books in the Soviet Union; now refers by obvious extension to any less-than-official promulgation of textual material, esp. rare, obsolete, or never-formally-published computer documentation.
Samizdat is obviously much easier when one has access to high-bandwidth networks and high-quality laser printers. Note that samizdat is properly used only with respect to documents which contain needed information (see also hacker ethic) but which are for some reason otherwise unavailable, but not in the context of documents which are available through normal channels, for which unauthorized duplication would be unethical copyright violation.
See Lions Book for a historical example.
Node:samurai, Next:sandbender, Previous:samizdat, Up:= S = samurai n. A hacker who hires out for legal cracking jobs, snooping for factions in corporate political fights, lawyers pursuing privacy-rights and First Amendment cases, and other parties with legitimate reasons to need an electronic locksmith. In 1991, mainstream media reported the existence of a loose-knit culture of samurai that meets electronically on BBS systems, mostly bright teenagers with personal micros; they have modeled themselves explicitly on the historical samurai of Japan and on the "net cowboys" of William Gibson's cyberpunk novels. Those interviewed claim to adhere to a rigid ethic of loyalty to their employers and to disdain the vandalism and theft practiced by criminal crackers as beneath them and contrary to the hacker ethic; some quote Miyamoto Musashi's "Book of Five Rings", a classic of historical samurai doctrine, in support of these principles. See also sneaker, Stupids, social engineering, cracker, hacker ethic, and dark-side hacker.
Node:sandbender, Next:sandbox, Previous:samurai, Up:= S = sandbender n.
[IBM] A person involved with silicon lithography and the physical design of chips. Compare ironmonger, polygon pusher.
Node:sandbox, Next:sanity check, Previous:sandbender, Up:= S = sandbox n.
1. (also 'sandbox, the') Common term for the R&D department at many software and computer companies (where hackers in commercial environments are likely to be found).
Half-derisive, but reflects the truth that research is a form of creative play. Compare playpen. 2.
Syn. link farm. 3. A controlled environment within which potentially dangerous programs are run.
Used esp. in reference to Java implementations.
Node:sanity check, Next:Saturday-night special, Previous:sandbox, Up:= S = sanity check n.
[very common] 1. The act of checking a piece of code (or anything else, e.g., a Usenet posting) for completely stupid mistakes. Implies that the check is to make sure the author was sane when it was written; e.g., if a piece of scientific software relied on a particular formula and was giving unexpected results, one might first look at the nesting of parentheses or the coding of the formula, as a 'sanity check', before looking at the more complex I/O or data structure manipulation routines, much less the algorithm itself. Compare reality check. 2. A run-time test, either validating input or ensuring that the program hasn't screwed up internally (producing an inconsistent value or state).
Node:Saturday-night special, Next:say, Previous:sanity check, Up:= S = Saturday-night special n.
[from police slang for a cheap handgun] A quick-and-dirty program or feature kluged together during off hours, under a deadline, and in response to pressure from a salescritter. Such hacks are dangerously unreliable, but all too often sneak into a production release after insufficient review.
Node:say, Next:scag, Previous:Saturday-night special, Up:= S = say vt.
1. To type to a terminal. "To list a directory verbosely, you have to say ls -l." Tends to imply a newline-terminated command (a 'sentence'). 2.
A computer may also be said to 'say' things to you, even if it doesn't have a speech synthesizer, by displaying them on a terminal in response to your commands. Hackers find it odd that this usage confuses mundanes.
Node:scag, Next:scanno, Previous:say, Up:= S = scag vt.
To destroy the data on a disk, either by corrupting the filesystem or by causing media damage. "That last power hit scagged the system disk." Compare scrog, roach.
Node:scanno, Next:scary devil monastery, Previous:scag, Up:= S = scanno /skan'oh/ n. An error in a document caused by a scanner glitch, analogous to a typo or thinko.
Node:scary devil monastery, Next:schroedinbug, Previous:scanno, Up:= S = scary devil monastery n. Anagram frequently used to refer to the newsgroup alt.sysadmin.recovery, which is populated with characters that rather justify the reference.
Node:schroedinbug, Next:science-fiction fandom, Previous:scary devil monastery, Up:= S = schroedinbug /shroh'din-buhg/ n.
[MIT: from the Schroedinger's Cat thought-experiment in quantum physics] A design or implementation bug in a program that doesn't manifest until someone reading source or using the program in an unusual way notices that it never should have worked, at which point the program promptly stops working for everybody until fixed. Though (like bit rot) this sounds impossible, it happens; some programs have harbored latent schroedinbugs for years. Compare heisenbug, Bohr bug, mandelbug.
Node:science-fiction fandom, Next:scram switch, Previous:schroedinbug, Up:= S = science-fiction fandom n. Another voluntary subculture having a very heavy overlap with hackerdom; most hackers read SF and/or fantasy fiction avidly, and many go to 'cons' (SF conventions) or are involved in fandom-connected activities such as the Society for Creative Anachronism. Some hacker jargon originated in SF fandom; see defenestration, great-wall, cyberpunk, h, ha ha only serious, IMHO, mundane, neep-neep, Real Soon Now. Additionally, the jargon terms cowboy, cyberspace, de-rezz, go flatline, ice, phage, virus, wetware, wirehead, and worm originated in SF stories.
Node:scram switch, Next:scratch, Previous:science-fiction fandom, Up:= S = scram switch n.
[from the nuclear power industry] An emergency-power-off switch (see Big Red Switch), esp. one positioned to be easily hit by evacuating personnel. In general, this is not something you frob lightly; these often initiate expensive events (such as Halon dumps) and are installed in a dinosaur pen for use in case of electrical fire or in case some luckless field servoid should put 120 volts across himself while Easter egging. (See also molly-guard, TMRC.)
A correspondent reports a legend that "Scram" is an acronym for "Start Cutting Right Away, Man" (another less plausible variant of this legend refers to "Safety Control Rod Axe Man"; these are almost certainly both backronyms). The story goes that in the earliest nuclear power experiments the engineers recognized the possibility that the reactor wouldn't behave exactly as predicted by their mathematical models. Accordingly, they made sure that they had mechanisms in place that would rapidly drop the control rods back into the reactor. One mechanism took the form of 'scram technicians'. These individuals stood next to the ropes or cables that raised and lowered the control rods. Equipped with axes or cable-cutters, these technicians stood ready for the (literal) 'scram' command. If necessary, they would cut the cables, and gravity would expeditiously return the control rods to the reactor, thereby averting yet another kind of core dump.
Modern reactor control rods are held in place with claw-like devices, held closed by current. SCRAM switches are circuit breakers that immediately open the circuit to the rod arms, resulting in the rapid insertion and subsequent bottoming of the control rods.
Node:scratch, Next:scratch monkey, Previous:scram switch, Up:= S = scratch 1. [from 'scratchpad'] adj. Describes a data structure or recording medium attached to a machine for testing or temporary-use purposes;


The Spirit of Place, by Alice Meynell Transcribed from the 1899 John Lane edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ The Spirit of Place and Other Essays Contents: The Spirit of Place Mrs. Dingley Solitude The Lady of the Lyrics July Wells The Foot Have Patience, Little Saint The Ladies of the Idyll A Derivation A Counterchange Rain Letters of Marceline Valmore The Hours of Sleep The Horizon Habits and Consciousness Shadows THE SPIRIT OF PLACE With mimicry, with praises, with echoes, or with answers, the poets have all but outsung the bells. The inarticulate bell has found too much interpretation, too many rhymes professing to close with her inaccessible utterance, and to agree with her remote tongue. The bell, like the bird, is a musician pestered with literature.
To the bell, moreover, men do actual violence. You cannot shake together a nightingale's notes, or strike or drive them into haste, nor can you make a lark toll for you with intervals to suit your turn, whereas wedding-bells are compelled to seem gay by mere movement and hustling. I have known some grim bells, with not a single joyous note in the whole peal, so forced to hurry for a human festival, with their harshness made light of, as though the Bishop of Hereford had again been forced to dance in his boots by a merry highwayman.
The clock is an inexorable but less arbitrary player than the bellringer, and the chimes await their appointed time to fly—wild prisoners—by twos or threes, or in greater companies. Fugitives—one or twelve taking wing—they are sudden, they are brief, they are gone; they are delivered from the close hands of this actual present.
Not in vain is the sudden upper door opened against the sky; they are away, hours of the past.
Of all unfamiliar bells, those which seem to hold the memory most surely after but one hearing are bells of an unseen cathedral of France when one has arrived by night; they are no more to be forgotten than the bells in "Parsifal." They mingle with the sound of feet in unknown streets, they are the voices of an unknown tower; they are loud in their own language. The spirit of place, which is to be seen in the shapes of the fields and the manner of the crops, to be felt in a prevalent wind, breathed in the breath of the earth, overheard in a far street-cry or in the tinkle of some black-smith, calls out and peals in the cathedral bells. It speaks its local tongue remotely, steadfastly, largely, clamorously, loudly, and greatly by these voices; you hear the sound in its dignity, and you know how familiar, how childlike, how life-long it is in the ears of the people.
The bells are strange, and you know how homely they must be. Their utterances are, as it were, the classics of a dialect.
Spirit of place! It is for this we travel, to surprise its subtlety; and where it is a strong and dominant angel, that place, seen once, abides entire in the memory with all its own accidents, its habits, its breath, its name. It is recalled all a lifetime, having been perceived a week, and is not scattered but abides, one living body of remembrance. The untravelled spirit of place—not to be pursued, for it never flies, but always to be discovered, never absent, without variation—lurks in the by-ways and rules over the towers, indestructible, an indescribable unity. It awaits us always in its ancient and eager freshness. It is sweet and nimble within its immemorial boundaries, but it never crosses them. Long white roads outside have mere suggestions of it and prophecies; they give promise not of its coming, for it abides, but of a new and singular and unforeseen goal for our present pilgrimage, and of an intimacy to be made.
Was ever journey too hard or too long that had to pay such a visit?
And if by good fortune it is a child who is the pilgrim, the spirit of place gives him a peculiar welcome, for antiquity and the conceiver of antiquity (who is only a child) know one another; nor is there a more delicate perceiver of locality than a child. He is well used to words and voices that he does not understand, and this is a condition of his simplicity; and when those unknown words are bells, loud in the night, they are to him as homely and as old as lullabies.
If, especially in England, we make rough and reluctant bells go in gay measures, when we whip them to run down the scale to ring in a wedding—bells that would step to quite another and a less agile march with a better grace—there are belfries that hold far sweeter companies.
If there is no music within Italian churches, there is a most curious local immemorial music in many a campanile on the heights. Their way is for the ringers to play a tune on the festivals, and the tunes are not hymn tunes or popular melodies, but proper bell-tunes, made for bells. Doubtless they were made in times better versed than ours in the sub-divisions of the arts, and better able to understand the strength that lies ready in the mere little submission to the means of a little art, and to the limits—nay, the very embarrassments—of those means. If it were but possible to give here a real bell-tune—which cannot be, for those melodies are rather long—the reader would understand how some village musician of the past used his narrow means as a composer for the bells, with what freshness, completeness, significance, fancy, and what effect of liberty.
These hamlet-bells are the sweetest, as to their own voices, in the world. Then I speak of their antiquity I use the word relatively.
The belfries are no older than the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the time when Italy seems to have been generally rebuilt. But, needless to say, this is antiquity for music, especially in Italy.
At that time they must have had foundries for bells of tender voices, and pure, warm, light, and golden throats, precisely tuned. The hounds of Theseus had not a more just scale, tuned in a peal, than a North Italian belfry holds in leash. But it does not send them out in a mere scale, it touches them in the order of the game of a charming melody. Of all cheerful sounds made by man this is by far the most light-hearted. You do not hear it from the great churches.
Giotto's coloured tower in Florence, that carries the bells for Santa Maria del Fiore and Brunelleschi's silent dome, does not ring more than four contralto notes, tuned with sweetness, depth, and dignity, and swinging one musical phrase which softly fills the country.
The village belfry it is that grows so fantastic and has such nimble bells. Obviously it stands alone with its own village, and can therefore hear its own tune from beginning to end. There are no other bells in earshot. Other such dovecote-doors are suddenly set open to the cloud, on a festa morning, to let fly those soft-voiced flocks, but the nearest is behind one of many mountains, and our local tune is uninterrupted. Doubtless this is why the little, secluded, sequestered art of composing melodies for bells—charming division of an art, having its own ends and means, and keeping its own wings for unfolding by law—dwells in these solitary places. No tunes in a town would get this hearing, or would be made clear to the end of their frolic amid such a wide and lofty silence.
Nor does every inner village of Italy hold a bell-tune of its own; the custom is Ligurian. Nowhere so much as in Genoa does the nervous tourist complain of church bells in the morning, and in fact he is made to hear an honest rout of them betimes. But the nervous tourist has not, perhaps, the sense of place, and the genius of place does not signal to him to go and find it among innumerable hills, where one by one, one by one, the belfries stand and play their tunes. Variable are those lonely melodies, having a differing gaiety for the festivals; and a pitiful air is played for the burial of a villager.
As for the poets, there is but one among so many of their bells that seems to toll with a spiritual music so loud as to be unforgotten when the mind goes up a little higher than


ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. √194. See Of; cf. Aft.] 1.
 Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as, an after period of life. Marshall.
 In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as, after-ages, afteract, after-days, after-life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning.

2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) To ward the stern of the ship; -- applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It is often combined with its noun; as, after-bowlines, after-braces, after-sails, after-yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts.

After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part.

 Aft"er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as, men in line one after another. "Shut doors after you." Shak.
2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak.
 Codrus after Ph&?;bus sings the best. Dryden.
3. Later in time; subsequent; as, after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause.

After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
Matt. xxvi. 32.
4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as, after what you have said, I shall be careful.

5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as, after all our advice, you took that course.

6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of.

 Ye shall not go after other gods. Deut. vi. 14.
After whom is the king of Israel come out? 1 Sam. xxiv.
 14.
7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as, to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness.

8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as, to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father.

To name or call after, to name like and reference to.

 Our eldest son was named George after his uncle. Goldsmith.
9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as, he acted after his kind.

 He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes. Isa. xi.
 3.
 They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh.
Rom. viii. 5.
10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic] He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon.
After all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. -- After (with the same noun preceding and following), as, wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. -- One after another, successively. -- To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to reach or get; as, he is after money.

 Aft"er, adv. Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as, he follows after.

 It was about the space of three hours after. Acts. v. 7.
After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in afterdescribed, afterdinner, after-part.
 The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1.

 Aft"er*birth' (&?;), n. (Med.) The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery.

 Aft"er*cast' (&?;), n. A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower.
 Aft"er*clap' (&?;), n. An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser.
 Aft"er*crop' (&?;), n. A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer.
 Aft"er damp' (&?;).An irrespirable gas, remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid.

 Aft"er-din'ner(&?;), n. The time just after dinner. "An after-dinner's sleep." Shak. [Obs.] -- a. Following dinner; post-prandial; as, an after-dinner nap.

 Aft"er-eat'age(&?;), n. Aftergrass.

 Aft"er*eye' (&?;), v. t. To look after. [Poetic] Shak.
 Aft"er*game' (&?;), n. A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton.
Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl.
 Aft"er-glow(&?;), n. A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset.

 Aft"er*grass' (&?;), n. The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath.

 Aft"er*growth' (&?;), n. A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill.
 Aft"er*guard' (&?;), n. (Naut.) The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after-sails. Totten.
 Aft"er-im'age(&?;), n. The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc.

 Aft"er*ings (&?;), n. pl. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs.] Grose.
 Aft"er*math (&?;), n. [After + math. See Math.] A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland.
 Aft"er-men'tioned(&?;), a. Mentioned afterwards; as, persons after-mentioned (in a writing).

 Aft"er*most (&?;), a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS. æftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -te, -me, -st.]
 1. Hindmost; -- opposed to foremost.

2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern; most aft.

 Aft"er*noon" (&?;), n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening.

 Aft"er-note'(&?;), n. (Mus.) One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note.

 Aft"er*pains' (&?;), n. pl. (Med.) The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth.

 Aft"er*piece' (&?;), n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment.

2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder.

 Aft"er-sails'(&?;), n. pl. (Naut.) The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzen


(Chem.) The glycerin salt of ricinoleic acid, occuring as a characteristic constituent of castor oil; -- formerly called palmin.

 Ric'i*nol"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Ricinoleic.

 ||Ric"i*nus (&?;), n. [L., the castoroil plant.] (Bot.)
 A genus of plants of the Spurge family, containing but one species (R. communis), the castor-oil plant. The fruit is three-celled, and contains three large seeds from which castor oil iss expressed. See Palma Christi.

 Rick (?), n. [OE. reek, rek, AS. hreác a heap; akin to hryce rick, Icel. hraukr.] A stack or pile, as of grain, straw, or hay, in the open air, usually protected from wet with thatching.

 Golden clusters of beehive ricks, rising at intervals beyond the hedgerows.

G. Eliot.
 Rick, v. t. To heap up in ricks, as hay, etc.

 Rick"er (?), n. A stout pole for use in making a rick, or for a spar to a boat.

 Rick"et*ish (?), a. Rickety. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Rick"ets (?), n. pl. [Of uncertain origin; but cf. AS. wrigian to bend, D. wrikken to shake, E. wriggle.] (Med.) A disease which affects children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, crooked spine and limbs, depressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphyses, tumid abdomen, and short stature, together with clear and often premature mental faculties. The essential cause of the disease appears to be the nondeposition of earthy salts in the osteoid tissues.
 Children afflicted with this malady stand and walk unsteadily. Called also rachitis.

 Rick"et*y (?), a. 1. Affected with rickets.

2. Feeble in the joints; imperfect; weak; shaky.

 Rick"rack' (?), n. A kind of openwork edging made of serpentine braid.

 Rick"stand' (?), n. A flooring or framework on which a rick is made.

 Ric'o*chet" (?), n. [F.] A rebound or skipping, as of a ball along the ground when a gun is fired at a low angle of elevation, or of a fiat stone thrown along the surface of water.

Ricochet firing (Mil.), the firing of guns or howitzers, usually with small charges, at an elevation of only a few degrees, so as to cause the balls or shells to bound or skip along the ground.

 Ric'o*chet" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ricochetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ricochetting.] To operate upon by ricochet firing.
 See Ricochet, n. [R.]

 Ric'o*chet", v. i. To skip with a rebound or rebounds, as a flat stone on the surface of water, or a cannon ball on the ground. See Ricochet, n. Ric"tal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the rictus; as, rictal bristles.

 Ric"ture (?), n. [L. ringi, rictus, to open wide the mouth, to gape.] A gaping. [Obs.]

 ||Ric"tus (?), n. [L., the aperture of the mouth.] The gape of the mouth, as of birds; -- often resricted to the corners of the mouth.

 Rid (?), imp. & p. p. of Ride, v. i. [Archaic] He rid to the end of the village, where he alighted.

Thackeray.
 Rid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rid or Ridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridding.] [OE. ridden, redden, AS. hreddan to deliver, liberate; akin to D. & LG. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, Sw. rädda, and perhaps to Skr. &?;rath to loosen.] 1. To save; to rescue; to deliver; -- with out of.
 [Obs.]

 Deliver the poor and needy; rid them out of the hand of the wicked.

Ps. lxxxii. 4.
2. To free; to clear; to disencumber; -- followed by of. "Rid all the sea of pirates." Shak.
 In never ridded myself of an overmastering and brooding sense of some great calamity traveling toward me.

De Quincey.
3. To drive away; to remove by effort or violence; to make away with; to destroy. [Obs.]

 I will red evil beasts out of the land.

Lev. xxvi. 6.
 Death's men, you have rid this sweet young prince!

Shak.
4. To get over; to dispose of; to dispatch; to finish. [R.]
 "Willingness rids way." Shak.
 Mirth will make us rid ground faster than if thieves were at our tails.

J. Webster.
To be rid of, to be free or delivered from. -- To get rid of, to get deliverance from; to free one's self from.

 Rid"a*ble (?), a. Suitable for riding; as, a ridable horse; a ridable road.

 Rid"dance (?), n. 1. The act of ridding or freeing; deliverance; a cleaning up or out.

 Thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field.

Lev. xxiii. 22.
2. The state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. "Riddance from all adversity." Hooker.
 Rid"den (?), p. p. of Ride.

 Rid"der (?), n. One who, or that which, rids.

 Rid"dle (?), n. [OE. ridil, AS. hridder; akin to G. reiter, L. cribrum, and to Gr. &?;&?;&?; to distinguish, separate, and G. rein clean. See Crisis, Certain.] 1.
 A sieve with coarse meshes, usually of wire, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, cinders from ashes, or gravel from sand.

2. A board having a row of pins, set zigzag, between which wire is drawn to straighten it.

 Rid"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riddled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Riddling (?).] 1. To separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle; to pass through a riddle; as, riddle wheat; to riddle coal or gravel.

2. To perforate so as to make like a riddle; to make many holes in; as, a house riddled with shot.

 Rid"dle, n. [For riddels, s being misunderstood as the plural ending; OE. ridels, redels. AS. r&?;dels; akin to D. raadsel, G. räthsel; fr. AS. r&?;dan to counsel or advise, also, to guess. √116. Cf. Read.] Something proposed to be solved by guessing or conjecture; a puzzling question; an ambiguous proposition; an enigma; hence, anything ambiguous or puzzling.

 To wring from me, and tell to them, my secret, That solved the riddle which I had proposed.

Milton.
 'T was a strange riddle of a lady.

Hudibras.
 Rid"dle, v. t. To explain; to solve; to unriddle.

Riddle me this, and guess him if you can


left, and are repeated to show how the next cycle would begin. The smooth dotted curve will be explained hereafter, but, by reference to the scale of magnitudes on the margins of the figure, it may be used to note that the dots might be brought into a perfectly smooth curve by shifting some few of the dots by about a hundredth of a magnitude.

 This light-curve presents those characteristics which are due to successive eclipses, but the exact form of the curve must depend on the nature of the two mutually eclipsing stars. If we are to interpret the curve with all possible completeness, it is necessary to make certain assumptions as to the stars. It is assumed then that the stars are equally bright all over their disks, and secondly that they are not surrounded by an extensive absorptive atmosphere. This last appears to me to be the most dangerous assumption involved in the whole theory.

 Making these assumptions, however, it is found that if each of the eclipsing stars were spherical it would not be possible to generate such a curve with the closest accuracy. The two stars are certainly close together, and it is obvious that in such a case the tidal forces exercised by each on the other must be such as to elongate the figure of each towards the other. Accordingly it is reasonable to adopt the hypothesis that the system consists of a pair of elongated ellipsoids, with their longest axes pointed towards one another. No supposition is adopted a priori as to the ratio of the two masses, or as to their relative size or brightness, and the orbit may have any degree of eccentricity. These last are all to be determined from the nature of the light-curve.

 In the case of RR Centauri, however, Dr Roberts finds the conditions are best satisfied by supposing the orbit to be circular, and the sizes and masses of the components to be equal, while their luminosities are to one another in the ratio of 4 to 3. As to their shapes he finds them to be so much elongated that they overlap, as exhibited in his figure titled "The shape of the star RR Centauri" (Fig. 6.). The dotted curve shows a form of equilibrium of rotating liquid as computed by me some years before, and it was added for the sake of comparison.

 On turning back to Fig. 5 the reader will see in the smooth dotted curve the light variation which would be exhibited by such a binary system as this. The curve is the result of computation and it is impossible not to be struck by the closeness of the coincidence with the series of black dots which denote the observations.

 It is virtually certain that RR Centauri is a case of an eclipsing binary system, and that the two stars are close together. It is not of course proved that the figures of the stars are ellipsoids, but gravitation must deform them into a pair of elongated bodies, and, on the assumptions that they are not enveloped in an absorptive atmosphere and that they are ellipsoidal, their shapes must be as shown in the figure.

 This light-curve gives an excellent illustration of what we have reason to believe to be a stage in the evolution of stars, when a single star is proceeding to separate into a binary one.

 As the star is faint, there is as yet no direct spectroscopic evidence of orbital motion. Let us turn therefore to the case of another star, namely V Puppis, in which such evidence does already exist. I give an account of it, because it presents a peculiarly interesting confirmation of the correctness of the theory.

 In 1895 Pickering announced in the "Harvard Circular" No. 14 that the spectroscopic observations at Arequipa proved V Puppis to be a double star with a period of 3d 2h 46m. Now when Roberts discussed its light-curve he found that the period was 1d 10h 54m 27s, and on account of this serious discrepancy he effected the reduction only on the simple assumption that the two stars were spherical, and thus obtained a fairly good representation of the light-curve. It appeared that the orbit was circular and that the two spheres were not quite in contact. Obviously if the stars had been assumed to be ellipsoids they would have been found to overlap, as was the case for RR Centauri. ("Astrophysical Journ." Vol. XIII.
 (1901), page 177.) The matter rested thus for some months until the spectroscopic evidence was re-examined by Miss Cannon on behalf of Professor Pickering, and we find in the notes on page 177 of Vol. XXVIII.
 of the "Annals of the Harvard Observatory" the following: "A.G.C. 10534.
 This star, which is the Algol variable V Puppis, has been found to be a spectroscopic binary. The period 1d.454 (i.e. 1d 10h 54m) satisfies the observations of the changes in light, and of the varying separation of the lines of the spectrum. The spectrum has been examined on 61 plates, on 23 of which the lines are double." Thus we have valuable evidence in confirmation of the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the light-curve. In the circumstances, however, I have not thought it worth while to reproduce Dr Roberts's provisional figure.

 I now turn to the conclusions drawn a few years previously by another observer, where we shall find the component stars not quite in contact.
 This is the star Beta Lyrae which was observed by Goodricke, Argelander, Belopolsky, Schur, Markwick and by many others. The spectroscopic method has been successfully applied in this case, and the component stars are proved to move in an orbit about one another. In 1897, Mr. G.W. Myers applied the theory of eclipses to the light-curve, on the hypothesis that the stars are elongated ellipsoids, and he obtained the interesting results exhibited in Fig. 7. ("Astrophysical Journ." Vol. VII. (1898), page 1.)

 The period of Beta Lyrae is relatively long, being 12d 21h 47m, the orbit is sensibly eccentric, and the two spheroids are not so much elongated as was the case with RR Centauri. The mass of the system is enormous, one of the two stars being 10 times and the other 21 times as heavy as our sun.

 Further illustrations of this subject might be given, but enough has been said to explain the nature of the conclusions which have been drawn from this class of observation.

 In my account of these remarkable systems the consideration of one very important conclusion has been purposely deferred. Since the light-curve is explicable by eclipses, it follows that the sizes of the two stars are determinable relatively to the distance between them. The period of their orbital motion is known, being identical with the complete period of the variability of their light, and an easy application of Kepler's law of periodic times enables us to compute the sum of the masses of the two stars divided by the cube of the distance between their centres. Now the sizes of the bodies being known, the mean density of the whole system may be calculated. In every case that density has been found to be much less than the sun's, and indeed the average of a number of mean densities which have been determined only amounts to one-eighth of that of the sun. In some cases the density is extremely small, and in no case is it quite so great as half the solar density.

 It would be absurd to suppose that these stars can be uniform in density throughout, and from all that is known of celestial bodies it is probable that they are gaseous in their external parts with great condensation towards their centres. This conclusion is confirmed by arguments drawn from the theory of rotating masses of liquid. (See J.H. Jeans, "On the density of Algol variables", "Astrophysical Journ." Vol. XXII. (1905), page 97.)

 Although, as already explained, a good deal is known about the shapes and the stability of figures consisting of homogeneous incompressible liquid in rotation, yet comparatively little has hitherto been discovered about the equilibrium of rotating gaseous stars. The figures calculated for homogeneous liquid can obviously only be taken to afford a general indication of the kind of figure which we might expect to find in the stellar universe. Thus the dotted curve in Fig. 5, which exhibits one of the figures which I calculated, has some interest


lagða lag(i)ðr tęlja (tell) talða tal(i)ðr vękja (wake) vakða vakðr flytja (remove) flutta fluttr dȳja (shake) dūða dūðr 158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout: sęlja (sell) sęlda sęldr sętja (set) sętta sęttr C.
159. The following are irregular: sœkja (seek) sōtta sōttr þykkja (seem) þōtta þōttr Subj. pret. sœtta, þœtta.
160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.: gǫ̈ra (make) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr.
II. 'Have'-conjugation 161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in -i: vaki, þęfi; uni. lifa, sęgja have imper. lif, sęg. They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the a is dropped.
lifa (live) lifi lifða lifat una (be contented) uni unða unat skorta (be wanting) skorti skorta skort þola (endure) þoli þolða þolat þora (dare) þori þorða þorat nā (attain) nāi nāða nāðr, nāit 162. The following show mutation: sęgja (say) sęgi sagða sagðr þęgja (be silent) þęgi þagða þagat hafa (have) hęfi hafða hafðr kaupa (buy) kaupi keypta keyptr 163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows: Sing. 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi 2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir Plur. 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum 2. hafið sęgið þęgið 3. hafa sęgja þęgja 164. The rest of hafa is regular. Pres. subj. hafa, hafir, hafi; hafim, hafið, hafi.
Pret. indic. hafða, hafðir, hafði; hǫfdum, hǫfðuð, hǫfðu. Pret. subj. hęfða, hęfðir, hęfði; hęfðim, hęfðið, hęfði. Imper.
haf, hǫfum, hafið. Ptc. hafandi, hafðr.
III. 'Call'-conjugation Active Indicative Subjunctive Present sg. 1. kall-a kall-a 2. kall-ar kall-ir 3. kall-ar kall-i pl. 1. kǫll-um kall-im 2. kall-ið kall-ið 3. kall-a kall-i Preterite sg. 1. kall-aða kall-aða 2. kall-aðir kall-aðir 3. kall-aði kall-aði pl. 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim 2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið 3. kǫll-uðu kall-aði Imper. sing. 2. kall-a; plur. 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið.
Partic. pres. kall-andi; pret. kallaðr (neut. kallat).
Infin. kalla.
Middle Indicative Subjunctive Present sg. 1. kǫll-umk kǫll-umk 2. kall-ask kall-isk 3. kall-ask kall-isk pl. 1. kǫll-umk kall-imk 2. kall-izk kall-izk 3. kall-ask kall-isk Preterite sg. 1. kǫll-uðumk kǫll-uðumk 2. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk 3. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk pl. 1. kǫll-uðumk kall-aðimk 2. kǫll-uðuzk kall-aðizk 3. kǫll-uðusk kall-aðisk Imper. sing. 2. kall-ask; pl. 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk.
Partic. pres. kall-andisk; pret. kall-azk neut.
Infin. kall-ask.
165. So also byrja (begin), hęrja (make war), vakna (awake).
Strong-Weak Verbs 166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, from which new weak preterites are formed.
Infin.
Pres. Sg.
Pres. Pl.
Prt.
Ptc.
eiga (possess) ā eigu ātta āttr kunna (can) kann kunnu kunna kunnat n. mega (can) mā megu mātta mātt n. muna (remember) man munu munða munat n. munu (will) mun munu munða ---- skulu (shall) skal skulu skylda skyldr þurfa (need) þarf þurfu þurfta þurft n. unna (love) ann unnu unna unnt n. vita (know) veit vitu vissa vitaðr 167. Of these verbs munu and skulu have preterite infinitives: mundu, skyldu.
Anomalous Verbs 168. Vilja (will): Present Sing.
Plur.
1. vil viljum 2. vill vilið 3. vill vilja Subj. pres. vili. Pret. ind. vilda. Ptc. prt. viljat.
169. Vera (be): Indicative Subjunctive Present sg. 1. em sē 2. ert sēr 3. er sē pl. 1. erum sēm 2. eruð sēð 3. eru sē Preterite sg. 1. var væra 2. vart


Ragged Dick OR, STREET LIFE IN NEW YORK WITH THE BOOT-BLACKS.
by Horatio Alger Jr.
Contents PREFACE CHAPTER I. RAGGED DICK IS INTRODUCED TO THE READER CHAPTER II. JOHNNY NOLAN CHAPTER III. DICK MAKES A PROPOSITION CHAPTER IV. DICK'S NEW SUIT CHAPTER V. CHATHAM STREET AND BROADWAY CHAPTER VI. UP BROADWAY TO MADISON SQUARE CHAPTER VII. THE POCKET-BOOK CHAPTER VIII. DICK'S EARLY HISTORY CHAPTER IX. A SCENE IN A THIRD AVENUE CAR CHAPTER X. INTRODUCES A VICTIM OF MISPLACED CONFIDENCE CHAPTER XI. DICK AS A DETECTIVE CHAPTER XII. DICK HIRES A ROOM ON MOTT STREET CHAPTER XIII. MICKY MAGUIRE CHAPTER XIV. A BATTLE AND A VICTORY CHAPTER XV. DICK SECURES A TUTOR CHAPTER XVI. THE FIRST LESSON CHAPTER XVII. DICK'S FIRST APPEARANCE IN SOCIETY CHAPTER XVIII. MICKY MAGUIRE'S SECOND DEFEAT CHAPTER XIX. FOSDICK CHANGES HIS BUSINESS CHAPTER XX. NINE MONTHS LATER CHAPTER XXI. DICK LOSES HIS BANK-BOOK CHAPTER XXII. TRACKING THE THIEF CHAPTER XXIII. TRAVIS IS ARRESTED CHAPTER XXIV. DICK RECEIVES A LETTER CHAPTER XXV. DICK WRITES HIS FIRST LETTER CHAPTER XXVI. AN EXCITING ADVENTURE CHAPTER XXVII. CONCLUSION To Joseph W. Allen, at whose suggestion this story was undertaken, it is inscribed with friendly regard.
PREFACE "Ragged Dick" was contributed as a serial story to the pages of the Schoolmate, a well-known juvenile magazine, during the year 1867. While in course of publication, it was received with so many evidences of favor that it has been rewritten and considerably enlarged, and is now presented to the public as the first volume of a series intended to illustrate the life and experiences of the friendless and vagrant children who are now numbered by thousands in New York and other cities.
Several characters in the story are sketched from life. The necessary information has been gathered mainly from personal observation and conversations with the boys themselves. The author is indebted also to the excellent Superintendent of the Newsboys' Lodging House, in Fulton Street, for some facts of which he has been able to make use. Some anachronisms may be noted. Wherever they occur, they have been admitted, as aiding in the development of the story, and will probably be considered as of little importance in an unpretending volume, which does not aspire to strict historical accuracy.
The author hopes that, while the volumes in this series may prove interesting stories, they may also have the effect of enlisting the sympathies of his readers in behalf of the unfortunate children whose life is described, and of leading them to co-operate with the praiseworthy efforts now making by the Children's Aid Society and other organizations to ameliorate their condition.
New York, April, 1868 CHAPTER I. RAGGED DICK IS INTRODUCED TO THE READER "Wake up there, youngster," said a rough voice.
Ragged Dick opened his eyes slowly, and stared stupidly in the face of the speaker, but did not offer to get up.
"Wake up, you young vagabond!" said the man a little impatiently; "I suppose you'd lay there all day, if I hadn't called you." "What time is it?" asked Dick.
"Seven o'clock." "Seven o'clock! I oughter've been up an hour ago. I know what 'twas made me so precious sleepy. I went to the Old Bowery last night, and didn't turn in till past twelve." "You went to the Old Bowery? Where'd you get your money?" asked the man, who was a porter in the employ of a firm doing business on Spruce Street. "Made it by shines, in course. My guardian don't allow me no money for theatres, so I have to earn it." "Some boys get it easier than that," said the porter significantly.
"You don't catch me stealin', if that's what you mean," said Dick.
"Don't you ever steal, then?" "No, and I wouldn't. Lots of boys does it, but I wouldn't." "Well, I'm glad to hear you say that. I believe there's some good in you, Dick, after all." "Oh, I'm a rough customer!" said Dick. "But I wouldn't steal. It's mean." "I'm glad you think so, Dick," and the rough voice sounded gentler than at first. "Have you got any money to buy your breakfast?" "No, but I'll soon get some." While this conversation had been going on, Dick had got up. His bedchamber had been a wooden box half full of straw, on which the young boot-black had reposed his weary limbs, and slept as soundly as if it had been a bed of down. He dumped down into the straw without taking the trouble of undressing.
Getting up too was an equally short process. He jumped out of the box, shook himself, picked out one or two straws that had found their way into rents in his clothes, and, drawing a well-worn cap over his uncombed locks, he was all ready for the business of the day.
Dick's appearance as he stood beside the box was rather peculiar. His pants were torn in several places, and had apparently belonged in the first instance to a boy two sizes larger than himself. He wore a vest, all the buttons of which were gone except two, out of which peeped a shirt which looked as if it had been worn a month. To complete his costume he wore a coat too long for him, dating back, if one might judge from its general appearance, to a remote antiquity.
Washing the face and hands is usually considered proper in commencing the day, but Dick was above such refinement. He had no particular dislike to dirt, and did not think it necessary to remove several dark streaks on his face and hands. But in spite of his dirt and rags there was something about Dick that was attractive. It was easy to see that if he had been clean and well dressed he would have been decidedly good-looking. Some of his companions were sly, and their faces inspired distrust; but Dick had a frank, straight-forward manner that made him a favorite.
Dick's business hours had commenced. He had no office to open. His little blacking-box was ready for use, and he looked sharply in the faces of all who passed, addressing each with, "Shine yer boots, sir?" "How much?" asked a gentleman on his way to his office.
"Ten cents," said Dick, dropping his box, and sinking upon his knees on the sidewalk, flourishing his brush with the air of one skilled in his profession.
"Ten cents! Isn't that a little steep?" "Well, you know 'taint all clear profit," said Dick, who had already set to work. "There's the blacking costs something, and I have to get a new brush pretty often." "And you have a large rent too," said the gentleman quizzically, with a glance at a large hole in Dick's coat.
"Yes, sir," said Dick, always ready to joke; "I have to pay such a big rent for my manshun up on Fifth Avenoo, that I can't afford to take less than ten cents a shine. I'll give you a bully shine, sir." "Be quick about it, for I am in a hurry. So your house is on Fifth Avenue, is it?" "It isn't anywhere else," said Dick, and Dick spoke the truth there.
"What tailor do you patronize?" asked the gentleman, surveying Dick's attire.
"Would you like to


and even his regular publications were so varied, including books originally released as one volume being reprinted as two, and vice versa, that the multitude of permutations cannot be listed here. However, the following should give a basic outline of his major works.

 Joe Wilson and His Mates was later published as two separate volumes, "Joe Wilson" and "Joe Wilson's Mates", which correspond to Parts I & II in Joe Wilson and His Mates. This work was first published in England, which may be evident from some of Lawson's comments in the text which are directed at English readers. For example, Lawson writes in 'The Golden Graveyard': "A gold washing-dish is a flat dish—nearer the shape of a bedroom bath-tub than anything else I have seen in England, or the dish we used for setting milk—I don't know whether the same is used here...." Alan Light, Monroe, North Carolina, June 1997.


light to a cabin or lower deck. (b) A wooden hood or penthouse covering the companion way; a companion hatch.

Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. -- Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarterdeck. Totten.
 -- Companion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin.
 -- Knights companions, in certain honorary orders, the members of the lowest grades as distinguished from knights commanders, knights grand cross, and the like.

Syn. -- Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally; confederate; coadjutor; accomplice.

 Com*pan"ion, v. t. 1. To be a companion to; to attend on; to accompany. [R.] Ruskin.
2. To qualify as a companion; to make equal. [Obs.]

Companion me with my mistress. Shak.
 Com*pan"ion*a*ble (?), a. Fitted to be a companion; fit for good fellowship; agreeable; sociable. "Each companionable guest." Mallett.
 "Companionable wit." Clarendon.
 -- Com*pan"ion*a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*pan"ion*a*bly, adv.

 Com*pan"ion*less, a. Without a companion.

 Com*pan"ion*ship, n. Fellowship; association; the act or fact of keeping company with any one. Shak.
 He never seemed to avail himself of my sympathy other than by mere companionship.
W. Irving Com"pa*ny (km"p*n), n.; pl. Companies (- nz). [F. compagnie, fr. OF. compaing. See Companion.] 1. The state of being a companion or companions; the act of accompanying; fellowship; companionship; society; friendly intercourse. Shak.
 Evil company doth corrupt good manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33.
 (Rev. Ver.).
 Brethren, farewell: your company along I will not wish.
Milton.
2. A companion or companions.

 To thee and thy company I bid A hearty welcome. Shak.
3. An assemblage or association of persons, either permanent or transient.

 Thou shalt meet a company of prophets. 1 Sam. x. 5.
4. Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as, to invite company to dine.

5. Society, in general; people assembled for social intercourse.

 Nature has left every man a capacity of being agreeable, though not of shining in company. Swift.
6. An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as, the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company.

7. Partners in a firm whose names are not mentioned in its style or title; -- often abbreviated in writing; as, Hottinguer & Co.

8. (Mil.) A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men.

9. (Naut.) The crew of a ship, including the officers; as, a whole ship's company.

10. The body of actors employed in a theater or in the production of a play.

To keep company with. See under Keep, v. t. Syn. -- Assemblage; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd; troop; crew; gang; corporation; association; fraternity; guild; partnership; copartnery; union; club; party; gathering.

 Com"pa*ny (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Companied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Companying.] To accompany or go with; to be companion to. [Obs.]

 Com"pa*ny, v. i. 1. To associate.

 Men which have companied with us all the time. Acts i.
 21.
2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser.
3. To have sexual commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Com"pa*ra*ble (?), a. [L. comparabilis: cf. F. comparable.]
 Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison.

 There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend. Addison.
 -- Com"pa*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Com"pa*ra*bly, adv.
 Com"pa*rate (?), n. [L. comparatum, fr. comparatus, p. p. of comparare. See 1st Compare.] (Logic) One of two things compared together.

 Com'pa*ra"tion (?), n. [L. comparatio. See Compare to get.]
 A making ready; provision. [Obs.]

 Com*par"a*tive (?), a. [L. comparativus: cf. F. comparatif.]
 1. Of or pertaining to comparison. "The comparative faculty." Glanvill.
2. Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as, the comparative sciences; the comparative anatomy.

3. Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state.

 The recurrence of comparative warmth and cold. Whewell.
 The bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top. Bentley.
4. (Gram.) Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as, brighter, more bright, or less bright.

Comparative sciences, those which are based on a comprehensive comparison of the range of objects or facts in any branch or department, and which aim to study out and treat of the fundamental laws or systems of relation pervading them; as, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative philology.

 Com*par"a*tive, n. (Gram.) The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as, stronger, wiser, weaker, more stormy, less windy, are all comparatives.

 In comparatives is expressed a relation of two; as in superlatives there is a relation of many. Angus.
2. An equal; a rival; a compeer. [Obs.]

 Gerard ever was His full comparative. Beau. & Fl.
3. One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit. [Obs.] "Every beardless vain comparative." Shak.
 Com*par"a*tive*ly, adv. According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely.

 With but comparatively few exceptions. Prescott.
 Com"pa*ra'tor (? or?), n. [L., a comparer.] (Physics) An instrument or machine for comparing anything to be measured with a standard measure; -- applied especially to a machine for comparing standards of length.

 Com*pare" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] [L. comparare, fr. compar like or equal to another; com- + par equal: cf. F. comparer.
 See Pair, Peer an equal, and cf. Compeer.] 1. To examine the character or qualities of, as of two or more persons or things, for the purpose of discovering their resemblances or differences; to bring into comparison; to regard with discriminating attention.

Compare dead happiness with living woe. Shak.
 The place he found beyond expression bright, Compared with aught on earth. Milton.
Compare our faces and be judge yourself. Shak.
 To compare great things with small. Milton.
2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration; to liken.

 Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counselors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet if the winds did not trouble it. Bacon.
3


, that it be not done.

Neh. vi. 9.
2. To reduce in quality, strength, or spirit; as, to weaken tea; to weaken any solution or decoction.

 Weak"en, v. i. To become weak or weaker; to lose strength, spirit, or determination; to become less positive or resolute; as, the patient weakened; the witness weakened on cross-examination. "His notion weakens, his discernings are lethargied." Shak.
 Weak"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, weakens. "[Fastings] weakeners of sin." South.
 Weak"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Cynoscion; a squeteague; — so called from its tender mouth. See Squeteague.

Spotted weakfish (Zoöl.), the spotted squeteague.

 Weak"-heart'ed (?), a. Having little courage; of feeble spirit; dispirited; faint-hearted. "Weakhearted enemies." Shak.
 Weak"ish, a. Somewhat weak; rather weak.

 Weak"ish*ness, n. Quality or state of being weakish.

 Weak"-kneed' (?), a. Having weak knees; hence, easily yielding; wanting resolution. H. James.
 Weak"ling (?), n. [Weak + - ling.] A weak or feeble creature. Shak. "All looking on him as a weakling, which would post to the grave." Fuller.
 We may not be weaklings because we have a strong enemy.

Latimer.
 Weak"ling, a. Weak; feeble. Sir T. North.
 Weak"ly, adv. In a weak manner; with little strength or vigor; feebly.

 Weak"ly, a. [Compar. Weaklier (?); superl. Weakliest.]
 Not strong of constitution; infirm; feeble; as, a weakly woman; a man of a weakly constitution.

 Weak"-mind'ed (?), a. Having a weak mind, either naturally or by reason of disease; feebleminded; foolish; idiotic. — Weak"-mind'ed*ness, n. Weak"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being weak; want of strength or firmness; lack of vigor; want of resolution or of moral strength; feebleness.

2. That which is a mark of lack of strength or resolution; a fault; a defect.

 Many take pleasure in spreading abroad the weakness of an exalted character.

Spectator.
Syn. — Feebleness; debility; languor; imbecility; infirmness; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty; faintness.

 Weal (?), n. The mark of a stripe. See Wale.

 Weal, v. t. To mark with stripes. See Wale.

 Weal, n. [OE. wele, AS. wela, weola, wealth, from wel well. See Well, adv., and cf. Wealth.]

1. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state of a person or thing; prosperity; happiness; welfare.

 God... grant you wele and prosperity.

Chaucer.
 As we love the weal of our souls and bodies.

Bacon.
 To him linked in weal or woe.

Milton.
 Never was there a time when it more concerned the public weal that the character of the Parliament should stand high.

Macaulay.
2. The body politic; the state; common wealth. [Obs.]

 The special watchmen of our English weal.

Shak.
 Weal, v. t. To promote the weal of; to cause to be prosperous.
 [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Weal"-bal'anced (?), a. Balanced or considered with reference to public weal. [Obs.] Shak.
 Weald (?), n. [AS. See Wold.] A wood or forest; a wooded land or region; also, an open country; — often used in place names.

 Fled all night long by glimmering waste and weald, And heard the spirits of the waste and weald Moan as she fled.

Tennyson.
Weald clay (Geol.), the uppermost member of the Wealden strata. See Wealden.

 Weald"en (?; 277), a. [AS. weald, wald, a forest, a wood. So called because this formation occurs in the wealds, or woods, of Kent and Sussex. See Weald.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Cretaceous formation in England and on the Continent, which overlies the Oölitic series.

 Weald"en, n. (Geol.) The Wealden group or strata.

 Weald"ish, a. Of or pertaining to a weald, esp. to the weald in the county of Kent, England. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Weal"ful (?), a. Weleful. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Weals"man (?), n.; pl. Wealsmen (#). [Weal + man.] A statesman; a politician. [R.] Shak.
 Wealth (?), n. [OE. welthe, from wele; cf. D. weelde luxury. See Weal prosperity.]

1. Weal; welfare; prosperity; good. [Obs.] "Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth." 1 Cor. x. 24.
2. Large possessions; a comparative abundance of things which are objects of human desire; esp., abundance of worldly estate; affluence; opulence; riches.

 I have little wealth to lose.

Shak.
 Each day new wealth, without their care, provides.

Dryden.
Wealth comprises all articles of value and nothing else.

F. A. Walker.
Active wealth. See under Active.

Syn. — Riches; affluence; opulence; abundance.

 Wealth"ful (?), a. Full of wealth; wealthy; prosperous. [R.] Sir T. More. — Wealth"ful*ly, adv. [R.]

 Wealth"i*ly (?), adv. In a wealthy manner; richly.

 I come to wive it wealthily in Padua.

Shak.
 Wealth"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being wealthy, or rich; richness; opulence.

 Wealth"y (?), a. [Compar. Wealthier (?); superl.
 Wealthiest.]

1. Having wealth; having large possessions, or larger than most men, as lands, goods, money, or securities; opulent; affluent; rich.

 A wealthy Hebrew of my tribe.

Shak.
 Thou broughtest us out into a wealthy place.

Ps. lxvi. 12.
2. Hence, ample; full; satisfactory; abundant. [R.]

 The wealthy witness of my pen.

B. Jonson.
 Wean (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weaned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Weaning.] [OE. wenen, AS. wenian, wennan, to accustom; akin to D. wennen, G. gewöhnen, OHG. giwennan, Icel. venja, Sw. vänja, Dan. vænne, Icel.
 vanr accustomed, wont; cf. AS. wenian to wean, G. entwöhnen.
 See Wont, a.]

1. To accustom and reconcile, as a child or other young animal, to a want or deprivation of mother's milk; to take from the breast or udder; to cause to cease to depend on the mother nourishment.

 And the child grew, and was weaned; and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.

Gen. xxi. 8.
2. Hence, to detach or alienate the affections of, from any object of desire; to reconcile to the want or loss of


, to retire from battle.

 Set Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die.

2 Sam. xi. 15.
3. To withdraw from a public station, or from business; as, having made a large fortune, he retired.

 And from Britannia's public posts retire.

Addison.
4. To recede; to fall or bend back; as, the shore of the sea retires in bays and gulfs.

5. To go to bed; as, he usually retires early.

Syn. -- To withdraw; leave; depart; secede; recede; retreat; retrocede.

 Re*tire", n. 1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; also, a place to which one retires. [Obs.]

 The battle and the retire of the English succors.

Bacon.
 [Eve] discover'd soon the place of her retire.

Milton.
2. (Mil.) A call sounded on a bugle, announcing to skirmishers that they are to retire, or fall back.

 Re*tired" (?), a. 1. Private; secluded; quiet; as, a retired life; a person of retired habits.

 A retired part of the peninsula.

Hawthorne.
2. Withdrawn from active duty or business; as, a retired officer; a retired physician.

Retired flank (Fort.), a flank bent inward toward the rear of the work. -- Retired list (Mil. & Naval), a list of officers, who, by reason of advanced age or other disability, are relieved from active service, but still receive a specified amount of pay from the government.

 -- Re*tired"ly, adv. -- Re*tired"ness, n. Re*tire"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. retirement.] 1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; withdrawal; seclusion; as, the retirement of an officer.

 O, blest Retirement, friend of life's decline.

Goldsmith.
Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books.

Thomson.
2. A place of seclusion or privacy; a place to which one withdraws or retreats; a private abode. [Archaic] This coast full of princely retirements for the sumptousness of their buildings and nobleness of the plantations.

Evelyn.
 Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus.

Addison.
Syn. -- Solitude; withdrawment; departure; retreat; seclusion; privacy. See Solitude.

 Re*tir"er (?), n. One who retires.

 Re*tir"ing, a. 1. Reserved; shy; not forward or obtrusive; as, retiring modesty; retiring manners.

2. Of or pertaining to retirement; causing retirement; suited to, or belonging to, retirement.

Retiring board (Mil.), a board of officers who consider and report upon the alleged incapacity of an officer for active service. -- Retiring pension, a pension granted to a public officer on his retirement from office or service.

 Ret"i*stene (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline hydrocarbon produced indirectly from retene.

 ||Ret'i*te"læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. rete a net + tela a web.] (Zoöl.) A group of spiders which spin irregular webs; -- called also Retitelariæ.

 Re*told" (?), imp. & p. p. of Retell.

 Re*tor"sion (?), n. Same as Retortion.

 Re*tort" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retorted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Retorting.] [L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere; pref. rere- + torquere to turn twist. See Torsion, and cf.
 Retort, n., 2.] 1. To bend or curve back; as, a retorted line.

 With retorted head, pruned themselves as they floated.

Southey.
2. To throw back; to reverberate; to reflect.

 As when his virtues, shining upon others, Heat them and they retort that heat again To the first giver.

Shak.
3. To return, as an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility; as, to retort the charge of vanity.

 And with retorted scorn his back he turned.

Milton.
 Re*tort", v. i. To return an argument or a charge; to make a severe reply. Pope.
 Re*tort", n. [See Retort, v. t.] 1. The return of, or reply to, an argument, charge, censure, incivility, taunt, or witticism; a quick and witty or severe response.

 This is called the retort courteous.

Shak.
2. [F. retorte (cf. Sp. retorta), fr. L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere. So named from its bent shape. See Retort, v.
 t.] (Chem. & the Arts) A vessel in which substances are subjected to distillation or decomposition by heat. It is made of different forms and materials for different uses, as a bulb of glass with a curved beak to enter a receiver for general chemical operations, or a cylinder or semicylinder of cast iron for the manufacture of gas in gas works.

Tubulated retort (Chem.), a retort having a tubulure for the introduction or removal of the substances which are to be acted upon.

Syn. -- Repartee; answer. -- Retort, Repartee. A retort is a short and pointed reply, turning back on an assailant the arguments, censure, or derision he had thrown out. A repartee is usually a good-natured return to some witty or sportive remark.

 Re*tort"er (?), n. One who retorts.

 Re*tor"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. rétorsion. See Retort, v.
 t.] 1. Act of retorting or throwing back; reflection or turning back. [Written also retorsion.]

 It was, however, necessary to possess some single term expressive of this intellectual retortion.

Sir W. Hamilton.
2. (Law) Retaliation. Wharton.
 Re*tort"ive (?), a. Containing retort.

 Re*toss" (?), v. t. To toss back or again.

 Re*touch" (?), v. t. [Pref. re- + touch: cf. F. retoucher.]
 1. To touch again, or rework, in order to improve; to revise; as, to retouch a picture or an essay.

2. (Photog.) To correct or change, as a negative, by handwork.

 Re*touch", n. (Fine Arts) A partial reworking,as of a painting, a sculptor's clay model, or the like.

 Re*touch"er (?), n. One who retouches.

 Re*trace" (?), v. t. [Pref. re- + trace: cf. F. retracer.
 Cf. Retract.] 1. To trace back, as a line.

 Then if the line of Turnus you retrace, He springs from Inachus of Argive race.

Driden.
2. To go back, in or over (a previous course); to go over again in a reverse direction; as, to retrace one's steps; to retrace one's proceedings.

3. To trace over again, or renew the outline of, as a drawing; to draw again.

 Re*tract" (r*trkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retracting.]


displeased with this thing.

1 Chron. xxi. 7.
 Wilt thou be displeased at us forever?

Psalms lxxxv. 5 (Bk. of Com. Prayer).
 This virtuous plaster will displease Your tender sides.

J. Fletcher.
 Adversity is so wholesome... why should we be displeased therewith?

Barrow.
2. To fail to satisfy; to miss of. [Obs.]

 I shall displease my ends else.

Beau. & Fl.
Syn. -- To offend; disgust; vex; annoy; dissatisfy; chafe; anger; provoke; affront.

 Dis*please", v. i. To give displeasure or offense. [Obs.]

 Dis*pleas"ed*ly (?), adv. With displeasure. [R.]

 Dis*pleas"ed*ness, n. Displeasure. [R.] South.
 Dis*pleas"er (?), n. One who displeases.

 Dis*pleas"ing, a. Causing displeasure or dissatisfaction; offensive; disagreeable. -- Dis*pleas"ing*ly, adv. -- Dis*pleas"ing*ness, n. Locke.
 Dis*pleas"ure (?; 135), n. [Pref. dis- + pleasure: cf. OF. desplaisir, F. déplaisir. Cf. Displease.] 1.
 The feeling of one who is displeased; irritation or uneasiness of the mind, occasioned by anything that counteracts desire or command, or which opposes justice or a sense of propriety; disapprobation; dislike; dissatisfaction; disfavor; indignation.

 O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure.

Ps. vi. 1.
 Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn From his displeasure.

Milton.
2. That which displeases; cause of irritation or annoyance; offense; injury.

 Hast thou delight to see a wretched man Do outrage and displeasure to himself?

Shak.
 3. State of disgrace or disfavor; disfavor. [Obs.]

 He went into Poland, being in displeasure with the pope for overmuch familiarity.

Peacham.
Syn. -- Dissatisfaction; disapprobation; disfavor; distaste; dislike; anger; hate; aversion; indignation; offense.

 Dis*pleas"ure (?; 135), v. t. To displease. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Dis*plen"ish (?), v. t. To deprive or strip, as a house of furniture, or a barn of stock. [Scot.]

 { Dis"pli*cence (?), Dis"pli*cen*cy (?), } n. [L. displicentia.
 See Displacency.] Dislike; dissatisfaction; discontent. [Obs.] W. Montagu.
 Dis*plode" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disploded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Disploding.] [L. displodere, displosum; dis- + plodere, plaudere, to clap, strike, beat.] To discharge; to explode.

 In posture to displode their second tire Of thunder.

Milton.
 Dis*plode", v. i. To burst with a loud report; to explode. "Disploding engines." Young.
 Dis*plo"sion (?), n. Explosion.

 The vast displosion dissipates the clouds.

Young.
 Dis*plo"sive (?), a. Explosive.

 Dis*plume" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Displuming.] [Pref. dis- + plume: cf.
 OF. desplumer, F. déplumer.] To strip of, or as of, a plume, or plumes; to deprive of decoration; to dishonor; to degrade.

Displumed, degraded, and metamorphosed.

Burke.
 Dis"po*line (?), n. (Chem.) One of several isomeric organic bases of the quinoline series of alkaloids.

 Dis*pond" (?), n. See Despond.

 Di*spon"dee (?), n. [L. dispondeus, Gr. &?;; di- = di's- twice + &?; spondee.] (Gr. &?; Lat. Pros.) A double spondee; a foot consisting of four long syllables.

 Dis*pone" (?), v. t. [L. disponere. See Disposition.] 1.
(Her.) To dispose.

2. To dispose of. Chaucer.
3. (Scots Law) To make over, or convey, legally.

 He has disponed... the whole estate.

Sir W. Scott.
 Dis'po*nee" (?), n. (Scots Law) The person to whom any property is legally conveyed.

 Dis*pon"er (?), n. (Scots Law) One who legally transfers property from himself to another.

 Dis*ponge" (?), v. t. [Pref. dis- + sponge.] To sprinkle, as with water from a sponge. [Poetic & Rare] [Written also dispunge.]

 O sovereign mistress of true melancholy, The poisonous damp of night disponge upon me . Shak.
 Dis*pope" (?), v. t. To refuse to consider as pope; to depose from the popedom.

 One whom they disposed.

Tennyson.
 Di*spor"ous (?), a. [Pref. di- + sporous.] (Biol.)
 Having two spores.

 Dis*port" (?), n. [OF. desport, deport. See Disport, v. i., and cf. Sport.] Play; sport; pastime; diversion; playfulness. Milton.
 Dis*port", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disported; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Disporting.] [OF. se desporter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. porter to carry; orig. therefore, to carry one's self away from work, to go to amuse one's self. See Port demeanor, and cf. Sport.] To play; to wanton; to move in gayety; to move lightly and without restraint; to amuse one's self.

 Where light disports in ever mingling dyes.

Pope.
 Childe Harold basked him in the noontide sun, Disporting there like any other fly.

Byron.
 Dis*port", v. t. [OF. desporter. See Disport, v. i.]
 1. To divert or amuse; to make merry.

 They could disport themselves.

Buckle.
2. To remove from a port; to carry away. Prynne.
 Dis*port"ment (?), n. Act of disporting; diversion; play. [Obs.] Dr.
 H. More.
 Dis*pos"a*ble (?), a. [From Dispose.] Subject to disposal; free to be used or employed as occasion may require; not assigned to any service or use.

 The great of this kingdom... has easily afforded a disposable surplus.

Burke.
 Dis*pos"al (?), n. [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing, or disposing of, anything; arrangement; orderly distribution; a putting in order; as, the disposal of the troops in two lines.

2. Ordering; regulation; adjustment; management; government; direction.

 The execution leave to high disposal.

Milton.
3. Regulation of the fate, condition, application, etc., of anything; the transference of anything into new hands, a new place, condition, etc.; alienation, or parting; as, a disposal of property.


PEACE By Aristophanes Original INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years. The leading motive is the same as in the former play—the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

 Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue. With this object he has fed and trained a gigantic dung-beetle, which he mounts, and is carried, like Bellerophon on Pegasus, on an aerial journey. Eventually he reaches Olympus, only to find that the gods have gone elsewhere, and that the heavenly abode is occupied solely by the demon of War, who is busy pounding up the Greek States in a huge mortar. However, his benevolent purpose is not in vain; for learning from Hermes that the goddess Peace has been cast into a pit, where she is kept a fast prisoner, he calls upon the different peoples of Hellas to make a united effort and rescue her, and with their help drags her out and brings her back in triumph to earth. The play concludes with the restoration of the goddess to her ancient honours, the festivities of the rustic population and the nuptials of Trygaeus with Opora (Harvest), handmaiden of Peace, represented as a pretty courtesan.

 Such references as there are to Cleon in this play are noteworthy. The great Demagogue was now dead, having fallen in the same action as the rival Spartan general, the renowned Brasidas, before Amphipolis, and whatever Aristophanes says here of his old enemy is conceived in the spirit of 'de mortuis nil nisi bonum.' In one scene Hermes is descanting on the evils which had nearly ruined Athens and declares that 'The Tanner' was the cause of them all. But Trygaeus interrupts him with the words: "Hold-say not so, good master Hermes; Let the man rest in peace where now he lies. He is no longer of our world, but yours."

 Here surely we have a trait of magnanimity on the author's part as admirable in its way as the wit and boldness of his former attacks had been in theirs.

 DRAMATIS PERSONAE SCENE: A farmyard, two slaves busy beside a dungheap; afterwards, in Olympus.

 FIRST SERVANT Quick, quick, bring the dung-beetle his cake.

 SECOND SERVANT Coming, coming.

 FIRST SERVANT Give it to him, and may it kill him!

 SECOND SERVANT May he never eat a better.

 FIRST SERVANT Now give him this other one kneaded up with ass's dung.

 SECOND SERVANT There! I've done that too.

 FIRST SERVANT And where's what you gave him just now; surely he can't have devoured it yet!

 SECOND SERVANT Indeed he has; he snatched it, rolled it between his feet and bolted it.

 FIRST SERVANT Come, hurry up, knead up a lot and knead them stiffly.

 SECOND SERVANT Oh, scavengers, help me in the name of the gods, if you do not wish to see me fall down choked.

 FIRST SERVANT Come, come, another made from the stool of a young scapegrace catamite. 'Twill be to the beetle's taste; he likes it well ground.

 SECOND SERVANT There! I am free at least from suspicion; none will accuse me of tasting what I mix.

 FIRST SERVANT Faugh! come, now another! keep on mixing with all your might.

 SECOND SERVANT I' faith, no. I can stand this awful cesspool stench no longer, so I bring you the whole ill-smelling gear.

 FIRST SERVANT Pitch it down the sewer sooner, and yourself with it.

 SECOND SERVANT Maybe, one of you can tell me where I can buy a stopped-up nose, for there is no work more disgusting than to mix food for a beetle and to carry it to him. A pig or a dog will at least pounce upon our excrement without more ado, but this foul wretch affects the disdainful, the spoilt mistress, and won't eat unless I offer him a cake that has been kneaded for an entire day.... But let us open the door a bit ajar without his seeing it. Has he done eating? Come, pluck up courage, cram yourself till you burst! The cursed creature! It wallows in its food! It grips it between its claws like a wrestler clutching his opponent, and with head and feet together rolls up its paste like a rope-maker twisting a hawser.
 What an indecent, stinking, gluttonous beast! I know not what angry god let this monster loose upon us, but of a certainty it was neither Aphrodite nor the Graces.

 FIRST SERVANT Who was it then?

 SECOND SERVANT No doubt the Thunderer, Zeus.

 FIRST SERVANT But perhaps some spectator, some beardless youth, who thinks himself a sage, will say, "What is this? What does the beetle mean?" And then an Ionian,(1) sitting next him, will add, "I think 'tis an allusion to Cleon, who so shamelessly feeds on filth all by himself."—But now I'm going indoors to fetch the beetle a drink.

 SECOND SERVANT As for me, I will explain the matter to you all, children, youths, grownups and old men, aye, even to the decrepit dotards. My master is mad, not as you are, but with another sort of madness, quite a new kind. The livelong day he looks open-mouthed towards heaven and never stops addressing Zeus. "Ah! Zeus," he cries, "what are thy intentions? Lay aside thy besom; do not sweep Greece away!"

 TRYGAEUS Ah! ah! ah!

 SECOND SERVANT Hush, hush! Mehinks I hear his voice!

 TRYGAEUS Oh! Zeus, what art thou going to do for our people? Dost thou not see this, that our cities will soon be but empty husks?

 SECOND SERVANT As I told you, that is his form of madness. There you have a sample of his follies. When his trouble first began to seize him, he said to himself, "By what means could I go straight to Zeus?" Then he made himself very slender little ladders and so clambered up towards heaven; but he soon came hurtling down again and broke his head. Yesterday, to our misfortune, he went out and brought us back this thoroughbred, but from where I know not, this great beetle, whose groom he has forced me to become. He himself caresses it as though it were a horse, saying, "Oh! my little Pegasus,(1) my noble aerial steed, may your wings soon bear me straight to Zeus!" But what is my master doing? I must stoop down to look through this hole. Oh! great gods! Here! neighbours, run here quick! here is my master flying off mounted on his beetle as if on horseback.

 TRYGAEUS Gently, gently, go easy, beetle; don't start off so proudly, or trust at first too greatly to your powers; wait till you have sweated, till the beating of your wings shall make your limb joints supple. Above all things, don't let off some foul smell, I adjure you; else I would rather have you stop in the stable altogether.

 SECOND SERVANT Poor master! Is he crazy?

 TRYGAEUS Silence! silence!

 SECOND SERVANT (TO TRYGAEUS) But why start up into the air on chance?

 TRYGAEUS 'Tis for the weal of all the Greeks; I am attempting a daring and novel feat.

 SECOND SERVANT But what is your purpose? What useless folly!

 TRYGAEUS No words of ill omen! Give vent to joy and command all men to keep silence, to close down their drains and privies with new tiles and to stop up their own vent-holes.(1)


LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS The Life Story of William F. Cody ["Buffalo Bill" Cody] by Helen Cody Wetmore CONTENTS GENEALOGY OF BUFFALO BILL.
 PREFACE.
 LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS.
 CHAPTER I. THE OLD HOMESTEAD IN IOWA. CHAPTER II.
 WILL'S FIRST INDIAN. CHAPTER III.
 THE SHADOW OF PARTISAN STRIFE. CHAPTER IV. PERSECUTION CONTINUES. CHAPTER V. THE "BOY EXTRA." CHAPTER VI.
 FAMILY DEFENDER AND HOUSEHOLD TEASE.
 CHAPTER VII. INDIAN ENCOUNTER AND SCHOOL-DAY INCIDENTS.
 CHAPTER VIII. DEATH AND BURIAL OF TURK. CHAPTER IX.
 WILL AS PONY EXPRESS RIDER. CHAPTER X. ECHOES FROM SUMTER. CHAPTER XI. A SHORT BUT DASHING INDIAN CAMPAIGN. CHAPTER XII.
 THE MOTHER'S LAST ILLNESS. CHAPTER XIII. IN THE SECRET-SERVICE. CHAPTER XV. WILL AS A BENEDICT.
 CHAPTER XVI. HOW THE SOBRIQUET OF "BUFFALO BILL" WAS WON. CHAPTER XVII. SATANTA, CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS. CHAPTER XVIII.
 WILL MADE CHIEF OF SCOUTS. CHAPTER XIX. ARMY LIFE AT FORT M'PHERSON. CHAPTER XX. PA-HAS-KA, THE LONG-HAIRED CHIEF. CHAPTER XXI.
 THE HUNT OF THE GRAND DUKE ALEXIS.
 CHAPTER XXII. THEATRICAL EXPERIENCES. CHAPTER XXIII. THE GOVERNMENT'S INDIAN POLICY. CHAPTER XXIV.
 LITERARY WORK. CHAPTER XXV.
 FIRST VISIT TO THE VALLEY OF THE BIG HORN. CHAPTER XXVI. TOUR OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAPTER XXVII.
 RETURN OF THE "WILD WEST" TO AMERICA.
 CHAPTER XXVIII. A TRIBUTE TO GENERAL MILES. CHAPTER XXIX.
 THE "WILD WEST" AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
 CHAPTER XXX. CODY DAY AT THE OMAHA EXPOSITION.
 CHAPTER XXXI. THE LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS.

 GENEALOGY OF BUFFALO BILL.

 The following genealogical sketch was compiled in 1897. The crest is copied from John Rooney's "Genealogical History of Irish Families."

 It is not generally known that genuine royal blood courses in Colonel Cody's veins. He is a lineal descendant of Milesius, king of Spain, that famous monarch whose three sons, Heber, Heremon, and Ir, founded the first dynasty in Ireland, about the beginning of the Christian era. The Cody family comes through the line of Heremon. The original name was Tireach, which signifies "The Rocks." Muiredach Tireach, one of the first of this line, and son of Fiacha Straivetine, was crowned king of Ireland, Anno Domini 320. Another of the line became king of Connaught, Anno Domini 701.
 The possessions of the Sept were located in the present counties of Clare, Galway, and Mayo. The names Connaught-Gallway, after centuries, gradually contracted to Connallway, Connellway, Connelly, Conly, Cory, Coddy, Coidy, and Cody, and is clearly shown by ancient indentures still traceable among existing records. On the maternal side, Colonel Cody can, without difficulty, follow his lineage to the best blood of England. Several of the Cody family emigrated to America in 1747, settling in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The name is frequently mentioned in Revolutionary history. Colonel Cody is a member of the Cody family of Revolutionary fame. Like the other Spanish-Irish families, the Codys have their proof of ancestry in the form of a crest, the one which Colonel Cody is entitled to use being printed herewith. The lion signifies Spanish origin. It is the same figure that forms a part of the royal coat-of-arms of Spain to this day—Castile and Leon. The arm and cross denote that the descent is through the line of Heremon, whose posterity were among the first to follow the cross, as a symbol of their adherence to the Christian faith.

 PREFACE.

 In presenting this volume to the public the writer has a twofold purpose.
 For a number of years there has been an increasing demand for an authentic biography of "Buffalo Bill," and in response, many books of varying value have been submitted; yet no one of them has borne the hall-mark of veracious history. Naturally, there were incidents in Colonel Cody's life—more especially in the earlier years—that could be given only by those with whom he had grown up from childhood. For many incidents of his later life I am indebted to his own and others' accounts. I desire to acknowledge obligation to General P. H. Sheridan, Colonel Inman, Colonel Ingraham, and my brother for valuable assistance furnished by Sheridan's Memoirs, "The Santa Fe Trail," "The Great Salt Lake Trail," "Buffalo Bill's Autobiography," and "Stories from the Life of Buffalo Bill."

 A second reason that prompted the writing of my brother's life-story is purely personal. The sobriquet of "Buffalo Bill" has conveyed to many people an impression of his personality that is far removed from the facts. They have pictured in fancy a rough frontier character, without tenderness and true nobility. But in very truth has the poet sung: The public knows my brother as boy Indian-slayer, a champion buffalo-hunter, a brave soldier, a daring scout, an intrepid frontiersman, and a famous exhibitor. It is only fair to him that a glimpse be given of the parts he played behind the scenes—devotion to a widowed mother, that pushed the boy so early upon a stage of ceaseless action, continued care and tenderness displayed in later years, and the generous thoughtfulness of manhood's prime.

 Thus a part of my pleasant task has been to enable the public to see my brother through his sister's eyes—eyes that have seen truly if kindly. If I have been tempted into praise where simple narrative might to the reader seem all that was required, if I have seemed to exaggerate in any of my history's details, I may say that I am not conscious of having set down more than "a plain, unvarnished tale." Embarrassed with riches of fact, I have had no thought of fiction. H. C. W. CODYVIEW, DULUTH, MINNESOTA, February 26, 1899.

 LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS.

 CHAPTER I. — THE OLD HOMESTEAD IN IOWA.

 A PLEASANT, roomy farm-house, set in the sunlight against a background of cool, green wood and mottled meadow—this is the picture that my earliest memories frame for me. To this home my parents, Isaac and Mary Cody, had moved soon after their marriage.

 The place was known as the Scott farm, and was situated in Scott County, Iowa, near the historic little town of Le Clair, where, but a few years before, a village of the Fox Indians had been located; where Black Hawk and his thousand warriors had assembled for their last war-dance; where the marquee of General Scott was erected, and the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes drawn up; and where, in obedience to the Sac chief's terms, Antoine Le Clair, the famous half-breed Indian scholar and interpreter, had built his cabin, and given to the place his name. Here, in this atmosphere of pioneer struggle and Indian warfare—in the farm-house in the dancing sunshine, with the background of wood and meadow—my brother, William Frederick Cody, was born, on the 26th day of February, 1846.

 Of the good, old-fashioned sort was our family, numbering five daughters and two sons—Martha, Samuel, Julia, William, Eliza, Helen, and May.


THE WANDERING JEW By Eugene Sue Illustrations by A. Ferdinandus and Gustave Dore The images in this file are of absolute format: they do not reduce in size for Tablets, Smart Phones, PDAs and small computer screens; on small screens the larger images may run off the side and not be completely visible. A different version of this ebook with the images made relative to the screen size is available on CLICKING HERE.

10007m Original 10009m Original 10011m Original 10023m Original A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR OF THE WANDERING JEW: EUGENE SUE (_PHONE_) Time and again physicians and seamen have made noteworthy reputations as novelists. But it is rare in the annals of literature that a man trained in both professions should have gained his greatest fame as a writer of novels. Eugene Sue began his career as a physician and surgeon, and then spent six years in the French Navy. In 1830, when he returned to France, he inherited his father's rich estate and was free to follow his inclination to write. His first novel, "Plick et Plock", met with an unexpected success, and he at once foreswore the arts of healing and navigation for the precarious life of a man of letters. With varying success he produced books from his inexhaustible store of personal experiences as a doctor and sailor. In 1837, he wrote an authoritative work on the French Navy, "Histoire de la marine Francaise".

 More and more the novel appealed to his imagination and suited his gifts.
 His themes ranged from the fabulous to the strictly historical, and he became popular as a writer of romance and fictionized fact. His plays, however, were persistent failures. When he published "The Mysteries of Paris", his national fame was assured, and with the writing of "The Wandering Jew" he achieved world-wide renown. Then, at the height of his literary career, Eugene Sue was driven into exile after Louis Napoleon overthrew the Constitutional Government in a coup d'etat and had himself officially proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III. The author of "The Wandering Jew" died in banishment five years later.

CONTENTS THE WANDERING JEW.
 BOOK I. THE TRANSGRESSION.
 PROLOGUE.
 THE LAND'S END OF TWO WORLDS.
 CHAPTER I. MOROK. CHAPTER II. THE TRAVELLERS. CHAPTER III. THE ARRIVAL. CHAPTER IV. MOROK and DAGOBERT CHAPTER V. ROSE AND BLANCHE. CHAPTER VI. THE SECRET. CHAPTER VII. THE TRAVELER. CHAPTER VIII. EXTRACTS FROM GENERAL SIMON'S DIARY. CHAPTER IX. THE CAGES.
 CHAPTER X. THE SURPRISE.
 CHAPTER XI. JOVIAL and DEATH. CHAPTER XII. THE BURGOMASTER. CHAPTER XIII. THE JUDGEMENT. CHAPTER XIV. THE DECISION. CHAPTER XV. THE DESPATCHES. CHAPTER XVI. THE ORDERS. BOOK II. INTERVAL—THE WANDERING JEW'S SENTENCE.
 INTERVAL. CHAPTER XVII. THE AJOUPA. CHAPTER XVIII.
 THE TATTOOING CHAPTER XIX. THE SMUGGLER CHAPTER XX. M. JOSHUA VAN DAEL. CHAPTER XXI. THE RUINS OF TCHANDI. CHAPTER XXII. THE AMBUSCADE CHAPTER XXIII. M. RODIN. CHAPTER XXIV. THE TEMPEST CHAPTER XXV. THE SHIPWRECK.
 CHAPTER XXVI. THE DEPARTURE FOR PARIS. CHAPTER XXVII. DAGOBERT'S WIFE. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE SISTER OF THE BACCHANAL QUEEN. CHAPTER XXIX. AGRICOLA BAUDOIN. CHAPTER XXX. THE RETURN. CHAPTER XXXI.
 AGRICOLA AND MOTHER BUNCH.
 CHAPTER XXXII. THE AWAKENING.
 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE PAVILION.
 CHAPTER XXXIV. ADRIENNE AT HER TOILET. CHAPTER XXXV. THE INTERVIEW. BOOK III. CHAPTER XXXVI. A FEMALE JESUIT. CHAPTER XXXVII. THE PLOT. CHAPTER XXXVIII. ADRIENNE'S ENEMIES.
 CHAPTER XXXIX. THE SKIRMISH. CHAPTER XL. THE REVOLT CHAPTER XLI. TREACHERY. CHAPTER XLII. THE SNARE. CHAPTER XLIII. A FALSE FRIEND. CHAPTER XLIV. THE MINISTER'S CABINET.
 CHAPTER XLV. THE VISIT. CHAPTER XLVI. PRESENTIMENTS. CHAPTER XLVII. THE LETTER. CHAPTER XLVIII. THE CONFESSIONAL CHAPTER XLIX. MY LORD AND SPOIL-SPORT.
 CHAPTER L. APPEARANCES. CHAPTER LI. THE CONVENT. CHAPTER LII. THE INFLUENCE OF A CONFESSOR.
 CHAPTER LIII. THE EXAMINATION.
 BOOK IV.
 PART SECOND. THE CHASTISEMENT.
 PROLOGUE. THE BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF TWO WORLDS. CHAPTER I. THE MASQUERADE. CHAPTER II. THE CONTRAST. CHAPTER III. THE CAROUSE. CHAPTER IV. THE FAREWELL CHAPTER V. FLORINE.
 CHAPTER VI. MOTHER SAINTE-PERPETUE. CHAPTER VII. THE TEMPTATION. CHAPTER VIII. MOTHER BUNCH AND MDLLE DE CARDOVILLE.
 CHAPTER IX. THE ENCOUNTERS.
 CHAPTER X. THE MEETING. CHAPTER XI. DISCOVERIES. CHAPTER XII.
 THE PENAL CODE. CHAPTER XIII.
 BURGLARY. BOOK V. CHAPTER XIV. THE EVE OF A GREAT DAY. CHAPTER XV. THE THUG.
 CHAPTER XVI. THE TWO BROTHERS OF THE GOOD WORK. CHAPTER XVII. THE HOUSE IN THE RUE SAINT-FRANCOIS. CHAPTER XVIII. DEBIT AND CREDIT. CHAPTER XIX. THE HEIR CHAPTER XX. THE RUPTURE. CHAPTER XXI. THE CHANGE. CHAPTER XXII. THE RED ROOM. CHAPTER XXIII. THE TESTAMENT. CHAPTER XXIV. THE LAST STROKE OF NOON. CHAPTER XXV.
 THE DEED OF GIFT. BOOK VI.
 PART SECOND. THE CHASTISEMENT. (Concluded.) CHAPTER XXVI. A GOOD GENIUS. CHAPTER XXVII. THE FIRST LAST, AND THE LAST FIRST. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE STRANGER. CHAPTER XXIX. THE DEN. CHAPTER XXX. AN UNEXPECTED VISIT.
 CHAPTER XXXI. FRIENDLY SERVICES.
 CHAPTER XXXII. THE ADVICE. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE ACCUSER. CHAPTER XXXIV. FATHER D'AIGRIGNY'S SECRETARY.
 CHAPTER XXXV. SYMPATHY.
 CHAPTER XXXVI. SUSPICIONS. CHAPTER XXXVII. EXCUSES. CHAPTER XXXVIII. REVELATIONS. CHAPTER XXXIX. PIERRE SIMON. BOOK VII. CHAPTER XL. THE EAST INDIAN IN PARIS.
 CHAPTER XLI. RISING. CHAPTER XLII. DOUBTS. CHAPTER XLIII. THE LETTER. CHAPTER XLIV. ADRIENNE AND DJALMA.
 CHAPTER XLV. THE CONSULTATION.
 CHAPTER XLVI. MOTHER BUNCH'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XLVII. THE DIARY CONTINUED.
 CHAPTER XLVIII. THE DISCOVERY.
 CHAPTER XLIX. THE TRYSTING-PLACE OF THE WOLVES. CHAPTER L. THE COMMON DWELLING-HOUSE CHAPTER LI. THE SECRET. CHAPTER LII. REVELATIONS.
 BOOK VIII.
 PART THIRD.THE REDEMPTION.
 CHAPTER I. THE WANDERING JEW'S CHASTISEMENT. CHAPTER II. THE DESCENDANTS OF THE


of deterring; also, that which deters. Boyle.
 De*ter'mi*na*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being determinable; determinableness. Coleridge.
 De*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. [L. determinabilis finite. See Determine, v. t.] Capable of being determined, definitely ascertained, decided upon, or brought to a conclusion.

 Not wholly determinable from the grammatical use of the words.

South.
 De*ter"mi*na*ble*ness, n. Capability of being determined; determinability.

 De*ter"mi*na*cy (?), n. Determinateness. [R.]

 De*ter"mi*nant (?), a. [L. determinans, p. pr. of determinare: cf. F. déterminant.] Serving to determine or limit; determinative.

 De*ter"mi*nant, n. 1. That which serves to determine; that which causes determination.

2. (Math.) The sum of a series of products of several numbers, these products being formed according to certain specified laws; thus, the determinant of the nine numbers a, b, c,a′, b′, c′,a′′, b′′, c′′, is a b′ c′′ - a b′′ c′ + a′ b′′ c] - a′ b c′′ + a′′ b′ c. The determinant is written by placing the numbers from which it is formed in a square between two vertical lines. The theory of determinants forms a very important branch of modern mathematics.

3. (Logic) A mark or attribute, attached to the subject or predicate, narrowing the extent of both, but rendering them more definite and precise. Abp. Thomson.
 De*ter"mi*nate (?), a. [L. determinatus, p. p. of determinare.
 See Determine.] 1. Having defined limits; not uncertain or arbitrary; fixed; established; definite.

 Quantity of words and a determinate number of feet.

Dryden.
2. Conclusive; decisive; positive.

 The determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God.

Acts ii. 23.
3. Determined or resolved upon. [Obs.]

 My determinate voyage.

Shak.
4. Of determined purpose; resolute. [Obs.]

 More determinate to do than skillful how to do.

Sir P. Sidney.
Determinate inflorescence (Bot.), that in which the flowering commences with the terminal bud of a stem, which puts a limit to its growth; -- also called centrifugal inflorescence. -- Determinate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of a limited number of solutions. -- Determinate quantities, Determinate equations (Math.), those that are finite in the number of values or solutions, that is, in which the conditions of the problem or equation determine the number.

 De*ter"mi*nate (?), v. t. To bring to an end; to determine. See Determine. [Obs.]

 The sly, slow hours shall not determinate The dateless limit of thy dear exile.

Shak.
 De*ter"mi*nate*ly (?), adv. 1. In a determinate manner; definitely; ascertainably.

 The principles of religion are already either determinately true or false, before you think of them.

Tillotson.
2. Resolutely; unchangeably.

 Being determinately... bent to marry.

Sir P. Sidney.
 De*ter"mi*nate*ness, n. State of being determinate.

 De*ter'mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. determinatio boundary, end: cf. F. détermination.] 1. The act of determining, or the state of being determined.

2. Bringing to an end; termination; limit.

 A speedy determination of that war.

Ludlow.
3. Direction or tendency to a certain end; impulsion.

 Remissness can by no means consist with a constant determination of the will... to the greatest apparent good.

Locke.
4. The quality of mind which reaches definite conclusions; decision of character; resoluteness.

 He only is a well-made man who has a good determination.

Emerson.
5. The state of decision; a judicial decision, or ending of controversy.

6. That which is determined upon; result of deliberation; purpose; conclusion formed; fixed resolution.

 So bloodthirsty a determination to obtain convictions.

Hallam.
7. (Med.) A flow, rush, or tendency to a particular part; as, a determination of blood to the head.

8. (Physical Sciences) The act, process, or result of any accurate measurement, as of length, volume, weight, intensity, etc.; as, the determination of the ohm or of the wave length of light; the determination of the salt in sea water, or the oxygen in the air.

9. (Logic) (a) The act of defining a concept or notion by giving its essential constituents. (b) The addition of a differentia to a concept or notion, thus limiting its extent; -- the opposite of generalization.

10. (Nat. Hist.) The act of determining the relations of an object, as regards genus and species; the referring of minerals, plants, or animals, to the species to which they belong; classification; as, I am indebted to a friend for the determination of most of these shells.

Syn. -- Decision; conclusion; judgment; purpose; resolution; resolve; firmness. See Decision.

 De*ter"mi*na*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. déterminatif.]
 Having power to determine; limiting; shaping; directing; conclusive.

 Incidents... determinative of their course.

I. Taylor.
Determinative tables (Nat. Hist.), tables presenting the specific character of minerals, plants, etc., to assist in determining the species to which a specimen belongs.

 De*ter"mi*na*tive (?), n. That which serves to determine.

 Explanatory determinatives... were placed after words phonetically expressed, in order to serve as an aid to the reader in determining the meaning.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).
 De*ter"mi*na'tor (?), n. [L.] One who determines. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 De*ter"mine (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Determined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Determining.] [F. déterminer, L. determinare, determinatum; de + terminare limit, terminus limit. See Term.] 1. To fix the boundaries of; to mark off and separate.

 [God] hath determined the times before appointed.

Acts xvii. 26.
2. To set bounds to; to fix the determination of; to limit; to bound; to bring to an end; to finish.

 The knowledge of men hitherto hath been determined by the view or sight.

Bacon.
 Now, where is he that will not stay so long Till his friend sickness hath determined me?

Shak.
3. To fix the form or character of; to shape; to prescribe imperatively; to regulate; to settle.

 The character of the soul is determined by the character of its God.

J. Edwards.
 Something divinely beautiful... that at some time or other might influence or even determine her course of life.

W. Black.
4. To fix the course of; to impel and direct; -- with a remoter object preceded by to; as, another's will determined me to this course.

5. To ascertain definitely; to find out the specific character or name of; to assign to its true place in a system; as, to determine an unknown or a newly discovered plant or