ovich?
 A most extraordinary piece of good fortune has befallen you, hasn't it?

 ARTEMY. I have the honor to congratulate you on your unusual good fortune. I was glad from the bottom of my heart when I heard it. [Kisses Anna's hand.] Anna Andreyevna! [Kissing Marya's hand.] Marya Antonovna!

 Rastakovsky enters.

 RASTAKOVSKY. I congratulate you, Anton Antonovich. May God give you and the new couple long life and may He grant you numerous progeny—grand-children and great-grand-children. Anna Andreyevna! [Kissing her hand.] Marya Antonovna! [Kissing her hand.]

 SCENE IV The same, Korobkin and his Wife, Liuliukov.

 KOROBKIN. I have the honor to congratulate you, Anton Antonovich, and you, Anna Andreyevna [kissing her hand] and you Marya Antonovna [kissing her hand].

 KOROBKIN'S WIFE. I congratulate you from the bottom of my heart, Anna Andreyevna, on your new stroke of good fortune.

 LIULIUKOV. I have the honor to congratulate you, Anna Andreyevna.
 [Kisses her hand and turns to the audience, smacks his lips, putting on a bold front.] Marya Antonovna, I have the honor to congratulate you.
 [Kisses her hand and turns to the audience in the same way.]

 SCENE V A number of Guests enter. They kiss Anna's hand saying: "Anna Andreyevna," then Marya's hand, saying "Marya Antonovna."

 Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky enter jostling each other.

 BOBCHINSKY. I have the honor to congratulate you.

 DOBCHINSKY. Anton Antonovich, I have the honor to congratulate you.

 BOBCHINSKY. On the happy event.

 DOBCHINSKY. Anna Andreyevna!

 BOBCHINSKY. Anna Andreyevna!

 They bend over her hand at the same time and bump foreheads.

 DOBCHINSKY. Marya Antonovna! [Kisses her hand.] I have the honor to congratulate you. You will enjoy the greatest happiness. You will wear garments of gold and eat the most delicate soups, and you will pass your time most entertainingly.

 BOBCHINSKY [breaking in]. God give you all sorts of riches and of money and a wee tiny little son, like this. [Shows the size with his hands.]
 So that he can sit on the palm of your hand. The little fellow will be crying all the time, "Wow, wow, wow."

 SCENE VI More Guests enter and kiss the ladies' hands, among them Luka Lukich and his wife.

 LUKA LUKICH. I have the honor.

 LUKA'S WIFE [running ahead]. Congratulate you, Anna Andreyevna. [They kiss.] Really, I was so glad to hear of it. They tell me, "Anna Andreyevna has betrothed her daughter." "Oh, my God," I think to myself.
 It made me so glad that I said to my husband, "Listen, Lukanchik, that's a great piece of fortune for Anna Andreyevna." "Well," think I to myself, "thank God!" And I say to him, "I'm so delighted that I'm consumed with impatience to tell it to Anna Andreyevna herself." "Oh, my God," think I to myself, "it's just as Anna Andreyevna expected. She always did expect a good match for her daughter. And now what luck! It happened just exactly as she wanted it to happen." Really, it made me so glad that I couldn't say a word. I cried and cried. I simply screamed, so that Luka Lukich said to me, "What are you crying so for, Nastenka?"
 "Lukanchik," I said, "I don't know myself. The tears just keep flowing like a stream."

 GOVERNOR. Please sit down, ladies and gentlemen. Ho, Mishka, bring some more chairs in.

 The Guests seat themselves.

 SCENE VII The same, the Police Captain and Sergeants.

 CAPTAIN. I have the honor to congratulate you, your Honor, and to wish you long years of prosperity.

 GOVERNOR. Thank you, thank you! Please sit down, gentlemen.

 The Guests seat themselves.

 AMMOS. But please tell us, Anton Antonovich, how did it all come about, and how did it all—ahem!—go?

 GOVERNOR. It went in a most extraordinary way. He condescended to make the proposal in his own person.

 ANNA. In the most respectful and most delicate manner. He spoke beautifully. He said: "Anna Andreyevna, I have only a feeling of respect for your worth." And such a handsome, cultured man! His manners so genteel! "Believe me, Anna Andreyevna," he says, "life is not worth a penny to me. It is only because I respect your rare qualities."

 MARYA. Oh, mamma, it was to me he said that.

 ANNA. Shut up! You don't know anything. And don't meddle in other people's affairs. "Anna Andreyevna," he says, "I am enraptured." That was the flattering way he poured out his soul. And when I was going to say, "We cannot possibly hope for such an honor," he suddenly went down on his knees, and so aristocratically! "Anna Andreyevna," he says, "don't make me the most miserable of men. Consent to respond to my feelings, or else I'll put an end to my life."

 MARYA. Really, mamma, it was to me he said that.

 ANNA. Yes, of course—to you, too. I don't deny it.

 GOVERNOR. He even frightened us. He said he would put a bullet through his brains. "I'll shoot myself, I'll shoot myself," he said.

 MANY GUESTS. Well, for the Lord's sake!

 AMMOS. How remarkable!

 LUKA. It must have been fate that so ordained.

 ARTEMY. Not fate, my dear friend. Fate is a turkey-hen. It was the Governor's services that brought him this piece of fortune. [Aside.]
 Good luck always does crawl into the mouths of swine like him.

 AMMOS. If you like, Anton Antonovich, I'll sell you the dog we were bargaining about.

 GOVERNOR. I don't care about dogs now.

 AMMOS. Well, if you don't want it, then we'll agree on some other dog.

 KOROBKIN'S WIFE. Oh, Anna Andreyevna, how happy I am over your good fortune. You can't imagine how happy I am.

 KOROBKIN. But where, may I ask, is the distinguished guest now? I heard he had gone away for some reason or other.

 GOVERNOR. Yes, he's gone off for a day on a highly important matter.

 ANNA. To his uncle—to ask his blessing.

 GOVERNOR. To ask his blessing. But tomorrow—[He sneezes, and all burst into one exclamation of well-wishes.] Thank you very much. But tomorrow he'll be back. [He sneezes, and is congratulated again. Above the other voices are heard those of the following.]

 {CAPTAIN. I wish you health, your Honor.

 {BOBCHINSKY. A hundred years and a sack of ducats.

 {DOBCHINSKY. May God increase it to a thousand.

 {ARTEMY. May you go to hell!

 {KOROBKIN'S WIFE. The devil take you!

 GOVERNOR. I'm very much obliged to you. I wish you the same.

 ANNA. We intend to live in St. Petersburg now. I must say, the atmosphere here is too village-like. I must say, it's


approbated to preach; approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816).
 Ap'pro*ba"tion (&?;), n. [L. approbatio: cf. F. approbation.
 See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof; attestation. [Obs.] Shak.
2. The act of approving; an assenting to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction; approval; sanction; commendation.

 Many... joined in a loud hum of approbation. Macaulay.
 The silent approbation of one's own breast. Melmoth.
 Animals... love approbation or praise. Darwin.
3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.]

 This day my sister should the cloister enter, And there receive her approbation. Shak.
Syn. -- Approval; liking; sanction; consent; concurrence. -- Approbation, Approval. Approbation and approval have the same general meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, commendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. "We may be anxious for the approbation of our friends; but we should be still more anxious for the approval of our own consciences." "He who is desirous to obtain universal approbation will learn a good lesson from the fable of the old man and his ass." "The work has been examined by several excellent judges, who have expressed their unqualified approval of its plan and execution."

 Ap"pro*ba*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. approbatif.] Approving, or implying approbation. Milner.
 Ap"pro*ba*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being approbative.

2. (Phren.) Love of approbation.

 Ap"pro*ba'tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who approves. [R.]

 Ap"pro*ba'to*ry (&?;), a. Containing or expressing approbation; commendatory. Sheldon.
 Ap*promt" (?; 215), v. t. [Pref. ad- + promt.] To quicken; to prompt. [Obs.]

 To appromt our invention. Bacon.
 Ap*proof" (&?;), n. [See Approve, and Proof.] 1. Trial; proof. [Archaic] Shak.
2. Approval; commendation. Shak.
 Ap'pro*pin"quate (&?;), v. i. [L. appropinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare; ad + prope near.] To approach.
 [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.
 Ap'pro*pin*qua"tion (&?;), n. [L. appropinquatio.] A drawing nigh; approach. [R.] Bp. Hall.
 Ap'pro*pin"qui*ty (&?;), n. [Pref. ad- + propinquity.]
 Nearness; propinquity. [R.] J. Gregory.
 Ap*pro"pre (&?;), v. t. [OE. appropren, apropren, OF. approprier, fr. L. appropriare. See Appropriate.] To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Ap*pro"pri*a*ble (&?;), a. [See Appropriate.] Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T. Browne.
 Ap*pro"pri*a*ment (&?;), n. What is peculiarly one's own; peculiar qualification. [Obs.]

 If you can neglect Your own appropriaments. Ford.
 Ap*pro"pri*ate (&?;), a. [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appropriare; ad + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one's own, proper. See Proper.] Set apart for a particular use or person. Hence: Belonging peculiarly; peculiar; suitable; fit; proper.

 In its strict and appropriate meaning. Porteus.
Appropriate acts of divine worship. Stillingfleet.
 It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express our ideas. Locke.
 Ap*pro"pri*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropriated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating (&?;).]
 1. To take to one's self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; as, let no man appropriate the use of a common benefit.

2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or use, in exclusion of all others; -- with to or for; as, a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden; to appropriate money for the increase of the navy.

3. To make suitable; to suit. [Archaic] Paley.
4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property. Blackstone.
 Ap*pro"pri*ate (&?;), n. A property; attribute. [Obs.]

 Ap*pro"pri*ate*ly, adv. In an appropriate or proper manner; fitly; properly.

 Ap*pro"pri*ate*ness, n. The state or quality of being appropriate; peculiar fitness. Froude.
 Ap*pro'pri*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. appropriatio: cf. F. appropriation.]
 1. The act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of taking to one's self, in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a park, or of money to carry out some object.

2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart.

 The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation. Macaulay.
3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation. Blackstone.
 (b) The application of payment of money by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due from the former to the latter. Chitty.
 Ap*pro"pri*a*tive (&?;), a. Appropriating; making, or tending to, appropriation; as, an appropriative act. -- Ap*pro"pri*a*tive*ness, n. Ap*pro"pri*a'tor (&?;), n. 1. One who appropriates.

2. (Law) A spiritual corporation possessed of an appropriated benefice; also, an impropriator.

 Ap*prov"a*ble (&?;), a. Worthy of being approved; meritorious.
 -- Ap*prov"a*ble*ness, n. Ap*prov"al (&?;), n. Approbation; sanction.

 A censor... without whose approval n&?; capital sentences are to be executed. Temple.
Syn. -- See Approbation.

 Ap*prov"ance (&?;), n. Approval. [Archaic] Thomson.
 Ap*prove" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OE. aproven, appreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to approve, fr. L. approbare; ad + probare to esteem as good, approve, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To show to be real or true; to prove. [Obs.]

 Wouldst thou approve thy constancy? Approve First thy obedience. Milton.
2. To make proof of; to demonstrate; to prove or show practically.

 Opportunities to approve... worth. Emerson.
 He had approved himself a great warrior. Macaulay.
 'T is an old lesson; Time approves it true. Byron.
 His account... approves him a man of thought. Parkman.
3. To sanction officially; to rat


broken plur. of "Hurmah;" from Haram, the honour of the house, forbidden to all save her spouse. But it is also an infinitive (whose plur. is Harîmát = the women of a family); and in places it is still used for the women's apartment, the gynæceum. The latter by way of distinction I have mostly denoted by the good old English corruption "Harem."]

 391 (return) [ In text "Misla 'l-khárúf" (for Kharúf) a common phrase for an "innocent," a half idiot; so our poets sing of "silly (harmless, Germ. Selig) sheep."]

 392 (return) [ In text this ends the tale.]

 393 (return) [ In text "Wa lá huwa 'ashamná min-ka talkash 'alà Harimi-ná." "'Ashama," lit. = he greeded for; and "Lakasha" = he conversed with. (There is no need to change the "talkas" of the text into "talkash." "Lakasa" is one of the words called "Zidd," i.e. with opposite meanings: it can signify "to incline passionately towards," or "to loath with abhorrence." As the noun "Laks" means "itch" the sentence might perhaps be translated: "that thou hadst an itching after our Harím." What would lead me to prefer the reading of the MS. is that the verb is construed with the preposition "'alà" = upon, towards, for, while "lakash," to converse, is followed by "ma'" = with.—ST.)]

 394 (return) [ Such was the bounden duty of a good neighbour.]

 395 (return) [ He does not insist upon his dancing because he looks upon the offence as serious, but he makes him tell his tale—for the sake of the reader.]

 396 (return) [ "Sáhib al-Hayát:" this may also = a physiognomist, which, however, is probably not meant here.]

 397 (return) [ In text "Harárah" = heat, but here derived from "Hurr" = freeborn, noble.]

 398 (return) [ In text "Azay má tafút-ní?"]

 399 (return) [ In the Arab. "Rajul Khuzarí" = a green-meat man. (The reading "Khuzarí" belongs to Lane, M.E.
 ii. 16, and to Bocthor. In Schiaparelli's Vocabulista and the Muhít the form "Khuzrí" is also given with the same meaning.—ST.)]

 400 (return) [ (In text "Farárijí," as if the pl. of "Farrúj" = chicken were "Farárij" instead of "Faráríj." In modern Egyptian these nouns of relation from irregular plurals to designate tradespeople not only drop the vowel of the penultimate but furthermore, shorten that of the preceding syllable, so that "Farárijí" becomes "Fararjí." Thus "Sanádikí," a maker of boxes, becomes "Sanadkí," and "Dakhákhiní, a seller of tobacco brands," "Dakhakhní." See Spitta Bey's Grammar, p. 118.—ST.)]

 401 (return) [ In the Arab.
 "Al-Májúr," for "Maajúr" = a vessel, an utensil.]

 402 (return) [ In text "shaklaba" here = "shakala" = he weighed out (money, whence the Heb. Shekel), he had to do with a woman.]

 403 (return) [ (The trade of the man is not mentioned here, p. 22 of the 5th vol. of the MS., probably through negligence of the copyist, but it only occurs as far lower down as p. 25.—ST.)]

 404 (return) [ A certain reviewer proposes "stained her eyes with Kohl," showing that he had never seen the Kohl-powder used by Asiatics.]

 405 (return) [ ("Bi-Má al-fasíkh 'alà Akrás al-Jullah." "Má al-Fasíkh" = water of salt-fish, I would translate by "dirty brine" and "Akrás al-Jullah" by "dung-cakes," meaning the tale should be written with a filthy fluid for ink upon a filthy solid for paper, more expressive than elegant.—ST.)]

 406 (return) [ "Al-Janínáti"; or, as the Egyptians would pronounce the word, "Al-Ganínátí". (Other Egyptian names for gardener are "Janáiní," pronounced "Ganáiní," "Bustánjí" pronounced "Bustangi," with a Turkish termination to a Persian noun, and "Bakhshawángí," for Baghchawánjí," where the same termination is pleonastically added to a Persian word, which in Persian and Turkish already means "gardener."—ST.)]

 407 (return) [ A Koranic quotation from "Joseph," chap. xii. 28: Sale has "for verily your cunning is great," said by Potiphar to his wife.]

 408 (return) [ I have inserted this sentence, the tale being absolutely without termination. So in the Mediæval Lat. translations the MSS. often omit "explicit capitulum (primum). Sequitur capitulum secundum," this explicit being a sine qua non.]

 409 (return) [ In text "Fatáirí" = a maker of "Fatírah" = pancake, or rather a kind of pastry rolled very thin, folded over like a napkin, saturated with butter and eaten with sugar or honey poured over it.]

 410 (return) [ In Arab. "Nayízáti," afterwards "Nuwayzátí," and lastly "Rayhání" (p. 34) = a man who vends sweet and savoury herbs. We have neither the craft nor the article, so I have rendered him by "Herbalist."]

 411 (return) [ In text a "Mihtár" = a prince, a sweeper, a scavenger; the Pers. "Mihtar," still used in Hindostani. (In Quatremère's Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks "Mihtar" occurs also in the sense of superintendent, of head-equerry, and of chief of a military band. See Dozy Supp. s. v.—ST.)]

 412 (return) [ "Ant' aysh" for "man," decidedly not complimentary, "What (thing) art thou?"]

 413 (return) [ Arab. "Kabsh." Amongst the wilder tribes of the East ram's mutton is preferred because it gives the teeth more to do: on the same principle an old cock is the choicest guest-gift in the way of poultry.]

 414 (return) [ "Naubah," lit. = a period, keeping guard; and here a band of pipes and kettledrums playing before the doors of a great man at certain periods.]

 415 (return) [ In text "Al-Mubtali."]

 416 (return) [ Arab. "Hawwálín"; the passage is apparently corrupt. (Note "Hawálín" is clerical error for either "hawálà" = all around, or "Hawálí" = surroundings, surrounding parts, and "Audán" is pl. of the popular "Widn" or


related this story as it actually occurred.
Patterson Sahib has left me, and I shall miss him as long as I live, and now Roshan must roam about in Africa, sad and regretful.
[1] Foreman-mason.
Composed by Roshan mistari, son of Kadur mistari Bakhsh, native of the village of Chajanlat, Dakhli, Post Office Domli, district of Jhelum.
Dated 29th January, 1899.


to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman.
24. A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars. "To run the country base." Shak.
25. (Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield.

Altern base. See under Altern. -- Attic base. (Arch.)
 See under Attic. -- Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones or a mass of concrete; -- called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. -- Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. -- Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. -- Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. -- Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H. L. Scott.
 Base (bs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (bsd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Basing.] [From Base, n.] To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon. Bacon.
 Base, v. t. [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.]

 If any... based his pike. Sir T. North.
2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.]

 Metals which we can not base. Bacon.
 Base"ball" (&?;), n. 1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds (four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball.

2. The ball used in this game.

 Base"board (&?;), n. (Arch.) A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; -- also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard.

 Base"born' (&?;), a. 1. Born out of wedlock. Gay.
2. Born of low parentage.

3. Vile; mean. "Thy baseborn heart." Shak.
 Base"-burn'er (&?;), n. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed.

 Base"-court' (&?;), n. [F. basse-cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle.

2. (Law) An inferior court of law, not of record.

 Based (&?;), p. p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.

2. [See Base, n., 18-21.] Wearing, or protected by, bases.
 [Obs.] "Based in lawny velvet." E. Hall.
 Ba"se*dow's dis*ease" (&?;). [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.) A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; -- called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint.
 Bas"e*lard (&?;), n. [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.]
 A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.]
 Fairholt.
 Base"less, a. Without a base; having no foundation or support. "The baseless fabric of this vision." Shak.
 Base"ly, adv. 1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully.

2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles.
 Base"ment (&?;), n. [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.) The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. (See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively.

Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed.

 Base"ness (&?;), n. The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness.

 I once did hold it a baseness to write fair. Shak.
 Bas"e*net (&?;), n. See Bascinet. [Obs.]

 Base" vi'ol (&?;). See Bass viol.

 Bash (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. baschen, baissen.
 See Abash.] To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.]

 His countenance was bold and bashed not. Spenser.
 Ba*shaw" (&?;), n. [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha.

2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee.

3. (Zoöl.) A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; -- also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat.

 Bash"ful (bsh"fl), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.]

2. Very modest, or modest to excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as, a bashful person, action, expression.

Syn. -- Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish.

 Bash"ful*ly, adv. In a bashful manner.

 Bash"ful*ness, n. The quality of being bashful.

Syn. -- Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming in all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence in society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness.

 ||Bash"i-ba*zouk" (bsh"*b*zk"), n. [Turkish, light-headed, a foolish fellow.] A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army.

 Bash"less, a. Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Bas"hyle (&?;), n. (Chem.) See Basyle.

 Ba"si- (&?;). A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc.

 Ba"s


, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain.
 Cf. Romaic, Romance, Romantic.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art.

2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion.

3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc.

Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. -- Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1. -- Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. -- Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. -- Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. -- Roman law.
 See under Law. -- Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. -- Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. Ure. -- Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite, a., 2.

 Ro"man, n. 1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred.

2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in distinction from Italics.

 Ro*mance" (?), n. [OE. romance, romant, romaunt, OF. romanz, romans, romant, roman, F. roman, romance, fr. LL. Romanice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., in the vulgar language which sprang from Latin, the language of the Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions written in this vulgar tongue; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus. See Roman, and cf. Romanic, Romaunt, Romansch, Romanza.]
 1. A species of fictitious writing, originally composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and afterward in prose, such as the tales of the court of Arthur, and of Amadis of Gaul; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel, especially one which treats of surprising adventures usually befalling a hero or a heroine; a tale of extravagant adventures, of love, and the like. "Romances that been royal." Chaucer.
 Upon these three columns -- chivalry, gallantry, and religion -- repose the fictions of the Middle Ages, especially those known as romances.
 These, such as we now know them, and such as display the characteristics above mentioned, were originally metrical, and chiefly written by nations of the north of France.

Hallam.
2. An adventure, or series of extraordinary events, resembling those narrated in romances; as, his courtship, or his life, was a romance.

3. A dreamy, imaginative habit of mind; a disposition to ignore what is real; as, a girl full of romance.

4. The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages).

5. (Mus.) A short lyric tale set to music; a song or short instrumental piece in ballad style; a romanza.

Syn. -- Fable; novel; fiction; tale.

 Ro*mance", a. Of or pertaining to the language or dialects known as Romance.

 Ro*mance", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Romancing (?).] To write or tell romances; to indulge in extravagant stories.

 A very brave officer, but apt to romance.

Walpole.
 Ro*man"cer (?), n. One who romances.

 Ro*man"cist (?), n. A romancer. [R.]

 Ro*man"cy (?), a. Romantic. [R.]

 Ro'man*esque" (?), a. [F. romanesque; cf. It. romanesco.]
 1. (Arch.) Somewhat resembling the Roman; -- applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th.

2. Of or pertaining to romance or fable; fanciful.

Romanesque style (Arch.), that which grew up from the attempts of barbarous people to copy Roman architecture and apply it to their own purposes. This term is loosely applied to all the styles of Western Europe, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the appearance of Gothic architecture.

 Ro'man*esque", n. Romanesque style.

 Ro*man"ic (?), a. [L. Romanicus. See Romance, n.] 1.
 Of or pertaining to Rome or its people.

2. Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc.

3. Related to the Roman people by descent; -- said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues.

Romanic spelling, spelling by means of the letters of the Roman alphabet, as in English; -- contrasted with phonetic spelling.

 Ro"man*ish (?), a. Pertaining to Romanism.

 Ro"man*ism (?), n. The tenets of the Church of Rome; the Roman Catholic religion.

 Ro"man*ist, n. One who adheres to Romanism.

 Ro"man*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Romanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Romanizing (?).] 1. To Latinize; to fill with Latin words or idioms. [R.] Dryden.
2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion.

 Ro"man*ize, v. i. 1. To use Latin words and idioms. "Apishly Romanizing." Milton.
2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, customs, or modes of speech.

 Ro"man*i'zer (?), n. One who Romanizes.

 Ro*mansch" (?), n. [Grisons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch.
 See Romance.] The language of the Grisons in Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. [Written also Romansch, and Rumonsch.]

 Ro*mant" (?), n. A romaunt. [Obs.]

 Ro*man"tic (?), a. [F. romantique, fr. OF. romant.
 See Romance.] 1. Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking.

 Can anything in nature be imagined more profane and impious, more absurd, and undeed romantic, than such a persuasion?

South.
 Zeal for the good of one's country a party of men have represented as chimerical and romantic.

Addison.
2. Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind.

3. Of or pertaining to the style of


or into wadding; as, to wad tow or cotton.

2. To insert or crowd a wad into; as, to wad a gun; also, to stuff or line with some soft substance, or wadding, like cotton; as, to wad a cloak.

 { Wad, Wadd, } n. (Min.) (a) An earthy oxide of manganese, or mixture of different oxides and water, with some oxide of iron, and often silica, alumina, lime, or baryta; black ocher. There are several varieties. (b) Plumbago, or black lead.

 Wad"ding (?), n. [See Wad a little mass.]

1. A wad, or the materials for wads; any pliable substance of which wads may be made.

2. Any soft stuff of loose texture, used for stuffing or padding garments; esp., sheets of carded cotton prepared for the purpose.

 Wad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waddled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Waddling (?).] [Freq. of wade; cf. AS. wædlian to beg, from wadan to go. See Wade.] To walk with short steps, swaying the body from one side to the other, like a duck or very fat person; to move clumsily and totteringly along; to toddle; to stumble; as, a child waddles when he begins to walk; a goose waddles. Shak.
 She drawls her words, and waddles in her pace.

Young.
 Wad"dle, v. t. To trample or tread down, as high grass, by walking through it. [R.] Drayton.
 Wad"dler (?), n. One who, or that which, waddles.

 Wad"dling*ly, adv. In a waddling manner.

 Wade (?), n. Woad. [Obs.] Mortimer.
 Wade (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Wading.] [OE. waden to wade, to go, AS. wadan; akin to OFries. wada, D. waden, OHG. watan, Icel. va&?;a, Sw. vada, Dan. vade, L. vadere to go, walk, vadum a ford. Cf. Evade, Invade, Pervade, Waddle.]

1. To go; to move forward. [Obs.]

 When might is joined unto cruelty, Alas, too deep will the venom wade.

Chaucer.
 Forbear, and wade no further in this speech.

Old Play.
2. To walk in a substance that yields to the feet; to move, sinking at each step, as in water, mud, sand, etc.

 So eagerly the fiend... With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way, And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies.

Milton.
3. Hence, to move with difficulty or labor; to proceed &?;lowly among objects or circumstances that constantly &?;inder or embarrass; as, to wade through a dull book.

 And wades through fumes, and gropes his way.

Dryden.
 The king's admirable conduct has waded through all these difficulties.

Davenant.
 Wade, v. t. To pass or cross by wading; as, he waded &?;he rivers and swamps.

 Wade (?), n. The act of wading. [Colloq.]

 Wad"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wades.

2. (Zoöl.) Any long-legged bird that wades in the water in search of food, especially any species of limicoline or grallatorial birds; — called also wading bird. See Illust. g, under Aves.

 Wad"ing, a. & n. from Wade, v. Wading bird. (Zoöl.) See Wader, 2.

 Wad"mol (?), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. va&?;ml a woollen stuff, Dan vadmel. Cf. Wad a small mass, and Woodmeil.] A coarse, hairy, woolen cloth, formerly used for garments by the poor, and for various other purposes. [Spelled also wadmal, wadmeal, wadmoll, wadmel, etc.] Beck (Draper's Dict.). Sir W. Scott.
 Wad"set (?), n. [Scot. wad a pledge; akin to Sw. vad a wager. See Wed.] (Scots Law) A kind of pledge or mortgage.
 [Written also wadsett.]

 Wad"set*ter (?), n. One who holds by a wadset.

 Wad"y (?), n.; pl. Wadies (#). [Ar. wd a valley, a channel of a river, a river.] A ravine through which a brook flows; the channel of a water course, which is dry except in the rainy season.

 Wae (?), n. A wave. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Waeg (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kittiwake. [Scot.]

 Wa"fer (?), n. [OE. wafre, OF. waufre, qaufre, F. qaufre; of Teutonic origin; cf. LG. & D. wafel, G. waffel, Dan. vaffel, Sw. våffla; all akin to G. wabe a honeycomb, OHG. waba, being named from the resemblance to a honeycomb. G. wabe is probably akin to E. weave. See Weave, and cf. Waffle, Gauffer.]

1. (Cookery) A thin cake made of flour and other ingredients.

Wafers piping hot out of the gleed.

Chaucer.
 The curious work in pastry, the fine cakes, wafers, and marchpanes.

Holland.
 A woman's oaths are wafers — break with making B. Jonson.
2. (Eccl.) A thin cake or piece of bread (commonly unleavened, circular, and stamped with a crucifix or with the sacred monogram) used in the Eucharist, as in the Roman Catholic Church.

3. An adhesive disk of dried paste, made of flour, gelatin, isinglass, or the like, and coloring matter, — used in sealing letters and other documents.

Wafer cake, a sweet, thin cake. Shak. — Wafer irons, or Wafer tongs (Cookery), a pincher-shaped contrivance, having flat plates, or blades, between which wafers are baked. — Wafer woman, a woman who sold wafer cakes; also, one employed in amorous intrigues. Beau. & Fl.
 Wa"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wafered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wafering.] To seal or close with a wafer.

 Wa"fer*er (?), n. A dealer in the cakes called wafers; a confectioner. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Waffle (?), n. [D. wafel. See Wafer.] 1. A thin cake baked and then rolled; a wafer.

2. A soft indented cake cooked in a waffle iron.

Waffle iron, an iron utensil or mold made in two parts shutting together, — used for cooking waffles over a fire.

 Waft (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wafting.] [Prob. originally imp. & p. p. of wave, v. t. See Wave to waver.]


), n. Ornamental work in beads.

 Bead"y (&?;), a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. "Beady eyes." Thackeray.
2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads.

3. Characterized by beads; as, beady liquor.

 Bea"gle (&?;), n. [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable.

 Beak (bk), n. [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael.
 & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] 1.
(Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varies much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal.

2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew.
3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead.

4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee.

5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off.

6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.

7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.).

8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.]

 Beaked (bkt), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. "Each beaked promontory." Milton.
2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate.

Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale.

 Beak"er (bk"r), n. [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; -- all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. bi^kos wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard.

2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; -- used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight.
 Beak"head' (&?;), n. 1. (Arch.) An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker.
2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew.
 (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.

 Beak"i*ron (&?;), n. [From Bickern.] A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil.

 Beal (bl), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.]

 Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed (&?;); p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.] To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.]

 Be"-all' (&?;), n. The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak.
 Beam (bm), n. [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bm tree, OS. bm, D. boom, OHG.
 boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. baðmr, Goth. bagms and Gr. fy^ma a growth, fy^nai to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. √97. See Be; cf.
 Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use.

2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship.

 The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks. Totten.
3. The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another.

4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended.

 The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope.
5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches.

6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden.
7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam.

8. The straight part or shank of an anchor.

9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it.

10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; -- called also working beam or walking beam.

11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as, a beam of light, or of heat.

 How far that little candle throws his beams! Shak.
12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as, a beam of comfort.

 Mercy with her genial beam. Keble.
13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; -- called also beam feather.

Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed.
 -- Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. -- Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; -- used for drawing or describing large circles. -- Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. -- Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. -- On the beam, in a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel.
 -- On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind


(Physiol.) To separate from the blood and elaborate by the process of secretion; to elaborate and emit as a secretion. See Secretion.

 Why one set of cells should secrete bile, another urea, and so on, we do not know.

Carpenter.
Syn. -- To conceal; hide. See Conceal.

 Se*cre"tion (?), n. [L. secretio: cf. F. sécrétion.]
 1. The act of secreting or concealing; as, the secretion of dutiable goods.

2. (Physiol.) The act of secreting; the process by which material is separated from the blood through the agency of the cells of the various glands and elaborated by the cells into new substances so as to form the various secretions, as the saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids. The process varies in the different glands, and hence are formed the various secretions.

3. (Physiol.) Any substance or fluid secreted, or elaborated and emitted, as the gastric juice.

 Se"cret*ist (?), n. A dealer in secrets. [Obs.]

 Se'cre*ti"tious (?), a. Parted by animal secretion; as, secretitious humors. Floyer.
 Se*cret"ive (?), a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or private; as, a secretive disposition.

 Se*cret"ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being secretive; disposition or tendency to conceal.

2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which impels to reserve, secrecy, or concealment.

 Se"cret*ly (?), adv. In a secret manner.

 Se"cret*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being secret, hid, or concealed.

2. Secretiveness; concealment. Donne.
 Se*cre'to-mo"to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Causing secretion; -- said of nerves which go to glands and influence secretion.

 Se*cre"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sécrétoire. See Secrete.] (Physiol.) Secreting; performing, or connected with, the office of secretion; secernent; as, secretory vessels, nerves. -- n. A secretory vessel; a secernent.

 Sect (skt), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] A cutting; a scion. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sect (skt), n. [F. secte, L. secta, fr. sequi to follow; often confused with L. secare, sectum, to cut.
 See Sue to follow, and cf. Sept, Suit, n.] Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party.

 He beareth the sign of poverty, And in that sect our Savior saved all mankind.

Piers Plowman.
 As of the sect of which that he was born, He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.

Chaucer.
 The cursed sect of that detestable and false prophet Mohammed.

Fabyan.
 As concerning this sect [Christians], we know that everywhere it is spoken against.

Acts xxviii. 22.
 Sec"tant (?), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] One of the portions of space bounded by the three coordinate planes. Specif. (Crystallog.), one of the parts of a crystal into which it is divided by the axial planes.

 Sec*ta"ri*an (?), a. Pertaining to a sect, or to sects; peculiar to a sect; bigotedly attached to the tenets and interests of a denomination; as, sectarian principles or prejudices.

 Sec*ta"ri*an, n. One of a sect; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a state.

Syn. -- See Heretic.

 Sec*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The quality or character of a sectarian; devotion to the interests of a party; excess of partisan or denominational zeal; adherence to a separate church organization.

 Sec*ta"ri*an*ize (?), v. t. To imbue with sectarian feelings; to subject to the control of a sect.

 Sec"ta*rism, n. Sectarianism. [Obs.]

 Sec"ta*rist (?), n. A sectary. [R.] T. Warton.
 Sec"ta*ry (?), n.;pl. Sectaries (#). [F. sectaire.
 See Sect.] A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter.

 I never knew that time in England when men of truest religion were not counted sectaries.

Milton.
 Sec*ta"tor (?), n. [L., fr. sectari, v. intens. fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] A follower; a disciple; an adherent to a sect. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
 Sec"tile (?), a. [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. sectile. See Section.] Capable of being cut; specifically (Min.), capable of being severed by the knife with a smooth cut; -- said of minerals.

 Sec*til"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectile.

 Sec"tion (?), n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to cut; akin to E. saw a cutting instrument: cf. F. section.
 See Saw, and cf. Scion, Dissect, Insect, Secant, Segment.] 1. The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as, the section of bodies.

2. A part separated from something; a division; a portion; a slice.
 Specifically: -- (a) A distinct part or portion of a book or writing; a subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing; a paragraph; an article; hence, the character §, often used to denote such a division.

 It is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several arguments in distinct sections.

Locke.
(b) A distinct part of a country or people, community, class, or the like; a part of a territory separated by geographical lines, or of a people considered as distinct.

 The extreme section of one class consists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of the other consists of shallow and reckless empirics.

Macaulay.
(c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the United States are divided; one thirty-sixth part of a township. These sections are subdivided into quarter sections for sale under the homestead and preëmption laws.

3. (Geom.) The figure made up of all the points common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. In the first case the section is a superficies, in the second a line, and in the third a point.

4. (Nat. Hist.) A division of a genus; a group of species separated by some distinction from others of the same genus; -- often indicated by the sign §.

5. (Mus.) A part of a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. See Phrase.

6. The description or representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; depiction of what is beyond a plane passing through, or supposed to pass through, an object, as a building, a machine, a succession of strata; profile.

 In mechanical drawing, as in these Illustrations of a


*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n. Sa*bel"loid (?), a. [Sabella + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like, or related to, the genus Sabella. -- Sa*bel"loid, n.
 { Sa"ber, Sa"bre } (?), n. [F. sabre, G. säbel; of uncertain origin; cf. Hung. száblya, Pol. szabla, Russ. sabla, and L. Gr. zabo's crooked, curved.] A sword with a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and usually more or less curved like a scimiter; a cavalry sword.

Saber fish, or Sabre fish (Zoöl.), the cutlass fish.

 { Sa"ber, Sa"bre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered (?) or Sabred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabering or Sabring (&?;).]
 [Cf. F. sabrer.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber; to cut down, as with a saber.

 You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submission.

Burke.
 { Sa"ber*bill', Sa"bre*bill' }, n. (Zoöl.) The curlew.

 Sa"bi*an (?), a. [L. Sabaeus.] [Written also Sabean, and Sabæan.] 1. Of or pertaining to Saba in Arabia, celebrated for producing aromatic plants.

2. Relating to the religion of Saba, or to the worship of the heavenly bodies.

 Sa"bi*an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a worshiper of the heavenly bodies. [Written also Sabæan, and Sabean.]

 Sa"bi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of the Sabians; the Sabian religion; that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars; heliolatry. [Written also Sabæanism.]

 ||Sab"i*cu (?), n. The very hard wood of a leguminous West Indian tree (Lysiloma Sabicu), valued for shipbuilding.

 Sa"bine (?), a. [L. Sabinus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Sabines, a people of Italy. -- n. One of the Sabine people.

 Sab"ine (?), n. [F., fr. L. Sabina herba, fr. Sabini the Sabines. Cf. Savin.] (Bot.) See Savin.

 Sa"ble (?), n. [OF. sable, F. zibeline sable (in sense 4), LL. sabellum; cf. D. sabel, Dan. sabel, zobel, Sw. sabel, sobel, G. zobel; all fr. Russ. sóbole.]
 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, -- noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur.

 The sable resembles the marten, but has a longer head and ears. Its fur consists of a soft under wool, with a dense coat of hair, overtopped by another still longer. It varies greatly in color and quality according to the locality and the season of the year. The darkest and most valuable furs are taken in autumn and winter in the colder parts of Siberia, Russia, and British North America.

 The American sable, or marten, was formerly considered a distinct species (Mustela Americana), but it differs very little from the Asiatic sable, and is now considered only a geographical variety.

2. The fur of the sable.

3. A mourning garment; a funeral robe; -- generally in the plural.
 "Sables wove by destiny." Young.
4. (Her.) The tincture black; -- represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each other.

 Sa"ble (?), a. Of the color of the sable's fur; dark; black; -- used chiefly in poetry.

 Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne, In rayless majesty, now stretches forth Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world.

Young.
Sable antelope (Zoöl.), a large South African antelope (Hippotragus niger). Both sexes have long, sharp horns. The adult male is black; the female is dark chestnut above, white beneath. -- Sable iron, a superior quality of Russia iron; -- so called because originally stamped with the figure of a sable. -- Sable mouse (Zoöl.), the lemming.

 Sa"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabling (?).] To render sable or dark; to drape darkly or in black.

Sabled all in black the shady sky.

G. Fletcher.
 ||Sa'bot" (s'b"), n. [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn by the peasantry in France, Belgium, Sweden, and some other European countries.

2. (Mil.) A thick, circular disk of wood, to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in fixed ammunition for cannon; also, a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.

 ||Sa'bo"tière (?), n. [F.] A kind of freezer for ices.

 Sa"bre (?), n. & v. See Saber.

 ||Sa"bre*tasche' (?), n. [F. sabretache, G. säbeltasche; säbel saber + tasche a pocket.] (Mil.) A leather case or pocket worn by cavalry at the left side, suspended from the sword belt. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci.).
 Sa*bri"na work' (?). A variety of appliqué work for quilts, table covers, etc. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework).
 Sab"u*lose (?), a. [L. sabulosus, from sabulum, sabulo, sand.] (Bot.) Growing in sandy places.

 Sab'u*los"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being sabulous; sandiness; grittiness.

 Sab"u*lous (?), a. [L. sabulosus.] Sandy; gritty.

 Sac (sk), n. (Ethnol.) See Sacs.

 Sac, n. [See Sake, Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) The privilege formerly enjoyed by the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines. Cowell.
 Sac (sk), n. [F., fr. L. saccus a sack. See Sack a bag.] 1.
 See 2d Sack.

2. (Biol.) A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing fluid, and either closed, or opening into another cavity to the exterior; a sack.

 Sac"a*lait (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass; the crappie. [Southern U.S.]

 Sa"car (?), n. See Saker.

 Sac*cade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull.

 Sac"cate (?), a. [NL. saccatus, fr. L. saccus a sack, bag.] 1. (Biol.) Having the form of a sack or pouch; furnished with a sack or pouch, as a petal.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Saccata, a suborder of ctenophores having two pouches into which the long tentacles can be retracted.

 Sac"cha*rate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharic acid. (b) In a wider sense, a compound of saccharose, or any similar carbohydrate, with such bases as the oxides of calcium, barium, or lead; a sucrate.

 Sac*char"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained


THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER by Kate Douglas Wiggin INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EDITION These days the name of Kate Douglas Wiggin is virtually unknown. But if one mentions the title "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm," recognition (at least in America) is instant. Everyone has heard of Rebecca; her story has been in print continuously since it was first published in 1903. It is certainly Mrs. Wiggin's most famous book, and the only one of her many books that is still in print. Everything else she wrote has slipped into complete obscurity. Occasionally in an antique shop, one may still find a copy of her immensely popular seasonal book, "The Birds' Christmas Carol", but that is about the extent of what is readily available, even second-hand.

 The Birds' Christas Carol is available as our Etext #721, Nov. 1996.

 In 1904, Jack London wrote (from Manchuria!) to say that Rebecca had won his heart. ("She is real," he wrote, "she lives; she has given me many regrets, but I love her.") Some eighty years later I happened to pick up and read "Rebecca" for the first time. The book was so thoroughly enjoyable that when I had finished it, I began at once a search for other works by the same author—especially for a sequel to "Rebecca", which seemed practically to demand one. There was never a sequel written, but "The New Chronicles of Rebecca" was published in 1907, and contained some further chapters in the life of its heroine. I had to be satisfied with that, for the time being. Then, well over a year after jotting down Mrs. Wiggin's name on my list of authors to "purchase on sight", I finally ran across a copy of "The Village Watch-Tower"; and it was not even a book of which I had heard. It was first published in 1895 by Houghton, who published much of her other work at the time, and apparently was never published again. Shortly thereafter I found a copy of her autobiography.

 Kate Douglas Wiggin (nee Smith) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 28, 1856. She was raised for the most-part in Maine, which forms a backdrop to much of her fiction. She moved to California in the 1870s, and became involved in the "free kindergarten" movement. She opened the Silver Street Free Kindergarten in San Francisco, the first free kindergarten in California, and there she worked until the late 1880s (meantime opening her own training school for teachers). Her first husband, Samuel Wiggin, died in 1889. By then famous, she returned to New York and Maine. She moved in international social circles, lecturing and giving readings from her work. In 1895 she married for the second time (to George Riggs).

 At her home in San Francisco, overlooking the Golden Gate and Marin County, she wrote her first book, "The Birds' Christmas Carol", to raise money for her school. The book also proved to be her means of entrance into publishing, translation, and travel in elite circles throughout Europe. The book was republished many times thereafter, and translated into several languages. In addition to factual and educational works (undertaken together with her sister, Nora Archibald Smith) she also wrote a number of other popular novels in the early years of the 20th century, including "Rebecca", and "The Story of Waitstill Baxter" (1913). She died in 1923, on August 23, at Harrow-on-Hill, England.

 Beverly Seaton observed, in "American Women Writers", that Mrs. Wiggin was "a popular writer who expressed what her contemporaries themselves thought of as'real life'" (p. 413). "The Village Watch-Tower" I think is a perfect example of that observation; it captures vividly a few frozen moments of rural America, right at the twilight of the 19th century. Most of it was written in the village of Quillcote, Maine, her childhood home—and certainly the model for the village of these stories.

 No attempt has been made to edit this book for consistency or to update or "correct" the spelling. Mrs. Wiggin's spelling is somewhat transitional between modern American and British spellings. The only liberty taken is that of removing extra spaces in contractions. E.g., I have used "wouldn't" where the original has consistently "wouldn't"; this is true for all such contractions with "n't" which appeared inordinately distracting to the modern reader.

 R. McGowan, San Jose, March 1997 THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER Dear old apple-tree, under whose gnarled branches these stories were written, to you I dedicate the book. My head was so close to you, who can tell from whence the thoughts came? I only know that when all the other trees in the orchard were barren, there were always stories to be found under your branches, and so it is our joint book, dear apple-tree. Your pink blossoms have fallen on the page as I wrote; your ruddy fruit has dropped into my lap; the sunshine streamed through your leaves and tipped my pencil with gold. The birds singing in your boughs may have lent a sweet note here and there; and do you remember the day when the gentle shower came? We just curled the closer, and you and I and the sky all cried together while we wrote "The Fore-Room Rug." It should be a lovely book, dear apple-tree, but alas! it is not altogether that, because I am not so simple as you, and because I have strayed farther away from the heart of Mother Nature.

 KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN "Quillcote," Hollis, Maine, August 12, 1895.

 Contents THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER.
 TOM O' THE BLUEB'RY PLAINS.
 THE NOONING TREE.
 THE FORE-ROOM RUG.
 A VILLAGE STRADIVARIUS.
 THE EVENTFUL TRIP OF THE MIDNIGHT CRY.

 THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER.

 It stood on the gentle slope of a hill, the old gray house, with its weather-beaten clapboards and its roof of ragged shingles. It was in the very lap of the road, so that the stage-driver could almost knock on the window pane without getting down from his seat, on those rare occasions when he brought "old Mis' Bascom" a parcel from Saco.

 Humble and dilapidated as it was, it was almost beautiful in the springtime, when the dandelion-dotted turf grew close to the great stone steps; or in the summer, when the famous Bascom elm cast its graceful shadow over the front door. The elm, indeed, was the only object that ever did cast its shadow there. Lucinda Bascom said her "front door 'n' entry never hed ben used except for fun'rals, 'n' she was goin' to keep it nice for that purpose, 'n' not get it all tracked up." She was sitting now where she had sat for thirty years. Her high-backed rocker, with its cushion of copperplate patch and its crocheted tidy, stood always by a southern window that looked out on the river. The river was a sheet of crystal, as it poured over the dam; a rushing, roaring torrent of foaming white, as it swept under the bridge and fought its way between the rocky cliffs beyond, sweeping swirling, eddying, in its narrow channel, pulsing restlessly into the ragged fissures of its shores, and leaping with a tempest


ascertaining the strength of spirits was practiced, called the proof.

Ure.
2. That degree of evidence which convinces the mind of any truth or fact, and produces belief; a test by facts or arguments that induce, or tend to induce, certainty of the judgment; conclusive evidence; demonstration.

 I'll have some proof.

Shak.
 It is no proof of a man's understanding to be able to confirm whatever he pleases.

Emerson.
 Properly speaking, proof is the effect or result of evidence, evidence is the medium of proof. Cf. Demonstration, 1.

3. The quality or state of having been proved or tried; firmness or hardness that resists impression, or does not yield to force; impenetrability of physical bodies.

4. Firmness of mind; stability not to be shaken.

5. (Print.) A trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination; -- called also proof sheet.

6. (Math.) A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Cf. Prove, v. t., 5.

7. Armor of excellent or tried quality, and deemed impenetrable; properly, armor of proof. [Obs.] Shak.
Artist's proof, a very early proof impression of an engraving, or the like; -- often distinguished by the artist's signature. -- Proof reader, one who reads, and marks correction in, proofs. See def. 5, above.

Syn. -- Testimony; evidence; reason; argument; trial; demonstration. See Testimony.

 Proof, a.
1. Used in proving or testing; as, a proof load, or proof charge.

2. Firm or successful in resisting; as, proof against harm; waterproof; bombproof.

 I... have found thee Proof against all temptation.

Milton.
 This was a good, stout proof article of faith.

Burke.
3. Being of a certain standard as to strength; -- said of alcoholic liquors.

Proof charge (Firearms), a charge of powder and ball, greater than the service charge, fired in an arm, as a gun or cannon, to test its strength. -- Proof impression. See under Impression. -- Proof load (Engin.), the greatest load than can be applied to a piece, as a beam, column, etc., without straining the piece beyond the elastic limit. -- Proof sheet. See Proof, n., 5. - - Proof spirit (Chem.), a strong distilled liquor, or mixture of alcohol and water, containing not less than a standard amount of alcohol.
 In the United States "proof spirit is defined by law to be that mixture of alcohol and water which contains one half of its volume of alcohol, the alcohol when at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit being of specific gravity 0.7939 referred to water at its maximum density as unity. Proof spirit has at 60° Fahrenheit a specific gravity of 0.93353, 100 parts by volume of the same consisting of 50 parts of absolute alcohol and 53.71 parts of water," the apparent excess of water being due to contraction of the liquids on mixture. In England proof spirit is defined by Act 58, George III., to be such as shall at a temperature of 51° Fahrenheit weigh exactly the part of an equal measure of distilled water. This contains 49.3 per cent by weight, or 57.09 by volume, of alcohol. Stronger spirits, as those of about 60, 70, and 80 per cent of alcohol, are sometimes called second, third, and fourth proof spirits respectively. -- Proof staff, a straight-edge used by millers to test the flatness of a stone. -- Proof stick (Sugar Manuf.), a rod in the side of a vacuum pan, for testing the consistency of the sirup. -- Proof text, a passage of Scripture used to prove a doctrine.

 Proof'-arm" (?), v. t. To arm with proof armor; to arm securely; as, to proof-arm herself. [R.] Beau. & Fl.
 Proof"less, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to induce belief; not proved. Boyle. -- Proof"less*ly, adv.
 Proof"-proof', a. Proof against proofs; obstinate in the wrong.
 "That might have shown to any one who was not proof-proof." Whateley.
 ||Pro*ös"tra*cum (?), n.; pl. Proöstraca (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before + &?; shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.)
 The anterior prolongation of the guard of the phragmocone of belemnites and allied fossil cephalopods, whether horny or calcareous. See Illust.
 of Phragmocone.

 Pro*ö"tic (?), a. [Pref. pro- + Gr. &?;, &?;, an ear.] (Anat.) In front of the auditory capsule; -- applied especially to a bone, or center of ossification, in the periotic capsule.
 -- n. A proötic bone.

 Prop (?), n. A shell, used as a die. See Props.

 Prop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Propping.] [Akin to LG. & D. proppen to cram, stuff, thrust into, stop, G. pfropfen, Dan. proppe, Sw. proppa; of uncertain origin, cf. G. pfropfen to graft, fr. L. propago set, layer of a plant, slip, shoot. Cf. 3d. Prop, Propagate.] To support, or prevent from falling, by placing something under or against; as, to prop up a fence or an old building; (Fig.) to sustain; to maintain; as, to prop a declining state. Shak.
 Till the bright mountains prop the incumbent sky.

Pope.
 For being not propp'd by ancestry.

Shak.
 I prop myself upon those few supports that are left me.

Pope.
 Prop, n. [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. prop stopple, stopper, cork, Sw. propp, G. pfropf. See Prop, v.] That which sustains an incumbent weight; that on which anything rests or leans for support; a support; a stay; as, a prop for a building. "Two props of virtue." Shak.
 { Pro'pæ*deu"tic (?), Pro'pæ*deu"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr.
 &?; to teach beforehand; &?; before + &?; to bring up a child, to educate, teach, fr. &?;, &?;, a child.] Of, pertaining to, or conveying, preliminary instruction; introductory to any art or science; instructing beforehand.

 Pro'pæ*deu"tics (?), n. The preliminary learning connected with any art or science; preparatory instruction.

 Prop"a*ga*ble (?), a. [See Propagate.]

1. Capable of being propagated, or of being continued or multiplied by natural generation or production.

2. Capable of being spread or extended by any means; -- said of tenets, doctrines, or principles.

 Prop'a*gan"da (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. L. de propaganda fide: cf. F. propagande. See Propagate.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A congregation of cardinals, established in 1622, charged with the management of missions. (b) The college of the Propaganda, instituted by Urban VIII. (_PHONE_) to educate priests for missions in all parts of the world.

2. Hence, any organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles.

 Prop'a*gan"dism (?), n. [Cf. F. propagandisme.] The art or practice of propagating tenets or principles; zeal in propagating one's opinions.

 Prop


) in the process of resetting, originally by cutting it and hammering on the ends.

3. To overturn, overthrow, or overset; as, to upset a carriage; to upset an argument. "Determined somehow to upset the situation." Mrs. Humphry Ward.
4. To disturb the self-possession of; to disorder the nerves of; to make ill; as, the fright upset her. [Colloq.]

 Up*set", v. i. To become upset.

 Up"set' (?), a. Set up; fixed; determined; — used chiefly or only in the phrase upset price; that is, the price fixed upon as the minimum for property offered in a public sale, or, in an auction, the price at which property is set up or started by the auctioneer, and the lowest price at which it will be sold.

 After a solemn pause, Mr. Glossin offered the upset price for the lands and barony of Ellangowan.

Sir W. Scott.
 Up"set', n. The act of upsetting, or the state of being upset; an overturn; as, the wagon had an upset.

 Up*set"ting (?), a. Conceited; assuming; as, an upsetting fellow. [Scot.] Jamieson.
 Up*shoot" (?), v. i. To shoot upward. "Trees upshooting high." Spenser.
 Up"shot' (?), n. [Up + shot, equivalent to scot share, reckoning. Cf. the phrase to cast up an account.] Final issue; conclusion; the sum and substance; the end; the result; the consummation.

 I can not pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot.

Shak.
 We account it frailty that threescore years and ten make the upshot of man's pleasurable existence.

De Quincey.
 Up"side' (?), n. The upper side; the part that is uppermost.

To be upsides with, to be even with. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. T. Hughes. — Upside down. [Perhaps a corruption of OE. up so down, literally, up as down.] With the upper part undermost; hence, in confusion; in complete disorder; topsy-turvy. Shak.
 These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also.

Acts xvii. 6.
 Up"si*down' (?), adv. See Upsodown. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser.
 Up"sit'ting (?), n. A sitting up of a woman after her confinement, to receive and entertain her friends. [Obs.]

 To invite your lady's upsitting.

Beau. & Fl.
 Up*skip' (?), n. An upstart. [Obs.] Latimer.
 Up*snatch" (?), v. t. To snatch up. [R.]

 Up*soar" (?), v. i. To soar or mount up. Pope.
 Up"so*down' (?), adv. [Up + so as + down.]
 Upside down. [Obs. or Colloq.] Wyclif.
 In man's sin is every manner order or ordinance turned upsodown.

Chaucer.
 Up*spear" (?), v. i. To grow or shoot up like a spear; as, upspearing grass. [R.] Cowper.
 Up*spring" (?), v. i. To spring up. Tennyson.
 Up"spring' (?), n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] "The swaggering upspring."
 Shak.
2. A spring or leap into the air. [R.] Chapman.
 Up"spurn'er (?), n. A spurner or contemner; a despiser; a scoffer.
 [Obs.] Joye.
 Up*stairs" (?), adv. Up the stairs; in or toward an upper story.

 Up"stairs' (?), a. Being above stairs; as, an upstairs room.

 Up*stand" (?), v. i. To stand up; to be erected; to rise. Spenser.
 Milton.
 At once upstood the monarch, and upstood The wise Ulysses.

Cowper.
 Up*stare" (?), v. i. To stare or stand upward; hence, to be uplifted or conspicuous. "Rearing fiercely their upstaring crests."
 Spenser.
 Up*start" (?), v. i. To start or spring up suddenly. Spenser.
 Tennyson.
 Up"start' (?), n. 1. One who has risen suddenly, as from low life to wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. Bacon.
2. (Bot.) The meadow saffron. Dr. Prior.
 Up"start', a. Suddenly raised to prominence or consequence. "A race of upstart creatures." Milton.
 Up*stay" (?), v. t. To sustain; to support. [Obs.] "His massy spear upstayed." Milton.
 Up*stert"e (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Upstart.

 Up"stir' (?), n. Insurrection; commotion; disturbance. [Obs.] Sir J. Cheke.
 Up*stream" (?), adv. Toward the higher part of a stream; against the current.

 Up*street" (?), adv. Toward the higher part of a street; as, to walk upstreet. G. W. Gable.
 Up"stroke' (?), n. An upward stroke, especially the stroke, or line, made by a writing instrument when moving upward, or from the body of the writer, or a line corresponding to the part of a letter thus made.

 Some upstroke of an Alpha and Omega.

Mrs. Browning.
 Up"sun' (?), n. (Scots Law) The time during which the sun is up, or above the horizon; the time between sunrise and sunset.

 Up*swarm" (?), v. i. & i. To rise, or cause to rise, in a swarm or swarms. [R.] Shak. Cowper.
 Up*sway" (?), v. t. To sway or swing aloft; as, to upsway a club. [R.] Sir W. Scott.
 Up*swell" (?), v. i. To swell or rise up.

 Up"sy*tur"vy (?), adv. [Cf. Upside down, under Upside, and Topsy-turvy.] Upside down; topsy-turvy. [Obs.] Robert Greene.
 Up"tails' all" (?). 1. An old game at cards. [Obs.]

2. Revelers; roysterers. [Obs.] Decker.
3. Revelry; confusion; frolic. [Obs.] Herrick.
 Up*take" (?), v. t. To take into the hand; to take up; to help.
 [Obs.] Wyclif. Spenser.
 Up"take' (?), n. (Steam Boilers) 1. The pipe leading upward from the smoke box of a steam boiler to the chimney, or smokestack; a flue leading upward.

2. Understanding; apprehension. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Up*tear" (?), v. t. To tear up. Milton.
 Up*throw" (?), v. t. To throw up. Drayton.
 Up"throw' (?), n. (Mining) See Throw, n., 9.

 Up*thun"der (?), v. i. To send up a noise like thunder. [R.] Coleridge.
 Up*tie" (?), v. t. To tie up. Spenser.
 Up*till" (?), prep. To; against. [Obs. & R.]

 She, poor bird, as all forlorn, Leaned her breast uptill a thorn.

Shak.
 Up*town" (?), adv. To or in the upper part of a town; as, to go uptown.
 [Colloq. U. S.]

 Up"town' (?), a. Situated in


cannon, a longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, etc., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building.

Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] -- Conic sections.
 (Geom.) See under Conic. -- Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, -- used in representing sections. -- Thin section, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope.

Syn. -- Part; portion; division. -- Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as, a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases "the eastern section of our country," etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional; as, sectional feelings, interests, etc.

 Sec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a section or distinct part of larger body or territory; local.

 All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition.

Story.
2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler.

 Sec"tion*al*ism (?), n. A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.]

 Sec"tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism.

 Sec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To divide according to geographical sections or local interests. [U. S.]

 The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties.

Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln).
 Sec"tion*al*ly, adv. In a sectional manner.

 Sec"tion*ize (?), v. t. To form into sections. [R.]

 Sect"ism (?), n. Devotion to a sect. [R.]

 Sect"ist, n. One devoted to a sect; a sectary. [R.]

 Sect"i*un'cle (?), n. A little or petty sect. [R.] "Some new sect or sectiuncle." J. Martineau.
 Sec"tor (?), n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc.

2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.

3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector.

Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. -- Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex.

 Sec"tor*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sector; as, a sectoral circle.

 Sec*to"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Adapted for cutting. -- n. A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth.

 Sec"u*lar (?), a. [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. séculier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century.

 The secular year was kept but once a century.

Addison.
2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as, secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe.

3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly.

 New foes arise, Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains.

Milton.
4. (Eccl.) Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as, a secular priest.

 He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy.

Prescott.
5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical.

 I speak of folk in secular estate.

Chaucer.
Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet's motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. -- Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. -- Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. -- Secular hymn or poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games.

 Sec"u*lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke.
2. (Eccl.) A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby.
3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman.

 Sec"u*lar*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity.

2. The tenets or principles of the secularists.

 Sec"u*lar*ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also, one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element.

 Sec'u*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf.F. sécularité, LL.
 saecularitas.] Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness.

 A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible.

I. Taylor.
 Sec'u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sécularisation.]
 The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as, the secularization of church property.

 Sec"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing (?).] [Cf. F. séculariser.]
 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as, to secularize a priest or a monk.

2. To convert from spiritual to secular or common use; as, to secularize


coin to get it changed, and converted it, [it was] held no larceny. Cooley.
6. To exchange for some specified equivalent; as, to convert goods into money.

7. (Logic) To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second.

8. To turn into another language; to translate. [Obs.]

 Which story... Catullus more elegantly converted. B. Jonson.
Converted guns, cast-iron guns lined with wrought-iron or steel tubes. Farrow. -- Converting furnace (Steel Manuf.), a furnace in which wrought iron is converted into steel by cementation.

Syn. -- To change; turn; transmute; appropriate.

 Con*vert", v. i. To be turned or changed in character or direction; to undergo a change, physically or morally.

 If Nebo had had the preaching that thou hast, they [the Neboites] would have converted. Latimer.
 A red dust which converth into worms. Sandys.
 The public hope And eye to thee converting. Thomson.
 Con"vert (?), n. 1. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who is won over to, or heartily embraces, a creed, religious system, or party, in which he has not previously believed; especially, one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness, or from unbelief to Christianity.

 The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images. Bp. Stillingfleet.
2. A lay friar or brother, permitted to enter a monastery for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir.

Syn. -- Proselyte; neophyte. -- Convert, Proselyte, Pervert. A convert is one who turns from what he believes to have been a decided error of faith or practice. Such a change may relate to religion, politics, or other subjects. properly considered, it is not confined to speculation alone, but affects the whole current of one's feelings and the tenor of his actions. As such a change carries with it the appearance of sincerity, the term convert is usually taken in a good sense. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous use and application. It was first applied to an adherent of one religious system who had transferred himself externally to some other religious system; and is also applied to one who makes a similar transfer in respect to systems of philosophy or speculation. The term has little or no reference to the state of the heart. Pervert is a term of recent origin, designed to express the contrary of convert, and to stigmatize a person as drawn off perverted from the true faith. It has been more particulary applied by members of the Church of England to those who have joined the Roman Catholic Church.

 Con'ver*tend" (?), n. [L. convertenus to be converted.] (Logic) Any proposition which is subject to the process of conversion; -- so called in its relation to itself as converted, after which process it is termed the converse. See Converse, n. (Logic).

 Con*vert"er (?), n. 1. One who converts; one who makes converts.

2. (Steel Manuf.) A retort, used in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal.

 Con*vert'i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The condition or quality of being convertible; capability of being exchanged; convertibleness.

 The mutual convertibility of land into money, and of money into land. Burke.
 Con*vert"i*ble (?), a. [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.]
 1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable.

 Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus. Harvey.
2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable.

 So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms. Trench.
 Con*vert"i*ble*ness (?), n. The state of being convertible; convertibility.

 Con*vert"i*bly, adv. In a convertible manner.

 Con"vert*ite (?), n. [Cf. It. convertito, p. p. of convertire to convert.] A convert. [Obs.] Shak.
 Con"vex (?), a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together: cf. F. convexe.
 See Vehicle.] Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; regularly protuberant or bulging; -- said of a spherical surface or curved line when viewed from without, in opposition to concave.

 Drops of water naturally form themselves into figures with a convex surface. Whewell.
Double convex, convex on both sides; convexo-convex.

 Con"vex, n. A convex body or surface.

 Half heaven's convex glitters with the flame. Tickell.
 This word was often pronounced con-vex' by early writers, as by Milton, and occasionally by later poets.

 Con"vexed (? or?), a. Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form. Sir T. Browne.
 Con*vex"ed*ly (?), adv. In a convex form; convexly. Sir T. Browne.
 Con*vex"ed*ness, n. Convexity.

 Con*vex"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Convexities (#). [L. convexitas: cf. F. convexité.] The state of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body; roundness.

 A smooth, uniform convexity and rotundity of a globe. Bentley.
 Con"vex*ly (?), adv. In a convex form; as, a body convexly shaped.

 Con"vex*ness, n. The state of being convex; convexity.

 Con*vex"o-con"cave (?or?), a. Convex on one side, and concave on the other. The curves of the convex and concave sides may be alike or may be different. See Meniscus.

 Con*vex"o-con"vex (?), a. Convex on both sides; double convex. See under Convex, a. Con*vex"o-plane' (?), a. Convex on one side, and flat on the other; planoconvex.

 Con*vey" (kn*v&/amacr;"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conveyed (- vd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conveying.] [OF. conveir, convoier, to escort, convoy, F. convoyer, LL. conviare, fr. L. con- + via way. See Viaduct, Voyage, and cf. Convoy.]
 1. To carry from one place to another; to bear or transport.

 I will convey them by sea in floats. 1 Kings v. 9.
Convey me to my bed, then to my grave. Shak.
2. To cause to pass from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything) from one place or person to another; to transmit; as, air conveys sound; words convey ideas.

3. To transfer or deliver to another; to make over, as property; more strictly (Law), to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title to real estate) by a sealed writing.

 The Earl of Desmond... secretly conveyed all his lands to feoffees in trust. Spenser.
4. To impart or communicate; as, to convey an impression; to convey information.

 Men fill one another's heads with noise and sound, but convey not


The Sequel of Appomattox i Abraham Lincoln Edition ∵ Volume 32 of the Chronicles of America Series Allen Johnson, Editor Assistant Editors Gerhard R. Lomer Charles W. Jefferys [Illustration: Charles Sumner] Charles Sumner.
Photograph by J. W. Black and Co., Boston. In the collection of the Bostonian Society, Old State House, Boston.
v The Sequel of Appomattox By Walter Lynwood Fleming A Chronicle Of the Reunion of the States [Illustration: Logo for Chronicles of America Series] New Haven: Yale University Press Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co.
 London: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press 1919 vi Copyright, 1919 by Yale University Press vii Contents.
The Sequel of Appomattox Chapter Chapter Title Page I. The Aftermath of War 1 II.
When Freedom Cried Out 34 III.
The Work of the Presidents 54 IV.
The Wards of the Nation 89 V. The Victory of the Radicals 118 VI.
The Rule of the Major Generals 140 VII.
The Trial of President Johnson 158 VIII.
The Union League of America 174 IX.
Church and School 196 X. Carpetbag and Negro Rule 221 XI.
The Ku Klux Movement 243 XII.
The Changing South 265 XIII.
Restoration of Home Rule 282 Bibliographical Note 305 Index 309 ix Illustrations.
Charles Sumner Photograph by J. W. Black and Co., Boston. In the collection of the Bostonian Society, Old State House, Boston.
Frontispiece Wade Hampton Photograph by H. P. Cook, Richmond, Virginia.
Facing Page 30 Andrew Johnson Engraving after a Photograph by Brady. " " 70 Thaddeus Stevens Photograph by Brady. " " 122 President Grant Photograph. In the collection of L. C. Handy, Washington. " " 170 1 THE SEQUEL OF APPOMATTOX ∵ CHAPTER I. The Aftermath of War When the armies of the Union and of the Confederacy were disbanded in 1865, two matters had been settled beyond further dispute: the negro was to be free, and the Union was to be perpetuated. But though slavery and state sovereignty were no longer at issue, there were still many problems which pressed for solution. The huge task of reconstruction must be faced.
 The nature of the situation required that the measures of reconstruction be first formulated in Washington by the victors and then worked out in the conquered South. Since the success of these policies would depend in a large measure upon their acceptability to both sections of the country, it was expected that the North would be influenced to some extent 2 by the attitude of the Southern people, which in turn would be determined largely by local conditions in the South. The situation in the South at the close of the Civil War is therefore the point at which this narrative of the reconstruction naturally takes its beginning.

 The surviving Confederate soldiers came straggling back to communities which were now far from being satisfactory dwelling places for civilized people. Everywhere they found missing many of the best of their former neighbors. They found property destroyed, the labor system disorganized, and the inhabitants in many places suffering from want. They found the white people demoralized and sometimes divided among themselves, and the negroes free, bewildered, and disorderly, for organized government had lapsed with the surrender of the Confederate armies.

 Beneath a disorganized society lay a devastated land. The destruction of property affected all classes of the population. The accumulated capital of the South had disappeared in worthless Confederate stocks, bonds, and currency. The banks had failed early in the war. Two billion dollars invested in slaves had been wiped out. Factories which had been running before the war, or 3 were developed after 1861 in order to supply the blockaded country, had been destroyed by Federal raiders or seized and sold or dismantled because they had furnished supplies to the Confederacy.
 Mining industries were paralyzed. Public buildings which had been used for war purposes were destroyed or confiscated for the uses of the army or for the new freedmen's schools. It was months before courthouses, state capitols, school and college buildings were again made available for normal uses. The military school buildings had been destroyed by the Federal forces. Among the schools which suffered were the Virginia Military Institute, the University of Alabama, the Louisiana State Seminary, and many smaller institutions. Nearly all these had been used in some way for war purposes and were therefore subject to destruction or confiscation.

 The farmers and planters found themselves "land poor." The soil remained, but there was a prevalent lack of labor, of agricultural equipment, of farm stock, of seeds, and of money with which to make good the deficiency.
 As a result, a man with hundreds of acres might be as poor as a negro refugee. The desolation is thus described by a Virginia farmer: 4 From Harper's Ferry to New Market, which is about eighty miles … the country was almost a desert.… We had no cattle, hogs, sheep, or horse or anything else. The fences were all gone. Some of the orchards were very much injured, but the fruit trees had not been destroyed. The barns were all burned; chimneys standing without houses, and houses standing without roof, or door, or window.

 Much land was thrown on the market at low prices—three to five dollars an acre for land worth fifty dollars. The poorer lands could not be sold at all, and thousands of farms were deserted by their owners.
 Everywhere recovery from this agricultural depression was slow. Five years after the war Robert Somers, an English traveler, said of the Tennessee Valley: It consists for the most part of plantations in a state of semi-ruin and plantations of which the ruin is for the present total and complete.… The trail of war is visible throughout the valley in burnt-up gin-houses, ruined bridges, mills, and factories … and in large tracts of once cultivated land stripped of every vestige of fencing. The roads, long neglected, are in disorder, and having in many places become impassable, new tracks have been made through the woods and fields without much respect to boundaries.

 Similar conditions existed wherever the armies had passed, and not in the country districts alone.
 5 Many of the cities, such as Richmond, Charleston, Columbia, Jackson, Atlanta, and Mobile had suffered from fire or bombardment.

 There were few stocks of merchandise in the South when the war ended, and Northern creditors had lost so heavily through the failure of Southern merchants that they were cautious about extending credit again. Long before 1865 all coin had been sent out in contraband trade through the blockade. That there was a great need of supplies from the outside world is shown by the following statement of General Boynton: Window-glass has given way to thin boards, in railway coaches and in the cities. Furniture is marred and broken, and none has been replaced for four years. Dishes are cemented in various styles, and half the pitchers have tin handles. A complete set of crockery is never seen, and in very few families is there enough to set a table.… A set of forks with whole tines is a curiosity. Clocks and watches have nearly all stopped.… Hair brushes and tooth


Photos and Maps of Trinity (Atomic Test) Site The picture files are courtesy of U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range Public Affairs Office: Base camp for Trinity site workers basecamp.gif -- Base camp for Trinity site workers.
Trinity test blast at 10 seconds blast.gif -- Trinity test blast at 10 seconds.
Oppenheimer and Groves examine tower piling in crater crater.gif -- Oppenheimer and Groves examine tower piling in crater.
Lifting the 'gadget' into the 100-foot tower gadget1.gif -- Lifting the "gadget" into the 100-foot tower.
Norris Bradbury with the 'gadget' gadget2.gif -- Norris Bradbury with the "gadget".
Unloading Jumbo jumbo.gif -- Unloading Jumbo.
McDonald-Schmidt ranch house, where plutonium core was assembled mcdonald.gif -- McDonald-Schmidt ranch house, where plutonium core was assembled.
Patch issued to Manhattan Project military participants patch.gif -- Patch issued to Manhattan Project military participants.
Map of roads to Trinity Site and visitors' site map tr_map1.gif -- Map of roads to Trinity Site and visitors' site map.
Emblem of the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range whitsand.gif -- Emblem of the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range.