. [U.S.]

4. The state of being reserved, or kept in store. Shak.
5. (Law) (a) A clause in an instrument by which some new thing is reserved out of the thing granted, and not in esse before. (b) A proviso. Kent.
 This term is often used in the same sense with exception, the technical distinction being disregarded.

6. (Eccl.) (a) The portion of the sacramental elements reserved for purposes of devotion and for the communion of the absent and sick. (b) A term of canon law, which signifies that the pope reserves to himself appointment to certain benefices.

Mental reservation, the withholding, or failing to disclose, something that affects a statement, promise, etc., and which, if disclosed, would materially change its import.

 Re*serv"a*tive (r?-z?rv"?-t?v), a. Tending to reserve or keep; keeping; reserving.

 Re*serv"a*to*ry (-t?-r?), n. [LL. reservatorium,fr. L. resservare.
 See Reserve, v. t., and cf. Reservior.] A place in which things are reserved or kept. Woodward.
 Re*serve" (r?-z?rv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reserved. (z&?;rvd");p.
 pr. & vb. n. Reserving.] [F. réserver, L. reservare, reservatum; pref. rere- + servare to keep. See Serve.] 1. To keep back; to retain; not to deliver, make over, or disclose. "I have reserved to myself nothing." Shak.
2. Hence, to keep in store for future or special use; to withhold from present use for another purpose or time; to keep; to retain. Gen.
 xxvii. 35.
 Hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, which I have reserved against the time of trouble?

Job xxxviii. 22,23.
Reserve your kind looks and language for private hours.

Swift.
3. To make an exception of; to except. [R.]

 Re*serve", n. [F. réserve.] 1. The act of reserving, or keeping back; reservation.

 However any one may concur in the general scheme, it is still with certain reserves and deviations.

Addison.
2. That which is reserved, or kept back, as for future use.

 The virgins, besides the oil in their lamps, carried likewise a reserve in some other vessel for a continual supply.

Tillotson.
3. That which is excepted; exception.

 Each has some darling lust, which pleads for a reserve.

Rogers.
4. Restraint of freedom in words or actions; backwardness; caution in personal behavior.

 My soul, surprised, and from her sex disjoined, Left all reserve, and all the sex, behind.

Prior.
 The clergyman's shy and sensitive reserve had balked this scheme.

Hawthorne.
5. A tract of land reserved, or set apart, for a particular purpose; as, the Connecticut Reserve in Ohio, originally set apart for the school fund of Connecticut; the Clergy Reserves in Canada, for the support of the clergy.

6. (Mil.) A body of troops in the rear of an army drawn up for battle, reserved to support the other lines as occasion may require; a force or body of troops kept for an exigency.

7. (Banking) Funds kept on hand to meet liabilities.

In reserve, in keeping for other or future use; in store; as, he has large quantities of wheat in reserve; he has evidence or arguments in reserve. -- Reserve air. (Physiol.) Same as Supplemental air, under Supplemental.

Syn. -- Reservation; retention; limitation; backwardness; reservedness; coldness; restraint; shyness; coyness; modesty.

 Re*served" (-z?rvd"), a. 1. Kept for future or special use, or for an exigency; as, reserved troops; a reserved seat in a theater.

2. Restrained from freedom in words or actions; backward, or cautious, in communicating one's thoughts and feelings; not free or frank.

 To all obliging, yet reserved to all.

Walsh.
 Nothing reserved or sullen was to see.

Dryden.
 -- Re*serv"ed*ly (r&?;-z&?;rv"&?;d-l&?;), adv. -- Re*serv"ed*ness, n. Res'er*vee" (rz'r*v"), n. One to, or for, whom anything is reserved; - - contrasted with reservor.

 Re*serv"er (r*zrv"r), n. One who reserves.

 Re*serv"ist, n. A member of a reserve force of soldiers or militia.
 [Eng.]

 Res"er*voir' (rz"r*vwôr'; 277), n. [F. réservoir, fr. LL. reservatorium. See Reservatory.] 1. A place where anything is kept in store; especially, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by means of aqueducts, or to drive a mill wheel, or the like.

2. (Bot.) A small intercellular space, often containing resin, essential oil, or some other secreted matter.

Receiving reservoir (Water Works), a principal reservoir into which an aqueduct or rising main delivers water, and from which a distributing reservoir draws its supply.

 Re*serv"or (r?-z?rv"?r or r?z'?r-v?r), n. One who reserves; a reserver.

 Re*set" (r?-s?t"), v. t. To set again; as, to reset type; to reset copy; to reset a diamond.

 Re"set (r?"s?t), n. 1. The act of resetting.

2. (Print.) That which is reset; matter set up again.

 Re*set" (r?-s?t"), n. [OF. recete, recepte, a receiving. Cf. Receipt.] (Scots Law) The receiving of stolen goods, or harboring an outlaw. Jamieson.
 Re*set", v. t. (Scots Law) To harbor or secrete; to hide, as stolen goods or a criminal.

 We shall see if an English hound is to harbor and reset the Southrons here.

Sir. W. Scott.
 Re*set"ter (-t?r), n. (Scots Law) One who receives or conceals, as stolen goods or criminal.

 Re*set"ter (r?-S?t"t?r), n. One who resets, or sets again.

 Re*set"tle (r?-s?t"t'l), v. t. To settle again. Swift.
 Re*set"tle, v. i. To settle again, or a second time.

 Re*set"tle*ment (-ment), n. Act of settling again, or state of being settled again; as, the resettlement of lees.

 The resettlement of my discomposed soul.

Norris.
 Re*shape" (r?-sh?p"), v. t. To shape again.

 Re*ship" (r?-sh?p"), v. t. To ship again; to put on board of a vessel a second time; to send on a second voyage; as, to reship bonded merchandise.

 Re*ship", v. i. To engage one's self again for service on board of a vessel after having been discharged.

 Re*ship"ment (-ment), n. The act of reshipping; also, that which is reshippped.

 Re*ship"per (-p?r), n. One who reships.

 Res'i*ance (r


the loss of half the nutrition. Suppose a lettuce has a half life of 48 hours, two days after harvest only 50 percent of the original nutrition remains. After two more days, half the remaining half is gone and only 25 percent is left. After two more days half of that 25 percent is lost. Thus six days after harvest and a lettuce contains only bout 12 percent of its original nutrition.
A two day half-life is only hypothetical. Those types of produce I classify as very perishable probably do have a half-life of from 36 to 48 hours. Moderately perishable produce has a half life of about 72 hours; durable types of produce have half lives of 96 hours or longer.
Vegetable Storage Potential Very Perishable Moderately Perishable Durable lettuce zucchini apple spinach eggplant squash Chinese cabbage sweet peppers oranges kale broccoli cabbage endive cauliflower carrot peaches apricots lemons parsley beets The half life of produce can be lengthened by lowering its temperature. For that reason, sophisticated produce growers usually use hydrocooling.
This process dumps a just-cut vegetable into icy water within minutes of being harvested, lowering core temperature to a few degrees above freezing almost immediately. When cut vegetables are crated up at field temperatures, and stacks of those crates are put in a cooler, it can take the inside of the stack 24 hours, or longer, to become chilled. Home gardeners should also practice hydrocooling. Fill your sink with cold water and wash/soak your harvest until it is thoroughly chilled before draining and refrigerating it. Or, harvest your garden early in the morning when temperatures are lowest.
 Still, when you buy produce in the store it may have been sitting at room temperature for hours or possibly days.
 The bottom line here: fresh is equally as important as unsprayed or organically grown!
The Real Truth About Salt And Sugar First, let me remind certain food religionists: salt is salt is salt is salt and sugar is sugar is sugar. There are no good forms of salt and no good forms of sugar. Salt from a mine and salt from the sea both have the same harmful effect; white sugar, natural brown sugar, honey, molasses, corn syrup, maple syrup, whatever sweet have you. All are sugars and all have the similar harmful effects.
I know of no harmless salt substitute that really tastes salty. Nutrisweet is basically harmless to most people and can be used as a very satisfactory replacement for sugars.
(A few people are unable to tolerate nutrisweet, causing the anti-chemicalists to circulate much anti-nutrisweet propaganda, but you should carefully consider this thought before dismissing nutrisweet--there is almost no food substance that some people are not allergic to or unable to digest. The fact that nutrisweet is made in a chemical vat and the fact that some cannot handle nutrisweet does not make it "of the devil."
 And its not all black and white with the other items either.
Sea salt does have certain redeeming qualities not found in mined salt and under certain very special conditions, eating small quantities of salt may be acceptable.
Similarly, some forms of sugar are not quite as harmful as other forms, though all are harmful.
 The primary health problem caused by table salt is not that it contributes to high blood pressure in people with poor kidneys, though it does that. It is not that eating salt ruins the kidneys; salt probably does not do that.
The real problem with salt is that sodium chloride is an adrenal stimulant, triggering the release of adrenal hormones, especially natural steroids that resist inflammation.
When these hormones are at high levels in the blood, the person often feels very good, has a sense of well-being. Thus salt is a drug! And like many drugs of its type, salt is a habituating drug. However, we are so used to whipping our adrenals with salt that we don't notice it. What we do notice is that we think we like the taste of salted food and consider that food tastes flat without it. But take away a person's salt shaker and they become very uncomfortable. That's because the addict isn't getting their regular dose.
 What's wrong with repetitive adrenal whipping is that adrenal fortitude is variable; many people's adrenals eventually fail to respond to the prod of salt and the body begins to suffer from a lack of adrenal hormones. Often those inheriting weak adrenals manifest semi-failure in childhood. The consequence is that ordinary, irritating substances begin causing severe irritation. The person becomes allergic to pollen, dust, foods, animal danders, etc. We see asthma, hay fever, sinusitis, etc. Though one can then discover specific allergens and try to remove them from the environment or diet, often this case can be solved far more easily by complete withdrawal from all salt. This rests the adrenals and they may recover their full function; almost certainly their function will improve. The asthma, allergies and etc., gradually vanish.
 Most of us don't need to eat salt as a nutrient. There's enough sodium in one dill pickle to run a human body for a year. There's enough natural sodium in many types of vegetables to supply normal needs without using table salt.
Perhaps athletes or other hard working people in the tropics eating deficient food grown on leached-out depleted soils, people that sweat buckets day after day may need a little extra sodium. Perhaps. Not having practiced in the humid tropics myself, I have no definitive answer about this.
 Unfortunately, the average American is entirely addicted to salt and thinks food tastes lousy without it. To please the average consumer, almost all prepared foods contain far too much salt for someone suffering from exhausted adrenals. Interestingly, Canadians do not like their foods nearly as salty as Americans, and prepared foods like soups and the like in cans and packages that look just like the ones in American supermarkets (though with French on the back panel) have to be reformulated for our northern neighbors. I've observed that Canadians are generally healthier than Americans in many respects.
 We would all be far better off consuming no salt at all.
Those with allergies or asthma should completely eliminate it for a month or two and discover if that simple step doesn't pretty much cure them. The trouble is that bakery bread is routinely two percent salt by weight. Cheese is equally salted or even more so. Canned and frozen prepared food products are all heavily salted. Restaurant meals are always highly salted in the kitchen. If you want to avoid salt you almost have to prepare everything yourself, bake your own bread, abstain from cheese (though there are unsalted cheeses but even I don't like the flavor of these), and abstain from restaurants. My family has managed to eliminate all salt from our own kitchen except for that in cheese, and we eat cheese rather moderately.
 Sugar is a high-caloric non-food with enormous liabilities.
First, from the viewpoint of the universal formula for health, no form of non-artificial sweetener carries enough nutrients with it to justify the number of calories it contains, not even malt extract. White refined sugar contains absolutely no nutrients at all; the "good" or "natural" sweets also carry so little nutrition as to be next to useless. Sweets are so far over on the bad end of the Health = Nutrition / Calories scale that for this reason alone they should be avoided.
 However, healthy people can usually afford a small amount of sin; why not make it sweets? In small quantity, sugars are probably the easiest indiscretion to digest and the least damaging to the organ systems. Although, speaking of sin, as Edgar Guest, the peoples' poet, once so wisely quipped, (and my husband agrees) "Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker." Sugar is a powerful drug!
People who abuse sweets set up a cycle of addiction that can be very hard to break.
It starts when the body tries to regulate blood sugar. Kicked up to high levels by eating sugar, the pancreas releases insulin. But that is not the end of the chain reaction. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels but also raises brain levels of an amino acid called tryptophan. Tryptophan is the raw material the brain uses to manufacture a neurotransmitter called serotonin. And serotonin plays a huge role in regulating mood. Higher brain levels of serotonin create a feeling of well-being. Eating sugar gives a person a chemical jolt of happiness. Heavy hits of high-glycemic index starch foods are also rapidly converted to sugar. So don't give your kids sweets! Or huge


FOR KINDERGARTEN AND CLASS I.: Little Rhymed Stories (including the best of the nursery rhymes and the more poetic fragments of Mother Goose) Stories with Rhyme in Parts Nature Stories in which the element of personification is strong) Nonsense Tales Wonder Tales FOR CLASSES II. AND III.: Nonsense Tales Wonder Tales Fairy and Folk Tales Fables Legends Nature Stories (especially stories of animals) FOR CLASSES IV. AND V.: Folk Tales Fables Myths and Allegories Developed Animal Stories Legends: Historic and Heroic Historical Stories Humorous Adventure Stories "True Stories" The wonder tales most familiar and accessible to the teacher are probably those included in the collections of Andersen and the Brothers Grimm. So constant is the demand for these that the following list may be found useful, as indicating which of the stories are more easily and effectively adapted for telling, and commonly most successful.
It must be remembered that many of these standard tales need such adapting as has been suggested, cutting them down, and ridding them of vulgar or sophisticated detail.
From the Brothers Grimm: The Star Dollars The Cat and the Mouse The Nail The Hare and the Hedgehog Snow-White and Rose-Red Mother Holle Thumbling Three Brothers The Little Porridge Pot Little Snow-White The Wolf and the Seven Little Kids The Sea Mouse From Andersen: Little Tiny The Lark and the Daisy The Ugly Duckling The Seven Stories of the Snow Queen The Flax The Little Match Girl The Fir-Tree The Red Shoes Olé Luköié Monday Saturday Sunday The Elf of the Rose Five Peas in a Pod The Portuguese Duck The Little Mermaid (much shortened) The Nightingale (shortened) The Girl who trod on a Loaf The Emperor's New Clothes Another familiar and easily attainable type of story is the classic myth, as retold in Kupfer's Legends of Greece and Rome.[1] Of these, again, certain tales are more successfully adapted to children than others. Among the best for telling are: Arachne Pandora Midas Apollo and Daphne Apollo and Hyacinthus Narcissus Latona and the Rustics Proserpine [1] A well-nigh indispensable book for teachers is Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome, which contains in brief form a complete collection of the classic myths.
CHAPTER III ADAPTATION OF STORIES FOR TELLING It soon becomes easy to pick out from a collection such stories as can be well told; but at no time is it easy to find a sufficient number of such stories. Stories simple, direct, and sufficiently full of incident for telling, yet having the beautiful or valuable motive we desire for children, do not lie hidden in every book. And even many of the stories which are most charming to read do not answer the double demand, for the appeal to the eye differs in many important respects from that to the ear. Unless one is able to change the form of a story to suit the needs of oral delivery, one is likely to suffer from poverty of material. Perhaps the commonest need of change is in the case of a story too long to tell, yet embodying some one beautiful incident or lesson; or one including a series of such incidents. The story of The Nürnberg Stove, by Ouida,[1] is a good example of the latter kind; Ruskin's King of the Golden River will serve as an illustration of the former.
 [1] See Bimbi, by Ouida. (Chatto.
 2s.)
The problem in one case is chiefly one of elimination; in the other it is also in a large degree one of rearrangement. In both cases I have purposely chosen extreme instances, as furnishing plainer illustration. The usual story needs less adaptation than these, but the same kind, in its own degree. Condensation and rearrangement are the commonest forms of change required.
Pure condensation is probably the easier for most persons.
 With The Nürnberg Stove in mind for reference, let us see what the process includes. This story can be readily found by anyone who is interested in the following example of adaptation, for nearly every library includes in its catalogue the juvenile works of Mlle. de la Ramée (Ouida). The suggestions given assume that the story is before my readers.
The story as it stands is two thousand four hundred words long, obviously too long to tell. What can be left out? Let us see what must be kept in.
The dramatic climax toward which we are working is the outcome of August's strange exploit,—his discovery by the king and the opportunity for him to become an artist. The joy of this climax is twofold: August may stay with his beloved Hirschvogel, and he may learn to make beautiful things like it.
 To arrive at the twofold conclusion we must start from a double premise,—the love of the stove and the yearning to be an artist. It will, then, be necessary to include in the beginning of the story enough details of the family life to show plainly how precious and necessary Hirschvogel was to the children; and to state definitely how August had learned to admire and wish to emulate Hirschvogel's maker. We need no detail beyond what is necessary to make this clear.
The beginning and the end of a story decided upon, its body becomes the bridge from one to the other; in this case it is August's strange journey, beginning with the catastrophe and his grief-dazed decision to follow the stove. The journey is long, and each stage of it is told in full. As this is impossible in oral reproduction, it becomes necessary to choose typical incidents, which will give the same general effect as the whole. The incidents which answer this purpose are: the beginning of the journey, the experience on the luggage train, the jolting while being carried on men's shoulders, the final fright and suspense before the king opens the door.
The episode of the night in the bric-a-brac shop introduces a wholly new and confusing train of thought; therefore, charming as it is, it must be omitted. And the secondary thread of narrative interest, that of the prices for which the stove was sold, and the retribution visited on the cheating dealers, is also "another story," and must be ignored. Each of these destroys the clear sequence and the simplicity of plot which must be kept for telling.
We are reduced, then, for the whole, to this: a brief preliminary statement of the place Hirschvogel held in the household affections, and the ambition aroused in August; the catastrophe of the sale; August's decision; his experiences on the train, on the shoulders of men, and just before the discovery; his discovery, and the dénouement.
This not only reduces the story to tellable form, but it also leaves a suggestive interest which heightens later enjoyment of the original. I suggest the adaptation of Kate Douglas Wiggin, in The Story Hour, since in view of the existence of a satisfactory adaptation it seems unappreciative to offer a second. The one I made for my own use some years ago is not dissimilar to this, and I have no reason to suppose it more desirable.
Ruskin's King of the Golden River is somewhat difficult to adapt. Not only is it long, but its style is mature, highly descriptive, and closely allegorical. Yet the tale is too beautiful and too suggestive to be lost to the story-teller. And it is, also, so recognised a part of the standard literary equipment of youth that teachers need to be able to introduce children to its charm. To make it available for telling, we must choose the most essential events of the series leading up to the climax, and present these so simply as to appeal to children's ears, and so briefly as not to tire them.
The printed story is eight thousand words in length. The


reaction; of the nature of reaction. -- Re*act"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*act"ive*ness, n. Read (rd), n. Rennet. See 3d Reed. [Prov. Eng.]

 Read (rd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Read (rd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Reading.] [OE. reden, ræden, AS. rdan to read, advise, counsel, fr. rd advice, counsel, rdan (imperf. reord) to advise, counsel, guess; akin to D. raden to advise, G. raten, rathen, Icel. rða, Goth. rdan (in comp.), and perh. also to Skr. rdh to succeed. √116. Cf.
 Riddle.] 1. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] See Rede.

 Therefore, I read thee, get thee to God's word, and thereby try all doctrine.

Tyndale.
2. To interpret; to explain; as, to read a riddle.

3. To tell; to declare; to recite. [Obs.]

 But read how art thou named, and of what kin.

Spenser.
4. To go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or recite to one's self inaudibly; to take in the sense of, as of language, by interpreting the characters with which it is expressed; to peruse; as, to read a discourse; to read the letters of an alphabet; to read figures; to read the notes of music, or to read music; to read a book.

Redeth [read ye] the great poet of Itaille.

Chaucer.
 Well could he rede a lesson or a story.

Chaucer.
5. Hence, to know fully; to comprehend.

 Who is't can read a woman?

Shak.
6. To discover or understand by characters, marks, features, etc.; to learn by observation.

 An armed corse did lie, In whose dead face he read great magnanimity.

Spenser.
 Those about her From her shall read the perfect ways of honor.

Shak.
7. To make a special study of, as by perusing textbooks; as, to read theology or law.

To read one's self in, to read aloud the Thirty-nine Articles and the Declaration of Assent, -- required of a clergyman of the Church of England when he first officiates in a new benefice.

 Read, v. i. 1. To give advice or counsel. [Obs.]

2. To tell; to declare. [Obs.] Spenser.
3. To perform the act of reading; to peruse, or to go over and utter aloud, the words of a book or other like document.

 So they read in the book of the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense.

Neh. viii. 8.
4. To study by reading; as, he read for the bar.

5. To learn by reading.

 I have read of an Eastern king who put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence.

Swift.
6. To appear in writing or print; to be expressed by, or consist of, certain words or characters; as, the passage reads thus in the early manuscripts.

7. To produce a certain effect when read; as, that sentence reads queerly.

To read between the lines, to infer something different from what is plainly indicated; to detect the real meaning as distinguished from the apparent meaning.

 Read, n. [AS. rd counsel, fr. rdan to counsel. See Read, v. t.] 1. Saying; sentence; maxim; hence, word; advice; counsel. See Rede. [Obs.]

2. [Read, v.] Reading. [Colloq.] Hume.
 One newswoman here lets magazines for a penny a read.

Furnivall.
 Read (rd), imp. & p. p. of Read, v. t. & i. Read (rd), a. Instructed or knowing by reading; versed in books; learned.

 A poet... well read in Longinus.

Addison.
 Read'a*bil"i*ty (rd'*bl"*t), n. The state of being readable; readableness.

 Read"a*ble (rd"*b'l), a. Such as can be read; legible; fit or suitable to be read; worth reading; interesting. -- Read"a*ble*ness, n.
 -- Read"a*bly, adv.
 Re'ad*dress" (r'd*drs"), v. t. To address a second time; -- often used reflexively.

 He readdressed himself to her.

Boyle.
 Re'a*dept" (-*dpt"), v. t. [Pref. re- + L. adeptus, p. p. of adipisci to obtain.] To regain; to recover. [Obs.]

 Re'a*dep"tion (-dp"shn), n. A regaining; recovery of something lost. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Read"er (rd"r), n. [AS. rdere.] 1. One who reads.
 Specifically: (a) One whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a church. (b) (University of Oxford, Eng.) One who reads lectures on scientific subjects. Lyell. (c) A proof reader.
 (d) One who reads manuscripts offered for publication and advises regarding their merit.

2. One who reads much; one who is studious.

3. A book containing a selection of extracts for exercises in reading; an elementary book for practice in a language; a reading book.

 Read"er*ship, n. The office of reader. Lyell.
 Read"i*ly (rd"*l), adv. 1. In a ready manner; quickly; promptly. Chaucer.
2. Without delay or objection; without reluctance; willingly; cheerfully.

 How readily we wish time spent revoked!

Cowper.
 Read"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being ready; preparation; promptness; aptitude; willingness.

 They received the word with all readiness of mind.

Acts xvii. 11.
Syn. -- Facility; quickness; expedition; promptitude; promptness; aptitude; aptness; knack; skill; expertness; dexterity; ease; cheerfulness. See Facility.

 Read"ing (rd"ng), n. 1. The act of one who reads; perusal; also, printed or written matter to be read.

2. Study of books; literary scholarship; as, a man of extensive reading.

3. A lecture or prelection; public recital.

 The Jews had their weekly readings of the law.

Hooker.
4. The way in which anything reads; force of a word or passage presented by a documentary authority; lection; version.

5. Manner of reciting, or acting a part, on the stage; way of rendering. [Cant] 6. An observation read from the scale of a graduated instrument; as, the reading of a barometer.

Reading of a bill (Legislation), its formal recital, by the proper officer, before the House which is to consider it.

 Read"ing, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the act of reading; used in reading.

2. Addicted to reading; as, a reading community.

Reading book, a book for teaching reading; a reader. -- Reading desk, a desk to support a book while reading; esp., a desk used while reading the service in a church. -- Reading glass, a large lens with more or less magnifying power, attached to a handle, and used in reading, etc. -- Reading man, one who reads much; hence, in the English universities, a close, industrious student. -- Reading room, a room appropriated to reading; a room provided with papers, periodicals, and the like, to which


. An alterative. [R.] Chambers.
 Al'ter*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. altération.] 1.
 The act of altering or making different.

Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it incoveniences. Hooker.
2. The state of being altered; a change made in the form or nature of a thing; changed condition.

 Ere long might perceive Strange alteration in me. Milton.
 Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerated into a most corrupt. Swift.
 Al"ter*a*tive (&?;), a. [L. alterativus: cf. F. altératif.]
 Causing ateration. Specifically: Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state of the functions into one of health. Burton.
 Al"ter*a*tive, n. A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change, and restores healthy functions without sensible evacuations.

 Al"ter*cate (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Altercated; p. pr. & vb. n. Altercating.] [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Alter.]
 To contend in words; to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; to wrangle.

 Al'ter*ca"tion (?; 277), n. [F. altercation, fr. L. altercatio.]
 Warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle; wordy contest. "Stormy altercations." Macaulay.
Syn. -- Altercation, Dispute, Wrangle. The term dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to a verbal contest; as, a dispute on the lawfulness of war. An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties, involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle is a confused and noisy altercation.

 Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and altercation. Hakewill.
 Al"ter*ca*tive (&?;), a. Characterized by wrangling; scolding.
 [R.] Fielding.
 Al*ter"i*ty (&?;), n. [F. altérité.] The state or quality of being other; a being otherwise. [R.]

 For outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented. Coleridge.
 Al"tern (&?;), a. [L. alternus, fr. alter another: cf. F. alterne.] Acting by turns; alternate. Milton.
Altern base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinction from a side previously regarded as base.

 Al*ter"na*cy (&?;), n. Alternateness; alternation. [R.] Mitford.
 Al*ter"nant (&?;), a. [L. alternans, p. pr.: cf. F. alternant.
 See Alternate, v. t.] (Geol.) Composed of alternate layers, as some rocks.

 Al*ter"nate (?; 277), a. [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternate, fr. alternus. See Altern, Alter.] 1. Being or succeeding by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; by turns first one and then the other; hence, reciprocal.

 And bid alternate passions fall and rise. Pope.
2. Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as, the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read every alternate line.

3. (Bot.) Distributed, as leaves, singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence. Gray.
Alternate alligation. See Alligation. -- Alternate angles (Geom.), the internal and angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. It the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, the angles AGH, GHD, as also the angles BGH and GHC, are called alternate angles.
 -- Alternate generation. (Biol.) See under Generation.

 Al*ter"nate (?; 277), n. 1. That which alternates with something else; vicissitude. [R.]

 Grateful alternates of substantial. Prior.
2. A substitute; one designated to take the place of another, if necessary, in performing some duty.

3. (Math.) A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means.

 Al"ter*nate (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alternated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternare.
 See Altern.] To perform by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to interchange regularly.

 The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life, for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil. Grew.
 Al"ter*nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; -- followed by with; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other.

 Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast. J. Philips.
 Different species alternating with each other. Kirwan.
2. To vary by turns; as, the land alternates between rocky hills and sandy plains.

 Al*ter"nate*ly (&?;), adv. 1. In reciprocal succession; succeeding by turns; in alternate order.

2. (Math.) By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent.

 Al*ter"nate*ness, n. The quality of being alternate, or of following by turns.

 Al'ter*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. alternatio: cf. F. alternation.]
 1. The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear.

2. (Math.) Permutation.

3. The response of the congregation speaking alternately with the minister. Mason.
Alternation of generation. See under Generation.

 Al*ter"na*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alternatif.] 1.
 Offering a choice of two things.

2. Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction.

3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland.
 Al*ter"na*tive, n. [Cf. F. alternative, LL. alternativa.]
 1. An offer of two things, one of which may be chosen, but not both; a choice between two things, so that if one is taken, the other must be left.

 There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction or unreformed existence. Burke.
2. Either of two things or propositions offered to one's choice.
 Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives.

 Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war, you obstinately prefer the worse. Jowett (Thucyd.).
3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of another.

 If this demand is refused the alternative is war. Lewis.
 With no alternative but death. Longfellow.
4. A choice between more than two things; one of several things offered to choose among.

 My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives.
Gladstone.
 Al*ter"na*tive*ly, adv. In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.

 Al*ter"na*tive*ness,


Fix.] 1. To set; to fasten or fix by piercing or thrusting in; as, to infix a sting, spear, or dart. Shak.
 The fatal dart a ready passage found, And deep within her heart infixed the wound.

Dryden.
2. To implant or fix; to instill; to inculcate, as principles, thoughts, or instructions; as, to infix good principles in the mind, or ideas in the memory.

 In"fix (?), n. Something infixed. [R.] Welsford.
 In*flame" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inflaming.] [OE. enflamen, OF. enflamer, F. enflammer, L. inflammare, inflammatum; pref. inin + flammare to flame, fr. flamma flame. See Flame.] 1.
 To set on fire; to kindle; to cause to burn, flame, or glow.

 We should have made retreat By light of the inflamed fleet.

Chapman.
2. Fig.: To kindle or intensify, as passion or appetite; to excite to an excessive or unnatural action or heat; as, to inflame desire.

 Though more, it seems, Inflamed with lust than rage.

Milton.
 But, O inflame and fire our hearts.

Dryden.
3. To provoke to anger or rage; to exasperate; to irritate; to incense; to enrage.

 It will inflame you; it will make you mad.

Shak.
4. (Med.) To put in a state of inflammation; to produce morbid heat, congestion, or swelling, of; as, to inflame the eyes by overwork.

5. To exaggerate; to enlarge upon. [Obs.]

 A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes.

Addison.
Syn. -- To provoke; fire; kindle; irritate; exasperate; incense; enrage; anger; excite; arouse.

 In*flame", v. i. To grow morbidly hot, congested, or painful; to become angry or incensed. Wiseman.
 In*flamed" (?), p. a. 1. Set on fire; enkindled; heated; congested; provoked; exasperated.

2. (Her.) Represented as burning, or as adorned with tongues of flame.

 In*flam"er (?n-flm\'b6?r), n. The person or thing that inflames. Addison.
 In*flam"ma*bil"l*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inflammabilite.]
 Susceptibility of taking fire readily; the state or quality of being inflammable.

 In*flam"ma*ble (?), a. [CF. F. inflammable.] 1.
 Capable of being easily set fire; easily enkindled; combustible; as, inflammable oils or spirits.

2. Excitable; irritable; irascible; easily provoked; as, an inflammable temper.

Inflammable air, the old chemical name for hydrogen.

 In*flam"ma*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inflammable; inflammability. Boyle.
 In*flam"ma*bly (n*flm"m*bl), adv. In an inflammable manner.

 In*flam*ma"tion (n*flm*m"shn), n. [L. inflammatio: cf. F. inflammation.
 See Inflame.] 1. The act of inflaming, kindling, or setting on fire; also, the state of being inflamed. "The inflammation of fat."
 Wilkins.
2. (Med.) A morbid condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain.

3. Violent excitement; heat; passion; animosity; turbulence; as, an inflammation of the mind, of the body politic, or of parties. Hooker.
 In*flam"ma*tive (?), a. Inflammatory.

 In*flam"ma*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. inflammatoire.] 1.
 Tending to inflame, kindle, or irritate.

2. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or sedition; seditious; as, inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, or publications. Burke.
3. (Med.) Accompanied with, or tending to cause, preternatural heat and excitement of arterial action; as, an inflammatory disease.

Inflammatory crust. (Med.) Same as Buffy coat, under Buffy. -- Inflammatory fever, a variety of fever due to inflammation.

 In*flat"a*ble (?), a. That may be inflated.

 In*flate" (?), p. a. [L. inflatus, p. p. of inflare to inflate; pref. inin + flare to blow. See Blow to puff wind.] Blown in; inflated. Chaucer.
 In*flate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflating.] 1. To swell or distend with air or gas; to dilate; to expand; to enlarge; as, to inflate a bladder; to inflate the lungs.

 When passion's tumults in the bosom rise, Inflate the features, and enrage the eyes.

J. Scott of Amwell.
2. Fig.: To swell; to puff up; to elate; as, to inflate one with pride or vanity.

Inflate themselves with some insane delight.

Tennyson.
3. To cause to become unduly expanded or increased; as, to inflate the currency.

 In*flate", v. i. To expand; to fill; to distend.

 In*flat"ed (?), a. 1. Filled, as with air or gas; blown up; distended; as, a balloon inflated with gas.

2. Turgid; swelling; puffed up; bombastic; pompous; as, an inflated style.

Inflated and astrut with selfconceit.

Cowper.
3. (Bot.) Hollow and distended, as a perianth, corolla, nectary, or pericarp. Martyn.
4. Distended or enlarged fictitiously; as, inflated prices, etc.

 In*flat"er (?), n. One who, or that which, inflates; as, the inflaters of the stock exchange.

 In*flat"ing*ly, adv. In a manner tending to inflate.

 In*fla"tion (?), n. [L. inflatio: cf. F. inflation.]
 1. The act or process of inflating, or the state of being inflated, as with air or gas; distention; expansion; enlargement. Boyle.
2. The state of being puffed up, as with pride; conceit; vanity. B. Jonson.
3. Undue expansion or increase, from overissue; -- said of currency. [U.S.]

 In*fla"tion*ist, n. One who favors an increased or very large issue of paper money. [U.S.]

 ||In*fla"tus (?), n. [L. See Inflate, v. t.] A blowing or breathing into; inflation; inspiration.

 The divine breath that blows the nostrils out To ineffable inflatus.

Mrs. Browning.
 In*flect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflected; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Inflecting.] [L. inflectere, inflexum; pref. inin + flectere to bend. See Flexible, and cf.
 Inflex.] 1. To turn from a direct


shell and arrange the shells with the oysters on a napkin and serve.

 No. 58. Pesci diversi alla Casalinga (Fish) Ingredients: Any sort of fish, celery, parsley, carrots, garlic, onion, anchovies, almonds, capers, mushrooms, butter, salt, pepper, flour, tomatoes.

 Chop up a stick of celery, a sprig of parsley, a carrot, an onion. Pound up an anchovy in brine (well cleaned, boned, and scaled), four shredded almonds, three capers and two mushrooms. Put all this into a saucepan with one ounce of butter, salt and pepper, and fry for a few minutes, then add a few spoonsful of hot water and a tablespoonful of flour and boil gently for ten minutes, put in the fish and cook it until it is done. If you like, you may add a little tomato sauce.

 No. 59. Pesce alla Genovese (Sole or Turbot) Ingredients: Fish (sole, mullet, or turbot), butter, salt, onion, garlic, carrots, celery, parsley, nutmeg, pepper, spice, mushrooms, tomatoes, flour, anchovies.

 Fry an onion slightly in one and a half ounces of butter, add a small cut-up carrot, half a stick of celery, a sprig of parsley, and a salt anchovy (scaled), which will dissolve in the butter. Into this put the fish cut up in pieces, a pinch of spice and pepper, and let it simmer for a few minutes, then add two cut-up mushrooms, a tomato mashed up, and a little flour. Mix all together, and cook for twenty minutes.

 No. 60. Sogliole in Zimino (Sole) Ingredients: Sole, onion, beetroot, butter, celery, tomato sauce or white wine.

 Cut up a small onion and fry it slightly in one ounce of butter, then add some slices of beetroot (well-washed and drained), and a little celery cut up; to this add fillets of sole or haddock, salt and pepper. Boil on a moderate on the fish kettle. When the beetroot is nearly cooked add two tablespoonsful of tomato puree and boil till all is well cooked. Instead of the tomato you may use half a glass of Chablis.

 No. 61. Sogliole al tegame (Sole) Ingredients: Sole (or mullet), butter, anchovies, parsley, garlic, capers, eggs.

 Put an ounce of butter and an anchovy in a saucepan together with a sole or mullet. Fry lightly for a few minutes, then strew a little pepper and chopped parsley over it, put in a clove of garlic with one cut, and cook for half an hour, but turn the fish over when one side is sufficiently done. A few minutes before taking it off the fire add three capers and stir in the yolk of an egg at the last minute. Do not leave the garlic in more than five minutes.

 No. 62. Sogliole alla Livornese (Sole) Ingredients: Sole, butter, garlic, pepper, salt, tomatoes, fennel.

 Fillet a sole and put it in a saute-pan with one and a half ounces of butter and a clove of garlic with one cut in it, then sprinkle over it a little chopped fennel, salt and pepper, and let it cook for a few minutes.
 Turn over the fillets w hen they are sufficiently cooked on one side, take out the garlic and cover the fish with a puree of tomatoes at the last.

 No. 63. Sogliole alla Veneziana (Sole) Ingredients: Sole, anchovies, butter, bacon, onion, stock, Chablis, salt, nutmeg, parsley, Spanish olives, one bay leaf.

 Fillet a sole and interlard each piece with a bit of anchovy. Tie up the fillets and put them in a saute-pan with two ounces of butter, a slice of bacon or ham, and a few small slices of onion. Cover half over with good stock and a glass of Chablis, and add salt, a pinch of nutmeg, a bunch of parsley, and a bay leaf. Cover with buttered paper, and cook on a slow fire for about an hour. Drain the fish, pass the liquor through a sieve, reduce it to the consistency of a thick sauce, and pour it over the fish.
 Garnish each fillet with a Spanish olive stuffed with anchovy.

 No. 64. Sogliole alla Parmigiana (Sole).* Ingredients: Sole, Parmesan, butter, cream, cayenne.

 Fillet a sole and wipe each piece with a clean cloth, then place them in a fireproof dish, and put a small piece of butter on each fillet. Then make a good white sauce, and mix it with two tablespoonsful of grated Parmesan and half a gill of cream. Cover the fish well with the sauce, and bake in a moderate oven for twenty minutes.

 *Lemon soles may be used in any of the above-named dishes.

 No. 65. Salmone alla Genovese (Salmon) Ingredients: Salmon, Genoese sauce (No. 5), butter, lemon.

 Boil a bit of salmon, drain it, take off the skin, and mask it with a Genoese sauce, to which add a spoonful of the water in which the salmon has been boiled, and at the last add a pat of fresh butter and a squeeze of lemon juice.

 No. 66. Salmone alla Perigo (Salmon) Ingredients: Salmon, forcemeat of fish, truffles, butter, Madeira, croutons of bread, crayfish tails, anchovy butter.

 Cut a bit of salmon into well shaped fillets, and marinate them in lemon juice and a bunch of herbs for two hours, wipe them, put a layer of forcemeat of fish over each, and decorate them with slices of truffle.
 When put them into a well-buttered saute-pan with half a cup of stock and a glass of Madeira or Marsala, cover with buttered paper, and put them into a moderate oven for twenty minutes. Arrange the fillets in a circle on croutons of bread, garnish the centre with crayfish tails and with truffles cut into dice, a quarter of a pint of Velute sauce (No. 2), and half a teaspoonful of anchovy butter. Glaze the fillets and serve.

 No. 67. Salmone alla giardiniera (Salmon) Ingredients: Salmon, forcemeat of fish, vegetables, butter, Bechamel, and Espagnole sauce.

 Prepare the fillets as above (No. 66), and put on each a layer of white forcemeat of fish. Cook a macedoine of vegetables separately, and garnish each fillet with some of it, then cook them in a covered stewpan Put a crouton of bread in an entree dish and garnish it with cooked peas, mixed with Bechamel sauce (No. 3), stock, and butter. Around this place the fillets of fish, leaving the centre with the peas uncovered. Pour some rich Espagnole sauce (No. 1) round the fillets and serve.

 No. 68. Salmone alla Farnese (Salmon) Ingredients: Salmon, oil, lemon juice, thyme, salt, pepper, nutmeg, mayonnaise sauce, lobster butter, gelatine, Velute sauce, olives, anchovy butter, white truffles, mushrooms in oil, crayfish.

 Boil a piece of salmon, and when cold cut it into fillets and marinate them for two hours in oil, lemon juice, salt, thyme pepper, and nutmeg.
 Then make a good mayonnaise and add to it some lobster butter mixed with a little dissolved gelatine and Velute sauce (No. 2). Wipe the fillets and arrange them in a circle on a dish, and pour the mayonnaise over them.
 Then decorate the border of the dish with aspic jelly, and in the centre put some


keytop; sometimes referred to as 'flower', 'pretzel', 'clover', 'propeller', 'beanie' (an apparent reference to the major feature of a propeller beanie), splat, 'open-apple' or (officially, in Mac documentation) the 'command key'. In French, the term 'papillon' (butterfly) has been reported. The proliferation of terms for this creature may illustrate one subtle peril of iconic interfaces.
Many people have been mystified by the cloverleaf-like symbol that appears on the feature key. Its oldest name is 'cross of St.
Hannes', but it occurs in pre-Christian Viking art as a decorative motif. Throughout Scandinavia today the road agencies use it to mark sites of historical interest. Apple picked up the symbol from an early Mac developer who happened to be Swedish.
Apple documentation gives the translation "interesting feature"!
There is some dispute as to the proper (Swedish) name of this symbol. It technically stands for the word 'sevärdhet' (thing worth seeing); many of these are old churches. Some Swedes report as an idiom for the sign the word 'kyrka', cognate to English 'church' and pronounced (roughly) /chur'ka/ in modern Swedish. Others say this is nonsense. Other idioms reported for the sign are 'runa' (rune) or 'runsten' /roon'stn/ (runestone), derived from the fact that many of the interesting features are Viking rune-stones. The term 'fornminne' /foorn'min'*/ (relic of antiquity, ancient monument) is also reported, especially among those who think that the Mac itself is a relic of antiquity.
Node:feature shock, Next:featurectomy, Previous:feature key, Up:= F = feature shock n.
[from Alvin Toffler's book title "Future Shock"] A user's (or programmer's!) confusion when confronted with a package that has too many features and poor introductory material.
Node:featurectomy, Next:feep, Previous:feature shock, Up:= F = featurectomy /fee'ch*r-ek't*-mee/ n. The act of removing a feature from a program. Featurectomies come in two flavors, the 'righteous' and the 'reluctant'.
Righteous featurectomies are performed because the remover believes the program would be more elegant without the feature, or there is already an equivalent and better way to achieve the same end. (Doing so is not quite the same thing as removing a misfeature.) Reluctant featurectomies are performed to satisfy some external constraint such as code size or execution speed.
Node:feep, Next:feeper, Previous:featurectomy, Up:= F = feep /feep/ 1. n. The soft electronic 'bell' sound of a display terminal (except for a VT-52); a beep (in fact, the microcomputer world seems to prefer beep). 2. vi. To cause the display to make a feep sound. ASR-33s (the original TTYs) do not feep; they have mechanical bells that ring. Alternate forms: beep, 'bleep', or just about anything suitably onomatopoeic. (Jeff MacNelly, in his comic strip "Shoe", uses the word 'eep' for sounds made by computer terminals and video games; this is perhaps the closest written approximation yet.) The term 'breedle' was sometimes heard at SAIL, where the terminal bleepers are not particularly soft (they sound more like the musical equivalent of a raspberry or Bronx cheer; for a close approximation, imagine the sound of a Star Trek communicator's beep lasting for five seconds). The 'feeper' on a VT-52 has been compared to the sound of a '52 Chevy stripping its gears. See also ding.
Node:feeper, Next:feeping creature, Previous:feep, Up:= F = feeper /fee'pr/ n. The device in a terminal or workstation (usually a loudspeaker of some kind) that makes the feep sound.
Node:feeping creature, Next:feeping creaturism, Previous:feeper, Up:= F = feeping creature n.
[from feeping creaturism] An unnecessary feature; a bit of chrome that, in the speaker's judgment, is the camel's nose for a whole horde of new features.
Node:feeping creaturism, Next:feetch feetch, Previous:feeping creature, Up:= F = feeping creaturism /fee'ping kree'ch*r-izm/ n. A deliberate spoonerism for creeping featurism, meant to imply that the system or program in question has become a misshapen creature of hacks. This term isn't really well defined, but it sounds so neat that most hackers have said or heard it. It is probably reinforced by an image of terminals prowling about in the dark making their customary noises.
Node:feetch feetch, Next:fence, Previous:feeping creaturism, Up:= F = feetch feetch /feech feech/ interj.
If someone tells you about some new improvement to a program, you might respond: "Feetch, feetch!" The meaning of this depends critically on vocal inflection. With enthusiasm, it means something like "Boy, that's great! What a great hack!" Grudgingly or with obvious doubt, it means "I don't know; it sounds like just one more unnecessary and complicated thing". With a tone of resignation, it means, "Well, I'd rather keep it simple, but I suppose it has to be done".
Node:fence, Next:fencepost error, Previous:feetch feetch, Up:= F = fence n. 1.
A sequence of one or more distinguished (out-of-band) characters (or other data items), used to delimit a piece of data intended to be treated as a unit (the computer-science literature calls this a 'sentinel').
The NUL (ASCII _PHONE_) character that terminates strings in C is a fence. Hex FF is also (though slightly less frequently) used this way. See zigamorph. 2. An extra data value inserted in an array or other data structure in order to allow some normal test on the array's contents also to function as a termination test. For example, a highly optimized routine for finding a value in an array might artificially place a copy of the value to be searched for after the last slot of the array, thus allowing the main search loop to search for the value without having to check at each pass whether the end of the array had been reached. 3. [among users of optimizing compilers] Any technique, usually exploiting knowledge about the compiler, that blocks certain optimizations. Used when explicit mechanisms are not available or are overkill. Typically a hack: "I call a dummy procedure there to force a flush of the optimizer's register-coloring info" can be expressed by the shorter "That's a fence procedure".
Node:fencepost error, Next:fiber-seeking backhoe, Previous:fence, Up:= F = fencepost error n.
1. [common] A problem with the discrete equivalent of a boundary condition, often exhibited in programs by iterative loops. From the following problem: "If you build a fence 100 feet long with posts 10 feet apart, how many posts do you need?"
(Either 9 or 11 is a better answer than the obvious 10.) For example, suppose you have a long list or array of items, and want to process items m through n; how many items are there? The obvious answer is n - m, but that is off by one; the right answer is n - m + 1. A program that used the 'obvious' formula would have a fencepost error in it. See also zeroth and off-by-one error, and note that not all off-by-one errors are fencepost errors. The game of Musical Chairs involves a catastrophic off-by-one error where N people try to sit in N - 1 chairs, but it's not a fencepost error.
Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row. 2. [rare] An error induced by unexpected regularities in input values, which can (for instance


baton was a popular component of animated signature files on the pioneering PLATO educational timesharing system. The archie Internet service is perhaps the best-known baton program today; it uses the twirling baton as an idler indicating that the program is working on a query. The twirling baton is also used as a boot progress indicator on several BSD variants of Unix; if it stops you're probably going to have a long and trying day.
Node:two pi, Next:two-to-the-N, Previous:twirling baton, Up:= T = two pi quant.
The number of years it takes to finish one's thesis. Occurs in stories in the following form: "He started on his thesis; 2 pi years later..." Node:two-to-the-N, Next:twonkie, Previous:two pi, Up:= T = two-to-the-N quant.
An amount much larger than N but smaller than infinity. "I have 2-to-the-N things to do before I can go out for lunch" means you probably won't show up.
Node:twonkie, Next:u-, Previous:two-to-the-N, Up:= T = twonkie /twon'kee/ n. The software equivalent of a Twinkie (a variety of sugar-loaded junk food, or (in gay slang with a small t) the male equivalent of 'chick'); a useless 'feature' added to look sexy and placate a marketroid (compare Saturday-night special). The term may also be related to "The Twonky", title menace of a classic SF short story by Lewis Padgett (Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore), first published in the September 1942 "Astounding Science Fiction" and subsequently much anthologized.
Node:= U =, Next:= V =, Previous:= T =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = U = u-: UBD: UBE: UCE: UDP: UN*X: undefined external reference: under the hood: undocumented feature: uninteresting: Unix: Unix brain damage: Unix conspiracy: Unix weenie: unixism: unswizzle: unwind the stack: unwind-protect: up: upload: upthread: urchin: URL: Usenet: Usenet Death Penalty: user: user-friendly: user-obsequious: userland: USG Unix: UTSL: UUCPNET: Node:u-, Next:UBD, Previous:twonkie, Up:= U = u- pref.
Written shorthand for micro-; techspeak when applied to metric units, jargon when used otherwise. Derived from the Greek letter "mu", the first letter of "micro" (and which letter looks a lot like the English letter "u").
Node:UBD, Next:UBE, Previous:u-, Up:= U = UBD /U-B-D/ n.
[abbreviation for 'User Brain Damage'] An abbreviation used to close out trouble reports obviously due to utter cluelessness on the user's part. Compare pilot error; oppose PBD; see also brain-damaged.
Node:UBE, Next:UCE, Previous:UBD, Up:= U = UBE // n.
[abbrev., Unsoliclited Bulk Email] A widespread, more formal term for email spam. Compare UCE. The UBE term recognizes that spam is uttered by nonprofit and advocacy groups whose motives are not commercial.
Node:UCE, Next:UDP, Previous:UBE, Up:= U = UCE n.
[abbrev., Unsolicited Commercial Email] A widespread, more formal term for email spam. Compare UBE, which may be superseding it.
Node:UDP, Next:UN*X, Previous:UCE, Up:= U = UDP /U-D-P/ v.,n.
[Usenet] Abbreviation for Usenet Death Penalty. Common (probably now more so than the full form), and frequently verbed.
Compare IDP.
Node:UN*X, Next:undefined external reference, Previous:UDP, Up:= U = UN*X n. Used to refer to the Unix operating system (a trademark of AT&T, then of Novell, then of SCO, and then of Caldera) in writing, but avoiding the need for the ugly (TM) typography. Also used to refer to any or all varieties of Unixoid operating systems. Ironically, lawyers now say that the requirement for the trademark postfix has no legal force, but the asterisk usage is entrenched anyhow. It has been suggested that there may be a psychological connection to practice in certain religions (especially Judaism) in which the name of the deity is never written out in full, e.g., 'YHWH' or 'G-d' is used. See also glob and splat out.
Node:undefined external reference, Next:under the hood, Previous:UN*X, Up:= U = undefined external reference excl.
[Unix] A message from Unix's linker. Used in speech to flag loose ends or dangling references in an argument or discussion.
Node:under the hood, Next:undocumented feature, Previous:undefined external reference, Up:= U = under the hood adj.
[hot-rodder talk] 1. Used to introduce the underlying implementation of a product (hardware, software, or idea).
Implies that the implementation is not intuitively obvious from the appearance, but the speaker is about to enable the listener to grok it. "Let's now look under the hood to see how...." 2. Can also imply that the implementation is much simpler than the appearance would indicate: "Under the hood, we are just fork/execing the shell."
3. Inside a chassis, as in "Under the hood, this baby has a 40MHz 68030!"
Node:undocumented feature, Next:uninteresting, Previous:under the hood, Up:= U = undocumented feature n. See feature.
Node:uninteresting, Next:Unix, Previous:undocumented feature, Up:= U = uninteresting adj.
1. Said of a problem that, although nontrivial, can be solved simply by throwing sufficient resources at it. 2. Also said of problems for which a solution would neither advance the state of the art nor be fun to design and code.
Hackers regard uninteresting problems as intolerable wastes of time, to be solved (if at all) by lesser mortals. Real hackers (see toolsmith) generalize uninteresting problems enough to make them interesting and solve them -- thus solving the original problem as a special case (and, it must be admitted, occasionally turning a molehill into a mountain, or a mountain into a tectonic plate). See WOMBAT, SMOP; compare toy problem, oppose interesting.
Node:Unix, Next:Unix brain damage, Previous:uninteresting, Up:= U = Unix /yoo'niks/ n.
[In the authors' words, "A weak pun on Multics"; very early on it was 'UNICS'] (also 'UNIX') An interactive time-sharing system invented in 1969 by Ken Thompson after Bell Labs left the Multics project, originally so he could play games on his scavenged PDP-7. Dennis Ritchie, the inventor of C, is considered a co-author of the system. The turning point in Unix's history came when it was reimplemented almost entirely in C during _PHONE_, making it the first source-portable OS. Unix subsequently underwent mutations and expansions at the hands of many different people, resulting in a uniquely flexible and developer-friendly environment. By 1991, Unix had become the most widely used multiuser general-purpose operating system in the world - and since 1996 the variiant called Linux has been at the cutting edge of the open source movement. Many people consider the success of Unix the most important victory yet of hackerdom over industry opposition (but see Unix weenie and Unix conspiracy for an opposing point of view). See Version 7, BSD, USG Unix, Linux.
Some people are confused over whether this word is appropriately 'UNIX' or 'Unix'; both forms are common, and used interchangeably. Dennis Ritchie says that the 'UNIX' spelling originally happened in CACM's 1974 paper "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" because "we had a new typesetter and troff had just been invented and we were intoxicated by


THE LEGACY OF CAIN By Wilkie Collins To MRS. HENRY POWELL BARTLEY: Permit me to add your name to my name, in publishing this novel. The pen which has written my books cannot be more agreeably employed than in acknowledging what I owe to the pen which has skillfully and patiently helped me, by copying my manuscripts for the printer.

 WILKIE COLLINS.

 Wimpole Street, 6th December, 1888.

CONTENTS THE LEGACY OF CAIN.
 First Period: _PHONE_. EVENTS IN THE PRISON, RELATED BY THE GOVERNOR.
 CHAPTER I. THE GOVERNOR EXPLAINS.
 CHAPTER II. THE MURDERESS ASKS QUESTIONS.
 CHAPTER III. THE CHILD APPEARS.
 CHAPTER IV. THE MINISTER SAYS YES.
 CHAPTER V. MISS CHANCE ASSERTS HERSELF.
 CHAPTER VI. THE DOCTOR DOUBTS.
 CHAPTER VII. THE MURDERESS CONSULTS THE AUTHORITIES.
 CHAPTER VIII. THE MINISTER SAYS GOOD-BY.
 CHAPTER IX. THE GOVERNOR RECEIVES A VISIT.
 CHAPTER X. MISS CHANCE REAPPEARS.
 Second Period: 1875. THE GIRLS AND THE JOURNALS.
 CHAPTER XI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XIII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XIV. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XV. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XVI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XVII. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XVIII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XIX. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XX. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXIII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXIV. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXV. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXVI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXVII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXVIII. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXIX. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXX. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXXI. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXXII. THE MIDDLE-AGED LADY.
 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE MINISTER'S MISFORTUNE.
 CHAPTER XXXIV. THE LIVELY OLD MAID.
 CHAPTER XXXV. THE FUTURE LOOKS GLOOMY.
 CHAPTER XXXVI. THE WANDERING MIND.
 CHAPTER XXXVII. THE SHAMELESS SISTER.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE GIRLS' AGES.
 CHAPTER XXXIX. THE ADOPTED CHILD CHAPTER XL. THE BRUISED HEART.
 CHAPTER XLI. THE WHISPERING VOICE.
 CHAPTER XLII. THE QUAINT PHILOSOPHER.
 CHAPTER XLIII. THE MASTERFUL MASSEUSE.
 CHAPTER XLIV. THE RESURRECTION OF THE PAST.

 CHAPTER XLV. THE FATAL PORTRAIT.
 CHAPTER XLVI. THE CUMBERSOME LADIES.
 CHAPTER XLVII. THE JOURNEY TO THE FARM.
 CHAPTER XLVIII. THE DECISION OF EUNICE.
 CHAPTER XLIX. THE GOVERNOR ON HIS GUARD.
 CHAPTER L. THE NEWS FROM THE FARM.
 CHAPTER LI. THE TRIUMPH OF MRS. TENBRUGGEN.

 Third period: 1876. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LII. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LIII. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LIV. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LV. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LVI. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LVII. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LVIII. DANGER.
 CHAPTER LIX. DEFENSE.
 CHAPTER LX. DISCOVERY.
 CHAPTER LXI. ATROCITY.
 CHAPTER LXII. THE SENTENCE PRONOUNCED.
 CHAPTER LXIII. THE OBSTACLE REMOVED.
 CHAPTER LXIV. THE TRUTH TRIUMPHANT.
 POSTSCRIPT.

 THE LEGACY OF CAIN.

 First Period: _PHONE_. EVENTS IN THE PRISON, RELATED BY THE GOVERNOR.

 CHAPTER I. THE GOVERNOR EXPLAINS.

 At the request of a person who has claims on me that I must not disown, I consent to look back through a long interval of years and to describe events which took place within the walls of an English prison during the earlier period of my appointment as Governor.

 Viewing my task by the light which later experience casts on it, I think I shall act wisely by exercising some control over the freedom of my pen.

 I propose to pass over in silence the name of the town in which is situated the prison once confided to my care. I shall observe a similar discretion in alluding to individuals—some dead, some living, at the present time.

 Being obliged to write of a woman who deservedly suffered the extreme penalty of the law, I think she will be sufficiently identified if I call her The Prisoner. Of the four persons present on the evening before her execution three may be distinguished one from the other by allusion to their vocations in life. I here introduce them as The Chaplain, The Minister, and The Doctor. The fourth was a young woman. She has no claim on my consideration; and, when she is mentioned, her name may appear. If these reserves excite suspicion, I declare beforehand that they influence in no way the sense of responsibility which commands an honest man to speak the truth.

 CHAPTER II. THE MURDERESS ASKS QUESTIONS.

 The first of the events which I must now relate was the conviction of The Prisoner for the murder of her husband.

 They had lived together in matrimony for little more than two years. The husband, a gentleman by birth and education, had mortally offended his relations in marrying a woman of an inferior rank of life. He was fast declining into a state of poverty, through his own reckless extravagance, at the time when he met with his death at his wife's hand.

 Without attempting to excuse him, he deserved, to my mind, some tribute of regret. It is not to be denied that he was profligate in his habits and violent in his temper. But it is equally true that he was affectionate in the domestic circle, and, when moved by wisely applied remonstrance, sincerely penitent for sins committed under temptation that overpowered him. If his wife had killed him in a fit of jealous rage—under provocation, be it remembered, which the witnesses proved—she might have been convicted of manslaughter, and might have received a light sentence. But the evidence so undeniably revealed deliberate and merciless premeditation, that the only defense attempted by her counsel was madness, and the only alternative left to a righteous jury was a verdict which condemned the woman to death. Those mischievous members of the community, whose topsy-turvy sympathies feel for the living criminal and forget the dead victim, attempted to save her by means of high-flown petitions and contemptible correspondence in the newspapers. But the Judge held firm; and the Home Secretary held firm. They were entirely right; and the public were scandalously wrong.

 Our Chaplain endeavored to offer the consolations of religion to the condemned wretch. She refused to accept his ministrations in language which filled him with grief and horror.

 On the evening before the execution, the reverend gentleman laid on my table his own written report of a conversation which had passed between the Prisoner and himself.


the Land of that Love Eternal which the soul of Isobel foreknew.


öttingen.]
 (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Zinnia, Mexican herbs with opposite leaves and large gay-colored blossoms. Zinnia elegans is the commonest species in cultivation.

 Zinn"wald*ite (?), n. [So called after Zinnwald, in Bohemia, where it occurs.] (Min.) A kind of mica containing lithium, often associated with tin ore.

 Zin"sang (?), n. (Zoöl.) The delundung.

 Zin'zi*ber*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Same as Zingiberaceous.

 Zi"on (?), n. [Heb. tsy&?;n, originally, a hill.]

1. (Jewish Antiq.) A hill in Jerusalem, which, after the capture of that city by the Israelites, became the royal residence of David and his successors.

2. Hence, the theocracy, or church of God.

3. The heavenly Jerusalem; heaven.

 Ziph"i*oid (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Xiphioid.

 Zir"co- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) designating zirconium as an element of certain double compounds; zircono-; as in zircofluoric acid, sodium zircofluoride.

 Zir'co*flu"or*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A double fluoride of zirconium and hydrogen, or some other positive element or radical; as, zircofluoride of sodium.

 Zir"con (?), n. [F., the same word as jargon. See Jargon a variety of zircon.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals, usually of a brown or gray color. It consists of silica and zirconia. A red variety, used as a gem, is called hyacinth.
 Colorless, pale-yellow or smokybrown varieties from Ceylon are called jargon.

Zircon syenite, a coarse-grained syenite containing zircon crystals and often also elæolite. It is largely developed in Southern Norway.

 Zir"co*na (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Zirconia.

 Zir"con*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of zirconic acid.

 Zir*co"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) The oxide of zirconium, obtained as a white powder, and possessing both acid and basic properties.
 On account of its infusibility, and brilliant luminosity when incandescent, it is used as an ingredient of sticks for the Drummomd light.

 Zir*con"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, zirconium; as, zirconic oxide; zirconic compounds.

Zirconic acid, an acid of zirconium analogous to carbonic and silicic acids, known only in its salts.

 Zir*co"ni*um (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A rare element of the carbon-silicon group, intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, obtained from the mineral zircon as a dark sooty powder, or as a gray metallic crystalline substance. Symbol Zr. Atomic weight, 90.4.

 Zir"co*no (?). See Zirco-.

 Zir"con*oid (?), n. [Zircon + oid.] (Crystallog.)
 A double eight-sided pyramid, a form common with tetragonal crystals; -- so called because this form often occurs in crystals of zircon.

 Zith"er (?), n. [G. zither. See Cittern.] (Mus.) An instrument of music used in Austria and Germany. It has from thirty to forty wires strung across a shallow sounding-board, which lies horizontally on a table before the performer, who uses both hands in playing on it. [Not to be confounded with the old lute-shaped cittern, or cithern.]

 Zit"tern (?), n. (Min.) See Cittern.

 ||Zi*za"ni*a (?), n. [NL., from L. zizanium darnel, cockle, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses including Indian rice. See Indian rice, under Rice.

 Ziz"el (?), n. [G. ziesel.] (Zoöl.) The suslik.
 [Written also zisel.]

 ||Zo'an*tha"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. zw^,on an animal + &?; flower.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Actinaria, including Zoanthus and allied genera, which are permanently attached by their bases.

 ||Zo'an*tha"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Anthozoa.

 Zo'an*tha"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Zoantharia. -- n. One of the Anthozoa.

 Zo*an"tho*deme (?), n. [See Zoantharia, and Deme.] (Zoöl.)
 The zooids of a compound anthozoan, collectively.

 Zo*an"thoid (?), a. [See Zoantharia, and -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Of or pertaining to the Zoanthacea.

 Zo*an"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; animal + &?; man.] (Med.)
 A kind of monomania in which the patient believes himself transformed into one of the lower animals.

 ||Zo*an"thus (?), n. [NL. See Zoantharia.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Actinaria, including numerous species, found mostly in tropical seas. The zooids or polyps resemble small, elongated actinias united together at their bases by fleshy stolons, and thus forming extensive groups. The tentacles are small and bright colored.

 ||Zo"bo (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A kind of domestic cattle reared in Asia for its flesh and milk. It is supposed to be a hybrid between the zebu and the yak.

 { Zoc"co (?), Zoc"co*lo (?), } n. [It. fr. L. socculus. See Socle, and cf. Zacco.] (Arch.) Same as Socle.

 Zo"cle (?; 277), n. (Arch.) Same as Socle.

 Zo"di*ac (?), n. [F. zodiaque (cf. It. zodiaco), fr.
 L. zodiacus, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?;, dim. of zw^,on an animal, akin to &?; living, &?; to live.]

1. (Astron.) (a) An imaginary belt in the heavens, 16° or 18° broad, in the middle of which is the ecliptic, or sun's path.
 It comprises the twelve constellations, which one constituted, and from which were named, the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A figure representing the signs, symbols, and constellations of the zodiac.

2. A girdle; a belt. [Poetic & R.]

 By his side, As in a glistering zodiac, hung the sword.

Milton.
 Zo*di"a*cal (?), a. [Cf. F. zodiacal.] (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the zodiac; situated within the zodiac; as, the zodiacal planets.

Zodiacal light, a luminous tract of the sky, of an elongated, triangular figure, lying near the ecliptic, its base being on the horizon, and its apex at varying altitudes. It is to be seen only in the evening, after twilight, and in the morning before dawn. It is supposed to


[Cf. Quell.] To cause to fail in spirit or power; to quell; to crush; to subdue. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Quail, v. i. [OF. coaillier, F. cailler, from L. coagulare.
 See Coagulate.] To curdle; to coagulate, as milk. [Obs.] Holland.
 Quail, n. [OF. quaille, F. caille, LL. quaquila, qualia, qualea, of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. kwakkel, kwartel, OHG. wahtala, G. wachtel.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any gallinaceous bird belonging to Coturnix and several allied genera of the Old World, especially the common European quail (C. communis), the rain quail (C. Coromandelica) of India, the stubble quail (C. pectoralis), and the Australian swamp quail (Synoicus australis).

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several American partridges belonging to Colinus, Callipepla, and allied genera, especially the bobwhite (called Virginia quail, and Maryland quail), and the California quail (Calipepla Californica).

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Turnix and allied genera, native of the Old World, as the Australian painted quail (Turnix varius). See Turnix.

4. A prostitute; -- so called because the quail was thought to be a very amorous bird.[Obs.] Shak.
Bustard quail (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic quail-like bird of the genus Turnix, as T. taigoor, a black-breasted species, and the hill bustard quail (T. ocellatus). See Turnix. -- Button quail (Zoöl.), one of several small Asiatic species of Turnix, as T. Sykesii, which is said to be the smallest game bird of India. -- Mountain quail. See under Mountain. -- Quail call, a call or pipe for alluring quails into a net or within range. -- Quail dove (Zoöl.), any one of several American ground pigeons belonging to Geotrygon and allied genera. -- Quail hawk (Zoöl.), the New Zealand sparrow hawk (Hieracidea Novæ-Hollandiæ).
 -- Quail pipe. See Quail call, above. -- Quail snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher, or red-breasted snipe; -- called also robin snipe, and brown snipe. -- Sea quail (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Local, U. S.]

 Quail"y (?), n. [Cf. Quail the bird.] (Zoöl.) The upland plover. [Canadian] Quaint (?), a. [OE. queint, queynte, coint, prudent, wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. cointe cultivated, amiable, agreeable, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con + noscere (for gnoscere) to know. See Know, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition.] 1. Prudent; wise; hence, crafty; artful; wily. [Obs.]

 Clerks be full subtle and full quaint.

Chaucer.
2. Characterized by ingenuity or art; finely fashioned; skillfully wrought; elegant; graceful; nice; neat. [Archaic] " The queynte ring." " His queynte spear." Chaucer. " A shepherd young quaint."
 Chapman.
 Every look was coy and wondrous quaint.

Spenser.
 To show bow quaint an orator you are.

Shak.
3. Curious and fanciful; affected; odd; whimsical; antique; archaic; singular; unusual; as, quaint architecture; a quaint expression.

 Some stroke of quaint yet simple pleasantry.

Macaulay.
 An old, long-faced, long-bodied servant in quaint livery.

W. Irving.
Syn. -- Quaint, Odd, Antique. Antique is applied to that which has come down from the ancients, or which is made to imitate some ancient work of art. Odd implies disharmony, incongruity, or unevenness. An odd thing or person is an exception to general rules of calculation and procedure, or expectation and common experience. In the current use of quaint, the two ideas of odd and antique are combined, and the word is commonly applied to that which is pleasing by reason of both these qualities. Thus, we speak of the quaint architecture of many old buildings in London; or a quaint expression, uniting at once the antique and the fanciful.

 Quain"tise (?), n. [OF. cointise.] 1. Craft; subtlety; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer. R. of Glouces.
2. Elegance; beauty. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Quaint"ly (?), adv. In a quaint manner. Shak.
 Quaint"ness, n. The quality of being quaint. Pope.
 Quair (?), n. [See 3d Quire.] A quire; a book. [Obs.] "The king's quhair." James I. (of Scotland).
 Quake (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quaked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Quaking.] [AS. cwacian; cf. G. quackeln.
 Cf. Quagmire.] 1. To be agitated with quick, short motions continually repeated; to shake with fear, cold, etc.; to shudder; to tremble. "Quaking for dread." Chaucer.
 She stood quaking like the partridge on which the hawk is ready to seize.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. To shake, vibrate, or quiver, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; as, the earth quakes; the mountains quake. " Over quaking bogs." Macaulay.
 Quake, v. t. [Cf. AS. cweccan to move, shake. See Quake, v.
 t.] To cause to quake. [Obs.] Shak.
 Quake, n. A tremulous agitation; a quick vibratory movement; a shudder; a quivering.

 Quak"er (?), n. 1. One who quakes.

2. One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, about 1650, -- the members of which call themselves Friends. They were called Quakers, originally, in derision. See Friend, n., 4.

 Fox's teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance... The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body; men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life.

Encyc. Brit.
3. (Zoöl.) (a) The nankeen bird. (b) The sooty albatross. (c) Any grasshopper or locust of the genus (Edipoda; -- so called from the quaking noise made during flight.

Quaker buttons. (Bot.) See Nux vomica. -- Quaker gun, a dummy cannon made of wood or other material; -- so called because the sect of Friends, or Quakers, hold to the doctrine, of nonresistance. -- Quaker ladies (Bot.), a low American biennial plant (Houstonia cærulea), with pretty fourlobed corollas which are pale blue with a yellowish center; -- also called bluets, and little innocents.

 Quak"er*ess, n. A woman who is a member of the Society of Friends.

 Quak"er*ish, a. Like


Idylls of the King Flos Regum Arthurus (Joseph of Exeter) In Twelve Books By Alfred, Lord Tennyson Contents Dedication The Coming of Arthur Gareth and Lynette The Marriage of Geraint Geraint and Enid Balin and Balan Merlin and Vivien Lancelot and Elaine The Holy Grail Pelleas and Ettarre The Last Tournament Guinevere The Passing of Arthur To the Queen Dedication The Coming of Arthur Gareth and Lynette The Marriage of Geraint Geraint and Enid Balin and Balan Merlin and Vivien Lancelot and Elaine The Holy Grail Pelleas and Ettarre The Last Tournament Guinevere The Passing of Arthur To the Queen


skin is more or less spinose.

 Some of the species are used for food, as the European blue or gray skate (Raia batis), which sometimes weighs nearly 200 pounds. The American smooth, or barn-door, skate (R. lævis) is also a large species, often becoming three or four feet across. The common spiny skate (R. erinacea) is much smaller.

Skate's egg. See Sea purse. -- Skate sucker, any marine leech of the genus Pontobdella, parasitic on skates.

 Skat"er (?), n. 1. One who skates.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects belonging to Gerris, Pyrrhocoris, Prostemma, and allied genera. They have long legs, and run rapidly over the surface of the water, as if skating.

 Ska"tol (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;, dung + -ol.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) A constituent of human fæces formed in the small intestines as a product of the putrefaction of albuminous matter. It is also found in reduced indigo. Chemically it is methyl indol, C9H9N.

 Skayles (?), n. [√159.] Skittles. [Obs.]

 Skean (?), n. [Ir sgian; akin to Gael. sgian, W. ysgien a large knife, a scimiter.] A knife or short dagger, esp. that in use among the Highlanders of Scotland. [Variously spelt.] "His skean, or pistol." Spenser.
 Ske*dad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skedaddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skedaddling (?).] [Of uncertain etymology.] To betake one's self to flight, as if in a panic; to flee; to run away. [Slang, U.
 S.]

 Skee (?), n. [Dan. ski; Icel. sk&?; a billet of wood. See Skid.] A long strip of wood, curved upwards in front, used on the foot for sliding.

 Skeed (?), n. See Skid.

 Skeel (?), n. [Icel. skj&?;la a pail, bucket.] A shallow wooden vessel for holding milk or cream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose.
 { Skeel"duck' (?), Skeel"goose' (?), } n. [See Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.)
 The common European sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.]

 Skeet (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) A scoop with a long handle, used to wash the sides of a vessel, and formerly to wet the sails or deck.

 Skeg (?), n. [Prov. E., also a stump of a branch, a wooden peg; cf.
 Icel. sk&?;gr a wood, Sw. skog. Cf. Shaw.] 1. A sort of wild plum. [Obs.] Holland.
2. pl. A kind of oats. Farm. Encyc.
3. (Naut.) The after part of the keel of a vessel, to which the rudder is attached.

 Skeg"ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) The parr. Walton.
 Skein (?), n. [OE. skeyne, OF. escaigne, F. écagne, probably of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. sgainne, Gael. sgeinnidh thread, small twine; or perhaps the English word is immediately from Celtic.] 1. A quantity of yarn, thread, or the like, put up together, after it is taken from the reel, -- usually tied in a sort of knot.

 A skein of cotton yarn is formed by eighty turns of the thread round a fifty-four inch reel.

2. (Wagon Making) A metallic strengthening band or thimble on the wooden arm of an axle. Knight.
 Skein, n. (Zoöl.) A flight of wild fowl (wild geese or the like). [Prov. Eng.]

 Skeine (?), n. See Skean.

 Skel"der (?), v. t. & i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Skel"der, n. A vagrant; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 { Skel"drake' (?), or Skiel"drake' (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European sheldrake. (b) The oyster catcher.

 Skel"et (?), n. A skeleton. See Scelet.

 Skel"e*tal (?), a. Pertaining to the skeleton.

 Skel'e*tog"e*nous (?), a. [Skeleton + -genous.]
 Forming or producing parts of the skeleton.

 Skel'e*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Skeleton + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the skeleton; also, a treatise on the skeleton.

 Skel"e*ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; (sc.
 &?;&?;&?;) a dried body, a mummy, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; dried up, parched, &?;&?;&?;&?; to dry, dry up, parch.] 1.
(Anat.) (a) The bony and cartilaginous framework which supports the soft parts of a vertebrate animal. [See Illust. of the Human Skeleton, in Appendix.] (b) The more or less firm or hardened framework of an invertebrate animal.

 In a wider sense, the skeleton includes the whole connective-tissue framework with the integument and its appendages. See Endoskeleton, and Exoskeleton.

2. Hence, figuratively: (a) A very thin or lean person. (b) The framework of anything; the principal parts that support the rest, but without the appendages.

 The great skeleton of the world.

Sir M. Hale.
(c) The heads and outline of a literary production, especially of a sermon.

 Skel"e*ton, a. Consisting of, or resembling, a skeleton; consisting merely of the framework or outlines; having only certain leading features of anything; as, a skeleton sermon; a skeleton crystal.

Skeleton bill, a bill or draft made out in blank as to the amount or payee, but signed by the acceptor. [Eng.] -- Skeleton key, a key with nearly the whole substance of the web filed away, to adapt it to avoid the wards of a lock; a master key; -- used for opening locks to which it has not been especially fitted. -- Skeleton leaf, a leaf from which the pulpy part has been removed by chemical means, the fibrous part alone remaining. -- Skeleton proof, a proof of a print or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair strokes only, such proofs being taken before the engraving is finished. -- Skeleton regiment, a regiment which has its complement of officers, but in which there are few enlisted men. -- Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), a small crustacean of the genus Caprella. See Illust. under Læmodipoda.

 Skel"e*ton*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skeletonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skeletonizing (?).] To prepare a skeleton of; also, to reduce, as a leaf, to its skeleton. Pop. Sci. Monthly.
 Skel"e*ton*i'zer (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any small moth whose larva eats the parenchyma of leaves, leaving the skeleton; as, the apple-leaf skeletonizer.

 Skel"lum (?), n. [Dan. schelm, fr. G. schelm.] A scoundrel. [Obs. or Scot.] Pepys. Burns.
 Skel"ly (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela.] To squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Skel"ly, n. A squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]


pr. & vb. n. Esquiring.] To wait on as an esquire or attendant in public; to attend. [Colloq.]

 ||Es'quisse" (?), n. [F. See Sketch.] (Fine Arts) The first sketch of a picture or model of a statue.

 -ess (?). [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. &?;.] A suffix used to form feminine nouns; as, actress, deaconess, songstress.

 Es"say (?), n.; pl. Essays (#). [F. essai, fr.
 L. exagium a weighing, weight, balance; ex out + agere to drive, do; cf. examen, exagmen, a means of weighing, a weighing, the tongue of a balance, exigere to drive out, examine, weigh, Gr. 'exa'gion a weight, 'exagia'zein to examine, 'exa'gein to drive out, export. See Agent, and cf. Exact, Examine, Assay.] 1. An effort made, or exertion of body or mind, for the performance of anything; a trial; attempt; as, to make an essay to benefit a friend. "The essay at organization." M. Arnold.
2. (Lit.) A composition treating of any particular subject; -- usually shorter and less methodical than a formal, finished treatise; as, an essay on the life and writings of Homer; an essay on fossils, or on commerce.

3. An assay. See Assay, n. [Obs.]

Syn. -- Attempt; trial; endeavor; effort; tract; treatise; dissertation; disquisition.

 Es*say" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essayed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Essaying.] [F. essayer. See Essay, n.] 1.
 To exert one's power or faculties upon; to make an effort to perform; to attempt; to endeavor; to make experiment or trial of; to try.

 What marvel if I thus essay to sing?

Byron.
Essaying nothing she can not perform.

Emerson.
 A danger lest the young enthusiast... should essay the impossible.

J. C. Shairp.
2. To test the value and purity of (metals); to assay. See Assay.
 [Obs.] Locke.
 Es*say"er (?), n. One who essays. Addison.
 Es"say*ist (?; 277), n. A writer of an essay, or of essays. B. Jonson.
 Es"sence (?), n. [F. essence, L. essentia, formed as if fr. a p. pr. of esse to be. See Is, and cf. Entity.] 1.
 The constituent elementary notions which constitute a complex notion, and must be enumerated to define it; sometimes called the nominal essence.

2. The constituent quality or qualities which belong to any object, or class of objects, or on which they depend for being what they are (distinguished as real essence); the real being, divested of all logical accidents; that quality which constitutes or marks the true nature of anything; distinctive character; hence, virtue or quality of a thing, separated from its grosser parts.

 The laws are at present, both in form and essence, the greatest curse that society labors under.

Landor.
 Gifts and alms are the expressions, not the essence of this virtue [charity].

Addison.
 The essence of Addison's humor is irony.

Courthope.
3. Constituent substance.

 And uncompounded is their essence pure.

Milton.
4. A being; esp., a purely spiritual being.

 As far as gods and heavenly essences Can perish.

Milton.
 He had been indulging in fanciful speculations on spiritual essences, until... he had and ideal world of his own around him.

W. Irving.
5. The predominant qualities or virtues of a plant or drug, extracted and refined from grosser matter; or, more strictly, the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil; as, the essence of mint, and the like.

 The... word essence... scarcely underwent a more complete transformation when from being the abstract of the verb "to be," it came to denote something sufficiently concrete to be inclosed in a glass bottle.

J. S. Mill.
6. Perfume; odor; scent; or the volatile matter constituting perfume.

 Nor let the essences exhale.

Pope.
 Es"sence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essenced (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Essencing (?).] To perfume; to scent. "Essenced fops." Addison.
 Es*sene" (?), n.; pl. Essenes (#). [Gr. &?;, lit., physicians, because they practiced medicine, fr. Chald say to heal, cf. Heb. as.] One of a sect among the Jews in the time of our Savior, remarkable for their strictness and abstinence.

 Es"se*nism (?), n. The doctrine or the practices of the Essenes. De Quincey.
 Es*sen"tial (s*sn"sjal), a. [Cf. F. essentiel. See Essence.] 1. Belonging to the essence, or that which makes an object, or class of objects, what it is.

 Majestic as the voice sometimes became, there was forever in it an essential character of plaintiveness.

Hawthorne.
2. Hence, really existing; existent.

 Is it true, that thou art but a name, And no essential thing?

Webster (1623).
3. Important in the highest degree; indispensable to the attainment of an object; indispensably necessary.

 Judgment's more essential to a general Than courage.

Denham.
 How to live? -- that is the essential question for us.

H. Spencer.
4. Containing the essence or characteristic portion of a substance, as of a plant; highly rectified; pure; hence, unmixed; as, an essential oil. "Mine own essential horror." Ford.
 5. (Mus.) Necessary; indispensable; -- said of those tones which constitute a chord, in distinction from ornamental or passing tones.

6. (Med.) Idiopathic; independent of other diseases.

Essential character (Biol.), the prominent characteristics which serve to distinguish one genus, species, etc., from another. -- Essential disease, Essential fever (Med.), one that is not dependent on another. -- Essential oils (Chem.), a class of volatile oils, extracted from plants, fruits, or flowers, having each its characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. They are used in essences, perfumery, etc., and include many varieties of compounds; as lemon oil is a terpene, oil of bitter almonds an aldehyde, oil of wintergreen an ethereal salt, etc.; -- called also volatile oils in distinction from the fixed or nonvolatile.

 Es*sen"tial (s*sn"sjal), n. 1. Existence; being.
 [Obs.] Milton.
2. That which is essential; first or constituent principle; as, the essentials of religion.

 Es*sen'ti*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being essential; the essential part. Jer. Taylor.
 Es*sen"tial*ly (?), adv. In an essential manner or degree; in an indispensable degree; really; as, essentially different.

 Es*sen"tial*ness, n. Essentiality. Ld. Digby.
 Es*sen"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essentiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Essentiating.] To form or constitute the essence or being of. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Es*sen"ti*ate,


second. Longfellow.
 Pal"in*drome (?), n. [Gr. &?; running back again; &?; again + &?; to run: cf. F. palindrome.] A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same when read backward or forward; as, madam; Hannah; or Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel.

 { Pal'in*drom"ic (?), Pal'in*drom"ic*al (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a palindrome.

 Pa*lin"dro*mist (?), n. A writer of palindromes.

 Pal"ing (?), n. 1. Pales, in general; a fence formed with pales or pickets; a limit; an inclosure.

 They moved within the paling of order and decorum.

De Quincey.
2. The act of placing pales or stripes on cloth; also, the stripes themselves. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Paling board, one of the slabs sawed from the sides of a log to fit it to be sawed into boards. [Eng.]

 ||Pal'in*ge*ne"si*a (?), n.[NL.] See Palingenesis.

 { Pal'in*gen"e*sis (?), Pal'in*gen"e*sy (?), } n. [Gr. &?;; &?; again + &?; birth: cf. F. palingénésie.
 See Genesis.]

1. A new birth; a re-creation; a regeneration; a continued existence in different manner or form.

2. (Biol.) That form of evolution in which the truly ancestral characters conserved by heredity are reproduced in development; original simple descent; -- distinguished from kenogenesis.
 Sometimes, in zoölogy, the abrupt metamorphosis of insects, crustaceans, etc.

 Pal'in*ge*net"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to palingenesis: as, a palingenetic process. - - Pal'in*ge*net"ic*al*ly (#), adv.
 Pal"i*node (?), n. [L. palinodia, from Gr. &?;; &?; again + &?; a song. See Ode.] 1. An ode recanting, or retracting, a former one; also, a repetition of an ode.

2. A retraction; esp., a formal retraction. Sandys.
 Pal'i*no"di*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a palinode, or retraction. J. Q. Adams.
 Pal"i*no*dy (?), n. See Palinode. [Obs.] Wood.
 Pal'inu"rus (?), n. [So called from L. Palinurus, the pilot of Æneas.] (Naut.) An instrument for obtaining directly, without calculation, the true bearing of the sun, and thence the variation of the compass Pal'i*sade" (?), n. [F. palissade, cf. Sp. palizada, It. palizzata, palizzo, LL. palissata; all fr. L. palus a stake, pale. See Pale a stake.] 1. (Fort.) A strong, long stake, one end of which is set firmly in the ground, and the other is sharpened; also, a fence formed of such stakes set in the ground as a means of defense.

2. Any fence made of pales or sharp stakes.

Palisade cells (Bot.), vertically elongated parenchyma cells, such as are seen beneath the epidermis of the upper surface of many leaves. -- Palisade worm (Zoöl.), a nematoid worm (Strongylus armatus), parasitic in the blood vessels of the horse, in which it produces aneurisms, often fatal.

 Pal'i*sade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palisaded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Palisading.] [Cf. F. palissader.] To surround, inclose, or fortify, with palisades.

 Pal'i*sad"ing (?), n. (Fort.) A row of palisades set in the ground.

 Pal'i*sa*"do (?), n.; pl. Palisadoes (&?;). A palisade. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pal'i*sa"do, v. t. To palisade. [Obs.] Sterne.
 Pal"ish (?), a. Somewhat pale or wan.

 Pal'is*san"der (?), n. [F. palissandre.] (Bot.) (a) Violet wood. (b) Rosewood.

 Pal"is*sy (?), a. Designating, or of the nature of, a kind of pottery made by Bernard Palissy, in France, in the 16th centry.

Palissy ware, glazed pottery like that made by Bernard Palissy; especially, that having figures of fishes, reptiles, etc., in high relief.

 ||Pal"kee (?), n. [Hind. plk; of the same origin as E. palanquin.]
 A palanquin. Malcom.
 Pall (?), n. Same as Pawl.

 Pall, n. [OE. pal, AS. pæl, from L. pallium cover, cloak, mantle, pall; cf. L. palla robe, mantle.] 1.
 An outer garment; a cloak mantle.

 His lion's skin changed to a pall of gold.

Spenser.
2. A kind of rich stuff used for garments in the Middle Ages.
 [Obs.] Wyclif (Esther viii. 15).
3. (R. C. Ch.) Same as Pallium.

 About this time Pope Gregory sent two archbishop's palls into England, -- the one for London, the other for York.

Fuller.
4. (Her.) A figure resembling the Roman Catholic pallium, or pall, and having the form of the letter Y.

5. A large cloth, esp., a heavy black cloth, thrown over a coffin at a funeral; sometimes, also, over a tomb.

 Warriors carry the warrior's pall.

Tennyson.
6. (Eccl.) A piece of cardboard, covered with linen and embroidered on one side; -- used to put over the chalice.

 Pall, v. t. To cloak. [R.] Shak Pall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Palled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Palling.] [Either shortened fr. appall, or fr. F. pâlir to grow pale. Cf. Appall, Pale, a.] To become vapid, tasteless, dull, or insipid; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste; as, the liquor palls.

 Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover, Fades in the eye, and palls upon the sense.

Addisin.
 Pall, v. t. 1. To make vapid or insipid; to make lifeless or spiritless; to dull; to weaken. Chaucer.
 Reason and reflection... pall all his enjoyments.

Atterbury.
2. To satiate; to cloy; as, to pall the appetite.

 Pall, n. Nausea. [Obs.] Shaftesbury.
 ||Pal"la (?), n. [L. See Pall a cloak.] (Rom. Antuq.) An oblong rectangular piece of cloth, worn by Roman ladies, and fastened with brooches.

 Pal*la"di*an (?), a. (Arch.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a variety of the revived classic style of architecture, founded on the works of Andrea Palladio, an Italian architect of the 16th century.

 Pal*la"dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, palladium; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with palladious