ization (Chem.), a process of gradual and approximate purification and separation, by means of repeated solution and crystallization therefrom. -- Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit. -- Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their boiling points, can be separated into its constituents.

 Frac"tion*al*ly, adv. By fractions or separate portions; as, to distill a liquid fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions.

 Frac"tion*a*ry (?), a. Fractional. [Obs.]

 Frac"tion*ate (?), v. t. To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids.

 Frac"tious (?), a. [Cf. Prov. E. frack forward, eager, E. freak, fridge; or Prov. E. fratch to squabble, quarrel.] Apt to break out into a passion; apt to scold; cross; snappish; ugly; unruly; as, a fractious man; a fractious horse.

Syn. -- Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; perverse; pettish.

 -- Frac"tious*ly, v. -- Frac"tious*ness, n. Frac"tur*al (?; 135), a. Pertaining to, or consequent on, a fracture. [R.]

 Frac"ture (?; 135), n. [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to break: cf. F. fracture. See Fraction.] 1. The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach.

2. (Surg.) The breaking of a bone.

3. (Min.) The texture of a freshly broken surface; as, a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture.

Comminuted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone is broken into several parts. -- Complicated fracture (Surg.), a fracture of the bone combined with the lesion of some artery, nervous trunk, or joint. -- Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. -- Simple fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone only is ruptured. It does not communicate with the surface by an open wound.

Syn. -- Fracture, Rupture. These words denote different kinds of breaking, according to the objects to which they are applied. Fracture is applied to hard substances; as, the fracture of a bone. Rupture is oftener applied to soft substances; as, the rupture of a blood vessel. It is also used figuratively. "To be an enemy and once to have been a friend, does it not embitter the rupture?" South.
 Frac"ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fractured (#; 135); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fracturing.] [Cf. F. fracturer.]
 To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as, to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull.

 ||Fræn"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Frænula (#).
 [NL., dim. of L. fraenum a bridle.] (Anat.) A frænum.

 { Fræ"num (?), or Fre"num }, n.; pl. E. Frænums (#), L. Fræna (#). [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) A connecting fold of membrane serving to support or restrain any part; as, the frænum of the tongue.

 Frag"ile (?), a. [L. fragilis, from frangere to break; cf. F. fragile. See Break, v. t., and cf. Frail, a.]
 Easily broken; brittle; frail; delicate; easily destroyed.

 The state of ivy is tough, and not fragile.

Bacon.
Syn. -- Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible; slight.

 -- Frag"ile*ly, adv.
 Fra*gil"i*ty (?), n. [L. fragilitas: cf. F. fragilité.
 Cf. Frailty.] 1. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; frangibility. Bacon.
2. Weakness; feebleness.

 An appearance of delicacy, and even of fragility, is almost essential to it [beauty].

Burke.
3. Liability to error and sin; frailty. [Obs.]

 The fragility and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius.

Holland.
 Frag"ment (?), n. [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to break: cf.
 F. fragment. See Break, v. t.] A part broken off; a small, detached portion; an imperfect part; as, a fragment of an ancient writing.

 Gather up the fragments that remain.

John vi. 12.
 Frag*men"tal (?), a. 1. Fragmentary.

2. (Geol.) Consisting of the pulverized or fragmentary material of rock, as conglomerate, shale, etc.

 Frag*men"tal, n. (Geol.) A fragmentary rock.

 Frag"men*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a fragmentary manner; piecemeal.

 Frag"men*ta*ri*ness, n. The quality or property of being in fragments, or broken pieces; incompleteness; want of continuity. G. Eliot.
 Frag"men*ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. fragmentaire.] 1.
 Composed of fragments, or broken pieces; disconnected; not complete or entire. Donne.
2. (Geol.) Composed of the fragments of other rocks.

 Frag"ment*ed (?), a. Broken into fragments.

 Frag"ment*ist, n. A writer of fragments; as, the fragmentist of Wolfenbüttel. [R.]

 ||Fra"gor (&?;), n. [L., a breaking to pieces, fr. frangere to break.] 1. A loud and sudden sound; the report of anything bursting; a crash. I. Watts.
2. [Due to confusion with fragrant.] A strong or sweet scent. [Obs. & Illegitimate.] Sir T. Herbert.
 { Fra"grance (?), Fra"gran*cy (?) }, n. [L. fragrantia: cf.
 OF. fragrance.] The quality of being fragrant; sweetness of smell; a sweet smell; a pleasing odor; perfume.

 Eve separate he spies, Veiled in a cloud of fragrance.

Milton.
 The goblet crowned, Breathed aromatic fragrancies around.

Pope.
 Fra"grant (?), a. [L. fragrans. -antis, p. pr. of fragrare to emit a smell of fragrance: cf. OF. fragrant.] Affecting the olfactory nerves agreeably; sweet of smell; odorous; having or emitting an agreeable perfume.

Fragrant the fertile earth After soft showers.

Milton.
Syn. -- Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweetscented; redolent; ambrosial; balmy; spicy; aromatic.

 -- Fra"grant*ly, adv.
 Fraight (?), a. Same as Fraught. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Frail (?), n. [OE. fraiel, fraile, OF. fraiel, freel, frael, fr. LL. fraellum.] A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs and raisins.

2. The quantity of raisins -- about thirtytwo, fifty-six, or seventy-five pounds, -- contained in a frail.

3.


of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance.

 Sin"a*pine (?), n. [L. sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr.
 &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sinapine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid occuring in the seeds of mustard. It is extracted, in combination with sulphocyanic acid, as a white crystalline substance, having a hot, bitter taste. When sinapine is isolated it is unstable and undergoes decomposition.

 ||Si*na"pis (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A disused generic name for mustard; -- now called Brassica.

 Sin"a*pis'in (?), n. (Chem.) A substance extracted from mustard seed and probably identical with sinalbin. [Obs.]

 Sin"a*pism (?), n. [L. sinapismus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, the use of a mustard blister, fr. &?;&?;&?; to apply a mustard blister, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; mustard.] (Med.) A plaster or poultice composed principally of powdered mustard seed, or containing the volatile oil of mustard seed. It is a powerful irritant.

 Sin'a*po*le"ic (?), a. [Sinapis + oleic.] (Chem.)
 Of or pertaining to mustard oil; specifically, designating an acid of the oleic acid series said to occur in mistard oil.

 Si*nap"o*line (?), n. [Sinapis + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)
 A nitrogenous base, CO.(NH.C3H5)2, related to urea, extracted from mustard oil, and also produced artifically, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also diallyl urea.

 Sin"ca*line (?), n. [So called because obtained by the action of alkalies on sinapine.] (Chem.) Choline. [Written also sinkaline.]

 Since (sns), adv. [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, sithenes, formed by an adverbial ending (cf. Besides) from OE. sithen, also shortened into sithe, sin, AS. siððan, syððan, seoððan, afterward, then, since, after; properly, after that; fr. sð after, later, adv. and prep. (originally a comparative adv., akin to OS. sð afterward, since, OHG. sd, G. seit since, Goth. seiþus late, ni þanaseiþs no longer) + ðon instrumental of the demonstrative and article. See That.] 1. From a definite past time until now; as, he went a month ago, and I have not seen him since. [1913 Webster] We since become the slaves to one man's lust.

B. Jonson.
2. In the time past, counting backward from the present; before this or now; ago.

 How many ages since has Virgil writ?

Roscommon.
 About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought to a great lady's house.

Sir P. Sidney.
3. When or that. [Obs.]

 Do you remember since we lay all night in the windmill in St.
 George's field?

Shak.
 Since, prep. From the time of; in or during the time subsequent to; subsequently to; after; -- usually with a past event or time for the object.

 The Lord hath blessed thee, since my coming.

Gen. xxx. 30.
 I have a model by which he build a nobler poem than any extant since the ancients.

Dryden.
 Since, conj. Seeing that; because; considering; -- formerly followed by that.

Since that my penitence comes after all, Imploring pardon.

Shak.
Since truth and constancy are vain, Since neither love, nor sense of pain, Nor force of reason, can persuade, Then let example be obeyed.

Granville.
Syn. -- Because; for; as; inasmuch as; considering. See Because.

 Sin*cere" (?), a. [Compar. Sincerer (?); superl.
 Sincerest.] [L. sincerus, of uncertain origin; the first part perhaps akin to sinin singuli (see Single), and the second to cernere to separate (cf. Discern): cf. F. sincère.]
 1. Pure; unmixed; unadulterated.

 There is no sincere acid in any animal juice.

Arbuthnot.
 A joy which never was sincere till now.

Dryden.
2. Whole; perfect; unhurt; uninjured. [Obs.]

 The inviolable body stood sincere.

Dryden.
3. Being in reality what it appears to be; having a character which corresponds with the appearance; not falsely assumed; genuine; true; real; as, a sincere desire for knowledge; a sincere contempt for meanness.

 A sincere intention of pleasing God in all our actions.

Law.
4. Honest; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation; as, a sincere friend; a sincere person.

 The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account.

Waterland.
Syn. -- Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright. See Hearty.

 Sin*cere"ly, adv. In a sincere manner. Specifically: (a) Purely; without alloy. Milton. (b) Honestly; unfeignedly; without dissimulation; as, to speak one's mind sincerely; to love virtue sincerely.

 Sin*cere"ness, n. Same as Sincerity. Beau. & Fl.
 Sin*cer"i*ty (?), n. [L. sinceritas: cf. F. sincérité.]
 The quality or state of being sincere; honesty of mind or intention; freedom from simulation, hypocrisy, disguise, or false pretense; sincereness.

 I protest, in the sincerity of love.

Shak.
Sincerity is a duty no less plain than important.

Knox.
 Sinch (?), n. [See Cinch.] A saddle girth made of leather, canvas, woven horsehair, or woven grass. [Western U.S.]

 Sinch, v. t. To gird with a sinch; to tighten the sinch or girth of (a saddle); as, to sinch up a sadle. [Western U.S.]

 Sin*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sinciput; being in the region of the sinciput.

 Sin"ci*put (?), n. [L., half a head; semihalf + caput the head.] 1. (Anat.) The fore part of the head.

2. (Zoöl.) The part of the head of a bird between the base of the bill and the vertex.

 Sin"don (?), n. [L., a kind of fine Indian cotton stuff, Gr. &?;&?;&?;.]
 1. A wrapper. [Obs.] "Wrapped in sindons of linen." Bacon.
2. (Surg.) A small rag or pledget introduced into the hole in the cranium made by a trephine. Dunglison.
 Sine (?), n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original jba sine, from Skr. jva bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below.

Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. -- Curve of sines. See Sinusoid. -- Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity.
 -- Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the


is often used with specific reference to feebleness of mind.

 Deb"it (?), n. [L. debitum what is due, debt, from debere to owe: cf. F. débit. See Debt.] A debt; an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; -- mostly used adjectively; as, the debit side of an account.

 Deb"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debited; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Debiting.] 1. To charge with debt; -- the opposite of, and correlative to, credit; as, to debit a purchaser for the goods sold.

2. (Bookkeeping) To enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; as, to debit the amount of goods sold.

 Deb"it*or (?), n. [L. See Debtor.] A debtor. [Obs.] Shak.
 De'bi*tu'mi*ni*za"tion (?), n. The act of depriving of bitumen.

 De'bi*tu"mi*nize (?), v. t. To deprive of bitumen.

 ||Dé'blai" (?), n. [F.] (Fort.) The cavity from which the earth for parapets, etc. (remblai), is taken.

 Deb'o*nair" (?), a. [OE. debonere, OF. de bon aire, debonaire, of good descent or lineage, excellent, debonair, F. débonnaire debonair; de of (L. de) + bon good (L. bonus) + aire. See Air, and Bounty, and cf. Bonair.] Characterized by courteousness, affability, or gentleness; of good appearance and manners; graceful; complaisant.

 Was never prince so meek and debonair.

Spenser.
 Deb'o*nair"i*ty (?), n. [OF. debonaireté, F. débonnaireté.]
 Debonairness. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Deb'o*nair"ly, adv. Courteously; elegantly.

 Deb'o*nair"ness, n. The quality of being debonair; good humor; gentleness; courtesy. Sterne.
 De*bosh" (?), v. t. [Old form of debauch.] To debauch.
 [Obs.] "A deboshed lady." Beau. & Fl.
 De*bosh"ment (?), n. Debauchment. [Obs.]

 De*bouch" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Debouched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Debouching.] [F. déboucher; pref. dé- (L. disor de) + boucher to stop up, fr. bouche mouth, fr. L. bucca the cheek. Cf. Disembogue.] To march out from a wood, defile, or other confined spot, into open ground; to issue.

 Battalions debouching on the plain.

Prescott.
 ||Dé'bou'ché" (?), n. [F.] A place for exit; an outlet; hence, a market for goods.

 The débouchés were ordered widened to afford easy egress.

The Century.
 ||Dé'bou'chure" (?), n. [F.] The outward opening of a river, of a valley, or of a strait.

 ||Dé'bris" (?), n. [F., fr. pref. dé- (L. dis) + briser to break, shatter; perh. of Celtic origin.] 1. (Geol.)
 Broken and detached fragments, taken collectively; especially, fragments detached from a rock or mountain, and piled up at the base.

2. Rubbish, especially such as results from the destruction of anything; remains; ruins.

 De*bruised" (?), a. [Cf. OF. debruisier to shatter, break.
 Cf. Bruise.] (Her.) Surmounted by an ordinary; as, a lion is debruised when a bend or other ordinary is placed over it, as in the cut.

 The lion of England and the lilies of France without the baton sinister, under which, according to the laws of heraldry, they where debruised in token of his illegitimate birth.

Macaulay.
 Debt (?), n. [OE. dette, F. dette, LL. debita, fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop., to have on loan; de- + habere to have. See Habit, and cf. Debit, Due.]
 1. That which is due from one person to another, whether money, goods, or services; that which one person is bound to pay to another, or to perform for his benefit; thing owed; obligation; liability.

 Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt.

Shak.
 When you run in debt, you give to another power over your liberty.

Franklin.
2. A duty neglected or violated; a fault; a sin; a trespass.
 "Forgive us our debts." Matt. vi. 12.
3. (Law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due. Burrill.
Bond debt, Book debt, etc. See under Bond, Book, etc. -- Debt of nature, death.

 Debt"ed, p. a. Indebted; obliged to. [R.]

 I stand debted to this gentleman.

Shak.
 Debt*ee" (?), n. (Law) One to whom a debt is due; creditor; -- correlative to debtor. Blackstone.
 Debt"less (?), a. Free from debt. Chaucer.
 Debt"or (?), n. [OE. dettur, dettour, OF. detor, detur, detour, F. débiteur, fr. L. debitor, fr. debere to owe. See Debt.] One who owes a debt; one who is indebted; -- correlative to creditor.

 [I 'll] bring your latter hazard back again, And thankfully rest debtor for the first.

Shak.
 In Athens an insolvent debtor became slave to his creditor.

Mitford.
Debtors for our lives to you.

Tennyson.
 De*bul"li*ate (?), v. i. [Pref. dé- + L. bullire to boil.] To boil over. [Obs.]

 Deb'ul*li"tion (?), n. [See Debulliate.] A bubbling or boiling over. [Obs.] Bailey.
 De*burse" (?), v. t. & i. [Pref. de + L. bursa purse.] To disburse. [Obs.] Ludlow.
 De"bu*scope (?), n. [From the inventor, Debus, a French optician + -scope.] (Opt.) A modification of the kaleidoscope; -- used to reflect images so as to form beautiful designs.

 ||Dé'but" (?), n. [F. début, prop., the first cast or throw at play, fr. but aim, mark. See Butt an end.] A beginning or first attempt; hence, a first appearance before the public, as of an actor or public speaker.

 ||Dé'bu'tant" (?), n.; fem. Dé'bu'tante" (&?;).
 [F., p. pr. of débuter to have the first throw, to make one's début. See Début.] A person who makes his (or her) first appearance before the public.

 Dec"a- (?). [Cf. Ten.] A prefix, from Gr. de'ka, signifying ten; specifically (Metric System), a prefix signifying the weight or measure that is ten times the principal unit.

 ||De*cac'e*ra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de'ka ten + ke'ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalop


-Wardi mentions an "Isle of Apes" in the Sea of China and Al-Idrísi places it two days' sail from Sukutra (Dwipa Sukhatra, Socotra). It is a popular error to explain the Homeric and Herodotean legend of the Pygmies by anthropoid apes. The Pygmy fable (Pygmći Spithamai=1 cubit=3 spans) was, as usual, based upon fact, as the explorations of late years have proved: the dwarfs are homunculi of various tribes, the Akka, Doko, Tiki-Tiki, Wambilikimo ("two-cubit men"), the stunted race that share the central regions of Intertropical Africa with the abnormally tall peoples who speak dialects of the Great South African tongue, miscalled the "Bantu." Hole makes the Pygmies "monkeys," a word we have borrowed from the Italians (monichio à mono=ape) and quotes Ptolemy, (Ape-Islands) East of Sunda.
[FN#27] A kind of barge (Arab. Bárijah, plur. Bawárij) used on the Nile of sub-pyriform shape when seen in bird's eye. Lane translates "ears like two mortars" from the Calc. Edit.
[FN#28] This giant is distinctly Polyphemus; but the East had giants and cyclopes of her own (Hierozoicon ii. 845). The Ajáib al-Hind (chapt. cxxii.)
makes Polyphemus copulate with the sheep. Sir John Mandeville (if such person ever existed) mentions men fifty feet high in the Indian Islands; and Al-Kazwini and Al-Idrisi transfer them to the Sea of China, a Botany Bay for monsters in general.
[FN#29] Fire is forbidden as a punishment amongst Moslems, the idea being that it should be reserved for the next world. Hence the sailors fear the roasting more than the eating: with ours it would probably be the reverse. The Persian insult "Pidar-sokhtah"=(son of a) burnt father, is well known. I have noted the advisability of burning the Moslem's corpse under certain circumstances: otherwise the murderer may come to be canonised.
[FN#30] Arab. "Mastabah"=the bench or form of masonry before noticed. In olden Europe benches were much more used than chairs, these being articles of luxury.
So King Horne "sett him abenche;" and hence our "King's Bench" (Court).
[FN#31] This is from the Bresl. Edit. vol. iv. 32: the Calc. Edit gives only an abstract and in the Bul. Edit. the Ogre returned "accompanied by a female, greater than he and more hideous." We cannot accept Mistress Polyphemus.
[FN#32] This is from Al-Kazwini, who makes the serpent "wind itself round a tree or a rock, and thus break to pieces the bones of the breast in its belly." [FN#33] "Like a closet," in the Calc. Edit. The serpent is an exaggeration of the python which grows to an enormous size. Monstrous Ophidia are mentioned in sober history, e.g. that which delayed the army of Regulus. Dr. de Lacerda, a sober and sensible Brazilian traveller, mentions his servants sitting down upon a tree-trunk in the Captaincy of San Paulo (Brasil), which began to move and proved to be a huge snake. F. M. Pinto (the Sindbad of Portugal though not so respectable) when in Sumatra takes refuge in a tree from "tigers, crocodiles, copped adders and serpents which slay men with their breath." Father Lobo in Tigre (chapt. x.) was nearly killed by the poison-breath of a huge snake, and healed himself with a bezoar carried ad hoc. Maffććus makes the breath of crocodiles suavissimus, but that of the Malabar serpents and vipers "adeo teter ac noxius ut afflatu ipso necare perhibeantur." [FN#34] Arab. "Aurat": the word has been borrowed by the Hindostani jargon, and means a woman, a wife.
[FN#35] So in Al-Idrísi and Langlčs: the Bresl. Edit. has "Al-Kalásitah"; and Al-Kazwini "Al-Salámit." The latter notes in it a petrifying spring which Camoens (The Lus. x. 104), places in Sunda, i.e. Java-Minor of M. Polo. Some read Salabat-Timor, one of the Moluccas famed for sanders, cloves, cinnamon, etc. (Purchas ii. 1784.)
[FN#36] Evidently the hippopotamus (Pliny, viii. 25; ix. 3 and xxiii. 11). It can hardly be the Mulaccan Tapir, as shields are not made of the hide. Hole suggests the buffalo which found its way to Egypt from India viâ Persia; but this would not be a speciosum miraculum.
[FN#37] The ass-headed fish is from Pliny (ix. cap. 3): all those tales are founded upon the manatee (whose dorsal protuberance may have suggested the camel), the seal and the dugong or sea calf. I have noticed (Zanzibar i. 205) legends of ichthyological marvels current on the East African seaboard; and even the monsters of the Scottish waters are not all known: witness the mysterious "brigdie." See Bochart De Cetis i. 7; and Purchas iii. 930.
[FN#38] The colossal tortoise is noticed by Ćlian (De Nat. Animal. xvi. 17), by Strabo (Lib. xv.), by Pliny (ix. 10) and Diodorus Siculus (iv. 1) who had heard of a tribe of Chelonophagi. Ćlian makes them 16 cubits long near Taprobane and serving as house-roofs; and others turn the shell into boats and coracles. A colossochelys was first found on the Scwalik Hills by Dr. Falconer and Major (afterwards Sir Proby) Cantley. In 1867 M. Emile Blanchard exhibited to the Academie des Sciences a monster crab from Japan 1.20 metres long (or 2.50 including legs); and other travellers have reported 4 metres. These crustaceć seem never to cease growing and attain great dimensions under favourable circumstances, i.e. when not troubled by man.
[FN#39] Lane suggests (iii. 97), and with some probability, that the "bird" was a nautilus; but the wild traditions concerning the barnacle-goose may perhaps have been the base of the fable. The albatross also was long supposed never to touch land. Possible the barnacle, like the barometz of Tartarean lamb, may be a survivor of the day when the animal and vegetable kingdoms had not yet branched off into different directions.
[FN#40] Arab. "Zahwah," also meaning a luncheon. The five daily prayers made all Moslems take strict account of time, and their nomenclature of its division is extensive.
[FN#41] This is the "insane herb." Davis, who visited Sumatra in 1599 (Purchas i. 120) speaks "of a kind of seed, whereof a little being eaten, maketh a man to turn foole, all things seeming to him to be metamorphosed." Linschoten's "Dutroa" was a poppy-like bud containing small kernels like melons which stamped and administered as a drink make a man "as if he were foolish, or out of his wits." This is Father Lobo's "Vanguini" of the Cafres, called by the Portuguese dutro (Datura Stramonium) still used by dishonest confectioners. It may be Dampier's Ganga (Ganjah) or Bang (Bhang) which he justly describes as acting differently "according to different constitutions; for some it stupefies, others it makes sleepy, others merry and some quite mad." (Harris, Collect


.

 His guide.

 The ruins on the top were, however, built after 1680, when the inhabitants of Flavona, the Spanish "Alvona," fled to the top of the mesa to escape the forays of the Navajos. The ruins were abandoned before 1705. Zuñi is partly built on the ruins of Flavona, which is still its aboriginal name. (Bandelier.)

 Pacific Railroad Reports, Whipple, Vol. III., p. 69.

 Pacific Railroad Reports, Whipple, Vol. III., p. 65.

 "Simpson's Report," p. 124.

 Dr. Loew, in "U.S. Geographical Survey West of the 100th Meridian," Vol.
 VII, p. 343.

 "Fifth An. Rep. Archæological Inst. of America," p. 61.

 Bandelier's "Papers of the Archæological Inst." p. 46.

 These facts are drawn from Mr. Bandelier's article already referred to.

 "Colorado River of the West," p. 119, et seq.
 U.S. Survey, Hayden, 1876, p. 390.

 Bandelier, "Fifth Annual Report Archæological Inst. of America," pp. 62, 68, and 65.

 "Contributions to North American Ethnology," Vol. IV, p. 172, et seq.
 Holmes.

 U.S. Survey, Hayden, 1876, p. 419.

 Rendered by Ingersoll, in N.Y. Tribune, Nov. 3, 1874.

 Bandelier, in Fifth Ann. Rep., Arch. Inst., p 79.

 U.S. Survey West of 100th M., Vol. VII, p. 358.

 "First Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology," p. 74.

 "Fifth Annual Report Arch. Inst.," pp. 42, 78.

 Morgan: "Contribution to N. A. Ethnology," Vol. IV, p. 163.

 "Smithsonian Report," 1863, p. 313.

 Whipple, Pacific R. R. Report, Vol. III.

 Wherever reference is made to Mr. Bandelier's discoveries, it is taken from the oft-quoted Fifth Annual Report, Archæological Institute.

 Whipple, Pacific R. R. Reports, Vol. III., p. 14.

 Bartlett's "Personal Narrative." Carr's "Mounds of the Mississippi Valley." Morgan's "House and House Life," p. 218.

 Fifth Annual Report, p. 84.

 "Contributions to N. A. Ethnology," Vol. IV., p. 192.

 Bandelier's "Fifth Annual Report Arch. Inst.," p. 76.

 U.S. Survey West of 100th Meridian, Vol. VII., p. 381.

Chapter XII THE PREHISTORIC AMERICANS.1 Different views on this subject—Modern system of government— Ancient system of government—Tribal government universal in North America—The Indians not wandering Nomads—Indian houses communal in character—Indian methods of defense—Mandan villages—Indians sometimes erected mounds—Probable government of the Mound Builders—Traditions of the Mound Builders among the Iroquois—Among the Delawares—Probable fate of the Mound Builders—The Natchez Indians possibly a remnant of the Mound Builders—Their early traditions—Lines of resemblance between the Pueblo tribe and the Mound Builders—The origin of the Indians—America inhabited by Indians from a very early time— Classification of the Indian tribes—Antiquity of the Mound Builders' works.

The attempts to explain the origin of the numerous tribes found in possession of America at the time of its discovery by Europeans have been many and various. There are so many difficulties attending the solution of this problem that even at this day no theory has received that full assent from the scientific world deemed necessary for its establishment as an ascertained fact. New interest has been thrown around this question by the discoveries of late years. In our south-western territories we have clearly established the former wide extension of the village Indians, remnants of which are still to be found in the inhabited pueblos; and, as we have seen, the wide expanse of fertile soil, known as the Mississippi Valley, has undoubtedly been the home of tribes who are generally supposed to have attained a much higher stage of culture than that of the Indians—at least, of such culture as we are accustomed to ascribe, whether justly or not, to Indian tribes. It becomes an interesting question, therefore, to determine what connection, if any, existed between the Mound Builders and the Indian tribes on the one hand, and the Pueblo tribes on the other.

 As to the works of the Mound Builders, one class of critical scholars think they see in them the memorials of a vanished race, and point out many details of construction, such as peculiarities in form, in size, and position, which they think conclusively prove that the works in question could only have been produced by races or tribes far more advanced in culture than any Indians. This belief finds expression by a well-known writer in the following words: "A broad chasm is to be spanned before we can link the Mound Builders to the North American Indians. They were essentially different in their form of government, their habits, and their daily pursuits." This is substantially the opinion of a great many writers on this subject.2 But this conclusion has not been allowed to pass unchallenged. We have on record the convictions of a few careful investigators that there is no necessity for supposing that only an extinct or vanished race could have built the mounds and thrown up the embankments which we observe in the valley of the Ohio and elsewhere; that there is nothing, in fact, either in the construction of the mounds themselves or in the remains of art found in them, which we may not with safety ascribe to the ancestors of our present Indians.3 It will be seen that we may, indeed, be at a loss to know what conclusion to adopt; hence, as an aid to us in this direction, it may be well to inquire into the organization of Indian tribes and their customs and manners at the time of their discovery.

 It is not necessary to sketch their history, as this has been done many times. Moreover, it is but a dreary recital of the gradual encroachment of the Whites on the lands of the Indians, the vain endeavors of the latter to repress them, and a record of many cruel acts of savage warfare, burning villages, midnight massacre, and scenes of terrible sufferings.
 The uniform result was that the Indian tribes were steadily driven away from their ancient homes, until we now find them but a sorry remnant on scattered reservations or grouped together in the Indian Territory. Their ancient institutions are nearly broken down, and it is with difficulty that we can gain an understanding of their early condition; and yet this seems to be necessary before we are prepared to decide on the origin of the mound-building people.

 It seems necessary here to briefly describe the two great plans or systems of government, under one or the other of which mankind, as far as we know them, have always been organized, though, theoretically, there must have been a time, in the very infancy of the race, when there was either no government or something different from either of them. At the present day, in all civilized countries, government is founded upon territory and upon property. A person is described as living in such a township, county, and state.4 This seems to be a very simple and natural division, but, like every thing else, it is the result of growth—of a development. It took nearly three centuries of civilization and a succession of able men, each improving on what the other had done, to fully develop this system among the Greeks.5


HOUSEBOAT Or The Rivals of the Mississippi.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS IN THE BIG WOODS Or The Rival Hunters at Lumber Run.
THE OUTDOOR CHUMS AT CABIN POINT Or The Golden Cup Mystery.
12mo. Averaging 240 pages. Illustrated. Handsomely bound in Cloth.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH SERIES By GERTRUDE W. MORRISON 12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE OF BINDING.
Here is a series full of the spirit of high school life of today. The girls are real flesh-and-blood characters, and we follow them with interest in school and out. There are many contested matches on track and field, and on the water, as well as doings in the classroom and on the school stage. There it plenty of fun and excitement, all clean, pure and wholesome.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH Or Rivals for all Honors.
A stirring tale of high school life, full of fun, with a tomb of mystery and a strange initiation.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH ON LAKE LUNA Or The Crew That Won.
Telling of water sports and fun galore, and of fine times in camp.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH AT BASKETBALL Or The Great Gymnasium Mystery.
Here we have a number of thrilling contests at basketball and in addition, the solving of a mystery which had bothered the high school authorities for a long while.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH ON THE STAGE Or The Play That Took the Prize.
How the girls went In for theatricals and how one of them wrote a play which afterward was made over for the professional stage and brought in some much-needed money.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH ON TRACK AND FIELD Or The Girl Champions of the School League This story takes in high school athletics In their most approved and up-to-date fashion. Full of fun and excitement.
THE GIRLS OF CENTRAL HIGH IN CAMP Or The Old Professor's Secret The girls went camping on Acorn Island and had a delightful time at boating, swimming and picnic parties.
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH SERIES By GRAHAM B. FORBES Never was there a cleaner, brighter, more manly boy than Frank Allen, the hero of this series of boys' tales, and never was there a better crowd of lads to associate with than the students of the School. All boys will read these stories with deep interest. The rivalry between the towns along the river was of the keenest, and plots and counterplot to win the champions, at baseball, at football, at boat racing, at track athletics, and at ice hockey, were without number. Any lad reading one volume of this series will surely want the others.
THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH Or The All Around Rivals of the School THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE DIAMOND Or Winning Out by Pluck THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE RIVER Or The Boat Race Plot that Failed THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE GRIDIRON Or The Struggle for the Silver Cup THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH ON THE ICE Or Out for the Hockey Championship THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH IN TRACK ATHLETICS Or A Long Run that Won THE BOYS OF COLUMBIA HIGH IN WINTER SPORTS Or Stirring Doings on Skates and Iceboats Illustrated. Handsomely bound In cloth, with cover design and wrappers in color.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS SERIES By VICTOR APPLETON 12mo. BOUND IN CLOTH. ILLUSTRATED. UNIFORM STYLE OF BINDING.
Moving pictures and photo plays are famous the world over, and in this line of books the reader is given a full description of how the films are made—the scenes of little dramas, indoors and out, trick pictures to satisfy the curious, soul-stirring pictures of city affairs, life in the Wild West, among the cowboys and Indians, thrilling rescues along the seacoast, the daring of picture hunters in the jungle among savage beasts, and the great risks run in picturing conditions in a land of earthquakes. The volumes teem with adventures and will be found interesting from first chapter to last.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS Or Perils of a Great City Depicted.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS IN THE WEST Or Taking Scenes Among the Cowboys and Indians.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS ON THE COAST Or Showing the Perils of the Deep.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS IN THE JUNGLE Or Stirring Times Among the Wild Animals.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS IN EARTHQUAKE LAND Or Working Amid Many Perils.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS AND THE FLOOD Or Perilous Days on the Mississippi.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS AT PANAMA Or Stirring Adventures Along the Great Canal.
THE MOVING PICTURE BOYS UNDER THE SEA Or The Treasure of the Lost Ship.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS SERIES By LAURA LEE HOPE Author of the "Bobbsey Twin Books" and "Bunny Brown" Series.
These tales take in the various adventures participated in by several bright, up-to-date girls who love outdoor life. They are clean and wholesome, free from sensationalism, absorbing from the first chapter to the last.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS OF DEEPDALE Or Camping and Tramping for Fun and Health.
Telling bow the girls organized their Camping and Tramping Club, how they went on a tour, and of various adventures which befell them.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT RAINBOW LAKE Or Stirring Cruise of the Motor Boat Gem.
One of the girls becomes the proud possessor of a motor boat and invites her club members to take a trip down the river to Rainbow Lake, a beautiful sheet of water lying between the mountains.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN A MOTOR CAR Or The Haunted Mansion of Shadow Valley.
One of the girls has learned to run a big motor ear, and she invited the club to go on a tour to visit some distant relatives. On the way they stop at a deserted mansion and make a surprising discovery.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN A WINTER CAMP Or Glorious Days on Skates and Ice Boats.
In this story, the scene is shifted to a winter season. The girls have some jolly times skating and ice boating, and visit a hunters ramp in the big woods.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN FLORIDA Or Wintering in the Sunny South.
The parents of one of the girls have bought an orange grove in Florida, and her companions are invited to visit the place. They take a trip into the interior, where several unusual things happen.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT OCEAN VIEW Or The Box that Was Found in the Sand.
The girls have great fun and solve a mystery while on an outing along the New England coast.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS ON PINE ISLAND Or A Cave and What it Contained.
A bright, healthful story, full of good times at a bungalow camp on Pine Island.
CHARMING BOOKS FOR GIRLS WHEN PATTY WENT TO COLLEGE, By Jean Webster. Illustrated by C. D. Williams.
One of the best stories of life in a girl's college that has ever been written. It is bright, whimsical and entertaining, lifelike, laughable and thoroughly human.
JUST PATTY, By Jean Webster. Illustrated by C. M. Relyea.
Patty is full of the joy of living, fun-loving, given to ingenious mischief for its own sake, with a disregard for pretty convention which is an unfailing source of joy to her fellows.
THE POOR LITTLE RICH GIRL, By Eleanor Gates. With four full page illustrations.
This story relates the experience of one of those unfortunate children whose early days are passed in the companionship of a governess, seldom seeing either parent, and famishing for natural love and tenderness. A charming play as dramatized by the author.
REBECCA OF SUNNYBROOK FARM, By Kate Douglas Wiggin.
One of the most beautiful studies of childhood—Rebecca's


common, suggesting underlining (this is particularly common with book titles; for example, "It is often alleged that Joe Haldeman wrote _The_Forever_War_ as a rebuttal to Robert Heinlein's earlier novel of the future military, _Starship_Troopers_.").
Other forms exemplified by "=hell=", "\hell/", or "/hell/" are occasionally seen (it's claimed that in the last example the first slash pushes the letters over to the right to make them italic, and the second keeps them from falling over). On FidoNet, you might see _TAG_# and ^dark^ text, which was actually interpreted by some reader software. Finally, words may also be emphasized L I K E T H I S, or by a series of carets (^) under them on the next line of the text.
There is a semantic difference between *emphasis like this* (which emphasizes the phrase as a whole), and *emphasis* *like* *this* (which suggests the writer speaking very slowly and distinctly, as if to a very young child or a mentally impaired person). Bracketing a word with the '*' character may also indicate that the writer wishes readers to consider that an action is taking place or that a sound is being made. Examples: *bang*, *hic*, *ring*, *grin*, *kick*, *stomp*, *mumble*.
One might also see the above sound effects as , , , , , , . This use of angle brackets to mark their contents originally derives from conventions used in BNF, but since about 1993 it has been reinforced by the HTML markup used on the World Wide Web.
Angle-bracket enclosure is also used to indicate that a term stands for some random member of a larger class (this is straight from BNF). Examples like the following are common: There is also an accepted convention for 'writing under erasure'; the text reads roughly as "Be nice to this fool, er, gentleman...", with irony emphasized. The digraph ^H is often used as a print representation for a backspace, and was actually very visible on old-style printing terminals. As the text was being composed the characters would be echoed and printed immediately, and when a correction was made the backspace keystrokes would be echoed with the string '^H'. Of course, the final composed text would have no trace of the backspace characters (or the original erroneous text).
This convention parallels (and may have been influenced by) the ironic use of 'slashouts' in science-fiction fanzines.
A related habit uses editor commands to signify corrections to previous text. This custom faded in email as more mailers got good editing capabilities, only to tale on new life on IRCs and other line-based chat systems.
The s/Erik/Eric/ says "change Erik to Eric in the preceding".
This syntax is borrowed from the Unix editing tools ed and sed, but is widely recognized by non-Unix hackers as well.
In a formula, * signifies multiplication but two asterisks in a row are a shorthand for exponentiation (this derives from FORTRAN). Thus, one might write 2 ** 8 = 256.
Another notation for exponentiation one sees more frequently uses the caret (^, ASCII _PHONE_); one might write instead 2^8 = 256. This goes all the way back to Algol-60, which used the archaic ASCII 'up-arrow' that later became the caret; this was picked up by Kemeny and Kurtz's original BASIC, which in turn influenced the design of the bc(1) and dc(1) Unix tools, which have probably done most to reinforce the convention on Usenet. (TeX math mode also uses ^ for exponention.) The notation is mildly confusing to C programmers, because ^ means bitwise exclusive-or in C. Despite this, it was favored 3:1 over ** in a late-1990 snapshot of Usenet. It is used consistently in this lexicon.
In on-line exchanges, hackers tend to use decimal forms or improper fractions ('3.5' or '7/2') rather than 'typewriter style' mixed fractions ('3-1/2'). The major motive here is probably that the former are more readable in a monospaced font, together with a desire to avoid the risk that the latter might be read as 'three minus one-half'. The decimal form is definitely preferred for fractions with a terminating decimal representation; there may be some cultural influence here from the high status of scientific notation.
Another on-line convention, used especially for very large or very small numbers, is taken from C (which derived it from FORTRAN). This is a form of 'scientific notation' using 'e' to replace '*10^'; for example, one year is about 3e7 seconds long.
The tilde (~) is commonly used in a quantifying sense of 'approximately'; that is, ~50 means 'about fifty'.
On Usenet and in the MUD world, common C boolean, logical, and relational operators such as |, &, ||, &&,!, ==, !=, >, <, >=, and =< are often combined with English. The Pascal not-equals, <>, is also recognized, and occasionally one sees /= for not-equals (from Ada, Common Lisp, and Fortran 90). The use of prefix '!' as a loose synonym for 'not-' or 'no-' is particularly common; thus, '!clue' is read 'no-clue' or 'clueless'.
A related practice borrows syntax from preferred programming languages to express ideas in a natural-language text. For example, one might see the following: In the above, the _TAG_/_TAG_ pair is a conditional compilation syntax from C; here, it implies that the text between (which is a flame) should be evaluated only if you have turned on (or defined on) the switch FLAME. The _TAG_ at the end is C for "include standard disclaimer here"; the 'standard disclaimer' is understood to read, roughly, "These are my personal opinions and not to be construed as the official position of my employer."
The top section in the example, with > at the left margin, is an example of an inclusion convention we'll discuss below.
More recently, following on the huge popularity of the World Wide Web, pseudo-HTML markup has become popular for similar purposes: You'll even see this with an HTML-style modifier: Another recent (late 1990s) construction now common on USENET seems to be borrowed from Perl. It consists of using a dollar sign before an uppercased form of a word or acronym to suggest any random member of the class indicated by the word. Thus: '$PHB' means "any random member of the class 'Pointy-Haired Boss'".
Hackers also mix letters and numbers more freely than in mainstream usage. In particular, it is good hackish style to write a digit sequence where you intend the reader to understand the text string that names that number in English. So, hackers prefer to write '1970s' rather than 'nineteen-seventies' or '1970's' (the latter looks like a possessive).
It should also be noted that hackers exhibit much less reluctance to use multiply-nested parentheses than is normal in English. Part of this is almost certainly due to influence from LISP (which uses deeply nested parentheses (like this (see?)) in its syntax a lot), but it has also been suggested that a more basic hacker trait of enjoying playing with complexity and pushing systems to their limits is in operation.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that many studies of on-line communication have shown that electronic links have a de-inhibiting effect on people. Deprived of the body-language cues through which emotional state is expressed, people tend to forget everything about other parties except what is presented over that ASCII link. This has both good and bad effects. A good one is that it encourages honesty and tends to break down hierarchical authority relationships; a bad one is that it may encourage depersonalization and gratuitous rudeness. Perhaps in response to this, experienced netters often display a sort of conscious formal politesse in their writing that has passed out of fashion in other spoken and written media (for example, the phrase "Well said, sir!" is not uncommon).
Many introverted hackers who are next to inarticulate in person


of the skin; the nerve-action being induced through the agency of the eye.

 The mechanism and the conditions for the change in colouration were made clear through the beautiful investigations of Keeble and Gamble, on the colour-change in crustaceans. According to these authors the pigment-cells can, as a rule, be considered as consisting of a central body from which a system of more or less complicated ramifications or processes spreads out in all directions. As a rule, the centre of the cell contains one or more different pigments which under the influence of nerves can spread out separately or together into the ramifications. These phenomena of spreading and retraction of the pigments into or from the ramifications of the pigment-cells form on the whole the basis for the colour changes under the influence of environment. Thus Keeble and Gamble observed that Macromysis flexuosa appears transparent and colourless or grey on sandy ground. On a dark ground their colour becomes darker. These animals have two pigments in their chromatophores, a brown pigment and a whitish or yellow pigment; the former is much more plentiful than the latter. When the animal appears transparent all the pigment is contained in the centre of the cells, while the ramifications are free from pigment. When the animal appears brown both pigments are spread out into the ramifications.
 In the condition of maximal spreading the animals appear black.

 This is a comparatively simple case. Much more complicated conditions were found by Keeble and Gamble in other crustaceans, e.g. in Hippolyte cranchii, but the influence of the surroundings upon the colouration of this form was also satisfactorily analysed by these authors.

 While many animals show transitory changes in colour under the influence of their surroundings, in a few cases permanent changes can be produced.
 The best examples of this are those which were observed by Poulton in the chrysalids of various butterflies, especially the small tortoise-shell.
 These experiments are so well known that a short reference to them will suffice. Poulton (Poulton, E.B., "Colours of Animals" (The International Scientific Series), London, 1890, page 121.) found that in gilt or white surroundings the pupae became light coloured and there was often an immense development of the golden spots, "so that in many cases the whole surface of the pupae glittered with an apparent metallic lustre. So remarkable was the appearance that a physicist to whom I showed the chrysalids, suggested that I had played a trick and had covered them with goldleaf." When black surroundings were used "the pupae were as a rule extremely dark, with only the smallest trace, and often no trace at all, of the golden spots which are so conspicuous in the lighter form." The susceptibility of the animal to this influence of its surroundings was found to be greatest during a definite period when the caterpillar undergoes the metamorphosis into the chrysalis stage. As far as the writer is aware, no physico-chemical explanation, except possibly Wiener's suggestion of colour-photography by mechanical colour adaptation, has ever been offered for the results of the type of those observed by Poulton.

 V. EFFECTS OF GRAVITATION.

 (a) EXPERIMENTS ON THE EGG OF THE FROG.

 Gravitation can only indirectly affect life-phenomena; namely, when we have in a cell two different non-miscible liquids (or a liquid and a solid) of different specific gravity, so that a change in the position of the cell or the organ may give results which can be traced to a change in the position of the two substances. This is very nicely illustrated by the frog's egg, which has two layers of very viscous protoplasm one of which is black and one white. The dark one occupies normally the upper position in the egg and may therefore be assumed to possess a smaller specific gravity than the white substance. When the egg is turned with the white pole upwards a tendency of the white protoplasm to flow down again manifests itself. It is, however, possible to prevent or retard this rotation of the highly viscous protoplasm, by compressing the eggs between horizontal glass plates. Such compression experiments may lead to rather interesting results, as O. Schultze first pointed out. Pflueger had already shown that the first plane of division in a fertilised frog's egg is vertical and Roux established the fact that the first plane of division is identical with the plane of symmetry of the later embryo. Schultze found that if the frog's egg is turned upside down at the time of its first division and kept in this abnormal position, through compression between two glass plates for about 20 hours, a small number of eggs may give rise to twins. It is possible, in this case, that the tendency of the black part of the egg to rotate upwards along the surface of the egg leads to a separation of its first cells, such a separation leading to the formation of twins.

 T.H. Morgan made an interesting additional observation. He destroyed one half of the egg after the first segmentation and found that the half which remained alive gave rise to only one half of an embryo, thus confirming an older observation of Roux. When, however, Morgan put the egg upside down after the destruction of one of the first two cells, and compressed the eggs between two glass plates, the surviving half of the egg gave rise to a perfect embryo of half size (and not to a half embryo of normal size as before.) Obviously in this case the tendency of the protoplasm to flow back to its normal position was partially successful and led to a partial or complete separation of the living from the dead half; whereby the former was enabled to form a whole embryo, which, of course, possessed only half the size of an embryo originating from a whole egg.

 (b) EXPERIMENTS ON HYDROIDS.

 A striking influence of gravitation can be observed in a hydroid, Antennularia antennina, from the bay of Naples. This hydroid consists of a long straight main stem which grows vertically upwards and which has at regular intervals very fine and short bristle-like lateral branches, on the upper side of which the polyps grow. The main stem is negatively geotropic, i.e. its apex continues to grow vertically upwards when we put it obliquely into the aquarium, while the roots grow vertically downwards.
 The writer observed that when the stem is put horizontally into the water the short lateral branches on the lower side give rise to an altogether different kind of organ, namely, to roots, and these roots grow indefinitely in length and attach themselves to solid bodies; while if the stem had remained in its normal position no further growth would have occurred in the lateral branches. From the upper side of the horizontal stem new stems grow out, mostly directly from the original stem, occasionally also from the short lateral branches. It is thus possible to force upon this hydroid an arrangement of organs which is altogether different from the hereditary arrangement. The writer had called the change in the hereditary arrangement of organs or the transformation of organs by external forces HETEROMORPHOSIS. We cannot now go any further into this subject, which should, however, prove of interest in relation to the problem of heredity.

 If it is correct to apply inferences drawn from the observation on the frog's egg to the behaviour of Antennularia, one might conclude that the cells of Antennularia also contain non-miscible substances of different specific gravity, and that wherever the specifically lighter substance comes in contact with the sea-water (or gets near the surface of the cell) the growth of a stem is favoured; while contact with the sea-water of the specifically heavier of the substances, will favour the formation of roots.

 VI. THE EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL OF ANIMAL INSTINCTS.

 (a) EXPERIMENTS ON THE MECHANISM OF HELIOTROPIC REACTIONS IN ANIMALS.

 Since the instinctive reactions of animals are as hereditary as their morphological character, a discussion of experiments on the physico-chemical character of the instinctive reactions of animals should not be entirely omitted from this sketch. It is obvious that such experiments must begin with the simplest type of instincts, if they are expected to lead to any results; and it is also obvious that only such animals must be selected for this purpose, the reactions of which are not complicated by associative memory, or, as it may preferably be termed, associative hysteresis.

 The simplest type of instincts


mine + stein a stone.] (Geol.) The upper division of the Permian (Dyas) of Europe. The prevailing rock is a magnesian limestone.

 Zed (?), n. [F., probably through It. zeta, fr. L. zeta.
 See Zeta.] The letter Z; -- called also zee, and formerly izzard.
 "Zed, thou unnecessary letter!" Shak.
 Zed"o*a*ry (?), n. [F. zédoaire, LL. zedoaria; cf. It. zedoaria, zettovario, Pg. zedoaria, Sp. zedoaria, cedoaria; all fr. Ar. & Per. zedw&?;r.] (Med.)
 A medicinal substance obtained in the East Indies, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, bitter, aromatic taste. It is used in medicine as a stimulant.

 It is the rhizome of different species of Curcuma, esp. C. zedoaria, and comes in short, firm pieces, externally of a wrinkled gray, ash-colored appearance, but within of a brownish red color. There are two kinds, round zedoary, and long zedoary.

 ||Zee"koe (?), n. [D., sea cow, lake cow.] (Zoöl.) A hippopotamus.

 ||Zeh"ner (?), n. [G.] An Austrian silver coin equal to ten kreutzers, or about five cents.

 Ze"in (?), n. [Cf. F. zéïne. See Zea.] (Chem.)
 A nitrogenous substance of the nature of gluten, obtained from the seeds of Indian corn (Zea) as a soft, yellowish, amorphous substance.
 [Formerly written zeine.]

 Zem'in*dar" (?), n. Same as Zamindar.

 { Zem"in*da*ry (?), ||Zem"in*da*ri (?) }, n. Same as Zamindary.

 Zem"ni (?), n. (Zoöl.) The blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus), native of Eastern Europe and Asia. Its eyes and ears are rudimentary, and its fur is soft and brownish, more or less tinged with gray. It constructs extensive burrows.

 ||Ze*na"na (?), n. [Hind. zenna, zanna, fr. Per. zanna, fr. zan woman; akin to E. queen.] The part of a dwelling appropriated to women. [India] Zend (?), n. [See Zend-Avesta.] Properly, the translation and exposition in the Huzvâresh, or literary Pehlevi, language, of the Avesta, the Zoroastrian sacred writings; as commonly used, the language (an ancient Persian dialect) in which the Avesta is written.

 ||Zend'-A*ves"ta (?), n. [Properly, the Avesta, or sacred text, and its zend, or interpretation, in a more modern and intelligible language. W. D. Whitney.] The sacred writings of the ancient Persian religion, attributed to Zoroaster, but chiefly of a later date.

 ||Zen"dik (?), n. [Ar. zandk.] An atheist or unbeliever; -- name given in the East to those charged with disbelief of any revealed religion, or accused of magical heresies.

 Ze"nick (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South African burrowing mammal (Suricata tetradactyla), allied to the civets. It is grayish brown, with yellowish transverse stripes on the back. Called also suricat.

 Ze"nik (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Zenick.

 Ze"nith (?; 277), n. [OE. senyth, OF. cenith, F. zénith, Sp. zenit, cenit, abbrev. fr. Ar. samt-urras way of the head, vertical place; samt way, path + al the + ras head. Cf. Azimuth.]

1. That point in the visible celestial hemisphere which is vertical to the spectator; the point of the heavens directly overhead; -- opposed to nadir.

 From morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, A summer's day; and with the setting sun Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star.

Milton.
2. hence, figuratively, the point of culmination; the greatest height; the height of success or prosperity.

 I find my zenith doth depend upon A most auspicious star.

Shak.
 This dead of midnight is the noon of thought, And wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars.

Mrs. Barbauld.
 It was during those civil troubles... this aspiring family reached the zenith.

Macaulay.
Zenith distance. (Astron.) See under Distance. -- Zenith sector. (Astron.) See Sector, 3. -- Zenith telescope (Geodesy), a telescope specially designed for determining the latitude by means of any two stars which pass the meridian about the same time, and at nearly equal distances from the zenith, but on opposite sides of it. It turns both on a vertical and a horizontal axis, is provided with a graduated vertical semicircle, and a level for setting it to a given zenith distance, and with a micrometer for measuring the difference of the zenith distances of the two stars.

 Ze"nith*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the zenith. "The deep zenithal blue." Tyndall.
 Ze"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; to boil + -lite: cf. F. zéolithe.]
 (Min.) A term now used to designate any one of a family of minerals, hydrous silicates of alumina, with lime, soda, potash, or rarely baryta. Here are included natrolite, stilbite, analcime, chabazite, thomsonite, heulandite, and others. These species occur of secondary origin in the cavities of amygdaloid, basalt, and lava, also, less frequently, in granite and gneiss. So called because many of these species intumesce before the blowpipe.

Needle zeolite, needlestone; natrolite.

 Ze'o*lit"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a zeolite; consisting of, or resembling, a zeolite.

 Ze'o*lit"i*form (?), a. Having the form of a zeolite.

 Zeph"yr (?), n. [L. zephyrus, Gr. &?;, akin to &?; darkness, the dark side, west: cf. F. zéphyr.] The west wind; poetically, any soft, gentle breeze. "Soft the zephyr blows."
 Gray.
 As gentle As zephyrs blowing below the violet.

Shak.
Zephyr cloth, a thin kind of cassimere made in Belgium; also, a waterproof fabric of wool. -- Zephyr shawl, a kind of thin, light, embroidered shawl made of worsted and cotton. -- Zephyr yarn, or worsted, a fine, soft kind of yarn or worsted, - - used for knitting and embroidery.

 ||Zeph"y*rus (?), n. [L. See Zephyr.] The west wind, or zephyr; -- usually personified, and made the most mild and gentle of all the sylvan deities.

 Mild as when Zephyrus on Flora breathes.

Milton.
 Ze"quin (?), n. See Sequin.

 ||Zer"da (?), n. [Of African origin.] (Zoöl.) The fennec.

 ||Ze*ri"ba (?), n. (Mil.) Same as Zareba.

 Ze"ro (?), n.; pl. Zeros (#) or Zeroes. [F. z


he eager swain.

Pope.
 The transition from fetichism to polytheism seems a gradual process of which the stages elude close definition.

Tylor.
Syn. -- To evade; avoid; escape; shun; eschew; flee; mock; baffle; frustrate; foil.

 E*lud"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being eluded; evadible.

 E"lul (?), n. [Heb.] The sixth month of the Jewish year, by the sacred reckoning, or the twelfth, by the civil reckoning, corresponding nearly to the month of September.

 E*lum"ba*ted (?), a. [L. elumbis; e + lumbus loin.] Weak or lame in the loins. [Obs.]

 E*lu"sion (?), n. [LL. elusio, fr. L. eludere, elusum. See Elude.] Act of eluding; adroit escape, as by artifice; a mockery; a cheat; trickery.

 E*lu"sive (?), a. Tending to elude; using arts or deception to escape; adroitly escaping or evading; eluding the grasp; fallacious.

Elusive of the bridal day, she gives Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives.

Pope.
 -- E*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- E*lu"sive*ness, n. E*lu"so*ry (?), a. [LL. elusorius.] Tending to elude or deceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful; deceptive. -- E*lu"so*ri*ness (#), n. E*lute" (?), v. t. [L. elutus, p. p. of eluers to elute; e + luere to wash.] To wash out. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 E*lu"tri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elutriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Elutriating (?).] [L. elutriatus, p. p. of elutriare.]
 To wash or strain out so as to purify; as, to elutriate the blood as it passes through the lungs; to strain off or decant, as a powder which is separated from heavier particles by being drawn off with water; to cleanse, as by washing.

 E*lu'tri*a"tion (?), n. The process of elutriating; a decanting or racking off by means of water, as finer particles from heavier.

 E*lux"ate (?), v. t. [Pref. e- + luxate.] To dislocate; to luxate.

 E'lux*a"tion (?), n. Dislocation; luxation.

 Elv"an (?), a. 1. Pertaining to elves; elvish.

2. (Mining) Of or pertaining to certain veins of feldspathic or porphyritic rock crossing metalliferous veins in the mining districts of Cornwall; as, an elvan course.

 { Elv"an, Elv"an*ite (?) }, n. The rock of an elvan vein, or the elvan vein itself; an elvan course.

 Elve (?), n. An old form of Elf.

 El"ver (?), n. (Zoöl.) A young eel; a young conger or sea eel; -- called also elvene.

 Elves (?), n.; pl. of Elf.

 Elv"ish (?), a. 1. Pertaining to elves; implike; mischievous; weird; also, vacant; absent in demeanor. See Elfish.

 He seemeth elvish by his countenance.

Chaucer.
2. Mysterious; also, foolish. [Obs.]

 Elv"ish*ly, adv. In an elvish manner. Sir W. Scott.
 El"wand (?), n. [Obs.] See Ellwand.

 E*ly"sian (?), a. [L. Elysius, fr. Elysium.]
 Pertaining, or the abode of the blessed after death; hence, yielding the highest pleasures; exceedingly delightful; beatific. "Elysian shades." Massinger. "Elysian age." Beattie.
 This life of mortal breath Is but a suburb of the life elysian.

Longfellow.
 E*ly"sium (?), n.; pl. E. Elysiums (#), L. Elysia (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?; &?;, Elysian field.] (Anc.
 Myth.) 1. A dwelling place assigned to happy souls after death; the seat of future happiness; Paradise.

2. Hence, any delightful place.

 An Elysian more pure and bright than that pf the Greeks.

I. Taylor.
 E*lyt"ri*form (?), a. [Elytrum + -form.] (Zoöl.)
 Having the form, or structure, of an elytron.

 El"y*trin (?), n. [From Elytrum.] (Chem.) See Chitin.

 El"y*troid (?), a. [Gr. &?; sheath, a wing case + -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) Resembling a beetle's wing case.

 El"y*tron (?; 277), El"y*trum (-tr&?;m) n.; pl. Elytra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to roll round.] (Zoöl.)
(a) One of the anterior pair of wings in the Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair. See Coleoptera. (b) One of the shieldlike dorsal scales of certain annelids. See Chætopoda.

 El"ze*vir (?), a. (Bibliog.) Applied to books or editions (esp. of the Greek New Testament and the classics) printed and published by the Elzevir family at Amsterdam, Leyden, etc., from about 1592 to 1680; also, applied to a round open type introduced by them.

 The Elzevir editions are valued for their neatness, and the elegant small types used.

Brande & C.
 'Em (?). An obsolete or colloquial contraction of the old form hem, them. Addison.
 Em (?), n. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly occupied by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by which to measure the amount of printed matter on a page; the square of the body of a type.

 Em-. A prefix. See En-.

 E*mac"er*ate (?), v. t. & i. [L. emaceratus emaciated; e + macerare to make soft.] To make lean or to become lean; to emaciate. [Obs.] Bullokar.
 E*mac'er*a"tion (?), n. Emaciation. [Obs.]

 E*ma"ci*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emaciated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Emaciating.] [L. emaciatus, p. p. of emaciare to make lean; e + maciare to make lean or meager, fr. macies leanness, akin to macer lean. See Meager.] To lose flesh gradually and become very lean; to waste away in flesh. "He emaciated and pined away." Sir T. Browne.
 E*ma"ci*ate, v. t. To cause to waste away in flesh and become very lean; as, his sickness emaciated him.

 E*ma"ci*ate (?), a. [L. emaciatus, p. p.] Emaciated. "Emaciate steeds." T. Warton.
 E*ma'ci*a"tion (?


Human Nature, by Joseph Butler Transcribed from the 1887 Cassell & Co. edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ HUMAN NATURE and other sermons by JOSEPH BUTLER bishop of durham.
CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: london, paris, new york & melbourne.
1887 INTRODUCTION.
Joseph Butler was born in 1692, youngest of eight children of a linendraper at Wantage, in Berkshire. His father was a Presbyterian, and after education at the Wantage Free Grammar School Joseph Butler was sent to be educated for the Presbyterian ministry in a training academy at Gloucester, which was afterwards removed to Tewkesbury. There he had a friend and comrade, Secker, who afterwards became Archbishop of Canterbury. Butler and Secker inquired actively, and there was foreshadowing of his future in the fact that in 1713, at the age of twenty-one, Butler was engaged in anonymous discussion with Samuel Clarke upon his book on the à priori demonstration of the Divine Existence and Attributes.
When the time drew near for call to the ministry, Butler, like his friend Secker, had reasoned himself into accordance with the teaching of the Church of England. Butler's father did not oppose his strong desire to enter the Church, and he was entered in 1714 at Oriel College, Oxford. At college a strong friendship was established between Butler and a fellow-student, Edward Talbot, whose father was a Bishop, formerly of Oxford and Salisbury, then of Durham. Through Talbot's influence Butler obtained in 1718 the office of Preacher in the Rolls Chapel, which he held for the next eight years. In 1722 Talbot died, and on his death-bed urged his father on behalf of his friend Butler. The Bishop accordingly presented Joseph Butler to the living of Houghton-le-Spring. But it was found that costs of dilapidations were beyond his means at Houghton, and Butler had a dangerous regard for building works. He was preferred two years afterwards to the living of Stanhope, which then became vacant, and which yielded a substantial income. Butler sought nothing for himself, his simplicity of character, real worth, and rare intellectual power, secured him friends, and the love of two of them—Talbot first, and afterwards Secker, who made his own way in the Church, and became strong enough to put his friend as well as himself in the way of worldly advancement, secured for Butler all the patronage he had, until the Queen also became his active friend.
Joseph Butler was seven years at Stanhope, quietly devoted to his parish duties, preaching, studying, and writing his "Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature." In 1727, while still at Stanhope, he was appointed to a stall in Durham Cathedral. Secker, having become chaplain to the Queen, encouraged her in admiration of Butler's sermons. He told her that the author was not dead, but buried, and secured her active interest in his behalf. From Talbot, who had become Lord Chancellor, Secker had no difficulty in obtaining for Butler a chaplaincy which exempted him from the necessity of residence at Stanhope. Butler, in accepting it, stipulated for permission to live and work in his parish for six months in every year. Next he was made chaplain to the King, and Rector of St. James's, upon which he gave up Stanhope. In 1736 Queen Caroline appointed him her Clerk of the Closet, an office which gave Butler the duty of attendance upon her for two hours every evening. In that year he published his "Analogy," of which the purpose was to meet, on its own ground, the scepticism of his day. The Queen died in 1737, and, in accordance with the strong desire expressed in her last days, in 1738 Butler was made a Bishop. But his Bishopric was Bristol, worth only £300 or £400 a year. The King added the Deanery of St. Paul's, when that became vacant in 1740, and in 1750, towards the close of his life, Joseph Butler was translated to the Bishopric of Durham. He died in 1752.
No man could be less self-seeking. He owed his rise in the Church wholly to the intellectual power and substantial worth of character that inspired strong friendship. Seeing how little he sought worldly advancement for himself, while others were pressing and scrambling, Butler's friends used their opportunities of winning for him the advancement he deserved. He was happiest in doing his work, of which a chief part was in his study, where he employed his philosophic mind in strengthening the foundations of religious faith.
Faith in God was attacked by men who claimed especially to be philosophers, and they were best met by the man who had, beyond all other divines of his day—some might not be afraid to add, of any day—the philosophic mind.
H. M. SERMON I. UPON HUMAN NATURE.
Romans xii. 4, 5.
For as we have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office: so we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another.
The Epistles in the New Testament have all of them a particular reference to the condition and usages of the Christian world at the time they were written. Therefore as they cannot be thoroughly understood unless that condition and those usages are known and attended to, so, further, though they be known, yet if they be discontinued or changed, exhortations, precepts, and illustrations of things, which refer to such circumstances now ceased or altered, cannot at this time be urged in that manner and with that force which they were to the primitive Christians. Thus the text now before us, in its first intent and design, relates to the decent management of those extraordinary gifts which were then in the Church, [1] but which are now totally ceased.
And even as to the allusion that "we are one body in Christ," though what the apostle here intends is equally true of Christians in all circumstances, and the consideration of it is plainly still an additional motive, over and above moral considerations, to the discharge of the several duties and offices of a Christian, yet it is manifest this allusion must have appeared with much greater force to those who, by the many difficulties they went through for the sake of their religion, were led to keep always in view the relation they stood in to their Saviour, who had undergone the same: to those, who, from the idolatries of all around them, and their ill-treatment, were taught to consider themselves as not of the world in which they lived, but as a distinct society of themselves; with laws and ends, and principles of life and action, quite contrary to those which the world professed themselves at that time influenced by. Hence the relation of a Christian was by them considered as nearer than that of affinity and blood; and they almost literally esteemed themselves as members one of another.
It cannot, indeed, possibly be denied, that our being God's creatures, and virtue being the natural law we are born under, and the whole constitution of man being plainly adapted to it, are prior obligations to piety and virtue than the consideration that God sent his Son into the world to save it, and the motives which arise from the peculiar relation of Christians as members one of another under Christ our head.
However, though all this be allowed, as it expressly is by the inspired writers, yet it is manifest that Christians at the time of the Revelation, and immediately after, could not but insist mostly upon considerations of this latter kind.
These observations show the original particular reference to the text, and the peculiar force with which the thing intended by the allusion in it must have been felt by the primitive Christian world. They likewise afford a reason for treating it at this time in a more general way.
The relation which the several parts or members of the natural body have to each other and to the whole body is here compared to the relation which each particular person in society has to other particular persons and to the whole society; and the latter is intended to be illustrated by the former. And if there be a likeness between these two relations, the consequence is obvious: that the latter shows us we were intended to do good to others, as the former shows us that the several members of the natural body were intended to be instruments of good to each other and to the whole body. But as there is scarce any ground for a comparison between society and the mere material body, this without the mind being a dead unactive thing, much less can the comparison be carried to any length. And since the apostle speaks of the several


p. 150!> 2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petroleums, and even the light, volatile naphthas.

 Bi*tu"mi*nate (b*t"m*nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminating.] [L. bituminatus, p. p. of bituminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.] To treat or impregnate with bitumen; to cement with bitumen. "Bituminated walls of Babylon." Feltham.
 Bi*tu'mi*nif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Bitumen + -ferous.]
 Producing bitumen. Kirwan.
 Bi*tu'mi*ni*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bituminisation.]
 The process of bituminizing. Mantell.
 Bi*tu"mi*nize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminizing.] [Cf. F. bituminiser.]
 To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with bitumen.

 Bi*tu"mi*nous (&?;), a. [L. bituminosus: cf. F. bitumineux.]
 Having the qualities of bitumen; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen.

 Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed. Milton.
Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heated, a considerable amount of volatile bituminous matter. It burns with a yellow smoky flame. -- Bituminous limestone, a mineral of a brown or black color, emitting an unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. -- Bituminous shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with bitumen, often accompanying coal.

 Bi"u*ret (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + urea.] (Chem.)
 A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C2O2N3H5, formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea and cyanuric acid.

 Biv"a*len*cy (&?;), n. (Chem.) The quality of being bivalent.

 Biv"a*lent (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad.

 Bi"valve (&?;), n. [F. bivalve; bi- (L. bis) + valve valve.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mollusk having a shell consisting of two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic ligament at the hinge, which is usually strengthened by prominences called teeth. The shell is closed by the contraction of two transverse muscles attached to the inner surface, as in the clam, -- or by one, as in the oyster. See Mollusca.

2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts or valves.

 Bi"valve (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + valve.] (Zoöl.
 & Bot.) Having two shells or valves which open and shut, as the oyster and certain seed vessels.

 Bi"valved (&?;), a. Having two valves, as the oyster and some seed pods; bivalve.

 Bi*val"vous (&?;), a. Bivalvular.

 Bi*val"vu*lar (&?;), a. Having two valves.

 Bi*vault"ed (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + vault.] Having two vaults or arches.

 Bi*vec"tor (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + vector.] (Math.)
 A term made up of the two parts &?; + &?;1 &?;-1, where &?; and &?;1 are vectors.

 Bi*ven"tral (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + ventral.] (Anat.)
 Having two bellies or protuberances; as, a biventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the cerebellum.

 Biv"i*al (&?;), a. Of or relating to the bivium.

 Biv"i*ous (&?;), a. [L. bivius; bis twice + via way.] Having, or leading, two ways.

Bivious theorems and Janus-faced doctrines. Sir T. Browne.
 ||Biv"i*um (&?;), n. [L., a place with two ways. See Bivious.]
 (Zoöl.) One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.

 Biv"ouac (&?;), n. [F. bivouac, bivac, prab. fr.
 G. beiwache, or beiwacht; bei by, near + wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See By, and Watch.] (Mil.) (a) The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack.
 (b) An encampment for the night without tents or covering.

 Biv"ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bivouacked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army. (b) To encamp for the night without tents or covering.

 Bi"week'ly (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + weekly.]
 Occurring or appearing once every two weeks; fortnightly. -- n. A publication issued every two weeks. -- Bi"week"ly, adv.
 Bi*wreye" (&?;), v. t. To bewray; to reveal. [Obs.]

 Biz"an*tine (&?;). See Byzantine.

 Bi*zarre" (&?;), a. [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly, brave.] Odd in manner or appearance; fantastic; whimsical; extravagant; grotesque. C. Kingsley.
 Bi*zet" (&?;), n. [Cf. Bezel.] The upper faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and the table. See Brilliant, n. Blab (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, Gael. blabaran a stammerer; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless manner; to publish (secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall.
 And yonder a vile physician blabbing The case of his patient. Tennyson.
 Blab, v. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; to tattle; to tell tales.

 She must burst or blab. Dryden.
 Blab, n. [OE. blabbe.] One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale.
 "Avoided as a blab." Milton.
 For who will open himself to a blab or a babbler. Bacon.
 Blab"ber (&?;), n


an inch. By successive blows of this, narrow strips of the pith are cut away, and fall down into the cylinder formed by the bark. Proceeding steadily on, the whole trunk is cleared out, leaving a skin not more than half an inch in thickness. This material is carried away (in baskets made of the sheathing bases of the leaves) to the nearest water, where a washing-machine is put up, which is composed almost entirely of the saga tree itself. The large sheathing bases of the leaves form the troughs, and the fibrous covering from the leaf-stalks of the young cocoa-nut the strainer. Water is poured on the mass of pith, which is kneaded and pressed against the strainer till the starch is all dissolved and has passed through, when the fibrous refuse is thrown away, and a fresh basketful put in its place. The water charged with sago starch passes on to a trough, with a depression in the centre, where the sediment is deposited, the surplus water trickling off by a shallow outlet. When the trough is nearly full, the mass of starch, which has a slight reddish tinge, is made into cylinders of about thirty pounds' weight, and neatly covered with sago leaves, and in this state is sold as raw sago.

 Boiled with water this forms a thick glutinous mass, with a rather astringent taste, and is eaten with salt, limes, and chilies. Sago-bread is made in large quantities, by baking it into cakes in a small clay oven containing six or eight slits side by side, each about three-quarters of an inch wide, and six or eight inches square. The raw sago is broken up, dried in the sun, powdered, and finely sifted. The oven is heated over a clear fire of embers, and is lightly filled with the sago-powder. The openings are then covered with a flat piece of sago bark, and in about five minutes the cakes are turned out sufficiently baked. The hot cakes are very nice with butter, and when made with the addition of a little sugar and grated cocoa-nut are quite a delicacy. They are soft, and something like corn-flour cakes, but leave a slight characteristic flavour which is lost in the refined sago we use in this country. When not wanted for immediate use, they are dried for several days in the sun, and tied up in bundles of twenty. They will then keep for years; they are very hard, and very rough and dry, but the people are used to them from infancy, and little children may be seen gnawing at them as contentedly as ours with their bread-and-butter. If dipped in water and then toasted, they become almost as good as when fresh baked; and thus treated they were my daily substitute for bread with my coffee. Soaked and boiled they make a very good pudding or vegetable, and served well to economize our rice, which is sometimes difficult to get so far east.

 It is truly an extraordinary sight to witness a whole tree-trunk, perhaps twenty feet long and four or five in circumference, converted into food with so little labour and preparation. A good-sized tree will produce thirty tomans or bundles of thirty pounds each, and each toman will make sixty cakes of three to the pound. Two of these cakes are as much as a man can eat at one meal, and five are considered a full day's allowance; so that, reckoning a tree to produce 1,800 cakes, weighing 600 pounds, it will supply a man with food for a whole year. The labour to produce this is very moderate. Two men will finish a tree in five days, and two women will bake the whole into cakes in five days more; but the raw sago will keep very well, and can be baked as wanted, so that we may estimate that in ten days a man may produce food for the whole year. This is on the supposition that he possesses sago trees of his own, for they are now all private property. If he does not, he has to pay about seven and sixpence for one; and as labour here is five pence a day, the total cost of a year's food for one man is about twelve shillings. The effect of this cheapness of food is decidedly prejudicial, for the inhabitants of the sago countries are never so well off as those where rice is cultivated.
 Many of the people here have neither vegetables nor fruit, but live almost entirely on sago and a little fish. Having few occupations at home, they wander about on petty trading or fishing expeditions to the neighbouring islands; and as far as the comforts of life are concerned, are much inferior to the wild hill-Dyaks of Borneo, or to many of the more barbarous tribes of the Archipelago.

 The country round Warus-warus is low and swampy, and owing to the absence of cultivation there were scarcely any paths leading into the forest. I was therefore unable to collect much during my enforced stay, and found no rare birds or insects to improve my opinion of Ceram as a collecting ground. Finding it quite impossible to get men here to accompany me on the whole voyage, I was obliged to be content with a crew to take me as far as Wahai, on the middle of the north coast of Ceram, and the chief Dutch station in the island. The journey took us five days, owing to calms and light winds, and no incident of any interest occurred on it, nor did I obtain at our stopping places a single addition to my collections worth naming. At Wahai, which I reached on the 15th of June, I was hospitably received by the Commandant and my old friend Herr Rosenberg, who was now on an official visit here. He lent me some money to pay my men, and I was lucky enough to obtain three others willing to make the voyage with me to Ternate, and one more who was to return from Mysol. One of my Amboyna lads, however, left me, so that I was still rather short of hands.

 I found here a letter from Charles Allen, who was at Silinta in Mysol, anxiously expecting me, as he was out of rice and other necessaries, and was short of insect-pins. He was also ill, and if I did not soon come would return to Wahai.

 As my voyage from this place to Waigiou was among islands inhabited by the Papuan race, and was an eventful and disastrous one, I will narrate its chief incidents in a separate chapter in that division of my work devoted to the Papuan Islands. I now have to pass over a year spent in Waigiou and Timor, in order to describe my visit to the island of Bouru, which concluded my explorations of the Moluccas.

 CHAPTER XXVI. BOURU.

 MAY AND JUNE 1861.

 I HAD long wished to visit the large island of Bouru, which lies due west of Ceram, and of which scarcely anything appeared to be known to naturalists, except that it contained a babirusa very like that of Celebes. I therefore made arrangements for staying there two months after leaving Timor Delli in 1861. This I could conveniently do by means of the Dutch mail-steamers, which make a monthly round of the Moluccas.

 We arrived at the harbour of Cajeli on the 4th of May; a gun was fired, the Commandant of the fort came alongside in a native boat to receive the post-packet, and took me and my baggage on shore, the steamer going off again without coming to an anchor. We went to the horse of the Opzeiner, or overseer, a native of Amboyna—Bouru being too poor a place to deserve even an Assistant Resident; yet the appearance of the village was very far superior to that of Delli, which possesses "His Excellency the Governor," and the little fort, in perfect order, surrounded by neat brass-plots and straight walks, although manned by only a dozen Javanese soldiers with an Adjutant for commander, was a very Sebastopol in comparison with the miserable mud enclosure at Delli, with its numerous staff of Lieutenants, Captain, and Major. Yet this, as well as most of the forts in the Moluccas, was originally built by the Portuguese themselves.
 Oh! Lusitania, how art thou fallen!

 While the Opzeiner was reading his letters, I took a walk round the


which it is drawn.

 Cer'ti*o*ra"ri (?), n. [So named from the emphatic word certiorari in the Latin form of the writ, which read certiorar volumus we wish to be certified.] (Law) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of a inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irregularities may be corrected. It is obtained upon complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or can not have an impartial trial in the inferior court.

 A certiorari is the correct process to remove the proceedings of a court in which cases are tried in a manner different from the course of the common law, as of county commissioners. It is also used as an auxiliary process in order to obtain a full return to some other process.
 Bouvier.
 Cer"ti*tude (?), n. [LL. certitudo, fr. L. certus: cf. F. certitude. See Certain.] Freedom from doubt; assurance; certainty. J. H. Newman.
 Cer"ule (?), a. [L. caerulus, eguiv. to caeruleus.]
 Blue; cerulean. [Obs.] Dyer.
 Ce*ru"le*an (?), a. [L. caeruleus.] Sky-colored; blue; azure. Cowper.
 Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall. Bryant.
 Ce*ru"le*ous (?), a. Cerulean. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Cer'u*lif"ic (?), a. [L. caerulus dark blue + facere to make.] Producing a blue or sky color. [R.]

 ||Ce*ru"men (?), n. [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] (Physiol.)
 The yellow, waxlike secretion from the glands of the external ear; the earwax.

 Ce*ru"mi*nous (?), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, cerumen; as, the ceruminous glands.

 Ce"ruse (?), n. [F. céruse, L. cerussa.] 1.
 White lead, used as a pigment. See White lead, under White.

2. A cosmetic containing white lead.

 To distinguish ceruse from natural bloom. Macaulay.
3. (Min.) The native carbonate of lead.

 Ce"rused (?), a. Washed with a preparation of white lead; as, cerused face. Beau. & Fl.
 { Ce"ru*site (?), Ce"rus*site (?), } n. (Min.) Native lead carbonate; a mineral occurring in colorless, white, or yellowish transparent crystals, with an adamantine, also massive and compact.

 Cer"van*tite (?), n. [Named from Cervantes a town in Spain.]
 (Min.) See under Antimony.

 Cer"ve*lat (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) An ancient wind instrument, resembling the bassoon in tone.

 Cer"vi*cal, a. [L. cervix, -icis, neck: cf. F. cervical.]
 (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the neck; as, the cervical vertebræ.

 Cer"vi*cide (?), n. [L. cervus deer + caedere to kill.] The act of killing deer; deer-slaying. [R.]

 Cer"vine (?), a. [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer: cf.
 F. cervin.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the deer, or to the family Cervidæ.

 ||Cer"vix (?), n.; pl. E. Cervixes (#), L. Cervices (#). [L.] (Anat.) The neck; also, the necklike portion of any part, as of the womb. See Illust. of Bird.

 ||Cer"vus (?), n. [L., a deer.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants, including the red deer and other allied species.

 Formerly all species of deer were included in the genus Cervus.

 Ce"ryl (?), n. [L. cera wax + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, C27H55 supposed to exist in several compounds obtained from Chinese wax, beeswax, etc.

 { Ce*sa"re*an (?), Ce*sa"ri*an, } a. Same as Cæsarean, Cæsarian.

 Ce"sar*ism (?), n. See Cæsarism.

 Ces"pi*tine (?), n. [L. caespes, caespitis, a turf.]
 An oil obtained by distillation of peat, and containing various members of the pyridine series.

 Ces"pi*ti'tious (?), a. [L. caespiticius, fr. caespes turf.] Same as Cespitious. [R.] Gough.
 Ces"pi*tose' (?), a. [L. caespes turf.] (Bot.) Having the form a piece of turf, i. e., many stems from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks or roots. [Written also cæspitose.]

 Ces"pi*tous (?), a. [See Cespitose.] Pertaining to, consisting, of resembling, turf; turfy.

 A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting. Martyn.
 Cess (?), n. [For sess, conts. from Assess.] 1. A rate or tax. [Obs. or Prof. Eng. & Scot.] Spenser.
2. Bound; measure. [Obs.]

 The poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess. Shak.
 Cess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cessing.] To rate; to tax; to assess. Spenser.
 Cess, v. i. [F. cesser. See Cease.] To cease; to neglect.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 Ces"sant (?) a. [L. cessans, p. pr. of cessare. See Cease.] Inactive; dormant [Obs.] W. Montagu.
 Ces*sa"tion (ss*s"shn), n. [F. cessation, L. cessatio, fr. cessare. See Cease.] A ceasing or discontinuance, as of action, whether temporary or final; a stop; as, a cessation of the war.

 The temporary cessation of the papal iniquities. Motley.
 The day was yearly observed for a festival by cessation from labor. Sir J. Hayward.
Cessation of arms (Mil.), an armistice, or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a capitulation, or for other purposes.

Syn. -- Stop; rest; stay; pause; discontinuance; intermission; interval; respite; interruption; recess; remission.

 ||Ces*sa"vit (?), n. [L., he has ceased.] [O. Eng. Law] A writ given by statute to recover lands when the tenant has for two years failed to perform the conditions of his tenure.

 Ces"ser (?), n. [From Cess, v. i.] (Law) a neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years.

 Ces"si*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. cessible. See Cession.] Giving way; yielding. [Obs.] -- Ces'si*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.
 Ces"sion (?), n. [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way: cf. F. Cession. See Cede.] 1. A yielding to physical force.