agem; a fetch.

 Courtley's letter is but a feint to get off.

Spectator.
2. A mock blow or attack on one part when another part is intended to be struck; -- said of certain movements in fencing, boxing, war, etc.

 Feint, v. i. To make a feint, or mock attack.

 ||Fei'tsui" (?), n. (Min.) The Chinese name for a highly prized variety of pale green jade. See Jade.

 Feize (?), v. t. See Feeze, v. t. Fel"an*ders (?), n. pl. See Filanders.

 { Feld"spar' (?), Feld"spath' (?) }, n. [G. feldspath; feld field + spath spar.] (Min.) A name given to a group of minerals, closely related in crystalline form, and all silicates of alumina with either potash, soda, lime, or, in one case, baryta. They occur in crystals and crystalline masses, vitreous in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions at right angles to each other, or nearly so. The colors are usually white or nearly white, flesh-red, bluish, or greenish.

 The group includes the monoclinic (orthoclastic) species orthoclase or common potash feldspar, and the rare hyalophane or baryta feldspar; also the triclinic species (called in general plagioclase) microcline, like orthoclase a potash feldspar; anorthite or lime feldspar; albite or soda feldspar; also intermediate between the last two species, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, containing both lime and soda in varying amounts. The feldspars are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks, as granite, gneiss, mica, slate, most kinds of basalt and trachyte, etc. The decomposition of feldspar has yielded a large part of the clay of the soil, also the mineral kaolin, an essential material in the making of fine pottery. Common feldspar is itself largely used for the same purpose.

 { Feld*spath"ic (?), Feld*spath"ose (?) }, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, feldspar.

 Fele (?), a. [AS. fela, feola; akin to G. viel, gr. &?;. See Full, a.] Many. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fe*lic"ify (?), v. t. [L. felix happy + -fy.] To make happy; to felicitate. [Obs.] Quarles.
 Fe*lic"i*tate (?), a. [L. felicitatus, p. p. of felicitare to felicitate, fr. felix, -icis, happy. See felicity.] Made very happy. [Archaic] I am alone felicitate In your dear highness' love.

Shak.
 Fe*lic"i*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felicitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. felicitating.] [Cf. F. féliciter.]
 1. To make very happy; to delight.

 What a glorious entertainment and pleasure would fill and felicitate his spirit.

I. Watts.
2. To express joy or pleasure to; to wish felicity to; to call or consider (one's self) happy; to congratulate.

 Every true heart must felicitate itself that its lot is cast in this kingdom.

W. Howitt.
Syn. -- See Congratulate.

 Fe*lic'i*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. félicitation.] The act of felicitating; a wishing of joy or happiness; congratulation.

 Fe*lic"i*tous (?), a. Characterized by felicity; happy; prosperous; delightful; skillful; successful; happily applied or expressed; appropriate.

Felicitous words and images.

M. Arnold.
 -- Fe*lic"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Fe*lic"i*tous*ness, n. Fe*lic"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Felicities (#). [OE. felicite, F. félicité, fr. L. felicitas, fr. felix, -icis, happy, fruitful; akin to fetus.] 1. The state of being happy; blessedness; blissfulness; enjoyment of good.

 Our own felicity we make or find.

Johnson.
 Finally, after this life, to attain everlasting joy and felicity.

Book of Common Prayer.
2. That which promotes happiness; a successful or gratifying event; prosperity; blessing.

 the felicities of her wonderful reign.

Atterbury.
3. A pleasing faculty or accomplishment; as, felicity in painting portraits, or in writing or talking. "Felicity of expression." Bp. Warburton.
Syn. -- Happiness; bliss; beatitude; blessedness; blissfulness. See Happiness.

 Fe"line (?), a. [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat, prob. orig., the fruitful: cf. F. félin. See Fetus.] 1.
(Zoöl.) Catlike; of or pertaining to the genus Felis, or family Felidæ; as, the feline race; feline voracity.

2. Characteristic of cats; sly; stealthy; treacherous; as, a feline nature; feline manners.

 ||Fe"lis (?), n. [L., cat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, including the domestic cat, the lion, tiger, panther, and similar animals.

 Fell (?), imp. of Fall.

 Fell, a. [OE. fel, OF. fel cruel, fierce, perfidious; cf. AS. fel (only in comp.) OF. fel, as a noun also accus.
 felon, is fr. LL. felo, of unknown origin; cf. Arm fall evil, Ir. feal, Arm. falloni treachery, Ir. & Gael. feall to betray; or cf. OHG. fillan to flay, torment, akin to E. fell skin. Cf. Felon.] 1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman; fierce; savage; ravenous.

 While we devise fell tortures for thy faults.

Shak.
2. Eager; earnest; intent. [Obs.]

 I am so fell to my business.

Pepys.
 Fell, n. [Cf. L. fel gall, bile, or E. fell, a.]
 Gall; anger; melancholy. [Obs.]

 Untroubled of vile fear or bitter fell.

Spenser.
 Fell, n. [AS. fell; akin to D. vel, OHG. fel, G. fell, Icel. fell (in comp.), Goth fill in þrutsfill leprosy, L. pellis skin, G. &?;. Cf. Film, Peel, Pell, n.]
 A skin or hide of a beast with the wool or hair on; a pelt; -- used chiefly in composition, as woolfell.

 We are still handling our ewes, and their fells, you know, are greasy.

Shak.
 Fell (?), n. [Icel. fell, fjally; akin to Sw. fjäll a ridge or chain of mountains, Dan. fjeld mountain, rock and prob.
 to G. fels rock, or perh. to feld field, E. field.]
 1. A barren or rocky hill. T. Gray.
2. A wild field; a moor. Dryton.
 Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Felling.] [AS. fellan, a causative verb fr. fe


THE MEMOIRS OF JACQUES CASANOVA de SEINGALT _PHONE_ [Illustration] THE RARE UNABRIDGED LONDON EDITION OF 1894 TRANSLATED BY ARTHUR MACHEN TO WHICH HAS BEEN ADDED THE CHAPTERS DISCOVERED BY ARTHUR SYMONS.

[Illustration: cover 1] Titlepage 1 CONTENTS CASANOVA AT DUX TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE AUTHOR'S PREFACE THE MEMOIRS OF JACQUES CASANOVA VOLUME 1 — VENETIAN YEARS EPISODE 1 — CHILDHOOD CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII EPISODE 2 — CLERIC IN NAPLES CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII EPISODE 3 — MILITARY CAREER CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV EPISODE 4 — RETURN TO VENICE CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX EPISODE 5 — MILAN AND MANTUA CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII [Illustration: Bookcover 2] VOLUME 2 — TO PARIS AND PRISON EPISODE 6 — PARIS CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX EPISODE 7 — VENICE CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV EPISODE 8 — CONVENT AFFAIRS CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX EPISODE 9 — THE FALSE NUN CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV EPISODE 10 — UNDER THE LEADS CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX CHAPTER XXXI CHAPTER XXXII [Illustration: Bookcover 3] VOLUME 3 — THE ETERNAL QUEST EPISODE 11 — PARIS AND HOLLAND CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV EPISODE 12 — RETURN TO PARIS CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX EPISODE 13 — HOLLAND AND GERMANY CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII EPISODE 14 — SWITZERLAND CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII EPISODE 15 — WITH VOLTAIRE CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI [Illustration: Bookcover 4] VOLUME 4 — ADVENTURES IN THE SOUTH EPISODE 16 — DEPART SWITZERLAND CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III EPISODE 17 — RETURN TO ITALY CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII EPISODE 18—RETURN TO NAPLES CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII EPISODE 19 — BACK AGAIN TO PARIS CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII EPISODE 20 — MILAN CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII [Illustration: Bookcover 5] VOLUME 5 — TO LONDON AND MOSCOW EPISODE 21 — SOUTH OF FRANCE CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV EPISODE 21 — TO LONDON CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX EPISODE 23—THE ENGLISH CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII EPISODE 24 — FLIGHT FROM LONDON TO BERLIN CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII EPISODE 25 — RUSSIA AND POLAND CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII [Illustration: Bookcover 6] VOLUME 6 — SPANISH PASSIONS EPISODE 26 — SPAIN CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI EPISODE 27 — EXPELLED FROM SPAIN CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII EPISODE 28 — RETURN TO ROME CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII EPISODE 29 — FLORENCE TO TRIESTE CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII EPISODE 30 — OLD AGE AND DEATH OF CASANOVA APPENDIX AND SUPPLEMENT PART THE FIRST — VENICE _PHONE_ I — CASANOVA'S RETURN TO VENICE II — RELATIONS WITH THE INQUISITORS III — FRANCESCA BUSCHINI IV — PUBLICATIONS V — MLLE—— X——... C——... V——...
 VI — LAST DAYS AT VENICE PART THE SECOND — VIENNA-PARIS I — _PHONE_ II — PARIS III — VIENNA IV — LETTERS FROM FRANCESCA V — LAST DAYS AT VIENNA PART THE THIRD — DUX — _PHONE_ I — THE CASTLE AT DUX II — LETTERS FROM FRANCESCA III — CORRESPONDENCE AND ACTIVITIES IV — CORRESPONDENCE WITH JEAN-FERDINAND OPIZ V — PUBLICATIONS VI — SUMMARY of MY LIFE VII — LAST DAYS AT DUX Illustrations Bookcover 1 Titlepage 1 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 14 Chapter 14b Chapter 17


hollow ball.

2. Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore; inland; as, the interior parts of a region or country.

Interior angle (Geom.), an angle formed between two sides, within any rectilinear figure, as a polygon, or between two parallel lines by these lines and another intersecting them; -- called also internal angle. -- Interior planets (Astron.), those planets within the orbit of the earth. -- Interior screw, a screw cut on an interior surface, as in a nut; a female screw.

Syn. -- Internal; inside; inner; inland; inward.

 In*te"ri*or, n. 1. That which is within; the internal or inner part of a thing; the inside.

2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom.

Department of the Interior, that department of the government of the United States which has charge of pensions, patents, public lands and surveys, the Indians, education, etc.; that department of the government of a country which is specially charged with the internal affairs of that country; the home department. -- Secretary of the Interior, the cabinet officer who, in the United States, is at the head of the Department of the Interior.

 In*te'ri*or"i*ty (?), n. State of being interior.

 In*te"ri*or*ly (?), adv. Internally; inwardly.

 { In'ter*ja"cence (?), In'ter*ja"cen*cy (?), } n. [See Interjacent.]
 The state of being between; a coming or lying between or among; intervention; also, that which lies between.

 England and Scotland is divided only by the interjacency of the Tweed.

Sir M. Hale.
 In'ter*ja"cent (?), a. [L. interjacens, -entis, p. pr. of interjacere to lie between; inter between + jac&?;re to lie.] Lying or being between or among; intervening; as, interjacent isles. Sir W. Raleigh.
 In'ter*jac"u*late (?), v. t. To ejaculate parenthetically. [R.] Thackeray.
 In'ter*jan"gle (?), v. i. To make a dissonant, discordant noise one with another; to talk or chatter noisily. [R.] Daniel.
 In'ter*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjected; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjecting.] [L. interjectus, p. p. of interjicere to interject; inter between + jac&?;re to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To throw in between; to insert; to interpose. Sir H. Wotton.
 In'ter*ject", v. i. To throw one's self between or among; to come between; to interpose. Sir G. Buck.
 In'ter*jec"tion (?), n. [L. interjectio: cf. F. interjection.
 See Interject.]

1. The act of interjecting or throwing between; also, that which is interjected.

 The interjection of laughing.

Bacon.
2. (Gram.) A word or form of speech thrown in to express emotion or feeling, as O! Alas! Ha ha! Begone!
 etc. Compare Exclamation.

 An interjection implies a meaning which it would require a whole grammatical sentence to expound, and it may be regarded as the rudiment of such a sentence. But it is a confusion of thought to rank it among the parts of speech.

Earle.
 How now! interjections? Why, then, some be of laughing, as, ah, ha, he!

Shak.
 In'ter*jec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Thrown in between other words or phrases; parenthetical; ejaculatory; as, an interjectional remark.

2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an interjection; consisting of natural and spontaneous exclamations.

 Certain of the natural accompaniments of interjectional speech, such as gestures, grimaces, and gesticulations, are restrained by civilization.

Earle.
 In'ter*jec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To convert into, or to use as, an interjection. Earle.
 In'ter*jec"tion*al*ly, adv. In an interjectional manner. G. Eliot.
 In'ter*jec"tion*a*ry (?), a. Interjectional.

 In'ter*join" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjoining.] [Pref. inter + join.] To join mutually; to unite. [R.] Shak.
 In"ter*joist' (?), n. (Carp.) 1. The space or interval between two joists. Gwilt.
2. A middle joist or crossbeam. De Colange.
 In'ter*junc"tion (?), n. [L. interjunctus, p. p. of interjungere to join together. See Inter-, and Join, and cf. Interjoin.] A mutual joining. [R.]

 In'ter*knit" (?), v. t. To knit together; to unite closely; to intertwine.

 In'ter*know" (?), v. t. To know mutually. [Obs.]

 In'ter*knowl"edge (?), n. Mutual knowledge or acquaintance. [Obs.]
 Bacon.
 In'ter*lace" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Interlaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interlacing (?).] [OE. entrelacen, F. entrelacer. See Inter-, and Lace.] To unite, as by lacing together; to insert or interpose one thing within another; to intertwine; to interweave.

 Severed into stripes That interlaced each other.

Cowper.
 The epic way is everywhere interlaced with dialogue.

Dryden.
Interlacing arches (Arch.), arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts intersect and seem to be interlaced.

 In'ter*lace"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. entrelacement.] The act of interlacing, or the state of being interlaced; also, that which is interlaced.

 { In'ter*lam"el*lar (?), In'ter*lam"i*nar (?) }, a. (Anat.)
 Between lammellæ or laminæ; as, interlamellar spaces.

 In'ter*lam"i*na'ted (?), a. Placed between, or containing, laminæ or plates.

 In'ter*lam'i*na"tion (?), n. The state of being interlaminated.

 In"ter*lapse' (?), n. [Pref. inter- + lapse: cf. L. interlabi, interlapsus, to fall, slide, or flow, between.]
 The lapse or interval of time between two events. [R.] Harvey.
 In'ter*lard" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlarding.] [F. entrelarder. See Inter-, and Lard.]

1. To place lard or bacon amongst; to mix, as fat meat with lean.
 [Obs.]

 Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded.

Drayton.
2. Hence: To insert between; to mix or mingle; especially, to introduce that which is foreign or irrelevant; as, to interlard a conversation with oaths or allusions.

 The English laws... [were] mingled and interlarded with many particular laws of their own.


application of fire or heat; as, to burn a hole; to burn charcoal; to burn letters into a block.

5. To consume, injure, or change the condition of, as if by action of fire or heat; to affect as fire or heat does; as, to burn the mouth with pepper.

 This tyrant fever burns me up. Shak.
 This dry sorrow burns up all my tears.

Dryden.
 When the cold north wind bloweth,... it devoureth the mountains, and burneth the wilderness, and consumeth the grass as fire. Ecclus.
 xliii. 20, 21.
6. (Surg.) To apply a cautery to; to cauterize.

7. (Chem.) To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as, a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen.

To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. -- To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned.
 -- To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. -- To burn one's fingers, to get one's self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. -- To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. "Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes?" Shak. -- To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one's house, store, or shop, with the contents. -- To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely.

 Burn, v. i. 1. To be of fire; to flame. "The mount burned with fire." Deut. ix. 15.
2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat.

 Your meat doth burn, quoth I. Shak.
3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as, the face burns; to burn with fever.

 Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way? Luke xxiv. 32.
 The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water. Shak.
Burning with high hope. Byron.
 The groan still deepens, and the combat burns. Pope.
 The parching air Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire. Milton.
4. (Chem.) To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as, copper burns in chlorine.

5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.]

To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. -- To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed.

 Burn, n. 1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat.

2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as, they have a good burn.

3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6.

 Burn, n. [See 1st Bourn.] A small stream. [Scot.]

 Burn"a*ble (&?;), a. Combustible. Cotgrave.
 Burned (&?;), p. p. & a. See Burnt.

 Burned (&?;), p. p. Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Burn"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything.

2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced.

Bunsen's burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. -- Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc.

 Bur"net (&?;), n. [OE. burnet burnet; also, brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim.
 of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet.

Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygæna filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. -- Burnet saxifrage.
 (Bot.) See Saxifrage. -- Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). -- Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis.

 Bur"nett*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.) To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; -- a process invented by Sir William Burnett.

 Burn"ie (&?;), n. [See 4th Burn.] A small brook. [Scot.] Burns.
 Bur"nie*bee' (&?;), n. The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.]

 Burn"ing, a. 1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery.

2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as, burning zeal.

 Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden.
Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry.

 Burn"ing, n. The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated.

Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. -- Burning glass, a convex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. -- Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. -- Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass.

Syn. -- Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze.

 Bur"nish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. br&?;n; cf.
 MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.] To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as, to burnish brass or paper.

 The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air. Dryden.
 Now the village windows blaze, Burnished by the setting sun.
Cunningham.
Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing


l and r, in bla, bra. M and n also are called liquids.

Liquid measure, a measure, or system of measuring, for liquids, by the gallon, quart, pint, gill, etc.

 Liq"uid*am'bar (lk"wd*m'br), n. [Liquid + amber.] 1.
(Bot.) A genus consisting of two species of tall trees having starshaped leaves, and woody burlike fruit. Liquidambar styraciflua is the North American sweet qum, and L. Orientalis is found in Asia Minor.

2. The balsamic juice which is obtained from these trees by incision. The liquid balsam of the Oriental tree is liquid storax.

 Liq"uid*am'ber, n. See Liquidambar.

 Liq"ui*date (lk"w*dt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidated (- d'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] [LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidare to liquidate, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear.
 See Liquid.] 1. (Law) To determine by agreement or by litigation the precise amount of (indebtedness); or, where there is an indebtedness to more than one person, to determine the precise amount of (each indebtedness); to make the amount of (an indebtedness) clear and certain.

 A debt or demand is liquidated whenever the amount due is agreed on by the parties, or fixed by the operation of law.

15 Ga. Rep. 321.
 If our epistolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe you would be brought in considerable debtor.

Chesterfield.
2. In an extended sense: To ascertain the amount, or the several amounts, of, and apply assets toward the discharge of (an indebtedness).
 Abbott.
3. To discharge; to pay off, as an indebtedness.

 Friburg was ceded to Zurich by Sigismund to liquidate a debt of a thousand florins.

W. Coxe.
4. To make clear and intelligible.

 Time only can liquidate the meaning of all parts of a compound system.

A. Hamilton.
5. To make liquid. [Obs.]

Liquidated damages (Law), damages the amount of which is fixed or ascertained. Abbott.
 Liq'ui*da"tion (lk'w*d"shn), n. [Cf. F. liquidation.] The act or process of liquidating; the state of being liquidated.

To go into liquidation (Law), to turn over to a trustee one's assets and accounts, in order that the several amounts of one's indebtedness may be authoritatively ascertained, and that the assets may be applied toward their discharge.

 Liq"ui*da'tor (lk"w*d'tr), n. [Cf. F. liquidateur.]

1. One who, or that which, liquidates.

2. An officer appointed to conduct the winding up of a company, to bring and defend actions and suits in its name, and to do all necessary acts on behalf of the company. [Eng.] Mozley & W. Li*quid"i*ty (l*kwd"*t), n. [L. liquiditas, fr. liquidus liquid: cf. F. liquidité.] The state or quality of being liquid.

 Liq"uid*ize (lk"wd*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidizing (- 'zng).] To render liquid.

 Liq"uid*ly, adv. In a liquid manner; flowingly.

 Liq"uid*ness, n. The quality or state of being liquid; liquidity; fluency.

 Liq"uor (lk"r), n. [OE. licour, licur, OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid.
 See Liquid, and cf. Liqueur.] 1. Any liquid substance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice, or the like.

2. Specifically, alcoholic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented, as brandy, wine, whisky, beer, etc.

3. (Pharm.) A solution of a medicinal substance in water; -- distinguished from tincture and aqua.

 The U. S. Pharmacopœia includes, in this class of preparations, all aqueous solutions without sugar, in which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquæ or waters. U. S. Disp.
Labarraque's liquor (Old Chem.), a solution of an alkaline hypochlorite, as sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant. -- Liquor of flints, or Liquor silicum (Old Chem.), soluble glass; -- so called because formerly made from powdered flints. See Soluble glass, under Glass. -- Liquor of Libavius. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. -- Liquor sanguinis (sn"gwn*s) (Physiol.), the blood plasma. -- Liquor thief, a tube for taking samples of liquor from a cask through the bung hole. -- To be in liquor, to be intoxicated.

 Liq"uor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquored (-rd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Liquoring.] 1. To supply with liquor. [R.]

2. To grease. [Obs.] Bacon.
Liquor fishermen's boots.

Shak.
 Liq"uor*ice (lk"r*s), n. See Licorice.

 Liq"uor*ish, a. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Shak.
 Liq"uor*ous (-s), a. Eagerly desirous. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Marston.
 ||Li"ra (l"r), n.; pl. Lire (-r). [It., fr. L. libra the Roman pound. Cf. Livre.] An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

 ||Li*rel"la (l*rl"l), n. [NL., dim. of L. lira a furrow.] (Bot.)
 A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

 Li*rel"li*form (-l*fôrm), a. [Lirella + -form.]
 (Bot.) Like a lirella. [Written also lirellæform.]

 ||Lir'i*o*den"dron (lr'**dn"drn), n.; pl. Liriodendra (- dr). [NL., fr. Gr. lei'rion lily + de'ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, tuliplike flowers; tulip tree; whitewood; -- called also canoewood. Liriodendron tulipifera is the only extant species, but there were several others in the Cretaceous epoch.

 Lir"i*pipe (lr"*pp), n. [Obs.] See Liripoop.

 Lir"i*poop (lr"*pp), n. [OF. liripipion, liripion, LL. liripipium. Said to be corrupted from L. cleri ephippium, lit., the clergy's caparison.]

1. A pendent part of the old clerical tippet; afterwards, a tippet; a scarf; -- worn also by doctors, learned men, etc. [Obs.]

2. Acuteness; smartness; also, a smart trick or stratagem. [Obs.]
 Stanihurst.
3. A silly person. [Obs.]

 A liripoop, vel lerripoop, a silly, empty


foot: cf. F. scutipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; -- said of certain birds.

 Scut"tle (?), n. [AS. scutel a dish, platter; cf. Icel. skutill; both fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter; cf. scutum a shield. Cf. Skillet.] 1. A broad, shallow basket.

2. A wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal: a coal hod.

 Scut"tle, v. i. [For scuddle, fr. scud.] To run with affected precipitation; to hurry; to bustle; to scuddle.

 With the first dawn of day, old Janet was scuttling about the house to wake the baron.

Sir W. Scott.
 Scut"tle, n. A quick pace; a short run. Spectator.
 Scut"tle (?), n. [OF. escoutille, F. éscoutille, cf. Sp. escotilla; probably akin to Sp. escotar to cut a thing so as to make it fit, to hollow a garment about the neck, perhaps originally, to cut a bosom-shaped piece out, and of Teutonic origin; cf.
 D. schoot lap, bosom, G. schoss, Goth. skauts the hem of a garnment. Cf. Sheet an expanse.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) A small opening or hatchway in the deck of a ship, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it, also, a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship. (b) An opening in the roof of a house, with a lid.

2. The lid or door which covers or closes an opening in a roof, wall, or the like.

Scuttle butt, or Scuttle cask (Naut.), a butt or cask with a large hole in it, used to contain the fresh water for daily use in a ship. Totten.
 Scut"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scuttled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Scuttling.] 1. To cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (as of a ship), for any purpose.

2. To sink by making holes through the bottom of; as, to scuttle a ship.

 ||Scu"tum (?), n.; pl. Scuta (#). [L.] 1. (Rom.
 Antiq.) An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; -- carried chiefly by the heavy-armed infantry.

2. (O. Eng. Law) A penthouse or awning. [Obs.] Burrill.
3. (Zoöl.) (a) The second and largest of the four parts forming the upper surface of a thoracic segment of an insect.
 It is preceded by the prescutum and followed by the scutellum. See the Illust.
 under Thorax. (b) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle.

 ||Scyb"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky'balon dung.] (Med.)
 Hardened masses of feces.

 Scye (s), n. Arm scye, a cutter's term for the armhole or part of the armhole of the waist of a garment. [Cant] Scyle (sl), v. t. [AS. scylan to withdraw or remove.] To hide; to secrete; to conceal. [Obs.]

 Scyl"la (?), n. A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying "Between Scylla and Charybdis," signifying a great peril on either hand.

 ||Scyl*læ"a (?), n. [NL. See Scylla.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest.

 In color and form these mollusks closely imitate the fronds of sargassum and other floating seaweeds among which they live.

 Scyl*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a family (Scyllaridæ) of macruran Crustacea, remarkable for the depressed form of the body, and the broad, flat antennæ. Also used adjectively.

 Scyl"lite (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweetish taste, resembling inosite and metameric with dextrose. It is extracted from the kidney of the dogfish (of the genus Scyllium), the shark, and the skate.

 Scym"e*tar (?), n. See Scimiter.

 ||Scy"pha (?), n.; pl. Scyphae (#). [NL.] (Bot.)
 See Scyphus, 2 (b).

 Scy"phi*form (?), a. [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] (Bot.)
 Cup-shaped.

 ||Scy*phis"to*ma (?), n.; pl. Scyphistomata (#), Scyphistomæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sky'fos a cup + sto'ma the mouth.] (Zoöl.)
 The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian.

 ||Scy'pho*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. sky'fos a cup + bra'gchion a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the blennioid and gobioid fishes, and other related families.

 ||Scy'pho*me*du"sæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky'fos cup + NL. medusa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Acraspeda, or Discophora.

 ||Scy*phoph"o*ri (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky'fos a cup + fe'rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water fishes inhabiting tropical Africa. They have rudimentary electrical organs on each side of the tail.

 Scy"phus (?), n.; pl. Scyphi (#). [L., a cup, Gr.
 sky'fos.] 1. (Antiq.) A kind of large drinking cup, -- used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk.

2. (Bot.) (a) The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers. (b) A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen.

 Scythe (s), n. [OE. sithe, AS. sðe, sigðe; akin to Icel. sigðr a sickle, LG. segd, seged, seed, seid, OHG. segansa sickle, scythe, G. sense scythe, and to E. saw a cutting instrument. See Saw.] [Written also sithe and sythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a long handle, called a snath, which is bent into a form convenient for use.

 The sharp-edged scythe shears up the spiring grass.

Drayton.
 Whatever thing The scythe of Time mows down.

Milton.
2. (Antiq.) A scythe-shaped blade attached to ancient war chariots.

 Scythe (?


1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak.
4. (Civil Law) The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill.
5. (Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.) The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metathesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis.

 Sub'sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub'sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.
 Sub'sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

 Sub"sti*tu'tive (?), a. [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.] Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins.
 Sub*stract" (?), v. t. [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.] To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Sub*strac"tion (?), n. [OF. substraction, F. soustraction.
 See Subtract.] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law) See Subtraction, 3.

 Sub*stract"or (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sub"strate (?), n. A substratum. [R.]

 Sub"strate, a. Having very slight furrows. [R.]

 Sub*strate" (?), v. t. [L. substratus, p. p. of substrahere.
 See Substratum.] To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.]

 The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand.

Boyle.
 Sub*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Substrata (#). [L. substratus, p. p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

 Sub*struct" (?), v. t. [See Substruction.] To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.]

 He substructs the religion of Asia as the base.

Emerson.
 Sub*struc"tion (?), n. [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground.

 It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable.

Evelyn.
 Sub*struc"ture (?), n. [Pref. sub- + structure.] 1.
(Arch.) Same as Substruction.

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

 Sub*sty"lar (?), a. Pertaining to the substyle.

 Sub"style' (?), n. (Dialing) A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton.
 Sub*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphate with an excess of the base.

 Sub*sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

 Sub*sul"tive (?), a. Subsultory. [R.] Berkley.
 Sub*sul"to*ry (?), a. [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv.
 [R.]

 Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men.

De Quincey.
 ||Sub*sul"tus (?), n. [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.) A starting, twitching, or convulsive motion.

 Sub*sum"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo.
 Sub*sume" (?), v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else.

 To subsume one proposition under another.

De Quincey.
 A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness.

W. Pater.
 Sub*sump"tion (?), n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another.

 The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion.

Sir W. Hamilton.
2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.

 But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule.

De Quincey.
 Sub*sump"tive (?), a. Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge.
 Sub*tan"gent (?), n. (Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

 Sub'tar*ta"re*an (?), a. Being or living under Tartarus; infernal.
 "Subtartarean powers." Pope.
 Sub*tec"ta*cle (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).
 Sub*teg'u*la"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

 Sub*ten"ant (?), n. (Law) One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

 Sub*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Subtending.] [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.] To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc.

 Sub*tense" (?), n. [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc.

 Sub*tep"id (?), a. Slightly tepid.

 Sub'te*rete" (?), a. Somewhat terete.

 { Sub*ter"flu*ent (?), Sub*ter"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. subterfluens


FOURTH ACT FIFTH ACT SIXTH PART SECOND ACT FIRST ACT SECOND ACT THIRD ACT FOURTH ACT FIFTH ACT SIXTH PART THIRD ACT FIRST ACT SECOND ACT THIRD ACT FOURTH ACT FIFTH ACT SIXTH ACT SEVENTH AFTER SCENE FOOTNOTES DETAILED CONTENTS.
PART FIRST .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... FORE SCENE END OF THE FORE SCENE ACT FIRST SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI ACT SECOND SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V ACT THIRD SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III ACT FOURTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI ACT FIFTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI10 SCENE VII ACT SIXTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII PART SECOND ACT FIRST SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII ACT SECOND SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII ACT THIRD SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V ACT FOURTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII ACT FIFTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII ACT SIXTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII PART THIRD ACT FIRST SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII SCENE IX SCENE X SCENE XI SCENE XII ACT SECOND SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV ACT THIRD SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI ACT FOURTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII ACT FIFTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI ACT SIXTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII ACT SEVENTH SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII SCENE IX AFTER SCENE FOOTNOTES 1 (return) [ Schlegel.]

 2 (return) [ Introduction to the Choephori.]

 3 (return) [ It is now called an Epic-drama, Footnote 1909.]

 4 (return) [ Through this tangle of intentions the writer has in the main followed Thiers, whose access to documents would seem to authenticate his details of the famous scheme for England's ruin.]

 5 (return) [ These historic facings, which, I believe, won for the local [Footnote old 39th: regiment the nickname of "Green Linnets," have been changed for no apparent reason.
 Footnote They are now restored—1909] 6 (return) [ The remains of the lonely hut occupied by the beacon-keepers, consisting of some half-buried brickbats, and a little mound of peat overgrown with moss, are still visible on the elevated spot referred to. The two keepers themselves, and their eccentricities and sayings are traditionary, with a slight disguise of names.]

 7 (return) [ "Le projet existe encore aux archives de la marine que Napoléon consultait incessamment; il sentait que cette marine depuis Louis XIV. avait fait de grandes choses: le plan de l'Expedition d'Egypte et de la descente en Angleterre se trouvaient au ministere de la marine."—CAPEFIGUE: L'Europe pendant le Consulat et l'Empire.]

 8 (return) [ This weather-beaten old building, though now an hotel, is but little altered.]

 9 (return) [ Soph. Trach. 1266-72.]

 10 (return) [ This scene is a little antedated, to include it in the Act to which it essentially belongs.]

 11 (return) [ "Quel bonhour que je n'aie aucun enfant pour recueillir mon horrible heritage et qui soit charge du poids de mon nom!"— [Footnote Extract from the poignant letter to his wife written on this night.—See Lanfrey iii. 374.]

 12 (return) [ In those days the hind-part of the harbour adjoining this scene was so named, and at high tides the waves washed across the isthmus at a point called "The Narrows." 13 (return) [ This General's name should, it is said, be pronounced in three syllables, nearly PRESH-EV-SKY.]

 14 (return) [ It has been conjectured of late that these adventurous spirits were Sir Robert Wilson and, possibly, Lord Hutchinson, present there at imminent risks of their lives.]

 15 (return) [ The traditional present of the rose was probably on this occasion, though it is not quite matter of certainty.]

 16 (return) [ At this date.]

 17 (return) [ So Madame Metternich to her husband in reporting this interview. But who shall say!]

 18 (return) [ The writer has been unable to discover what became of this unhappy lady and her orphaned infants.—[Footnote The foregoing note, which appeared in the first edition of this drama, was the means of bringing from a descendant of the lady referred to the information she remarried, and lived and died at Venice; and that both her children grew up and did well.—1909: 19 (return) [ Thomas Young of Sturminster-Newton;


Steel Corporation of the property of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company gave the Steel Corporation practically a monopoly of the Southern iron ores—that is, of the iron ores south of the Potomac and the Ohio. My information, which I have every reason to believe is accurate and not successfully to be challenged, is that, of these Southern iron ores the Steel Corporation has, including the property gained from the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, less than 20 per cent—perhaps not over 16 per cent. This is a very much smaller percentage than the percentage it holds of the Lake Superior ores, which even after the surrender of the Hill lease will be slightly over 50 per cent. According to my view, therefore, and unless—which I do not believe possible—these figures can be successfully challenged, the acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company's ores in no way changed the situation as regards making the Steel Corporation a monopoly.[*] The showing as to the percentage of production of all kinds of steel ingots and steel castings in the United States by the Steel Corporation and by all other manufacturers respectively makes an even stronger case. It makes the case even stronger than I put it in my testimony before the Investigating Committee, for I was scrupulously careful to make statements that erred, if at all, against my own position.
 It appears from the figures of production that in 1901 the Steel Corporation had to its credit nearly 66 per cent of the total production as against a little over 34 per cent by all other steel manufacturers. The percentage then shrank steadily, until in 1906, the year before the acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron properties, the percentage was a little under 58 per cent. In spite of the acquisition of these properties, the following year, 1907, the total percentage shrank slightly, and this shrinking has continued until in 1910 the total percentage of the Steel Corporation is but a little over 54 per cent, and the percentage by all other steel manufacturers but a fraction less than 46 per cent. Of the 54 310 per cent produced by the Steel Corporation 1 910 per cent is produced by the former Tennessee Coal and Iron Company. In other words, these figures show that the acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company did not in the slightest degree change the situation, and that during the ten years which include the acquisition of these properties by the Steel Corporation the percentage of total output of steel manufacturers in this country by the Steel Corporation has shrunk from nearly 66 per cent to but a trifle over 54 per cent. I do not believe that these figures can be successfully controverted, and if not successfully controverted they show clearly not only that the acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron properties wrought no change in the status of the Steel Corporation, but that the Steel Corporation during the decade has steadily lost, instead of gained, in monopolistic character.

 So much for the facts in this particular case. Now for the general subject. When my Administration took office, I found, not only that there had been little real enforcement of the Anti-Trust Law and but little more effective enforcement of the Inter-State Commerce Law, but also that the decisions were so chaotic and the laws themselves so vaguely drawn, or at least interpreted in such widely varying fashions, that the biggest business men tended to treat both laws as dead letters. The series of actions by which we succeeded in making the Inter-State Commerce Law an efficient and most useful instrument in regulating the transportation of the country and exacting justice from the big railways without doing them injustice—while, indeed, on the contrary, securing them against injustice—need not here be related. The Anti-Trust Law it was also necessary to enforce as it had never hitherto been enforced; both because it was on the statute-books and because it was imperative to teach the masters of the biggest corporations in the land that they were not, and would not be permitted to regard themselves as, above the law. Moreover, where the combination has really been guilty of misconduct the law serves a useful purpose, and in such cases as those of the Standard Oil and Tobacco Trusts, if effectively enforced, the law confers a real and great good.

 Suits were brought against the most powerful corporations in the land, which we were convinced had clearly and beyond question violated the Anti-Trust Law. These suits were brought with great care, and only where we felt so sure of our facts that we could be fairly certain that there was a likelihood of success. As a matter of fact, in most of the important suits we were successful. It was imperative that these suits should be brought, and very real good was achieved by bringing them, for it was only these suits that made the great masters of corporate capital in America fully realize that they were the servants and not the masters of the people, that they were subject to the law, and that they would not be permitted to be a law unto themselves; and the corporations against which we proceeded had sinned, not merely by being big (which we did not regard as in itself a sin), but by being guilty of unfair practices towards their competitors, and by procuring fair advantages from the railways. But the resulting situation has made it evident that the Anti-Trust Law is not adequate to meet the situation that has grown up because of modern business conditions and the accompanying tremendous increase in the business use of vast quantities of corporate wealth. As I have said, this was already evident to my mind when I was President, and in communications to Congress I repeatedly stated the facts. But when I made these communications there were still plenty of people who did not believe that we would succeed in the suits that had been instituted against the Standard Oil, the Tobacco, and other corporations, and it was impossible to get the public as a whole to realize what the situation was. Sincere zealots who believed that all combinations could be destroyed and the old-time conditions of unregulated competition restored, insincere politicians who knew better but made believe that they thought whatever their constituents wished them to think, crafty reactionaries who wished to see on the statute-books laws which they believed unenforceable, and the almost solid "Wall Street crowd" or representatives of "big business" who at that time opposed with equal violence both wise and necessary and unwise and improper regulation of business-all fought against the adoption of a sane, effective, and far-reaching policy.

 It is a vitally necessary thing to have the persons in control of big trusts of the character of the Standard Oil Trust and Tobacco Trust taught that they are under the law, just as it was a necessary thing to have the Sugar Trust taught the same lesson in drastic fashion by Mr. Henry L. Stimson when he was United States District Attorney in the city of New York. But to attempt to meet the whole problem not by administrative governmental action but by a succession of lawsuits is hopeless from the standpoint of working out a permanently satisfactory solution. Moreover, the results sought to be achieved are achieved only in extremely insufficient and fragmentary measure by breaking up all big corporations, whether they have behaved well or ill, into a number of little corporations which it is perfectly certain will be largely, and perhaps altogether, under the same control. Such action is harsh and mischievous if the corporation is guilty of nothing except its size; and where, as in the case of the Standard Oil, and especially the Tobacco, trusts, the corporation has been guilty of immoral and anti-social practices, there is need for far more drastic and thoroughgoing action than any that has been taken, under the recent decree of the Supreme Court. In the case of the Tobacco Trust, for instance, the settlement in the Circuit Court, in which the representatives of the Government seem inclined to concur, practically leaves all of the companies still substantially under the control of the twenty-nine original defendants. Such a result is lamentable from the standpoint of justice. The decision of the Circuit Court, if allowed to stand, means that the Tobacco Trust has merely been obliged to change its clothes, that none of the real offenders have received any real punishment, while, as the New York Times, a pro-trust paper, says, the tobacco concerns, in their new clothes, are in positions of "ease and luxury," and "immune from prosecution under the law."

 Surely, miscarriage of justice is not too strong a term to apply to such a result when considered in connection with what the Supreme Court said of this Trust. That great Court in its decision used language which, in spite of its habitual and severe self-restraint in stigmatizing


to suppose.

 Every man is to be presumed innocent till he is proved to be guilty.

Blackstone.
 What rests but that the mortal sentence pass,... Which he presumes already vain and void, Because not yet inflicted?

Milton.
 Pre*sume", v. i. 1. To suppose or assume something to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof; to believe by anticipation; to infer; as, we may presume too far.

2. To venture, go, or act, by an assumption of leave or authority not granted; to go beyond what is warranted by the circumstances of the case; to venture beyond license; to take liberties; -- often with on or upon before the ground of confidence.

 Do not presume too much upon my love.

Shak.
 This man presumes upon his parts.

Locke.
 Pre*sum"ed*ly, adv. By presumption.

 Pre*sum"er (?), n. One who presumes; also, an arrogant person. Sir H. Wotton.
 Pre*sum"ing*ly, adv. Confidently; arrogantly.

 Pre*sump"tion (?; 215), n. [L. praesumptio: cf. F. présomption, OF. also presumpcion. See Presume.] 1. The act of presuming, or believing upon probable evidence; the act of assuming or taking for granted; belief upon incomplete proof.

2. Ground for presuming; evidence probable, but not conclusive; strong probability; reasonable supposition; as, the presumption is that an event has taken place.

3. That which is presumed or assumed; that which is supposed or believed to be real or true, on evidence that is probable but not conclusive. "In contradiction to these very plausible presumptions."
 De Quincey.
4. The act of venturing beyond due beyond due bounds; an overstepping of the bounds of reverence, respect, or courtesy; forward, overconfident, or arrogant opinion or conduct; presumptuousness; arrogance; effrontery.

 Thy son I killed for his presumption.

Shak.
 I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very unfinished piece.

Dryden.
Conclusive presumption. See under Conclusive. -- Presumption of fact (Law), an argument of a fact from a fact; an inference as to the existence of one fact not certainly known, from the existence of some other fact known or proved, founded on a previous experience of their connection; supposition of the truth or real existence of something, without direct or positive proof of the fact, but grounded on circumstantial or probable evidence which entitles it to belief. Burrill.
Best. Wharton. -- Presumption of law (Law), a postulate applied in advance to all cases of a particular class; e. g., the presumption of innocence and of regularity of records. Such a presumption is rebuttable or irrebuttable.

 Pre*sump"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. présomptif.] 1.
 Based on presumption or probability; grounded on probable evidence; probable; as, presumptive proof.

2. Presumptuous; arrogant. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
Presumptive evidence (Law), that which is derived from circumstances which necessarily or usually attend a fact, as distinct from direct evidence or positive proof; indirect or circumstantial evidence. "Presumptive evidence of felony should be cautiously admitted." Blackstone. The distinction, however, between direct and presumptive (or circumstantial) evidence is now generally abandoned; all evidence being now more or less direct and more or less presumptive. -- Presumptive heir. See Heir presumptive, under Heir.

 Pre*sump"tive*ly, adv. By presumption, or supposition grounded or probability; presumably.

 Pre*sump"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [L. praesumptuosus: cf. F. présomptueux, OF. also presumptuous. See Presumption.] 1. Full of presumption; presuming; overconfident or venturesome; audacious; rash; taking liberties unduly; arrogant; insolent; as, a presumptuous commander; presumptuous conduct.

 A class of presumptuous men, whom age has not made cautious, nor adversity wise.

Buckminster.
2. Founded on presumption; as, a presumptuous idea. "False, presumptuous hope." Milton.
3. Done with hold design, rash confidence, or in violation of known duty; willful. "Keep back the servant also from presumptuous sins."
 Ps. xix. 13.
Syn. -- Overconfident; foolhardy; rash; presuming; forward; arrogant; insolent.

 Pre*sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. In a presumptuous manner; arrogantly.

 Pre*sump"tu*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being presumptuous.

 Pre'sup*pos"al (?), n. Presupposition. [R.] "Presupposal of knowledge." Hooker.
 Pre'sup*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presupposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Presupposing.] [Pref. pre- + suppose: cf. F. présupposer.] To suppose beforehand; to imply as antecedent; to take for granted; to assume; as, creation presupposes a creator.

 Each [kind of knowledge] presupposes many necessary things learned in other sciences, and known beforehand.

Hooker.
 Pre*sup'po*si"tion (?), n. [Pref. pre- + supposition: cf. F. présupposition.] 1. The act of presupposing; an antecedent implication; presumption.

2. That which is presupposed; a previous supposition or surmise.

 Pre'sur*mise" (?), n. A surmise previously formed. Shak.
 Pre'sys*tol"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Preceding the systole or contraction of the heart; as, the presystolic friction sound.

 Pre*tem"po*ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the temporal bone.

 Pre*tence" (?), n., Pre*tence"ful, a., Pre*tence"*less, a. See Pretense, Pretenseful, Pretenseless.

 Pre*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pretending.] [OE. pretenden to lay claim to, F. prétendre, L. praetendere, praetentum, to stretch forward, pretend, simulate, assert; prae before + tendere to stretch. See Tend, v. t. ] 1. To lay a claim to; to allege a title to; to claim.

 Chiefs shall be grudged the part which they pretend.

Dryden.
2. To hold before, or put forward, as a cloak or disguise for something else; to exhibit as a veil for something hidden. [R.]

 Lest that too heavenly form, pretended To hellish falsehood, snare them.

Milton.
3. To hold out, or represent, falsely; to put forward, or offer, as true or real (something untrue or unreal); to show hypocritically, or for the purpose of deceiving; to simulate; to feign; as, to pretend friendship.

 This let him know, Lest, willfully transgressing, he pretend Surprisal.

Milton.
4. To intend; to design; to plot; to attempt. [Obs.]

 Such as shall pretend Malicious practices against his state.

Shak.
5. To hold before one; to extend. [Obs.] "His target always over her pretended." Spenser.
 Pre*tend", v.


PAUL THE PEDDLER, OR THE FORTUNES OF A YOUNG STREET MERCHANT By Horatio Alger, Jr.

CONTENTS BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PAUL THE PEDDLER CHAPTER I -- PAUL THE PEDDLER CHAPTER II -- PAUL AT HOME CHAPTER III -- PAUL HAS COMPETITORS CHAPTER IV -- TEDDY GIVES UP BUSINESS CHAPTER V -- PAUL LOSES HIS BASKET CHAPTER VI -- PAUL AS AN ARTIST CHAPTER VII -- A NEW BUSINESS CHAPTER VIII -- A STROKE OF ILL LUCK CHAPTER IX -- A NEW PATRON CHAPTER X -- ANOTHER LOSS CHAPTER XI -- BARCLAY & CO.
 CHAPTER XII -- THE BARREL THIEF CHAPTER XIII -- OUT OF BUSINESS CHAPTER XIV -- THE DIAMOND RING CHAPTER XV -- THE PAWNBROKER'S SHOP CHAPTER XVI -- THE JEWELER'S PRICE CHAPTER XVII -- MR. FELIX MONTGOMERY CHAPTER XVIII -- A CLEVER THIEF CHAPTER XIX -- PAUL DELIBERATES CHAPTER XX -- THE THIEF IN DISGUISE CHAPTER XXI -- PAUL IS CHECKMATED CHAPTER XXII -- A MAN OF RESOURCES CHAPTER XXIII -- A NEW EXPEDIENT CHAPTER XXIV -- MR. MONTGOMERY'S ARREST CHAPTER XXV -- PAUL'S FINAL SUCCESS CHAPTER XXVI -- CONCLUSION BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Horatio Alger, Jr., an author who lived among and for boys and himself remained a boy in heart and association till death, was born at Revere, Mass., January 13, 1834. He was the son of a clergyman, was graduated at Harvard College in 1852, and at its Divinity School in 1860 and was pastor of the Unitarian Church at Brewster, Mass., in 1862-66.

 In the latter year he settled in New York and began drawing public attention to the condition and needs of street boys. He mingled with them, gained their confidence showed a personal concern in their affairs, and stimulated them to honest and useful living. With his first story he won the hearts of all red-blooded boys everywhere, and of the seventy or more that followed over a million copies were sold during the author's lifetime.

 In his later life he was in appearance a short, stout, bald-headed man, with cordial manners and whimsical views of things that amused all who met him. He died at Natick, Mass., July 18, 1899.

 Mr. Alger's stories are as popular now as when first published, because they treat of real live boys who were always up and about—just like the boys found everywhere to-day. They are pure in tone and inspiring in influence, and many reforms in the juvenile life of New York may be traced to them. Among the best known are: Strong and Steady; Strive and Succeed; Try and Trust; Bound to Rise; Risen from the Ranks; Herbert Carter's Legacy; Brave and Bold; Jack's Ward; Shifting for Himself; Wait and Hope; Paul the Peddler; Phil the Fiddler; Slow and Sure; Julius the Street Boy; Tom the Bootblack; Struggling Upward, Facing the World; The Cash Boy; Making His Way; Tony the Tramp; Joe's Luck; Do and Dare; Only an Irish Boy; Sink or Swim; A Cousin's Conspiracy; Andy Gordon; Bob Burton; Harry Vane; Hector's Inheritance; Mark Mason's Triumph; Sam's Chance; The Telegraph Boy; The Young Adventurer; The Young Outlaw; The Young Salesman, and Luke Walton.

 PAUL THE PEDDLER CHAPTER I PAUL THE PEDDLER "Here's your prize packages! Only five cents! Money prize in every package! Walk up, gentlemen, and try your luck!" The speaker, a boy of fourteen, stood in front of the shabby brick building, on Nassau street, which has served for many years as the New York post office. In front of him, as he stood with his back to the building, was a small basket, filled with ordinary letter envelopes, each labeled "Prize Package." His attractive announcement, which, at that time, had also the merit of novelty—for Paul had himself hit upon the idea, and manufactured the packages, as we shall hereafter explain—drew around him a miscellaneous crowd, composed chiefly of boys.

 "What's in the packages, Johnny?" asked a bootblack, with his box strapped to his back.

 "Candy," answered Paul. "Buy one. Only five cents." "There ain't much candy," answered the bootblack, with a disparaging glance.

 "What if there isn't? There's a prize." "How big a prize?" "There's a ten-cent stamp in some of 'em. All have got something in 'em." Influenced by this representation, the bootblack drew out a five-cent piece, and said: "Pitch one over then. I guess I can stand it." An envelope was at once handed him.

 "Open it, Johnny," said a newsboy at his side. Twenty curious eyes were fixed upon him as he opened the package. He drew out rather a scanty supply of candy, and then turning to Paul, with a look of indignation, said: "Where's the prize? I don't see no prize. Give me back my five cents." "Give it to me. I'll show you," said the young merchant.

 He thrust in his finger, and drew out a square bit of paper, on which was written—One Cent.

 "There's your prize," he added, drawing a penny from his pocket.

 "It ain't much of a prize," said the buyer. "Where's your ten cents?" "I didn't say I put ten cents into every package," answered Paul.

 "I'd burst up pretty quick if I did that. Who'll have another package?
 Only five cents!" Curiosity and taste for speculation are as prevalent among children as with men, so this appeal produced its effect.

 "Give me a package," said Teddy O'Brien, a newsboy, stretching out a dirty hand, containing the stipulated sum. He also was watched curiously as he opened the package. He drew out a paper bearing the words—Two Cents.

 "Bully for you, Teddy! You've had better luck than I," said the bootblack.

 The check was duly honored, and Teddy seemed satisfied, though the amount of candy he received probably could not have cost over half-a-cent. Still, he had drawn twice as large a prize as the first buyer, and that was satisfactory.

 "Who'll take the next?" asked Paul, in a businesslike manner. "Maybe there's ten cents in this package. That's where you double your money.
 Walk up, gentlemen. Only five cents!" Three more responded to this invitation, one drawing a prize of two cents, the other two of one cent each. Just then, as it seemed doubtful whether any more would be purchased by those present, a young man, employed in a Wall street house, came out of the post office.

 "What have you got here?" he asked, pausing.

 "Prize packages of candy! Money prize in every package! Only five cents!" "Give me one, then. I never drew


.
Those shown in sketch were found about lat. 21° 50', long.
126° 30'.
E. Stone Tomahawk—from Sturt Creek—given to me by Mr. Stretch.
Illustration 33: E Stone Tomahawks The head is of a very dark and hard green stone, ground to a fine edge, and is set between the two arms of the handle and held in place with spinifex gum.
The handle is formed by bending round (probably by means of fire) a single strip of wood.
The two arms of the handle are sometimes held together by a band of hair-string.
The iron tomahawks are similarly made.
3. BOOMERANGS.—These weapons are now so well known that a description of the ordinary pattern would be superfluous. However, near Dwarf Well we found one of uncommon shape; and until reading a book on a Queensland tribe I was unaware of its use, nor could I find any one who had seen one of like shape. The weapon in question is the Beaked or Hooked boomerang (F).
Mr. W. Roth, in his Ethnological Studies Among the North-West Central Queensland Aborigines, says:— It appears that when warding off a blow from a boomerang of any description the defence consists in holding forwards and vertically any stick or shield that comes to hand, and moving it more or less outwards, right or left as the case may be, thus causing the missile on contact to glance to one or the other side. The hook is intended to counteract the movement of defence by catching on the defending stick around which it swings and, with the increased impetus so produced, making sure of striking the one attacked.
Illustration 34: F Boomerangs Illustration 35: G Clubs and throwing-sticks 4. CLUBS AND THROWING-STICKS (G).
1. The uses of these are sufficiently obvious to make a description unnecessary.
2. The throwing-sticks are used chiefly in hunting, and for guarding a blow from a boomerang. Most that I have seen were made of mulga (acacia) hardened by fire.
5. SHIELDS.—H. Of hard wood (Mulga); I. Of soft wood (Cork bark).
Illustration 36: H,I Shields H. The hard-wood shields are carved from a solid piece of mulga, are grooved to turn spears, and slightly curved for the same purpose. The handles stand out from the back. These were found as far North as lat.
25°S.
I. The soft-wood shields found North of lat. 25° are of about the same size, but are not grooved. Their faces are rounded; the handles are gouged out. It is interesting to notice how in each example the most serviceable shield has been made in the easiest way. The mulga splits into boards, and so cannot be obtained of any thickness, so flat shields are made; whereas the cork wood is a soft and very readily worked tree and can be carved and hacked into shape with the rudest implements, such as that shown in sketch (J).
Illustration 37: J,K Quartz knife 6. QUARTZ KNIFE (K).
With this exceedingly rough implement self-inflicted gashes on the chest and arms (presumably for ornamentation) are made. The rites of circumcision, and other initiatory operations, for the proper performance of which one would suppose the skill of a trained surgeon necessary, are carried out by means of this crude blade.
7. CEREMONIAL STICKS (L).
Illustration 38: L Ceremonial sticks In almost every camp flat sticks of various sizes, shapes, and carvings, similar to those shown above, were found. They were always carefully wrapped up in bark secured by hair-string. They are said to be used by the blacks in their several initiation ceremonies, but what their use or significance is, is not known. No tame boy (i.e., native who can speak English) will divulge their mysterious meaning. I have repeatedly asked about them, but have never succeeded in getting any answer beyond "I dunno, gin (or lubra) no more see 'em; gin see 'em, she tumble down quick fella." There must be some very queer superstition connected with them, since the ladies die on seeing them. Indeed, the black fellow has a somewhat arbitrary method of dealing with his gins, and should they be ill-advised enough to attempt to argue with him, does not wait to produce a flat stick, but silences them with a club.
8. RAIN-MAKING BOARDS.
M. Three of similar pattern found at Alexander Spring.
N. Found at Empress Spring hidden away with two similar to M. Illustration 39: M,N Rain-making boards With reference to these queer and rudely carved boards I received a letter from Mr. W. H. Cusack, of Roebourne, North-West Australia, in which he says:— …The implement you allude to is used by the "Mopongullera," or Rain-doctor, at their ceremony which they hold annually when they are making the rain. They are very rare, as there is only one every two hundred miles or so in the country. They are generally left at the rain ground, where you found yours, or placed in a cave, where the only one I have seen IN TWENTY-FIVE YEARS was found. They are the most sacred implements they possess… It would seem from the foregoing that we were specially lucky in seeing so many of these boards—viz., six within a distance of fifty miles—though it is possible that of the three found at Alexander Spring (on the occasion of our second visit) two might be identical with two of the three found at Empress Spring. Between our two visits to Alexander Spring there had evidently been a considerable gathering of blacks, and, considering the droughty appearance of the country, it seems feasible that on this occasion every available rain-making board was brought into use.
We were unfortunately unable to carry the Empress Spring boards, owing to their bulk and unwieldy shape.
From the other spot, however, seeing that we were nearing our journey's end, I brought one board—the only one unbroken—into civilisation. This I gave to Sir John Forrest, who in his journey across the Colony in 1874 found a similar board at the same place. In his journal he writes:— …I named it Alexander Spring, after my brother.... We also found about a dozen pieces of wood, some 6 feet long and 3 to 7 inches wide, and carved and trimmed up. All around were stones put up in forked trees.
I believe it is the place where the right of circumcision is performed.
Mr. Cusack's statement as to their extreme rarity in the Nor'-West, taken in conjunction with Sir John's experience and ours, would point to the strong reliance the natives must place on their Rain-doctor's abilities, for where the rainfall is comparatively great these boards are rare, while in the almost waterless interior, at a spot almost exactly in the centre of the Colony, nearly a dozen have been found. I would respectfully point out to the black-fellows how little their efforts have been successful, and would suggest the importation of several gross of boards, for the climate at present falls a long way short of perfection!
In the McDonnell Ranges (Central Australia) performers in the rain-dance wear on their heads a "long, erect, and ornamented structure of wood" (Horn Scientific Expedition, part iv.). This structure is not carved, but picked out with down made to adhere by blood, and is apparently some 3 to 4 feet long. From the length of the boards we found (one being 10 feet), I should say that some other method of using them must be in vogue amongst the desert tribes.
9. MESSAGE STICKS (O).
Illustration 40: O Message sticks These little sticks, rounded, carved, and painted with grease and red ochre, are known as either letter sticks or message sticks, and are common all over the continent. The carvings are supposed by some to represent the actual words of the message; by others it is held—and to this view I am inclined—that the sticks are tokens carried by a messenger to show that his words are authentic, and each stick belongs to one tribe or individual whose identity is shown by the carvings. They


(?), a. [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments; resembling a hair; slender. See Capillary.

 Cap'il*laire" (?), n. [F. capillaire maiden-hair; sirop de capillaire capillaire; fr. L. herba capillaris the maidenhair.] 1. A sirup prepared from the maiden-hair, formerly supposed to have medicinal properties.

2. Any simple sirup flavored with orange flowers.

 Ca*pil"la*ment (?), n. [L. capillamentum, fr. capillus hair: cf. F. capillament.] 1. (Bot.) A filament. [R.]

2. (Anat.) Any villous or hairy covering; a fine fiber or filament, as of the nerves.

 Cap"il*la*ri*ness (?), n. The quality of being capillary.

 Cap'il*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. capillarité.]

1. The quality or condition of being capillary.

2. (Physics) The peculiar action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube), is elevated or depressed; capillary attraction.

Capillarity depends upon the relative attaction of the modecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid, and is especially observable in capillary tubes, where it determines the ascent or descent of the liquid above or below the level of the liquid which the tube is dipped; -- hence the name.

 Cap"il*la*ry (kp"l*l*r or k*pl"l*r; 277), a. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. Cf. Capillaire.] 1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute; very slender; having minute tubes or interspaces; having very small bore; as, the capillary vessels of animals and plants.

2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels; as, capillary action.

Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent attraction or repulsion between a solid and liquid caused by capillarity.
 See Capillarity, and Attraction. -- Capillarity tubes. See the Note under Capillarity.

 Cap"il*la*ry, n.; pl. Capillaries (&?;). 1. A tube or vessel, extremely fine or minute.

2. (Anat.) A minute, thin-walled vessel; particularly one of the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, but used also for the smallest lymphatic and biliary vessels.

 Cap'il*la"tion (?), n. [L. capillatio the hair.] A capillary blood vessel. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ca*pil"la*ture (?), n. [L. capillatura.] A bush of hair; frizzing of the hair. Clarke.
 Ca*pil"li*form (?), a. [L. capillus hair + -form.] In the shape or form of, a hair, or of hairs.

 Cap"il*lose' (?), a. [L. capillosus.] Having much hair; hairy. [R.]

 Ca*pis"trate (?), a. [L. capistratus, p. p. of capistrare halter.] (Zoöl.) Hooded; cowled.

 Cap"i*tal (?), a. [F. capital, L. capitalis capital (in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head. See Chief, and cf. Capital, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the head. [Obs.]

 Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise Expect with mortal pain. Milton.
2. Having reference to, or involving, the forfeiture of the head or life; affecting life; punishable with death; as, capital trials; capital punishment.

 Many crimes that are capital among us. Swift.
 To put to death a capital offender. Milton.
3. First in importance; chief; principal.

 A capital article in religion Atterbury.
 Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity. I. Taylor.
4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of the general government of a state or nation; as, Washington and Paris are capital cities.

5. Of first rate quality; excellent; as, a capital speech or song. [Colloq.]

 Capital letter [F, lettre capitale] (Print.), a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, distinguished, for the most part, both by different form and larger size, from the small (lower-case) letters, which form the greater part of common print or writing. -- Small capital letters have the form of capital letters and height of the body of the lower-case letters. -- Capital stock, money, property, or stock invested in any business, or the enterprise of any corporation or institution. Abbott.
Syn. -- Chief; leading; controlling; prominent.

 Cap"i*tal (?), n. [Cf. L. capitellum and Capitulum, a small head, the head, top, or capital of a column, dim. of caput head; F. chapiteau, OF. capitel. See Chief, and cf. Cattle, Chattel, Chapiter, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) The head or uppermost member of a column, pilaster, etc. It consists generally of three parts, abacus, bell (or vase), and necking.
 See these terms, and Column.

2. [Cf. F. capilate, fem., sc. ville.] (Geog.)
 The seat of government; the chief city or town in a country; a metropolis.
 "A busy and splendid capital" Macauly.
3. [Cf. F. capital.] Money, property, or stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; the sum invested or lent, as distinguished from the income or interest. See Capital stock, under Capital, a.
4. (Polit. Econ.) That portion of the produce of industry, which may be directly employed either to support human beings or to assist in production. M'Culloch.
 When wealth is used to assist production it is called capital. The capital of a civilized community includes fixed capital (i.e.
 buildings, machines, and roads used in the course of production and exchange) amd circulating capital (i.e., food, fuel, money, etc., spent in the course of production and exchange). T. Raleigh.
5. Anything which can be used to increase one's power or influence.

 He tried to make capital out of his rival's discomfiture. London Times.
6. (Fort.) An imaginary line dividing a bastion, ravelin, or other work, into two equal parts.

7. A chapter, or section, of a book. [Obs.]

 Holy St. Bernard hath said in the 59th capital. Sir W. Scott.
8. (Print.) See Capital letter, under Capital, a. Active capital. See under Active, -- Small capital (Print.), a small capital letter. See under Capital, a. -- To live on one's capital, to consume one's capital without producing or accumulating anything to replace it.

 Cap"i*tal*ist, n. [Cf. F. capitaliste.] One who has capital; one who has money for investment, or money invested; esp. a person of large property, which is employed in business.

 The expenditure of the capitalist. Burke.
 Cap"i*tal*i*za'tion (?), n. The act or process of capitalizing.

 Cap"i*tal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capitalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.] 1. To convert into capital, or to use as capital.

2. To compute, appraise, or assess the capital value of (a


, L. dicere to say, Gr. deikny'nai to show, Skr. diç. Cf. Diction, Teach.]
 1. Something intended or supposed to represent or indicate another thing or an event; a sign; a symbol; as, the rainbow is a token of God's covenant established with Noah.

2. A memorial of friendship; something by which the friendship of another person is to be kept in mind; a memento; a souvenir.

 This is some token from a never friend.

Shak.
3. Something given or shown as a symbol or guarantee of authority or right; a sign of authenticity, of power, good faith, etc.

 Say, by this token, I desire his company.

Shak.
4. A piece of metal intended for currency, and issued by a private party, usually bearing the name of the issuer, and redeemable in lawful money. Also, a coin issued by government, esp. when its use as lawful money is limited and its intrinsic value is much below its nominal value.

 It is now made unlawful for private persons to issue tokens.

5. (Med.) A livid spot upon the body, indicating, or supposed to indicate, the approach of death. [Obs.]

 Like the fearful tokens of the plague, Are mere forerunners of their ends.

Beau. & Fl.
6. (Print.) Ten and a half quires, or, commonly, 250 sheets, of paper printed on both sides; also, in some cases, the same number of sheets printed on one side, or half the number printed on both sides.

7. (Ch. of Scot.) A piece of metal given beforehand to each person in the congregation who is permitted to partake of the Lord's Supper.

8. (Mining) A bit of leather having a peculiar mark designating a particular miner. Each hewer sends one of these with each corf or tub he has hewn.

Token money, money which is lawfully current for more than its real value. See Token, n., 4. - - Token sheet (Print.), the last sheet of each token. W. Savage.
 To"ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tokened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tokening.] [AS. tcnian, fr. tcen token. See Token, n.] To betoken. [Obs.] Shak.
 To"kened (?), a. Marked by tokens, or spots; as, the tokened pestilence. [Obs.] Shak.
 To"ken*less (?), a. Without a token.

 Tok"in (?), n. A tocsin. [Obs.] Halliwell.
 Tol (tl), v. t. (Law) To take away. See Toll.

 ||To"la (?), n. [Hind., from Skr. tul a balance.] A weight of British India. The standard tola is equal to 180 grains.

 To*lane" (?), n. [From Toluene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C14H10, related both to the acetylene and the aromatic series, and produced artificially as a white crystalline substance; — called also diphenyl acetylene.

 Tol"booth' (?), n. See Tollbooth.

 Told (tld), imp. & p. p. of Tell.

 Tole (tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Toling.] [OE. tollen to draw, to entice; of uncertain origin. Cf. Toll to ring a bell.] To draw, or cause to follow, by displaying something pleasing or desirable; to allure by some bait.
 [Written also toll.]

 Whatever you observe him to be more frighted at then he should, tole him on to by insensible degrees, till at last he masters the difficulty.

 To*le"do (?), n. A sword or sword blade made at Toledo in Spain, which city was famous in the 16th and 17th centuries for the excellence of its weapons.

 Tol'er*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tolerable.
 [R.] Fuller. Wordsworth.
 Tol"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. tolerabilis: cf. F. tolérable.
 See Tolerate.] 1. Capable of being borne or endured; supportable, either physically or mentally.

 As may affect the earth with cold and heat Scarce tolerable.

Milton.
2. Moderately good or agreeable; not contemptible; not very excellent or pleasing, but such as can be borne or received without disgust, resentment, or opposition; passable; as, a tolerable administration; a tolerable entertainment; a tolerable translation. Dryden.
 — Tol"er*a*ble*ness, n. — Tol"er*a*bly, adv.
 Tol"er*ance (?), n. [L. tolerantia: cf. F. tolérance.]
 1. The power or capacity of enduring; the act of enduring; endurance.

 Diogenes, one frosty morning, came into the market place, shaking, to show his tolerance.

Bacon.
2. The endurance of the presence or actions of objectionable persons, or of the expression of offensive opinions; toleration.

3. (Med.) The power possessed or acquired by some persons of bearing doses of medicine which in ordinary cases would prove injurious or fatal.

Tolerance of the mint. (Coinage) Same as Remedy of the mint. See under Remedy.

 Tol"er*ant (?), a. [L. tolerans, p. pr. of tolerare to tolerate: cf. F. tolérant. See Tolerate.] Inclined to tolerate; favoring toleration; forbearing; indulgent.

 Tol"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tolerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tolerating.] [L. toleratus, p. p. of tolerare, fr. the same root as tollere to lift up, tuli, used as perfect of ferre to bear, latus (for tlatus), used as p. p. of ferre to bear, and E. thole. See Thole, and cf.
 Atlas, Collation, Delay, Elate, Extol, Legislate, Oblate, Prelate, Relate, Superlative, Talent, Toll to take away, Translate.] To suffer to be, or to be done, without prohibition or hindrance; to allow or permit negatively, by not preventing; not to restrain; to put up with; as, to tolerate doubtful practices.

 Crying should not be tolerated in children.

Locke.
 We tolerate them because property and liberty, to a degree, require that toleration.

Burke.
Syn. — See Permit.

 Tol'er*a"tion (?), n. [L. toleratio: cf. OF. toleration.]
 1. The act of tolerating; the allowance of that which is not wholly approved.

2. Specifically, the allowance of religious opinions and modes of worship in a state when contrary to, or different from, those of the established church or belief.

3. Hence, freedom from bigotry and severity in judgment of the opinions or belief of others, especially in respect to religious matters.

 Toll (?), v. t. [L. tollere. See Tolerate.] (O. Eng. Law) To take away; to vacate; to annul.

 Toll, v. t. [See Tole.] 1. To draw; to entice; to allure.
 See Tole.

2. [Probably the same word as toll to draw, and at first meaning, to ring in order to draw people to church.] To cause to sound, as a bell, with strokes slowly and uniformly repeated; as, to toll the funeral bell. "The sexton tolled the bell." Hood.
3. To strike, or


height; to proportion our expenditures to our income.

 In the loss of an object we do not proportion our grief to the real value... but to the value our fancies set upon it.

Addison.
2. To form with symmetry or suitableness, as the parts of the body.

 Nature had proportioned her without any fault.

Sir P. Sidney.
3. To divide into equal or just shares; to apportion.

 Pro*por"tion*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being proportioned, or made proportional; also, proportional; proportionate. -- Pro*por"tion*a*ble*ness, n. But eloquence may exist without a proportionable degree of wisdom.

Burke.
Proportionable, which is no longer much favored, was of our [i. e., English writers'] own coining.

Fitzed. Hall.
 Pro*por"tion*a*bly, adv. Proportionally. Locke.
 Pro*por"tion*al (?), a. [L. proportionalis: cf. F. proportionnel.]
 1. Having a due proportion, or comparative relation; being in suitable proportion or degree; as, the parts of an edifice are proportional.
 Milton.
2. Relating to, or securing, proportion. Hutton.
3. (Math.) Constituting a proportion; having the same, or a constant, ratio; as, proportional quantities; momentum is proportional to quantity of matter.

Proportional logarithms, logistic logarithms. See under Logistic.
 -- Proportional scale, a scale on which are marked parts proportional to the logarithms of the natural numbers; a logarithmic scale. -- Proportional scales, compasses, dividers, etc. (Draughting), instruments used in making copies of drawings, or drawings of objects, on an enlarged or reduced scale.

 Pro*por"tion*al, n. 1. (Math.) Any number or quantity in a proportion; as, a mean proportional.

2. (Chem.) The combining weight or equivalent of an element.
 [Obs.]

 Pro*por'tion*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. proportionnalité.]
 The state of being in proportion. Coleridge.
 Pro*por"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In proportion; in due degree; adapted relatively; as, all parts of the building are proportionally large.
 Sir I. Newton.
 Pro*por"tion*ate (?), a. [L. proportionatus. See Proportion.]
 Adjusted to something else according to a proportion; proportional. Longfellow.
 What is proportionate to his transgression.

Locke.
 Pro*por"tion*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportionated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proportionating.] [Cf. Proportion, v.]
 To make proportional; to adjust according to a settled rate, or to due comparative relation; to proportion; as, to proportionate punishment to crimes.

 Pro*por"tion*ate*ly (&?;), adv. In a proportionate manner; with due proportion; proportionally.

 Pro*por"tion*ate*ness, n. The quality or state of being proportionate. Sir M. Hale.
 Pro*por"tion*less (?), a. Without proportion; unsymmetrical.

 Pro*por"tion*ment (?), n. The act or process of dividing out proportionally.

 Pro*pos"al (?), n. [From Propose.] 1. That which is proposed, or propounded for consideration or acceptance; a scheme or design; terms or conditions proposed; offer; as, to make proposals for a treaty of peace; to offer proposals for erecting a building; to make proposals of marriage. "To put forth proposals for a book." Macaulay.
2. (Law) The offer by a party of what he has in view as to an intended business transaction, which, with acceptance, constitutes a contract.

Syn. -- Proffer; tender; overture. See Proposition.

 Pro*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proposing.] [F. proposer; pref. pro- (L. pro for, forward) + poser to place. See Pose, v.]
 1. To set forth. [Obs.]

 That being proposed brimfull of wine, one scarce could lift it up.

Chapman.
2. To offer for consideration, discussion, acceptance, or adoption; as, to propose terms of peace; to propose a question for discussion; to propose an alliance; to propose a person for office.

3. To set before one's self or others as a purpose formed; hence, to purpose; to intend.

 I propose to relate, in several volumes, the history of the people of New England.

Palfrey.
To propose to one's self, to intend; to design.

 Pro*pose", v. i. 1. To speak; to converse. [Obs.]

 There shalt thou find my cousin Beatrice, Proposing with the prince and Claudio.

Shak.
2. To form or declare a purpose or intention; to lay a scheme; to design; as, man proposes, but God disposes.

3. To offer one's self in marriage.

 Pro*pose", n. [F. propos, L. propositum. See Propound, Purpose, n.] Talk; discourse. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pro*pos"er (?), n. 1. One who proposes or offers anything for consideration or adoption.

2. A speaker; an orator. [Obs.] Shak.
 Prop'o*si"tion (?), n. [L. propositio: cf. F. proposition.
 See Propound.] 1. The act of setting or placing before; the act of offering. "Oblations for the altar of proposition." Jer. Taylor.
2. That which is proposed; that which is offered, as for consideration, acceptance, or adoption; a proposal; as, the enemy made propositions of peace; his proposition was not accepted.

3. A statement of religious doctrine; an article of faith; creed; as, the propositions of Wyclif and Huss.

 Some persons... change their propositions according as their temporal necessities or advantages do turn.

Jer. Taylor.
4. (Gram. & Logic) A complete sentence, or part of a sentence consisting of a subject and predicate united by a copula; a thought expressed or propounded in language; a from of speech in which a predicate is affirmed or denied of a subject; as, snow is white.

5. (Math.) A statement in terms of a truth to be demonstrated, or of an operation to be performed.

 It is called a theorem when it is something to be proved, and a problem when it is something to be done.

6. (Rhet.) That which is offered or affirmed as the subject of the discourse; anything stated or affirmed for discussion or illustration.

7. (Poetry) The part of a poem in which the author states the subject or matter of it.

Leaves of proposition (Jewish Antiq.), the showbread. Wyclif (Luke vi. 4).
Syn. -- Proposal; offer; statement; declaration. -- Proposition, Proposal. These words are both from the Latin verb proponere, to set forth, and as here compared they mark different forms or stages of a negotiation. A proposition is something presented for discussion or consideration; as, propositions of peace. A proposal is some definite thing offered by one party to be accepted or rejected by the other. If the proposition is favorably received, it is usually followed by proposals which complete the arrangement.

 Prop'o*si"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or in the nature of, a proposition; considered as a proposition; as, a propositional sense.


, as distinguished from ocean steamers.

 Steam"boat'ing, n. 1. The occupation or business of running a steamboat, or of transporting merchandise, passengers, etc., by steamboats.

2. (Bookbinding) The shearing of a pile of books which are as yet uncovered, or out of boards. Knight.
 Steam" en"gine (?). An engine moved by steam.

 In its most common forms its essential parts are a piston, a cylinder, and a valve gear. The piston works in the cylinder, to which steam is admitted by the action of the valve gear, and communicates motion to the machinery to be actuated. Steam engines are thus classified: 1.
 According to the wat the steam is used or applied, as condencing, noncondencing, compound, double-acting, single-acting, triple-expansion, etc. 2. According to the motion of the piston, as reciprocating, rotary, etc. 3. According to the motion imparted by the engine, as rotative and nonrotative. 4.
 According to the arrangement of the engine, as stationary, portable, and semiportable engines, beam engine, oscillating engine, direct-acting and back-acting engines, etc. 5.
 According to their uses, as portable, marine, locomotive, pumping, blowing, winding, and stationary engines. Locomotive and portable engines are usually highpressure, noncondencing, rotative, and direct-acting. Marine engines are high or low pressure, rotative, and generally condencing, double-acting, and compound. Paddle engines are generally beam, side&?;lever, oscillating, or direct-acting. Screw engines are generally direct-acting, back-acting, or oscillating. Stationary engines belong to various classes, but are generally rotative. A horizontal or inclined stationary steam engine is called a left-hand or a right-hand engine when the crank shaft and driving pulley are on the left-hand side, or the right-hand side, respectively, or the engine, to a person looking at them from the cylinder, and is said to run forward or backward when the crank traverses the upward half, or lower half, respectively, of its path, while the piston rod makes its stroke outward from the cylinder. A marine engine, or the engine of a locomotive, is said to run forward when its motion is such as would propel the vessel or the locomotive forward. Steam engines are further classified as doublecylinder, disk, semicylinder, trunk engines, etc. Machines, such as cranes, hammers, etc., of which the steam engine forms a part, are called steam cranes, steam hammers, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

Back-acting, or Back-action, steam engine, a steam engine in which the motion is transmitted backward from the crosshead to a crank which is between the crosshead and the cylinder, or beyond the cylinder. -- Portable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a boiler which is mounted on wheels so as to admit of easy transportation; -- used for driving machinery in the field, as trashing machines, draining pumps, etc. -- Semiportable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a steam boiler, but not mounted on wheels.

 Steam"er (?), n. 1. A vessel propelled by steam; a steamship or steamboat.

2. A steam fire engine. See under Steam.

3. A road locomotive for use on common roads, as in agricultural operations.

4. A vessel in which articles are subjected to the action of steam, as in washing, in cookery, and in various processes of manufacture.

5. (Zoöl.) The steamer duck.

Steamer duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Tachyeres cinereus), native of Patagonia and Terra del Fuego, which swims and dives with great agility, but which, when full grown, is incapable of flight, owing to its very small wings. Called also loggerhead, race horse, and side wheel duck.

 Steam"i*ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being steamy; vaporousness; mistness.

 Steam"ship' (?), n. A ship or seagoing vessel propelled by the power of steam; a steamer.

 Steam"y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, steam; full of steam; vaporous; misty. Cowper.
 Stean (?), n. & v. See Steen. Spenser.
 Stean"ingp, n. See Steening.

 Ste*ap"sin (?), n. (Physiol Chem.) An unorganized ferment or enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It decomposes neutral fats into glycerin and fatty acids.

 Ste"a*rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of stearic acid; as, ordinary soap consists largely of sodium or potassium stearates.

 Ste*ar"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. stéarique.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, stearin or tallow; resembling tallow.

Stearic acid (Chem.), a monobasic fatty acid, obtained in the form of white crystalline scales, soluble in alcohol and ether. It melts to an oily liquid at 69°C.

 Ste"a*rin (?), n. [Gr. &?; tallow, suet: cf. F. stéarine.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) One of the constituents of animal fats and also of some vegetable fats, as the butter of cacao. It is especially characterized by its solidity, so that when present in considerable quantity it materially increases the hardness, or raises the melting point, of the fat, as in mutton tallow. Chemically, it is a compound of glyceryl with three molecules of stearic acid, and hence is technically called tristearin, or glyceryl tristearate.

 Ste'a*rol"ic (?), a. [Stearic + oleic + -ic.]
 (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acetylene series, isologous with stearis acid, and obtained, as a white crystalline substance, from oleïc acid.

 Ste"a*rone (?), n. (Chem.) The ketone of stearic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, (C17H35)2.CO, by the distillation of calcium stearate.

 Ste'a*rop"tene (?), n. [Stearic + -optene as in elæoptene.]
 (Chem.) The more solid ingredient of certain volatile oils; -- contrasted with elæoptene.

 ||Ste'ar*rhe"a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; tallow + &?; to flow.] (Med.) seborrhea.

 Ste"a*ryl (?), n. [Stearic + - yl.] (Chem.)
 The hypothetical radical characteristic of stearic acid.

 Ste"a*tite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fat, tallow: cf. F. stéatite.]
 (Min.) A massive variety of talc, of a grayish green or brown color. It forms extensive beds, and is quarried for fireplaces and for coarse utensils. Called also potstone, lard stone, and soapstone.

 Ste'a*tit"ic (?), n. (Min.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, steatite; containing or resembling steatite.

 ||Ste'a*to"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn into tallow or suet, fr. &?;, &?;, fat, suet.] (Med.) A cyst containing matter like suet.

 Ste'a*tom"a*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of the nature of steatoma.

 ||Ste'a*top"y*ga (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, fat + &?; the buttocks.] A remarkable accretion of fat upon the buttocks of Africans of certain tribes, especially of Hottentot women.

 Ste'a*top"y*gous (?), a. Having fat buttocks.

 Specimens