columns, entablature, and pediment of the Doric order. In the pediment are the King's arms, and the arms of London under them, enriched with Cupids, &c.
19. Cripplegate Ward is usually divided into two parts, viz., Cripplegate within the walls and Cripplegate without.
The principal streets and places in Cripplegate Ward within the walls are Milk Street, great part of Honey Lane Market, part of Cateaton Street, Lad Lane, Aldermanbury, Love Lane, Addle Street, London Wall Street, from Little Wood Street to the postern, Philip Lane, most of Great Wood Street, Little Wood Street, part of Hart Street, Mugwell Street, part of Fell Street, part of Silver Street, the east part of Maiden Lane, and some few houses in Cheapside to the eastward of Wood Street.
The principal streets and places in Cripplegate Ward Without are Fore Street, and the Postern Street heading to Moorfields, Back Street in Little Moorfields, Moor Lane, Grub Street, the south part to the posts and chain, the fourth part of Whitecross Street as far as the posts and chain, part of Redcross Street, Beach Lane, the south part of Golden Lane as far as the posts and chain, the east part of Golden Lane, the east part of Jewin Street, Bridgewater Square, Brackley Street, Bridgewater Street, Silver Street, and Litton Street.
The public buildings in this ward are Sion College, Barber-Surgeons' Hall, Plasterers' Hall, Brewers' Hall, Curriers' Hall, the churches of St.
Mary Aldermanbury, St. Alphege, St. Alban, Wood Street, and St.
Giles, Cripplegate.
Sion College is situated against London Wall, a little to the eastward of Cripplegate, where anciently stood a nunnery, and afterwards a hospital founded for a hundred blind men, anno 1320, by W. Elsing, mercer, and called Elsing's Spittal: he afterwards founded here a priory for canons regular, which being surrendered to King Henry VIII. anno 1530, it was purchased by Dr. Thomas White, residentiary of St.
Paul's, and vicar of St. Dunstan's in the West, for the use of the London clergy, who were incorporated by King Charles I., anno 1631, by the name of the president and fellows of Sion College, for the glory of God, the good of His Church, redress of inconveniences, and maintaining of truth in doctrine, and love in conversation with one another, pursuant to the donor's will; which college is governed by the president, two deans and four assistants, who are yearly elected out of the London clergy, on the third Tuesday after Easter; but none of them reside there, the whole being left to the care of the librarian. The great gate against London Wall is adorned with two columns, their entablature and pitched pediment of the Tuscan order, whereon is this inscription in gold letters:— Collegium Sionis a Thoma White, S. T. P. Fundatum Anno Christi 1631, in Usum Clerici Lond.
Bibliotheca a Johanne Simpson, S. T. B. Extracta, a diversis Benefactor, Libris locupletata, & in posterum locupletanda. Vade & fac similiter.
The college consists of a handsome hall, the president's lodgings, chambers for students, and a well-disposed library, one hundred and twenty feet in length, and thirty in breadth, which is at this day very well replenished with books, notwithstanding both library and college were burnt down anno 1666.
It was rebuilt and furnished by contributions from the London clergy and their friends. The library is kept in exact order, and there are all imaginable conveniences for those who desire to consult their books.
20. Aldersgate Ward. The principal streets and places in this ward are, Foster Lane, Maiden Lane, Noble Street, St. Martin's-le-Grand, Dean's Court, Round Court, Angel Street, Bull-and-Mouth Street, St. Anne's Lane, Aldersgate Street, Goswell Street, Barbican, Long Lane, and Little Britain.
St. Martin's-le-Grand was anciently a magnificent college, founded by Jugelricus and Edwardus his brother, anno 1056, and confirmed by William the Conqueror, by his charter, dated anno 1068, in the second year of his reign, who also gave all the moorlands without Cripplegate to this college, exempting the dean and canons from the jurisdiction of the bishop, and from all legal services, granting them soc and sac, toll and theam, with all liberties and franchises that any church in the kingdom enjoyed.
This college was surrendered to King Edward VI. in the second year of his reign, anno 1548, and the same year the church pulled down, and the ground leased out to persons to build upon, being highly valued on account of the privileges annexed to it, for it still remains a separate jurisdiction. The sheriffs and magistrates of London have no authority in this liberty, but it is esteemed part of Westminster, and subject only to the dean and chapter of that abbey.
The public buildings in this ward are, Goldsmiths' Hall, Coachmakers' Hall, London House, Thanet House, Cooks' Hall, the church of St. Anne within Aldersgate, St. Leonard, Foster Lane, and St. Botolph, Aldersgate.
21. Farringdon Ward within the walls, so called to distinguish it from Farringdon Ward without, was anciently but one ward, and governed by one alderman, receiving its name of William Farendon, goldsmith, alderman thereof, and one of the sheriffs of London who purchased the aldermanry of John le Feure, 7 Edward I., anno 1279. It afterwards descended to Nicholas Farendon, son of the said William, who was four times mayor (and his heirs), from whence some infer that the aldermanries of London were formerly hereditary.
Farringdon Ward Within contains St. Paul's Churchyard, Ludgate Street, Blackfriars, the east side of Fleet Ditch, from Ludgate Street to the Thames, Creed Lane, Ave Mary Lane, Amen Corner, Paternoster Row, Newgate Street and Market, Greyfriars, part of Warwick Lane, Ivy Lane, part of Cheapside, part of Foster Lane, part of Wood Street, part of Friday Street, and part of the Old Change, with several courts and alleys falling into them.
The public buildings in this ward are, the Cathedral of St.
Paul, St. Paul's School, the King's Printing House, the Scotch Hall, Apothecaries' Hall, Stationers' Hall, the College of Physicians, Butchers' Hall, Saddlers' Hall, Embroiderers' Hall, the church of St.
Martin Ludgate, Christ's Church and Hospital, the church of St. Matthew, Friday Street, St. Austin's Church, the church of St Vedast, and the Chapter House.
Austin the monk was sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great, to endeavour the conversion of the Saxons, about the year 596, and being favourably received by Ethelbert, then King of Kent, who soon after became his proselyte, was by the authority of the Roman see constituted Archbishop of Canterbury, the capital of King Ethelbert's dominions. The archbishop being thus established in Kent, sent his missionaries into other parts of England, making Melitus, one of his assistants, Bishop of London; and King Ethelbert, to encourage that city to embrace Christianity, it is said, founded the Cathedral of St. Paul about the year 604.
This Cathedral stands upon an eminence in the middle of the town, disengaged from all other buildings, so that its beauties may be viewed on every side; whereas we see only one front of St.
Peter's at Rome, the palace of the Vatican, and other buildings contiguous to it, rendering the rest invisible; and though the riches and furniture of the several chapels in St.
Peter's are the admiration of all that view them, yet they spoil the prospect of the fabric. If we regard only the building, divested of the rich materials and furniture which hide the beauties of the structure, St. Paul's, in the opinion of many travellers, makes a better appearance than St.
Peter's: nor does the white Portland stone, of which St.
Paul's is built, at all give place to the marble St.
Peter's is lined or incrusted with; for the numerous lamps and candles that are burnt before the altars at St. Peter's so blacken and tarnish the marble


ak.
2. To make a solemn declaration (often a written one) expressive of opposition; -- with against; as, he protest against your votes. Denham.
 The conscience has power... to protest againts the exorbitancies of the passions.

Shak.
Syn. -- To affirm; asseverate; assert; aver; attest; testify; declare; profess. See Affirm.

 Pro*test", v. t. 1. To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to proclaim; to display; as, to protest one's loyalty.

 I will protest your cowardice.

Shak.
2. To call as a witness in affirming or denying, or to prove an affirmation; to appeal to.

 Fiercely [they] opposed My journey strange, with clamorous uproar Protesting fate supreme.

Milton.
To protest a bill or note (Law), to make a solemn written declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable for any loss or damage to be sustained by the nonacceptance or the nonpayment of the bill or note, as the case may be. This should be made by a notary public, whose seal it is the usual practice to affix. Kent.
 Story.
 Pro"test (?), n. [Cf. F. protêt, It. protesto.
 See Protest, v.] 1. A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act; especially, a formal and solemn declaration, in writing, of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body; as, the protest of lords in Parliament.

2. (Law) (a) A solemn declaration in writing, in due form, made by a notary public, usually under his notarial seal, on behalf of the holder of a bill or note, protesting against all parties liable for any loss or damage by the nonacceptance or nonpayment of the bill, or by the nonpayment of the note, as the case may be. (b) A declaration made by the master of a vessel before a notary, consul, or other authorized officer, upon his arrival in port after a disaster, stating the particulars of it, and showing that any damage or loss sustained was not owing to the fault of the vessel, her officers or crew, but to the perils of the sea, etc., ads the case may be, and protesting against them. (c) A declaration made by a party, before or while paying a tax, duty, or the like, demanded of him, which he deems illegal, denying the justice of the demand, and asserting his rights and claims, in order to show that the payment was not voluntary. Story. Kent.
 Prot"es*tan*cy (?), n. Protestantism. [R.]

 Prot"es*tant (?), n. [F. protestant, fr. L. protestans, -antis, p. pr. of protestare. See Protest, v.] One who protests; -- originally applied to those who adhered to Luther, and protested against, or made a solemn declaration of dissent from, a decree of the Emperor Charles V. and the Diet of Spires, in 1529, against the Reformers, and appealed to a general council; -- now used in a popular sense to designate any Christian who does not belong to the Roman Catholic or the Greek Church.

 Prot"es*tant (?), a. [Cf. F. protestant.] 1. Making a protest; protesting.

2. Of or pertaining to the faith and practice of those Christians who reject the authority of the Roman Catholic Church; as, Protestant writers.

 Prot'es*tant"ic*al (?), a. Protestant. [Obs.]

 Prot"es*tant*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. protestantisme.] The quality or state of being protestant, especially against the Roman Catholic Church; the principles or religion of the Protestants.

 Prot"es*tant*ly, adv. Like a Protestant; in conformity with Protestantism. [R.] Milton.
 Prot'es*ta"tion (?), n. [L. protestatio: cf. F. protestation.
 See Protest.] 1. The act of making a protest; a public avowal; a solemn declaration, especially of dissent. " The protestation of our faith." Latimer.
2. (Law) Formerly, a declaration in common-law pleading, by which the party interposes an oblique allegation or denial of some fact, protesting that it does or does not exist, and at the same time avoiding a direct affirmation or denial.

 Prot"es*ta'tor (?), n. [Cf. F. protestateur.] One who makes protestation; a protester.

 Pro*test"er (?), n. 1. One who protests; one who utters a solemn declaration. Shak.
2. (Law) One who protests a bill of exchange, or note.

 Pro*test"ing*ly, adv. By way of protesting.

 Pro"te*us (?), n. [L., Gr. &?;.] 1. (Class. Myth.)
 A sea god in the service of Neptune who assumed different shapes at will.
 Hence, one who easily changes his appearance or principles.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of aquatic eel-shaped amphibians found in caves in Austria. They have permanent external gills as well as lungs. The eyes are small and the legs are weak. (b) A changeable protozoan; an amœba.

 { Pro'tha*la"mi*on (?), Pro'tha*la"mi*um (?), } n. [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; before + &?; chamber, especially, the bridal chamber.] A song in celebration of a marriage. Drayton.
 ||Pro*thal"li*um (?), n.; pl. Prothallia (#). [NL.]
 (Bot.) Same as Prothallus.

 ||Pro*thal"lus (?), n.; pl. Prothalli (#). [NL., fr.
 Gr. &?; before + &?; a young shoot.] (Bot.) The minute primary growth from the spore of ferns and other Pteridophyta, which bears the true sexual organs; the oöphoric generation of ferns, etc.

 ||Proth"e*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a placing in public, fr. &?; to set before; &?; before + &?; to set, put.] 1.
(Eccl.) A credence table; -- so called by the Eastern or Greek Church.

2. (Med.) See Prosthesis. Dunglison.
 Pro*thet"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to prothesis; as, a prothetic apparatus.

 { Pro*thon"o*ta*ry (?), or Pro*ton"o*ta*ry (?) }, n.; pl> -ries (#). [LL. protonotarius, fr. Gr. prw^tos first + L. notarius a shorthand writer, a scribe: cf. F. protonotaire.] 1. A chief notary or clerk. " My private prothonotary." Herrick.
2. Formerly, a chief clerk in the Court of King's Bench and in the Court of Common Pleas, now superseded by the master. [Eng.] Wharton.
 Burrill.
3. A register or chief clerk of a court in certain States of the United States.

4. (R. C. Ch.) Formerly, one who had the charge of writing the acts of the martyrs, and the circumstances of their death; now, one of twelve persons, constituting a college in the Roman Curia, whose office is to register pontifical acts and to make and preserve the official record of beatifications.

5. (Gr. Ch.) The chief secretary of the patriarch of Constantinople.

Prothonotary warbler (Zoöl.),


; cf. L. sollus whole, entire. Cf. Desolate, Solemn, Solo, Sullen.] 1. Being or acting without another; single; individual; only. "The sole son of my queen." Shak.
 He, be sure... first and last will reign Sole king.

Milton.
2. (Law) Single; unmarried; as, a feme sole.

Corporation sole. See the Note under Corporation.

Syn. -- Single; individual; only; alone; solitary.

 Sol"e*cism (?), n.[F. solécisme, L. soloecismus, Gr. soloikismo's, fr. soloiki'zein to speak or write incorrectly, fr.
 so'loikos speaking incorrectly, from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of So'loi in Cilicia.] 1. An impropriety or incongruity of language in the combination of words or parts of a sentence; esp., deviation from the idiom of a language or from the rules of syntax.

 A barbarism may be in one word; a solecism must be of more.

Johnson.
2. Any inconsistency, unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety, as in deeds or manners.

 Cæsar, by dismissing his guards and retaining his power, committed a dangerous solecism in politics.

C. Middleton.
 The idea of having committed the slightest solecism in politeness was agony to him.

Sir W. Scott.
Syn. -- Barbarism; impropriety; absurdity.

 Sol"e*cist (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] One who commits a solecism. Blackwall.
 Sol'e*cis"tic (?), a. Solecistical.

 Sol'e*cis"tic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or involving, a solecism; incorrect. "He thought it made the language solecistical and absurd." Blackwall.
 Sol'e*cis"tic*al*ly, adv. In a solecistic manner.

 Sol"e*cize (?), v. i. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;.] To commit a solecism. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 Sole"ly (?), adv. Singly; alone; only; without another; as, to rest a cause solely one argument; to rely solelyn one's own strength.

 Sol"emn (?), a. [OE. solempne, OF. solempne, L. solemnis, solennis, sollemnis, sollennis; sollus all, entire + annus a year; properly, that takes place every year; -- used especially of religious solemnities. Cf. Silly, Annual.] 1.
 Marked with religious rites and pomps; enjoined by, or connected with, religion; sacred.

 His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned.

Milton.
 The worship of this image was advanced, and a solemn supplication observed everry year.

Bp. Stillingfleet.
2. Pertaining to a festival; festive; festal. [Obs.] "On this solemn day." Chaucer.
3. Stately; ceremonious; grand. [Archaic] His feast so solemn and so rich.

Chaucer.
 To-night we hold a splemn supper.

Shak.
4. Fitted to awaken or express serious reflections; marked by seriousness; serious; grave; devout; as, a solemn promise; solemn earnestness.

 Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage With solemn touches troubled thoughts.

Milton.
 There reigned a solemn silence over all.

Spenser.
5. Real; earnest; downright. [Obs. & R.]

 Frederick, the emperor,... has spared no expense in strengthening this city; since which time we find no solemn taking it by the Turks.

Fuller.
6. Affectedly grave or serious; as, to put on a solemn face.
 "A solemn coxcomb." Swift.
7. (Law) Made in form; ceremonious; as, solemn war; conforming with all legal requirements; as, probate in solemn form.
 Burrill. Jarman. Greenleaf.
Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant, 2.

Syn. -- Grave; formal; ritual; ceremonial; sober; serious; reverential; devotional; devout. See Grave.

 Sol"em*ness (?), n. Solemnness.

 Some think he wanted solemnes.

Sir H. Wotton.
 So*lem"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Solemnities (#). [L. solemnitas, solennitas: cf. F. solennité, solemnité, OF. also sollempnité.] 1. A rite or ceremony performed with religious reverence; religious or ritual ceremony; as, the solemnity of a funeral, a sacrament.

 Great was the cause; our old solemnities From no blind zeal or fond tradition rise, But saved from death, our Argives yearly pay These grateful honors to the god of day.

Pope.
2. ceremony adapted to impress with awe.

 The forms and solemnities of the last judgment.

Atterburry.
3. Ceremoniousness; impressiveness; seriousness; grave earnestness; formal dignity; gravity.

 With much glory and great solemnity.

Chaucer.
 The statelines and gravity of the Spaniards shows itself in the solemnity of their language.

Addison.
 These promises were often made with great solemnity and confirmed with an oath.

J. Edwards.
4. Hence, affected gravity or seriousness.

Solemnity's a cover for a sot.

Young.
5. Solemn state or feeling; awe or reverence; also, that which produces such a feeling; as, the solemnity of an audience; the solemnity of Westminster Abbey.

6. (Law) A solemn or formal observance; proceeding according to due form; the formality which is necessary to render a thing done valid.

 So*lem"ni*zate (?), v. t. To solemnize; as, to solemnizate matrimony. [R.] Bp. Burnet.
 Sol'em*ni*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. solemnisation, solennisation.]
 The act of solemnizing; celebration; as, the solemnization of a marriage.

 Sol"em*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solemnized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Solemnizing (?).] [Cf. F. solemniser, sollemniser.]
 1. To perform with solemn or ritual ceremonies, or according to legal forms.

 Baptism to be administered in one place, and marriage solemnized in another.

Hooker.
2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies; to celebrate.

 Their choice nobility and flowers... Met from all parts to solemnize this feast.

Milton.
3. To make grave, serious, and reverential.

 Wordsworth was solemnizzed and elevated by this his first look on Yarrow.

J. C. Shairp.
 Every Israelite... arose, solemnized his face, looked towards Jerusalem... and prayed.

L. Wallace.
 Sol"em*nize, n. Solemnization. [R.]

 Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock's solemnize.

Spenser.
 Sol"em*ni'zer (?), n. One who solemnizes.

 Sol"emn*ly (?), adv. In a solemn manner; with gravity; seriously; formally.

 There in deaf murmurs solemnly are wise.

Dryden.
 I do solemnly assure the reader.

Swift.
 Sol"emn*ness, n. The state or quality of being solemn; solemnity; impressiveness; gravity; as, the solemnness of public worship.
 [Written also solemness.]

 So*lemp"ne (?), a. [See Solemn.] Solemn; grand; stately; splendid; magnificent. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||So"len (?), n. [NL., fr


iptic, meets the ecliptic.

Curtate cycloid. (Math.) See Cycloid.

 Cur*ta"tion (k?r-t?"sh?n), n. (Astron.) The interval by which the curtate distance of a planet is less than the true distance.

 Cur*tein" (k?r-t?n"), n. Same as Curtana.

 Cur*tes" (k?r-t?s"), a. Courteous. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cur"te*sy (k?r"t?-s?), n.; pl. Curtesies (-s&?;z).
 [Either fr. courlesy, the lands being held as it were by favor; or fr. court (LL. curtis), the husband being regarded as holding the lands as a vassal of the court. See Court, Courtesy.] (Law) the life estate which a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife, which by the common law takes effect where he has had issue by her, born alive, and capable of inheriting the lands. Mozley & W. Cur"ti*lage (k&?;r"t&?;-l&?;j), n. [OF. cortillage, curtillage, fr. cortil court, courtyard, LL. cortis court. See Court.] (Law) A yard, courtyard, or piece of ground, included within the fence surrounding a dwelling house. Burrill.
 Curt"ly (kûrt"l), adv. In a curt manner.

 Curt"ness, n. The quality of bing curt.

 Curt"sy (kûrt"s), n. Same as Courtesy, an act of respect.

 Cu"rule (k"rl), a. [L. curulis, fr. currus a chariot: cf. F. curule.] 1. Of or pertaining to a chariot.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) Of or pertaining to a kind of chair appropriated to Roman magistrates and dignitaries; pertaining to, having, or conferring, the right to sit in the curule chair; hence, official.

 The curule chair was usually shaped like a camp stool, and provided with curved legs. It was at first ornamented with ivory, and later sometimes made of ivory and inlaid with gold.

Curule dignity right of sitting in the curule chair.

 ||Cu*ru"ro (k??-r??"r?), n. [Chilian name.] (Zoöl.) A Chilian burrowing rodent of the genus Spalacopus.

 { Cur"val (k?r"val), Cur"vant (- vant) }, a. [L. curvans, p. pr. ] (Her.) Bowed; bent; curved.

 { Cur"vate (k?r"v?t), Cur"va*ted (-v?-t?d), } a. [L. curvatus p. p. of curvare to curve, fr. curvus. See Curve.] Bent in a regular form; curved.

 Cur*va"tion (k?r-v?"sh?n), n. [L. curvatio.] The act of bending or crooking.

 Cur"va*tive (k?r"v?-t?v), a. (Bot.) Having the margins only a little curved; -- said of leaves. Henslow.
 Cur"va*ture (k?r"v?-t?r; 135), n. [L. curvatura. See Curvate.]
 1. The act of curving, or the state of being bent or curved; a curving or bending, normal or abnormal, as of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction; a bend; a curve. Cowper.
 The elegant curvature of their fronds. Darwin.
2. (Math.) The amount of degree of bending of a mathematical curve, or the tendency at any point to depart from a tangent drawn to the curve at that point.

Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form. -- Absolute curvature. See under Absolute. -- Angle of curvature (Geom.), one that expresses the amount of curvature of a curve. -- Chord of curvature. See under Chord. -- Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle.
 -- Curvature of the spine (Med.), an abnormal curving of the spine, especially in a lateral direction. -- Radius of curvature, the radius of the circle of curvature, or osculatory circle, at any point of a curve.

 Curve (kûrv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved. See Cirb.]
 Bent without angles; crooked; curved; as, a curve line; a curve surface.

 Curve, n. [See Curve, a., Cirb.] 1. A bending without angles; that which is bent; a flexure; as, a curve in a railway or canal.

2. (Geom.) A line described according to some low, and having no finite portion of it a straight line.

Axis of a curve. See under Axis. -- Curve of quickest descent.
 See Brachystochrone. -- Curve tracing (Math.), the process of determining the shape, location, singular points, and other peculiarities of a curve from its equation. -- Plane curve (Geom.), a curve such that when a plane passes through three points of the curve, it passes through all the other points of the curve. Any other curve is called a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve.

 Curve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curved (k?rvd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Curving.] [L. curvare., fr. curvus. See Curve, a., Curb.] To bend; to crook; as, to curve a line; to curve a pipe; to cause to swerve from a straight course; as, to curve a ball in pitching it.

 Curve, v. i. To bend or turn gradually from a given direction; as, the road curves to the right.

 Curv"ed*ness (-?d-n?s), n. The state of being curved.

 Cur"vet (kûr"v?t or kûr-v?t"; 277), n. [OE. corvet, It. corvetta: cf. F. courbette. See Curve, and cf. Corvetto.]
 1. (Man.) A particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are in the air at once.

2. A prank; a frolic.

 Cur"vet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Curveted or -vetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Curveting or -vetting.] [Cf. It. corvettare.
 See Curvet, n.] 1. To make a curvet; to leap; to bound. "Oft and high he did curvet." Drayton.
2. To leap and frisk; to frolic. Shak.
 Cur"vet, v. t. To cause to curvet. Landor.
 Cur'vi*cau"date (k?r'v?-k?"d?t), a. [L. curvus bent + E. caudate.]
 (Zoöl.) Having a curved or crooked tail.

 Cur'vi*cos"tate (k?r'v?-k?s"t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. costate.]
 (Bot.) Having bent ribs.

 Cur'vi*den"tate (k?r'v?-d?n"t?t), a. [L. curvus + E. dentate.]
 Having curved teeth.

 Cur"vi*form (k?r"v?-f?rm), a. [L. curvus + -form.] Having a curved form.

 Cur'vi*lin"e*ad (k?r'v?-l?n"?-?d), n. (Geom.) An instrument for drawing curved lines


sound he makes during the breeding season. Called also tippet grouse, partridge, birch partridge, pheasant, drummer, and white-flesher.
 -- ruffed lemur (Zoöl.), a species of lemur (lemur varius) having a conspicuous ruff on the sides of the head. Its color is varied with black and white. Called also ruffed maucaco.

 Ruf"fian (? or?; 277), n. [F. rufien, OF. ruffen, ruffian, pimp. libertine, ake; cf. pr. & Sp. rufian, It. ruffiano; all perhaps of German or Dutch origin; cf. G. raufen to pluck, scuffle, fight, OD. roffen to pander. Cf. Ruffle to grow urbulent.]
 1. A pimp; a pander; also, a paramour. [Obs.]

 he [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, reveling with her ruffians.

Bp. Reynolds.
2. A boisterous, cruel, brutal fellow; a desperate fellow ready for murderous or cruel deeds; a cutthroat.

 Wilt thou on thy deathbed play the ruffian?

Shak.
 Ruf"fian, a. brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous; as, ruffian rage.

 Ruf"fian, v. i. To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult. [R.]
 Shak.
 Ruf"fian*age (?), n. Ruffians, collectively; a body of ruffians.
 "The vilest ruffianage." Sir F. Palgrave.
 Ruf"fian*ish, a. Having the qualities or manners of a ruffian; ruffianly.

 Ruf"fian*like' (?), a. Ruffianly. Fulke.
 Ruf"fian*ly, a. Like a ruffian; bold in crimes; characteristic of a ruffian; violent; brutal.

 Ruf"fian*ous (?), a. Ruffianly. [Obs.] Chapman.
 Ruf"fin (?), a. [See Ruffian.] Disordered. [Obs.]

 His ruffin rainment all was stained with blood.

Spenser.
 Ruf"fle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Ruffling (?).] [From Ruff a plaited collar, a drum beat, a tumult: cf. OD. ruyffelen to wrinkle.] 1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle.

2. To furnish with ruffles; as, to ruffle a shirt.

3. To oughen or disturb the surface of; to make uneven by agitation or commotion.

 The fantastic revelries... that so often ruffled the placid bosom of the Nile.

I. Taylor.
 She smoothed the ruffled seas.

Dryden.
4. To erect in a ruff, as feathers.

 [the swan] ruffles her pure cold plume.

Tennyson.
5. (Mil.) To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum.

6. To discompose; to agitate; to disturb.

 These ruffle the tranquillity of the mind.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 But, ever after, the small violence done Rankled in him and ruffled all his heart.

Tennyson.
7. To throw into disorder or confusion.

 Where best He might the ruffled foe infest.

Hudibras.
8. To throw together in a disorderly manner. [R.]

 I ruffled up falen leaves in heap.

Chapman To ruffle the feathers of, to exite the resentment of; to irritate.

 Ruf"fle (?), v. i. [Perhaps of different origin from ruffle to wrinkle; cf. OD. roffeln, roffen, to pander, LG. raffein, Dan. ruffer a pimp. Cf. Rufflan.] 1. To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. [R.]

 The night comes on, and the bleak winds Do sorely ruffle.

Shak.
2. To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter.

 On his right shoulder his thick mane reclined, Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind.

Dryden.
3. To be rough; to jar; to be in contention; hence, to put on airs; to swagger.

 They would ruffle with jurors.

Bacon.
 Gallants who ruffled in silk and embroidery.

Sir W. Scott.
 Ruf"fle, n. [See Ruffle, v. t. & i.] 1. That which is ruffled; specifically, a strip of lace, cambric, or other fine cloth, plaited or gathered on one edge or in the middle, and used as a trimming; a frill.

2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed; disturbance; agitation; commotion; as, to put the mind in a ruffle.

3. (Mil.) A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; -- called also ruff. H. L. Scott.
4. (Zoöl.) The connected series of large egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any one of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur. See Oötheca.

Ruffle of a boot, the top turned down, and scalloped or plaited. Halliwell.
 Ruf"fle*less, a. Having no ruffle.

 Ruf"fle*ment (?), n. The act of ruffling. [R.]

 Ruf"fler (?), n. 1. One who ruffles; a swaggerer; a bully; a ruffian.

 Assaults, if not murders, done at his own doors by that crew of rufflers.

Milton.
2. That which ruffles; specifically, a sewing machine attachment for making ruffles.

 Ru'fi*gal"lic (?), a. [Rufiopin + gallic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained from gallic acid as a brown or red crystalline substance, and is related to rufiopin and anthracene.

 Ru'fi*o"pin (?), n. [L. rufus reddish + opianic.] (Chem.)
 A yellowish red crystalline substance related to anthracene, and obtained from opianic acid.

 Ru"fol (?), n. [L. rufus reddish + -ol.] (Chem.)
 A phenol derivative of anthracene obtained as a white crystalline substance, which on oxidation produces a red dyestuff related to anthraquinone.

 Ru"fous (?), a. [L. rufus.] Reddish; of a yellowish red or brownish red color; tawny.

 Ruft (?), n. (Med.) Eructation; belching. [Obs.]

 Ruf"ter*hood (?), n. [Cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Falconry) A kind of hood for a hawk.

 Rug (?), n. [Cf. Sw. rugg entanglend hair, ruggig rugged, shaggy, probably akin to E. rough. See Rough, a.] 1.
 A kind of coarse, heavy frieze, formerly used for garments.

 They spin the choicest rug in Ireland. A friend of mine...
 repaired to Paris Garden clad in one of these Waterford rugs. The mastiffs,... deeming he had been a bear, would fain have baited him.

Holinshed.
2. A piece of thick, nappy fabric, commonly made of wool, -- used for various purposes, as for covering and


its name.

6. To bring to a conclusion, as a question or controversy; to settle authoritative or judicial sentence; to decide; as, the court has determined the cause.

7. To resolve on; to have a fixed intention of; also, to cause to come to a conclusion or decision; to lead; as, this determined him to go immediately.

8. (Logic) To define or limit by adding a differentia.

9. (Physical Sciences) To ascertain the presence, quantity, or amount of; as, to determine the parallax; to determine the salt in sea water.

 De*ter"mine, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to end; to terminate. [Obs.]

 He who has vented a pernicious doctrine or published an ill book must know that his life determine not together.

South.
 Estates may determine on future contingencies.

Blackstone.
2. To come to a decision; to decide; to resolve; -- often with on.
 "Determine on some course." Shak.
 He shall pay as the judges determine.

Ex. xxi. 22.
 De*ter"mined (?), a. Decided; resolute. "Adetermined foe."
 Sparks.
 De*ter"min*ed*ly (?), adv. In a determined manner; with determination.

 De*ter"min*er (?), n. One who, or that which, determines or decides.

 De*ter"min*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) The doctrine that the will is not free, but is inevitably and invincibly determined by motives.

 Its superior suitability to produce courage, as contrasted with scientific physical determinism, is obvious.

F. P. Cobbe.
 De*ter"min*ist, n. (Metaph.) One who believes in determinism. Also adj.; as, determinist theories.

 De'ter*ra"tion (?), n. [L. de + terra earth: cf. F. déterrer to unearth.] The uncovering of anything buried or covered with earth; a taking out of the earth or ground. Woodward.
 De*ter"rence (?), n. That which deters; a deterrent; a hindrance.
 [R.]

 De*ter"rent (?), a. [L. deterrens, p. pr. of deterrere.
 See Deter.] Serving to deter. "The deterrent principle." E. Davis.
 De*ter"rent, n. That which deters or prevents.

 De*ter"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. détersion. See Deterge.]
 The act of deterging or cleansing, as a sore.

 De*ter"sive (?), a. [Cf. détersif.] Cleansing; detergent. -- n. A cleansing agent; a detergent.

 De*ter"sive*ly, adv. In a way to cleanse.

 De*ter"sive*ness, n. The quality of cleansing.

 De*test" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detested; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Detesting.] [L. detestare, detestatum, and detestari, to curse while calling a deity to witness, to execrate, detest; de + testari to be a witness, testify, testis a witness: cf. F. détester. See Testify.] 1. To witness against; to denounce; to condemn. [Obs.]

 The heresy of Nestorius... was detested in the Eastern churches.

Fuller.
 God hath detested them with his own mouth.

Bale.
2. To hate intensely; to abhor; to abominate; to loathe; as, we detest what is contemptible or evil.

 Who dares think one thing, and another tell, My heart detests him as the gates of hell.

Pope.
Syn. -- To abhor; abominate; execrate. See Hate.

 De*test'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capacity of being odious. [R.] Carlyle.
 De*test"a*ble (?), a. [L. detestabilis: cf. F. détestable.]
 Worthy of being detested; abominable; extremely hateful; very odious; deserving abhorrence; as, detestable vices.

 Thou hast defiled my sanctuary will all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations.

Ezek. v. 11.
Syn. -- Abominable; odious; execrable; abhorred.

 De*test"a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being detestable.

 De*test"a*bly, adv. In a detestable manner.

 De*tes"tate (?), v. t. To detest. [Obs.] Udall.
 Det'es*ta"tion (?; 277), n. [L. detestatio: cf. F. détestation.]
 The act of detesting; extreme hatred or dislike; abhorrence; loathing.

 We are heartily agreed in our detestation of civil war.

Burke.
 De*test"er (?), n. One who detests.

 De*throne" (d*thrn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dethroned (-thrnd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Dethroning.] [Pref. de- + throne: cf. F. détrôner; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + trône throne. See Throne.] To remove or drive from a throne; to depose; to divest of supreme authority and dignity. "The Protector was dethroned." Hume.
 De*throne"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. détrônement.]
 Deposal from a throne; deposition from regal power.

 De*thron"er (?), n. One who dethrones.

 De*thron'i*za"tion (?), n. Dethronement. [Obs.] Speed.
 De*thron"ize (?), v. t. [Cf. LL. dethronizare.] To dethrone or unthrone. [Obs.] Cotgrave.
 Det"i*nue (?; 277), n. [OF. detinu, detenu, p. p. of detenir to detain. See Detain.] A person or thing detained; (Law) A form of action for the recovery of a personal chattel wrongfully detained.

Writ of detinue (Law), one that lies against him who wrongfully detains goods or chattels delivered to him, or in possession, to recover the thing itself, or its value and damages, from the detainer. It is now in a great measure superseded by other remedies.

 Det"o*nate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Detonated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Detonating (?).] [L. detonare, v. i., to thunder down; de + tonare to thunder; akin to E. thunder.
 See Thunder, and cf. Detonize.] To explode with a sudden report; as, niter detonates with sulphur.

 Det"o*nate, v. t. To cause to explode; to cause to burn or inflame with a sudden report.

 Det"o*na'ting, a. & n. from Detonate.

Detonating gas, a mixture of two volumes of hydrogen with one volume of oxygen, which explodes with a loud report upon ignition. -- Detonating powder, any powder or solid substance, as fulminate of mercury, which when struck, explodes with violence and a loud report. -- Detonating primer, a primer exploded by a fuse; -- used to explode gun cotton in blasting operations. -- Detonating tube, a strong tube of glass, usually graduated, closed at one end, and furnished with two wires passing through its sides at opposite points, and nearly


The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix.

A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, annoying like a flea; an irritating repulse; as, to put a flea in one's ear; to go away with a flea in one's ear. -- Beach flea, Black flea, etc. See under Beach, etc.

 Flea"bane' (?), n. (Bot.) One of various plants, supposed to have efficacy in driving away fleas. They belong, for the most part, to the genera Conyza, Erigeron, and Pulicaria.

 Flea"-bee'tle (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small beetle of the family Halticidæ, of many species. They have strong posterior legs and leap like fleas. The turnip flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) and that of the grapevine (Graptodera chalybea) are common injurious species.

 Flea"-bite' (?), n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot caused by the bite.

2. A trifling wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. Harvey.
 Flea"-bit'ten (?), a. 1. Bitten by a flea; as, a flea-bitten face.

2. White, flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel; -- said of the color of a horse.

 Fleagh (fl), obs. imp. of Fly.

 Fleak (flk), n. A flake; a thread or twist. [Obs.]

 Little long fleaks or threads of hemp.

Dr. H. More.
 Fleak"ing, n. A light covering of reeds, over which the main covering is laid, in thatching houses. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
 Flea"-louse' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidæ, of many species. That of the pear tree is Psylla pyri.

 Fleam (?), n. [F. flamme, OF. flieme, fr. LL. flevotomum, phlebotomum; cf. D. vlijm. See Phlebotomy.] (Surg. & Far.) A sharp instrument used for opening veins, lancing gums, etc.; a kind of lancet.

Fleam tooth, a tooth of a saw shaped like an isosceles triangle; a peg tooth. Knight.
 Fleam"y (?), a. Bloody; clotted. [Obs. or Prov.]

 Foamy bubbling of a fleamy brain.

Marston.
 Flear (?), v. t. & i. See Fleer.

 Flea"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) An herb used in medicine (Plantago Psyllium), named from the shape of its seeds. Loudon.
 ||Flèche (?), n. [F. flèche, prop., an arrow.]
 (Fort.) A simple fieldwork, consisting of two faces forming a salient angle pointing outward and open at the gorge.

 Fleck (flk), n. A flake; also, a lock, as of wool. [Obs.] J. Martin.
 Fleck (?), n. [Cf. Icel. flekkr; akin to Sw. fläck, D. vlek, G. fleck, and perh. to E. flitch.] A spot; a streak; a speckle. "A sunny fleck." Longfellow.
 Life is dashed with flecks of sin.

tennyson.
 Fleck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flecking.] [Cf. Icel. flekka, Sw. fläcka, D. vlekken, vlakken, G. flecken. See Fleck, n.]
 To spot; to streak or stripe; to variegate; to dapple.

 Both flecked with white, the true Arcadian strain.

Dryden.
 A bird, a cloud, flecking the sunny air.

Trench.
 Fleck"er (?), v. t. To fleck. Johnson.
 Fleck"less, a. Without spot or blame. [R.]

 My consnience will not count me fleckless.

Tennyson.
 Flec"tion (?), n. [See Flexion.] 1. The act of bending, or state of being bent.

2. The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection.

 Flec"tion*al (?), a. Capable of, or pertaining to, flection or inflection.

 A flectional word is a phrase in the bud.

Earle.
 Flec"tor (?), n. A flexor.

 Fled (?), imp. & p. p. of Flee.

 Fledge (?), a. [OE. flegge, flygge; akin to D. vlug, G. flügge, flücke, OHG. flucchi, Icel. fleygr, and to E. fly. √84. See Fly, v. i.] Feathered; furnished with feathers or wings; able to fly.

 His shoulders, fledge with wings.

Milton.
 Fledge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fledged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fledging.] 1. To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight.

 The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift for themselves.

L'Estrange.
2. To furnish or adorn with any soft covering.

 Your master, whose chin is not yet fledged.

Shak.
 Fledge"ling (?), n. A young bird just fledged.

 Flee (fl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fled (fld); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fleeing.] [OE. fleon, fleen, AS. fleón (imperf. fleáh); akin to D. vlieden, OHG.
 & OS. fliohan, G. fliehen, Icel. flja (imperf. flði), Dan. flye, Sw. fly (imperf. flydde), Goth. þliuhan.
 √84. Cf. Flight.] To run away, as from danger or evil; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner; to hasten off; -- usually with from.
 This is sometimes omitted, making the verb transitive.

 [He] cowardly fled, not having struck one stroke.

Shak.
Flee fornication.

1 Cor. vi. 18.
 So fled his enemies my warlike father.

Shak.
 When great speed is to be indicated, we commonly use fly, not flee; as, fly hence to France with the utmost speed. "Whither shall I fly to'scape their hands?" Shak. See Fly, v. i., 5.

 Fleece (fls), n. [OE. flees, AS. fleós; akin to D. flies, vlies.] 1. The entire coat of wool that covers a sheep or other similar animal; also, the quantity shorn from a sheep, or animal, at one time.

 Who shore me Like a tame wether, all my precious fleece.

Milton.
2. Any soft woolly covering resembling a fleece.

3. (Manuf.) The fine web of cotton or wool removed by the doffing knife from the cylinder of a carding machine.

Fleece wool, wool shorn from the sheep. -- Golden fleece.
 See under Golden.

 Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleeced (?); p. pr.


or a bearing having such an edge.

 Rag"weed' (rg"wd'), n. (Bot.) A common American composite weed (Ambrosia artemisiæfolia) with finely divided leaves; hogweed.

Great ragweed, a coarse American herb (Ambrosia trifida), with rough three-lobed opposite leaves.

 Rag"work' (-wûrk'), n. (Masonry) A kind of rubblework.
 In the United States, any rubblework of thin and small stones.

 Rag"wort' (-wûrt'), n. (Bot.) A name given to several species of the composite genus Senecio.

Senecio aureus is the golden ragwort of the United States; S. elegans is the purple ragwort of South Africa.

 ||Ra"ia (r"y), n. [L., a ray. Cf. Ray the fish.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of rays which includes the skates. See Skate.

 ||Ra"iæ (r"y), n. pl. [NL. See Raia.] (Zoöl.) The order of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sawfishes, skates, and rays; -- called also Rajæ, and Rajii.

 Raid (rd), n. [Icel. reið a riding, raid; akin to E. road.
 See Road a way.] 1. A hostile or predatory incursion; an inroad or incursion of mounted men; a sudden and rapid invasion by a cavalry force; a foray.

 Marauding chief! his sole delight The moonlight raid, the morning fight.

Sir W. Scott.
 There are permanent conquests, temporary occupations, and occasional raids.

H. Spenser.
 A Scottish word which came into common use in the United States during the Civil War, and was soon extended in its application.

2. An attack or invasion for the purpose of making arrests, seizing property, or plundering; as, a raid of the police upon a gambling house; a raid of contractors on the public treasury. [Colloq. U. S.]

 Raid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raided; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Raiding.] To make a raid upon or into; as, two regiments raided the border counties.

 Raid"er (-r), n. One who engages in a raid. [U.S.]

 Rail (rl), n. [OE. reil, reel, AS. hrægel, hrægl, a garment; akin to OHG. hregil, OFries. hreil.]
 An outer cloak or covering; a neckerchief for women. Fairholt.
 Rail, v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To flow forth; to roll out; to course. [Obs.]

 Streams of tears from her fair eyes forth railing.

Spenser.
 Rail, n. [Akin to LG. & Sw. regel bar, bolt, G. riegel a rail, bar, or bolt, OHG. rigil, rigel, bar, bolt, and possibly to E. row a line.] 1. A bar of timber or metal, usually horizontal or nearly so, extending from one post or support to another, as in fences, balustrades, staircases, etc.

2. (Arch.) A horizontal piece in a frame or paneling. See Illust.
 of Style.

3. (Railroad) A bar of steel or iron, forming part of the track on which the wheels roll. It is usually shaped with reference to vertical strength, and is held in place by chairs, splices, etc.

4. (Naut.) (a) The stout, narrow plank that forms the top of the bulwarks. (b) The light, fencelike structures of wood or metal at the break of the deck, and elsewhere where such protection is needed.

Rail fence. See under Fence. -- Rail guard. (a) A device attached to the front of a locomotive on each side for clearing the rail of obstructions. (b) A guard rail. See under Guard. -- Rail joint (Railroad), a splice connecting the adjacent ends of rails, in distinction from a chair, which is merely a seat. The two devices are sometimes united. Among several hundred varieties, the fish joint is standard. See Fish joint, under Fish. -- Rail train (Iron & Steel Manuf.), a train of rolls in a rolling mill, for making rails for railroads from blooms or billets.

 Rail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Railed (rld); p. pr. & vb. n. Railing.] 1. To inclose with rails or a railing.

 It ought to be fenced in and railed.

Ayliffe.
2. To range in a line. [Obs.]

 They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a team of horses in a cart.

Bacon.
 Rail, n. [F. râle, fr. râler to have a rattling in the throat; of German origin, and akin to E. rattle.
 See Rattle, v.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of limicoline birds of the family Rallidæ, especially those of the genus Rallus, and of closely allied genera. They are prized as game birds.

 The common European water rail (Rallus aquaticus) is called also bilcock, skitty coot, and brook runner. The best known American species are the clapper rail, or salt-marsh hen (Rallus longirostris, var. crepitans); the king, or red-breasted, rail (R. elegans) (called also fresh-water marsh-hen); the lesser clapper, or Virginia, rail (R. Virginianus); and the Carolina, or sora, rail (Porzana Carolina). See Sora.

Land rail (Zoöl.), the corncrake.

 Rail, v. i. [F. railler; cf. Sp. rallar to grate, scrape, molest; perhaps fr. (assumed) LL. radiculare, fr. L. radere to scrape, grate. Cf. Rally to banter, Rase.] To use insolent and reproachful language; to utter reproaches; to scoff; -- followed by at or against, formerly by on. Shak.
 And rail at arts he did not understand.

Dryden.
 Lesbia forever on me rails.

Swift.
 Rail (rl), v. t. 1. To rail at. [Obs.] Feltham.
2. To move or influence by railing. [R.]

Rail the seal from off my bond.

Shak.
 Rail"er (-r), n. One who rails; one who scoffs, insults, censures, or reproaches with opprobrious language.

 Rail"ing, a. Expressing reproach; insulting.

 Angels, which are greater in power and might, bring not railing accusation against them.

2 Pet. ii. 11.
 Rail"ing, n. 1. A barrier made of a rail or of rails.

2. Rails in general; also, material for making rails.

 Rail"ing*ly, adv. With scoffing or insulting language.

 Rail"ler*y (rl"lr* or rl"-; 277), n. [F. raillerie, fr. railler. See Rail to scoff.] Pleasantry or slight satire; banter; jesting language; satirical merriment.

 Let raillery be without malice or heat.

B. Jonson.
 Studies employed on low objects; the very naming of them is sufficient to turn them into raillery.

Addison.
 ||Rail'leur" (r'lyr" or r'yr"), n. [F.] A banterer; a jester; a mocker. [R.] Wycherley.
 { Rail"road' (rl"rd'


ate. To felicitate is simply to wish a person joy. To congratulate has the additional signification of uniting in the joy of him whom we congratulate. Hence they are by no means synonymous. One who has lost the object of his affections by her marriage to a rival, might perhaps felicitate that rival on his success, but could never be expected to congratulate him on such an event.

Felicitations are little better than compliments; congratulations are the expression of a genuine sympathy and joy. Trench.
 Con*grat"u*late, v. i. To express of feel sympathetic joy; as, to congratulate with one's country. [R.] Swift.
 The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves. Dryden.
 Con*grat'u*la"tion (?), n. [L. congratulatio: cf. F. congratulation.]
 The act of congratulating; an expression of sympathetic pleasure.

 With infinite congratulations for our safe arrival. Dr.
 J. Scott.
 Con*grat"u*la'tor (?), n. One who offers congratulation. Milton.
 Con*grat"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Expressive of sympathetic joy; as, a congratulatory letter.

 Con*gree" (?), v. i. [Pref. on- + L. gratus pleasing.
 Cf. Agree.] To agree. [bs.] Shak.
 Con*greet" (?), v. t. To salute mutually. [Obs.]

 Con"gre*gate (?), a. [L. congregatus, p. p. of congregare to congregate; on- + gregare to collect into a flock, fr. grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] Collected; compact; close. [R.] Bacon.
 Con"gre*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congregating] To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact.

 Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church. Hooker.
 Cold congregates all bodies. Coleridge.
 The great receptacle Of congregated waters he called Seas.
Milton.
 Con"gre*gate, v. i. To come together; to assemble; to meet.

 Even there where merchants most do congregate. Shak.
 Con'gre*ga"tion (?), n. [L. congregatio: cf. F. congrégation.]
 1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass.

 The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts. Bacon.
2. A collection or mass of separate things.

 A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. Shak.
3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet.

 He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations. Macaulay.
4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.) The whole body of the Jewish people; -- called also Congregation of the Lord.

 It is a sin offering for the congregation. Lev. iv. 21.
5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some department of the church business; as, the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order.

6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.]

7. (Scotch Church Hist.) the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation.

 Con'gre*ga"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as, congregational singing.

2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as, a Congregational church.

 Con'gre*ga"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church.

2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively.

 In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations, conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation "Congregationalists" is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity.

 Con'gre*ga"tion*al*ist, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism.

 Con"gress (?), n.; pl. Congresses (#). [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congr&?;s.
 See Grade.] 1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.]

 Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there; Their congress in the field great Jove withstands. Dryden.
2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; -- said of things.
 [Obs.]

 From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies. Cheyne.
3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant.
4. A gathering or assembly; a conference.

5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest.

 The European powers strove to... accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna. Alison.
6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation.

 In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session.

7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years.

The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from


had seen.
Iv, s. Snow. Hun. Gyp. Yiv.
Span. Gyp. Give.
Iv-engri / Ivi-mengri, s. Snow-thing, snowball.
Iuziou, a. Clean. Mod. Gr.
ὑγιὴς (sound, healthy).
See Roujio.
J Jal. To go, walk, journey. This verb is allied to various words in different languages signifying movement, course or journey:—to the Sanscrit Il, ila, to go; to the Russian Gulliat, to stroll, to walk about; to the Turkish Iel, a journey; to the Jol of the Norse, and the Yule of the Anglo-Saxons, terms applied to Christmas-tide, but which properly mean the circular journey which the sun has completed at that season: for what are Jol and Yule but the Ygul of the Hebrews? who call the zodiac 'Ygul ha mazaluth,' or the circle of the signs. It is, moreover, related to the German Jahr and the English Year, radically p.
37the same words as Jol, Yule, and Ygul, and of the same meaning—namely, the circle travelled by the sun through the signs.
Já, v. imp. Go thou!
Jal amande. I shall go.
Jal te booty. Go to work.
Jalno / Java / Jaw, v.a. I go. Sans.
Chara.
Jas, jasa. Thou goest: tute is jasing, thou art going.
Jal, 3rd pers. pres. He goes.
Jalla, f. She goes.
Jalno ando pawni, v. a. I swim. Lit. I go in water.
Jaw, ad. So: jaw si, so it is. See Ajaw, asá, ashá.
Jib, s. Tongue. Sans. Jihva.
Jib, v. n. To live, to exist. Sans.
Jiv. Rus. Jit. Lithuanian, Gywenu.
Jibben, s. Life, livelihood. Sans.
Jivata (life), Jivika (livelihood). Rus. Jivot, Tchivot.
Jivvel, v. n. He lives: kai jivvel o, where does he live?
Jin / Jinava, v. n. To know. Sans.
Jna.
Jinnepen, s. Wisdom, knowledge.
Sans. Jnapti (understanding).
Jinney-mengro, s. A knowing fellow, a deep card, a Grecian, a wise man, a philosopher.
Jinney-mengreskey rokrapénes. Sayings of the wise: the tatcho drom to be a jinney-mengro is to dick and rig in zi, the true way to be a wise man is to see and bear in mind.
Jongar, v. n. To awake. Sans.
Jagri. Hin. Jugana.
Jôbis, s. Oats. Sans. Java (barley). Wal. Obia. See Giv.
Joddakaye, s. Apron; anything tied round the middle or hips. Sans. Kata (the hip, the loins), Kataka (a girdle).
Ju, s. A louse. Sans. Yuka.
p. 38Juvalo, a. Lousy.
Juvior, s. pl. Lice.
Juggal / Jukkal, s. Dog. Sans.
Srigãla (jackal).
Jukkalor. Dogs.
Jukkaelsti cosht, s. Dog-wood; a hard wood used for making skewers.
Juva / Juvali, Woman, wife.
Juvli, s. Girl. See Chavali.
K Kael, s. Cheese.
Kaes, s. Cheese.
Kah / Kai, ad. Where: kai tiro ker, where's your house? kai si the churi, where is the knife?
Sans. Kva.
Kair, v. a. To do. Sans. Kri, to do; kara (doing).
Kair misto. To make well, cure, comfort.
Kairipen, s. Work, labour. Sans.
Karman.
Kakkaratchi, s. Magpie; properly a raven.
Mod. Gr.
κορακαζ.
Kanau / Knau, ad. Now.
Karring. Crying out, hawking goods. Span.
Gyp. Acarar (to call). See Koring.
Kaulo, a. Black. Sans.
Kãla. Arab. [Arabic which cannot be reproduced] Kaulo chiriclo, s. A blackbird.
Kaulo cori, s. A blackthorn.
Kaulo durril, s. Blackberry.
Kaulo Gav, s. Black-town, Birmingham.
Kaulo guero, s. A black, negro.
Kaulo guereskey tem, s. Negroland, Africa.
Kaulo-mengro, s. A blacksmith.
Kaulo ratti. Black blood, Gypsy blood: kaulo ratti adrey leste, he has Gypsy blood in his veins.
Kaun, s. An ear. Sans. Karna.
p.
39Kaun-engro, s. An ear-fellow, thing with long ears; a figurative name for a hare.
Ke, prep. Unto. Likewise a postposition—e.g. lenké, to them.
Keir / Ker, s. A house. Sans.
Griha.
Ker / Kerey / Ken, ad. Home, homeward: java keri, I will go home.
Keir-poggring. House-breaking.
Keir-rakli, s. A housemaid.
Kek, ad. a. No, none, not: kek tatcho, it is not true.
Kekkeno, a. None, not any: kekkeni pawni, no water.
Kekkeno mushe's poov, s. No man's land; a common.
Kekkauvi, s.f. Kettle. Mod. Gr.
κακκάβη.
Kekkauviskey saster, s. Kettle-iron; the hook by which the kettle is suspended over the fire.
Kekko, ad. No, it is not, not it, not he.
Kekkomi. No more. See Komi, Ever-komi.
Kek-cushti. Of no use; no good. See Koshto.
Kem, s. The sun. See Cam.
Ken. A particle affixed in English Gypsy to the name of a place terminating in a vowel, in order to form a genitive; e.g. Eliken bori congri, the great church of Ely. See En.
Ken, s. A house, properly a nest.
Heb. [Hebrew which cannot be reproduced] Kin.
Kenyor, s. pl. Ears. See Kaun.
Ker / Kerava v. a. To do; make: kair yag, make a fire. Sans. Kri. Pers. [Persian which cannot be reproduced] Gaelic, Ceaird (a trade), ceard (a tinker). Lat. Cerdo (a smith). English, Char, chare (to work by the day).
Kerdo. He did.
Kedast, 2nd pers. pret. Thou didst.
Kedo, part. pass. Done.
Kerri-mengro, s. Workman.
Kerrimus, s. Doing, deed: mi-Doovel's kerrimus, the Lord's doing. Sans. Karman (work).
p. 40Kerrit, p. pass. Cooked, boiled. Anglo-Indian word, Curried. Fr. Cuire. Gaelic, Greidh (to cook victuals).
Kettaney, ad. Together. Wal. Ketziba (many). See Kisi.
Kidda, v. a. To pluck.
Kil, v. a. To dance, play. Hin.
Kelná. Sans. Kshvel.
Killi-mengro, s. A dancer, player.
Kil, s. Butter.
Kin


.]
 1. To take, as something that is offered, given, committed, sent, paid, or the like; to accept; as, to receive money offered in payment of a debt; to receive a gift, a message, or a letter.

Receyven all in gree that God us sent.

Chaucer.
2. Hence: To gain the knowledge of; to take into the mind by assent to; to give admission to; to accept, as an opinion, notion, etc.; to embrace.

 Our hearts receive your warnings.

Shak.
 The idea of solidity we receive by our touch.

Locke.
3. To allow, as a custom, tradition, or the like; to give credence or acceptance to.

 Many other things there be which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots.

Mark vii. 4.
4. To give admittance to; to permit to enter, as into one's house, presence, company, and the like; as, to receive a lodger, visitor, ambassador, messenger, etc.

 They kindled a fire, and received us every one.

Acts xxviii. 2.
5. To admit; to take in; to hold; to contain; to have capacity for; to be able to take in.

 The brazen altar that was before the Lord was too little to receive the burnt offerings.

1 Kings viii. 64.
6. To be affected by something; to suffer; to be subjected to; as, to receive pleasure or pain; to receive a wound or a blow; to receive damage.

 Against his will he can receive no harm.

Milton.
7. To take from a thief, as goods known to be stolen.

8. (Lawn Tennis) To bat back (the ball) when served.

Receiving ship, one on board of which newly recruited sailors are received, and kept till drafted for service.

Syn. -- To accept; take; allow; hold; retain; admit. -- Receive, Accept. To receive describes simply the act of taking. To accept denotes the taking with approval, or for the purposes for which a thing is offered. Thus, we receive a letter when it comes to hand; we receive news when it reaches us; we accept a present when it is offered; we accept an invitation to dine with a friend.

 Who, if we knew What we receive, would either not accept Life offered, or soon beg to lay it down.

Milton.
 Re*ceive" (r*sv"), v. i. 1. To receive visitors; to be at home to receive calls; as, she receives on Tuesdays.

2. (Lawn Tennis) To return, or bat back, the ball when served; as, it is your turn to receive.

 Re*ceiv"ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being received, accepted, or current; as, the receivedness of an opinion. Boyle.
 Re*ceiv"er (-r), n. [Cf. F. receveur.] 1. One who takes or receives in any manner.

2. (Law) A person appointed, ordinarily by a court, to receive, and hold in trust, money or other property which is the subject of litigation, pending the suit; a person appointed to take charge of the estate and effects of a corporation, and to do other acts necessary to winding up its affairs, in certain cases. Bouvier.
3. One who takes or buys stolen goods from a thief, knowing them to be stolen. Blackstone.
4. (Chem.) (a) A vessel connected with an alembic, a retort, or the like, for receiving and condensing the product of distillation. (b) A vessel for receiving and containing gases.

5. (Pneumatics) The glass vessel in which the vacuum is produced, and the objects of experiment are put, in experiments with an air pump. Cf. Bell jar, and see Illust. of Air pump.

6. (Steam Engine) (a) A vessel for receiving the exhaust steam from the high-pressure cylinder before it enters the low-pressure cylinder, in a compound engine. (b) A capacious vessel for receiving steam from a distant boiler, and supplying it dry to an engine.

7. That portion of a telephonic apparatus, or similar system, at which the message is received and made audible; -- opposed to transmitter.

Exhausted receiver (Physics), a receiver, as that used with the air pump, from which the air has been withdrawn; a vessel the interior of which is a more or less complete vacuum.

 Re*ceiv"er*ship, n. The state or office of a receiver.

 Re*cel"e*brate (r*sl"*brt), v. t. To celebrate again, or anew. -- Re*cel'e*bra"tion (-br"shn), n. Re"cen*cy (r"sen*s), n. [LL. recentia, fr. L. recens.
 See Recent.] The state or quality of being recent; newness; new state; late origin; lateness in time; freshness; as, the recency of a transaction, of a wound, etc.

 Re*cense" (r*sns"), v. t. [L. recensere; pref. reagain + censere to value, estimate: cf. F. recenser.] To review; to revise. [R.] Bentley.
 Re*cen"sion (r*sn"shn), n. [L. recensio: cf. F. recension.]
 1. The act of reviewing or revising; review; examination; enumeration. Barrow.
2. Specifically, the review of a text (as of an ancient author) by an editor; critical revisal and establishment.

3. The result of such a work; a text established by critical revision; an edited version.

 Re*cen"sion*ist, n. One who makes recensions; specifically, a critical editor.

 Re"cent (r"sent), a. [L. recens, -entis: cf.
 F. récent.] 1. Of late origin, existence, or occurrence; lately come; not of remote date, antiquated style, or the like; not already known, familiar, worn out, trite, etc.; fresh; novel; new; modern; as, recent news.

 The ancients were of opinion, that a considerable portion of that country [Egypt] was recent, and formed out of the mud discharged into the neighboring sea by the Nile.

Woodward.
2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the present or existing epoch; as, recent shells.

 Re*cen"ter (r*sn"tr), v. t. [Pref. re- + center.] To center again; to restore to the center. Coleridge.
 Re"cent*ly (r"sent*l), adv. Newly; lately; freshly; not long since; as, advices recently received.

 Re"cent*ness, n. Quality or state of being recent.

 Re*cep"ta*cle (r*sp"t*k'l), n. [F. réceptacle, L. receptaculum, fr. receptare, v. intens. fr. recipere to receive. See Receive.] 1. That which serves, or is used, for receiving and containing something, as a basket, a vase, a bag, a reservoir; a repository.

 O sacred receptacle of my joys!

Shak.
2. (Bot.) (a) The apex of the flower stalk, from which the organs of the flower grow, or into which they are inserted. See Illust. of Flower, and Ovary. (b) The dilated apex of a pedicel which serves as a common support to a head of flowers. (c) An intercellular cavity containing oil or resin or other matters. (d) A special branch which bears the fructification in many cryptogamous plants.


See Pit of the stomach (below). (c) The indentation or mark left by a pustule, as in smallpox.

5. Formerly, that part of a theater, on the floor of the house, below the level of the stage and behind the orchestra; now, in England, commonly the part behind the stalls; in the United States, the parquet; also, the occupants of such a part of a theater.

6. An inclosed area into which gamecocks, dogs, and other animals are brought to fight, or where dogs are trained to kill rats. "As fiercely as two gamecocks in the pit." Locke.
7. [Cf. D. pit, akin to E. pith.] (Bot.) (a) The endocarp of a drupe, and its contained seed or seeds; a stone; as, a peach pit; a cherry pit, etc. (b) A depression or thin spot in the wall of a duct.

Cold pit (Hort.), an excavation in the earth, lined with masonry or boards, and covered with glass, but not artificially heated, -- used in winter for the storing and protection of half-hardly plants, and sometimes in the spring as a forcing bed. -- Pit coal, coal dug from the earth; mineral coal. -- Pit frame, the framework over the shaft of a coal mine. -- Pit head, the surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit or mine. -- Pit kiln, an oven for coking coal. -- Pit martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pit of the stomach (Anat.), the depression on the middle line of the epigastric region of the abdomen at the lower end of the sternum; the infrasternal depression. -- Pit saw (Mech.), a saw worked by two men, one of whom stands on the log and the other beneath it. The place of the latter is often in a pit, whence the name. -- Pit viper (Zoöl.), any viperine snake having a deep pit on each side of the snout. The rattlesnake and copperhead are examples. - - Working pit (Min.), a shaft in which the ore is hoisted and the workmen carried; -- in distinction from a shaft used for the pumps.

 Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitted (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Pitting.] 1. To place or put into a pit or hole.

 They lived like beasts, and were pitted like beasts, tumbled into the grave.

T. Grander.
2. To mark with little hollows, as by various pustules; as, a face pitted by smallpox.

3. To introduce as an antagonist; to set forward for or in a contest; as, to pit one dog against another.

 ||Pi"ta (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A fiber obtained from the Agave Americana and other related species, -- used for making cordage and paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread. (b) The plant which yields the fiber.

 Pit'a*ha"ya (?), n. [Sp., prob. from the native name.] (Bot.)
 A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit.

 Pit"a*pat' (?), adv. [An onomatopoetic reduplication of pat a light, quick blow.] In a flutter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. Lowell. "The fox's heart went pitapat." L'Estrange.
 Pit"a*pat', n. A light, repeated sound; a pattering, as of the rain. "The pitapat of a pretty foot." Dryden.
 Pitch (?), n. [OE. pich, AS. pic, L. pix; akin to Gr. &?;.] 1. A thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. It is used in calking the seams of ships; also in coating rope, canvas, wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them.

 He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith.

Ecclus. xiii. 1.
2. (Geol.) See Pitchstone.

Amboyna pitch, the resin of Dammara australis. See Kauri. -- Burgundy pitch. See under Burgundy. -- Canada pitch, the resinous exudation of the hemlock tree (Abies Canadensis); hemlock gum. -- Jew's pitch, bitumen. -- Mineral pitch. See Bitumen and Asphalt. -- Pitch coal (Min.), bituminous coal. -- Pitch peat (Min.), a black homogeneous peat, with a waxy luster. -- Pitch pine (Bot.), any one of several species of pine, yielding pitch, esp. the Pinus rigida of North America.

 Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pitching.] [See Pitch, n.] 1. To cover over or smear with pitch. Gen. vi. 14.
2. Fig.: To darken; to blacken; to obscure.

 The welkin pitched with sullen could.

Addison.
 Pitch (?), v. t. [OE. picchen; akin to E. pick, pike.]
 1. To throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose; to cast; to hurl; to toss; as, to pitch quoits; to pitch hay; to pitch a ball.

2. To thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles; to establish; to arrange; as, to pitch a tent; to pitch a camp.

3. To set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. Knight.
4. To fix or set the tone of; as, to pitch a tune.

5. To set or fix, as a price or value. [Obs.] Shak.
Pitched battle, a general battle; a battle in which the hostile forces have fixed positions; -- in distinction from a skirmish. -- To pitch into, to attack; to assault; to abuse. [Slang] Pitch, v. i. 1. To fix or place a tent or temporary habitation; to encamp. "Laban with his brethren pitched in the Mount of Gilead." Gen. xxxi. 25.
2. To light; to settle; to come to rest from flight.

 The tree whereon they [the bees] pitch.

Mortimer.
3. To fix one's choise; -- with on or upon.

Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render it the more easy.

Tillotson.
4. To plunge or fall; esp., to fall forward; to decline or slope; as, to pitch from a precipice; the vessel pitches in a heavy sea; the field pitches toward the east.

Pitch and pay, an old aphorism which inculcates ready-money payment, or payment on delivery of goods. Shak.
 Pitch, n. 1. A throw; a toss; a cast, as of something from the hand; as, a good pitch in quoits.

Pitch and toss, a game played by tossing up a coin, and calling "Heads or tails;" hence: To play pitch and toss with (anything), to be careless or trust to luck about it. "To play pitch and toss with the property of the country." G. Eliot. -- Pitch farthing.
 See Chuck farthing, under 5th Chuck.

2. (Cricket) That point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled.

3. A point or peak; the extreme point or degree of elevation or depression; hence, a limit or bound.

 Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down Into this deep.

Milton.
 Enterprises of great pitch and moment.

Shak.
 To lowest pitch of abject fortune.


traduce; lower; detract; underrate.
 See Decry.

 De*pre"ci*ate, v. i. To fall in value; to become of less worth; to sink in estimation; as, a paper currency will depreciate, unless it is convertible into specie.

 De*pre'ci*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. dépréciation.]
 1. The act of lessening, or seeking to lessen, price, value, or reputation.

2. The falling of value; reduction of worth. Burke.
3. the state of being depreciated.

 De*pre"ci*a'tive (?), a. Tending, or intended, to depreciate; expressing depreciation; undervaluing. -- De*pre"ci*a'tive*ly, adv.
 De*pre"ci*a'tor (?), n. [L.] One who depreciates.

 De*pre"ci*a*to*ry (?), a. Tending to depreciate; undervaluing; depreciative.

 Dep"re*da*ble (?), a. Liable to depredation. [Obs.] "Made less depredable."
 Bacon.
 Dep"re*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depredated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Depredating (?).] [L. depraedatus, p. p. of depraedari to plunder; de- + praedari to plunder, praeda plunder, prey. See Prey.] To subject to plunder and pillage; to despoil; to lay waste; to prey upon.

 It makes the substance of the body... less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spirits.

Bacon.
 Dep"re*date, v. i. To take plunder or prey; to commit waste; as, the troops depredated on the country.

 Dep're*da"tion (?), n. [L. depraedatio: cf. F. déprédation.]
 The act of depredating, or the state of being depredated; the act of despoiling or making inroads; as, the sea often makes depredation on the land.

 Dep"re*da'tor (?), n. [L. depraedator.] One who plunders or pillages; a spoiler; a robber.

 Dep"re*da'to*ry (?), a. Tending or designed to depredate; characterized by depredation; plundering; as, a depredatory incursion.

 De*pred"i*cate (?), v. t. [Pref. de- (intensive) + predicate.]
 To proclaim; to celebrate. [R.]

 Dep're*hend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Deprehending.] [L. deprehendere, deprehensum; de- + prehendere to lay hold of, seize. See Prehensile.] 1.
 To take unawares or by surprise; to seize, as a person commiting an unlawful act; to catch; to apprehend.

 The deprehended adulteress.Jer.

Taylor.
2. To detect; to discover; to find out.

 The motion... are to be deprehended by experience.

Bacon.
 Dep're*hen"si*ble (?), a. That may be caught or discovered; apprehensible. [Obs.] Petty.
 -- Dep're*hen"si*ble*ness, n. [Obs.]

 Dep're*hen"sion (?), n. [L. deprehensio.] A catching; discovery. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 De*press" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Depressing.] [L. depressus, p. p. of deprimere; de- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press down; to cause to sink; to let fall; to lower; as, to depress the muzzle of a gun; to depress the eyes. "With lips depressed." Tennyson.
2. To bring down or humble; to abase, as pride.

3. To cast a gloom upon; to sadden; as, his spirits were depressed.

4. To lessen the activity of; to make dull; embarrass, as trade, commerce, etc.

5. To lessen in price; to cause to decline in value; to cheapen; to depreciate.

6. (Math.) To reduce (an equation) in a lower degree.

To depress the pole (Naut.), to cause the sidereal pole to appear lower or nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator.

Syn. -- To sink; lower; abase; cast down; deject; humble; degrade; dispirit; discourage.

 De*press", a. [L. depressus, p. p.] Having the middle lower than the border; concave. [Obs.]

 If the seal be depress or hollow.

Hammond.
 De*press"ant (?), n. (Med.) An agent or remedy which lowers the vital powers.

 De*pressed" (?), a. 1. Pressed or forced down; lowed; sunk; dejected; dispirited; sad; humbled.

2. (Bot.) (a) Concave on the upper side; -- said of a leaf whose disk is lower than the border. (b) Lying flat; -- said of a stem or leaf which lies close to the ground.

3. (Zoöl.) Having the vertical diameter shorter than the horizontal or transverse; -- said of the bodies of animals, or of parts of the bodies.

 De*press"ing*ly, adv. In a depressing manner.

 De*pres"sion (?), n. [L. depressio: cf. F. dépression.]
 1. The act of depressing.

2. The state of being depressed; a sinking.

3. A falling in of the surface; a sinking below its true place; a cavity or hollow; as, roughness consists in little protuberances and depressions.

4. Humiliation; abasement, as of pride.

5. Dejection; despondency; lowness.

 In a great depression of spirit.

Baker.
6. Diminution, as of trade, etc.; inactivity; dullness.

7. (Astron.) The angular distance of a celestial object below the horizon.

8. (Math.) The operation of reducing to a lower degree; -- said of equations.

9. (Surg.) A method of operating for cataract; couching. See Couch, v. t., 8.

Angle of depression (Geod.), one which a descending line makes with a horizontal plane. -- Depression of the dewpoint (Meteor.), the number of degrees that the dew-point is lower than the actual temperature of the atmosphere. -- Depression of the pole, its apparent sinking, as the spectator goes toward the equator. -- Depression of the visible horizon. (Astron.) Same as Dip of the horizon, under Dip.

Syn. -- Abasement; reduction; sinking; fall; humiliation; dejection; melancholy.

 De*press"ive (?), a. Able or tending to depress or cast down. -- De*press"ive*ness, n. De*pres'so*mo"tor (?), a. (Med.) Depressing or diminishing the capacity for movement, as depressomotor nerves, which lower or inhibit muscular activity. -- n. Any agent that depresses the activity of the motor centers, as bromides, etc.

 De*press"or (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, presses down; an oppressor.

2. (Anat.) A muscle that depresses or tends to draw down a part.

Depressor nerve (Physiol.), a nerve which lowers the activity of an organ; as, the depress


001m Original Size 010m Original Size 013m Original Size IRISH FAIRY TALES By James Stephens CONTENTS THE STORY OF TUAN MAC CAIRILL CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI THE BOYHOOD OF FIONN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV THE BIRTH OF BRAN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V OISIN'S MOTHER CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII THE WOOING OF BECFOLA CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V THE LITTLE BRAWL AT ALLEN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III THE CARL OF THE DRAB COAT CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII THE ENCHANTED CAVE OF CESH CORRAN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI BECUMA OF THE WHITE SKIN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X MONGAN'S FRENZY CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX THE STORY OF TUAN MAC CAIRILL 023m Original Size CHAPTER I Finnian, the Abbott of Moville, went southwards and eastwards in great haste. News had come to him in Donegal that there were yet people in his own province who believed in gods that he did not approve of, and the gods that we do not approve of are treated scurvily, even by saintly men.
He was told of a powerful gentleman who observed neither Saint's day nor Sunday.
"A powerful person!" said Finnian.
"All that," was the reply.
"We shall try this person's power," said Finnian.
"He is reputed to be a wise and hardy man," said his informant.
"We shall test his wisdom and his hardihood." "He is," that gossip whispered—"he is a magician." "I will magician him," cried Finnian angrily. "Where does that man live?" He was informed, and he proceeded to that direction without delay.
In no great time he came to the stronghold of the gentleman who followed ancient ways, and he demanded admittance in order that he might preach and prove the new God, and exorcise and terrify and banish even the memory of the old one; for to a god grown old Time is as ruthless as to a beggarman grown old.
But the Ulster gentleman refused Finnian admittance. He barricaded his house, he shuttered his windows, and in a gloom of indignation and protest he continued the practices of ten thousand years, and would not hearken to Finnian calling at the window or to Time knocking at his door.
But of those adversaries it was the first he redoubted.
Finnian loomed on him as a portent and a terror; but he had no fear of Time. Indeed he was the foster-brother of Time, and so disdainful of the bitter god that he did not even disdain him; he leaped over the scythe, he dodged under it, and the sole occasions on which Time laughs is when he chances on Tuan, the son of Cairill, the son of Muredac Red-neck.

CHAPTER II Now Finnian could not abide that any person should resist both the Gospel and himself, and he proceeded to force the stronghold by peaceful but powerful methods. He fasted on the gentleman, and he did so to such purpose that he was admitted to the house; for to an hospitable heart the idea that a stranger may expire on your doorstep from sheer famine cannot be tolerated. The gentleman, however, did not give in without a struggle: he thought that when Finnian had grown sufficiently hungry he would lift the siege and take himself off to some place where he might get food. But he did not know Finnian. The great abbot sat down on a spot just beyond the door, and composed himself to all that might follow from his action.
He bent his gaze on the ground between his feet, and entered into a meditation from which he would Only be released by admission or death.
The first day passed quietly.
Often the gentleman would send a servitor to spy if that deserter of the gods was still before his door, and each time the servant replied that he was still there.
"He will be gone in the morning," said the hopeful master.
On the morrow the state of siege continued, and through that day the servants were sent many times to observe through spy-holes.
"Go," he would say, "and find out if the worshipper of new gods has taken himself away." But the servants returned each time with the same information.
"The new druid is still there," they said.
All through that day no one could leave the stronghold. And the enforced seclusion wrought on the minds of the servants, while the cessation of all work banded them together in small groups that whispered and discussed and disputed. Then these groups would disperse to peep through the spy-hole at the patient, immobile figure seated before the door, wrapped in a meditation that was timeless and unconcerned. They took fright at the spectacle, and once or twice a woman screamed hysterically, and was bundled away with a companion's hand clapped on her mouth, so that the ear of their master should not be affronted.
"He has his own troubles," they said. "It is a combat of the gods that is taking place." So much for the women; but the men also were uneasy. They prowled up and down, tramping from the spy-hole to the kitchen, and from the kitchen to the turreted roof. And from the roof they would look down on the motionless figure below, and speculate on many things, including the staunchness of man, the qualities of their master, and even the possibility that the new gods might be as powerful as the old. From these peepings and discussions they would return languid and discouraged.
"If," said one irritable guard, "if we buzzed a spear at the persistent stranger, or if one slung at him with a jagged pebble!" "What!" his master demanded wrathfully, "is a spear to be thrown at an unarmed stranger? And from this house!" And he soundly cuffed that indelicate servant.
"Be at peace all of you," he said, "for hunger has a whip, and he will drive the stranger


Dau"phin (?), n. [F. dauphin, prop., a dolphin, from L. delphinus.
 See Dolphin. The name was given, for some reason unexplained, to Guigo, count of Vienne, in the 12th century, and was borne by succeeding counts of Vienne. In 1349, Dauphiny was bequeathed to Philippe de Valois, king of France, on condition that the heir of the crown should always hold the title of Dauphin de Viennois.] The title of the eldest son of the king of France, and heir to the crown. Since the revolution of 1830, the title has been discontinued.

 { Dau"phin*ess (?), or Dau"phine (?) }, n. The title of the wife of the dauphin.

 ||Dauw (?), n. [D.] (Zoöl.) The striped quagga, or Burchell's zebra, of South Africa (Asinus Burchellii); -- called also peechi, or peetsi.

 Dav"en*port (?), n. [From the name of the original maker. Encyc.
 Dict.] A kind of small writing table, generally somewhat ornamental, and forming a piece of furniture for the parlor or boudoir.

 A much battered davenport in one of the windows, at which sat a lady writing.

A. B. Edwards.
 Da*vid"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to David, the king and psalmist of Israel, or to his family.

 Dav"it (?), n. [Cf. F. davier forceps, davit, cooper's instrument, G. david davit; all probably from the proper name David.]
 (Naut.) (a) A spar formerly used on board of ships, as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow, without injuring the sides of the ship; -- called also the fish davit. (b) pl. Curved arms of timber or iron, projecting over a ship's side of stern, having tackle to raise or lower a boat, swing it in on deck, rig it out for lowering, etc.; -- called also boat davits. Totten.
 Da"vy Jones" (?). The spirit of the sea; sea devil; -- a term used by sailors.

 This same Davy Jones, according to the mythology of sailors, is the fiend that presides over all the evil spirits of the deep, and is seen in various shapes warning the devoted wretch of death and woe.

Smollett.
Davy Jones's Locker, the ocean, or bottom of the ocean. -- Gone to Davy Jones's Locker, dead, and buried in the sea; thrown overboard.

 Da"vy lamp' (?). See Safety lamp, under Lamp.

 Da"vyne (?), n. [See Davyum.] (Min.) A variety of nephelite from Vesuvius.

 Da"vy*um (?), n. [Named after Sir Humphry Davy, the English chemist.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element found in platinum ore. It is a white malleable substance. Symbol Da. Atomic weight 154.

 Daw (d), n. [OE. dawe; akin to OHG. tha, MHG. the, thele, G. dohle. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) A European bird of the Crow family (Corvus monedula), often nesting in church towers and ruins; a jackdaw.

 The loud daw, his throat displaying, draws The whole assembly of his fellow daws.

Waller.
 The daw was reckoned as a silly bird, and a daw meant a simpleton. See in Shakespeare: -- "Then thou dwellest with daws too." (Coriolanus iv. 5, 1. 47.) Skeat.
 Daw, v. i. [OE. dawen. See Dawn.] To dawn. [Obs.] See Dawn.
 Drayton.
 Daw, v. t. [Contr. fr. Adaw.] 1. To rouse. [Obs.]

2. To daunt; to terrify. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Daw"dle (d"d'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawdled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dawdling (?).] [Cf. Daddle.] To waste time in trifling employment; to trifle; to saunter.

 Come some evening and dawdle over a dish of tea with me.

Johnson.
 We... dawdle up and down Pall Mall.

Thackeray.
 Daw"dle, v. t. To waste by trifling; as, to dawdle away a whole morning.

 Daw"dle, n. A dawdler. Colman & Carrick.
 Daw"dler (?), n. One who wastes time in trifling employments; an idler; a trifler.

 Dawe (?), n. [See Day.] Day. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Daw"ish (?), a. Like a daw.

 ||Dawk (?), n. See Dak.

 Dawk, v. t. [Prov. E. dauk to cut or pierce with a jerk; cf.
 OE. dalk a dimple. Cf. Ir. tolch, tollachd, tolladh, a hole, crevice, toll to bore, pierce, W. tyllu.] To cut or mark with an incision; to gash. Moxon.
 Dawk, n. A hollow, crack, or cut, in timber. Moxon.
 Dawn (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Dawning.] [OE. dawnen, dawen, dagen, daien, AS. dagian to become day, to dawn, fr. dæg day; akin to D. dagen, G. tagen, Icel. daga, Dan. dages, Sw. dagas. See Day. √71.] 1. To begin to grow light in the morning; to grow light; to break, or begin to appear; as, the day dawns; the morning dawns.

 In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene... to see the sepulcher.

Matt. xxviii. 1.
2. To began to give promise; to begin to appear or to expand. "In dawning youth." Dryden.
 When life awakes, and dawns at every line.

Pope.
Dawn on our darkness and lend us thine aid.

Heber, Dawn, n. 1. The break of day; the first appearance of light in the morning; show of approaching sunrise.

 And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve.

Thomson.
 No sun, no moon, no morn, no noon, No dawn, no dusk, no proper time of day.

Hood.
2. First opening or expansion; first appearance; beginning; rise.
 "The dawn of time." Thomson.
 These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of serenity over the soul.

Pope.
 Daw"son*ite (?), n. [Named after J. W. Dawson of Montreal.]
 (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of alumina and soda, occuring in white, bladed crustals.

 Day (?), n. [OE. day, dai,, dei, AS. dæg; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. dag, G, tag, Icel. dagr, Goth. dags; cf. Skr. dah (for dhagh?) to burn.
 √69. Cf. Dawn.] 1. The time of light, or interval between one night and the next; the time between sunrise and sunset, or from dawn to darkness; hence, the light; sunshine.

2. The period of the earth's revolution on its axis. -- ordinarily


2. Anything that is, or may be, strewed; -- used chiefly in the plural. Shak.
 Strew"ment (?), n. Anything scattered, as flowers for decoration.
 [Obs.] Shak.
 Strewn (?), p. p. of Strew.

 Stri"a (?), n.; pl. Striæ (#). [L., a furrow, channel, hollow.] 1. A minute groove, or channel; a threadlike line, as of color; a narrow structural band or line; a striation; as, the striæ, or groovings, produced on a rock by a glacier passing over it; the striæ on the surface of a shell; a stria of nervous matter in the brain.

2. (Arch.) A fillet between the flutes of columns, pilasters, or the like. Oxf. Gloss.
 Stri"ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Striating.] [See Striate, a.] To mark with striaæ. "Striated longitudinally." Owen.
 { Stri"ate (?), Stri"a*ted (?), } a. [L. striatus, p. p. of striare to furnish with channels, from stria a channel.]
 Marked with striaæ, or fine grooves, or lines of color; showing narrow structural bands or lines; as, a striated crystal; striated muscular fiber.

 Stri*a"tion (?), n. 1. The quality or condition of being striated.

2. A stria; as, the striations on a shell.

 ||Stri*a"tum (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) The corpus striatum.

 Stri"a*ture (?), n. [L. striatura.] A stria.

 Strich (?), n. [Cf. L. strix, strigs, a streech owl.]
 (Zoöl.) An owl. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Strick, n. A bunch of hackled flax prepared for drawing into slivers. Knight.
 Strick"en (?), p. p. & a. from Strike. 1. Struck; smitten; wounded; as, the stricken deer. [See Strike, n.]

2. Worn out; far gone; advanced. See Strike, v. t., 21.

 Abraham was old and well stricken in age.

Gen. xxiv. 1.
3. Whole; entire; -- said of the hour as marked by the striking of a clock. [Scot.]

 He persevered for a stricken hour in such a torrent of unnecessary tattle.

Sir W. Scott.
 Speeches are spoken by the stricken hour, day after day, week, perhaps, after week.

Bayne.
 Stric"kle (?), n. [See Strike.] 1. An instrument to strike grain to a level with the measure; a strike.

2. An instrument for whetting scythes; a rifle.

3. (Founding) An instrument used for smoothing the surface of a core.

4. (Carp. & Mason.) A templet; a pattern.

5. An instrument used in dressing flax. [Prov. Eng.]

 Stric"kler (?), n. See Strickle.

 Strick"less, n. See Strickle. [Prov. Eng.]

 Strict (?), a. [Compar. Stricter (?); superl.
 Strictest.] [L. strictus, p. p. of stringere to draw or bind tight, to strain. See Strain, and cf. Strait, a.] 1.
 Strained; drawn close; tight; as, a strict embrace; a strict ligature. Dryden.
2. Tense; not relaxed; as, a strict fiber.

3. Exact; accurate; precise; rigorously nice; as, to keep strict watch; to pay strict attention. Shak.
 It shall be still in strictest measure.

Milton.
4. Governed or governing by exact rules; observing exact rules; severe; rigorous; as, very strict in observing the Sabbath.
 "Through the strict senteries." Milton.
5. Rigidly; interpreted; exactly limited; confined; restricted; as, to understand words in a strict sense.

6. (Bot.) Upright, or straight and narrow; -- said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters.

Syn. -- Exact; accurate; nice; close; rigorous; severe. -- Strict, Severe. Strict, applied to a person, denotes that he conforms in his motives and acts to a principle or code by which he is bound; severe is strict with an implication often, but not always, of harshness. Strict is opposed to lax; severe is opposed to gentle.

 And rules as strict his labored work confine, As if the Stagirite o'erlooked each line.

Pope.
 Soon moved with touch of blame, thus Eve: - "What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe!"

Milton.
The Strict Observance, or Friars of the Strict Observance.
 (R. C. Ch.) See Observance.

 Stric"tion (?), n. [L. strictio. See Stringent.] The act of constricting, or the state of being constricted.

Line of striction (Geom.), the line on a skew surface that cuts each generator in that point of it that is nearest to the succeeding generator.

 Strict"ly, adv. In a strict manner; closely; precisely.

 Strict"ness, n. Quality or state of being strict.

 Stric"ture (?), n. [L. strictura a contraction, from stringere, strictum, to draw tight: cf. F. stricture. See Strict.] 1.
 Strictness. [Obs.]

 A man of stricture and firm abstinence.

Shak.
2. A stroke; a glance; a touch. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
3. A touch of adverse criticism; censure.

 [I have] given myself the liberty of these strictures by way of reflection on all and every passage.

Hammond.
4. (Med.) A localized morbid contraction of any passage of the body. Cf. Organic stricture, and Spasmodic stricture, under Organic, and Spasmodic. Arbuthnot.
 Stric"tured (?), a. (Med.) Affected with a stricture; as, a strictured duct.

 Strid (?), n. [See Stride.] A narrow passage between precipitous rocks or banks, which looks as if it might be crossed at a stride. [Prov.
 Eng.] Howitt.
 This striding place is called the Strid.

Wordsworth.
 Stride (?), v. t. [imp. Strode (?) (Obs. Strid (&?;)); p. p. Stridden (?) (Obs. Strid); p. pr. & vb. n.
 Striding.] [AS. strdan to stride, to strive; akin to LG. striden, OFries. strda to strive, D. strijden to strive, to contend, G. streiten, OHG. strtan; of uncertain origin. Cf. Straddle.]
 1. To walk with long steps, especially in a measured or pompous manner.

 Mars in the middle of the shining shield Is graved, and strides along the liquid field.

Dryden.
2. To stand with the legs wide apart; to straddle.

 Stride, v. t. 1. To pass over at a step; to step over. "A debtor that not dares to stride a limit." Shak.
2. To straddle; to bestride.

 I mean to stride your steed.

Shak.
 Stride, n. The act of stridding; a long step; the space measured by a long step; as, a masculine stride. Pope.
 God never meant that man should scale the heavens By strides of human wisdom.

Cowper.
 Stri"dent (?), a. [L. stridens, -entis, p. pr. of stridere to make a grating or creaking noise.] Characterized by harshness; grating; shrill. "A strident voice." Thackeray.
 ||Stri"dor (?


THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER IN SEVEN PARTS By Samuel Taylor Coleridge Contents PART THE FIRST.
 PART THE SECOND.
 PART THE THIRD.
 PART THE FOURTH.
 PART THE FIFTH.
 PART THE SIXTH.
 PART THE SEVENTH.

 PART THE FIRST.

 PART THE SECOND.

 PART THE THIRD.

 PART THE FOURTH.

 PART THE FIFTH.

 PART THE SIXTH.

 PART THE SEVENTH.