*lem (j*r"s*lm), n. [Gr. 'Ieroysalh'm, fr. Heb. Yrshlaim.]
 The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ.

Jerusalem artichoke [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. -- Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudocapsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. -- Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. -- Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). -- Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. -- The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City.

 Jer"vine (?), n. [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); -- called also jervina.

 Jess (?), n.; pl. Jesses (#). [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry) A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer's hand, was attached when used. See Illust.
 of Falcon.

 Like a hawk, which feeling freed From bells and jesses which did let her flight.

Spenser.
 Jes"sa*mine (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Jasmine.

 Jes"sant (?), a. (Her.) Springing up or emerging; -- said of a plant or animal.

 Jes"se (?), n. [LL. Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr.
 &?;, fr. Herb. Yishai.] Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; -- called also tree of Jesse.

Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse.

 Jessed (?), a. (Her.) Having jesses on, as a hawk.

 Jest (?), n. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come.
 Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.]

1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.]

 The jests or actions of princes.

Sir T. Elyot.
2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares.
 He promised us, in honor of our guest, To grace our banquet with some pompous jest.

Kyd.
3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i. I must be sad... smile at no man's jests.

Shak.
 The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts.

Sheridan.
4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock.

 Then let me be your jest; I deserve it.

Shak.
In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest.

 And given in earnest what I begged in jest.

Shak.
 -- Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller.

 Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Jesting.]

1. To take part in a merrymaking; -- especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything.

 He jests at scars that never felt a wound.

Shak.
Syn. -- To joke; sport; rally. -- To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. "Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest." Crabb.
 Jest"er, n. [Cf. Gestour.]

1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool.

 This... was Yorick's skull, the king's jester.

Shak.
 Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear.

Longfellow.
2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk.

 He ambled up and down With shallow jesters.

Shak.
 Jest"ful (?), a. Given to jesting; full of jokes.

 Jest"ing, a. Sportive; not serious; fit for jests.

 He will find that these are no jesting matters.

Macaulay.
 Jest"ing, n. The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4.
 Jest"ing*ly, adv. In a jesting manner.

 Jes"u*it (?), n. [F. Jésuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf.
 It. Gesuita.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus.

 The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him "Assistants" (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense.

2. Fig.: A crafty person; an


1. A sack or pouch, used for holding anything; as, a bag of meal or of money.

2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance; as, the bag of poison in the mouth of some serpents; the bag of a cow.

3. A sort of silken purse formerly tied about men's hair behind, by way of ornament. [Obs.]

4. The quantity of game bagged.

5. (Com.) A certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as, a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of coffee.

Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. -- To give one the bag, to disappoint him. [Obs.] Bunyan.
 Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bagged (bgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bagging] 1. To put into a bag; as, to bag hops.

2. To seize, capture, or entrap; as, to bag an army; to bag game.

3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag.

 A bee bagged with his honeyed venom. Dryden.
 Bag, v. i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag; as, the skin bags from containing morbid matter.

2. To swell with arrogance. [Obs.] Chaucer.
3. To become pregnant. [Obs.] Warner. (Alb. Eng.).
 ||Ba*gasse" (&?;), n. [F.] Sugar cane, as it comes crushed from the mill. It is then dried and used as fuel. Also extended to the refuse of beetroot sugar.

 ||Bag'a*telle" (bg'*tl"), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella; cf.
 Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle. See Bag, n.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance.

 Rich trifles, serious bagatelles. Prior.
2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be driven by a rod held in the hand of the player.

 Bag"gage (bg"gj), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague bundle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute. See Bag, n.]
 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an army.

 "The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing and to small personal effects." Farrow.
2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler carries with him on a journey; luggage.

 The baronet's baggage on the roof of the coach. Thackeray.
 We saw our baggage following below. Johnson.
 The English usually call this luggage.

3. Purulent matter. [Obs.] Barrough.
4. Trashy talk. [Obs.] Ascham.
5. A man of bad character. [Obs.] Holland.
6. A woman of loose morals; a prostitute.

 A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted French baggage. Thackeray.
7. A romping, saucy girl. [Playful] Goldsmith.
 Bag"gage mas'ter (&?;). One who has charge of the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public travel. [U.S.]

 Bag"ga*ger (&?;), n. One who takes care of baggage; a camp follower. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
 ||Bag"ga*la (&?;), n. [Ar. "fem. of baghl a mule." Balfour.]
 (Naut.) A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in the Indian Ocean.

 Bag"gi*ly (&?;), adv. In a loose, baggy way.

 Bag"ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags.

2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag.

3. The act of swelling; swelling.

 Bag"ging, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Reaping peas, beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. [Eng.]

 Bag"gy (&?;), a. Resembling a bag; loose or puffed out, or pendent, like a bag; flabby; as, baggy trousers; baggy cheeks.

 Bag"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bagmen (&?;). A commercial traveler; one employed to solicit orders for manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray.
 Bag" net' (nt'). A bag-shaped net for catching fish.

 Bagn"io (&?;), n. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf.
 Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; -- also, in Turkey, a prison for slaves. [Obs.]

2. A brothel; a stew; a house of prostitution.

 Bag"pipe (&?;), n. A musical wind instrument, now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland.

 It consists of a leather bag, which receives the air by a tube that is stopped by a valve; and three sounding pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Two of these pipes produce fixed tones, namely, the bass, or key tone, and its fifth, and form together what is called the drone; the third, or chanter, gives the melody.

 Bag"pipe, v. t. To make to look like a bagpipe.

To bagpipe the mizzen (Naut.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten.
 Bag"pip'er (&?;), n. One who plays on a bagpipe; a piper. Shak.
 Bag"reef' (&?;), n. [Bag + reef.] (Naut.)
 The lower reef of fore and aft sails; also, the upper reef of topsails. Ham.
 Nav. Encyc.
 ||Bague (&?;), n. [F., a ring] (Arch.) The annular molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or clustered column into two or more parts.

 { Ba*guet", Ba*guette" } (&?;), n. [F. baguette, prop. a rod&?; It. bacchetta, fr. L. baculum, baculu&?; stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) A small molding, like the astragal, but smaller; a bead.

2. (Zoöl) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation.

 Bag"wig" (&?;), n. A wig, in use in the 18th century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag.

 Bag"worm' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of several lepidopterous insects which construct, in the larval state, a baglike case which they carry about for protection. One species (Platœceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange tree. See Basket worm.

 Bah (&?;), interj. An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt.

 Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah! was utterly unknown to the English public. De Quincey.
 ||Ba*har" (&?;), n. [Ar. bahr, from bahara to charge with a load.] A weight used in certain parts of the East Indies, varying considerably in different localities, the range being from 223 to 625 pounds.

 Baigne (bn), v. t. [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] To soak or drench. [Obs.] Carew.
 Bail (bl), n. [F. baille a bucket, pail; cf. LL. bacula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Cf. Bac.] A bucket or scoop used in bailing water out of


Drug"ger (?), n. A druggist. [Obs.] Burton.
 Drug"get (?), n. [F. droguet, prop. dim. of drogue trash, stuff, perh, the same word as drogue drug, but cf. also W. drwg evil, bad, Ir. & Gael. droch, Arm. droug, drouk.
 See 3d Drug.] (a) A coarse woolen cloth dyed of one color or printed on one side; generally used as a covering for carpets. (b) By extension, any material used for the same purpose.

 Drug"gist (?), n. [F. droguiste, fr. drogue. See 3d Drug.] One who deals in drugs; especially, one who buys and sells drugs without compounding them; also, a pharmaceutist or apothecary.

 The same person often carries on the business of the druggist and the apothecary. See the Note under Apothecary.

 Drug"ster (?), n. A druggist. [Obs.] Boule.
 Dru"id (?), n. [L. Druides; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. draoi, druidh, magician, Druid, W. derwydd Druid.] 1. One of an order of priests which in ancient times existed among certain branches of the Celtic race, especially among the Gauls and Britons.

 The Druids superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and exercised judicial functions. They practiced divination and magic, and sacrificed human victims as a part of their worship. They consisted of three classes; the bards, the vates or prophets, and the Druids proper, or priests. Their most sacred rites were performed in the depths of oak forests or of caves.

2. A member of a social and benevolent order, founded in London in 1781, and professedly based on the traditions of the ancient Druids.
 Lodges or groves of the society are established in other countries.

Druid stones, a name given, in the south of England, to weatherworn, rough pillars of gray sandstone scattered over the chalk downs, but in other countries generally in the form of circles, or in detached pillars.

 Dru"id*ess, n. A female Druid; a prophetess.

 { Dru*id"ic (?), Dru*id"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Druids.

Druidical circles. See under Circle.

 Dru"id*ish (?), a. Druidic.

 Dru"id*ism (?), n. The system of religion, philosophy, and instruction, received and taught by the Druids; the rites and ceremonies of the Druids.

 Drum (?), n. [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, G. trommel, Dan. tromme, Sw. trumma, OHG. trumba a trumpet, Icel. pruma a clap of thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme to boom; prob.
 partly at least of imitative origin; perh. akin to E. trum, or trumpet.]
 1. (Mus.) An instrument of percussion, consisting either of a hollow cylinder, over each end of which is stretched a piece of skin or vellum, to be beaten with a stick; or of a metallic hemisphere (kettledrum) with a single piece of skin to be so beaten; the common instrument for marking time in martial music; one of the pair of tympani in an orchestra, or cavalry band.

 The drums cry bud-a-dub.

Gascoigne.
2. Anything resembling a drum in form; as: (a) A sheet iron radiator, often in the shape of a drum, for warming an apartment by means of heat received from a stovepipe, or a cylindrical receiver for steam, etc. (b) A small cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed.
 (c) (Anat.) The tympanum of the ear; -- often, but incorrectly, applied to the tympanic membrane. (d) (Arch.)
 One of the cylindrical, or nearly cylindrical, blocks, of which the shaft of a column is composed; also, a vertical wall, whether circular or polygonal in plan, carrying a cupola or dome. (e) (Mach.) A cylinder on a revolving shaft, generally for the purpose of driving several pulleys, by means of belts or straps passing around its periphery; also, the barrel of a hoisting machine, on which the rope or chain is wound.

3. (Zoöl.) See Drumfish.

4. A noisy, tumultuous assembly of fashionable people at a private house; a rout. [Archaic] Not unaptly styled a drum, from the noise and emptiness of the entertainment.

Smollett.
 There were also drum major, rout, tempest, and hurricane, differing only in degrees of multitude and uproar, as the significant name of each declares.

5. A tea party; a kettledrum. G. Eliot.
Bass drum. See in the Vocabulary. -- Double drum. See under Double.

 Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Drumming.] 1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum.

2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make a noise like that of a beaten drum; as, the ruffed grouse drums with his wings.

Drumming with his fingers on the arm of his chair.

W. Irving.
3. To throb, as the heart. [R.] Dryden.
4. To go about, as a drummer does, to gather recruits, to draw or secure partisans, customers, etc,; -- with for.

 Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune.

2. (With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum; as, to drum out a deserter or rogue from a camp, etc.

3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum; to collect; to gather or draw by solicitation; as, to drum up recruits; to drum up customers.

 Drum"beat' (?), n. The sound of a beaten drum; drum music.

 Whose morning drumbeat, following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.

D. Webster.
 Drum"ble (?), v. i. [See Drumly.] 1. To be sluggish or lazy; to be confused. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To mumble in speaking. [Obs.]

 Drum"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Sciænidæ, which makes a loud noise by means of its air bladder; -- called also drum.

 The common drumfish (Pogonias chromis) is a large species, common south of New Jersey. The southern red drum or red horse (Sciæna ocellata), and the fresh-water drum or croaker (Aplodionotus grunniens), are related species.

 Drum"head' (?), n. 1. The parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum.

2. The top of a capstan which is pierced with sockets for levers used in turning it. See Illust. of Capstan.

Drumhead court-martial (Mil.), a summary court-martial called to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march, when, sometimes, a drumhead has to do service as a writing table.

 Drum"lin (?), n. [Gael. druim the ridge of a hill.] (Geol.)
 A hill of compact, unstrat


simplest observer.

H. Drummond.
 Grad"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating (&?;).] [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.]

1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc.

2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College.

3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as, to graduate the heat of an oven.

 Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts.

Browne.
4. (Chem.) To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid.

Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing.

 Grad"u*ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as, sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz.

2. (Zoöl.) To taper, as the tail of certain birds.

3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma.

 He graduated at Oxford.

Latham.
 He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated.

Macaulay.
 Grad"u*ate (?), n. [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.] 1.
 One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning.

2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated.

 Grad"u*ate, a. [See Graduate, n. & v.] Arranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated.

 Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages.

Tatham.
 Grad"u*a"ted (?), a. 1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades.

2. (Zoöl.) Tapered; -- said of a bird's tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer.

Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. -- Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs.

 Grad"u*ate*ship, n. State of being a graduate. Milton.
 Grad"u*a"tion (?), n. [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.]

1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as, graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird's tail, etc.

2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale.

3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation.

 Grad"u*a"tor (?), n. 1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as, a graduator of instruments.

2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals.

3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air.

 ||Gra"dus (?), n. [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry.

 He set to work... without gradus or other help.

T. Hughes.
 ||Graf (?), n. [G. Cf. -grave.] A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl.

 Graff (?), n. [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf.
 Margrave.] A steward; an overseer.

 [A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ.

John Knox.
 Graff n. & v. See Graft.

 Graff"age (?), n. [Cf. Grave, n.] The scarp of a ditch or moat. "To clean the graffages." Miss Mitford.
 Graf"fer (?), n. [See Greffier.] (Law.) a notary or scrivener. Bouvier.
 ||Graf*fi"ti (?), n. pl. [It., pl. of graffito scratched] Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii.

 Graft (?), n. [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to write; prob. akin to E. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.)
 A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty.

 Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Grafting.] [F. greffer. See Graft, n.] 1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also, to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.]

2. (Surg.) To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union.

3. To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union.

 And graft my love immortal on thy fame!

Pope.
4. (Naut.) To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or ropeyarns.

 Graft, v. i. To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting.

 Graft"er (?), n. 1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting.

2. An instrument by which grafting is facilitated.

3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak.
 Graft"ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts.

2. (Naut.) The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc.

3. (Surg.) The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty.

4. (Carp.) A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another.

Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch,


Up:= E = ed n.
"ed is the standard text editor." Line taken from original the Unix manual page on ed, an ancient line-oriented editor that is by now used only by a few Real Programmers, and even then only for batch operations. The original line is sometimes uttered near the beginning of an emacs vs. vi holy war on Usenet, with the (vain) hope to quench the discussion before it really takes off. Often followed by a standard text describing the many virtues of ed (such as the small memory footprint on a Timex Sinclair, and the consistent (because nearly non-existent) user interface).
Node:egosurf, Next:eighty-column mind, Previous:ed, Up:= E = egosurf vi.
To search the net for your name or links to your web pages.
Perhaps connected to long-established SF-fan slang 'egoscan', to search for one's name in a fanzine.
Node:eighty-column mind, Next:El Camino Bignum, Previous:egosurf, Up:= E = eighty-column mind n.
[IBM] The sort said to be possessed by persons for whom the transition from punched card to tape was traumatic (nobody has dared tell them about disks yet). It is said that these people, including (according to an old joke) the founder of IBM, will be buried 'face down, 9-edge first' (the 9-edge being the bottom of the card). This directive is inscribed on IBM's 1402 and 1622 card readers and is referenced in a famous bit of doggerel called "The Last Bug", the climactic lines of which are as follows: The eighty-column mind was thought by most hackers to dominate IBM's customer base and its thinking. This only began to change in the mid-1990s when IBM began to reinvent itself after the triumph of the killer micro.
See IBM, fear and loathing, card walloper. A copy of "The Last Bug" lives on the the GNU site at _URL_
Node:El Camino Bignum, Next:elder days, Previous:eighty-column mind, Up:= E = El Camino Bignum /el' k*-mee'noh big'nuhm/ n. The road mundanely called El Camino Real, running along San Francisco peninsula. It originally extended all the way down to Mexico City; many portions of the old road are still intact.
Navigation on the San Francisco peninsula is usually done relative to El Camino Real, which defines logical north and south even though it isn't really north-south in many places. El Camino Real runs right past Stanford University and so is familiar to hackers.
The Spanish word 'real' (which has two syllables: /ray-ahl'/) means 'royal'; El Camino Real is 'the royal road'. In the FORTRAN language, a 'real' quantity is a number typically precise to seven significant digits, and a 'double precision' quantity is a larger floating-point number, precise to perhaps fourteen significant digits (other languages have similar 'real' types).
When a hacker from MIT visited Stanford in 1976, he remarked what a long road El Camino Real was. Making a pun on 'real', he started calling it 'El Camino Double Precision' -- but when the hacker was told that the road was hundreds of miles long, he renamed it 'El Camino Bignum', and that name has stuck. (See bignum.)
[GLS has since let slip that the unnamed hacker in this story was in fact himself --ESR] In recent years, the synonym 'El Camino Virtual' has been reported as an alternate at IBM and Amdahl sites in the Valley.
Mathematically literate hackers in the Valley have also been heard to refer to some major cross-street intersecting El Camino Real as "El Camino Imaginary". One popular theory is that the intersection is located near Moffett Field - where they keep all those complex planes.
Node:elder days, Next:elegant, Previous:El Camino Bignum, Up:= E = elder days n. The heroic age of hackerdom (roughly, pre-1980); the era of the PDP-10, TECO, ITS, and the ARPANET. This term has been rather consciously adopted from J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy epic "The Lord of the Rings". Compare Iron Age; see also elvish and Great Worm.
Node:elegant, Next:elephantine, Previous:elder days, Up:= E = elegant adj.
[common; from mathematical usage] Combining simplicity, power, and a certain ineffable grace of design. Higher praise than 'clever', 'winning', or even cuspy.
The French aviator, adventurer, and author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, probably best known for his classic children's book "The Little Prince", was also an aircraft designer. He gave us perhaps the best definition of engineering elegance when he said "A designer knows he has achieved perfection not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away."
Node:elephantine, Next:elevator controller, Previous:elegant, Up:= E = elephantine adj.
Used of programs or systems that are both conspicuous hogs (owing perhaps to poor design founded on brute force and ignorance) and exceedingly hairy in source form. An elephantine program may be functional and even friendly, but (as in the old joke about being in bed with an elephant) it's tough to have around all the same (and, like a pachyderm, difficult to maintain). In extreme cases, hackers have been known to make trumpeting sounds or perform expressive proboscatory mime at the mention of the offending program. Usage: semi-humorous. Compare 'has the elephant nature' and the somewhat more pejorative monstrosity. See also second-system effect and baroque.
Node:elevator controller, Next:elite, Previous:elephantine, Up:= E = elevator controller n. An archetypal dumb embedded-systems application, like toaster (which superseded it). During one period (1983-84) in the deliberations of ANSI X3J11 (the C standardization committee) this was the canonical example of a really stupid, memory-limited computation environment. "You can't require printf(3) to be part of the default runtime library -- what if you're targeting an elevator controller?"
Elevator controllers became important rhetorical weapons on both sides of several holy wars.
Node:elite, Next:ELIZA effect, Previous:elevator controller, Up:= E = elite adj.
Clueful. Plugged-in. One of the cognoscenti. Also used as a general positive adjective. This term is not actually native hacker slang; it is used primarily by crackers and warez d00dz, for which reason hackers use it only with heavy irony. The term used to refer to the folks allowed in to the "hidden" or "privileged" sections of BBSes in the early 1980s (which, typically, contained pirated software).
Frequently, early boards would only let you post, or even see, a certain subset of the sections (or 'boards') on a BBS. Those who got to the frequently legendary 'triple super secret' boards were elite. Misspellings of this term in warez d00dz style abound; the forms 'eleet', and '31337' (among others) have been sighted.
A true hacker would be more likely to use 'wizardly'. Oppose lamer.
Node:ELIZA effect, Next:elvish, Previous:elite, Up:= E = ELIZA effect /*-li:'z* *-fekt'/ n.
[AI community] The tendency of humans to attach associations to terms from prior experience. For example, there is nothing magic about the symbol + that makes it well-suited to indicate addition; it's just that people associate it with addition. Using + or 'plus' to mean addition in a computer language is taking advantage of the ELIZA effect.
This term comes from the famous ELIZA program by Joseph Weizenbaum, which simulated a Rogerian psychotherapist by rephrasing many of the patient's statements as questions and posing them to the patient. It worked by simple pattern recognition and substitution of key words into canned phrases. It was so convincing, however, that there are many anecdotes about


1887.
4 Chelléen, so called from their having been found at Chelles (Seine-et-Marne), where the remains of the Elephas antiquus, the most ancient of the pachyderms now known in Europe, was associated with these tools.
5 De Mortillet: "Musée Préhistorique," pl. xvi. to xix.
6 M. de Mortillet enumerates 127 polishers found at various points in thirty departments of France. "Le Préhistorique," first edition, p. 534.
7 Piette: Ass. Franç. pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Nantes, 1875, p. 909.
8 De Mortillet: "Le Préhistorique," p. 544; "Musée Préhistorique," figs. 431 to 434.
9 "Musée Préhistorique," fig. 410.
10 Lagneau: "De l'Uusage des Flèches empoisonnées chez les Anciens Peuples l'Europe," Ac. des Insc., 2d November, 1877.
11 "Les Temps Préhistoriques en Belgique," p. 151.
12 "Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ," p. 127.
13 Nature, 1876, second week, p. 5.
14 In this cave, in the second ossiferous deposit, were found four fragments of pottery. De Puydt and Lohest: "L'Homme Contemporain du mammouth." 15 "La poterie en Belgique à l' age du mammouth," Revue d'Anthropologie, 1887.
16 Ac. des Sciences, Nov. 9, 1885. We must add that at a later séance M. Cartailhac contested, if not the facts, the conclusions deducted from them.
17 But what is the value of categorical assertions of this kind in presence of the fragments of pottery found at different levels in Kent's Hole? One of these fragments was so rotten that when placed in water it formed a black liquid mud as it decomposed.
18 I have not space to speak here of the curious pottery found in America. The most ancient specimens, moreover, are of much later date than the Quaternary epoch. I can only refer those interested in the subject to my book on "Prehistoric America," published in French by M. Masson of Paris, and in English in America by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
19 "De Architectura," book ii., c. i.
20 On the subject of tatooing an excellent work may be consulted by Dr Magitot ("Ass. Franç. pour l'Avancement des Sciences," Alger, 1881).
21 Cypræa rufa, Cypræa lurida (Comptes rendus Acad. des Sciences, vol. lxxxiv., p. 1060).
22 On this point an excellent work may be consulted by S. Reinach: "Le Musée de Saint Germain," p. 232.
23 Vaudry: Acad. des Sciences, August 25, 1890.
24 A. Bertrand: Acad. des Inscriptions, April 29 and May 6, 1887.
25 Reinach in his "Catalogue of the Saint-Germain museum" gives the best description I know of this now celebrated reindeer.
26 A. Milne Edwards: Acad. des Sciences, May 8, 1888.
27 "De Natura Rerum," book v., v. 951, etc.
CHAPTER IV.
Caves, Kitchen-Middings, Lake Stations, "Terremares," Crannoges, Burghs, "Nurhags," "Talayoti," and "Truddhi." The earliest races of men lived in a climate less rigorous than ours, on the shores of wide rivers, in the midst of fertile districts, where fishing and the chase easily supplied all their needs. These races were numerous and prolific, and we find traces of them all over Western Europe, from Norfolk to the middle of Spain. What were the homes of these men and their families?
Did they crouch in dens, as Tacitus says the German tribes did in his day? In his "Ancient Wiltshire," Sir R. Coalt Hoare says that the earliest human habitations were holes dug in the earth and covered over with the branches of trees. Near Joigny there still remain some circular holes in the ground, about fifty feet in diameter by sixteen to twenty deep, known in the country under the name of buvards. The trunk of a tree was fixed at the bottom and rose above the ground, and the branches plastered with clay formed the roof.
The floor of these buvards consists of a greasy black earth mixed with bones, cinders, charcoal, and worked flints. Amongst the last named, polished hatchets predominate, which proves that these refuges were inhabited in Neolithic times, but there is nothing to prevent our supposing that they were also occupied in the Palæolithic period. Ameghino gives a still more striking example of an earth-dwelling. Near Mercedes, about twenty leagues from Buenos Ayres, he picked up numerous human bones, together with arrow-heads, chisels, flint knives, bone stilettos and polishers, and bones of animals scratched and cut by man. Later, Ameghino discovered the actual dwelling of this primeval man, and his strange home was beneath the carapace of a gigantic armadillo, the now extinct glyptodon seen in Fig. 48.
Figure 48.
The glyptodon.
"All around the carapace," says Ameghino, "in the reddish agglomerate of the original soil lay charcoal cinders, burnt and split bones, and flints. Digging beneath this, a flint implement was found, with some long split llama and stag bones, which had evidently been handled by man, with some toxodon and mylodon teeth." Fig. 49 represents the now extinct mylodon. Some time afterwards, the discovery of another carapace under similar conditions added weight to Ameghino's supposition.1 In the midst of the pampas, those vast treeless plains, where no rock or accident of conformation affords shelter from heat or cold or a hiding-place from wild beasts, man was not at a loss; he hollowed out for himself a hole in the earth, roofing it over with the shell of a glyptodon, and securing a retreat where he could be safe at least for a time.
Figure 49.
Mylodon robustus.
It was not until later, driven to do so by the cold, that man learnt to use the natural caves hollowed out in limestone rocks, either in geological convulsions or by the quieter action of water. The absence in the caves which have been excavated in America of implements of the Chelléen type, the most ancient known as yet, would point to this conclusion, though it is impossible to fix the earliest date of their occupation. This date, moreover, varies very much in different localities. The earth was but gradually peopled, and our ancestors penetrated into different countries in successive migrations. Some caves have recently been discovered in Wales, in the midst of Glacial deposits.2 The Boulder Clay and marine drift on neighboring heights are incontrovertible proofs of the submergence of this region, when Great Britain was almost completely covered with ice. Excavations made in 1886 have brought to light a series of deposits, one above the other, the gravel and red earth containing Quaternary bones and worked flints, whilst the stalagmite and ooze are evidently of more recent origin. This is the usual state of things in all the English eaves; but in those of the Clyde, the bone beds had been disturbed and mixed with striated pebbles and Glacial drift. From this Hicks, who superintended the excavations, concluded that man and the Quaternary animals had lived in those caves before the Glacial epoch, and before the great submergence, which in some places was no less than some 1,300 feet below the present level of the sea. If this were so, it would be one of the most ancient proofs not only of the presence of man, but also of the kind of habitation he first dwelt in. These conclusions have, however, been hotly disputed. M. Arcelin3 remarks that there are in England two exceptional geological landmarks, the Forest Bed representing the last Pliocene formations, and the River Gravels, which are the most ancient Quaternary deposits. Between the two, we find the Boulder Clay of Glacial origin. Now the fauna of the caves of the Clyde, far from resembling that of the Forest Bed, appears to be more recent than that of the ancient deposits of the River Gravels. Among


Geometry which has been supplemented in this way is then to be treated as a branch of physics. We can now legitimately ask as to the "truth" of geometrical propositions interpreted in this way, since we are justified in asking whether these propositions are satisfied for those real things we have associated with the geometrical ideas.
In less exact terms we can express this by saying that by the "truth" of a geometrical proposition in this sense we understand its validity for a construction with rule and compasses.
Of course the conviction of the "truth" of geometrical propositions in this sense is founded exclusively on rather incomplete experience. For the present we shall assume the "truth" of the geometrical propositions, then at a later stage (in the general theory of relativity) we shall see that this "truth" is limited, and we shall consider the extent of its limitation.
1 It follows that a natural object is associated also with a straight line. Three points A, B and C on a rigid body thus lie in a straight line when the points A and C being given, B is chosen such that the sum of the distances AB and BC is as short as possible. This incomplete suggestion will suffice for the present purpose. ↑ [Contents] II The System of Co-ordinates On the basis of the physical interpretation of distance which has been indicated, we are also in a position to establish the distance between two points on a rigid body by means of measurements. For this purpose we require a "distance" (rod S) which is to be used once and for all, and which we employ as a standard measure.
If, now, A and B are two points on a rigid body, we can construct the line joining them according to the rules of geometry; then, starting from A, we can mark off the distance S time after time until we reach B. The number of these operations required is the numerical measure of the distance AB. This is the basis of all measurement of length.1 Every description of the scene of an event or of the position of an object in space is based on the specification of the point on a rigid body (body of reference) with which that event or object coincides. This applies not only to scientific description, but also to everyday life. If I analyse the place specification "Times Square, New York,"2 I arrive at the following result. The earth is the rigid body to which the specification of place refers; "Times Square, New York," is a well-defined point, to which a name has been assigned, and with which the event coincides in space.3 This primitive method of place specification deals only with places on the surface of rigid bodies, and is dependent on the existence of points on this surface which are distinguishable from each other. But we can free ourselves from both of these limitations without altering the nature of our specification of position. If, for instance, a cloud is hovering over Times Square, then we can determine its position relative to the surface of the earth by erecting a pole perpendicularly on the Square, so that it reaches the cloud. The length of the pole measured with the standard measuring-rod, combined with the specification of the position of the foot of the pole, supplies us with a complete place specification. On the basis of this illustration, we are able to see the manner in which a refinement of the conception of position has been developed.
(a) We imagine the rigid body, to which the place specification is referred, supplemented in such a manner that the object whose position we require is reached by the completed rigid body.
(b) In locating the position of the object, we make use of a number (here the length of the pole measured with the measuring-rod) instead of designated points of reference.
We speak of the height of the cloud even when the pole which reaches the cloud has not been erected. By means of optical observations of the cloud from different positions on the ground, and taking into account the properties of the propagation of light, we determine the length of the pole we should have required in order to reach the cloud.
From this consideration we see that it will be advantageous if, in the description of position, it should be possible by means of numerical measures to make ourselves independent of the existence of marked positions (possessing names) on the rigid body of reference. In the physics of measurement this is attained by the application of the Cartesian system of co-ordinates.
This consists of three plane surfaces perpendicular to each other and rigidly attached to a rigid body. Referred to a system of co-ordinates, the scene of any event will be determined (for the main part) by the specification of the lengths of the three perpendiculars or co-ordinates which can be dropped from the scene of the event to those three plane surfaces. The lengths of these three perpendiculars can be determined by a series of manipulations with rigid measuring-rods performed according to the rules and methods laid down by Euclidean geometry.
In practice, the rigid surfaces which constitute the system of co-ordinates are generally not available; furthermore, the magnitudes of the co-ordinates are not actually determined by constructions with rigid rods, but by indirect means. If the results of physics and astronomy are to maintain their clearness, the physical meaning of specifications of position must always be sought in accordance with the above considerations.4 We thus obtain the following result: Every description of events in space involves the use of a rigid body to which such events have to be referred. The resulting relationship takes for granted that the laws of Euclidean geometry hold for "distances;" the "distance" being represented physically by means of the convention of two marks on a rigid body.
1 Here we have assumed that there is nothing left over i.e. that the measurement gives a whole number. This difficulty is got over by the use of divided measuring-rods, the introduction of which does not demand any fundamentally new method. ↑ 2 Einstein used "Potsdamer Platz, Berlin" in the original text. In the authorised translation this was supplemented with "Trafalgar Square, London". We have changed this to "Times Square, New York", as this is the best known location to English speakers in the present day. ↑ 3 It is not necessary here to investigate further the significance of the expression "coincidence in space." This conception is sufficiently obvious to ensure that differences of opinion are scarcely likely to arise as to its applicability in practice. ↑ 4 A refinement and modification of these views does not become necessary until we come to deal with the general theory of relativity, treated in the second part of this book. ↑ [Contents] III Space and Time in Classical Mechanics The purpose of mechanics is to describe how bodies change their position in space with "time." I should load my conscience with grave sins against the sacred spirit of lucidity were I to formulate the aims of mechanics in this way, without serious reflection and detailed explanations. Let us proceed to disclose these sins.
It is not clear what is to be understood here by "position" and "space." I stand at the window of a railway carriage which is travelling uniformly, and drop a stone on the embankment, without throwing it. Then, disregarding the influence of the air resistance, I see the stone descend in a straight line. A pedestrian who observes the misdeed from the footpath notices that the stone falls to earth in a parabolic curve. I now ask: Do the "positions" traversed by the stone lie "in reality" on a straight line or on a parabola? Moreover, what is meant here by motion "in space"? From the considerations of the previous section the answer is self-evident. In the first place we entirely shun the vague word "space," of which, we must honestly acknowledge, we cannot form the slightest conception, and we replace it by "motion relative to a practically rigid body of reference." The positions relative to the body of reference (railway carriage or embankment) have already been defined in detail in the preceding section. If instead of "body of reference" we insert "system of co-ordinates," which is a useful idea for mathematical description, we are in a position to say: The stone traverses a straight line relative to a system of co-ordinates rigidly attached to the carriage, but relative to a system of co-ordinates rigidly attached to the ground (embankment) it describes a parabola. With the aid of this example it is clearly seen that there is no such thing as an independently existing trajectory (lit. "path-curve"1), but only a trajectory relative to a particular body of reference.
In order to have a complete description of the motion, we must specify how the body alters its position with time; i.e.


Transcribed from the 1887 Chatto & Windus edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ LOCRINE A TRAGEDY BY ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE London CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY 1887 [The right of translation is reserved] PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON p. vDEDICATION TO ALICE SWINBURNE.
I. The love that comes and goes like wind or fire Hath words and wings wherewith to speak and flee.
But love more deep than passion's deep desire, Clear and inviolable as the unsounded sea, What wings of words may serve to set it free, To lift and lead it homeward? Time and death Are less than love: or man's live spirit saith False, when he deems his life is more than breath.
II.
No words may utter love; no sovereign song Speak all it would for love's sake. Yet would I Fain cast in moulded rhymes that do me wrong Some little part of all my love: but why Should weak and wingless words be fain to fly?
For us the years that live not are not dead: Past days and present in our hearts are wed: My song can say no more than love hath said.
III.
Love needs nor song nor speech to say what love Would speak or sing, were speech and song not weak To bear the sense-belated soul above And bid the lips of silence breathe and speak.
 Nor power nor will has love to find or seek Words indiscoverable, ampler strains of song Than ever hailed him fair or shewed him strong: And less than these should do him worse than wrong.
IV.
We who remember not a day wherein We have not loved each other,—who can see No time, since time bade first our days begin, Within the sweep of memory's wings, when we Have known not what each other's love must be,— We are well content to know it, and rest on this, And call not words to witness that it is.
To love aloud is oft to love amiss.
V. But if the gracious witness borne of words Take not from speechless love the secret grace That binds it round with silence, and engirds Its heart with memories fair as heaven's own face, Let love take courage for a little space To speak and be rebuked not of the soul, Whose utterance, ere the unwitting speech be whole, Rebukes itself, and craves again control.
VI.
A ninefold garland wrought of song-flowers nine Wound each with each in chance-inwoven accord Here at your feet I lay as on a shrine Whereof the holiest love that lives is lord.
 With faint strange hues their leaves are freaked and scored: The fable-flowering land wherein they grew Hath dreams for stars, and grey romance for dew: Perchance no flower thence plucked may flower anew.
VII.
No part have these wan legends in the sun Whose glory lightens Greece and gleams on Rome.
Their elders live: but these—their day is done, Their records written of the wind in foam Fly down the wind, and darkness takes them home.
What Homer saw, what Virgil dreamed, was truth, And dies not, being divine: but whence, in sooth, Might shades that never lived win deathless youth?
VIII.
The fields of fable, by the feet of faith Untrodden, bloom not where such deep mist drives.
Dead fancy's ghost, not living fancy's wraith, Is now the storied sorrow that survives Faith in the record of these lifeless lives.
Yet Milton's sacred feet have lingered there, His lips have made august the fabulous air, His hands have touched and left the wild weeds fair.
IX.
So, in some void and thought-untrammelled hour, Let these find grace, my sister, in your sight, Whose glance but cast on casual things hath power To do the sun's work, bidding all be bright With comfort given of love: for love is light.
Were all the world of song made mine to give, The best were yours of all its flowers that live: Though least of all be this my gift, forgive.
July 1887. p. 1PERSONS REPRESENTED.
Locrine, King of Britain.
Camber, King of Wales, brother to Locrine.
Madan, son to Locrine and Guendolen.
Debon, Lord Chamberlain.
Guendolen, Queen of Britain, cousin and wife to Locrine.
Estrild, a German princess, widow of the Scythian king Humber.
Sabrina, daughter to Locrine and Estrild.
Scene, Britain.
p. 3ACT I. Scene I.—Troynovant. A Room in the Palace.
Enter Guendolen and Madan.
GUENDOLEN.
Child, hast thou looked upon thy grandsire dead?
MADAN.
Ay.
GUENDOLEN.
 Then thou sawest our Britain's heart and head Death-stricken. Seemed not there my sire to thee More great than thine, or all men living? We Stand shadows of the fathers we survive: Earth bears no more nor sees such births alive.
MADAN.
Why, he was great of thews—and wise, thou say'st: Yet seems my sire to me the fairer-faced— The kinglier and the kindlier.
GUENDOLEN.
Yea, his eyes Are liker seas that feel the summering skies In concord of sweet colour—and his brow Shines gentler than my father's ever: thou, So seeing, dost well to hold thy sire so dear.
MADAN.
I said not that his love sat yet so near My heart as thine doth: rather am I thine, Thou knowest, than his.
GUENDOLEN.
Nay—rather seems Locrine Thy sire than I thy mother.
MADAN.
Wherefore?
GUENDOLEN.
Boy, Because of all our sires who fought for Troy Most like thy father and my lord Locrine, I think, was Paris.
MADAN.
How may man divine Thy meaning? Blunt am I, thou knowest, of wit; And scarce yet man—men tell me.
GUENDOLEN.
Ask not it.
I meant not thou shouldst understand—I spake As one that sighs, to ease her heart of ache, And would not clothe in words her cause for sighs— Her naked cause of sorrow.
MADAN.
Wert thou wise, Mother, thy tongue had chosen of two things one— Silence, or speech.
GUENDOLEN.
Speech had I chosen, my son, I had wronged thee—yea, perchance I have wronged thine ears Too far, to say so much.
MADAN.
Nay, these are tears That gather toward thine eyelids now. Thou hast broken Silence—if now thy speech die down unspoken, Thou dost me wrong indeed—but more than mine The wrong thou dost thyself is.
GUENDOLEN.
And Locrine— Were not thy sire wronged likewise of me?
MADAN.
Yea.
GUENDOLEN.
Yet—I may choose yet—nothing will I say More.
MADAN.
Choose, and have thy choice; it galls not me.
GUENDOLEN.
Son, son! thy speech is bitterer than the sea.
MADAN.
Yet, were the gulfs of hell not bitterer, thine Might match thy son's, who hast called my sire—Locrine— Thy lord, and lord of all this land—the king Whose name is bright and sweet as earth in spring, Whose love is mixed with Britain's very life As heaven with earth at sunrise—thou, his wife, Hast called him—and the poison of the word Set not thy tongue on fire—I lived and heard— Coward.
GUENDOLEN.
Thou liest.
MADAN.
If then thy speech rang true, Why, now it rings not false.
GUENDOLEN.
Thou art treacherous too— His heart, thy father's very heart is thine— O, well beseems it, meet it is, Locrine, That liar and traitor and changeling he should be Who, though I bare him, was begot by thee.
MADAN.
How have I lied, mother? Was this the lie, That thou didst call my father coward, and I Heard?
GUENDOLEN.
Nay—I did but liken him with one Not all unlike him; thou, my child, his son


Halliwell.
 Tent, v. t. [OF. tenter. See Tempt.] To probe or to search with a tent; to keep open with a tent; as, to tent a wound. Used also figuratively.

 I'll tent him to the quick.

Shak.
 Tent, n. [F. tente. See Tent to probe.] (Surg.) (a) A roll of lint or linen, or a conical or cylindrical piece of sponge or other absorbent, used chiefly to dilate a natural canal, to keep open the orifice of a wound, or to absorb discharges. (b) A probe for searching a wound.

 The tent that searches To the bottom of the worst.

Shak.
 Tent (?), n. [OE. tente, F. tente, LL. tenta, fr. L. tendere, tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move, and cf. Tent a roll of lint.] 1. A pavilion or portable lodge consisting of skins, canvas, or some strong cloth, stretched and sustained by poles, — used for sheltering persons from the weather, especially soldiers in camp.

 Within his tent, large as is a barn.

Chaucer.
2. (Her.) The representation of a tent used as a bearing.

Tent bed, a high-post bedstead curtained with a tentlike canopy. — Tent caterpillar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of gregarious caterpillars which construct on trees large silken webs into which they retreat when at rest. Some of the species are very destructive to fruit trees. The most common American species is the larva of a bombycid moth (Clisiocampa Americana). Called also lackery caterpillar, and webworm.

 Tent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tented; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Tenting.] To lodge as a tent; to tabernacle. Shak.
 We're tenting to-night on the old camp ground.

W. Kittredge.
 Ten"ta*cle (?), n. [NL. tentaculum, from L. tentare to handle, feel: cf. F. tentacule. See Tempt.] (Zoöl.)
 A more or less elongated process or organ, simple or branched, proceeding from the head or cephalic region of invertebrate animals, being either an organ of sense, prehension, or motion.

Tentacle sheath (Zoöl.), a sheathlike structure around the base of the tentacles of many mollusks.

 Ten"ta*cled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having tentacles.

 Ten*tac"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. tentaculaire.] (Zoöl.)
 Of or pertaining to a tentacle or tentacles.

 ||Ten*tac'u*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Ctenophora including those which have two long tentacles.

 { Ten*tac"u*late (?), Ten*tac"u*la'ted (?), } a. (Zoöl.)
 Having tentacles, or organs like tentacles; tentacled.

 ||Ten'ta*cu*lif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Suctoria, 1.

 Ten'ta*cu*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Tentaculum + -ferous.]
 (Zoöl.) Producing or bearing tentacles.

 Ten'ta*cu"li*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a tentacle.

 Ten*tac"u*lite (?), n. (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of small, conical fossil shells found in Paleozoic rocks. They are supposed to be pteropods.

 Ten*tac"u*lo*cyst (?), n. [Tentaculum + cyst.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the auditory organs of certain medusæ; — called also auditory tentacle.

 ||Ten*tac"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Tentacula (#). [NL. See Tentacle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A tentacle.

2. (Anat.) One of the stiff hairs situated about the mouth, or on the face, of many animals, and supposed to be tactile organs; a tactile hair.

 Tent"age (?), n. [From Tent a pavilion.] A collection of tents; an encampment. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Ten*ta"tion (?), n. [L. tentatio: cf. F. tentation.
 See Temptation.] 1. Trial; temptation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
2. (Mech.) A mode of adjusting or operating by repeated trials or experiments. Knight.
 Ten*ta"tive (?), a. [L. tentare to try: cf. F. tentatif.
 See Tempt.] Of or pertaining to a trial or trials; essaying; experimental.
 "A slow, tentative manner." Carlyle. — Ten*ta"tive*ly, adv.
 Ten*ta"tive, n. [Cf. F. tentative.] An essay; a trial; an experiment. Berkley.
 Tent"ed (?), a. Covered with tents.

 Ten"ter (?), n. 1. One who takes care of, or tends, machines in a factory; a kind of assistant foreman.

2. (Mach.) A kind of governor.

 Ten"ter, n. [OE. tenture, tentoure, OF. tenture a stretching, spreading, F. tenture hangings, tapestry, from L. tendere, tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move.] A machine or frame for stretching cloth by means of hooks, called tenter-hooks, so that it may dry even and square.

Tenter ground, a place where tenters are erected. — Tenter-hook, a sharp, hooked nail used for fastening cloth on a tenter. — To be on the tenters, or on the tenter-hooks, to be on the stretch; to be in distress, uneasiness, or suspense. Hudibras.
 Ten"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tentered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Tentering.] To admit extension.

 Woolen cloth will tenter, linen scarcely.

Bacon.
 Ten"ter, v. t. To hang or stretch on, or as on, tenters.

 Tent"ful (?), n.; pl. Tentfuls (&?;). As much, or as many, as a tent will hold.

 Tenth (?), a. [From Ten: cf. OE. tethe, AS. teó&?;a.
 See Ten, and cf. Tithe.] 1. Next in order after the ninth; coming after nine others.

2. Constituting or being one of ten equal parts into which anything is divided.

 Tenth (?), n. 1. The next in order after the ninth; one coming after nine others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by ten; one of ten equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. The tenth part of annual produce, income, increase, or the like; a tithe. Shak.
4. (Mus.) The interval between any tone and the tone represented on the tenth degree of the staff above it, as between one of the scale and three of the octave above; the octave of the third.

5. pl. (Eng. Law) (a) A temporary aid issuing out of personal property, and granted to the king by Parliament; formerly, the real tenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject. (b) (Eccl. Law) The tenth part of the annual profit of every living in the kingdom, formerly paid to the pope, but afterward transferred to the crown. It now forms a part of the fund called Queen Anne's Bounty.


. Formerly called lactin.

2. (Chem.) See Galactose.

 ||Lac*tu"ca (?), n. [L., lettuce. See Lettuce.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated for salad; lettuce.

 ||Lac'tu*ca"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. lactuca lettuce.] The inspissated juice of the common lettuce, sometimes used as a substitute for opium.

 Lac*tu"cic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the juice of the Lactuca virosa; -- said of certain acids.

 Lac*tu"cin (?), n. [From Lactuca: cf. F. lactucine.] (Chem.)
 A white, crystalline substance, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction, and forming one of the essential ingredients of lactucarium.

 Lac*tu"cone (?), n. [From Lactuca.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, tasteless substance, found in the milky sap of species of Lactuca, and constituting an essential ingredient of lactucarium.

 Lac'tu*ram"ic (&?;), a. [Lactic + urea + amic.]
 (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic amido acid, which is regarded as a derivative of lactic acid and urea.

 Lac"tyl (?), n. [Lactic + - yl.] (Chem.) An organic residue or radical derived from lactic acid.

 ||La*cu"na (l*k"n), n.; pl. L. Lacunæ (#); E. Lacunas (#). [L., ditch, pit, lake, orig., anything hollow. See Lagoon.] 1. A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus.

2. (Biol.) A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane.

 { La*cu"nal (l*k"nal), La*cu"nar (l*k"nr), } a. Pertaining to, or having, lacunæ; as, a lacunar circulation.

 La*cu"nar, n.; pl. E. Lacunars (#), L. Lacunaria (#). [L.] (Arch.) (a) The ceiling or under surface of any part, especially when it consists of compartments, sunk or hollowed without spaces or bands between the panels. Gwilt (b) One of the sunken panels in such a ceiling.

 La*cune" (l*kn"), n. [F.] A lacuna. [R.] Landor.
 { Lac"u*nose' (?), La*cu"nous (?), } a. [L. lacunosus full of holes or hollows; cf. F. lacuneux. See Lacuna.] (Biol.)
 Furrowed or pitted; having shallow cavities or lacunæ; as, a lacunose leaf.

 { La*cus"tral (?), La*cus"trine (?), } a. [L. lacus lake: cf. F. lacustral, lacustre.] Found in, or pertaining to, lakes or ponds, or growing in them; as, lacustrine flowers.

Lacustrine deposits (Geol.), the deposits which have been accumulated in fresh-water areas. -- Lacustrine dwellings. See Lake dwellings, under Lake.

 Lac"work' (?), n. Ornamentation by means of lacquer painted or carved, or simply colored, sprinkled with gold or the like; -- said especially of Oriental work of this kind.

 Lad (ld), obs. p. p. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.
 Lad (ld), n. [OE. ladde, of Celtic origin; cf. W. llawd, Ir. lath. √123. Cf. Lass.] 1. A boy; a youth; a stripling. "Cupid is a knavish lad." Shak.
 There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves and two small fishes.

John vi. 9.
2. A companion; a comrade; a mate.

Lad's love. (Bot.) See Boy's love, under Boy.

 Lad"a*num (?), n. [L. ladanum, ledanum, Gr. la'danon, lh'danon, fr. lh^don name of a shrub, mastic; cf. Per. ldan, lden.
 Cf. Laudanum.] A gum resin gathered from certain Oriental species of Cistus.
 It has a pungent odor and is chiefly used in making plasters, and for fumigation. [Written also labdanum.]

 Lad"de (?), obs. imp. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.
 Lad"der (-dr), n. [OE. laddre, AS. hlder, hldder; akin to OFries. hladder, OHG. leitara, G. leiter, and from the root of E. lean, v. √40. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Climax.] 1. A frame usually portable, of wood, metal, or rope, for ascent and descent, consisting of two side pieces to which are fastened cross strips or rounds forming steps.

 Some the engines play, And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire.

Dryden.
2. That which resembles a ladder in form or use; hence, that by means of which one attains to eminence.

 Lowliness is young ambition's ladder.

Shak.
Fish ladder. See under Fish. -- Ladder beetle (Zoöl.), an American leaf beetle (Chrysomela scalaris). The elytra are silvery white, striped and spotted with green; the under wings are rosecolored. It feeds upon the linden tree. -- Ladder handle, an iron rail at the side of a vertical fixed ladder, to grasp with the hand in climbing. -- Ladder shell (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell of the genus Scalaria. See Scalaria.

 Lad"die (?), n. A lad; a male sweetheart. [Scot.]

 Lade (ld), v. t. [imp. Laded; p. p. Laded, Laden (ld'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Lading.] [AS. hladan to heap, load, draw (water); akin to D. & G. laden to load, OHG. hladan, ladan, Icel. hlaða, Sw. ladda, Dan. lade, Goth. afhlaþan.
 Cf. Load, Ladle, Lathe for turning, Last a load.] 1. To load; to put a burden or freight on or in; -- generally followed by that which receives the load, as the direct object.

 And they laded their asses with the corn.

Gen. xlii. 26.
2. To throw in or out, with a ladle or dipper; to dip; as, to lade water out of a tub, or into a cistern.

 And chides the sea that sunders him from thence, Saying, he'll lade it dry to have his way.

Shak.
3. (Plate Glass Manuf.) To transfer (the molten glass) from the pot to the forming table.

 Lade, v. i. [See Lade, v. t.] 1. To draw water. [Obs.]

2. (Naut.) To admit water by leakage, as a ship, etc.

 Lade, n. [Prov. E., a ditch or drain. Cf. Lode,


because, in the Roman Catholic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has successors in the apostolic office. -- Apostolical succession, the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to any subsequent period. Hook.
 Ap'os*tol"ic, n. [L. apostolicus.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles.

 Ap'os*tol"ic*al*ly, adv. In an apostolic manner.

 Ap'os*tol"ic*al*ness, n. Apostolicity. Dr. H. More.
 { Ap'os*tol"i*cism (&?;), A*pos'to*lic"i*ty (&?;), } n. The state or quality of being apostolical.

 A*pos"tro*phe (&?;), n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. &?; a turning away, fr. &?; to turn away; &?; from + &?; to turn. (2) F., fr. L. apostrophus apostrophe, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present; as, Milton's apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third book of "Paradise Lost."

2. (Gram.) The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by the character ['] placed where the letter or letters would have been; as, call'd for called.

3. The mark ['] used to denote that a word is contracted (as in ne'er for never, can't for can not), and as a sign of the possessive, singular and plural; as, a boy's hat, boys' hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission of the letter e. The apostrophe is used to mark the plural of figures and letters; as, two 10's and three a's. It is also employed to mark the close of a quotation.

 Ap'os*troph"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to an apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical.

 A*pos"tro*phize (&?;), v. t., [imp. & p. p. Apostrophized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.] 1.
 To address by apostrophe.

2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters; also, to mark with an apostrophe (') or apostrophes.

 A*pos"tro*phize, v. i. To use the rhetorical figure called apostrophe.

 Ap"os*tume (&?;), n. See Aposteme. [Obs.]

 Ap'o*tac"tite (&?;), n. [LL. pl. apotactitae, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; set apart; &?; from + &?; to arrange, ordain.] (Eccl.
 Hist.) One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the first believers, renounced all their possessions.

 A*pot"e*lesm (&?;), n. [See Apotelesmatic.] 1. The result or issue. [Obs.]

2. (Astrol.) The calculation and explanation of a nativity.
 [Obs.] Bailey.
 Ap'o*tel'es*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; effect of the stars on human destiny, fr. &?; to complete; &?; from + &?; to end, &?; end.] 1. Relating to the casting of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell.
2. Relating to an issue of fulfillment.

 In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or rather comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e., one of after or final accomplishment. M. Stuart.
 A*poth"e*ca*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Apothecaries. [OE.
 apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. apo, fr. &?; to put away; &?; from + &?; to put: cf. F. apothicaire, OF. apotecaire. See Thesis.] One who prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes.

 In England an apothecary is one of a privileged class of practitioners -- a kind of sub-physician. The surgeon apothecary is the ordinary family medical attendant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharmaceutical chemist.

Apothecaries' weight, the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The pound and ounce are the same as in Troy weight; they differ only in the manner of subdivision. The ounce is divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy weight.

 ||Apo'*the"ci*um, n.; pl. Apothecia (&?;). [NL.]
 (Bot.) The ascigerous fructification of lichens, forming masses of various shapes.

 { Ap"o*thegm, Ap"oph*thegm } (&?;), n. [Gr. 'apo'fqegma thing uttered, apothegm, from 'apofqe'ggesqai to speak out; 'apo' from + fqe'ggesqai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a terse remark, conveying some important truth; a sententious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the United States.]

 { Ap'o*theg*mat"ic (&?;), Ap'o*theg*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a.
 [Gr. 'apofqegmatiko's.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, an apothegm; sententious; pithy.

 Ap'o*theg"ma*tist (&?;), n. A collector or maker of apothegms.
 Pope.
 Ap'o*theg"ma*tize (&?;), v. i. To utter apothegms, or short and sententious sayings.

 Ap"o*them (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; that which is placed, &?; to place.] 1. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a regular polygon.

2. A deposit formed in a liquid extract of a vegetable substance by exposure to the air.

 Ap'o*the"o*sis (?; 277), n. pl. Apotheoses (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to deify; &?; from + &?; to deify, &?; a god.] 1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him among, "the gods;" deification.

2. Glorification; exaltation. "The apotheosis of chivalry."
 Prescott. "The noisy apotheosis of liberty and machinery."
 F. Harrison.
 Ap'o*the"o*size (&?;), v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a deity; to declare to be a god; to deify; to glorify.

 ||A*poth"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a putting back or away, fr. &?;. See Apothecary.] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with


inclosure, Icel. garðr yard, house, Sw. gård, Dan.
 gaard, Goth. gards a house, garda sheepfold, L. hortus garden, Gr. cho'rtos an inclosure. Cf. Court, Garden, Garth, Horticulture, Orchard.]

1. An inclosure; usually, a small inclosed place in front of, or around, a house or barn; as, a courtyard; a cowyard; a barnyard.

 A yard... inclosed all about with sticks In which she had a cock, hight chanticleer.

Chaucer.
2. An inclosure within which any work or business is carried on; as, a dockyard; a shipyard.

Liberty of the yard, a liberty, granted to persons imprisoned for debt, of walking in the yard, or within any other limits prescribed by law, on their giving bond not to go beyond those limits. -- Prison yard, an inclosure about a prison, or attached to it. -- Yard grass (Bot.), a low-growing grass (Eleusine Indica) having digitate spikes. It is common in dooryards, and like places, especially in the Southern United States. Called also crab grass. -- Yard of land. See Yardland.

 Yard, v. t. To confine (cattle) to the yard; to shut up, or keep, in a yard; as, to yard cows.

 Yard"arm' (?), n. (Naut.) Either half of a square-rigged vessel's yard, from the center or mast to the end.

 Ships are said to be yardarm and yardarm when so near as to touch, or interlock yards.

 Yard"ful (?), n.; pl. Yardfuls (&?;). As much as a yard will contain; enough to fill a yard.

 Yard"land' (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) A measure of land of uncertain quantity, varying from fifteen to forty acres; a virgate. [Obs.]

 Yard"stick' (?), n. A stick three feet, or a yard, in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc.

 Yard"wand' (?), n. A yardstick. Tennyson.
 Yare (?), a. [OE. yare, aru, AS. gearu; akin to OS. garu, OHG. garo, G. gar, Icel. gerr perfect, görva quite, G. gerben to tan, to curry, OHG.
 garawen, garwen, to make ready. Cf. Carouse, Garb clothing, Gear, n.] Ready; dexterous; eager; lively; quick to move. [Obs.]
 "Be yare in thy preparation." Shak.
 The lesser [ship] will come and go, leave or take, and is yare; whereas the greater is slow.

Sir W. Raleigh.
 Yare, adv. Soon. [Obs.] Cursor Mundi.
 Yare"ly, adv. In a yare manner. [Obs.] Shak.
 Yark (?), v. t. & i. To yerk. [Prov. Eng.]

 Yar"ke (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Saki.

 Yarn (?), n. [OE. yarn, arn, AS. gearn; akin to D. garen, G., OHG., Icel., Sw., & Dan. garn; of uncertain origin. Cf. Cord.]

1. Spun wool; woolen thread; also, thread of other material, as of cotton, flax, hemp, or silk; material spun and prepared for use in weaving, knitting, manufacturing sewing thread, or the like.

2. (Rope Making) One of the threads of which the strands of a rope are composed.

3. A story told by a sailor for the amusement of his companions; a story or tale; as, to spin a yarn. [Colloq.]

 Yarn"en (?), a. Made of yarn; consisting of yarn. [Obs.] "A pair of yarnen stocks." Turbervile.
 Yar"nut' (?), n. (Bot.) See Yernut.

 Yarr (?), v. i. [OE. arren.] To growl or snarl as a dog.
 [Obs.] Ainsworth.
 Yar"rish (?), a. [Prov. E. yar sour, yare brackish.]
 Having a rough, dry taste. [Prov. Eng.]

 Yar"row (?), n. [OE. yarowe, yarwe, arowe, AS.
 gearwe; akin to D. gerw, OHG. garwa, garawa, G. garbe, schafgarbe, and perhaps to E. yare.] (Bot.)
 An American and European composite plant (Achillea Millefolium) with very finely dissected leaves and small white corymbed flowers. It has a strong, and somewhat aromatic, odor and taste, and is sometimes used in making beer, or is dried for smoking. Called also milfoil, and nosebleed.

 Yar"whip' (?), n. [So called from its sharp cry uttered when taking wing.] (Zoöl.) The European bar-tailed godwit; -- called also yardkeep, and yarwhelp. See Godwit. [Prov. Eng.]

 Yat"a*ghan (?), n. [Turk. ytghn.] A long knife, or short saber, common among Mohammedan nations, usually having a double curve, sometimes nearly straight. [Written also ataghan, attaghan.]
 Chaucer.
 Yate (?), n. A gate. See 1st Gate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Spenser.
 Yaud (?), n. See Yawd. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Yaul (?), n. (Naut.) See Yawl.

 Yaulp (?), v. i. To yaup.

 Yaup (?), v. i. [See Yap, and Yelp.] To cry out like a child; to yelp. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] [Written also yawp.]

 Yaup, n. [Written also yawp.]

1. A cry of distress, rage, or the like, as the cry of a sickly bird, or of a child in pain. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

2. (Zoöl.) The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

 Yaup"er (?), n. One who, or that which, yaups.

 Yau"pon (?), n. (Bot.) A shrub (Ilex Cassine) of the Holly family, native from Virginia to Florida. The smooth elliptical leaves are used as a substitute for tea, and were formerly used in preparing the black drink of the Indians of North Carolina. Called also South-Sea tea. [Written also yapon, youpon, and yupon.]

 Yaw (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Yawing.] [Cf. Yew, v. i.] To rise in blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane juice in the clarifiers in sugar works.

 Yaw, v. i. & t. [Cf. Prov. G. gagen to rock, gageln to totter, shake, Norw. gaga to bend backward, Icel. gagr bent back, gaga to throw the neck back.] (Naut.) To steer wild, or out of the line of her course; to deviate from her course, as when struck by a heavy sea; -- said of a ship.

 Just as he would lay the ship's course, all yawing being out of the question.

Lowell.
 Yaw, n. (Naut.) A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course; a deviation from a straight course in steering.

 Yawd (?), n. [Cf. Icel. jalda a mare, E. jade a nag.]


. & p. p. Blighted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Blighting.] [Perh. contr. from AS. blcettan to glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning "to blight" comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Cf. Bleach, Bleak.] 1. To affect with blight; to blast; to prevent the growth and fertility of.

 [This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is sometimes injurious even to man. Woodward.
2. Hence: To destroy the happiness of; to ruin; to mar essentially; to frustrate; as, to blight one's prospects.

 Seared in heart and lone and blighted. Byron.
 Blight, v. i. To be affected by blight; to blast; as, this vine never blights.

 Blight, n. 1. Mildew; decay; anything nipping or blasting; -- applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences.

2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted; a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the whole or a part of a plant, etc.

3. That which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes; that which impairs or destroys.

 A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes. Disraeli.
4. (Zoöl.) A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees, infesting both the roots and branches; -- also applied to several other injurious insects.

5. pl. A rashlike eruption on the human skin. [U. S.]

 Blight"ing, a. Causing blight.

 Blight"ing*ly, adv. So as to cause blight.

 { Blim"bi (&?;), Blim"bing } (&?;), n. See Bilimbi, etc.

 Blin (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be- + linnan to cease.] To stop; to cease; to desist.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 Blin, n. [AS. blinn.] Cessation; end. [Obs.]

 Blind (&?;), a. [AS.; akin to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind, Icel. blindr, Goth. blinds; of uncertain origin.] 1.
 Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defect or by deprivation; without sight.

 He that is strucken blind can not forget The precious treasure of his eyesight lost. Shak.
2. Not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual light; unable or unwilling to understand or judge; as, authors are blind to their own defects.

 But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more, That they may stumble on, and deeper fall. Milton.
3. Undiscerning; undiscriminating; inconsiderate.

 This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to blind reprobation. Jay.
4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would have to a person who is blind; not well marked or easily discernible; hidden; unseen; concealed; as, a blind path; a blind ditch.

5. Involved; intricate; not easily followed or traced.

 The blind mazes of this tangled wood. Milton.
6. Having no openings for light or passage; as, a blind wall; open only at one end; as, a blind alley; a blind gut.

7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible; as, a blind passage in a book; illegible; as, blind writing.

8. (Hort.) Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit; as, blind buds; blind flowers.

Blind alley, an alley closed at one end; a culde-sac. -- Blind axle, an axle which turns but does not communicate motion. Knight.
 -- Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to fly against people, esp.
 at night. -- Blind cat (Zoöl.), a species of catfish (Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. -- Blind coal, coal that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Simmonds. - - Blind door, Blind window, an imitation of a door or window, without an opening for passage or light.
 See Blank door or window, under Blank, a. -- Blind level (Mining), a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. -- Blind nettle (Bot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead.
 -- Blind shell (Gunnery), a shell containing no charge, or one that does not explode. -- Blind side, the side which is most easily assailed; a weak or unguarded side; the side on which one is least able or disposed to see danger. Swift. -- Blind snake (Zoöl.), a small, harmless, burrowing snake, of the family Typhlopidæ, with rudimentary eyes. -- Blind spot (Anat.), the point in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to light. -- Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work, the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding; -- called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. -- Blind wall, a wall without an opening; a blank wall.

 Blind (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blinded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Blinding.] 1. To make blind; to deprive of sight or discernment. "To blind the truth and me." Tennyson.
 A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is... a much greater. South.
2. To deprive partially of vision; to make vision difficult for and painful to; to dazzle.

 Her beauty all the rest did blind. P. Fletcher.
3. To darken; to obscure to the eye or understanding; to conceal; to deceive.

 Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden.
 The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound. Stillingfleet.
4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel; as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between the stones may be filled.

 Blind (&?;), n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; a cover; esp. a hinged screen or shutter for a window; a blinder for a horse.

2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding, or to conceal some covert deed or design; a subterfuge.

3. [Cf. F. blindes, p&?;., fr. G. blende, fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind blind.] (Mil.) A blindage. See Blindage.

4. A halting place. [Obs.] Dryden.
 { Blind, Blinde } (&?;), n. See Blende.

 Blind"age (&?;), n. [Cf. F. blindage.] (Mil.) A cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach, formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework.

 Blind"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds.

2. (Saddlery) One of the leather screens on a bridle, to hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side; a blinker.

 Blind"fish' (&?;), n. A small fish (Amblyopsis spelæus) destitute of eyes, found in the waters of the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky.
 Related fishes from other caves take the same name.

 Blind"fold' (&?;), v. t.


Shak.
7. Straightway; next in order; without delay; immediately. "Will she go now to bed?' &?;Directly.'" Shak.
8. Immediately after; as soon as.

Directly he stopped, the coffin was removed.

Dickens.
 This use of the word is common in England, especially in colloquial speech, but it can hardly be regarded as a well-sanctioned or desirable use.

Directly proportional (Math.), proportional in the order of the terms; increasing or decreasing together, and with a constant ratio; -- opposed to inversely proportional.

Syn. -- Immediately; forthwith; straightway; instantly; instantaneously; soon; promptly; openly; expressly. -- Directly, Immediately, Instantly, Instantaneously. Directly denotes, without any delay or diversion of attention; immediately implies, without any interposition of other occupation; instantly implies, without any intervention of time. Hence, "I will do it directly," means, "I will go straightway about it." "I will do it immediately," means, "I will do it as the very next thing." "I will do it instantly," allows not a particle of delay. Instantaneously, like instantly, marks an interval too small to be appreciable, but commonly relates to physical causes; as, the powder touched by fire instantaneously exploded.

 Di*rect"ness (?), n. The quality of being direct; straightness; straightforwardness; immediateness.

 Di*rect"or (?), n. [Cf. F. directeur.] 1. One who, or that which, directs; one who regulates, guides, or orders; a manager or superintendent.

 In all affairs thou sole director.

Swift.
2. One of a body of persons appointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation; as, the directors of a bank, insurance company, or railroad company.

 What made directors cheat in South-Sea year?

Pope.
3. (Mech.) A part of a machine or instrument which directs its motion or action.

4. (Surg.) A slender grooved instrument upon which a knife is made to slide when it is wished to limit the extent of motion of the latter, or prevent its injuring the parts beneath.

 Di*rect"o*rate (?), n. [Cf. F. directorat.] The office of director; also, a body of directors taken jointly.

 Di*rec*to"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. directorial.] 1.
 Having the quality of a director, or authoritative guide; directive.

2. Pertaining to: director or directory; specifically, relating to the Directory of France under the first republic. See Directory, 3.

 Whoever goes to the directorial presence under this passport.

Burke.
 Di*rect"or*ship (?), n. The condition or office of a director; directorate.

 Di*rect"o*ry (?), a. [L. directorius.] Containing directions; enjoining; instructing; directorial.

 Di*rect"o*ry, n.; pl. Directories (&?;). 1.
 A collection or body of directions, rules, or ordinances; esp., a book of directions for the conduct of worship; as, the Directory used by the nonconformists instead of the Prayer Book.

2. A book containing the names and residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes of them; an address book; as, a business directory.

3. [Cf. F. directoire.] A body of directors; board of management; especially, a committee which held executive power in France under the first republic.

4. Direction; guide. [R.] Whitlock.
 Di*rect"ress, n. A woman who directs. Bp. Hurd.
 Di*rect"rix (?), n.; pl. E. Directrixes (&?;), L. Directrices (&?;). 1. A directress. [R.] Jer. Taylor.
2. (Geom.) (a) A line along which a point in another line moves, or which in any way governs the motion of the point and determines the position of the curve generated by it; the line along which the generatrix moves in generating a surface. (b) A straight line so situated with respect to a conic section that the distance of any point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of the same point from the focus.

 Dire"ful (?), a. [Dire + - ful.] Dire; dreadful; terrible; calamitous; woeful; as, a direful fiend; a direful day. -- Dire"ful*ly, adv. -- Dire"ful*ness, n. Dire"ly, adv. In a dire manner. Drayton.
 Di*rempt" (?; 215), a. [L. diremptus, p. p. of dirimere to take apart, separate; di- = dis- + emere to buy, orig., to take.] Divided; separated. [Obs.] Stow.
 Di*rempt", v. t. To separate by force; to tear apart. [Obs.] Holinshed.
 Di*remp"tion (?), n. [L. diremptio.] A tearing apart; violent separation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Dire"ness (?), n. [Dire- + - ness.] Terribleness; horror; woefulness. Shak.
 Di*rep"tion (?), n. [L. direptio, fr. diripere to tear asunder, plunder; di- = dis- + rapere to seize and carry off.] The act of plundering, despoiling, or snatching away. [R.] Speed.
 Di*rep*ti"tious (?), a. Characterized by direption. [R.] Encyc.
 Dict.
 Di*rep*ti"tious*ly, adv. With plundering violence; by violent injustice. [R.] Strype.
 Dirge (?), n. [Contraction of Lat. dirige, direct thou (imperative of dirigere), the first word of a funeral hymn (Lat.
 transl. of Psalm v. 8) beginning, "Dirige, Domine, in conspectu tuo vitam meam." See Direct, a., and cf. Dirige.] A piece of music of a mournful character, to accompany funeral rites; a funeral hymn.

 The raven croaked, and hollow shrieks of owls Sung dirges at her funeral.

Ford.
 Dirge"ful (?), a. Funereal; moaning.

 Soothed sadly by the dirgeful wind.

Coleridge.
 Dir"i*ge (?), n. [L. See Dirge.] A service for the dead, in the Roman Catholic Church, being the first antiphon of Matins for the dead, of which Dirige is the first word; a dirge.

 Evensongs and placebo and dirige.

Wyclif.
 Resort, I pray you, unto my sepulture To sing my dirige with great devotion.

Lamentation of Mary Magdalene.
 Dir"i*gent (?), a. [L. dirigens, p. pr. of dirigere.
 See Direct, a.] Directing. Baxter.
 Dir"i*gent, n. (Geom.) The line of motion along which a describent line or surface is carried in the genesis of any plane or solid figure; a directrix. Hutton.
 Dir"i*gi*ble (?), a. Capable of being directed; steerable; as, a dirigible balloon.

 Dir"i*ment (?), a. [L. dirimens, p. pr. of dirimere.
 See Dirempt.] (Law) Absolute.

Diriment impediment (R. C. Ch.), an impediment that nullifies marriage.

 Dirk (?), n. [Ir. duirc.] A kind of dagger or poniard; -- formerly


used for transmitting and modifying force and motion. Specif., a bar of metal, wood, or other rigid substance, used to exert a pressure, or sustain a weight, at one point of its length, by receiving a force or power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed point called a fulcrum.
 It is usually named as the first of the six mechanical powers, and is of three kinds, according as either the fulcrum F, the weight W, or the power P, respectively, is situated between the other two, as in the figures.

2. (Mach.) (a) A bar, as a capstan bar, applied to a rotatory piece to turn it. (b) An arm on a rock shaft, to give motion to the shaft or to obtain motion from it.

Compound lever, a machine consisting of two or more levers acting upon each other. -- Lever escapement. See Escapement. -- Lever jack. See Jack, n., 5. -- Lever watch, a watch having a vibrating lever to connect the action of the escape wheel with that of the balance. -- Universal lever, a machine formed by a combination of a lever with the wheel and axle, in such a manner as to convert the reciprocating motion of the lever into a continued rectilinear motion of some body to which the power is applied.

 Lev"er*age (lv"r*j or l"vr*j), n. The action of a lever; mechanical advantage gained by the lever.

Leverage of a couple (Mech.), the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces which act in parallel and opposite directions. -- Leverage of a force, the perpendicular distance from the line in which a force acts upon a body to a point about which the body may be supposed to turn.

 Lev"er*et (lv"r*t), n. [F. levraut, dim. of lièvre hare, L. lepus. Cf. Leporine.] (Zoöl.) A hare in the first year of its age.

 Lev"er*ock (-k), n. [See Lark.] A lark. [Scot.]

 Lev"er*wood' (lv"r*wd'), n. (Bot.) The American hop hornbeam (Ostrya Virginica), a small tree with very tough wood.

 Lev"e*sel (lv"*sl), n. [AS. leáf a leaf + sæl, sel, a room, a hall.] A leafy shelter; a place covered with foliage. [Obs.]

 Behind the mill, under a levesel.

Chaucer.
 Lev"et (lv"t), n. [Cf. F. lever to raise.] A trumpet call for rousing soldiers; a reveille. [Obs.] Hudibras.
 Lev"i*a*ble (lv"**b'l), a. [From Levy to assess.] Fit to be levied; capable of being assessed and collected; as, sums leviable by course of law. Bacon.
 Le*vi"a*than (l*v"*than), n. [Heb. livythn.]

1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned in other passages of Scripture.

 It is not certainly known what animal is intended, whether the crocodile, the whale, or some sort of serpent.

2. The whale, or a great whale. Milton.
 Lev"i*er (lv"*r), n. One who levies. Cartwright.
 Lev"i*ga*ble (lv"*g*b'l), a. [See Levigate, v. t.] Capable of being levigated.

 Lev"i*gate (-gt), a. [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to lighten, fr. lvis light.] Made less harsh or burdensome; alleviated. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.
 Lev"i*gate (-gt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levigated (- g'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Levigating.] [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to make smooth, fr. lvis smooth; akin to Gr. lei^os.] To make smooth in various senses: (a) To free from grit; to reduce to an impalpable powder or paste. (b) To mix thoroughly, as liquids or semiliquids. (c) To polish. (d) To make smooth in action. "
 When use hath levigated the organs." Barrow. (e) Technically, to make smooth by rubbing in a moist condition between hard surfaces, as in grinding pigments.

 Lev"i*gate (-gt), a. [L. levigatus, p. p.] Made smooth, as if polished.

 Lev'i*ga"tion (lv'*g"shn), n. [L. levigatio a smoothing: cf.
 F. lévigation.] The act or operation of levigating.

 Lev"in (lv"n), n. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Leven.] Lightning. [Obs.]
 Spenser.
Levin brand, a thunderbolt. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Lev"in*er (-r), n. (Zoöl.) A swift hound.

 Le"vir (l"vr), n. [L.] A husband's brother; -- used in reference to levirate marriages.

 { Lev"i*rate (lv"*rt), Lev'i*rat"ic*al (-rt"*kal), } a. [L. levir a husband's brother, brotherin-law; akin to Gr. dah'r: cf.
 F. lévirat leviration.] Of, pertaining to, or in accordance with, a law of the ancient Israelites and other tribes and races, according to which a woman, whose husband died without issue, was married to the husband's brother.

 The firstborn son of a leviratical marriage was reckoned and registered as the son of the deceased brother.

Alford.
 Lev'i*ra"tion (lv'*r"shn), n. Levirate marriage or marriages. Kitto.
 ||Lev'i*ros"tres (-rs"trz), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. levis light + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including the hornbills, kingfishers, and related forms.

 Lev"i*tate (lv"*tt), v. i. [L. levitas, -atis, lightness. See Levity.] To rise, or tend to rise, as if lighter than the surrounding medium; to become buoyant; -- opposed to gravitate. Sir.
 J. Herschel.
 Lev"i*tate, v. t. (Spiritualism) To make buoyant; to cause to float in the air; as, to levitate a table. [Cant] Lev'i*ta"tion (-t"shn), n. [L. levis light in weight.]

1. Lightness; buoyancy; act of making light. Paley.
2. The act or process of making buoyant.

 Le"vite (l"vt), n. [L. Levites, Gr. Leyi:'ths, fr. Heb. Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] 1. (Bib. Hist.) One of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; esp., one subordinate to the priests (who were of the same tribe) and employed in various duties connected with the tabernacle first, and afterward the temple, such as the care of the building, bringing of wood and other necessaries for the sacrifices, the music of the services, etc.

2. A priest; -- so called in contempt or ridicule.

 Le*vit"ic*al (l*vt"*kal), a. [L. Leviticus, Gr.
 Leyitiko's.] 1. Of or pertaining to a Levite or the Levites