as tiles; ridgewise.

 Ar*riv"al (&?;), n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land.

 Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes, Expect his swift arrival. Dryden.
2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected.

3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival.

 Another arrival still more important was speedily announced.
Macaulay.
4. An approach. [Obs.]

 The house has a corner arrival. H. Walpole.
 Ar*riv"ance (&?;), n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ar*rive" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; -- followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. "Arrived in Padua." Shak.
 [Æneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived... and landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland.
 There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich.
Macaulay.
2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment.

To arrive at, or attain to.

 When he arrived at manhood. Rogers.
 We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts. McCosh.
 If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton.
3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived.

4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller.
 Ar*rive", v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.]

 And made the sea-trod ship arrive them. Chapman.
2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton.
 Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak.
Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson.
 Ar*rive", n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 How should I joy of thy arrive to hear! Drayton.
 Ar*riv"er (&?;), n. One who arrives.

 ||Ar*ro"ba (&?;), n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir.

2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

 Ar"ro*gance (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans.
 See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption.

 I hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak.
Syn. -- Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.

 Ar"ro*gan*cy (&?;), n. Arrogance. Shak.
 Ar"ro*gant (&?;), a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; -- applied to persons.

Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak.
2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; -- applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior.

Syn. -- Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.

 Ar"ro*gant*ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.

 Ar"ro*gant*ness, n. Arrogance. [R.]

 Ar"ro*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating (&?;).] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings.

 He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay.
 Ar'ro*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare.
 Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall.
2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.

 Ar"ro*ga*tive (&?;), a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 ||Ar'ron'disse'ment" (&?;), n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France] The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.

 Ar*rose" (&?;), v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.]

 The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins.
 Ar*ro"sion (&?;), n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Ar"row (&?;), n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow.

Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.

 Ar"row grass' (&?;), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.

 Ar"row*head' (&?;), n. 1. The head of an arrow.


my eye struck a strange word; they soon struck the trail.

18. To borrow money of; to make a demand upon; as, he struck a friend for five dollars. [Slang] 19. To lade into a cooler, as a liquor. B. Edwards.
20. To stroke or pass lightly; to wave.

 Behold, I thought, He will... strike his hand over the place, and recover the leper.

2 Kings v. 11.
21. To advance; to cause to go forward; -- used only in past participle. "Well struck in years." Shak.
To strike an attitude, To strike a balance. See under Attitude, and Balance. -- To strike a jury (Law), to constitute a special jury ordered by a court, by each party striking out a certain number of names from a prepared list of jurors, so as to reduce it to the number of persons required by law. Burrill. -- To strike a lead. (a) (Mining) To find a vein of ore. (b) Fig.: To find a way to fortune. [Colloq.] -- To strike a ledger, or an account, to balance it. -- To strike hands with. (a) To shake hands with. Halliwell. (b) To make a compact or agreement with; to agree with. -- To strike off. (a) To erase from an account; to deduct; as, to strike off the interest of a debt. (b) (Print.) To impress; to print; as, to strike off a thousand copies of a book. (c) To separate by a blow or any sudden action; as, to strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. -- To strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it; figuratively, to make a lucky hit financially. [Slang, U.S.] -- To strike one luck, to shake hands with one and wish good luck. [Obs.] Beau.
 & Fl. -- To strike out. (a) To produce by collision; to force out, as, to strike out sparks with steel. (b) To blot out; to efface; to erase. "To methodize is as necessary as to strike out." Pope. (c) To form by a quick effort; to devise; to invent; to contrive, as, to strike out a new plan of finance. (d) (Baseball) To cause a player to strike out; -- said of the pitcher. See To strike out, under Strike, v. i.
 -- To strike sail. See under Sail. -- To strike up. (a) To cause to sound; to begin to beat. "Strike up the drums." Shak.
(b) To begin to sing or play; as, to strike up a tune. (c) To raise (as sheet metal), in making diahes, pans, etc., by blows or pressure in a die. -- To strike work, to quit work; to go on a strike.

 Strike (?), v. i. To move; to advance; to proceed; to take a course; as, to strike into the fields.

 A mouse... struck forth sternly [bodily].

Piers Plowman.
2. To deliver a quick blow or thrust; to give blows.

 And fiercely took his trenchant blade in hand, With which he stroke so furious and so fell.

Spenser.
Strike now, or else the iron cools.

Shak.
3. To hit; to collide; to dush; to clash; as, a hammer strikes against the bell of a clock.

4. To sound by percussion, with blows, or as with blows; to be struck; as, the clock strikes.

 A deep sound strikes like a rising knell.

Byron.
5. To make an attack; to aim a blow.

 A puny subject strikes At thy great glory.

Shak.
Struck for throne, and striking found his doom.

Tennyson.
6. To touch; to act by appulse.

 Hinder light but from striking on it [porphyry], and its colors vanish.

Locke.
7. To run upon a rock or bank; to be stranded; as, the ship struck in the night.

8. To pass with a quick or strong effect; to dart; to penetrate.

 Till a dart strike through his liver.

Prov. vii. 23.
 Now and then a glittering beam of wit or passion strikes through the obscurity of the poem.

Dryden.
9. To break forth; to commence suddenly; -- with into; as, to strike into reputation; to strike into a run.

10. To lower a flag, or colors, in token of respect, or to signify a surrender of a ship to an enemy.

 That the English ships of war should not strike in the Danish seas.

Bp. Burnet.
11. To quit work in order to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages.

12. To become attached to something; -- said of the spat of oysters.

13. To steal money. [Old Slang, Eng.] Nares.
To strike at, to aim a blow at. -- To strike for, to start suddenly on a course for. -- To strike home, to give a blow which reaches its object, to strike with effect. -- To strike in. (a) To enter suddenly. (b) To disappear from the surface, with internal effects, as an eruptive disease. (c) To come in suddenly; to interpose; to interrupt. "I proposed the embassy of Constantinople for Mr.
 Henshaw, but my Lord Winchelsea struck in." Evelyn. (d) To join in after another has begun,as in singing. -- To strike in with, to conform to; to suit itself to; to side with, to join with at once. "To assert this is to strike in with the known enemies of God's grace."
 South. -- To strike out. (a) To start; to wander; to make a sudden excursion; as, to strike out into an irregular course of life. (b) To strike with full force. (c) (Baseball) To be put out for not hitting the ball during one's turn at the bat. -- To strike up, to commence to play as a musician; to begin to sound, as an instrument. "Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up." Shak.
 Strike (?), n. 1. The act of striking.

2. An instrument with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, scraping off what is above the level of the top; a strickle.

3. A bushel; four pecks. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.
4. An old measure of four bushels. [Prov. Eng.]

5. Fullness of measure; hence, excellence of quality.

 Three hogsheads of ale of the first strike.

Sir W. Scott.
6. An iron pale or standard in a gate or fence. [Obs.]

7. The act of quitting work; specifically, such an act by a body of workmen, done as a means of enforcing compliance with demands made on their employer.

Strikes are the insurrections of labor.

F. A. Walker.
8. (Iron Working) A puddler's stirrer.

9. (Geol.) The horizontal direction of the outcropping edges of tilted rocks; or, the direction of a horizontal line supposed to be drawn on the surface of a tilted stratum. It is at right angles to the dip.

10. The extortion of money, or the attempt to extort money, by threat of injury; blackmailing.

Strike block (Carp.), a plane shorter than a jointer, used for fitting a short joint. Moxon. -- Strike of flax, a handful that may be hackled at once. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.
 -- Strike of sugar. (Sugar Making) (a) The act of emptying the teache, or last boiler, in which the cane juice is exposed to heat, into the coolers. (b) The quantity of the sirup thus emptied at once.

 Strik"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, strikes; specifically, a blacksmith's helper who wields the sledge.

2. A harpoon; also, a harpooner.


The Song of Hiawatha Henry W. Longfellow CONTENTS Introductory Note Introduction I. The Peace-Pipe II. The Four Winds III. Hiawatha's Childhood IV. Hiawatha and Mudjekeewis V. Hiawatha's Fasting VI. Hiawatha's Friends VII. Hiawatha's Sailing VIII. Hiawatha's Fishing IX. Hiawatha and the Pearl-Feather X. Hiawatha's Wooing XI. Hiawatha's Wedding-Feast XII. The Son of the Evening Star XIII. Blessing the Corn-Fields XIV. Picture-Writing XV. Hiawatha's Lamentation XVI. Pau-Puk-Keewis XVII. The Hunting of Pau-Puk-Keewis XVIII. The Death of Kwasind XIX. The Ghosts XX. The Famine XXI. The White Man's Foot XXII. Hiawatha's Departure Vocabulary Introductory Note The Song of Hiawatha is based on the legends and stories of many North American Indian tribes, but especially those of the Ojibway Indians of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
They were collected by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, the reknowned historian, pioneer explorer, and geologist. He was superintendent of Indian affairs for Michigan from 1836 to 1841.
Schoolcraft married Jane, O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua (The Woman of the Sound Which the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky), Johnston. Jane was a daughter of John Johnston, an early Irish fur trader, and O-shau-gus-coday-way-qua (The Woman of the Green Prairie), who was a daughter of Waub-o-jeeg (The White Fisher), who was Chief of the Ojibway tribe at La Pointe, Wisconsin.
Jane and her mother are credited with having researched, authenticated, and compiled much of the material Schoolcraft included in his Algic Researches (1839) and a revision published in 1856 as The Myth of Hiawatha. It was this latter revision that Longfellow used as the basis for The Song of Hiawatha.
Longfellow began Hiawatha on June 25, 1854, he completed it on March 29, 1855, and it was published November 10, 1855. As soon as the poem was published its popularity was assured. However, it also was severely criticized as a plagiary of the Finnish epic poem Kalevala. Longfellow made no secret of the fact that he had used the meter of the Kalevala; but as for the legends, he openly gave credit to Schoolcraft in his notes to the poem.
I would add a personal note here. My father's roots include Ojibway Indians: his mother, Margaret Caroline Davenport, was a daughter of Susan des Carreaux, O-gee-em-a-qua (The Chief Woman), Davenport whose mother was a daughter of Chief Waub-o-jeeg.
Finally, my mother used to rock me to sleep reading portions of Hiawatha to me, especially: "Wah-wah-taysee, little fire-fly, Little, flitting, white-fire insect Little, dancing, white-fire creature, Light me with your little candle, Ere upon my bed I lay me, Ere in sleep I close my eyelids!" Woodrow W. Morris April 1, 1991 The Song of Hiawatha Introduction Should you ask me, whence these stories?
Whence these legends and traditions, With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers, With their frequent repetitions, And their wild reverberations As of thunder in the mountains?
I should answer, I should tell you, "From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs, From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, Feeds among the reeds and rushes.
I repeat them as I heard them From the lips of Nawadaha, The musician, the sweet singer." Should you ask where Nawadaha Found these songs so wild and wayward, Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you, "In the bird's-nests of the forest, In the lodges of the beaver, In the hoofprint of the bison, In the eyry of the eagle!
"All the wild-fowl sang them to him, In the moorlands and the fen-lands, In the melancholy marshes; Chetowaik, the plover, sang them, Mahng, the loon, the wild-goose, Wawa, The blue heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, And the grouse, the Mushkodasa!" If still further you should ask me, Saying, "Who was Nawadaha?
Tell us of this Nawadaha," I should answer your inquiries Straightway in such words as follow.
"In the vale of Tawasentha, In the green and silent valley, By the pleasant water-courses, Dwelt the singer Nawadaha.
Round about the Indian village Spread the meadows and the corn-fields, And beyond them stood the forest, Stood the groves of singing pine-trees, Green in Summer, white in Winter, Ever sighing, ever singing.
"And the pleasant water-courses, You could trace them through the valley, By the rushing in the Spring-time, By the alders in the Summer, By the white fog in the Autumn, By the black line in the Winter; And beside them dwelt the singer, In the vale of Tawasentha, In the green and silent valley.
"There he sang of Hiawatha, Sang the Song of Hiawatha, Sang his wondrous birth and being, How he prayed and how be fasted, How he lived, and toiled, and suffered, That the tribes of men might prosper, That he might advance his people!" Ye who love the haunts of Nature, Love the sunshine of the meadow, Love the shadow of the forest, Love the wind among the branches, And the rain-shower and the snow-storm, And the rushing of great rivers Through their palisades of pine-trees, And the thunder in the mountains, Whose innumerable echoes Flap like eagles in their eyries;-- Listen to these wild traditions, To this Song of Hiawatha!
Ye who love a nation's legends, Love the ballads of a people, That like voices from afar off Call to us to pause and listen, Speak in tones so plain and childlike, Scarcely can the ear distinguish Whether they are sung or spoken;-- Listen to this Indian Legend, To this Song of Hiawatha!
Ye whose hearts are fresh and simple, Who have faith in God and Nature, Who believe that in all ages Every human heart is human, That in even savage bosoms There are longings, yearnings, strivings For the good they comprehend not, That the feeble hands and helpless, Groping blindly in the darkness, Touch God's right hand in that darkness And are lifted up and strengthened;-- Listen to this simple story, To this Song of Hiawatha!
Ye, who sometimes, in your rambles Through the green lanes of the country, Where the tangled barberry-bushes Hang their tufts of crimson berries Over stone walls gray with mosses, Pause by some neglected graveyard, For a while to muse, and ponder On a half-effaced inscription, Written with little skill of song-craft, Homely phrases, but each letter Full of hope and yet of heart-break, Full of all the tender pathos Of the Here and the Hereafter; Stay and read this rude inscription, Read this Song of Hiawatha!
I The Peace-Pipe On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the mighty, He the Master of Life, descending,


of supporting or of propelling by means of a pole or poles; as, the poling of beans; the poling of a boat.

2. (Gardening) The operation of dispersing worm casts over the walks with poles.

3. One of the poles or planks used in upholding the side earth in excavating a tunnel, ditch, etc.

 Pol"ish (?), a. [From Pole a Polander.] Of or pertaining to Poland or its inhabitants. - - n. The language of the Poles.

 Pol"ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polished (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Polishing.] [F. polir, L. polire. Cf.
 Polite, -ish] 1. To make smooth and glossy, usually by friction; to burnish; to overspread with luster; as, to polish glass, marble, metals, etc.

2. Hence, to refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite; as, to polish life or manners. Milton.
To polish off, to finish completely, as an adversary. [Slang] W. H. Russell.
 Pol"ish, v. i. To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface; as, steel polishes well. Bacon.
 Pol"ish, n. 1. A smooth, glossy surface, usually produced by friction; a gloss or luster.

 Another prism of clearer glass and better polish.

Sir I. Newton.
2. Anything used to produce a gloss.

3. Fig.: Refinement; elegance of manners.

 This Roman polish and this smooth behavior.

Addison.
 Pol"ish*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being polished.

 Pol"ished (?), a. Made smooth and glossy, as by friction; hence, highly finished; refined; polite; as, polished plate; polished manners; polished verse.

 Pol"ished*ness, n. The quality of being polished.

 Pol"ish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, polishes; also, that which is used in polishing. Addison.
 Pol"ish*ing, a. & n. from Polish.

Polishing iron, an iron burnisher; esp., a small smoothing iron used in laundries. -- Polishing slate. (a) A gray or yellow slate, found in Bohemia and Auvergne, and used for polishing glass, marble, and metals. (b) A kind of hone or whetstone; hone slate. -- Polishing snake, a tool used in cleaning lithographic stones. -- Polishing wheel, a wheel or disk coated with, or composed of, abrading material, for polishing a surface.

 Pol"ish*ment (?), n. The act of polishing, or the state of being polished. [R.]

 Po*lite" (?), a. [Compar. Politer (?); superl.
 Politest.] [L. politus, p. p. of polire to polish: cf. F. poli.
 See Polish, v.] 1. Smooth; polished. [Obs.]

 Rays of light falling on a polite surface.

Sir I. Newton.
2. Smooth and refined in behavior or manners; well bred; courteous; complaisant; obliging; civil.

 He marries, bows at court, and grows polite.

Pope.
3. Characterized by refinement, or a high degree of finish; as, polite literature. Macaulay.
Syn. -- Polished; refined; well bred; courteous; affable; urbane; civil; courtly; elegant; genteel.

 Po*lite", v. t. To polish; to refine; to render polite. [Obs.] Ray.
 Po*lite"ly (?), adv. 1. In a polished manner; so as to be smooth or glossy. [Obs.] Milton.
2. In a polite manner; with politeness.

 Po*lite"ness, n. 1. High finish; smoothness; burnished elegance. [R.] Evelyn.
2. The quality or state of being polite; refinement of manners; urbanity; courteous behavior; complaisance; obliging attentions.

Syn. -- Courtesy; good breeding; refinement; urbanity; courteousness; affability; complaisance; civility; gentility; courtliness.
 -- Politeness, Courtesy. Politeness denotes that ease and gracefulness of manners which first sprung up in cities, connected with a desire to please others by anticipating their wants and wishes, and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Courtesy is, etymologically, the politeness of courts. It displays itself in the address and manners; it is shown more especially in receiving and entertaining others, and is a union of dignified complaisance and kindness.

 ||Pol'i*tesse" (?), n. [F.] Politeness.

 Pol"i*tic (?), a. [L. politicus political, Gr. &?; belonging to the citizens or to the state, fr.&?; citizen: cf. F. politique.
 See Police, and cf. ePolitical.] 1. Of or pertaining to polity, or civil government; political; as, the body politic. See under Body.

 He with his people made all but one politic body.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. Pertaining to, or promoting, a policy, especially a national policy; well-devised; adapted to its end, whether right or wrong; -- said of things; as, a politic treaty. "Enrich'd with politic grave counsel." Shak.
3. Sagacious in promoting a policy; ingenious in devising and advancing a system of management; devoted to a scheme or system rather than to a principle; hence, in a good sense, wise; prudent; sagacious; and in a bad sense, artful; unscrupulous; cunning; -- said of persons.

Politic with my friend, smooth with mine enemy.

Shak.
Syn. -- Wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet; provident; wary; artful; cunning.

 Pol'i*tic, n. A politician. [Archaic] Bacon.
 Swiftly the politic goes; is it dark? he borrows a lantern; Slowly the statesman and sure, guiding his feet by the stars.

Lowell.
 Po*lit"i*cal (?), a. 1. Having, or conforming to, a settled system of administration. [R.] "A political government." Evelyn.
2. Of or pertaining to public policy, or to politics; relating to affairs of state or administration; as, a political writer. "The political state of Europe." Paley.
3. Of or pertaining to a party, or to parties, in the state; as, his political relations were with the Whigs.

4. Politic; wise; also, artful. [Obs.] Sterne.
Political economy, that branch of political science or philosophy which treats of the sources, and methods of production and preservation, of the material wealth and prosperity of nations.

 Po*lit"i*cal*ism (?), n. Zeal or party spirit in politics.

 Po*lit"i*cal*ly, adv. 1. In a political manner.

2. Politicly; artfully. [Obs.] Knolles.
 Po*lit"i*cas'ter (?), n. [Cf. It. politicastro.] A petty politician; a pretender in politics. Milton.
 Pol'i*ti"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. politicien.]

1. One versed or experienced in the science of government; one devoted to politics; a statesman.

 While empiric politicians use deceit.

Dryden.
2. One primarily devoted to his own advancement in public office, or to the success of a political party; -- used in a depreciatory sense; one addicted or attached to politics as managed by parties (see Politics, 2); a schemer; an intriguer; as, a mere politician.


of which one has expectation. -- Land of steady habits, a nickname sometimes given to the State of Connecticut. -- Land office, a government office in which the entries upon, and sales of, public land are registered, and other business respecting the public lands is transacted. [U.S.] -- Land pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The gray pike, or sauger. (b) The Menobranchus. -- Land service, military service as distinguished from naval service. -- Land rail.
 (Zoöl) (a) The crake or corncrake of Europe. See Crake.
 (b) An Australian rail (Hypotænidia Phillipensis); -- called also pectoral rail. -- Land scrip, a certificate that the purchase money for a certain portion of the public land has been paid to the officer entitled to receive it. [U.S.] -- Land shark, a swindler of sailors on shore. [Sailors' Cant] -- Land side (a) That side of anything in or on the sea, as of an island or ship, which is turned toward the land. (b) The side of a plow which is opposite to the moldboard and which presses against the unplowed land. -- Land snail (Zoöl.), any snail which lives on land, as distinguished from the aquatic snails are Pulmonifera, and belong to the Geophila; but the operculated land snails of warm countries are Diœcia, and belong to the Tænioglossa. See Geophila, and Helix. -- Land spout, a descent of cloud and water in a conical form during the occurrence of a tornado and heavy rainfall on land. - - Land steward, a person who acts for another in the management of land, collection of rents, etc. -- Land tortoise, Land turtle (Zoöl.), any tortoise that habitually lives on dry land, as the box tortoise. See Tortoise. -- Land warrant, a certificate from the Land Office, authorizing a person to assume ownership of a public land. [U.S.] -- Land wind. Same as Land breeze (above). -- To make land (Naut.), to sight land. To set the land, to see by the compass how the land bears from the ship. -- To shut in the land, to hide the land, as when fog, or an intervening island, obstructs the view.

 Land (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Landed; p. pr. & vb. n. Landing.] 1. To set or put on shore from a ship or other water craft; to disembark; to debark.

 I 'll undertake to land them on our coast.

Shak.
2. To catch and bring to shore; to capture; as, to land a fish.

3. To set down after conveying; to cause to fall, alight, or reach; to bring to the end of a course; as, he landed the quoit near the stake; to be thrown from a horse and landed in the mud; to land one in difficulties or mistakes.

 Land, v. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to come to the end of a course.

 Lan"dam*man (?), n. [G. Landamman; land land, country + amimann bailiff. See Land, and Ambassador.] 1. A chief magistrate in some of the Swiss cantons.

2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic.

 Lan"dau (?), n. [From the town Ladau in Germany; cf. F. landau.
 See Land, Island.] A four-wheeled covered vehicle, the top of which is divided into two sections which can be let down, or thrown back, in such a manner as to make an open carriage. [Written also landaw.]

 Lan'dau*let" (?), n. [Cf. F. landaulet, dim, of landau.
 See Landau.] A small landau.

 Land"ed (?), a. 1. Having an estate in land.

 The House of Commons must consist, for the most part, of landed men.

Addison.
2. Consisting in real estate or land; as, landed property; landed security.

 Land"er (?), n. 1. One who lands, or makes a landing. "The lander in a lonely isle." Tennyson.
2. (Mining) A person who waits at the mouth of the shaft to receive the kibble of ore.

 Land"fall (?), n. 1. A sudden transference of property in land by the death of its owner.

2. (Naut.) Sighting or making land when at sea.

A good landfall (Naut.), the sighting of land in conformity with the navigator's reckoning and expectation.

 Land"flood' (?), n. An overflowing of land by river; an inundation; a freshet. Clarendon.
 Land"grave' (?), n. [G. landgraf; land land + graf earl, count; cf. D. landgraaf, F. landgrave.] A German nobleman of a rank corresponding to that of an earl in England and of a count in France.

 The title was first adopted by some German counts in the twelfth century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior counts under their jurisdiction. Three of them were princes of the empire.

 Land*gra"vi*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. landgraviat.] 1. The territory held by a landgrave.

2. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a landgrave.

 Land"gra*vine (?), n. [G. landgräfin; cf. D. landgravin.]
 The wife of a landgrave.

 Land"hold'er (?), n. A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. -- Land"hold'ing, n. & a. Land"ing, a. Of, pertaining to, or used for, setting, bringing, or going, on shore.

Landing charges, charges or fees paid on goods unloaded from a vessel. -- Landing net, a small, bag-shaped net, used in fishing to take the fish from the water after being hooked. -- Landing stage, a floating platform attached at one end to a wharf in such a manner as to rise and fall with the tide, and thus facilitate passage between the wharf and a vessel lying beside the stage. -- Landing waiter, a customhouse officer who oversees the landing of goods, etc., from vessels; a landwaiter.

 Land"ing, n. 1. A going or bringing on shore.

2. A place for landing, as from a ship, a carriage. etc.

3. (Arch.) The level part of a staircase, at the top of a flight of stairs, or connecting one flight with another.

Landing place. me as Landing, n., 2 and 3.

 Land"la'dy (?), n.; pl. Landladies (#). [Cf. Landlord.]
 1. A woman having real estate which she leases to a tenant or tenants.

2. The mistress of an inn or lodging house.

 Land"leap'er (?), n. See Landlouper.

 Land"less (?), a. Having no property in land.

 Land"lock' (?), v. t. To inclose, or nearly inclose, as a harbor or a vessel, with land.

 Land"locked' (?), a. 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, by land.

2. (Zoöl.) Confined to a freshwater lake by reason of waterfalls or dams; -- said of fishes that would naturally seek the sea, after spawning; as, the landlocked salmon.

 Land"lo'per (?), n. Same as Landlouper.

 Land"lord' (?), n. [See Land, and Lord.] 1. The lord of


by compression, as in making paper collars.

 Bur"nish, v. i. To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large.

 A slender poet must have time to grow, And spread and burnish as his brothers do. Dryden.
 My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell. Herbert.
 Bur"nish, n. The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster.
 Crashaw.
 Bur"nish*er (&?;), n. 1. One who burnishes.

2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses.

 { Bur"noose, Bur"nous } (&?;), n. [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.] 1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs.

2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.]

 Burn"stic'kle (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

 Burnt (&?;), p. p. & a. Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun.

Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut.
 -- Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice.
 [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.]
 Burr (&?;), n. [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1.

2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also, the rough neck left on a bullet in casting.

 The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs. Tomlinson.
3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down.

4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping.

5. The lobe or lap of the ear.

6. [Probably of imitative origin.] A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; -- often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr.

7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8.

 Burr (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.] To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning.
 Bur"rel (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurré butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf.
 Butter.] A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp.

 Bur"rel, n. Same as Borrel.

 Bur"rel fly' (&?;). [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.)
 The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly.

 Bur"rel shot' (&?;). [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.)
 A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.]

 Burr"ing ma*chine" (&?;). A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances.

 Burr" mill"stone' (&?;). See Buhrstone.

 Bur"ro (&?;), n. [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.) A donkey.
 [Southern U.S.]

 Bur"rock (&?;), n. [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.] A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight.
 Bur"row (&?;), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough.

2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation.

3. (Mining) A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse.

4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5.

 Bur"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits.

2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide.

 Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another. Burke.
Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog.

 Bur"row*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it.

 Burr"stone', n. See Buhrstone.

 Burr"y (&?;), a. Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as, burry wool.

 ||Bur"sa (&?;), n.; pl. Bursæ (&?;).
 [L. See Burse.] (Anat.) Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

 Bur"sal (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursæ.

 Bur"sar (&?;), n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as, the bursar of a college, or of a monastery.

2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or partial support.

 Bur"sar*ship, n. The office of a bursar.

 Bur"sa*ry (&?;), n.; pl. - ries (&?;). [LL.
 bursaria. See Bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery.

2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in Scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. "No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift." Southey.
 ||Bursch (&?;), n.; pl. Burschen (&?;). [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.] A youth; especially, a


. placement.] 1. The act of placing, or the state of being placed.

2. Position; place.

 Pla*cen"ta (?), n.; pl. L. Placentæ (#), E. Placentas (#). [L., a cake, Gr. &?; a flat cake, from &?; flat, fr. &?;, &?;, anything flat and broad.] 1. (Anat.) The vascular appendage which connects the fetus with the parent, and is cast off in parturition with the afterbirth.

 In most mammals the placenta is principally developed from the allantois and chorion, and tufts of vascular villi on its surface penetrate the blood vessels of the parental uterus, and thus establish a nutritive and excretory connection between the blood of the fetus and that of the parent, though the blood itself does not flow from one to the other.

2. (Bot.) The part of a pistil or fruit to which the ovules or seeds are attached.

 Pla*cen"tal (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the placenta; having, or characterized by having, a placenta; as, a placental mammal.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Placentalia.

 Pla*cen"tal, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Placentalia.

 ||Plac'en*ta"li*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mammalia including those that have a placenta, or all the orders above the marsupials.

 Pla*cen"ta*ry (?), a. Having reference to the placenta; as, the placentary system of classification.

 Plac'en*ta"tion (?), n. 1. (Anat.) The mode of formation of the placenta in different animals; as, the placentation of mammals.

2. (Bot.) The mode in which the placenta is arranged or composed; as, axile placentation; parietal placentation.

 Plac'en*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Placenta + -ferous.] (Bot.
 & Zoöl.) Having or producing a placenta.

 Pla*cen"ti*form (?), a. [Placenta + -form.] (Bot.)
 Having the shape of a placenta, or circular thickened disk somewhat thinner about the middle.

 Pla*cen"tious (?), a. [See Please.] Pleasing; amiable. [Obs.] "A placentious person." Fuller.
 Place"-proud' (?), a. Proud of rank or office. Beau. & Fl.
 Pla"cer (?), n. One who places or sets. Spenser.
 Plac"er (?), n. [Sp.] A deposit of earth, sand, or gravel, containing valuable mineral in particles, especially by the side of a river, or in the bed of a mountain torrent. [U.S.]

 ||Pla"cet (?), n. [L. placet it pleases.] 1. A vote of assent, as of the governing body of a university, of an ecclesiastical council, etc.

2. The assent of the civil power to the promulgation of an ecclesiastical ordinance. Shipley.
 The king... annulled the royal placet.

J. P. Peters.
 Plac"id (?), a. [L. placidus, originally, pleasing, mild, from placere to please: cf. F. placide. See Please.]
 Pleased; contented; unruffied; undisturbed; serene; peaceful; tranquil; quiet; gentle. "That placid aspect and meek regard." Milton.
 "Sleeping... the placid sleep of infancy." Macaulay.
 Pla*cid"i*ty (?), n. [L. placiditas: cf. F. placidité.]
 The quality or state of being placid; calmness; serenity. Hawthorne.
 Plac"id*ly (?), adv. In a placid manner.

 Plac"id*ness, n. The quality or state of being placid.

 Plac"it (?), n. [L. placitum. See Plea.] A decree or determination; a dictum. [Obs.] "The placits and opinions of other philosophers." Evelyn.
 Plac"i*to*ry (?), a. [See Placit.] Of or pertaining to pleas or pleading, in courts of law. [Obs.] Clayton.
 ||Plac"i*tum (?), n.; pl. Placita (#). [LL. See Placit.] 1. A public court or assembly in the Middle Ages, over which the sovereign president when a consultation was held upon affairs of state. Brande & C.
2. (Old Eng. Law) A court, or cause in court.

3. (Law) A plea; a pleading; a judicial proceeding; a suit.
 Burrill.
 Plack (?), n. [F. plaque a plate of metal. Cf. Plaque.] A small copper coin formerly current in Scotland, worth less than a cent.

 With not a plack in the pocket of the poet.

Prof. Wilson.
 Plack"et (?), n. [F. plaquer to lay or clap on. See Placard.]
 1. A petticoat, esp. an under petticoat; hence, a cant term for a woman. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
2. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or skirt for convenience in putting it on; -- called also placket hole.

3. A woman's pocket.

 Plac"o*derm (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, tablet + &?; skin.]
 (Paleon.) One of the Placodermi.

 Plac'o*der"mal (?), a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the placoderms; like the placoderms.

 ||Plac'o*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) Same as Placodermi.

 ||Plac'o*der"mi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a tablet + &?; skin.] (Paleon.) An extinct group of fishes, supposed to be ganoids. The body and head were covered with large bony plates. See Illust. under Pterichthys, and Coccosteus.

 Plac'o*ga"noid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Placoganoidei.

 ||Plac'o*ga*noi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a tablet + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes including those that have large external bony plates and a cartilaginous skeleton.

 Plac"oid (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a tablet + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Platelike; having irregular, platelike, bony scales, often bearing spines; pertaining to the placoids.

 Plac"oid, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any fish having placoid scales, as the sharks. (b) One of the Placoides.

 ||Pla*coi"des (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes including the sharks and rays; the Elasmobranchii; -- called also Placoidei.

 Pla*coid"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the placoids.

 ||Pla*coph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, tablet + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of gastropod Mollusca,


different substances absorbed from the soil by these plants when their powers of absorption are not interfered with by other plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature. Therefore my son and I wish to grow plants in pots in soil entirely, or as nearly entirely as is possible, destitute of all matter which plants absorb, and then to give during several successive generations to several plants of the same species as different solutions as may be compatible with their life and health. And now, can you advise me how to make soil approximately free of all the substances which plants naturally absorb? I suppose white silver sand, sold for cleaning harness, etc., is nearly pure silica, but what am I to do for alumina? Without some alumina I imagine that it would be impossible to keep the soil damp and fit for the growth of plants. I presume that clay washed over and over again in water would still yield mineral matter to the carbonic acid secreted by the roots. I should want a good deal of soil, for it would be useless to experimentise unless we could fill from twenty to thirty moderately sized flower-pots every year.
 Can you suggest any plan? for unless you can it would, I fear, be useless for us to commence an attempt to discover whether variability depends at all on matter absorbed from the soil. After obtaining the requisite kind of soil, my notion is to water one set of plants with nitrate of potassium, another set with nitrate of sodium, and another with nitrate of lime, giving all as much phosphate of ammonia as they seemed to support, for I wish the plants to grow as luxuriantly as possible. The plants watered with nitrate of Na and of Ca would require, I suppose, some K; but perhaps they would get what is absolutely necessary from such soil as I should be forced to employ, and from the rain-water collected in tanks. I could use hard water from a deep well in the chalk, but then all the plants would get lime. If the plants to which I give Nitrate of Na and of Ca would not grow I might give them a little alum.

 I am well aware how very ignorant I am, and how crude my notions are; and if you could suggest any other solutions by which plants would be likely to be affected it would be a very great kindness. I suppose that there are no organic fluids which plants would absorb, and which I could procure?

 I must trust to your kindness to excuse me for troubling you at such length, and, I remain, dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.

 [The next letter to Professor Semper (Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.)
 bears on the same subject:] FROM CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, July 19, 1881.

 My dear Professor Semper, I have been much pleased to receive your letter, but I did not expect you to answer my former one... I cannot remember what I wrote to you, but I am sure that it must have expressed the interest which I felt in reading your book. (Published in the 'International Scientific Series,' in 1881, under the title, 'The Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect Animal Life.') I thought that you attributed too much weight to the DIRECT action of the environment; but whether I said so I know not, for without being asked I should have thought it presumptuous to have criticised your book, nor should I now say so had I not during the last few days been struck with Professor Hoffmann's review of his own work in the 'Botanische Zeitung,' on the variability of plants; and it is really surprising how little effect he produced by cultivating certain plants under unnatural conditions, as the presence of salt, lime, zinc, etc., etc., during SEVERAL generations. Plants, moreover, were selected which were the most likely to vary under such conditions, judging from the existence of closely-allied forms adapted for these conditions. No doubt I originally attributed too little weight to the direct action of conditions, but Hoffmann's paper has staggered me. Perhaps hundreds of generations of exposure are necessary. It is a most perplexing subject. I wish I was not so old, and had more strength, for I see lines of research to follow.
 Hoffmann even doubts whether plants vary more under cultivation than in their native home and under their natural conditions. If so, the astonishing variations of almost all cultivated plants must be due to selection and breeding from the varying individuals. This idea crossed my mind many years ago, but I was afraid to publish it, as I thought that people would say, "how he does exaggerate the importance of selection."

 I still MUST believe that changed conditions give the impulse to variability, but that they act IN MOST CASES in a very indirect manner.
 But, as I said, it is a most perplexing problem. Pray forgive me for writing at such length; I had no intention of doing so when I sat down to write.

 I am extremely sorry to hear, for your own sake and for that of Science, that you are so hard worked, and that so much of your time is consumed in official labour.

 Pray believe me, dear Professor Semper, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.

 GALLS.

 [Shortly before his death, my father began to experimentise on the possibility of producing galls artificially. A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 3, 1880) shows the interest which he felt in the question:— "I was delighted with Paget's Essay ('Disease in Plants,' by Sir James Paget.—See "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1880.); I hear that he has occasionally attended to this subject from his youth... I am very glad he has called attention to galls: this has always seemed to me a profoundly interesting subject; and if I had been younger would take it up."

 His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish to learn something of the causes of variation. He imagined to himself wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus new varieties arise. He made a considerable number of experiments by injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves, and with some slight indications of success.]

 AGGREGATION.

 [The following letter gives an idea of the subject of the last of his published papers. ('Journal of the Linnean Society.' volume xix, 1882, pages 239 and 262.) The appearances which he observed in leaves and roots attracted him, on account of their relation to the phenomena of aggregation which had so deeply interested him when he was at work on Drosera:] CHARLES DARWIN TO S.H. VINES. (Reader in Botany in the University of Cambridge.) Down, November 1, 1881.

 My dear Mr. Vines, As I know how busy you are, it is a great shame to trouble you. But you are so rich in chemical knowledge about plants, and I am so poor, that I appeal to your charity as a pauper. My question is—Do you know of any solid substance in the cells of plants which glycerine and water dissolves? But you will understand my perplexity better if I give you the facts: I mentioned to you that if a plant of Euphorbia peplus is gently dug up and the roots placed for a short time in a weak solution (1 to 10,000 of water, suffices in 24 hours) of carbonate of ammonia the (generally) alternate longitudinal rows of cells in every rootlet, from the root-cap up to the very top of the root (but not as far as I have yet seen in the green stem) become filled with translucent, brownish grains of matter. These rounded grains often cohere and even become confluent. Pure phosphate and nitrate of ammonia produce (though more slowly) the same effect, as does


Transcribed from the 1889 George Routledge and Sons "Carisbrooke Library" edition by Steven Rice.
Second proofing by David Price, email _EMAIL_ Book cover A TALE OF A TUB AND THE HISTORY OF MARTIN BY JONATHAN SWIFT EDITED BY HENRY MORLEY, LL.D.
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS Broadway, Ludgate Hill GLASGOW MANCHESTER AND NEW YORK 1889 CONTENTS.
A Tale of a Tub To the Right Honourable John Lord Somers 37 The Bookseller to The Reader 41 The Epistle Dedicatory 43 The Preface 49 Section I. The Introduction 59 Section II.

70 Section III.
A Digression Concerning Critics 81 Section IV.
A Tale of a Tub 90 Section V. A Digression in the Modern Kind 100 Section VI.
A Tale of a Tub 106 Section VII.
A Digression in Praise of Digressions 113 Section VIII.
A Tale of a Tub 118 Section IX.
A Digression Concerning the Original...
125 Section X. A Farther Digression 138 Section XI.
A Tale of a Tub 143 The Conclusion 155 The History of Martin The History of Martin 159 A Digression on the Nature...
163 The History of Martin—Continued 164 A Project for the Universal Benefit of Mankind 165 A TALE OF A TUB.
ORIGINAL ADVERTISEMENT.
Treatifes writ by the fame Author, moft of them mentioned in the following Discourfes; which will be fpeedily publifhed.
A Character of the prefent Set of Wits in this Ifland.
A Panegyrical Effay upon the Number THREE.
A Differtation upon the principal productions of Grub-ftreet.
Lectures upon the Diffection of Human Nature.
A Panegyrick upon the World.
An Analytical Difcourfe upon Zeal, Hiftori-theo-phyfi-logically confidered.
A general Hiftory of Ears.
A modeft Defence of the Proceedings of the Rabble in all Ages.
A Defcription of the Kingdom of Abfurdities.
A Voyage into England, by a Perfon of Quality in Terra Auftralis incognita, tranflated from the Original.
A Critical Effay upon the Art of Canting, Philofophically, Phyfically, and Mufically confidered.
Facsimile of title page of the second (1704) edition p. 37TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE JOHN LORD SOMERS.
My Lord, Though the author has written a large Dedication, yet that being addressed to a Prince whom I am never likely to have the honour of being known to; a person, besides, as far as I can observe, not at all regarded or thought on by any of our present writers; and I being wholly free from that slavery which booksellers usually lie under to the caprices of authors, I think it a wise piece of presumption to inscribe these papers to your Lordship, and to implore your Lordship's protection of them. God and your Lordship know their faults and their merits; for as to my own particular, I am altogether a stranger to the matter; and though everybody else should be equally ignorant, I do not fear the sale of the book at all the worse upon that score. Your Lordship's name on the front in capital letters will at any time get off one edition: neither would I desire any other help to grow an alderman than a patent for the sole privilege of dedicating to your Lordship.
I should now, in right of a dedicator, give your Lordship a list of your own virtues, and at the same time be very unwilling to offend your modesty; but chiefly I should celebrate your liberality towards men of great parts and small fortunes, and give you broad hints that I mean myself. And I was just going on in the usual method to peruse a hundred or two of dedications, and transcribe an abstract to be applied to your Lordship, but I was diverted by a certain accident. For upon the covers of these papers I casually observed written in large letters the two following words, DETUR DIGNISSIMO, which, for aught I knew, might contain some important meaning. But it unluckily fell out that none of the Authors I employ understood Latin (though I have them often in pay to translate out of that language). I was therefore compelled to have recourse to the Curate of our Parish, who Englished it thus, Let it be given to the worthiest; and his comment was that the Author meant his work should be dedicated to the sublimest genius of the age for wit, learning, judgment, eloquence, and wisdom. I called at a poet's chamber (who works for my shop) in an alley hard by, showed him the translation, and desired his opinion who it was that the Author could mean. He told me, after some consideration, that vanity was a thing he abhorred, but by the description he thought himself to be the person aimed at; and at the same time he very kindly offered his own assistance gratis towards penning a dedication to himself.
I desired him, however, to give a second guess. Why then, said he, it must be I, or my Lord Somers. From thence I went to several other wits of my acquaintance, with no small hazard and weariness to my person, from a prodigious number of dark winding stairs; but found them all in the same story, both of your Lordship and themselves. Now your Lordship is to understand that this proceeding was not of my own invention; for I have somewhere heard it is a maxim that those to whom everybody allows the second place have an undoubted title to the first.
This infallibly convinced me that your Lordship was the person intended by the Author. But being very unacquainted in the style and form of dedications, I employed those wits aforesaid to furnish me with hints and materials towards a panegyric upon your Lordship's virtues.
In two days they brought me ten sheets of paper filled up on every side. They swore to me that they had ransacked whatever could be found in the characters of Socrates, Aristides, Epaminondas, Cato, Tully, Atticus, and other hard names which I cannot now recollect. However, I have reason to believe they imposed upon my ignorance, because when I came to read over their collections, there was not a syllable there but what I and everybody else knew as well as themselves: therefore I grievously suspect a cheat; and that these Authors of mine stole and transcribed every word from the universal report of mankind. So that I took upon myself as fifty shillings out of pocket to no manner of purpose.
If by altering the title I could make the same materials serve for another dedication (as my betters have done), it would help to make up my loss; but I have made several persons dip here and there in those papers, and before they read three lines they have all assured me plainly that they cannot possibly be applied to any person besides your Lordship.
I expected, indeed, to have heard of your Lordship's bravery at the head of an army; of your undaunted courage in mounting a breach or scaling a wall; or to have had your pedigree traced in a lineal descent from the House of Austria; or of your wonderful talent at dress and dancing; or your profound knowledge in algebra, metaphysics, and the Oriental tongues: but to ply the world with an old beaten story of your wit, and eloquence, and learning, and wisdom, and justice, and politeness, and candour, and evenness of temper in all scenes of life; of that great discernment in discovering and readiness in favouring deserving men; with forty other common topics; I confess I have neither conscience nor countenance to do it. Because


which need no special definition; as, homebrewed, home-built, home-grown, etc.
To bring home. See under Bring. -- To come home.(a) To touch or affect personally. See under Come. (b) (Naut.)
 To drag toward the vessel, instead of holding firm, as the cable is shortened; -- said of an anchor. -- To haul home the sheets of a sail (Naut.), to haul the clews close to the sheave hole. Totten.
 Home"born' (hm"bôrn'), a. 1. Native; indigenous; not foreign. Donne. Pope.
2. Of or pertaining to the home or family.

 Fireside enjoyments, homeborn happiness.

Cowper.
 Home"-bound' (?), a. Kept at home.

 Home"-bred' (?), a. 1. Bred at home; domestic; not foreign. " Home-bred mischief." Milton.
 Benignity and home-bred sense.

Wordsworth.
2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated.

 Only to me home-bred youths belong.

Dryden.
 Home"-com'ing (?), n. Return home.

 Kepeth this child, al be it foul or fayr, And eek my wyf, unto myn hoom-cominge.

Chaucer.
 Home"-driv'en (?), a. Driven to the end, as a nail; driven close.

 Home"-dwell'ing (?), a. Keeping at home.

 Home"-felt' (-flt'), a. Felt in one's own breast; inward; private.
 "Homefelt quiet." Pope.
 Home"field' (-fld'), n. A field adjacent to its owner's home. Hawthorne.
 Home"-keep'ing (-kp'ng), a. Staying at home; not gadding.

Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.

Shak.
 Home"-keep'ing, n. A staying at home.

 Home"less, a. [AS. hmleas.] Destitute of a home.

 -- Home"less*ness, n. Home"like' (?), a. Like a home; comfortable; cheerful; cozy; friendly.

 Home"li*ly (?), adv. Plainly; inelegantly. [R.]

 Home"li*ness, n. [From Homely.] 1. Domesticity; care of home. [Obs.] "Wifely homeliness." Chaucer.
2. Familiarity; intimacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.
3. Plainness; want of elegance or beauty.

4. Coarseness; simplicity; want of refinement; as, the homeliness of manners, or language. Addison.
 Home"ling (?), n. A person or thing belonging to a home or to a particular country; a native; as, a word which is a homeling. Trench.
 Home"ly, a. [Compar. Homelier (?); superl. Homeliest.]
 [From Home, n.] 1. Belonging to, or having the characteristics of, home; domestic; familiar; intimate. [Archaic] With all these men I was right homely, and communed with, them long and oft.

Foxe.
 Their homely joys, and destiny obscure.

Gray.
2. Plain; unpretending; rude in appearance; unpolished; as, a homely garment; a homely house; homely fare; homely manners.

 Now Strephon daily entertains His Chloe in the homeliest strains.

Pope.
3. Of plain or coarse features; uncomely; -- contrary to handsome.

 None so homely but loves a lookingglass.

South.
 Home"ly, adv. Plainly; rudely; coarsely; as, homely dressed.
 [R.] Spenser.
 Home"lyn (?), n. [Scot. hommelin.] (Zoöl) The European sand ray (Raia maculata); -- called also home, mirror ray, and rough ray.

 Home"made' (?), a. Made at home; of domestic manufacture; made either in a private family or in one's own country. Locke.
 Ho"me*o*path (?), n. [Cf. F. homéopathe.] A practitioner of homeopathy. [Written also homœopath.]

 Ho'me*o*path"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. homéopathique.] Of or pertaining to homeopathy; according to the principles of homeopathy. [Also homœpathic.]

 Ho'me*o*path"ic*al*ly (?), adv. According to the practice of homeopathy. [Also homœopathically.]

 Ho'me*op"a*thist (?), n. A believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. [Written also homœopathist.]

 Ho*me*op"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; likeness of condition or feeling; &?; like (fr. &?; same; cf. Same) + &?; to suffer: cf. F. homéopathie. See Pathos.] (Med.) The art of curing, founded on resemblances; the theory and its practice that disease is cured (tuto, cito, et jucunde) by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses. This system was founded by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, and is opposed to allopathy, or heteropathy.
 [Written also homœopathy.]

 Hom"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A carrier pigeon remarkable for its ability to return home from a distance.

 Ho"mer (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Hoemother.

 Ho"mer, n. [Heb. khmer.] A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid measure, ten baths, equivalent to fifty-five gallons, two quarts, one pint; and, as a dry measure, ten ephahs, equivalent to six bushels, two pecks, four quarts. [Written also chomer, gomer.]

 Ho*mer"ic (?), a. [L. Homericus, Gr. "Omhriko's.] Of or pertaining to Homer, the most famous of Greek poets; resembling the poetry of Homer.

Homeric verse, hexameter verse; -- so called because used by Homer in his epics.

 Home"sick' (?), a. Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. -- Home"sick'ness, n. Home"-speak'ing (?), n. Direct, forcible, and effective speaking.
 Milton.
 Home"spun (?), a. 1. Spun or wrought at home; of domestic manufacture; coarse; plain. "Homespun country garbs." W. Irving.
2. Plain in manner or style; not elegant; rude; coarse. "Our homespun English proverb." Dryden. "Our homespun authors." Addison.
 Home"spun, n. 1. Cloth made at home; as, he was dressed in homespun.

2. An unpolished, rustic person. [Obs.] Shak.
 Home"stall' (?), n. [AS. hmsteall.] Place of a home; homestead. Cowper.
 Home"stead (?), n. [AS. hmstede.] 1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground immediately connected with it. Dryden.
2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin.

 We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers Volga and Ural.

W. Tooke.
3. (Law) The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family.

Homestead law. (a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon owners of hom


five hundred. He describes two fox ranches at Dover, Maine. They raise twenty to forty silver foxes a year, on a little more than half an acre of land. The silver fox's fur is one of the most valuable on the market and sells at an average of $150 a pelt, that is, $3000 to $6000 gross for the year's work. Foxes are not expensive to breed, their food consisting chiefly of sour milk and cornmeal or flour made into a cake, and a little meat about once a week.
The capital required is small. A fence for the inclosure should be of one and a half inch mesh No. 16 galvanized wire, ten feet high, with an overhang of eighteen inches to keep the foxes from escaping, and is about the only outlay except for purchase of stock.
Stakes should be driven close to the fence to keep them from burrowing out.
They are naturally clean animals, and with careful attention are free from disease. Mr. Stevens reports that in his two years' experience he has had twenty to thirty foxes and lost none by disease, while Mr. Norton, with five years' experience, carrying thirty to forty, reports that one to two die each year.
They breed as well in captivity as in their wild state, usually bringing forth a litter of six or seven in the spring. These breed the following spring and their fur is ready for market the following December. And now breeders sell fine stock to other breeders who are entering the industry, sometimes getting three to four hundred dollars per pair. Mr. Seton remarks, "I am satisfied that any man who has made a success of hens can make a success of foxes, with this advantage for the latter a fox requires no more space or care than a hen, but is worth twenty times as much, and so gives a chance for returns twenty times as large."
This is an infant industry, but if others can get the same results, it will pay handsomely. To get the best furs, however, requires a district where the winters are cold and long.
There are a few skunk farms in the West. It is said that the scent gland can be taken out, though that is not necessary, and that the farms do well. Their oil is also said to be valuable. But while skunks are so common there cannot be much in breeding them.
If your fancy goes to "critters" rather than crops it is much better to raise game birds. Wild turkeys raised under a hen or in an incubator and made pretty tame (if too tame they do not thrive so well in a small area), "wild" ducks, grouse, partridges, quails, even wood ducks which build their nests in trees are no longer experiments.
All the common enemies you have to contend against are foxes, dogs, cats, rats, mink, skunks, hawks, owls, crows, frogs, turtles, snakes, poachers, game legislators, and disease.
It has been calculated that one pair of quails and its progeny would produce five or six million birds in eight years if there were no losses. But so would chickens; and probably you will not get that many.
All about these game birds is set forth in an advertising booklet called, "Game Farming" of the Hercules Powder Co., which has offices in a dozen cities, so we need not enlarge.
CHAPTER XVII WHERE TO GO Intensive cultivation, raising a big crop on little land, can be carried on most profitably near areas of dense population; for perishable products, like fruits and vegetables, can be best marketed near the consumer. The limit for delivery by auto is about fifteen to twenty miles, and then only if roads are good; if the land selected lies on the line of a railroad which gives equal terms to way freight and to through freight, you will fare nearly as well.
Railroads control agricultural development. Sparsely settled regions always practice extensive cultivation, raising light crops on big farms, because only such crops can be grown as can be raised on large areas by machinery, and are not perishable. Staples like corn, wheat, pork, and beef are transported at low prices for long distances by the railroads. This forces the settlers in newly opened portions of the country to sell in a market created by the railroads, in competition with what is produced within the areas of intensive cultivation, that is, with access to adjacent markets.
So we find the bonanza wheat farms of California, the Dakotas, and the Canadian Northwest, the pampas of the Argentine, the Steppes of Russia, and the Indian uplands devoted to wheat raising; in the United States corn belt, fields of from five to twenty thousand acres are still not uncommon. Conversely, intensive cultivation is most advanced in China, where a dense population forced the people long ago to bring into use every foot of tillable soil that is left open to them.
Near the towns of the United States a few market gardeners supply such vegetables as the people do not raise for themselves. The states along the Atlantic seaboard have all the facilities for successful intensive cultivation—a dense population and idle, cultivable land. In choosing a location, the home crofter should well consider his experience, and try to enter a community where he can engage in analogous pursuits. Dairy regions never have enough men who understand cattle and horses; fruit-growing districts always need experienced pickers; market garden regions need men who understand rotating crops and making hotbeds, transplanting, etc.
If you have a little money, you can probably do best by buying and draining some swamp land, which is the most productive of all, as it contains the washings of the upland for centuries. Swamp land can usually be cleared and drained for from thirty to forty dollars per acre. It can be bought very cheap and when ready to cultivate will have increased many times in value.
The next best is the "abandoned" or worn-out farm. Proper methods of cultivation will bring it back to more than its original fertility.
The Eastern states from Maine to Virginia abound with them at from five to twenty-five dollars per acre. In many cases the buildings are worth more than the whole price asked.
The nearest land easily available in the East is in the state of New York. The writer believes it is true that "there are twenty thousand farms for sale in this state, and nearly, all at such low prices and upon such favorable terms as to make them available for any one desiring to engage in agriculture or have a farm home. The soil of these farms is not exhausted, but on the contrary is, with proper cultivation, very productive. Nearly all have good buildings and fences, are supplied with good water and plenty of wood for farm purposes, and in nearly all cases have apple and other fruit trees upon them." (List of Farms, occupied and unoccupied, for sale in New York State. Bureau of Information and Statistics, Bulletin, State of New York, Department of Agriculture.)
These farms are distributed all over the state, some in nearly every county. In Sullivan County, for example, there are farms for sale ranging in price from ten to one hundred dollars per acre. These can, almost without exception, be bought by small payments, balance on long mortgages, and it is wonderful how cheap they are. In Ulster County thirty farms, some of which I have seen, are offered for sale at trifling prices.
Of course, many of these farms have been sold since the first editions of this book, and the prices have advanced, perhaps on the average doubled; but cheap automobiles have improved roads and have made others available that were useless ten years ago. The development of the Southern states, with eradication of the cattle tick (the cause of "Texas Fever") and irrigation and rotation of crops, has opened up new countries. N. O. Nelson writes he has bought many Louisiana farms for his cooperative enterprise for about what the improvements are worth.
Cut over woodlands which we have learned to make produce incomes of about five dollars each year per acre by intelligent forestry, as well as swamp lands which we now know how to make healthful by drainage and by the extinction of mosquitoes, can still be had at low prices in New York and other states. Numerous others are in the market from five dollars per acre up, and so it goes through the state, from Wyoming County in the extreme western end, where farms ranging from thirty to three hundred acres are in the market at from thirty to forty dollars per acre, to St. Lawrence County


," in the daily newspapers.
(return) Footnote 8: See advertising column, "Where to Dine Well," in the daily newspapers.
(return) Footnote 9: See advertising column, "Where to Dine Well," in the daily newspapers.
(return) Footnote 10: See advertising column, "Where to Dine Well," in the daily newspapers.
(return) Footnote 11: See advertising column, "Where to Dine Well," in the daily newspapers.
(return) Footnote 12: An estate famous in Texas legal history. It took many, many years for adjustment and a large part of the property was, of course, consumed as expenses of litigation.
(return)


are sometimes used in churches to contain holy water. -- Giant heron (Zoöl.), a very large African heron (Ardeomega goliath). It is the largest heron known. -- Giant kettle, a pothole of very large dimensions, as found in Norway in connection with glaciers. See Pothole. -- Giant powder. See Nitroglycerin. -- Giant puffball (Bot.), a fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum), edible when young, and when dried used for stanching wounds. -- Giant salamander (Zoöl.), a very large aquatic salamander (Megalobatrachus maximus), found in Japan. It is the largest of living Amphibia, becoming a yard long. -- Giant squid (Zoöl.), one of several species of very large squids, belonging to Architeuthis and allied genera. Some are over forty feet long.

 Gi"ant*ess, n. A woman of extraordinary size.

 Gi"ant*ize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. géantiser.] To play the giant. [R.] Sherwood.
 Gi"ant*ly, a. Appropriate to a giant. [Obs.] Usher.
 Gi"ant*ry (?), n. The race of giants. [R.] Cotgrave.
 Gi"ant*ship, n. The state, personality, or character, of a giant; -- a compellation for a giant.

 His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen . Milton.
 ||Giaour (?), n. [Turk. giaur an infidel, Per. gawr, another form of ghebr fire worshiper. Cf. Kaffir, Gheber.] An infidel; -- a term applied by Turks to disbelievers in the Mohammedan religion, especially Christrians. Byron.
 Gib (?), n. [Abbreviated fr. Gilbert, the name of the cat in the old story of "Reynard the Fox". in the "Romaunt of the Rose", etc.] A male cat; a tomcat. [Obs.]

 Gib, v. i. To act like a cat. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Gib (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A piece or slip of metal or wood, notched or otherwise, in a machine or structure, to hold other parts in place or bind them together, or to afford a bearing surface; -- usually held or adjusted by means of a wedge, key, or screw.

Gib and key, or Gib and cotter (Steam Engine), the fixed wedge or gib, and the driving wedge,key, or cotter, used for tightening the strap which holds the brasses at the end of a connecting rod.

 Gib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbed (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Gibbing.] To secure or fasten with a gib, or gibs; to provide with a gib, or gibs.

Gibbed lathe, an engine lathe in which the tool carriage is held down to the bed by a gib instead of by a weight.

 Gib (?), v. i. To balk. See Jib, v. i. Youatt.
 Gib*bar"tas (?), n. [Cf. Ar. jebbr giant; or L. gibber humpbacked: cf. F. gibbar.] (Zoöl.) One of several finback whales of the North Atlantic; -- called also Jupiter whale.
 [Written also jubartas, gubertas, dubertus.]

 Gib"ber (?), n. [From Gib to balk.] A balky horse. Youatt.
 Gib"ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibbered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gibbering.] [Akin to jabber, and gabble.]
 To speak rapidly and inarticulately. Shak.
 Gib"ber*ish (?), n. [From Gibber, v. i.] Rapid and inarticulate talk; unintelligible language; unmeaning words; jargon.

 He, like a gypsy, oftentimes would go; All kinds of gibberish he had learnt to know.

Drayton.
 Such gibberish as children may be heard amusing themselves with.

Hawthorne.
 Gib"ber*ish, a. Unmeaning; as, gibberish language.

 Gib"bet (?), n. [OE. gibet, F. gibet, in OF. also club, fr. LL. gibetum;; cf. OF. gibe sort of sickle or hook, It. giubbetto gibbet, and giubbetta, dim. of giubba mane, also, an under waistcoat, doublet, Prov. It. gibba (cf. Jupon); so that it perhaps originally signified a halter, a rope round the neck of malefactors; or it is, perhaps, derived fr. L. gibbus hunched, humped, E. gibbous; or cf. E. jib a sail.]

1. A kind of gallows; an upright post with an arm projecting from the top, on which, formerly, malefactors were hanged in chains, and their bodies allowed to remain as a warning.

2. The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended; the jib.

 Gib"bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbeted (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gibbeting.]

1. To hang and expose on a gibbet.

2. To expose to infamy; to blacken.

 I'll gibbet up his name.

Oldham.
 Gib"bier (?), n. [F. gibier.] Wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Addison.
 Gib"bon (?), n. [Cf. F. gibbon.] (Zoöl.) Any arboreal ape of the genus Hylobates, of which many species and varieties inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. They are tailless and without cheek pouches, and have very long arms, adapted for climbing.

 The white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), the crowned (H. pilatus), the wou-wou or singing gibbon (H. agilis), the siamang, and the hoolock. are the most common species.

 Gib" boom' (?). See Jib boom.

 Gib*bose" (?), a. [L. gibbosus, fr. gibbus, gibba, hunch, hump. Cf. Gibbous.] Humped; protuberant; -- said of a surface which presents one or more large elevations. Brande & C. Gib*bost"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. gibbosité.] The state of being gibbous or gibbose; gibbousness.

 Gib"bous (?), a. [Cf. F. gibbeux. See Gibbose.]

1. Swelling by a regular curve or surface; protuberant; convex; as, the moon is gibbous between the halfmoon and the full moon.

 The bones will rise, and make a gibbous member.

Wiseman.
2. Hunched; hump-backed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 -- Gib"bous*ly, adv. -- Gib"bous*ness, n. Gibbs"ite (?), n. [Named after George Gibbs.] (Min.)
 A hydrate of alumina.

 Gib"-cat' (?), n. A male cat, esp. an old one. See lst Gib. n.
 [Obs.] Shak.
 Gibe (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gibing.] [Cf. Prov. F. giber, equiv. to F. jouer to play, Icel. geipa to talk nonsense, E. jabber.] To cast reproaches and sneering expressions; to rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout; to fleer;


Lead to conduct.]
 1. The mouth of a river. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson.
2. A passage for water; a ditch or drain. [Prov. Eng.]

 Lade"man (?), n. One who leads a pack horse; a miller's servant.
 [Obs. or Local] Lad"en (?), p. & a. Loaded; freighted; burdened; as, a laden vessel; a laden heart.

 Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.

Is. i. 4.
 A ship laden with gold.

Shak.
 La"died (?), a. Ladylike; not rough; gentle. [Obs.] "Stroked with a ladied land." Feltham.
 La"dies' ear'drops' (?). (Bot.) The smallflowered Fuchsia (F. coccinea), and other closely related species.

 La"di*fy (?), v. t. [Lady + - fy.] To make a lady of; to make ladylike. [Obs.] Massinger.
 La*din" (?), n. [From L. Latinus Latin. See Latin] A Romansch dialect spoken in some parts of Switzerland and the Tyrol.

 Lad"ing (?), n. 1. The act of loading.

2. That which lades or constitutes a load or cargo; freight; burden; as, the lading of a ship.

Bill of lading. See under Bill.

 ||La*di"no (?), n.; pl. Ladinos (#). [Sp.] One of the half-breed descendants of whites and Indians; a mestizo; -- so called throughout Central America. They are usually of a yellowish orange tinge.
 Am. Cyc.
 Lad"kin (?), n. A little lad. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 La"dle (?), n. [AS. hlædel, fr. hladan to load, drain. See Lade, v. t.] 1. A cuplike spoon, often of large size, with a long handle, used in lading or dipping.

 When the materials of glass have been kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen take off with ladles.

Boyle.
2. (Founding) A vessel to carry liquid metal from the furnace to the mold.

3. The float of a mill wheel; -- called also ladle board.

4. (Gun.) (a) An instrument for drawing the charge of a cannon. (b) A ring, with a handle or handles fitted to it, for carrying shot.

Ladle wood (Bot.), the wood of a South African tree (Cassine Colpoon), used for carving.

 La"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ladled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Ladling (?).] To take up and convey in a ladle; to dip with, or as with, a ladle; as, to ladle out soup; to ladle oatmeal into a kettle.

 La"dle*ful (?), n.; pl. Ladlefuls (&?;). A quantity sufficient to fill a ladle.

 La*drone" (?), n. [Sp. ladron, L. latro servant, robber, Gr. (&?;) a servant.] A robber; a pirate; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal.

 La"dy (l"d), n.; pl. Ladies (-dz). [OE. ladi, læfdi, AS. hlfdige, hlfdie; AS. hlf loaf + a root of uncertain origin, possibly akin to E. dairy. See Loaf, and cf. Lord.]

1. A woman who looks after the domestic affairs of a family; a mistress; the female head of a household.

 Agar, the handmaiden of Sara, whence comest thou, and whither goest thou? The which answered, Fro the face of Sara my lady.

Wyclif (Gen. xvi. 8.).
2. A woman having proprietary rights or authority; mistress; -- a feminine correlative of lord. "Lord or lady of high degree."
 Lowell.
 Of all these bounds, even from this line to this,... We make thee lady.

Shak.
3. A woman to whom the particular homage of a knight was paid; a woman to whom one is devoted or bound; a sweetheart.

 The soldier here his wasted store supplies, And takes new valor from his lady's eyes.

Waller.
4. A woman of social distinction or position. In England, a title prefixed to the name of any woman whose husband is not of lower rank than a baron, or whose father was a nobleman not lower than an earl. The wife of a baronet or knight has the title of Lady by courtesy, but not by right.

5. A woman of refined or gentle manners; a well-bred woman; -- the feminine correlative of gentleman.

6. A wife; -- not now in approved usage. Goldsmith.
7. (Zoöl.) The triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster; -- so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure. It consists of calcareous plates.

Ladies' man, a man who affects the society of ladies. -- Lady altar, an altar in a lady chapel. Shipley. -- Lady chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. -- Lady court, the court of a lady of the manor. -- Lady crab (Zoöl.), a handsomely spotted swimming crab (Platyonichus ocellatus) very common on the sandy shores of the Atlantic coast of the United States. -- Lady fern.
 (Bot.) See Female fern, under Female, and Illust. of Fern. -- Lady in waiting, a lady of the queen's household, appointed to wait upon or attend the queen. -- Lady Mass, a Mass said in honor of the Virgin Mary. Shipley. Lady of the manor, a lady having jurisdiction of a manor; also, the wife of a manor lord. Lady's maid, a maidservant who dresses and waits upon a lady. Thackeray.
 -- Our Lady, the Virgin Mary.

 La"dy, a. Belonging or becoming to a lady; ladylike.

 "Some lady trifles." Shak.
 La"dy*bird' (?), n. [Equiv. to, bird of Our Lady.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of numerous species of small beetles of the genus Coccinella and allied genera (family Coccinellidæ); -- called also ladybug, ladyclock, lady cow, lady fly, and lady beetle.
 Coccinella seplempunctata in one of the common European species.
 See Coccinella.

 The ladybirds are usually more or less hemispherical in form, with a smooth, polished surface, and often colored red, brown, or black, with small spots of brighter colors. Both the larvæ and the adult beetles of most species feed on aphids, and for this reason they are very beneficial to agriculture and horticulture.

 La"dy*bug' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ladybird.

 La"dy*clock' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Ladybird.

 La"dy' Day' (d). The day of the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25.
 See Annunciation.

 La"dy*fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, handsome oceanic fish (Albula vulpes), found both in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonefish, grubber, French mullet, and macabé. (b) A labroid fish (Harpe rufa) of Florida and the West Indies.

 La"dy*hood (?), n. The state or quality of being a lady; the personality of a lady.

 La"dy-kill'er (?), n. A gallant who captivates the hearts of women.
 "A


but also ex officio regent in the king's absence.

Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland.

 { Jus"ti*co (?), Jus"ti*coat' (?) }, n. [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.] Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

 Jus"ti*fi'a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.]
 Capable of being justified, or shown to be just.

 Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men.

Milton.
Syn. -- Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable.

 -- Jus"ti*fi'a*ble*ness, n. -- Jus"ti*fi'a*bly, adv.
 Jus'ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification.
 See Justify.]

1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification.

 I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue.

Shak.
2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer.

3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements.

 Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.

Rom. iv. 25.
 In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience.

Milton.
4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

 Jus*tif"i*ca*tive (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. justificatif.] Having power to justify; justificatory.

 Jus"ti*fi*ca'tor (?), n. [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.]
 One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.
 Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry (?; 277), a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

 Jus"ti*fi'er (?), n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves.

Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites.

Strype.
 That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.

Rom. iii. 26.
 Jus"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying (?).] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.]

1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty.

 That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men.

Milton.
 Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government.

E. Everett.
2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear.

 I can not justify whom the law condemns.

Shak.
3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve.

 By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses.

Acts xiii. 39.
4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak.
5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4.

Syn. -- To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

 Jus"ti*fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly.

2. (Law) To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety.

 Jus*tin"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

 Jus"tle (?), v. i. [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.] To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak.
 The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways.

Nahum ii. 4.
 Jus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Justling (?).] To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle.

 We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while.

Addison.
 Jus"tle, n. An encounter or shock; a jostle.

 Just"ly (?), adv. [From Just, a.] In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed." Shak.
 Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame.

South.
 Just"ness, n. The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause.

 In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action.

Dryden.
Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

 Jut (jt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Jutting.] [A corruption of jet.]

1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building. "In jutting rock and curved shore." Wordsworth.
 It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem.

Sir T. Browne.
2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer." Mason.
 Jut, n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection.

2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.
 Jute (jt), n. [Hind. jt, Skr. ja matted hair; cf. jaa matted hair, fibrous roots.] The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

 Jutes (jts), n. pl. sing. Jute


xides are regarded as compounds of hydroxyl, united usually with basic element or radical; as, calcium hydroxide ethyl hydroxide.

 Hy*drox"y- (?). (Chem.) A combining form, also used adjectively, indicating hydroxyl as an ingredient.

Hydroxy acid (Chem.), an organic acid, having (besides the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl radical) an alcoholic hydroxyl group, and thus having the qualities of an alcohol in addition to its acid properties; as, lactic and tartaric acids are hydroxy acids.

 Hy*drox"yl (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + oxygen + -yl.]
 (Chem.) A compound radical, or unsaturated group, HO, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids, etc.

 Hy*drox'yl*am"ine (?), n. [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.)
 A nitrogenous, organic base, NH2.OH, resembling ammonia, and produced by a modified reduction of nitric acid. It is usually obtained as a volatile, unstable solution in water. It acts as a strong reducing agent.

 ||Hy'dro*zo"a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Acalephæ; one of the classes of cœlenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora.

 Hy'dro*zo"al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Hydrozoa.

 ||Hy'dro*zo"ön (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrozoa (#), E. Hydrozoöns (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hydrozoa.

 Hy"dru*ret (?), n. [Hydro-, 2] (Chem.) A binary compound of hydrogen; a hydride. [Obs.]

 ||Hy"drus (?), n. [L., a water serpent; also, a certain constellation, Gr. "y'dros.] (Astron.) A constellation of the southern hemisphere, near the south pole.

 Hye (?), n. & v. See Hie. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hy*e"mal (?), a. [L. hyemalis, or better hiemalis, fr. hyems, hiems, winter: cf. F. hyémal.]
 Belonging to winter; done in winter. Sir T. Browne.
 Hy"e*mate (?), v. i. [L. hiemare, hiematum. See Hyemal.] To pass the winter. [Obs. & R.]

 Hy'e*ma"tion (?), n. [L. hiematio.] 1. The passing of a winter in a particular place; a wintering.

2. The act of affording shelter in winter. [Obs.]

 Hy"en (?), n. [F. hyène.] A hyena. [Obs.] Shak.
 Hy*e"na (?), n.; pl. Hyenas (#). [L. hyaena, Gr. &?;, orig., a sow, but usually, a Libyan wild beast, prob., the hyena, fr. &?; hog: cf. F. hyène. See Sow female hog.]
 (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyænidæ, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits.
 [Written also hyæna.]

 The striped hyena (Hyæna striata) inhabits Southern Asia and a large part of Africa. The brown hyena (H. brunnea), and the spotted hyena (Crocuta maculata), are found in Southern Africa. The extinct cave hyena (H. spelæa) inhabited England and France.

Cave hyena. See under Cave. -- Hyena dog (Zoöl.), a South African canine animal (Lycaon venaticus), which hunts in packs, chiefly at night. It is smaller than the common wolf, with very large, erect ears, and a bushy tail. Its color is reddish or yellowish brown, blotched with black and white. Called also hunting dog.

 Hy"e*tal (?), a. [Gr. &?; rain, from &?; to rain.] Of or pertaining to rain; descriptive of the distribution of rain, or of rainy regions.

 Hy"e*to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; rain + -graph.] A chart or graphic representation of the average distribution of rain over the surface of the earth.

 Hy'e*to*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to to hyetography.

 Hy'e*tog"ra*phy (?), n. The branch of physical science which treats of the geographical distribution of rain.

 Hy*ge"ia (?), n. [L. Hygea, Hygia, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, health, &?;, Hygeia, fr. &?; sound, healthy.] (Classic Myth.) The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius.

 Hy*ge"ian (?), a. Relating to Hygeia, the goddess of health; of or pertaining to health, or its preservation.

 Hy"ge*ist (?), n. One skilled in hygiena; a hygienist.

 Hy"gie*ist (?), n. A hygienist.

 Hy"gi*ene (?), n. [F. hygiène. See Hygeia.] That department of sanitary science which treats of the preservation of health, esp. of households and communities; a system of principles or rules designated for the promotion of health.

 Hy'gi*en"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. hygiénique.] Of or pertaining to health or hygiene; sanitary.

 Hy'gi*en"ics, n. The science of health; hygiene.

 Hy"gi*en*ism (?), n. Hygiene.

 Hy"gi*en*ist, n. One versed in hygiene.

 Hy'gi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; health + -logy.] A treatise on, or the science of, the preservation of health. [R.]

 Hy"grine (?), n. [From Gr. &?; moist.] (Chem.) An alkaloid associated with cocaine in coca leaves (Erythroxylon coca), and extracted as a thick, yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor.

 Hy"gro*deik (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet, moist, and &?; to show.]
 (Physics) A form of hygrometer having wet and dry bulb thermometers, with an adjustable index showing directly the percentage of moisture in the air, etc.

 Hy"gro*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of the humidity of the atmosphere.

 Hy*grol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + -logy: cf. F. hygrologie.]
 (Med.) The science which treats of the fluids of the body.

 Hy*grom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet, moist + -meter: cf.
 F. hygromètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere.

Daniell's hygrometer, a form of hygrometer consisting of a bent glass tube terminating in two bulbs, the one covered with muslin, the other of black glass, and containing ether and a thermometer. Ether being poured on the muslin, the black ball, cooled by the evaporation of the ether within, is soon covered with dew; at this moment, the inclosed thermometer gives the dew-point