 Scru*ta"tion (?), n. [L. scrutatio.] Search; scrutiny. [Obs.]

 ||Scru*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. Ayliffe.
 Scru'ti*neer (?), n. A scrutinizer; specifically, an examiner of votes, as at an election.

 Scru"ti*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrutinized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing (?).] [From Scrutiny.] To examine closely; to inspect or observe with critical attention; to regard narrowly; as, to scrutinize the measures of administration; to scrutinize the conduct or motives of individuals.

 Whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize.

Ayliffe.
 Those


adv. After the manner of nouns appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or species; as, Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.

 Ap*pel"la*tive*ness, n. The quality of being appellative. Fuller.
 Ap*pel"la*tory (&?;), a. [L. appellatorius, fr. appellare.]
 Containing an appeal.

 An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party appellant. Ayliffe.
 Ap'pel*lee", n. [F. appelé, p. p. of appeler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in an appeal; -- opposed to appellant. (b) The person who is appealed against, or accused of crime; -- opposed to appellor. Blackstone.
 Ap'pel*lor" (p'pl*lôr"), n. [OF. apeleur, fr. L. appellator, fr. appellare.] (Law) (a) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed and accuses his accomplices. Blount.
Burrill.
 This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff in appeal from a lower court, who is called the appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor.

 Ap"pen*age, n. See Appanage.

 Ap*pend" (p*pnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appended; p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [L. appendere or F. appendre: cf. OE. appenden, apenden, to belong, OF. apendre, F. appendre, fr. L. appendre, v. i., to hang to, appendre, v. t., to hang to; ad + pendre, v. i., to hang, pendre, v. t., to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended; as, a seal appended to a record; the inscription was appended to the column.

2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex; as, notes appended to this chapter.

 A further purpose appended to the primary one. I. Taylor.
 Ap*pend"age, n. 1. Something appended to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house.

 Modesty is the appendage of sobriety. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Biol.) A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ; an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates.

 Antennæ and other appendages used for feeling. Carpenter.
Syn. -- Addition; adjunct; concomitant.

 Ap*pend"aged, a. Furnished with, or supplemented by, an appendage.

 Ap*pend"ance, n. [F.] Something appendant.

 Ap*pend"ant, a. [F. appendant, p. pr. of appendre.
 See Append, v. t.] 1. Hanging; annexed; adjunct; concomitant; as, a seal appendant to a paper.

 As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reasonable we should suffer the appendant calamity. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Law) Appended by prescription, that is, a personal usage for a considerable time; -- said of a thing of inheritance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy; as, an advowson, common, etc., which may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a freehold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke.
 Ap*pend"ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as incidental or subordinate to it.

2. (Law) A inheritance annexed by prescription to a superior inheritance.

 { Ap*pend"ence (&?;), Ap*pend"en*cy (&?;), } n. State of being appendant; appendance. [Obs.]

 Ap*pend"i*cal (&?;), a. Of or like an appendix.

 Ap*pend"i*cate (&?;), v. t. To append. [Obs.]

 Ap*pend'i*ca"tion (&?;), n. An appendage. [Obs.]

 Ap*pend'i*ci"tis (&?;), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.

 Ap*pend"i*cle (&?;), n. [L. appendicula, dim. of. appendix.]
 A small appendage.

 Ap'pen*dic"u*lar (&?;), a. Relating to an appendicle; appendiculate. [R.]

 ||Ap'pen*dic'u*la"ri*a (&?;), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvæ of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix.

 ||Ap'pen*dic'u*la"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of annelids; the Polychæta.

 Ap'pen*dic"u*late (&?;), a. [See Appendicle.] Having small appendages; forming an appendage.

Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering.
 Ap*pen"dix (&?;), n.; pl. E. Appendixes (&?;), L. Appendices (&?;). [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appendere.
 See Append.] 1. Something appended or added; an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant.

 Normandy became an appendix to England. Sir M. Hale.
2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished from supplement, which is intended to supply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies.

Syn. -- See Supplement.

 Ap*pen"sion (&?;), n. The act of appending. [Obs.]

 Ap'per*ceive" (&?;), v. t. [F. apercevoir, fr. L. ad + percipere, perceptum, to perceive. See Perceive.] To perceive; to comprehend. Chaucer.
 Ap'per*cep"tion (&?;), n. [Pref. ad- + perception: cf. F. apperception.] (Metaph.) The mind's perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states; perception that reflects upon itself; sometimes, intensified or energetic perception. Leibnitz.
 Reid.
 This feeling has been called by philosophers the apperception or consciousness of our own existence. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Ap*per"il (&?;), n. Peril. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ap'per*tain" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appertained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OE. apperteinen, apertenen, OF. apartenir, F. appartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad + pertinere to reach to, belong. See Pertain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, appointment, or custom; to relate.

 Things appertaining to this life. Hooker.
 Give it unto him to whom it appertaineth. Lev. vi. 5.
 Ap'per*tain"ment, n. That which appertains to a person; an appurtenance. [Obs. or R.] Shak.
 { Ap*per"ti*nance (&?;), Ap*per"ti*nence (&?;), } n. See


fsbane. -- Goat's beard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Tragopogon; -- so named from the long silky beard of the seeds. One species is the salsify or oyster plant. -- Goat's foot (Bot.), a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis caprina) growing at the Cape of Good Hope. -- Goat's rue (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Galega officinalis of Europe, or Tephrosia Virginiana in the United States). -- Goat's thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Astragalus Tragacanthus), found in the Levant. -- Goat's wheat (Bot.), the genus Tragopyrum (now referred to Atraphaxis).

 Goat'ee" (?), n. A part of a man's beard on the chin or lower lip which is allowed to grow, and trimmed so as to resemble the beard of a goat.

 Goat"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Upeneus, inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. It is allied to the surmullet.

 Goat"herd' (?), n. One who tends goats. Spenser.
 Goat"ish, a. Characteristic of a goat; goatlike.

 Give your chaste body up to the embraces Of goatish lust.

Massinger.
 -- Goat"ish*ly, adv. -- Goat"ish*ness, n. Goat"like' (?), a. Like a goat; goatish.

 Goat"skin' (?), n. The skin of a goat, or leather made from it. -- a. Made of the skin of a goat.

 Goat"suck'er (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of insectivorous birds, belonging to Caprimulgus and allied genera, esp. the European species (Caprimulgus Europæus); -- so called from the mistaken notion that it sucks goats. The European species is also goat-milker, goat owl, goat chaffer, fern owl, night hawk, nightjar, night churr, churr-owl, gnat hawk, and dorhawk.

 Goaves (gvz), n. pl. [See Goaf, n.] (Mining) Old workings. See Goaf. Raymond.
 Gob (gb), n. [Cf. Goaf.] (Mining) Same as Goaf.

 Gob, n. [OF. gob morsel; cf. F. gobe, gobbe, a poisoned morsel, poison ball, gobet a piece swallowed, gober to swallow greedily and without tasting; cf. Gael. & Ir. gob mouth, snout, W. gwp a bird's head and neck. Cf. Gobble, Job, n.]
 1. A little mass or collection; a small quantity; a mouthful. [Low] L'Estrange.
2. The mouth. [Prov. Eng.or Low] Wright.
 Gob"bet (?), n. [OE. & F. gobet. See 2d Gob.] A mouthful; a lump; a small piece. Spenser.
 [He] had broken the stocks to small gobbets.

Wyclif.
 Gob"bet, v. t. To swallow greedily; to swallow in gobbets. [Low] L'Estrange.
 Gob"bet*ly, adv. In pieces. [Obs.] Huloet.
 Gob"bing (?), n. [See lst Gob.] (Mining) (a) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal. It is called also gob stuff. Brande & C.
(b) The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.

 Gob"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gobbled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gobbling (?).] [Freq. of 2d gob.]

1. To swallow or eat greedily or hastily; to gulp.

 Supper gobbled up in haste.

Swift.
2. To utter (a sound) like a turkey cock.

 He... gobbles out a note of selfapprobation.

Goldsmith.
To gobble up, to capture in a mass or in masses; to capture suddenly. [Slang] Gob"ble, v. i. 1. To eat greedily.

2. To make a noise like that of a turkey cock. Prior.
 Gob"ble, n. A noise made in the throat.

 Ducks and geese... set up a discordant gobble.

Mrs. Gore.
 Gob"bler (?), n. A turkey cock; a bubbling Jock.

 Gob"e*lin (?), a. Pertaining to tapestry produced in the so-called Gobelin works, which have been maintained by the French Government since 1667.

 ||Gobe'mouche" (?), n. [F.] Literally, a fly swallower; hence, once who keeps his mouth open; a boor; a silly and credulous person.

 Gob"et (?), n. See Gobbet. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Go"-be*tween' (?), n. An intermediate agent; a broker; a procurer; -- usually in a disparaging sense. Shak.
 Go"bi*oid (?), a. [NL. Gobius + - oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like, or pertaining to, the goby, or the genus Gobius. -- n. A gobioid fish.

 Gob"let (?), n. [F. gobelet, LL. gobeletus, gobellus; cf. L. cupa tub, cask. See Cupel.] A kind of cup or drinking vessel having a foot or standard, but without a handle.

 We love not loaded boards and goblets crowned.

Denham.
 Gob"lin (?), n. [OE. gobelin, F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, fr. Gr. &?; knave, a mischievous goblin; or cf. G. kobold, E. kobold, cobalt, Armor. gobilin an ignis fatuus, goblin.] An evil or mischievous spirit; a playful or malicious elf; a frightful phantom; a gnome.

 To whom the goblin, full of wrath, replied.

Milton.
 Gob"line' (?), n. (Naut.) One of the ropes or chains serving as stays for the dolphin striker or the bowsprit; -- called also gobrope and gaubline.

 Gob"lin*ize (?), v. t. To transform into a goblin. [R.] Lowell.
 Go"by (?), n.; pl. Gobies (#). [F. gobie, L. gobius, gobio, Gr. &?; Cf. Gudgeon.] (Zoöl.)
 One of several species of small marine fishes of the genus Gobius and allied genera.

 Go"-by' (?), n. A passing without notice; intentional neglect; thrusting away; a shifting off; adieu; as, to give a proposal the go-by.

 Some songs to which we have given the goby.

Prof. Wilson.
 Go"cart' (?), n. A framework moving on casters, designed to support children while learning to walk.

 God (?), a. & n. Good. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 God (gd), n. [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG.
 got, G. gott, Icel. guð, goð, Sw.
 & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. h, p. p. hta, to call upon, invoke, implore. √30. Cf. Goodbye, Gospel, Gossip.] 1. A being conceived of as possessing supernatural power, and to be propitiated by


.

 Coun"ter*mine' (koun"tr*mn'), n. [Counter- + mine underground gallery: cf. F. contermine.] 1. (Mil.) An underground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the mining of an enemy.

2. A stratagem or plot by which another sratagem or project is defeated.

 Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror. Sir P. Sidney.
 Coun'ter*mine" (koun'tr*mn"), v. t. [Cf. F. contreminer.] [imp.
 & p. p. Countermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermining.]
 1. (Mil.) To oppose by means of a countermine; to intercept with a countermine.

2. To frustrate or counteract by secret measures.

 Coun'ter*mine", v. i. To make a countermine or counterplot; to plot secretly.

 'Tis hard for man to countermine with God. Chapman.
 Coun'ter*move" (koun't?r-m??v"), v. t. & i. To move in a contrary direction to.

 { Coun"ter*move' (-m??v'), n. Coun"ter*move'ment (-ment). }
 A movement in opposition to another.

 Coun"ter*mure' (-m?r'), n. [Counter- + mure: cf. F.
 contremur.] (Fort.) A wall raised behind another, to supply its place when breached or destroyed. [R.] Cf. Contramure. Knolles.
 Coun'ter*mure" (koun't?r-m?r"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermured (-m?rd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermuring.] [Cf. F.
 contremurer.] To fortify with a wall behind another wall. [R.] Kyd.
 Coun"ter*nat'u*ral (koun"t?r-n?t'?-ral; 135), a. Contrary to nature. [R.] Harvey.
 Coun"ter-pa'ly (-p?'l?), a. [F. contre-palé.] (Her.)
 Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately or counterchanged. Thus the escutcheon in the illustration may also be blazoned paly of six per fess counterchanged argent and azure.

 Coun"ter*pane' (koun"t?r-p?n'), n. [See Counterpoint, corrupted into counterpane, from the employment of pane-shaped figures in these coverlets. ] A coverlet for a bed, -- originally stitched or woven in squares or figures.

 On which a tissue counterpane was cast. Drayton.
 Coun"ter*pane', n. [OF. contrepan a pledge, security; contre + pan a skirt, also, a pawn or gage, F. pan a skirt. See Pane, and cf. Pawn.] (O. Law) A duplicate part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc., corresponding with the original; -- now called counterpart.

 Read, scribe; give me the counterpane. B. Jonson.
 Coun"ter*part' (koun"t?r-p?rt'), n. 1. A part corresponding to another part; anything which answers, or corresponds, to another; a copy; a duplicate; a facsimile.

 In same things the laws of Normandy agreed with the laws of England, so that they seem to be, as it were, copies or counterparts one of another. Sir M. Hale.
2. (Law) One of two corresponding copies of an instrument; a duplicate.

3. A person who closely resembles another.

4. A thing may be applied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence, a thing which is adapted to another thing, or which supplements it; that which serves to complete or complement anything; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite.

 O counterpart Of our soft sex, well are you made our lords.
Dryden.
 Coun"ter*pas'sant (-p?s"sant), a. [Counter- + passant: cf. F. contrepassant.] (Her.) Passant in opposite directions; -- said of two animals.

 Coun'ter*plead" (koun't?r-pl?d"), v. t. To plead the contrary of; to plead against; to deny.

 Coun'ter*plot" (koun't?r-pl?t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterplotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterplotting.] To oppose, as another plot, by plotting; to attempt to frustrate, as a stratagem, by stratagem.

 Every wile had proved abortive, every plot had been counterplotted.
De Quinsey.
 Coun"ter*plot' (koun"t?r-pl?t'), n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. L'Estrange.
 Coun"ter*point' (koun"t?r-point'), n. [Counter- + point.]
 An opposite point [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.
 Coun"ter*point', n. [F. contrepoint; cf. It. contrappunto.
 Cf. Contrapuntal.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in harmony; the adding of one or more parts to a given canto fermo or melody. (b) The art of polyphony, or composite melody, i. e., melody not single, but moving attended by one or more related melodies. (c) Music in parts; part writing; harmony; polyphonic music. See Polyphony.

Counterpoint, an invention equivalent to a new creation of music.
Whewell.
 Coun"ter*point', n. [OF. contrepoincte, corruption of earlier counstepointe, countepointe, F. courtepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion, mattress (see Quilt, and cf. Cushion) + puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick (see Point). The word properly meant a stitched quilt, with the colors broken one into another.] A coverlet; a cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares; a counterpane. See 1st Counterpane.

 Embroidered coverlets or counterpoints of purple silk. Sir T. North.
 Coun"ter*poise' (koun"t?r-poiz'; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterpoised (-poizd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterpoising.] [OE.
 countrepesen, counterpeisen, F. contrepeser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t. ] 1. To act against with equal weight; to equal in weight; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance.

 Weights, counterpoising one another. Sir K. Digby.
2. To act against with equal power; to balance.

 So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and counterpoise the rest. Spenser.
 Coun"ter*poise' (koun"t?r-poiz'), n. [OE. countrepese, OF.
 contrepois, F. contrepods. See Counter, adv., and Poise, n.] 1. A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight.

 Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline counterpoise into the opposite scale. Boyle.
2. An equal power or force acting in opposition; a force sufficient to balance another force.

 The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility, that they grow not too potent. Bacon.
3. The relation


is sparkling.

 True paradise... inclosed with shining rock.

Milton.
 Some in a brilliant buckle bind her waist, Some round her neck a circling light display.

Gay.
 His sparkling blade about his head he blest.

Spenser.
 Shin"ing, n. Emission or reflection of light.

 Shin"ing*ness, n. Brightness. J. Spence.
 Shin"ney (?), n. [CF. Shindy.] The game of hockey; -- so called because of the liability of the players to receive blows on the shin. Halliwell.
 Shin"plas'ter (?), n. Formerly, a jocose term for a bank note greatly depreciated in value; also, for paper money of a denomination less than a dollar. [U. S.]

 { Shin"to (?), Shin"ti*ism (?), } n. [Chin. shin god + tao way, doctrine.] One of the two great systems of religious belief in Japan.
 Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. [Written also Sintu, and Sintuism.]

 Shin"to*ist (?), n. An adherent of Shintoism.

 Shin"ty (?), n. [Cf. Gael. sinteag a skip, a bound.] A Scotch game resembling hockey; also, the club used in the game. Jamieson.
 Shin"y (?), a. [Compar. Shinier (?); superl. Shiniest.]
 Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded.

 Like distant thunder on a shiny day.

Dryden.
 -ship (?). [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe; akin to OFries. -skipe, OLG. -skepi, D. -schap, OHG. - scaf, G. -schaft.
 Cf. Shape, n., and Landscape.] A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art; as in lordship, friendship, chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship.

 Ship (?), n. [AS. scipe.] Pay; reward. [Obs.]

 In withholding or abridging of the ship or the hire or the wages of servants.

Chaucer.
 Ship, n. [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip; akin to OFries. skip, OS. scip, D. schip, G. schiff, OHG. scif, Dan. skib, Sw. skeep, Icel. & Goth. skip; of unknown origin. Cf. Equip, Skiff, Skipper.] 1. Any large seagoing vessel.

 Like a stately ship... With all her bravery on, and tackle trim, Sails filled, and streamers waving.

Milton.
 Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!

Longfellow.
2. Specifically, a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts (a mainmast, a foremast, and a mizzenmast), each of which is composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged on all masts. See Illustation in Appendix.

l Port or Larboard Side; s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or Deck House; 2 Tiller; 3 Grating; 4 Wheel; 5 Wheel Chains; 6 Binnacle; 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan; 10 Mainmast; 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 14 Windlass; 15 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 17 Bitts; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Head Rail; 20 Boomkins; 21 Catheads on Port Bow and Starboard Bow; 22 Fore Chains; 23 Main Chains; 24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern.

 1 Fore Royal Stay; 2 Flying Jib Stay; 3 Fore Topgallant Stay;4 Jib Stay; 5 Fore Topmast Stays; 6 Fore Tacks; 8 Flying Martingale; 9 Martingale Stay, shackled to Dolphin Striker; 10 Jib Guys; 11 Jumper Guys; 12 Back Ropes; 13 Robstays; 14 Flying Jib Boom; 15 Flying Jib Footropes; 16 Jib Boom; 17 Jib Foottropes; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Fore Truck; 20 Fore Royal Mast; 21 Fore Royal Lift; 22 Fore Royal Yard; 23 Fore Royal Backstays; 24 Fore Royal Braces; 25 Fore Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 26 Fore Topgallant Lift; 27 Fore Topgallant Yard; 28 Fore Topgallant Backstays; 29 Fore Topgallant Braces; 30 Fore Topmast and Rigging; 31 Fore Topsail Lift; 32 Fore Topsail Yard; 33 Fore Topsail Footropes; 34 Fore Topsail Braces; 35 Fore Yard; 36 Fore Brace; 37 Fore Lift; 38 Fore Gaff; 39 Fore Trysail Vangs; 40 Fore Topmast Studding-sail Boom; 41 Foremast and Rigging; 42 Fore Topmast Backstays; 43 Fore Sheets; 44 Main Truck and Pennant; 45 Main Royal Mast and Backstay; 46 Main Royal Stay; 47 Main Royal Lift; 48 Main Royal Yard; 49 Main Royal Braces; 50 Main Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 51 Main Topgallant Lift; 52 Main Topgallant Backstays; 53 Main Topgallant Yard; 54 Main Topgallant Stay; 55 Main Topgallant Braces; 56 Main Topmast and Rigging; 57 Topsail Lift; 58 Topsail Yard; 59 Topsail Footropes; 60 Topsail Braces; 61 Topmast Stays; 62 Main Topgallant Studding-sail Boom; 63 Main Topmast Backstay; 64 Main Yard; 65 Main Footropes; 66 Mainmast and Rigging; 67 Main Lift; 68 Main Braces; 69 Main Tacks; 70 Main Sheets; 71 Main Trysail Gaff; 72 Main Trysail Vangs; 73 Main Stays; 74 Mizzen Truck; 75 Mizzen Royal Mast and Rigging; 76 Mizzen Royal Stay; 77 Mizzen Royal Lift; 78 Mizzen Royal Yard; 79 Mizzen Royal Braces; 80 Mizzen Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 81 Mizzen Topgallant Lift; 82 Mizzen Topgallant Backstays; 83 Mizzen Topgallant Braces; 84 Mizzen Topgallant Yard; 85 Mizzen Topgallant Stay; 86 Mizzen Topmast and Rigging; 87 Mizzen Topmast Stay; 88 Mizzen Topsail Lift; 89 Mizzen Topmast Backstays; 90 Mizzen Topsail Braces; 91 Mizzen Topsail Yard; 92 Mizzen Topsail Footropes; 93 Crossjack Yard; 94 Crossjack Footropes; 95 Crossjack Lift; 96 Crossjack Braces; 97 Mizzenmast and Rigging; 98 Mizzen Stay; 99 Spanker Gaff; 100 Peak Halyards; 101 Spanker Vangs; 102 Spanker Boom; 103 Spanker Boom Topping Lift; 104 Jacob's Ladder, or Stern Ladder; 105 Spanker Sheet; 106 Cutwater; 107 Starboard Bow; 108 Starboard Beam; 109 Water Line; 110 Starboard Quarter; 111 Rudder.

 3. A dish or utensil (originally fashioned like the hull of a ship) used to hold incense. [Obs.] Tyndale.
Armed ship, a private ship taken into the service of the government in time of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of war. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- General ship. See under General. -- Ship biscuit, hard biscuit prepared for use on shipboard; -- called also ship bread.
 See Hardtack. -- Ship boy, a boy who serves in a ship. "Se


THE CHILDREN OF THE NIGHT by Edwin Arlington Robinson [Maine Poet — _PHONE_.]

 1905 printing of the 1897 edition CONTENTS The Children of the Night Three Quatrains The World An Old Story Ballade of a Ship Ballade by the Fire Ballade of Broken Flutes Ballade of Dead Friends Her Eyes Two Men Villanelle of Change John Evereldown Luke Havergal The House on the Hill Richard Cory Two Octaves Calvary Dear Friends The Story of the Ashes and the Flame For Some Poems by Matthew Arnold Amaryllis Kosmos Zola The Pity of the Leaves Aaron Stark The Garden Cliff Klingenhagen Charles Carville's Eyes The Dead Village Boston Two Sonnets The Clerks Fleming Helphenstine For a Book by Thomas Hardy Thomas Hood The Miracle Horace to Leuconoe Reuben Bright The Altar The Tavern Sonnet George Crabbe Credo On the Night of a Friend's Wedding Sonnet Verlaine Sonnet Supremacy The Night Before Walt Whitman The Chorus of Old Men in "Aegeus" The Wilderness Octaves Two Quatrains To the Memory of my Father and Mother The Children of the Night Three Quatrains The World An Old Story Ballade of a Ship Ballade by the Fire Ballade of Broken Flutes Ballade of Dead Friends Her Eyes Two Men Villanelle of Change John Evereldown Luke Havergal The House on the Hill Richard Cory Two Octaves Calvary Dear Friends The Story of the Ashes and the Flame For Some Poems by Matthew Arnold Amaryllis Kosmos Zola The Pity of the Leaves Aaron Stark The Garden Cliff Klingenhagen Charles Carville's Eyes The Dead Village Boston Two Sonnets The Clerks Fleming Helphenstine For a Book by Thomas Hardy Thomas Hood The Miracle Horace to Leuconoe Reuben Bright The Altar The Tavern Sonnet George Crabbe Credo On the Night of a Friend's Wedding Sonnet Verlaine Sonnet Supremacy The Night Before Walt Whitman The Chorus of Old Men in "Aegeus" The Wilderness Octaves Two Quatrains


SONGS, MERRY AND SAD by John Charles McNeill [American (North Carolina) poet. _PHONE_.]

 To JOSEPH P. CALDWELL ("The Old Man") CONTENTS SONGS, MERRY AND SAD The Bride "Oh, Ask Me Not" Isabel To ——— To Melvin Gardner: Suicide Away Down Home For Jane's Birthday A Secret The Old Bad Woman Valentine A Photograph Jesse Covington An Idyl Home Songs M. W. Ransom Protest Oblivion Now!
 Tommy Smith Before Bedtime "If I Could Glimpse Him" Attraction Love's Fashion Alcestis Reminiscence Sonnet Lines An Easter Hymn A Christmas Hymn When I Go Home Odessa Trifles Sunburnt Boys Gray Days An Invalid A Caged Mocking-Bird Dawn Harvest Two Pictures October The Old Clock Tear Stains A Prayer She Being Young Paul Jones The Drudge The Wife Vision September Barefooted Pardon Time The Rattlesnake The Prisoner Sonnet Folk Song "97": The Fast Mail Sundown At Sea L'envoi SONGS, MERRY AND SAD The Bride "Oh, Ask Me Not" Isabel To ——— To Melvin Gardner: Suicide Away Down Home For Jane's Birthday A Secret The Old Bad Woman Valentine A Photograph Jesse Covington An Idyl Home Songs M. W. Ransom Protest Oblivion Now!

 Tommy Smith Before Bedtime "If I Could Glimpse Him" Attraction Love's Fashion Alcestis Reminiscence Sonnet Lines An Easter Hymn A Christmas Hymn When I Go Home Odessa Trifles Sunburnt Boys Gray Days An Invalid A Caged Mocking-Bird Dawn Harvest Two Pictures October The Old Clock Tear Stains A Prayer She Being Young Paul Jones The Drudge The Wife Vision September Barefooted Pardon Time The Rattlesnake The Prisoner Sonnet Folk Song "97": The Fast Mail Sundown At Sea L'envoi [End of original text.]

 Notes: John Charles McNeill was born in Scotland County, near Laurinburg, North Carolina, on 26 July 1874, and died on 17 October 1907 (when he was 33 years old). He only produced this one volume before he died, though he planned a second, which was published posthumously. "Songs, Merry and Sad", first published in Charlotte in 1906, went through at least five printings over more than 60 years. (This text is taken from the very first edition.)

 Both of McNeill's grandfathers came from Scotland.

 McNeill attended Wake Forest College, where he received both his Bachelor's and Master's degrees. In _PHONE_ he taught English at Mercer University.

 Some of his poems were published nationally as early as 1901. More of his poems were published by 'The Charlotte Observer' starting in 1903, and in 1904 he joined its staff.

 This etext was created by entering the text (manually) twice, once from the first printing (1906) and once from the second printing (no date), and comparing the two. There were some slight differences in the two printings.

 A portrait of John Charles McNeill faces the title page (p. 3) in the second printing, but is absent in the first.

 The first printing gives the publisher as Stone & Barringer Co. and gives the date as 1906. The second printing gives the publisher as Stone Publishing Co., and gives no date. Both were printed in Charlotte, N.C.

 One error was corrected (the second printing also corrected this error): The second printing also changed the title of the poem [ To Melvin Gardner: Suicide ], on p. 19, to [ To Melvin Gardner: ]—in the text, but not in the table of Contents. This may have been done in deference to the family—attitudes on suicide were once quite different than now—but as it has been quite some time, and the original title gives more meaning to the poem, it has been retained.

 The Title of the poem [ Now! ] did not have the exclamation point in the table of Contents. It has been added to match the text. The Title of the poem [ "97": The Fast Mail ] appeared as such in the text, but as ["97:" The Fast Mail ] in the Contents. The latter was changed to match the text.

 In the original, the book's title does not separate the Contents from the first poem. It has been placed there as a sort of divider.

 In two places ASCII fails to provide enough characters for a correct rendering. They are the words Provencal (the c with a cedilla) and mailed (the e with an acute accent, to indicate that the word is to be said with two syllables). These occur in "Reminiscence" and "The Rattlesnake".


The Golden Bough : a study of magic and religion by Sir James George Frazer CONTENTS Preface Subject Index Chapter 1. The King of the Wood 1. Diana and Virbius 2. Artemis and Hippolytus 3. Recapitulation Chapter 2. Priestly Kings Chapter 3. Sympathetic Magic 1. The Principles of Magic 2. Homoeopathic or Imitative Magic 3. Contagious Magic 4. The Magician's Progress Chapter 4. Magic and Religion Chapter 5. The Magical Control of the Weather 1. The Public Magician 2. The Magical Control of Rain 3. The Magical Control of the Sun 4. The Magical Control of the Wind Chapter 6. Magicians as Kings Chapter 7. Incarnate Human Gods Chapter 8. Departmental Kings of Nature Chapter 9. The Worship of Trees 1. Tree-spirits 2. Beneficent Powers of Tree-Spirits Chapter 10. Relics of Tree Worship in Modern Europe Chapter 11. The Influence of the Sexes on Vegetation Chapter 12. The Sacred Marriage 1. Diana as a Goddess of Fertility 2. The Marriage of the Gods Chapter 13. The Kings of Rome and Alba 1. Numa and Egeria 2. The King as Jupiter Chapter 14. Succession to the Kingdom in Ancient Latium Chapter 15. The Worship of the Oak Chapter 16. Dianus and Diana Chapter 17. The Burden of Royalty 1. Royal and Priestly Taboos 2. Divorce of the Spiritual from the Temporal Power Chapter 18. The Perils of the Soul 1. The Soul as a Mannikin 2. Absence and Recall of the Soul 3. The Soul as a Shadow and a Reflection Chapter 19. Tabooed Acts 1. Taboos on Intercourse with Strangers 2. Taboos on Eating and Drinking 3. Taboos on Showing the Face 4. Taboos on Quitting the House 5. Taboos on Leaving Food over Chapter 20. Tabooed Persons 1. Chiefs and Kings tabooed 2. Mourners tabooed 3. Women tabooed at Menstruation and Childbirth 4. Warriors tabooed 5. Manslayers tabooed 6. Hunters and Fishers tabooed Chapter 21. Tabooed Things 1. The Meaning of Taboo 2. Iron tabooed 3. Sharp Weapons tabooed 4. Blood tabooed 5. The Head tabooed 6. Hair tabooed 7. Ceremonies at Hair-cutting 8. Disposal of Cut Hair and Nails 9. Spittle tabooed 10. Foods tabooed 11. Knots and Rings tabooed Chapter 22. Tabooed Words 1. Personal Names tabooed 2. Names of Relations tabooed 3. Names of the Dead tabooed 4. Names of Kings and other Sacred Persons tabooed 5. Names of Gods tabooed Chapter 23. Our Debt to the Savage Chapter 24. The Killing of the Divine King 1. The Mortality of the Gods 2. Kings killed when their Strength fails 3. Kings killed at the End of a Fixed Term Chapter 25. Temporary Kings Chapter 26. Sacrifice of the King's Son Chapter 27. Succession to the Soul Chapter 28. The Killing of the Tree-Spirit 1. The Whitsuntide Mummers 2. Burying the Carnival 3. Carrying out Death 4. Bringing in Summer 5. Battle of Summer and Winter 6. Death and Resurrection of Kostrubonko 7. Death and Revival of Vegetation 8. Analogous Rites in India 9. The Magic Spring Chapter 29. The Myth of Adonis Chapter 30. Adonis in Syria Chapter 31. Adonis in Cyprus Chapter 32. The Ritual of Adonis Chapter 33. The Gardens of Adonis Chapter 34. The Myth and Ritual of Attis Chapter 35. Attis as a God of Vegetation Chapter 36. Human Representatives of Attis Chapter 37. Oriental Religions in the West Chapter 38. The Myth of Osiris Chapter 39. The Ritual of Osiris 1. The Popular Rites 2. The Official Rites Chapter 40. The Nature of Osiris 1. Osiris a Corn-god 2. Osiris a Tree-spirit 3. Osiris a God of Fertility 4. Osiris a God of the Dead Chapter 41. Isis Chapter 42. Osiris and the Sun Chapter 43. Dionysus Chapter 44. Demeter and Persephone Chapter 45. Corn-Mother and Corn-Maiden in N. Europe Chapter 46. Corn-Mother in Many Lands 1. The Corn-mother in America 2. The Rice-mother in the East Indies 3. The Spirit of the Corn embodied in Human Beings 4. The Double Personification of the Corn as Mother and Daughter Chapter 47. Lityerses 1. Songs of the Corn Reapers 2. Killing the Corn-spirit 3. Human Sacrifices for the Crops 4. The Corn-spirit slain in his Human Representatives Chapter 48. The Corn-Spirit as an Animal 1. Animal Embodiments of the Corn-spirit 2. The Corn-spirit as a Wolf or a Dog 3. The Corn-spirit as a Cock 4. The Corn-spirit as a Hare 5. The Corn-spirit as a Cat 6. The Corn-spirit as a Goat 7. The Corn-spirit as a Bull, Cow, or Ox 8. The Corn-spirit as a Horse or Mare 9. The Corn-spirit as a Pig (Boar or Sow) 10. On the Animal Embodiments of the Corn-spirit Chapter 49. Ancient Deities of Vegetation as Animals 1. Dionysus, the Goat and the Bull 2. Demeter, the Pig and the Horse 3. Attis, Adonis, and the Pig 4. Osiris, the Pig and the Bull 5. Virbius and the Horse Chapter 50. Eating the God 1. The Sacrament of First-Fruits 2. Eating the God among the Aztecs 3. Many Manii at Aricia Chapter 51. Homeopathic Magic of a Flesh Diet Chapter 52. Killing the Divine Animal 1. Killing the Sacred Buzzard 2. Killing the Sacred Ram 3. Killing the Sacred Serpent 4. Killing the Sacred Turtles 5. Killing the Sacred Bear Chapter 53. The Propitiation of Wild Animals By Hunters Chapter 54. Types of Animal Sacrament 1. The Egyptian and the Aino Types of Sacrament 2. Processions with Sacred Animals Chapter 55. The Transference of Evil 1. The Transference to Inanimate Objects 2. The Transference to Animals 3. The Transference to Men 4. The Transference of Evil in Europe Chapter 56. The Public Expulsion of Evils 1. The Omnipresence of Demons 2. The Occasional Expulsion of Evils 3. The Periodic Expulsion of Evils Chapter 57. Public Scapegoats 1. The Expulsion of Embodied Evils 2. The Occasional Expulsion of Evils in a Material Vehicle 3. The Periodic Expulsion of Evils in a Material Vehicle 4. On Scapegoats in General Chapter 58. Human Scapegoats in Classical Antiquity 1. The Human Scapegoat in Ancient Rome 2. The Human Scapegoat in Ancient Greece 3. The Roman Saturnalia Chapter 59. Killing the God in Mexico Chapter 60. Between Heaven and Earth 1. Not to touch the Earth 2. Not to see the Sun 3. The Seclusion of Girls at Puberty 4. Reasons for the Seclusion of Girls at Puberty Chapter 61. The Myth of Balder Chapter 62. The Fire-Festivals


"co*hol*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcoolisme.] (Med.)
 A diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors.

 Al'co*hol'i*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcoolisation.] 1.
 The act of reducing a substance to a fine or impalpable powder. [Obs.] Johnson.
2. The act rectifying spirit.

3. Saturation with alcohol; putting the animal system under the influence of alcoholic liquor.

 Al"co*hol*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] [Cf. F. alcooliser.]
 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [Obs.] Johnson.
2. To convert into alcohol; to rectify; also, to saturate with alcohol.

 { Al'co*hol*om"e*ter (&?;), Al'co*hol"me*ter (&?;), } n. [Alcohol + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale.

 Al'co*hol'o*met"ric (&?;), Al'co*hol'o*met"ric*al (&?;), Al'co*hol*met"ric*al (&?;), a. Relating to the alcoholometer or alcoholometry.

 The alcoholometrical strength of spirituous liquors. Ure.
 Al'co*hol"om"e*try (&?;), n. The process or method of ascertaining the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain.

 Al'co*hom"e*ter (&?;), n., Al'co*ho*met"ric, a. Same as Alcoholometer, Alcoholometric.

 Al'co*öm"e*try (&?;), n. See Alcoholometry.

 The chemists say alcomètre, alcoomètrie, doubtless by the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) Littré.
 Al"co*ran (?; 277), n. [alcoran, fr. Ar. al-qorn, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to read. Cf. Koran.] The Mohammedan Scriptures; the Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alkoran.]

 Al'co*ran"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Koran.

 Al'co*ran"ist, n. One who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all traditions.

 Al"cove (?; 277), n. [F. alcôve, Sp. or Pg. alcoba, from Ar. al-quobbah arch, vault, tent.] 1. (Arch.) A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; especially, a recess to contain a bed; a lateral recess in a library.

2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched seat, in a pleasure ground; a garden bower. Cowper.
3. Any natural recess analogous to an alcove or recess in an apartment.

 The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove. Falconer.
 Al"cy*on (&?;), n. See Halcyon.

 ||Al'cy*o*na"ce*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type.
 See Illust. under Alcyonaria.

 ||Al'cy*o*na"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea.

 ||Al*cy"o*nes (&?;), n. pl. [L., pl. of Alcyon.] (Zoöl.)
 The kingfishers.

 Al'cy*on"ic (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Alcyonaria.

 ||Al'cy*o"ni*um (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a zoöphyte, so called from being like the halcyon's nest.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fleshy Alcyonaria, its polyps somewhat resembling flowers with eight fringed rays. The term was also formerly used for certain species of sponges.

 Al"cy*o*noid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + - oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. -- n. A zoöphyte of the order Alcyonaria.

 Al"day (&?;), adv. Continually. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Al*deb"a*ran (&?;), n. [Ar. aldebarn, fr. dabar to follow; so called because this star follows upon the Pleiades.] (Astron.)
 A red star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus; the Bull's Eye. It is the bright star in the group called the Hyades.

 Now when Aldebaran was mounted high Above the shiny Cassiopeia's chair. Spenser.
 Al"de*hyde (&?;), n. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol dehydrogenatum, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained from alcohol by certain processes of oxidation.

 The aldehydes are intermediate between the alcohols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde (called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C2H4O; methyl aldehyde, CH2O.

Aldehyde ammonia (Chem.), a compound formed by the union of aldehyde with ammonia.

 Al'de*hy"dic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to aldehyde; as, aldehydic acid. Miller.
 Al"der (l"dr), n. [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. alr, aler, alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. erlir, erli, Swed. al, Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. elm.] (Bot.) A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees.

Black alder. (a) A European shrub (Rhamnus frangula); Alder buckthorn. (b) An American species of holly (Ilex verticillata), bearing red berries.

 { Al"der (l"dr), Al"ler (l"lr), } a. [From ealra, alra, gen. pl. of AS. eal. The d is excrescent.] Of all; -- used in composition; as, alderbest, best of all, alderwisest, wisest of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Al'der-lief"est (l'dr*lf"st), a. [For allerliefest dearest of all. See Lief.] Most beloved. [Obs.] Shak.
 Al"der*man (l"dr*man), n.; pl. Aldermen (&?;).
 [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder + man.
 See Elder, n.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of rank or


oc, and the Ibilao of southeastern Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and adjacent Isabela employ the bow constantly.
The natural projectile weapon of the Negrito is the bow and arrow; that of the Malayan seems to be the blowgun—at present, however, largely replaced by the spear, though in some southern islands, especially in Paragua, it has held its own.
Page 124 Wooden weapons Shields are universally made and used by the Igorot. They are made by the men of each pueblo, and are seldom bought or sold.
They are cut from single pieces of wood, and are generally constructed of very light wood, though some are heavy. The hand grip is cut in the solid timber, is almost invariably made for the left hand, and will usually accommodate only three fingers—the thumb and little finger remaining outside the grip and free to press forward the upper and lower ends of the shield, respectively, slanting it to glance a blow of a spear.
Within the present boundary of Bontoc Province there are three distinct patterns of wooden shields in use in three quite distinct culture areas. There is still another shield immediately beyond the western border of the province but which is believed to be produced also in the Bontoc area.
First, is the shield of the Bontoc culture area. It is usually about 3 feet long and 1 foot wide, is blackened with a greasy soot, though now and again one in original wood is seen. The upper part or "chief" of the shield is cut, leaving three points projecting several inches above the solid field; the lower end or "base" is cut, leaving two points. Across both ends of the shield is a strengthening lace of bejuco, passing through perforations from front to back. The front surface of the shield is most prominent over the deep-cut hand grip at the boss or "fess point," toward which a wing approaches on both the dexter and sinister sides of the front of the shield, being carved slightly on the field. This is the usual Bontoc shield, but some few have meaningless straight-line decorations cut in the field.
In the Tinglayan culture area, immediately north of Bontoc, the usual shield is very similar to the above, except that various sections of both the face and back of the shield are of natural wood or are colored dull red. The strengthening of bejuco lacings and the raised wings are also found.
Still farther north is the Kalinga shield—a slim, gracefully formed shield, differing from the typical Bontoc weapon chiefly in its more graceful outline. It is of a uniform black color and has the bejuco lacings the same as the others.
The fourth variety, made at Bagnen, immediately across the Bontoc border, in Lepanto, and probably also made and certainly used near at hand in Bontoc, is quite similar to the Bontoc type but is smaller and cruder. It is uncolored, and on its front has crude drawings of snakes and frogs (or perhaps men) drawn with soot paint.
Banawi area, south of the Bontoc area, has a shield differing markedly from the others. It is longer, usually somewhat wider, and not cut at either end. The lower end is straight across at right angles to the sides; the upper end rises to a very obtuse angle at the middle. The front is usually much plainer than is that of the other shields mentioned.
Page 125 Throughout the Bontoc area there is a spear with a bamboo blade, entirely a wooden weapon. The spear is employed in warfare, and is losing its place only as iron becomes plentiful enough and cheap enough to substitute for the bamboo blades or heads.
Even in sections in which iron spears are relatively common the wooden spear is used much in warfare, since spears thrown at an enemy are frequently lost.
Sharp-pointed bamboo spikes are often stuck in the trails of war parties when they are returning from some foray in which they have been successful. These spikes are from about 6 inches in length, as among the people of the Bontoc area, to 3 or more feet, as among the Ibilao of southeastern Nueva Vizcaya. The latter people nightly place these long spikes, called "luk′-dun," in the trails leading to their dwellings. They are placed at a considerable angle, and would impale an intruder in the groin or upper thigh, inflicting a cruel and disabling wound. The shorter spikes either cut through the bottom of the foot or stab the instep or leg near the ankle. They are much dreaded, and, though crude, are very effective weapons.
Metal weapons The metal spear blade or head is a product of Igorot workmanship. Baliwang, situated about six hours north of Bontoc, makes most of the metal spear blades used in the Bontoc area. Sapao, located about a day and a half to the south, makes excellent metal blades, but they seldom reach the Bontoc culture area, although blades of inferior production from Sapao are found in Ambawan, the southernmost pueblo of the area.
Baliwang has four smithies, in each of which two or three men labor, each man in a smithy performing a separate part of the work. One operates the bellows, another feeds the fire and does the heavy striking during the initial part of the work, and the other—the real blade maker, the artist—directs all the labor, and performs the finer and finishing parts of the blade production.
The smithies are about 12 feet square without side walls. They have a grass roof sloping to within 3 feet of the earth, enlarging the shaded area to near 20 feet square. Near one side of the room is the bellows, called "op-op′," consisting of two vertical, parallel wooden tubes about 5 feet long and 10 inches in diameter, standing side by side. Each tube has a piston or plunger, called "dot-dot′;" the packing ring of the piston is of wood covered with chicken feathers, making it slightly flexible at the rim, so it fits snugly in the tube. The lower end of the bellows tubes rests in the earth, 4 inches above which a small bamboo tube leads the compressed air to the fireplace from each bellows tube. These small tubes, called "to-bong′," end near an opening through a brick at the back of the fire, and the air forced through them passes on through the brick to the burning charcoal. The outer end of the to-bong′ is cut at an angle, and as the tubes end outside the opening in the brick, the air inbreathed by the bellows, as the plungers are raised, is drawn from back of the fireplace—thus the fire is not disturbed.
The fuel is an inferior charcoal prepared by the Igorot from pine. This bellows is found throughout the Archipelago and is evidently a Malayan product. It is believed that it came to Bontoc with the Igorot from their earlier home and is not, as some say, a Chinese invention.7 The Igorot manufacturer of metal pipes uses exactly the same kind of bellows, except that it is very much smaller, and so appears like a toy. It is poorly shown in Pl. CIX.
Much of the iron now employed in the manufacture of Igorot weapons is Chinese bar iron coming from China to the Islands at Candon, in Ilokos Sur. However, the people readily make weapons from any iron they may acquire, greatly preferring the scraps of broken Chinese cast-iron pots, vessels purchased primarily for making sugar. In his choice of cast iron the Igorot exhibits a practical knowledge of metallurgy, since cast iron makes better steel than wrought iron—that is, as he has to work.
Figure 5.
Ironsmith's stone hammer.
Ironsmith's stone hammer.
The anvils of the smithy, numbering four or five, are large rocks set solidly in the earth. The hammers are nearly all stone, though some of the workmen have a small iron hammer used in finishing the weapons.
There are several varieties of stone hammers. One weighing about 30 pounds is 16 inches long, 10 inches wide, and from 4 to 6 inches thick. An inch-deep groove is cut in both edges of the hammer, and into these grooves the short, double wooden handle is attached by a withe.
Another hammer, similar to the above in shape and attachment, is about one-third its size and weight. There is a still smaller hammer lashed Page 127with leather bands to a single, straight wooden handle; and there is also a round hammer stone about 3 inches in diameter without handle or attachment, which hammer, together with the larger one last mentioned, is largely superseded in some of the smithies by the metal hammer.
The bellows operator sits squatting on a slight platform the height of the bellows, and constantly works the plungers up and down with rhythmic strokes.
Two men at first handle the hot iron—one, the real blade maker, holds


-grained, fine-spoken, fine-spun, etc.

Fine arch (Glass Making), the smaller fritting furnace of a glasshouse. Knight. -- Fine arts. See the Note under Art. -- Fine cut, fine cut tobacco; a kind of chewing tobacco cut up into shreds. -- Fine goods, woven fabrics of fine texture and quality.
 McElrath. -- Fine stuff, lime, or a mixture of lime, plaster, etc., used as material for the finishing coat in plastering. -- To sail fine (Naut.), to sail as close to the wind as possible.

Syn. -- Fine, Beautiful. When used as a word of praise, fine (being opposed to coarse) denotes no "ordinary thing of its kind."
 It is not as strong as beautiful, in reference to the single attribute implied in the latter term; but when we speak of a fine woman, we include a greater variety of particulars, viz., all the qualities which become a woman, -- breeding, sentiment, tact, etc. The term is equally comprehensive when we speak of a fine garden, landscape, horse, poem, etc.; and, though applied to a great variety of objects, the word has still a very definite sense, denoting a high degree of characteristic excellence.

 Fine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fined (fnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fining.] [From Fine, a.] 1. To make fine; to refine; to purify, to clarify; as, to fine gold.

 It hath been fined and refined by... learned men.

Hobbes.
2. To make finer, or less coarse, as in bulk, texture, etc.; as. to fine the soil. L. H. Bailey.
3. To change by fine gradations; as (Naut.), to fine down a ship's lines, to diminish her lines gradually.

 I often sate at home On evenings, watching how they fined themselves With gradual conscience to a perfect night.

Browning.
 Fine (?), n. [OE. fin, L. finis end, also in LL., a final agreement or concord between the lord and his vassal; a sum of money paid at the end, so as to make an end of a transaction, suit, or prosecution; mulct; penalty; cf. OF. fin end, settlement, F. fin end. See Finish, and cf. Finance.] 1.
 End; conclusion; termination; extinction. [Obs.] "To see their fatal fine."
 Spenser.
 Is this the fine of his fines?

Shak.
2. A sum of money paid as the settlement of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in dispute; especially, a payment of money imposed upon a party as a punishment for an offense; a mulct.

3. (Law) (a) (Feudal Law) A final agreement concerning lands or rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal. Spelman.
(b) (Eng. Law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease.

Fine for alienation (Feudal Law), a sum of money paid to the lord by a tenant whenever he had occasion to make over his land to another. Burrill. -- Fine of lands, a species of conveyance in the form of a fictitious suit compromised or terminated by the acknowledgment of the previous owner that such land was the right of the other party. Burrill. See Concord, n., 4. -- In fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing up.

 Fine, v. t. [From Fine, n.] To impose a pecuniary penalty upon for an offense or breach of law; to set a fine on by judgment of a court; to punish by fine; to mulct; as, the trespassers were fined ten dollars.

 Fine, v. i. To pay a fine. See Fine, n., 3 (b). [R.]

 Men fined for the king's good will; or that he would remit his anger; women fined for leave to marry.

Hallam.
 Fine, v. t. & i. [OF. finer, F. finir. See Finish, v. t.] To finish; to cease; or to cause to cease. [Obs.]

 Fine"draw' (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finedrawn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Finedrawing.] To sew up, so nicely that the seam is not perceived; to renter. Marryat.
 Fine"draw'er (?), n. One who finedraws.

 Fine"drawn' (?), a. Drawn out with too much subtilty; overnice; as, finedrawn speculations.

 Fi*neer" (?), v. i. To run in debt by getting goods made up in a way unsuitable for the use of others, and then threatening not to take them except on credit. [R.] Goldsmith.
 Fi*neer", v. t. To veneer.

 Fine"less (?), a. [Fine end + -less.] Endless; boundless. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fine"ly, adv. In a fine or finished manner.

 Fine"ness, n. [From Fine, a.] 1. The quality or condition of being fine.

2. Freedom from foreign matter or alloy; clearness; purity; as, the fineness of liquor.

 The fineness of the gold, and chargeful fashion.

Shak.
3. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, or coins.

 The fineness of United States coin is nine tenths, that of English gold coin is eleven twelfths, and that of English silver coin is.

4. Keenness or sharpness; as, the fineness of a needle's point, or of the edge of a blade.

 Fin"er (?), n. One who fines or purifies.

 Fin"er*y (?), n. 1. Fineness; beauty. [Obs.]

 Don't choose your place of study by the finery of the prospects.

I. Watts.
2. Ornament; decoration; especially, excecially decoration; showy clothes; jewels.

 Her mistress' cast-off finery.

F. W. Robertson.
3. [Cf. Refinery.] (Iron Works) A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.

 Fine"spun' (?), a. Spun so as to be fine; drawn to a fine thread; attenuated; hence, unsubstantial; visionary; as, finespun theories.

 Fi'nesse" (? or?), n. [F., fr. fin fine. See Fine, a.]
 1. Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem.

 This is the artificialest piece of finesse to persuade men into slavery.

Milton.
2. (Whist Playing) The act of finessing. See Finesse, v. i., 2.

 Fi*nesse" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Finessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Finessing.] 1. To use artifice or stratagem.
 Goldsmith.
2. (Whist Playing) To attempt, when second or third player, to make a lower card answer the purpose of a higher, when an intermediate card is out, risking the chance of its being held by the opponent yet to play.

 Fine"still' (?), v. t. To distill, as spirit from molasses or some saccharine preparation.

 Fine"still'er (?), n. One who finestills.

 Fin"ew (?), n. [See Fenowed.] Moldiness. [R.]

 Fin


. Conception of the ideal; imagery.

3. (Philos.) The system or theory that denies the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of anything but ideas and their relations.

 I*de"al*ist, n. [Cf. F. idéaliste.] 1. One who idealizes; one who forms picturesque fancies; one given to romantic expectations.

2. One who holds the doctrine of idealism.

 I*de'al*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to idealists or their theories.

 I'de*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Idealities (&?;). 1.
 The quality or state of being ideal.

2. The capacity to form ideals of beauty or perfection.

3. (Phren.) The conceptive faculty.

 I*de'al*i*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of idealizing.

2. (Fine Arts) The representation of natural objects, scenes, etc., in such a way as to show their most important characteristics; the study of the ideal.

 I*de"al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idealized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Idealizing (?).] 1. To make ideal; to give an ideal form or value to; to attribute ideal characteristics and excellences to; as, to idealize real life.

2. (Fine Arts) To treat in an ideal manner. See Idealization, 2.

 I*de"al*ize, v. i. [Cf. F. idéaliser.] To form ideals.

 I*de"al*i'zer (?), n. An idealist.

 I*de"al*ly, adv. In an ideal manner; by means of ideals; mentally.

 I*de'a*log"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an idealogue, or to idealization.

 I*de"a*logue (?), n. [Idea + -logue, as in theologue: cf. F. idéologue.] One given to fanciful ideas or theories; a theorist; a spectator. [R.] Mrs. Browning.
 { I*de"at (?), I*de"ate (?), } n. [LL. ideatum. See Idea.]
 (Metaph.) The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea; the correlate in real existence to the idea as a thought or existence.

 I*de"ate (?), v. t. 1. To form in idea; to fancy. [R.]

 The ideated man... as he stood in the intellect of God.

Sir T. Browne.
2. To apprehend in thought so as to fix and hold in the mind; to memorize. [R.]

 I'de*a"tion (?), n. The faculty or capacity of the mind for forming ideas; the exercise of this capacity; the act of the mind by which objects of sense are apprehended and retained as objects of thought.

 The whole mass of residua which have been accumulated... all enter now into the process of ideation.

J. D. Morell.
 I'de*a"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, ideation.

 Certain sensational or ideational stimuli.

Blackw. Mag.
 I"dem (?), pron. or adj. [L.] The same; the same as above; -- often abbreviated id.
 I*den"tic (?), a. Identical. [Obs.] Hudibras.
 I*den"tic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. identique. See Identity.] 1.
 The same; the selfsame; the very same; not different; as, the identical person or thing.

 I can not remember a thing that happened a year ago, without a conviction... that I, the same identical person who now remember that event, did then exist.

Reid.
2. Uttering sameness or the same truth; expressing in the predicate what is given, or obviously implied, in the subject; tautological.

 When you say body is solid, I say that you make an identical proposition, because it is impossible to have the idea of body without that of solidity.

Fleming.
Identical equation (Alg.), an equation which is true for all values of the algebraic symbols which enter into it.

 I*den"tic*al*ly, adv. In an identical manner; with respect to identity. "Identically the same." Bp. Warburton. "Identically different." Ross.
 I*den"tic*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being identical; sameness.

 I*den"ti*fi'a*ble (?), a. Capable of being identified.

 I*den'ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. identification.] The act of identifying, or proving to be the same; also, the state of being identified.

 I*den"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Identified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Identifying (?).] [Cf. F. identifier. See Identity, and -fy.] 1. To make to be the same; to unite or combine in such a manner as to make one; to treat as being one or having the same purpose or effect; to consider as the same in any relation.

 Every precaution is taken to identify the interests of the people and of the rulers.

D. Ramsay.
 Let us identify, let us incorporate ourselves with the people.

Burke.
2. To establish the identity of; to prove to be the same with something described, claimed, or asserted; as, to identify stolen property.

 I*den"ti*fy (?), v. i. To become the same; to coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [Obs. or R.]

 An enlightened self-interest, which, when well understood, they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public.

Burke.
 I*den"tism (?), n. [See Identity.] (Metaph.) The doctrine taught by Schelling, that matter and mind, and subject and object, are identical in the Absolute; -- called also the system or doctrine of identity.

 I*den"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Identities (#). [F. identité, LL. identitas, fr. L. idem the same, from the root of is he, that; cf. Skr. idam this. Cf. Item.] 1. The state or quality of being identical, or the same; sameness.

Identity is a relation between our cognitions of a thing, not between things themselves.

Sir W. Hamilton.
2. The condition of being the same with something described or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed; as, to establish the identity of stolen goods.

3. (Math.) An identical equation.

 I"de*o- (?). A combining form from the Gr. &?;, an idea.

 I'de*o*gen"ic*al (?), a. Of or relating to ideology.

 I'de*og"e*ny (?), n. [Ideo- + -geny, from the same root as Gr. &?;, birth: cf. F. idéogénie.] The science which treats of the origin of ideas.

 I*de"o*gram (?), n. [Ideo- + -gram; cf. F. idéograme.]
 1. An original, pictorial element of writing; a kind of hieroglyph expressing no sound, but only an idea.

Ideograms may be defined to be pictures intended to represent either things or thoughts.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).
 You might even have a history without language written or spoken, by means of ideograms and gesture.

J