ining.] [OE. definer, usually, to end, to finish, F. définir to define, L. definire to limit, define; de- + finire to limit, end, finis boundary, limit, end. See Final, Finish.] 1. To fix the bounds of; to bring to a termination; to end. "To define controversies." Barrow.
2. To determine or clearly exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of; as, to define the extent of a kingdom or country.

3. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly; as, the defining power of an optical instrument.

 Rings... very distinct and well defined.

Sir I. Newton.
4. To determine the precise signification of; to fix the meaning of; to describe accurately; to explain; to expound or interpret; as, to define a word, a phrase, or a scientific term.

 They define virtue to be life ordered according to nature.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
 De*fine" (?), v. i. To determine; to decide. [Obs.]

 De*fine"ment (?), n. The act of defining; definition; description.
 [Obs.] Shak.
 De*fin"er (?), n. One who defines or explains.

 Def"i*nite (?), a. [L. definitis, p. p. of definire: cf. F. défini. See Define.] 1. Having certain or distinct; determinate in extent or greatness; limited; fixed; as, definite dimensions; a definite measure; a definite period or interval.

 Elements combine in definite proportions.

Whewell.
2. Having certain limits in signification; determinate; certain; precise; fixed; exact; clear; as, a definite word, term, or expression.

3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak.
4. Serving to define or restrict; limiting; determining; as, the definite article.

Definite article (Gram.), the article the, which is used to designate a particular person or thing, or a particular class of persons or things; -- also called a definitive. See Definitive, n.
 - - Definite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Determinate inflorescence, under Determinate. -- Law of definite proportions (Chem.), the essential law of chemical combination that every definite compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by weight; and, if two or more elements form more than one compound with each other, the relative proportions of each are fixed.
 Compare Law of multiple proportions, under Multiple.

 Def"i*nite, n. A thing defined or determined. [Obs.]

 Def"i*nite*ly, adv. In a definite manner; with precision; precisely; determinately.

 Def"i*nite*ness, n. The state of being definite; determinateness; precision; certainty.

 Def'i*ni"tion (?), n. [L. definitio: cf. F. définition.]
 1. The act of defining; determination of the limits; as, a telescope accurate in definition.

2. Act of ascertaining and explaining the signification; a description of a thing by its properties; an explanation of the meaning of a word or term; as, the definition of "circle;" the definition of "wit;" an exact definition; a loose definition.

Definition being nothing but making another understand by words what the term defined stands for.

Locke.
3. Description; sort. [R.] "A new creature of another definition."
 Jer. Taylor.
4. (Logic) An exact enunciation of the constituents which make up the logical essence.

5. (Opt.) Distinctness or clearness, as of an image formed by an optical instrument; precision in detail.

Syn. -- Definition, Explanation, Description. A definition is designed to settle a thing in its compass and extent; an explanation is intended to remove some obscurity or misunderstanding, and is therefore more extended and minute; a description enters into striking particulars with a view to interest or impress by graphic effect. It is not therefore true, though often said, that description is only an extended definition. "Logicians distinguish definitions into essential and accidental. An essential definition states what are regarded as the constituent parts of the essence of that which is to be defined; and an accidental definition lays down what are regarded as circumstances belonging to it, viz., properties or accidents, such as causes, effects, etc." Whately.
 Def'i*ni"tion*al (?), a. Relating to definition; of the nature of a definition; employed in defining.

 De*fin"i*tive (?), a. [L. definitivus: cf. F. définitif.]
 1. Determinate; positive; final; conclusive; unconditional; express.

 A strict and definitive truth.

Sir T. Browne.
 Some definitive... scheme of reconciliation.

Prescott.
2. Limiting; determining; as, a definitive word.

3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak.
 De*fin"i*tive, n. (Gram.) A word used to define or limit the extent of the signification of a common noun, such as the definite article, and some pronouns.

Definitives... are commonly called by grammarians articles.
 ... They are of two kinds, either those properly and strictly so called, or else pronominal articles, such as this, that, any, other, some, all, no, none, etc. Harris (Hermes).
 De*fin"i*tive*ly, adv. In a definitive manner.

 De*fin"i*tive*ness, n. The quality of being definitive.

 De*fin"i*tude (?), n. Definiteness. [R.]

Definitude... is a knowledge of minute differences.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 De*fix" (?), v. t. [L. defixus, p. p. of defigere to fix; de- + figere to fix.] To fix; to fasten; to establish.
 [Obs.] "To defix their princely seat... in that extreme province." Hakluyt.
 Def'la*gra*bil"i*ty (?), n. (Chem.) The state or quality of being deflagrable.

 The ready deflagrability... of saltpeter.

Boyle.
 De*fla"gra*ble (?; 277), a. [See Deflagrate.] (Chem.)
 Burning with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; hence, slightly explosive; liable to snap and crackle when heated, as salt.

 Def"la*grate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deflagrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflagrating.] [L. deflagratus, p. p. of deflagrare to burn up; de- + flagrare to flame, burn.] (Chem.)
 To burn with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; also, to snap and crackle with slight explosions when heated, as salt.

 Def"la*grate, v. t. (Chem.) To cause to burn with sudden and sparkling combustion, as by the action of intense heat; to burn or vaporize suddenly; as, to deflagrate refractory metals in the oxyhydrogen flame.

 Def'la*gra"tion (?), n. [L. deflagratio: cf. F. déflagration.]
 1. A burning up; conflagration. "Innumerable deluges and deflagrations."
 Bp. Pearson.
2. (Chem.) The act or process of deflagrating.

 Def"la*gra'tor (?), n. (Chem.) A form of the voltaic battery having large plates, used for producing rapid and powerful combustion.

 De*flate" (?), v. t. [Pref. dedown + L. flare, flatus


Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness; a flush; a glow.

 A new, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it.
Thackeray.
5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture.

6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well-tanned leather. Knight.
7. (Min.) A popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals; as, the rose-red cobalt bloom.

 Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Blooming.] 1. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower or be in flower.

 A flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom. Milton.
2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers; to give promise, as by or with flowers.

 A better country blooms to view, Beneath a brighter sky. Logan.
 Bloom, v. t. 1. To cause to blossom; to make flourish. [R.]

 Charitable affection bloomed them. Hooker.
2. To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant. [R.] Milton.
 While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day. Keats.
 Bloom, n. [AS. bl&?;ma a mass or lump, senes bl&?;ma a lump or wedge of iron.] (Metal.) (a) A mass of wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the puddling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually in the form of an oblong block by shingling. (b) A large bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working.

 Bloom"a*ry (&?;), n. See Bloomery.

 Bloom"er (&?;), n. [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American, who sought to introduce this style of dress.] 1. A costume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose trousers gathered round ankles, and (commonly) a broad-brimmed hat.

2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume.

 Bloom"er*y (&?;), n. (Manuf.) A furnace and forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast iron.

 Bloom"ing, n. (Metal.) The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron.

 Bloom"ing, a. 1. Opening in blossoms; flowering.

2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; indicating the freshness and beauties of youth or health.

 Bloom"ing*ly, adv. In a blooming manner.

 Bloom"ing*ness, n. A blooming condition.

 Bloom"less, a. Without bloom or flowers. Shelley.
 Bloom"y (&?;), a. 1. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with the vigor of youth; as, a bloomy spray.

 But all the bloomy flush of life is fled. Goldsmith.
2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. Dryden.
 Blooth (&?;), n. Bloom; a blossoming. [Prov. Eng.]

 All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and his hands.
T. Hardy.
 Blore (&?;), n. [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i.; or cf.
 Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.] The act of blowing; a roaring wind; a blast. [Obs.]

 A most tempestuous blore. Chapman.
 Blos"my (&?;), a. Blossomy. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Blos"som (bls"sm), n. [OE. blosme, blostme, AS. blsma, blstma, blossom; akin to D. bloesem, L. fios, and E. flower; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.] 1. The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages; florescence; bloom; the flowers of a plant, collectively; as, the blossoms and fruit of a tree; an apple tree in blossom.

 The term has been applied by some botanists, and is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have reference to the fruit which is to succeed.
 Thus we use flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for ornament, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers.

Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day. Longfellow.
2. A blooming period or stage of development; something lovely that gives rich promise.

 In the blossom of my youth. Massinger.
3. The color of a horse that has white hairs intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs; -- otherwise called peach color.

In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom.

 Blos"som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] [AS. bl&?;stmian. See Blossom, n.] 1. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to blow; to flower.

 The moving whisper of huge trees that branched And blossomed.
Tennyson.
2. To flourish and prosper.

 Israel shall blossom and bud, and full the face of the world with fruit. Isa. xxvii. 6.
 Blos"som*less, a. Without blossoms.

 Blos"som*y (&?;), a. Full of blossoms; flowery.

 Blot (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blotting.] [Cf. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.]

1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink.

 The brief was writ and blotted all with gore. Gascoigne.
2. To impair; to damage; to mar; to soil.

 It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads. Shak.
3. To stain with infamy; to disgrace.

Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. Rowe.
4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; to cancel; to efface; -- generally with out; as, to blot out a word or a sentence.
 Often figuratively; as, to blot out offenses.

 One act like this blots out a thousand crimes. Dryden.
5. To obscure; to eclipse; to shadow.

 He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane. Cowley.
6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper.

Syn. -- To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; cancel; tarnish; disgrace; blur; sully; smear; smutch.

 Blot, v. i. To take a blot; as, this paper blots easily.

 Blot, n. [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur. "Inky blots and rotten parchment bonds." Shak.
2. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure. Dryden.
3. A spot on reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach; a blemish.

 This deadly blot in thy digressing son. Shak.
 Blot, n. [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, d. bloot, G. bloss, and perh. E. bloat.] 1. (Backgammon) (a) An exposure of a single man to be taken up. (b) A single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up.


Astron.) A meteor appearing to radiate from a point in the constellation Andromeda, -- whence the name.

 A shower of these meteors takes place every year on November 27th or 28th.
 The Andromedes are also called Bielids, as they are connected with Biela's comet and move in its orbit.

 ||An'dro*po"gon (?), n. [NL.; Gr. 'anh'r, 'andro's, man + pw'gwn the beard.] (Bot.) A very large and important genus of grasses, found in nearly all parts of the world. It includes the lemon grass of Ceylon and the beard grass, or broom sedge, of the United States. The principal subgenus is Sorghum, including A. sorghum and A. halepensis, from which have been derived the Chinese sugar cane, the Johnson grass, the Aleppo grass, the broom corn, and the durra, or Indian millet. Several East Indian species, as A. nardus and A. schœnanthus, yield fragrant oils, used in perfumery.

 ||An'e*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.&?; wind.] A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds upon the trunk; wind shake.

 { ||An*er"gi*a, An"er*gy (?), } n. [NL. anergia, fr. Gr.
 &?;- not + &?; work.] Lack of energy; inactivity. -- An*er"gic (#), a.
 ||An'gi*o"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -omata (#). [NL.; angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood or lymph vessels. -- An'gi*om"a*tous (#), a.
 ||An'gi*o*neu*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; angio- + neurosis.]
 (Med.) Any disorder of the vasomotor system; neurosis of a blood vessel. -- An'gi*o*neu*rot"ic (#), a. An'gi*op"a*thy (?), n. [Angio- + Gr. &?; disease.] (Med.)
 Disease of the vessels, esp. the blood vessels.

 An"gle of en"try. (Aëronautics) The angle between the tangent to the advancing edge (of an aërocurve) and the line of motion; -- contrasted with angle of trail, which is the angle between the tangent to the following edge and the line of motion.

 Angle of incidence. (Aëronautics) The angle between the chord of an aërocurve and the relative direction of the undisturbed air current.

 An"glo-Ca*thol"i*cism (?), n. The belief of those in the Church of England who accept many doctrines and practices which they maintain were those of the primitive, or true, Catholic Church, of which they consider the Church of England to be the lineal descendant.

 An*gus"ti*clave (n*gs"t*klv), n. [L. angustus narrow + clavus a nail, a stripe.] (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow stripe of purple worn by the equites on each side of the tunic as a sign of rank.

 An"i*lin*ism (?), n. [Aniline + -ism.] (Med.)
 A disease due to inhaling the poisonous fumes present in the manufacture of aniline.

 An'i*mal"cu*lism (?), n. (Biol.) The theory that the spermatozoön and not the ovum contains the whole of the embryo; spermatism; -- opposed to ovism.

 ||An'i*so*co"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; pupil.]
 (Med.) Inequality of the pupils of the eye.

 An"i*sol (?), n. [Anisic + - ol.] (Chem.)
 Methyl phenyl ether, C6H5OCH3, got by distilling anisic acid or by the action of methide on potassium phenolate.

 ||An'i*so*me*tro"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; measure + &?;, &?;, eye.] Unequal refractive power in the two eyes.

 An"i*so*spore' (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + isospore.] (Biol.)
 A sexual spore in which the sexes differ in size; -- opposed to isospore.

 An"i*syl (?), n. (Org. Chem.) (a) The univalent radical, CH3OC6H4, of which anisol is the hydride. (b) The univalent radical CH3OC6H4CH2; as, anisyl alcohol. (c) The univalent radical CH3OC6H4CO, of anisic acid.

 ||A*ni"to (?), n.; pl. - tos (#). [Sp.] In Guam and the Philippines, an idol, fetich, or spirit.

 Ankh (?), n. [Egypt.] (Egypt. Archæol.) A tau cross with a loop at the top, used as an attribute or sacred emblem, symbolizing generation or enduring life. Called also crux ansata.

 ||An"kus (?), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. akuça.] An elephant goad with a sharp spike and hook, resembling a short-handled boat hook.
 [India] Kipling.
 ||An'ky*los*to*mi"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Ankylostoma, var.
 of Agchylostoma, generic name of one genus of the parasitic nematodes.] (Med.) A disease due to the presence of the parasites Agchylostoma duodenale, Uncinaria (subgenus Necator) americana, or allied nematodes, in the small intestine. When present in large numbers they produce a severe anæmia by sucking the blood from the intestinal walls. Called also miner's anæmia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anæmia, Egyptian chlorosis.

 ||An"laut' (?), n. [G.; an on + laut sound.] (Phon.)
 An initial sound, as of a word or syllable.

 -- Im anlaut, initially; when initial; -- used of sounds.

 An*nun'ci*a"tion lil"y (?). (Bot.) The common white lily (Lilium candidum). So called because it is usually introduced by painters in pictures of the Annunciation.

 An'o*et"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; unthinkable; &?; priv. + &?; perceptible, thinkable.] 1. Unthinkable. [Rare] 2. (Psychol.) Not subject to conscious attention; having an indefinite, relatively passive, conscious being; characteristic of the "fringe" or "margin" of consciousness.

 Presentation considered as having an existence relatively independent of thought, may be called sentience, or anoetic consciousness.
 Thought and sentience are fundamentally distinct mental functions.

G. F. Stout.
 ||A*noph"e*les (*nf"*lz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'anwfelh's useless, hurtful.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mosquitoes which are secondary hosts of the malaria parasites, and whose bite is the usual, if not the only, means of infecting human beings with malaria. Several species are found in the United States. They may be distinguished from the ordinary mosquitoes of the genus Culex by the long slender palpi, nearly equaling the beak in length, while those of the female Culex are very short. They also assume different positions when resting, Culex


nearly allied to the boas. Called also rock snake.

 The pythons have small pelvic bones, or anal spurs, two rows of subcaudal scales, and pitted labials. They are found in Africa, Asia, and the East Indies.

2. A diviner by spirits. "[Manasses] observed omens, and appointed pythons." 4 Kings xxi. 6 (Douay version).
 Pyth"o*ness (?), n. [L. pythonissa: cf. F. pythonisse.
 See Pythian.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) The priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi in Greece.

2. Any woman supposed to have a spirit of divination; a sort of witch. Bp. Hall.
 Py*thon"ic (?), a. [L. pythonicus, Gr. &?;. See Pythian.]
 Prophetic; oracular; pretending to foretell events.

 Pyth"o*nism (?), n. The art of predicting events after the manner of the priestess of Apollo at Delphi; equivocal prophesying.

 Pyth"o*nist (?), n. A conjurer; a diviner.

 ||Pyth'o*no*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL. See Python, and -morphous.] (Paleon.)
 Same as Mosasauria.

 ||Py*u"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pus + &?; urine.] (Med.)
 A morbid condition in which pus is discharged in the urine.

 Pyx (?), n. [L. pyxis a box, Gr. pyxi's a box, especially of boxwood, fr. py'xos the box tree or boxwood. See Box a receptacle.]
 [Written also pix.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) The box, case, vase, or tabernacle, in which the host is reserved.

2. A box used in the British mint as a place of deposit for certain sample coins taken for a trial of the weight and fineness of metal before it is sent from the mint. Mushet.
3. (Naut.) The box in which the compass is suspended; the binnacle. Weale.
4. (Anat.) Same as Pyxis.

Pyx cloth (R. C. Ch.), a veil of silk or lace covering the pyx. -- Trial of the pyx, the annual testing, in the English mint, of the standard of gold and silver coins. Encyc. Brit.
 Pyx, v. t. To test as to weight and fineness, as the coins deposited in the pyx. [Eng.] Mushet.
 Pyx"i*date (?), a. Having a pyxidium.

 ||Pyx*id"i*um (?), n.; pl. Pyxidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?;, dim. a &?; a box. See Pyx.] (Bot.) (a) A pod which divides circularly into an upper and lower half, of which the former acts as a kind of lid, as in the pimpernel and purslane. (b) The theca of mosses.

 Pyx"ie (pks"), n. (Bot.) Same as Pixy.

 ||Pyx*is (?), n. [L.] 1. A box; a pyx.

2. (Bot.) A pyxidium.

3. (Anat.) The acetabulum. See Acetabulum, 2.

 Q. Q (k), the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet, has but one sound (that of k), and is always followed by u, the two letters together being sounded like kw, except in some words in which the u is silent. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 249. Q is not found in Anglo-Saxon, cw being used instead of qu; as in cwic, quick; cwen, queen. The name (k) is from the French ku, which is from the Latin name of the same letter; its form is from the Latin, which derived it, through a Greek alphabet, from the Phœnician, the ultimate origin being Egyptian.

 Etymologically, q or qu is most nearly related to a (ch, tch), p, q, and wh; as in cud, quid, L. equus, ecus, horse, Gr. &?;, whence E. equine, hippic; L. quod which, E. what; L. aquila, E. eaqle; E. kitchen, OE. kichene, AS. cycene, L. coquina.

 Qua (?), conj. [L., abl. of qui who.] In so far as; in the capacity or character of; as.

 It is with Shelley's biographers qua biographers that we have to deal.

London Spectator.
 Quab (?), n. [Cf. D. kwab eelpout, Dan. quabbe, G. quabbe, quappe, LG. quabbe a fat lump of flesh, and L. capito a kind of fish with a large head, fr. caput the head, also E. squab.]
 An unfledged bird; hence, something immature or unfinished. Ford.
 Quab, v. i. See Quob, v. i. Qua"-bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American night heron.
 See under Night.

 Qua"cha (?), n. (Zoöl.) The quagga.

 Quack (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Qvacked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Quacking.] [Of imitative origin; cf. D. kwaken, G. quacken, quaken, Icel. kvaka to twitter.]

1. To utter a sound like the cry of a duck.

2. To make vain and loud pretensions; to boast. " To quack of universal cures." Hudibras.
3. To act the part of a quack, or pretender.

 Quack, n. 1. The cry of the duck, or a sound in imitation of it; a hoarse, quacking noise. Chaucer.
2. [Cf. Quacksalver.] A boastful pretender to medical skill; an empiric; an ignorant practitioner.

3. Hence, one who boastfully pretends to skill or knowledge of any kind not possessed; a charlatan.

Quacks political; quacks scientific, academical.

Carlyle.
 Quack, a. Pertaining to or characterized by, boasting and pretension; used by quacks; pretending to cure diseases; as, a quack medicine; a quack doctor.

 Quack"er*y (?), n.; pl. Quackeries (&?;). The acts, arts, or boastful pretensions of a quack; false pretensions to any art; empiricism. Carlyle.
 Quack" grass' (?). (Bot.) See Quitch grass.

 Quack"ish, a. Like a quack; boasting; characterized by quackery. Burke.
 Quack"ism (?), n. Quackery. Carlyle.
 Quac"kle (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Quackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Quackling (?).] [Cf.Querken.] To suffocate; to choke. [Prov. Eng.]

 Quack"sal*ver (?), n. [D. kwakzalver; cf. kwakzalven to quack or boast of one's salves. See Quack, Salve, n.] One who boasts of his skill in medicines and salves, or of the efficacy of his prescriptions; a charlatan; a quack; a mountebank. [Obs.] Burton.
 { Quad (?), Quade (?) }, a. [Akin to AS. cwd, cwead, dung, evil, G. kot,


we do not know the average specific gravity of the earth—that being in fact what we want to find out—we take a globe of lead, four feet in diameter, let us suppose. By means of a balance of the most exquisite construction it is found that such a globe does exert a minute attraction on small bodies around it, and that this attraction is a little more than the ten-millionth part of that of the earth. This shows that the specific gravity of the lead is a little greater than that of the average of the whole earth. All the minute calculations made, it is found that the earth, in order to attract with the force it does, must be about five and one-half times as heavy as its bulk of water, or perhaps a little more. Different experimenters find different results; the best between 5.5 and 5.6, so that 5.5 is, perhaps, as near the number as we can now get. This is much more than the average specific gravity of the materials which compose that part of the earth which we can reach by digging mines. The difference arises from the fact that, at the depth of many miles, the matter composing the earth is compressed into a smaller space by the enormous weight of the portions lying above it. Thus, at the depth of 1000 miles, the pressure on every cubic inch is more than 2000 tons, a weight which would greatly condense the hardest metal.
We come now to the planets. I have said that the mass or weight of a heavenly body is determined by its attraction on some other body. There are two ways in which the attraction of a planet may be measured. One is by its attraction on the planets next to it. If these bodies did not attract one another at all, but only moved under the influence of the sun, they would move in orbits having the form of ellipses. They are found to move very nearly in such orbits, only the actual path deviates from an ellipse, now in one direction and then in another, and it slowly changes its position from year to year. These deviations are due to the pull of the other planets, and by measuring the deviations we can determine the amount of the pull, and hence the mass of the planet.
The reader will readily understand that the mathematical processes necessary to get a result in this way must be very delicate and complicated. A much simpler method can be used in the case of those planets which have satellites revolving round them, because the attraction of the planet can be determined by the motions of the satellite. The first law of motion teaches us that a body in motion, if acted on by no force, will move in a straight line. Hence, if we see a body moving in a curve, we know that it is acted on by a force in the direction towards which the motion curves. A familiar example is that of a stone thrown from the hand. If the stone were not attracted by the earth, it would go on forever in the line of throw, and leave the earth entirely. But under the attraction of the earth, it is drawn down and down, as it travels onward, until finally it reaches the ground. The faster the stone is thrown, of course, the farther it will go, and the greater will be the sweep of the curve of its path. If it were a cannon-ball, the first part of the curve would be nearly a right line.
If we could fire a cannon-ball horizontally from the top of a high mountain with a velocity of five miles a second, and if it were not resisted by the air, the curvature of the path would be equal to that of the surface of our earth, and so the ball would never reach the earth, but would revolve round it like a little satellite in an orbit of its own. Could this be done, the astronomer would be able, knowing the velocity of the ball, to calculate the attraction of the earth as well as we determine it by actually observing the motion of falling bodies around us.
Thus it is that when a planet, like Mars or Jupiter, has satellites revolving round it, astronomers on the earth can observe the attraction of the planet on its satellites and thus determine its mass. The rule for doing this is very simple. The cube of the distance between the planet and satellite is divided by the square of the time of revolution of the satellite. The quotient is a number which is proportional to the mass of the planet. The rule applies to the motion of the moon round the earth and of the planets round the sun. If we divide the cube of the earth's distance from the sun, say 93,000,000 miles, by the square of 365 1/4, the days in a year, we shall get a certain quotient. Let us call this number the sun-quotient. Then, if we divide the cube of the moon's distance from the earth by the square of its time of revolution, we shall get another quotient, which we may call the earth-quotient.
The sun-quotient will come out about 330,000 times as large as the earth-quotient. Hence it is concluded that the mass of the sun is 330,000 times that of the earth; that it would take this number of earths to make a body as heavy as the sun.
I give this calculation to illustrate the principle; it must not be supposed that the astronomer proceeds exactly in this way and has only this simple calculation to make. In the case of the moon and earth, the motion and distance of the former vary in consequence of the attraction of the sun, so that their actual distance apart is a changing quantity.
So what the astronomer actually does is to find the attraction of the earth by observing the length of a pendulum which beats seconds in various latitudes. Then, by very delicate mathematical processes, he can find with great exactness what would be the time of revolution of a small satellite at any given distance from the earth, and thus can get the earth-quotient.
But, as I have already pointed out, we must, in the case of the planets, find the quotient in question by means of the satellites; and it happens, fortunately, that the motions of these bodies are much less changed by the attraction of the sun than is the motion of the moon.
Thus, when we make the computation for the outer satellite of Mars, we find the quotient to be 1/_PHONE_ that of the sun-quotient. Hence we conclude that the mass of Mars is 1/_PHONE_ that of the sun. By the corresponding quotient, the mass of Jupiter is found to be about 1/1047 that of the sun, Saturn 1/3500, Uranus 1/22700, Neptune 1/19500.
We have set forth only the great principle on which the astronomer has proceeded for the purpose in question. The law of gravitation is at the bottom of all his work. The effects of this law require mathematical processes which it has taken two hundred years to bring to their present state, and which are still far from perfect. The measurement of the distance of a satellite is not a job to be done in an evening; it requires patient labor extending through months and years, and then is not as exact as the astronomer would wish. He does the best he can, and must be satisfied with that.
IX THE MARINER'S COMPASS Among those provisions of Nature which seem to us as especially designed for the use of man, none is more striking than the seeming magnetism of the earth. What would our civilization have been if the mariner's compass had never been known? That Columbus could never have crossed the Atlantic is certain; in what generation since his time our continent would have been discovered is doubtful. Did the reader ever reflect what a problem the captain of the finest ocean liner of our day would face if he had to cross the ocean without this little instrument?
With the aid of a pilot he gets his ship outside of Sandy Hook without much difficulty. Even later, so long as the sun is visible and the air is clear, he will have some apparatus for sailing by the direction of the sun. But after a few hours clouds cover the sky. From that moment he has not the slightest idea of east, west, north, or south, except so far as he may infer it from the direction in which he notices the wind to blow. For a few hours he may be guided by the wind, provided he is sure he is not going ashore on Long Island. Thus, in time, he feels his way out into the open sea. By day he has some idea of direction with the aid of


THE LAMP AND THE BELL A Drama In Five Acts By Edna St. Vincent Millay Written on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Vassar College Alumnae Association Dedicated to '1917' PROLOGUE ACT I ACT II ACT III ACT IV ACT V PROLOGUE ACT I ACT II ACT III ACT IV ACT V Scene 2 [The court-room in the palace at Fiori, extremely crowded with restless and expectant people. The crowd is arranged on both sides of the stage, in such a way that a broad avenue is left in the middle, leading from the footlights to the back of the stage and gradually narrowing to a point at Beatrice's throne. On the extreme right and left of the stage, along the back of the crowd, stands the guard, a large body of armed soldiers, at attention, in double row. On either side the throne stands an armed soldier. As the curtain rises the court is all standing and looking off stage in a certain direction. Enter the Queen, Beatrice, from that direction, walks in, looking straight ahead, goes to the throne and seats herself. The court sits. The clerk begins to read.]


of the American Congregational churches). -- Bed and board. See under Bed.
 -- Board and board (Naut.), side by side. -- Board of control, six privy councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs of the British East Indies. Stormonth. -- Board rule, a figured scale for finding without calculation the number of square feet in a board. Haldeman. -- Board of trade, in England, a committee of the privy council appointed to superintend matters relating to trade. In the United States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and protection of their business interests; a chamber of commerce. -- Board wages. (a) Food and lodging supplied as compensation for services; as, to work hard, and get only board wages.
 (b) Money wages which are barely sufficient to buy food and lodging. (c) A separate or special allowance of wages for the procurement of food, or food and lodging. Dryden. -- By the board, over the board, or side. "The mast went by the board."
 Totten. Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow. -- To enter on the boards, to have one's name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as a student. [Cambridge, England.] "Having been entered on the boards of Trinity college."
 Hallam. -- To make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when close-hauled; to lose little to leeward. -- To make short boards, to tack frequently. -- On board. (a) On shipboard; in a ship or a boat; on board of; as, I came on board early; to be on board ship. (b) In or into a railway car or train. [Colloq. U. S.] -- Returning board, a board empowered to canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast at an election.
 [U.S.]

 Board, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Boarding.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding; as, to board a house. "The boarded hovel." Cowper.
2. [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, n.] To go on board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a friendly way.

 You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive news or make a communication. Totten.
3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.]

4. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation; to supply with daily meals.

5. To place at board, for compensation; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable.

 Board (&?;), v. i. To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation; as, he boards at the hotel.

 We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the same house. Spectator.
 Board, v. t. [F. aborder. See Abord, v. t.] To approach; to accost; to address; hence, to woo. [Obs.]

 I will board her, though she chide as loud As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak.
 Board"a*ble (&?;), a. That can be boarded, as a ship.

 Board"er (&?;), n. 1. One who has food statedly at another's table, or meals and lodgings in his house, for pay, or compensation of any kind.

2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship; one selected to board an enemy's ship. Totten.
 Board"ing, n. 1. (Naut.) The act of entering a ship, whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose.

 Both slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a frigate. Sir F. Drake.
2. The act of covering with boards; also, boards, collectively; or a covering made of boards.

3. The act of supplying, or the state of being supplied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and lodgings, for pay.

Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. -- Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy from boarding it. -- Boarding pike (Naut.), a pike used by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt to board it. Totten. -- Boarding school, a school in which pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction.

 Boar"fish' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A Mediterranean fish (Capros aper), of the family Caproidæ; -- so called from the resemblance of the extended lips to a hog's snout.
 (b) An Australian percoid fish (Histiopterus recurvirostris), valued as a food fish.

 Boar"ish, a. Swinish; brutal; cruel.

 In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs. Shak.
 Boast (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Boasting.] [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, n., noise, boasting; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw.
 pösa to swell; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. bosd. But these last may be from English.] 1.
 To vaunt one's self; to brag; to say or tell things which are intended to give others a high opinion of one's self or of things belonging to one's self; as, to boast of one's exploits courage, descent, wealth.

 By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves:.. not of works, lest any man should boast. Eph. ii. 8, 9.
2. To speak in exulting language of another; to glory; to exult.

 In God we boast all the day long. Ps. xliv. 8 Syn. -- To brag; bluster; vapor; crow; talk big.

 Boast, v. t. 1. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation; to extol.

 Lest bad men should boast Their specious deeds. Milton.
2. To display vaingloriously.

3. To possess or have; as, to boast a name.

To boast one's self, to speak with unbecoming confidence in, and approval of, one's self; -- followed by of and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic] Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii. 1 Boast, v. t. [Of uncertain etymology.] 1. (Masonry) To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale.
2. (Sculp.) To shape roughly as a preparation for the finer work to follow; to cut to the general form required.

 Boast, n. 1. Act of boasting; vaunting or bragging.

 Reason and morals? and where live they most, In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast! Byron.
2. The cause of boasting; occasion of pride or exultation, -- sometimes of laudable pride or exultation.

 The boast of historians. Macaulay.
 Boast"ance (&?;), n. Boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Boast"er (&?;), n. One who boasts; a braggart.

 Boast"er, n. A stone mason's broad-faced chisel.

 Boast"ful (&?;), a. Given to, or full of, boasting; inclined to boast


Coercitive power in laws."
 Jer. Taylor.
 Co*er"cive (?), a. Serving or intended to coerce; having power to constrain.

 -- Co*er"cive*ly, adv. -- Co*er"cive*ness, n. Coercive power can only influence us to outward practice. Bp.
 Warburton.
Coercive or Coercitive force (Magnetism), the power or force which in iron or steel produces a slowness or difficulty in imparting magnetism to it, and also interposes an obstacle to the return of a bar to its natural state when active magnetism has ceased. It plainly depends on the molecular constitution of the metal. Nichol.
 The power of resisting magnetization or demagnization is sometimes called coercive force. S. Thompson.
 Cœ'ru*lig"none (?), n. [L. coeruleus cerulean + lignum wood + E. quinone.] (Chem.) A bluish violet, crystalline substance obtained in the purification of crude wood vinegar. It is regarded as a complex quinone derivative of diphenyl; -- called also cedriret.

 Co'es*sen"tial (?), a. Partaking of the same essence. -- Co'es*sen"tial*ly, adv.
 We bless and magnify that coessential Spirit, eternally proceeding from both [The Father and the Son]. Hooker.
 Co'es*sen'ti*al"i*ty (? or?; 106), n. Participation of the same essence. Johnson.
 Co'es*tab"lish*ment (?), n. Joint establishment. Bp. Watson.
 Co'es*tate" (?), n. Joint estate. Smolett.
 Co'e*ta"ne*an (?), n. A person coetaneous with another; a contemporary. [R.]

 A... coetanean of the late earl of Southampton. Aubrey.
 Co'e*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. coaetaneus; co- + aetas age.] Of the same age; beginning to exist at the same time; contemporaneous.

 -- Co'e*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv.
 And all [members of the body] are coetaneous. Bentley.
 Co'e*ter"nal (?), a. Equally eternal. -- Co'e*ter"nal*ly, adv.
 Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first born! Or of the Eternal coeternal beam. Milton.
 Co'e*ter"ni*ty (?), n. Existence from eternity equally with another eternal being; equal eternity.

 Co*e"val (?), a. [L. coaevus; co- + aevum lifetime, age. See Age, n.] Of the same age; existing during the same period of time, especially time long and remote; -- usually followed by with.

 Silence! coeval with eternity! Pope.
 Oaks coeval spread a mournful shade. Cowper.
 Co*e"val, n. One of the same age; a contemporary.

 As if it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in wit.
Pope.
 Co*e"vous (?), a. Coeval [Obs.] South.
 Co'ex*ec"u*tor (?), n. A joint executor.

 Co'ex*ec"u*trix (?), n. A joint executrix.

 Co'ex*ist (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coexisted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Coexisting.] To exist at the same time; -- sometimes followed by with.

 Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of certain simple ideas coexisting together. Locke.
 So much purity and integrity... coexisting with so much decay and so many infirmities. Warburton.
 Co'ex*ist"ence (?), n. Existence at the same time with another; -- contemporary existence.

 Without the help, or so much as the coexistence, of any condition. Jer. Taylor.
 Co'ex*ist"ent (?), a. Existing at the same time with another. -- n. That which coexists with another.

 The law of coexistent vibrations. Whewell.
 Co'ex*ist"ing, a. Coexistent. Locke.
 Co'ex*tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coextended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Coextending.] To extend through the same space or time with another; to extend to the same degree.

 According to which the least body may be coextended with the greatest. Boyle.
 Has your English language one single word that is coextended through all these significations? Bentley.
 Co'ex*ten"sion (k'ks*tn"shn), n. The act of extending equally, or the state of being equally extended.

 Co'ex*ten"sive (?), a. Equally extensive; having equal extent; as, consciousness and knowledge are coextensive. Sir W. Hamilton.
 -- Co'ex*ten"sive*ly, adv. -- Co'ex*ten"sive*ness, n. Cof"fee (?; 115), n. [Turk. qahveh, Ar. qahuah wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Café.] 1. The "beans" or "berries" (pyrenes) obtained from the drupes of a small evergreen tree of the genus Coffea, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, Persia, and other warm regions of Asia and Africa, and also in tropical America.

2. The coffee tree.

 There are several species of the coffee tree, as, Coffea Arabica, C. occidentalis, and C. Liberica. The white, fragrant flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and the fruit is a red or purple cherrylike drupe, with sweet pulp, usually containing two pyrenes, commercially called "beans" or "berries".

3. The beverage made from the roasted and ground berry.

 They have in Turkey a drink called coffee.... This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion. Bacon.
 The use of coffee is said to have been introduced into England about 1650, when coffeehouses were opened in Oxford and London.

Coffee bug (Zoöl.), a species of scale insect (Lecanium coffæa), often very injurious to the coffee tree. -- Coffee rat (Zoöl.) See Musang.

 Cof"fee*house' (?), n. A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation.

 The coffeehouse must not be dismissed with a cursory mention. It might indeed, at that time, have been not improperly called a most important political institution.... The coffeehouses were the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself.... Every man of the upper or middle class went daily to his coffeehouse to learn the news and discuss it. Every coffeehouse had one or more orators, to whose eloquence the crowd listened with admiration, and who soon became what the journalists of our own time have been called -- a fourth estate of the realm. Macaulay.
 Cof"fee*man (?), n. One who keeps a coffeehouse. Addison.
 Cof"fee*pot (?), n. A covered pot in which coffee is prepared, or is brought upon the table for drinking.

 Cof"fee*room' (?), n. A public room where coffee and other refreshments may be obtained.

 Cof"fer (?; 115), n. [OF. cofre, F. coffre, L. cophinus basket, fr. Gr. &?;. Cf. Coffin, n.] 1. A casket, chest, or trunk; especially, one used


. See Twice, and cf. Twofold.]
 Twofold; double. [Obs.]

 Twig (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twigged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Twigging.] [Cf. Tweak.] To twitch; to pull; to tweak.
 [Obs. or Scot.]

 Twig, v. t. [Gael. tuig, or Ir. tuigim I understand.]

1. To understand the meaning of; to comprehend; as, do you twig me? [Colloq.] Marryat.
2. To observe slyly; also, to perceive; to discover. "Now twig him; now mind him." Foote.
 As if he were looking right into your eyes and twigged something there which you had half a mind to conceal.

Hawthorne.
 Twig, n. [AS. twig; akin to D. twijg, OHG. zwig, zwi, G. zweig, and probably to E. two.] A small shoot or branch of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or size.

 The Britons had boats made of willow twigs, covered on the outside with hides.

Sir T. Raleigh.
Twig borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small beetles which bore into twigs of shrubs and trees, as the apple-tree twig borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus). — Twig girdler. (Zoöl.)
 See Girdler, 3. — Twig rush (Bot.), any rushlike plant of the genus Cladium having hard, and sometimes prickly-edged, leaves or stalks. See Saw grass, under Saw.

 Twig, v. t. To beat with twigs.

 Twig"gen (?), a. Made of twigs; wicker. [Obs.]

 Twig"ger (?), n. A fornicator. [Eng.] Halliwell.
 Twig"gy (?), a. Of or pertaining to a twig or twigs; like a twig or twigs; full of twigs; abounding with shoots. " Twiggy trees." Evelyn.
 Twight (?), v. t. To twit. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Twight, obs. p. p. of Twitch. Chaucer.
 Twight"e (?), obs. imp. of Twitch. Chaucer.
 Twig"less (?), a. Having no twigs.

 Twig"some (?), a. Full of, or abounding in, twigs; twiggy. [R.] " Twigsome trees." Dickens.
 Twi"light' (?), n. [OE. twilight, AS. twi- (see Twice) + leóht light; hence the sense of doubtful or half light; cf. LG. twelecht, G. zwielicht. See Light.]

1. The light perceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the sun, or when the sun is less than 18° below the horizon, occasioned by the illumination of the earth's atmosphere by the direct rays of the sun and their reflection on the earth.

2. faint light; a dubious or uncertain medium through which anything is viewed.

 As when the sun... from behind the moon, In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds.

Milton.
 The twilight of probability.

Locke.
 Twi"light', a. 1. Seen or done by twilight. Milton.
2. Imperfectly illuminated; shaded; obscure.

 O'er the twilight groves and dusky caves.

Pope.
 Twill (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twilled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Twilling.] [Scotch tweel; probably from LG. twillen to make double, from twitwo; akin to AS. twi-, E. twiin twilight. See Twice, and cf. Tweed, Tweel.] To weave, as cloth, so as to produce the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs on the surface.

 Twill, n. [Scotch tweel. See Twill, v. t.] 1.
 An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs produced in textile fabrics by causing the weft threads to pass over one and under two, or over one and under three or more, warp threads, instead of over one and under the next in regular succession, as in plain weaving.

2. A fabric women with a twill.

3. [Perhaps fr. guill.] A quill, or spool, for yarn.

 Twil"ly (?), n. [C. Willy.] A machine for cleansing or loosening wool by the action of a revolving cylinder covered with long iron spikes or teeth; a willy or willying machine; — called also twilly devil, and devil. See Devil, n., 6, and Willy. Tomlinson.
 Twilt (?), n. [See Quilt.] A quilt. [Prov. Eng.]

 Twin (?), a. [OE. twin double, AS. getwinne two and two, pl., twins; akin to D. tweeling a twin, G. zwilling, OHG. zwiniling, Icel. tvennr, tvinnr, two and two, twin, and to AS. twitwo. See Twice, Two.] 1. Being one of two born at a birth; as, a twin brother or sister.

2. Being one of a pair much resembling one another; standing the relation of a twin to something else; — often followed by to or with.
 Shak.
3. (Bot.) Double; consisting of two similar and corresponding parts.

4. (Crystallog.) Composed of parts united according to some definite law of twinning. See Twin, n., 4.

Twin boat, or Twin ship (Naut.), a vessel whose deck and upper works rest on two parallel hulls. — Twin crystal. See Twin, n., 4. — Twin flower (Bot.), a delicate evergreen plant (Linnæa borealis) of northern climates, which has pretty, fragrant, pendulous flowers borne in pairs on a slender stalk.
 — Twin-screw steamer, a steam vessel propelled by two screws, one on either side of the plane of the keel.

 Twin, n. 1. One of two produced at a birth, especially by an animal that ordinarily brings forth but one at a birth; — used chiefly in the plural, and applied to the young of beasts as well as to human young.

2. pl. (Astron.) A sign and constellation of the zodiac; Gemini. See Gemini.

3. A person or thing that closely resembles another.

4. (Crystallog.) A compound crystal composed of two or more crystals, or parts of crystals, in reversed position with reference to each other.

 The relative position of the parts of a twin may be explained by supposing one part to be revolved 180° about a certain axis (called the twinning axis), this axis being normal to a plane (called the twinning plane) which is usually one of the fundamental planes of the crystal. This revolution brings the two parts into parallel position, or vice versa. A contact twin is one in which the parts are united by a plane surface, called the composition face, which is usually the same as the twinning plane. A penetration twin is one in which the parts interpenetrate each other, often very irregularly. Twins are also called, according to form, cruciform, geniculated, etc.

 Twin (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Twinning.] 1. To bring forth twins. Tusser.
2. To be born at the same birth. Shak.
 Twin, v. t. 1. To cause to be twins, or like twins in any way. Shak.
 Still we moved Together, twinned, as horse's ear and eye.

Tennyson.
2. To separate into two parts; to part; to divide; hence, to remove; also, to strip; to rob. [Obs.]

 The life


vertical line. (c) (Persp.) The plane passing through the point of sight, and perpendicular to the ground plane, and also to the picture. — Vertical sash, a sash sliding up and down. Cf. French sash, under 3d Sash. — Vertical steam engine, a steam engine having the crank shaft vertically above or below a vertical cylinder.

 Ver"ti*cal, n. 1. Vertical position; zenith. [R.]

2. (Math.) A vertical line, plane, or circle.

Prime vertical, Prime vertical dial. See under Prime, a. Ver'ti*cal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vertical; verticalness. [R.]

 The different points of the verticality.

Sir T. Browne.
 Ver"ti*cal*ly (?), adv. In a vertical manner, position, or direction; perpendicularly; as, to look down vertically; to raise a thing vertically.

 Ver"ti*cal*ness, n. Quality or state of being vertical.

 Ver"ti*cil (?), n. [L. verticillus, dim. of vertex a whirl: cf. F. verticille. See Vertex.] (Bot.) A circle either of leaves or flowers about a stem at the same node; a whorl.
 [Written also verticel.]

 Ver'ti*cil*las"ter (?), a. [NL., fr. L. verticillus a whirl + aster a star.] (Bot.) A whorl of flowers apparently of one cluster, but composed of two opposite axillary cymes, as in mint. See Illust.
 of Whorl.

 { Ver*tic"il*late (?; 277), Ver*tic"il*la'ted (?), } a. [See Verticil.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Arranged in a transverse whorl or whorls like the rays of a wheel; as, verticillate leaves of a plant; a verticillate shell.

 ||Ver'ti*cil"lus (?), n. [L., a whirl.] (Bot.) A whorl; a verticil.

 Ver*tic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. verticité. See Vertex.]
 The quality or power of turning; revolution; rotation. [R.] Locke.
 I hardly believe he hath from elder times unknown the verticity of the loadstone.

Sir T. Browne.
 Ver"ti*cle (?), n. [L. verticula a joint.] An axis; hinge; a turning point. E. Waterhouse.
 Ver*tig"i*nate (?), a. Turned round; giddy. [R.] Coleridge.
 Ver*tig"i*nous (?), a. [L. vertiginosus, fr. vertigo a whirling around, giddiness: cf. F. vertigineux. See Vertig&?;&?;.]
 1. Turning round; whirling; rotary; revolving; as, vertiginous motion.

 Some vertiginous whirl of fortune.

De Quincey.
2. Affected with vertigo; giddy; dizzy.

 They [the angels] grew vertiginous, and fell from the battlements of heaven.

Jer. Taylor.
 — Ver*tig"i*nous*ly, adv. — Ver*tig"i*nous*ness, n. Ver"ti*go (?; 277), n.; pl. E. Vertigoes (#), L. Vertigines (#). [L., fr. vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. (Med.)
 Dizziness or swimming of the head; an affection of the head in which objects, though stationary, appear to move in various directions, and the person affected finds it difficult to maintain an erect posture; giddiness. Quian.
2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small land snails belonging to the genus Vertigo, having an elongated or conical spiral shell and usually teeth in the aperture.

 Ver'ti*lin"e*ar (?), a. [Vertical + linear.]
 Straight; rectilinear. [R.]

 Ver"tu (?), n. 1. Virtue; power. See Virtue. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. See Virtu.

 Ver"tu*ous (?), a. Virtuous; powerful. [Obs.] Spenser.
 ||Ver'u*mon*ta"num (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) An elevation, or crest, in the wall of the urethra where the seminal ducts enter it.

 This is sometimes written veru montanum.

 Ver"vain (?), n. [OE. verveine, F. verveine, fr. L. verbena, pl. verbenae sacred boughs of laurel, olive, or myrtle, a class of plants; cf. verbenaca vervain. Cf. Verbena.] (Bot.)
 Any plant of the genus Verbena.

Vervain mallow (Bot.), a species of mallow (Malva Alcea) with rose-colored flowers.

 ||Verve, n. [F.] Excitement of imagination such as animates a poet, artist, or musician, in composing or performing; rapture; enthusiasm; spirit; energy.

 Ver"vel (?), n. See Varvel.

 Ver"vet (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South African monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus, or Lelandii). The upper parts are grayish green, finely specked with black. The cheeks and belly are reddish white.

 Ver"y (?), a. [Compar. Verier (?); superl. Veriest.]
 [OE. verai, verray, OF. verai, vrai, F. vrai, (assumed) LL. veracus, for L. verax true, veracious, fr. verus true; akin to OHG. & OS. wr, G. wahr, D. waar; perhaps originally, that is or exists, and akin to E. was. Cf. Aver, v. t., Veracious, Verdict, Verity.] True; real; actual; veritable.

 Whether thou be my very son Esau or not.

Gen. xxvii. 21.
 He that covereth a transgression seeketh love; but he that repeateth a matter separateth very friends.

Prov. xvii. 9.
 The very essence of truth is plainness and brightness.

Milton.
 I looked on the consideration of public service or public ornament to be real and very justice.

Burke.
Very is sometimes used to make the word with which it is connected emphatic, and may then be paraphrased by same, selfsame, itself, and the like. "The very hand, the very words." Shak. "The very rats instinctively have quit it." Shak.
 "Yea, there where very desolation dwells." Milton. Very is used occasionally in the comparative degree, and more frequently in the superlative. "Was not my lord the verier wag of the two?" Shak.
 "The veriest hermit in the nation." Pope. "He had spoken the very truth, and transformed it into the veriest falsehood." Hawthorne.
Very Reverend. See the Note under Reverend.

 Ver"y (?), adv. In a high degree; to no small extent; exceedingly; excessively; extremely; as, a very great mountain; a very bright sum; a very cold day; the river flows very rapidly; he was very much hurt.

 Ves"bi*um (?), n. [NL., from L. Vesuvius, contr. Vesbius, Vesuvius.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of which little is known. It is said by Scacchi to have been extracted from a yellowish incrustation from the cracks of a Vesuvian lava erupted in 1631.

 Vese (?), n. [Cf. Frese, n.] Onset


becomes e, and e becomes f, etc., we must regard these various magnitudes as different forms under which one and the same object makes its appearance. This capability of assuming various forms is the second essential property of all causes. Taking both properties together, we may say, causes an INDESTRUCTIBLE quantitatively, and quantitatively CONVERTIBLE objects.

 "There occur in nature two causes which apparently never pass one into the other," said Mayer. "The first class consists of such causes as possess the properties of weight and impenetrability. These are kinds of matter.
 The other class is composed of causes which are wanting in the properties just mentioned—namely, forces, called also imponderables, from the negative property that has been indicated. Forces are therefore INDESTRUCTIBLE, CONVERTIBLE, IMPONDERABLE OBJECTS.

 "As an example of causes and effects, take matter: explosive gas, H + O, and water, HO, are related to each other as cause and effect; therefore H + O = HO. But if H + O becomes HO, heat, cal., makes its appearance as well as water; this heat must likewise have a cause, x, and we have therefore H + O + X = HO + cal. It might be asked, however, whether H + O is really = HO, and x = cal., and not perhaps H + O = cal., and x = HO, whence the above equation could equally be deduced; and so in many other cases. The phlogistic chemists recognized the equation between cal. and x, or phlogiston as they called it, and in so doing made a great step in advance; but they involved themselves again in a system of mistakes by putting x in place of O. In this way they obtained H = HO + x.

 "Chemistry teaches us that matter, as a cause, has matter for its effect; but we may say with equal justification that to force as a cause corresponds force as effect. Since c = e, and e = c, it is natural to call one term of an equation a force, and the other an effect of force, or phenomenon, and to attach different notions to the expression force and phenomenon. In brief, then, if the cause is matter, the effect is matter; if the cause is a force, the effect is also a force.

 "The cause that brings about the raising of a weight is a force. The effect of the raised weight is, therefore, also a force; or, expressed in a more general form, SEPARATION IN SPACE OF PONDERABLE OBJECTS IS A FORCE; and since this force causes the fall of bodies, we call it FALLING FORCE.
 Falling force and fall, or, still more generally, falling force and motion, are forces related to each other as cause and effect—forces convertible into each other—two different forms of one and the same object. For example, a weight resting on the ground is not a force: it is neither the cause of motion nor of the lifting of another weight. It becomes so, however, in proportion as it is raised above the ground. The cause—that is, the distance between a weight and the earth, and the effect, or the quantity of motion produced, bear to each other, as shown by mechanics, a constant relation.

 "Gravity being regarded as the cause of the falling of bodies, a gravitating force is spoken of; and thus the ideas of PROPERTY and of FORCE are confounded with each other. Precisely that which is the essential attribute of every force—that is, the UNION of indestructibility with convertibility—is wanting in every property: between a property and a force, between gravity and motion, it is therefore impossible to establish the equation required for a rightly conceived causal relation. If gravity be called a force, a cause is supposed which produces effects without itself diminishing, and incorrect conceptions of the causal connections of things are thereby fostered. In order that a body may fall, it is just as necessary that it be lifted up as that it should be heavy or possess gravity. The fall of bodies, therefore, ought not to be ascribed to their gravity alone. The problem of mechanics is to develop the equations which subsist between falling force and motion, motion and falling force, and between different motions. Here is a case in point: The magnitude of the falling force v is directly proportional (the earth's radius being assumed—oo) to the magnitude of the mass m, and the height d, to which it is raised—that is, v = md. If the height d = l, to which the mass m is raised, is transformed into the final velocity c = l of this mass, we have also v = mc; but from the known relations existing between d and c, it results that, for other values of d or of c, the measure of the force v is mc squared; accordingly v = md = mcsquared. The law of the conservation of vis viva is thus found to be based on the general law of the indestructibility of causes.

 "In many cases we see motion cease without having caused another motion or the lifting of a weight. But a force once in existence cannot be annihilated—it can only change its form. And the question therefore arises, what other forms is force, which we have become acquainted with as falling force and motion, capable of assuming? Experience alone can lead us to a conclusion on this point. That we may experiment to advantage, we must select implements which, besides causing a real cessation of motion, are as little as possible altered by the objects to be examined. For example, if we rub together two metal plates, we see motion disappear, and heat, on the other hand, make its appearance, and there remains to be determined only whether MOTION is the cause of heat. In order to reach a decision on this point, we must discuss the question whether, in the numberless cases in which the expenditure of motion is accompanied by the appearance of heat, the motion has not some other effect than the production of heat, and the heat some other cause than the motion.

 "A serious attempt to ascertain the effects of ceasing motion has never been made. Without wishing to exclude a priori the hypothesis which it may be possible to establish, therefore, we observe only that, as a rule, this effect cannot be supposed to be an alteration in the state of aggregation of the moved (that is, rubbing, etc.) bodies. If we assume that a certain quantity of motion v is expended in the conversion of a rubbing substance m into n, we must then have m + v - n, and n = m + v; and when n is reconverted into m, v must appear again in some form or other.

 "By the friction of two metallic plates continued for a very long time, we can gradually cause the cessation of an immense quantity of movement; but would it ever occur to us to look for even the smallest trace of the force which has disappeared in the metallic dust that we could collect, and to try to regain it thence? We repeat, the motion cannot have been annihilated; and contrary, or positive and negative, motions cannot be regarded as = o any more than contrary motions can come out of nothing, or a weight can raise itself.

 "Without the recognition of a causal relation between motion and heat, it is just as difficult to explain the production of heat as it is to give any account of the motion that disappears. The heat cannot be derived from the diminution of the volume of the rubbing substances. It is well known that two pieces of ice may be melted by rubbing them together in vacuo; but let any one try to convert ice into water by pressure, however enormous. The author has found that water undergoes a rise of temperature when shaken violently. The water so heated (from twelve to thirteen degrees centigrade) has a greater bulk after being shaken than it had before. Whence now comes this quantity of heat, which by repeated shaking may be called into existence in the same apparatus as often as we please?
 The vibratory hypothesis of heat is an approach towards the doctrine of heat being the effect of motion, but it does not favor the admission of this causal relation in its full generality. It rather lays the chief stress on restless oscillations.

 "If it be considered as now established that in many cases no other effect of motion can be traced except heat, and that no other cause than motion can be found for the heat that is produced, we prefer the assumption that heat proceeds from motion to the assumption of a cause without effect and of an effect without


and the feeder. When a litter of pigs is produced the bunch is divided equally, the sow remaining the property of the owner and counting as one in the division. Throughout the Island of Luzon it is the practice to leave most male animals uncastrated.
But in Bontoc the boar not intended for breeding is castrated.
Hogs are raised for ceremonial consumption. They are commonly bought and sold within the pueblo, and are not infrequently sold outside. A pig weighing 10 pounds is worth about 3 pesos, and a hog weighing 60 or 70 pounds is valued at about 12 pesos.
Chicken The Bontoc domestic chickens were originally the wild fowl, found in all places in the Archipelago, although some of them have acquired varied colorings and markings, largely, probably, from black and white Spanish fowl, which are still found among them. The markings of the wild fowl, however, are the most common, and practically all small chickens are marked as are their wild kin. The wild fowl bears markings Page 110similar to those of the American black-breasted red game, though the fowls are smaller than the American game fowl. Each of the twelve wild cocks I have had in my hands had perfect five-pointed single combs, and the domestic cock of Bontoc also commonly has this perfect comb. I know of no people within the Bontoc area who now systematically domesticate the wild fowl, though this was found to be the custom of the Ibilao southeast of Dupax in the Province of Nueva Vizcaya. Those people catch the young wild fowl for domestication.
The Bontoc domestic fowl are not confined in a coop except at night, when they sleep in small cages placed on the ground in the dwelling houses. In the daytime they range about the pueblo feeding much in the pigpens, though they are fed a small amount of raw rice each morning. Their nests are in baskets secured under the eaves of the dwelling, and in those baskets the brooding hens hatch their chicks, from eight to twenty eggs being given a hen. The fowl is raised exclusively for ceremonial consumption, and is frequently sold in the pueblo for that purpose, being valued at from half a peso to a peso each. A wild fowl sells for half a peso.
In Banawi of the Quiangan area, south of Bontoc, one may find large capons, but Bontoc does not understand caponizing.
Dog The dog of the Bontoc Igorot is usually of a solid color, black, white, or yellow, really "buckskin" color. Where he originated is not known. He has none of the marks of the Asiatic dog which has left its impress everywhere in the lowlands of the west coast of Luzon—called in the Islands the "Chino" dog, and in the States the "Eskimo" dog. The Igorot dog is short-haired, sharp-eared, gaunt, and sinewy, with long legs and body. In height and length he ranges from a fair-sized fox terrier to a collie. I fail to see anything in him resembling the Australian dingo or the "yellow cur" of the States. The Ibilao have the same dog in two colors, the black and the "brindle"—the brown and black striped. In fact, a dog of the same general characteristics occurs throughout northern Luzon. No matter what may be his origin, a dog so widely diffused and so characteristically molded and marked must have been on the island long enough to have acquired its typical features here. The dog receives little attention from his owners. Twice each day he is fed sparingly with cooked rice or camotes. Except in the case of the few hunting dogs, he does nothing to justify his existence. He lies about the dwelling most of the time, and is a surly, more or less evil-tempered cur to strangers, though when a pueblo flees to the mountains from its attacking enemies the dog escapes in a spiritless way with the women and children. He is bred mainly for ceremonial consumption.
Page 111 In Benguet the Igorot eats his dog only after it has been reduced to skin and bones. I saw two in a house so poor that they did not raise their heads when I entered, and the man of the house said they would be kept twenty days longer before they would be reduced properly for eating. No such custom exists in Bontoc, but dogs are seldom fat when eaten. They are not often bought or sold outside the pueblo. A litter of pups is generally distributed about the town, and dogs are constantly bought and sold within the pueblo for ceremonial purposes. They are valued at from 2 to 4 pesos.
Clothing production Man's clothing Up to the age of 6 or 7 years the Igorot boys are as naked as when born. At that time they put on the suk′-lâng, the basket-work hat worn on the back of the head, held in place by a cord attached at both sides and passing across the forehead and usually hidden by the front hair. The suk′-lâng is made in nearly all pueblos in the Bontoc culture area. It does not extend uninterruptedly to the western border, however, since it is not worn at all in Agawa, and in some other pueblos near the Lepanto border, as Fidelisan and Genugan, it has a rival in the headband. The beaten-bark headband, called "a-pong′-ot," and the headband of cloth are worn by short-haired men, while the long-haired man invariably wears the hat. The suk′-lâng varies in shape from the fez-like ti-no-od′ of Bontoc and Samoki, through various hemispherical forms, to the low, flat hats developing eastward and perfected in the last mountains west of the Rio Grande de Cagayan. Barlig makes and wears a carved wooden hat, either hemispherical or slightly oval. It goes in trade to Ambawan.
The men of the Bontoc area also have a basket-work, conical rain hat. It is waterproof, being covered with beeswax. It is called "sĕg-fi′," and is worn only when it rains, at which time the suk′-lâng is often not removed.
About the age of 10 the boys frequently affect a girdle. These girdles are of four varieties. The one most common in Bontoc and Samoki is the song-kit-an′, made of braided bark-fiber strings, some six to twelve in number and about 12 feet long. They are doubled, and so make the girdle about 6 feet in length. The strings are the twisted inner bark of the same plants that play a large rôle in the manufacture of the woman's skirt. This girdle is usually worn twice around the body, though it is also employed as an apron, passing only once around the body and hanging down over the genitals (see Pl. XXI). Another girdle worn much in Tukukan, Kanyu, and Tulubin is called the "i-kĭt′." It is made of six to twelve braided strings of bejuco (see Pl. LXXX). It is constructed to fit the waist, has loops at both ends, passes once Page 112around the body, and fastens by a cord passing from one loop to the other. Both the sang-ki-tan′ and the i-kĭt′ are made by the women. A third class of girdles is made by the men. It is called ka′-kot, and is worn and attached quite as is the i-kĭt′.
It is a twisted rope of bejuco, often an inch in diameter, and is much worn in Mayinit. A fourth girdle, called "ka′-chĭng," is a chain, frequently a dog chain of iron purchased on the coast, oftener a chain manufactured by the men, and consisting of large, open links of commercial brass wire about one-sixth of an inch in diameter.
At about the age of puberty, say at 15, it is usual for the boy to possess a breechcloth, or wa′-nĭs. However, the cloth is worn by a large per cent of men in Bontoc and Samoki, not as a breechcloth but tucked under the girdle and hanging in front simply as an apron. Within the Bontoc area fully 50 per cent of the men wear the breechcloth simply as an apron.
There are several varieties of breechcloths in the area. The simplest of these is of flayed tree bark. It is made by women in Barlig, Tulubin, Titipan, Agawa, and other pueblos. It is made of white and reddish-brown bark, and sometimes the white ones are colored with red


A WOODLAND QUEEN ('Reine des Bois') By Andre Theuriet With a Preface by MELCHIOR DE VOGUE, of the French academy CONTENTS ANDRE THEURIET A WOODLAND QUEEN BOOK 1. CHAPTER I. THE UNFINISHED WILL CHAPTER II. THE HEIR TO VIVEY CHAPTER III. CONSCIENCE HIGHER THAN THE LAW BOOK 2. CHAPTER IV. THE DAWN OF LOVE CHAPTER V. LOVE'S INDISCRETION CHAPTER VI. LOVE BY PROXY BOOK 3. CHAPTER VII. THE STRANGE, DARK SECRET CHAPTER VIII. LOVE'S SAD ENDING CHAPTER IX. LOVE HEALS THE BROKEN HEART ANDRE THEURIET CLAUDE-ADHEMAR-ANDRE THEURIET was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise), October 8,1833. His ancestors came from Lorraine. He was educated at Bar-le-Duc and went to Paris in 1854 to study jurisprudence. After finishing his courses he entered the Department of the Treasury, and after an honorable career there, resigned as chef-de-bureau. He is a poet, a dramatist, but, above all, a writer of great fiction.

 As early as 1857 the poems of Theuriet were printed in the 'Revue de Paris' and the 'Revue des Deux Mondes'. His greatest novel, 'Reine des Bois' (Woodland Queen), was crowned by the Academie Francaise in 1890. To the public in general he became first known in 1870 by his 'Nouvelles Intimes'. Since that time he has published a great many volumes of poems, drama, and fiction. A great writer, he perhaps meets the wishes of that large class of readers who seek in literature agreeable rest and distraction, rather than excitement or aesthetic gratification. He is one of the greatest spirits that survived the bankruptcy of Romanticism. He excels in the description of country nooks and corners; of that polite rusticity which knows nothing of the delving laborers of 'La Terre', but only of graceful and learned leisure, of solitude nursed in revery, and of passion that seems the springtide of germinating nature. He possesses great originality and the passionate spirit of a 'paysagiste': pictures of provincial life and family-interiors seem to appeal to his most pronounced sympathies. His taste is delicate, his style healthy and frank, and at the same time limpid and animated.

 After receiving, in 1890, the Prix Vitet for the ensemble of his literary productions, he was elected to the Academy in 1896. To the stage Theuriet has given 'Jean-Marie', drama in verses (Odeon, February 11, 1871). It is yet kept on the repertoire together with his 'Maison de deux Barbeaux (1865), Raymonde (1887), and Les Maugars (1901).' His novels, tales, and poems comprise a long list. 'Le Bleu et le Noir' (1873) was also crowned by the Academy. Then followed, at short intervals: 'Mademoiselle Guignon (1874.); Le Mariage de Gerard (1875); La Fortune d'Angele (1876); Raymonde (1877),' a romance of modern life, vastly esteemed by the reading public; 'Le Don Juan de Vireloup (1877); Sous Bois, Impressions d'un Forestier (1878); Le Filleul d'un Marquis (1878); Les Nids (1879); Le fils Maugars (1879); La Maison de deux Barbeaux (1879); Toute seule (1880); Sauvageonne (1880), his most realistic work; Les Enchantements de la Foret (1881); Le Livre de la Payse (poetry, 1882); Madame Heurteloup (1882); Peche de Jeunesse (1883); Le Journal de Tristan, mostly autobiographical; Bigarreau (1885); Eusebe Lombard (1885); Les OEillets de Kerlatz (1885); Helene (1886); Nos Oiseaux (beautiful verses, 1886); La Vie Rustique (1887); Amour d'Automne (1888); Josette (1888); Deux Soeurs (1889); Contes pour les Soirs d'Hiver (1890); Charme Dangereux (1891); La Ronde des Saisons et des Mois (1889); La Charmeresse (1891); Fleur de Nice (1896); Bois Fleury (1897); Refuge (1898); Villa Tranquille (1899); Claudette (1900); La Petite Derniere (1901); Le Manuscrit du Chanoine (1902), etc.

 Besides this abundant production Andre Theuriet has also contributed to various journals and magazines: 'Le Moniteur, Le Musee Universal, L'Illustration, Le Figaro, Le Gaulois, La Republique Francaise, etc.; he has lectured in Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland, and has even found leisure to fill the post as Mayor of Bourg-la-Reine (Seine et Oise), perhaps no onerous office (_PHONE_). He has also been an 'Officier de la Legion d'Honneur' since 1895.

 A WOODLAND QUEEN BOOK 1.

 CHAPTER I. THE UNFINISHED WILL Toward the middle of October, about the time of the beechnut harvest, M. Eustache Destourbet, justice of the Peace of Auberive, accompanied by his clerk, Etienne Seurrot, left his home at Abbatiale, in order to repair to the Chateau of Vivey, where he was to take part in removing the seals on some property whose owner had deceased.

 At that period, 1857, the canton of Auberive, which stretches its massive forests like a thick wall between the level plain of Langres and the ancient Chatillonais, had but one main road of communication: that from Langres to Bar-sur-Aube. The almost parallel adjacent route, from Auberive to Vivey, was not then in existence; and in order to reach this last commune, or hamlet, the traveller had to follow a narrow grass-bordered path, leading through the forest up the hill of Charboniere, from the summit of which was seen that intermingling of narrow gorges and wooded heights which is so characteristic of this mountainous region. On all sides were indented horizons of trees, among which a few, of more dominant height, projected their sharp outlines against the sky; in the distance were rocky steeps, with here and there a clump of brambles, down which trickled slender rivulets; still farther, like little islands, half submerged in a sea of foliage, were pastures of tender green dotted with juniper bushes, almost black in their density, and fields of rye struggling painfully through the stony soil—the entire scene presenting a picture of mingled wildness and cultivation, aridity and luxuriant freshness.

 Justice Destourbet, having strong, wiry limbs, ascended cheerily the steep mountain-path. His tall, spare figure, always in advance of his companion, was visible through the tender green of the young oaks, clothed in a brown coat, a black cravat, and a very high hat, which the justice, who loved correctness in details, thought it his duty to don whenever called upon to perform his judicial functions. The clerk, Seurrot, more obese, and of maturer


material.

 Gut"tate (?), a. [L. guttatus. Cf. Gutty.] Spotted, as if discolored by drops.

 Gut"ta*ted (?), a. [See Guttate.] Besprinkled with drops, or droplike spots. Bailey.
 Gut"ta*trap (?), n. The inspissated juice of a tree of the genus Artocarpus (A. incisa, or breadfruit tree), sometimes used in making birdlime, on account of its glutinous quality.

 Gut"ter (?), n. [OE. gotere, OF. goutiere, F. gouttière, fr. OF. gote, goute, drop, F. goutte, fr. L. gutta.]

1. A channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away the rain; an eaves channel; an eaves trough.

2. A small channel at the roadside or elsewhere, to lead off surface water.

Gutters running with ale.

Macaulay.
3. Any narrow channel or groove; as, a gutter formed by erosion in the vent of a gun from repeated firing.

Gutter member (Arch.), an architectural member made by treating the outside face of the gutter in a decorative fashion, or by crowning it with ornaments, regularly spaced, like a diminutive battlement. -- Gutter plane, a carpenter's plane with a rounded bottom for planing out gutters. -- Gutter snipe, a neglected boy running at large; a street Arab. [Slang] -- Gutter stick (Printing), one of the pieces of furniture which separate pages in a form.

 Gut*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guttered (#); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Guttering.] 1. To cut or form into small longitudinal hollows; to channel. Shak.
2. To supply with a gutter or gutters. [R.] Dryden.
 Gut"ter, v. i. To become channeled, as a candle when the flame flares in the wind.

 ||Gut"ti*fer' (?), n. [NL., fr. L. gutta drop+ ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A plant that exudes gum or resin.

 Gut*tif"er*ous (?), a. (Bot.) (a) Yielding gum or resinous substances. (b) Pertaining to a natural order of trees and shrubs (Guttiferæ) noted for their abounding in a resinous sap.

 Gut"ti*form (?), a. [L. gutta a drop + -form.]
 Drop-shaped, as a spot of color.

 Gut"tle (?), v. t. & i. [From GUT, n.] To put into the gut; to swallow greedily; to gorge; to gormandize. [Obs.] L'Estrange. Dryden.
 Gut"tler (?), n. A greedy eater; a glutton. [Obs.]

 Gut"tu*lous (?), a. [L. guttula a little drop, dim. of gutta drop.] In droplike form. [Obs.]

 In its [hail's] guttulous descent from the air.

Sir T. Browne.
 Gut"tur*al (?), a. [L. guttur throat: cf. F. gutural.]
 Of or pertaining to the throat; formed in the throat; relating to, or characteristic of, a sound formed in the throat.

 Children are occasionally born with guttural swellings.

W. Guthrie.
 In such a sweet, guttural accent.

Landor.
 Gut"tur*al, n. A sound formed in the throat; esp., a sound formed by the aid of the back of the tongue, much retracted, and the soft palate; also, a letter representing such a sound.

 Gut"tur*al*ism (?), n. The quality of being guttural; as, the gutturalism of A [in the 16th cent.] Earle.
 Gut"tur*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being guttural. [R.] "The old gutturality of k." Earle.
 Gut"tur*al*ize (?), v. t. To speak gutturally; to give a guttural sound to.

 Gut"tur*al*ly, adv. In a guttural manner.

 Gut"tur*al*ness, n. The quality of being guttural.

 Gut"tur*ine (?), a. [L. guttur throat.] Pertaining to the throat. [Obs.] "Gutturine tumor." Ray.
 Gut"tur*ize (?), v. t. [L. guttur throat.] To make in the throat; to gutturalize. [R.]

 For which the Germans gutturize a sound.

Coleridge.
 Gut"tur*o- (?). A combining form denoting relation to the throat; as, gutturo-nasal, having both a guttural and a nasal character; gutturo-palatal.

 Gut"ty (?), a. [L. gutta drop: cf. F. goutté.
 Cf. Guttated.] (Her.) Charged or sprinkled with drops.

 Gut"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A plant, Globularia Alypum, a violent purgative, found in Africa.

 Guy (?), n. [Sp. guia guide, a guy or small rope used on board of ships to keep weighty things in their places; of Teutonic origin, and the same word as E. guide. See Guide, and cf. Gye.] A rope, chain, or rod attached to anything to steady it; as: a rope to steady or guide an object which is being hoisted or lowered; a rope which holds in place the end of a boom, spar, or yard in a ship; a chain or wire rope connecting a suspension bridge with the land on either side to prevent lateral swaying; a rod or rope attached to the top of a structure, as of a derrick, and extending obliquely to the ground, where it is fastened.

 Guy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guyed (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Guying.] To steady or guide with a guy.

 Guy, n. 1. A grotesque effigy, like that of Guy Fawkes, dressed up in England on the fifth of November, the day of the Gunpowder Plot.

 The lady... who dresses like a guy.

W. S. Gilbert.
2. A person of queer looks or dress. Dickens.
 Guy, v. t. To fool; to baffle; to make (a person) an object of ridicule. [Local & Collog U.S.]

 Guyle (?), v. t. To guile. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Guze (gz), n. [Cf. Gules.] (Her.) A roundlet of tincture sanguine, which is blazoned without mention of the tincture.

 Guz"zle (g"z'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Guzzled (-z'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Guzzling (-zlng).] [OP. gosillier, prob.
 orig., to pass through the throat; akin to F. gosier throat; cf.
 It. gozzo a bird's crop.] To swallow liquor greedily; to drink much or frequently.

 Those that came to guzzle in his wine cellar.

Milton.
 Well-seasoned bowls the gossip's spirits raise, Who, while she guzzles, chats the doctor's praise.

Roscommon.
 To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey.

Gay.
 Guz"zle, v. t. To swallow much or often; to swallow with immoderate gust; to drink greedily or continually


. -- Canada porcupine (Zoöl.)
 See Porcupine, and Urson. -- Canada rice (Bot.) See under Rick. -- Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird.

 Ca*na"di*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Canada. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Canada.

Canadian period (Geol.), A subdivision of the American Lower Silurian system embracing the calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy epochs. This period immediately follows the primordial or Cambrian period, and is by many geologists regarded as the beginning of the Silurian age, See the Diagram, under Geology.

 Ca*naille" (?), n. [F. canaille (cf. It. canaglia), prop. and orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. Canis dog.]

1. The lowest class of people; the rabble; the vulgar.

2. Shorts or inferior flour. [Canadian] Can"a*kin (?), n. [Dim. of can.] A little can or cup. "And let me the canakin clink." Shak.
 Ca*nal" (?), n. [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying "to cut"; cf. D. kanaal, fr.
 the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.]

1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc.

2. (Anat.) A tube or duct; as, the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear.

Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. -- Canal lock. See Lock.

 Can"al coal' (?). See Cannel coal.

 { Can'a*lic"u*late (?), Can'a*lic"u*la'ted (?), } a. [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.]
 Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms.

 ||Can'a*lic"u*lus (?), n.; pl. Canaliculi (#). [L.]
 (Anat.) A minute canal.

 Ca*nal'i*za"tion (?), n. Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.]

 Ca*nard" (?), n. [F., properly, a duck.] An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public.

 Can'a*rese" (?), a. Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India.

 Ca*na"ry (?), a. [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as, canary wine; canary birds.

2. Of a pale yellowish color; as, Canary stone.

Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. -- Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. -- Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. -- Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird.

 Ca*na"ry, n.; pl. Canaries (#). 1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. "A cup of canary." Shak.
2. A canary bird.

3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird.

4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.]

 Make you dance canary With sprightly fire and motion.
Shak.
 Ca*na"ry (?), v. i. To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.]

 But to jig of a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it with your feet. Shak.
 Ca*na"ry bird' (?). (Zoöl.) A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch.

 Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Tropæolum peregrinum) with canarycolored flowers of peculiar form; -- called also canary vine.

 Ca*nas"ter (?), n. [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.] A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; -- so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath.
 Can" buoy' (?). See under Buoy, n.
 ||Can"can (?), n. [F.] A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures.

 Can"cel (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. &?; latticed gate. Cf. Chancel.] 1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.]

 A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which... our Savior was scourged. Evelyn.
2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude.
 [Obs.] "Canceled from heaven." Milton.
3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate.

 A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; though the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it. Blackstone.
4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall.

 The indentures were canceled. Thackeray.
 He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion. Sir W. Scott.
5. (Print.) To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type.

Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics.

Syn. -- To blot out; obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish.

 Can"cel, n. [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.]

1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.]

 A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit... desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Print) (a) The suppression or striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed.

 Can'cel*ier" (?), v. i. [F. chanceler, OF.


]

 Stout (?), a. [Compar. Stouter (?); superl. Stoutest.]
 [D. stout bold (or OF. estout bold, proud, of Teutonic origin); akin to AS. stolt, G. stolz, and perh. to E. stilt.]
 1. Strong; lusty; vigorous; robust; sinewy; muscular; hence, firm; resolute; dauntless.

 With hearts stern and stout.

Chaucer.
 A stouter champion never handled sword.

Shak.
 He lost the character of a bold, stout, magnanimous man.

Clarendon.
 The lords all stand To clear their cause, most resolutely stout.

Daniel.
2. Proud; haughty; arrogant; hard. [Archaic] Your words have been stout against me.

Mal. iii. 13.
 Commonly... they that be rich are lofty and stout.

Latimer.
3. Firm; tough; materially strong; enduring; as, a stout vessel, stick, string, or cloth.

4. Large; bulky; corpulent.

Syn. -- Stout, Corpulent, Portly. Corpulent has reference simply to a superabundance or excess of flesh. Portly implies a kind of stoutness or corpulence which gives a dignified or imposing appearance. Stout, in our early writers (as in the English Bible), was used chiefly or wholly in the sense of strong or bold; as, a stout champion; a stout heart; a stout resistance, etc. At a later period it was used for thickset or bulky, and more recently, especially in England, the idea has been carried still further, so that Taylor says in his Synonyms: "The stout man has the proportions of an ox; he is corpulent, fat, and fleshy in relation to his size." In America, stout is still commonly used in the original sense of strong as, a stout boy; a stout pole.

 Stout, n. A strong malt liquor; strong porter. Swift.
 Stout"-heart"ed (?), a. Having a brave heart; courageous. -- Stout"-heart"ed*ness, n. Stout"ish, a. Somewhat stout; somewhat corpulent.

 Stout"ly, adv. In a stout manner; lustily; boldly; obstinately; as, he stoutly defended himself.

 Stout"ness, n. The state or quality of being stout.

Syn. -- Strength; bulk; courage; force; valor; lustiness; brawniness; boldness; fortitude; stubbornness.

 Stove (?), imp. of Stave.

 Stove, n. [D. stoof a foot stove, originally, a heated room, a room for a bath; akin to G. stube room, OHG. stuba a heated room, AS. stofe, Icel. stofa a room, bathing room, Sw. stufva, stuga, a room, Dan. stue; of unknown origin. Cf. Estufa, Stew, Stufa.] 1. A house or room artificially warmed or heated; a forcing house, or hothouse; a drying room; -- formerly, designating an artificially warmed dwelling or room, a parlor, or a bathroom, but now restricted, in this sense, to heated houses or rooms used for horticultural purposes or in the processes of the arts.

 When most of the waiters were commanded away to their supper, the parlor or stove being nearly emptied, in came a company of musketeers.

Earl of Strafford.
 How tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together, as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the pole!

Burton.
2. An apparatus, consisting essentially of a receptacle for fuel, made of iron, brick, stone, or tiles, and variously constructed, in which fire is made or kept for warming a room or a house, or for culinary or other purposes.

Cooking stove, a stove with an oven, opening for pots, kettles, and the like, -- used for cooking. -- Dry stove. See under Dry. -- Foot stove. See under Foot. -- Franklin stove. See in the Vocabulary. -- Stove plant (Bot.), a plant which requires artificial heat to make it grow in cold or cold temperate climates. -- Stove plate, thin iron castings for the parts of stoves.

 Stove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoving.] 1. To keep warm, in a house or room, by artificial heat; as, to stove orange trees. Bacon.
2. To heat or dry, as in a stove; as, to stove feathers.

 Stove"house' (?), n. A hothouse.

 Stove"pipe' (?), n. Pipe made of sheet iron in length and angular or curved pieces fitting together, -- used to connect a portable stove with a chimney flue.

Stovepipe hat, the common tall silk hat. [Slang, U.S.]

 Sto"ver (?), n. [OE. estoveir, estovoir, necessity, provisions, properly an inf., "to be necessary." Cf. Estovers.] Fodder for cattle, especially straw or coarse hay.

 Where live nibbling sheep, And flat meads thatched with stover them to keep.

Shak.
 Thresh barley as yet but as need shall require, Fresh threshed for stover thy cattle desire.

Tusser.
 Stow (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stowed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stowing.] [OE. stowen, fr. stowe a place, AS. stow; cf. Icel. eldsta fireplace, hearth, OFries. st, and E. stand. √163.] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass; to put in its proper place, or in a suitable place; to pack; as, to stowbags, bales, or casks in a ship's hold; to stow hay in a mow; to stow sheaves.

 Some stow their oars, or stop the leaky sides.

Dryden.
2. To put away in some place; to hide; to lodge.

 Foul thief! where hast thou stowed my daughter?

Shak.
3. To arrange anything compactly in; to fill, by packing closely; as, to stow a box, car, or the hold of a ship.

 Stow"age (?), n. 1. The act or method of stowing; as, the stowage of provisions in a vessel.

2. Room in which things may be stowed. Cook.
 In every vessel is stowage for immense treasures.

Addison.
3. The state of being stowed, or put away. "To have them in safe stowage."
 Shak.
4. Things stowed or packed. Beau. & Fl.
5. Money paid for stowing goods.

 Stow"a*way' (?), n. One who conceals himself board of a vessel about to leave port, or on a railway train, in order to obtain a free passage.

 Stow"board (?), n. A place into which rubbish is put. [Written also stowbord.]

 Stowce (?), n. (Mining) (a) A windlass. (b) A wooden landmark, to indicate possession of mining land.

 Stow"ing (?), n. (Mining) A method of working in which the waste is packed into the space formed by excavating the vein.

 Stowre (?), a. See Stour, a. [Obs.]

 Stowre, n. See Stour, n. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Stra"bism (?), n. (Med.) Strabismus.

 Stra'bis*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Strabismus + -meter.] (Med.)
 An instrument for measuring the amount of strabismus.

 Stra*bis"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to squint, fr. &?; distorted, squinting.] (Med.) An affection of one or both eyes, in which the