A safe method of distinction consists in calling the first form of the question positive and the second negative. The positive refers to a single unit; the negative to a boundless unit. If then I ask: Are there any white marbles whatever in the bag? the answer is rendered affirmative by the discovery of a single white marble. But if the question is phrased: Are there only white marbles in the bag? merely its form is positive but its intent is negative. To conform the manner of the question to its intent, it would be necessary to ask: Are there no other colors than white among the marbles in the bag? And inasmuch as the negative under given circumstances is in many ways boundless, the question admits of no answer until the last marble has been brought to light. If the total number of marbles is unlimited the question can receive no complete inductive answer in mathematical form; it can be solved only approximately. So again, if one asks: Are there any purely blue birds? the answer is affirmative as soon as a single completely blue bird is brought to{140} light. But if the question is: Do not also striped birds exist? no answer is possible until the very last bird on earth is exhibited. In that way only could the possibility be excluded that not one of the terrestrial fowls is striped. As a matter of fact we are satisfied with a much less complete induction. So we say: Almost the whole earth has been covered by naturalists and not one of them reports having observed a striped bird; hence there would be none such even in the unexplored parts of the earth. This is an inductive inference and its justification is quite another question.
The above mentioned distinction may be made still clearer if instead of looking back to the form of the question, we study only the answer. We have then to say that positive statements are justified by the existence of a single instance, negative assertions only by the complete enumeration of all possible instances and never at all if the instances be boundless. That the negative proof always requires a series of demonstrations is well known; the one thing which may be firmly believed is the fact that the problem, whether a single example is sufficient, or a million are insufficient, is only a form of the problem of affirmative and negative assertions.
So then, if I ask: Has A ever stolen anything? it is enough to record one judgment against him, or to bring one witness on the matter in order to establish that A committed theft at least once in his life. If, however, it is to be proved that the man has never committed a theft, his whole life must be reviewed point by point, and it must be shown that at no instant of it did he commit larceny. In such cases we are content with much less. We say first of all: We will not inquire whether the man has never stolen. We will see merely whether he was never punished for theft. But here, too, we must beware and not commit ourselves to inquiring of all the authorities in the world, but only of a single authority, who, we assume, ought to know whether A was punished or not. If we go still further, we say that inasmuch as we have not heard from any authorities that the man was ever punished for stealing, we suppose that the man was never punished on that ground; and inasmuch as we have not examined anybody who had seen A steal, we preferably suppose that he has never stolen. This is what we call satisfactory evidence, and with the poor means at our disposal it must suffice.
In most cases we have to deal with mixed evidence, and frequently it has become habitual to change the problem to be solved according to our convenience, or at least to set aside some one thing. Suppose{141} that the issue deals with a discovered, well-retained footprint of a man. We then suspect somebody and compare the sole of his shoe with the impression.
They fit in length and width, in the number of nails and in all the other possible indices, and we therefore assert: It is the footprint of the suspect, for "whose footprint?" is the problem we are troubling ourselves to solve. In truth we have only shown that the particular relations, in the matter of length, breadth, number of nails, etc., agree, and hence we regard the positive part of the evidence as sufficient and neglect the whole troublesome negative part, which might establish the fact that at the time and in the region in question, nobody was or could be whose foot could accurately fit that particular footprint. Therefore we have not proved but have only calculated the probability that at the time there might possibly not have been another person with a shoe of similar length, breadth and number of nails. The probability becomes naturally less as fewer details come to hand. The difficulty lies in finding where such probability, which stands for at least an assumption, must no longer be considered. Suppose, now, that neither shoe-nails nor patches, nor other clear clews can be proved and only length and width agree. If the agreement of the clews were really a substantiation of the proof by evidence, it would have to suffice as positive evidence; but as has been explained, the thing proved is not the point at issue, but another point.
The negative portion of the evidence will naturally be developed with less accuracy. The proof is limited to the assertion that such shoes as were indicated in the evidence were very rarely or never worn in that region, also that no native could have been present, that the form of the nails allowed inference of somebody from foreign regions, one of which might be the home of the suspect, etc. Such an examination shows that what we call evidence is only probability or possibility.
Another form which seems to contradict the assertion that negative propositions are infinite is positive evidence in the shape of negation.
If we give an expert a stain to examine and ask him whether it is a blood stain, and he tells us: "It is not a blood stain," then this single scientifically established assertion proves that we do not have to deal with blood, and hence "negative" proof seems brought in a single instance. But as a matter of fact we deal here with an actually positive proof, for the expert has given us the deduced proposition, not the essential assertion. He has found the{142} stain to be a rust stain or a tobacco stain, and hence he may assert and deduce that it is not blood.
Even were he a skeptic, he would say, "We have not yet seen the blood of a mammal in which the characteristic signs for recognition were not present, and we have never yet recognized a body without the blood pertaining to it, and hence we may say, we are not dealing with blood because all of us found the characteristics of the stain to be what we have been until now accustomed to call the characteristics of rust stain." We have still to touch upon the difference between logical connection and experience. If I say, "This mineral tastes salty, therefore it is soluble in water," the inference depends upon logical relationships, for my intent is: "If I perceive a salty taste, it has to be brought to the nerves of taste, which can be done only by the combination of the mineral with the saliva, hence by its solution in the saliva. But if it is soluble in saliva it must also be soluble in water." If I say on the other hand, "This mineral tastes salty, has a hardness of 2, a specific gravity of 2.2, and consequently it crystallizes hexagonally,"—this statement depends on experience, for what I really say is: "I know first of all, that a mineral which has the qualities mentioned must be rock salt; for at the least, we know of no mineral which has these qualities and is not rock salt, and which in the second place crystallizes hexagonally as rock salt does,—a way which, at least, we find rock salt never to have missed." If we examine the matter still more closely we become convinced that in the first case only the formal and logical side, in the second the experiential aspect predominates. The premises of both cases are purely matters of experience and the formal question of inference is a matter of logic. Only,—at one time the first question, at another the second comes more obviously into the foreground. Although this matter appears self-evident it is not indifferent. It is well known that whenever we are powerfully influenced by one thing, things of little intensity are either not experienced at all or only to a very small degree, and are therefore neglected. This is a fact which may indeed be shown mathematically, for infinity plus one


is contrary to common belief.
 As a rule all or the majority of individuals of a species in a given region spawn on the same day, and when this occurs the sea-water constitutes a veritable suspension of sperm. It has been shown by experiment that in fresh sea-water the sperm may live and retain its fertilising power for several days. It is thus unavoidable that at certain periods more than one kind of spermatozoon is suspended in the sea-water and it is a matter of surprise that the most heterogeneous hybridisations do not constantly occur. The reason for this becomes obvious if we bring together mature eggs and equally mature and active sperm of a different family. When this is done no egg is, as a rule, fertilised. The eggs of a sea-urchin can be fertilised by sperm of their own species, or, though in smaller numbers, by the sperm of other species of sea-urchins, but not by the sperm of other groups of echinoderms, e.g. starfish, brittle-stars, holothurians or crinoids, and still less by the sperm of more distant groups of animals. The consensus of opinion seemed to be that the spermatozoon must enter the egg through a narrow opening or canal, the so-called micropyle, and that the micropyle allowed only the spermatozoa of the same or of a closely related species to enter the egg.

 It seemed to the writer that the cause of this limitation of hybridisation might be of another kind and that by a change in the constitution of the sea-water it might be possible to bring about heterogenous hybridisations, which in normal sea-water are impossible. This assumption proved correct.
 Sea-water has a faintly alkaline reaction (in terms of the physical chemist its concentration of hydroxyl ions is about (10 to the power minus six)N at Pacific Grove, California, and about (10 to the power minus 5)N at Woods Hole, Massachusetts). If we slightly raise the alkalinity of the sea-water by adding to it a small but definite quantity of sodium hydroxide or some other alkali, the eggs of the sea-urchin can be fertilised with the sperm of widely different groups of animals, possibly with the sperm of any marine animal which sheds it into the ocean. In 1903 it was shown that if we add from about 0.5 to 0.8 cubic centimetre N/10 sodium hydroxide to 50 cubic centimetres of sea-water, the eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (a sea-urchin which is found on the coast of California) can be fertilised in large quantities by the sperm of various kinds of starfish, brittle-stars and holothurians; while in normal sea-water or with less sodium hydroxide not a single egg of the same female could be fertilised with the starfish sperm which proved effective in the hyper-alkaline sea-water. The sperm of the various forms of starfish was not equally effective for these hybridisations; the sperm of Asterias ochracea and A. capitata gave the best results, since it was possible to fertilise 50 per cent or more of the sea-urchin eggs, while the sperm of Pycnopodia and Asterina fertilised only 2 per cent of the same eggs.

 Godlewski used the same method for the hybridisation of the sea-urchin eggs with the sperm of a crinoid (Antedon rosacea). Kupelwieser afterwards obtained results which seemed to indicate the possibility of fertilising the eggs of Strongylocentrotus with the sperm of a mollusc (Mytilus.)
 Recently, the writer succeeded in fertilising the eggs of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus with the sperm of a mollusc—Chlorostoma.
 This result could only be obtained in sea-water the alkalinity of which had been increased (through the addition of 0.8 cubic centimetre N/10 sodium hydroxide to 50 cubic centimetres of sea-water). We thus see that by increasing the alkalinity of the sea-water it is possible to effect heterogeneous hybridisations which are at present impossible in the natural environment of these animals.

 It is, however, conceivable that in former periods of the earth's history such heterogeneous hybridisations were possible. It is known that in solutions like sea-water the degree of alkalinity must increase when the amount of carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere is diminished. If it be true, as Arrhenius assumes, that the Ice age was caused or preceded by a diminution in the amount of carbon-dioxide in the air, such a diminution must also have resulted in an increase of the alkalinity of the sea-water, and one result of such an increase must have been to render possible heterogeneous hybridisations in the ocean which in the present state of alkalinity are practically excluded.

 But granted that such hybridisations were possible, would they have influenced the character of the fauna? In other words, are the hybrids between sea-urchin and starfish, or better still, between sea-urchin and mollusc, capable of development, and if so, what is their character? The first experiment made it appear doubtful whether these heterogeneous hybrids could live. The sea-urchin eggs which were fertilised in the laboratory by the spermatozoa of the starfish, as a rule, died earlier than those of the pure breeds. But more recent results indicate that this was due merely to deficiencies in the technique of the earlier experiments. The writer has recently obtained hybrid larvae between the sea-urchin egg and the sperm of a mollusc (Chlorostoma) which, in the laboratory, developed as well and lived as long as the pure breeds of the sea-urchin, and there was nothing to indicate any difference in the vitality of the two breeds.

 So far as the question of heredity is concerned, all the experiments on heterogeneous hybridisation of the egg of the sea-urchin with the sperm of starfish, brittle-stars, crinoids and molluscs, have led to the same result, namely, that the larvae have purely maternal characteristics and differ in no way from the pure breed of the form from which the egg is taken. By way of illustration it may be said that the larvae of the sea-urchin reach on the third day or earlier (according to species and temperature) the so-called pluteus stage, in which they possess a typical skeleton; while neither the larvae of the starfish nor those of the mollusc form a skeleton at the corresponding stage. It was, therefore, a matter of some interest to find out whether or not the larvae produced by the fertilisation of the sea-urchin egg with the sperm of starfish or mollusc would form the normal and typical pluteus skeleton. This was invariably the case in the experiments of Godlewski, Kupelwieser, Hagedoorn, and the writer. These hybrid larvae were exclusively maternal in character.

 It might be argued that in the case of heterogeneous hybridisation the sperm-nucleus does not fuse with the egg-nucleus, and that, therefore, the spermatozoon cannot transmit its hereditary substances to the larvae. But these objections are refuted by Godlewski's experiments, in which he showed definitely that if the egg of the sea-urchin is fertilised with the sperm of a crinoid the fusion of the egg-nucleus and sperm-nucleus takes place in the normal way. It remains for further experiments to decide what the character of the adult hybrids would be.

 (b). ARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESIS.

 Possibly in no other field of Biology has our ability to control life-phenomena by outside conditions been proved to such an extent as in the domain of fertilisation. The reader knows that the eggs of the overwhelming majority of animals cannot develop unless a spermatozoon enters them. In this case a living agency is the cause of development and the problem arises whether it is possible to accomplish the same result through the application of well-known physico-chemical agencies. This is, indeed, true, and during the last ten years living larvae have been produced by chemical agencies from the unfertilised eggs of sea-urchins, starfish, holothurians and a number of annelids and molluscs; in fact this holds true in regard to the eggs of practically all forms of animals with which such experiments have been tried long enough. In each form the method of procedure is somewhat different and a long series of experiments


swerves suddenly from its obvious course, down the bright and cheerful valley, to plunge noisily through a narrow slit in the rock— "Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea."
Rochefort, which itself has a considerable cave, is a pleasant centre for the exploration of these subterranean marvels. Altogether this limestone region of the Ardennes, though certainly not remarkable for mountain or forest splendour, comes as a somewhat welcome relief after the interminable levels and chessboard fields of East and West Flanders, or of the provinces of Limburgh and Antwerp.


From the fine gold I separate the alloy.

Dryden.
Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me.

Gen. xiii. 9.
 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?

Rom. viii. 35.
2. To come between; to keep apart by occupying the space between; to lie between; as, the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa.

3. To set apart; to select from among others, as for a special use or service.

Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called thaem.

Acts xiii. 2.
Separated flowers (Bot.), flowers which have stamens and pistils in separate flowers; diclinous flowers. Gray.
 Sep"a*rate, v. i. To part; to become disunited; to be disconnected; to withdraw from one another; as, the family separated.

 Sep"a*rate (?), p. a. [L. separatus, p. p. ] 1.
 Divided from another or others; disjoined; disconnected; separated; -- said of things once connected.

 Him that was separate from his brethren.

Gen. xlix. 26.
2. Unconnected; not united or associated; distinct; -- said of things that have not been connected.

 For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinnere.

Heb. vii. 26.
3. Disunited from the body; disembodied; as, a separate spirit; the separate state of souls.

Separate estate (Law), an estate limited to a married woman independent of her husband. -- Separate maintenance (Law), an allowance made to a wife by her husband under deed of separation.

 -- Sep"a*rate*ly, adv. -- Sep"a*rate*ness, n. Sep'a*rat"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatism in religion; schismatical. [R.] Dr. T. Dwight.
 Sep"a*ra'ting (?), a. Designed or employed to separate.

Separating funnel (Chem.), a funnel, often globe-shaped, provided with a stopcock for the separate drawing off of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities.

 Sep'a*ra"tion (?), n. [L. separatio: cf. F. séparation.]
 The act of separating, or the state of being separated, or separate.
 Specifically: (a) Chemical analysis. (b) Divorce. (c) (Steam Boilers) The operation of removing water from steam.

Judicial separation (Law), a form of divorce; a separation of man and wife which has the effect of making each a single person for all legal purposes but without ability to contract a new marriage. Mozley & W. Sep"a*ra*tism (?), n. [CF. F. séparatisme.] The character or act of a separatist; disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing.

 Sep'a*ra*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. séparatiste.] One who withdraws or separates himself; especially, one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged; a seceder from an established church; a dissenter; a nonconformist; a schismatic; a sectary.

 Heavy fines on divines who should preach in any meeting of separatist .

Macaulay.
 Sep'a*ra*tis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatists; characterizing separatists; schismatical.

 Sep"a*ra*tive (?), a. [L. separativus.] Causing, or being to cause, separation. "Separative virtue of extreme cold." Boyle.
 Sep"a*ra'tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, separates.
 Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) A device for depriving steam of particles of water mixed with it. (b) (Mining) An apparatus for sorting pulverized ores into grades, or separating them from gangue. (c) (Weaving) An instrument used for spreading apart the threads of the warp in the loom, etc.

 Sep"a*ra*to*ry (?), a. Separative. Cheyne.
 Sep"a*ra*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. séparatoire.] 1. (Chem.)
 An apparatus used in separating, as a separating funnel.

2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument for separating the pericranium from the cranium. [Obs.]

 Sep'a*ra"trix (?), n.; pl. L. -trices (#), E. -trixes (#). [L., she that separates.] (Arith.) The decimal point; the dot placed at the left of a decimal fraction, to separate it from the whole number which it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other marks of separation.

 Se*pawn" (?), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

 Sep"e*li*ble (?), a. [L. sepelibilis, fr. sepelire to bury.] Admitting of burial. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Sep'e*li"tion (?), n. Burial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Se"phen (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large sting ray of the genus Trygon, especially T. sephen of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. The skin is an article of commerce.

 Se"pi*a (?), n.; pl. E. Sepias (#), L. Sepiæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; the cuttlefish, or squid.] 1.
(Zoöl.) (a) The common European cuttlefish. (b) A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish.

2. A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India.

Sepia drawing or picture, a drawing in monochrome, made in sepia alone, or in sepia with other brown pigments.

 Se"pi*a, a. Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia.

 Se"pic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sepia; done in sepia; as, a sepic drawing.

 Sep'i*da"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the cuttlefishes of the genus Sepia.

 Sep"i*ment (?), n. [L. sepimentum, saepimentum, from sepire, saepire, to hedge in.] Something that separates; a hedge; a fence. [R.] Bailey.
 Se"pi*o*lite' (?), n. [Septa + -lite.] (Min.)
 Meerschaum. See Meerschaum.

 Se"pi*o*stare' (?), n. [Sepia + Gr. &?;&?;&?; a bone.] (Zoöl.) The bone or shell of cuttlefish. See Illust.
 under Cuttlefish.

 Se*pon" (#), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

 Se*pose" (?), v. t. [L. pref seaside + E. pose.] To set apart. [Obs.] Donne.
 Se*pos"it (?), v. t. [L. sepositus, p. p. of seponere to set aside.] To set aside; to give up. [Obs.]

 Sep'o*si"tion (&?;), n. [L. sepositio.] The act of setting aside, or of giving up. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
 Se"poy (?), n. [Per. siph, fr. siph an army. Cf.
 Spahi.] A native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, esp. of Great Britain; an Oriental soldier disciplined in the European manner.

 ||Sep*pu"ku (?), n. Same as Hara-kiri.

Seppuku, or hara-kiri, also


interposition: cf. F. intervention.]

1. The act of intervening; interposition.

 Sound is shut out by the intervention of that lax membrane.

Holder.
2. Any interference that may affect the interests of others; especially, of one or more states with the affairs of another; mediation.

 Let us decide our quarrels at home, without the intervention, of any foreign power.

Sir W. Temple.
3. (Civil Law) The act by which a third person, to protect his own interest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pending between other parties.

 In'ter*ven"tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. interventeur.] One who intervenes; a mediator; especially (Eccles. Hist.), a person designated by a church to reconcile parties, and unite them in the choice of officers. Coleman.
 In'ter*ven*tric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between the ventricles; as, the interventricular partition of the heart.

 In'ter*ven"ue (?), n. [See Intervene, Avenue.] Interposition.
 [Obs.] Sir H. Blount.
 In'ter*vert" (?), v. t. [L. intervertere; inter between + vertere to turn.] To turn to another course or use.
 [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
 In'ter*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Between vertebræ.
 -- In'ter*ver"te*bral*ly, adv.
 In"ter*view (?), n. [F. entrevue, fr. entrevoir to see imperfectly, to have a glimpse of, s'entrevoir to visit each other. See Inter-, and View.]

1. A mutual sight or view; a meeting face to face; usually, a formal or official meeting for consultation; a conference; as, the secretary had an interview with the President.

2. A conversation, or questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for publication; the published statement so elicited.

 A recent use, originating in American newspapers, but apparently becoming general.

 In"ter*view, v. t. To have an interview with; to question or converse with, especially for the purpose of obtaining information for publication. [Recent] In"ter*view'er (?), n. One who interviews; especially, one who obtains an interview with another for the purpose of eliciting his opinions or obtaining information for publication.

 It would have made him the prince of interviewers in these days.

Leslie Stephen.
 In"ter*view'ing, n. The act or custom of holding an interview or interviews.

 An article on interviewing in the "Nation" of January 28, 1869,.
 .. was the first formal notice of the practice under that name.

The American.
 In'ter*vis"i*ble (?), a. (Surv.) Mutually visible, or in sight, the one from the other, as stations.

 In'ter*vis"it (?), v. i. To exchange visits. [R.] Evelyn.
 In'ter*vi"tal (?), a. Between two lives. [R.]

 Through all its [the spirit's] intervital gloom.

Tennyson.
 In'ter*vo*lu"tion (?), n. The state of being intervolved or coiled up; a convolution; as, the intervolutions of a snake. Hawthorne.
 In'ter*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intervolved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intervolving.] [Pref. inter- + L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] To involve one within another; to twist or coil together. Milton.
 In'ter*weave" (?), v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Interwove (?); p. p. Interwoven (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interweaving.]

1. To weave together; to intermix or unite in texture or construction; to intertwine; as, threads of silk and cotton interwoven.

 Under the hospitable covert nigh Of trees thick interwoven.

Milton.
2. To intermingle; to unite intimately; to connect closely; as, to interweave truth with falsehood. Dryden.
 Words interwove with sighs found out their way.

Milton.
 In'ter*wish" (?), v. t. To wish mutually in regarded to each other.
 [Obs.] Donne.
 In'ter*work"ing (?), n. The act of working in together; interweaving. Milton.
 In'ter*world" (?), n. A world between other worlds. Holland.
 { In'ter*wove" (?), In'ter*wov"en (?), } imp. & p. p. of Interweave.

 In'ter*wreathe" (?), v. t. To weave into a wreath; to intertwine.
 [R.] Lovelace.
 In*tes"ta*ble (?), a. [L. intestabilis: cf. F. intestable.
 See Innot, and Testable.] (Law) Not capable of making a will; not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. Blackstone.
 In*tes"ta*cy (?), n. [From Intestate.] The state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a valid will. Blackstone.
 In*tes"tate (?), a. [L. intestatus; pref. innot + testatus, p. p. of testari to make a will: cf. F. intestat.
 See Testament.]

1. Without having made a valid will; without a will; as, to die intestate.
 Blackstone.
 Airy succeeders of intestate joys.

Shak.
2. Not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will; as, an intestate estate.

 In*tes"tate, n. (Law) A person who dies without making a valid will. Blackstone.
 In*tes"ti*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. intestinal.] Of or pertaining to the intestines of an animal; as, the intestinal tube; intestinal digestion; intestinal ferments.

Intestinal canal. Same as Intestine, n. -- Intestinal worm (Zoöl.), any species of helminth living in the intestinal canal of any animal. The species are numerous.

 In*tes"tine (?), a. [L. intestinus, fr. intus on the inside, within, fr. in in: cf. F. intestine. See In.]

1. Internal; inward; -- opposed to external.

 Epilepsies, fierce catarrhs, Intestine stone and ulcers.

Milton.
2. Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not foreign; -- applied usually to that which is evil; as, intestine disorders, calamities, etc.

 Hoping here to end Intestine war in heaven, the arch foe subdued.

Milton.
 An intestine struggle... between authority and liberty.

Hume.
3. Depending upon the internal constitution of a body or entity; subjective.

 Everything labors under an intestine necessity.

Cudworth.
4. Shut up; inclosed. [R.] Cowper.
 In*tes"tine, n.; pl. Intestines (#). [L. intestinum: cf. F. intestin. See Intestine, a.]

1. (Anat.) That part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus.

2. pl. The bowels; entrails; viscera.

Large intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the lower portion of the bowel, terminating at the anus. It is adapted for the retention of fecal matter, being shorter, broader, and less convoluted than the small intestine; it consists of three parts, the c


Nat. 4th series, Bot. tom. vi. 1856, p. 31.
[202] Moquin-Tandon (Eléments de Tératologie. 1841, p. 156) gives the case of a monstrous bean, in which a case of compensation of this nature was suddenly effected; for the leaves completely disappeared and the stipules grew to an enormous size.


, posthumous works; a posthumous edition.

3. Being or continuing after one's death; as, a posthumous reputation. Addison. Sir T. Browne.
 Post"hu*mous*ly, adv. In a posthumous manner; after one's decease.

 Pos"tic (?), a. [L. posticus, fr. post after, behind.]
 Backward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Pos"ti*cous (?), a. [L. posticus.] (Bot.) (a) Posterior. (b) Situated on the outer side of a filament; -- said of an extrorse anther.

 Pos"til (?), n. [F. postille, apostille, LL. postilla, probably from L. post illa (sc. verba) after those (words).
 Cf. Apostil.] 1. Originally, an explanatory note in the margin of the Bible, so called because written after the text; hence, a marginal note; a comment.

 Langton also made postils upon the whole Bible.

Foxe.
2. (R. C. Ch. & Luth. Ch.) A short homily or commentary on a passage of Scripture; as, the first postils were composed by order of Charlemagne.

 Pos"til, v. t. [Cf. LL. postillare.] To write marginal or explanatory notes on; to gloss. Bacon.
 Pos"til, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Postiled (&?;) or Postilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Postiling or Postilling.] To write postils, or marginal notes; to comment; to postillate.

Postiling and allegorizing on Scripture.

J. H. Newman.
 Pos"til*er (?), n. [Written also postiller.] One who writers marginal notes; one who illustrates the text of a book by notes in the margin. Sir T. Browne.
 Pos*til"ion (?), n. [F. postillon, It. postiglione, fr. posta post. See Post a postman.] One who rides and guides the first pair of horses of a coach or post chaise; also, one who rides one of the horses when one pair only is used. [Written also postillion.]

 Pos"til*late (?), v. t. [LL. postillatus, p. p. of postillare.]
 To explain by marginal notes; to postil.

 Tracts... postillated by his own hand.

C. Knight.
 Pos"til*late, v. i. 1. To write postils; to comment.

2. To preach by expounding Scripture verse by verse, in regular order.

 Pos'til*la"tion (?), n. [LL. postillatio.] The act of postillating; exposition of Scripture in preaching.

 Pos"til*la'tor (?), n. [LL.] One who postillates; one who expounds the Scriptures verse by verse.

 Pos"til*ler (?), n. See Postiler.

 Post"ing (?), n. 1. The act of traveling post.

2. (Bookkeeping) The act of transferring an account, as from the journal to the ledger.

Posting house, a post house.

 Post'li*min"i*ar (?), a. [See Postliminium.] Contrived, done, or existing subsequently. "Postliminious after applications of them to their purposes." South.
 Post'li*min"i*a*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or involving, the right of postliminium.

 { ||Post'li*min"i*um (?), Post*lim"i*ny (?), } n. [L. postliminium, post after + limen, liminis, a threshold.] 1.
(Rom. Antiq.) The return to his own country, and his former privileges, of a person who had gone to sojourn in a foreign country, or had been banished, or taken by an enemy. Burrill.
2. (Internat. Law) The right by virtue of which persons and things taken by an enemy in war are restored to their former state when coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged. Kent.
 Post"lude (?), n. [Pref. post- + -lude, as in prelude.]
 (Med.) A voluntary at the end of a service.

 Post"man (?), n.; pl. Postmen (&?;). 1. A post or courier; a letter carrier.

2. (Eng. Law) One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer, who have precedence in motions; -- so called from the place where he sits. The other of the two is called the tubman.
 Whishaw.
 Post"mark' (?), n. The mark, or stamp, of a post office on a letter, giving the place and date of mailing or of arrival.

 Post"mark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postmarked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Postmarking.] To mark with a post-office stamp; as, to postmark a letter or parcel.

 Post"mas'ter (?), n. 1. One who has charge of a station for the accommodation of travelers; one who supplies post horses.

2. One who has charge of a post office, and the distribution and forwarding of mails.

 Post"mas'ter-gen"er*al (?), n.; pl. Postmasters-general.
 The chief officer of the post-office department of a government. In the United States the postmaster-general is a member of the cabinet.

 Post"mas'ter*ship, n. The office of postmaster.

 Post'me*rid"i*an (?), a. [L. postmeridianus; post after + meridianus. See Meridian.] 1. Coming after the sun has passed the meridian; being in, or belonging to, the afternoon.
 (Abbrev. P. M.)

2. Fig., belonging to the after portion of life; late. [R.]

 ||Post-mor"tem (?), a. [L., after death.] After death; as, post-mortem rigidity.

Post-mortem examination (Med.), an examination of the body made after the death of the patient; an autopsy.

 ||Post*na"res (?), n. pl. [NL. See Post-, and Nares.] (Anat.)
 The posterior nares. See Nares.

 Post*na"tal (?), a. [Pref. post- + natal.] After birth; subsequent to birth; as, postnatal infanticide; postnatal diseases.

 Post"nate (?), a. [LL. postnatus second or subsequently born; L. post after + natus born.] Subsequent. "The graces and gifts of the spirit are postnate." [Archaic] Jer. Taylor.
 Post" note' (?). (Com.) A note issued by a bank, payable at some future specified time, as distinguished from a note payable on demand. Burrill.
 Post*nup"tial (?), a. [Pref. post- + nuptial.] Being or happening after marriage; as, a postnuptial settlement on a wife. Kent.
 { Post-o"bit (?), n., or Post-o"bit bond' }. [Pref. post- + obit.] (Law) A bond in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified individual from whom he has expectations. Bouvier.
 ||Post*ob'lon*ga"ta (?), n. [NL. See Post-, and Oblongata.] (Anat.)
 The posterior part of the medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder.
 Post*oc"u*lar (?), a. & n. [Pref. post- + ocular.]
 (Zoöl.) Same as Postorbital.


remainder of his tattoo is the common blue black. The newly tattooed design stands out in whitish ridges, and these frequently fester and produce a mass of itching sores lasting about one month (see Pl. CXLVII).
The Igorot distinguishes three classes of tattoos: The chak-lag′, the breast tattoo of the head taker; pong′-o, the tattoo on the arms of men and women; and fa′-tĕk, under which name all other tattoos of both sexes are classed. Fa′-tĕk is the general word for tattoo, and pong′-o is the name of woman's tattoo.
It is general for boys under 10 years of age to be tattooed. Their first marks are usually a small, half-inch cross on either cheek or a line or small cross on the nose. One boy in Bontoc, just at the age of puberty, has a tattoo encircling the lower jaw and chin, a wavy line across the forehead, a straight line down the nose, and crosses on the cheeks; but he is the youngest person I have seen wearing the jaw tattoo—a mark quite commonly made in Bontoc when the chak-lag′, or head-taker's emblem, is put on.
The chak-lag′ is the most important tattoo of the Igorot, since it marks its wearer as a taker of at least one human head.
It therefore stands for a successful issue in the most crucial test of the fitness of a person to contribute to the strength of the group of which he is a unit. It no doubt gives its wearer a certain advantage in combat—a confidence and conceit in his own ability, and, likely, it tends to unnerve a combatant who has not the same emblem and experience. No matter what the exact social importance or advantage may be, it seems that every man in Bontoc who has the right to the emblem shows his appreciation of the privilege, since nine-tenths of the men wear the chak-lag′. It consists of a series of geometric markings running upward from the breast near each nipple and curving out on each shoulder, where it ends on the upper arm. The accompanying plates (CXLIII to CXLIX) give an excellent idea of the nature and appearance of the Igorot tattoo—of course, reproductions in color would add to the effect. The distinctness of the markings in the photographs is about normal.
The basis of the designs is apparently geometric. If the straight-line designs originated in animal forms, they have now become so conventional that I have not discovered their original form.
Page 189 The Bontoc woman is tattooed only on the arms. This tattoo begins close back of the knuckles on the back of the hands, and, as soon as it reaches the wrist, entirely encircles the arms to above the elbows. Still above this there is frequently a separate design on the outside of the arm; it is often the figure of a man with extended arms and sprawled legs.
The chak-lag′ design on the man's breast is almost invariably supplemented by two or three sets of horizontal lines on the biceps immediately beneath the outer end of the main design. If the tattoo on the arms of the woman were transferred to the arms of the man, there would seldom be an overlapping—each would supplement the other. On the men the lines are longer and the patterns simpler than those of the women, where the lines are more cross-hatched and the design partakes of the nature of patch-work.
It was not discovered that any tattoo has a special meaning, except the head-taker's emblem; and the Igorot consistently maintains that all the others are put on simply at the whim of the wearer. The face markings, those on the arms, the stomach, and elsewhere on the body, are believed to be purely æsthetic. The people compare their tattoo with the figures of an American's shirt or coat, saying they both look pretty. Often a cross-hatched marking is put over goiter, varicose veins, and other permanent swellings or enlargements. Evidently they are believed to have some therapeutic virtue, but no statement could be obtained to substantiate this opinion.
As is shown by Pls. CXLVIII and CXLIX, the tattoo of both Banawi men and women seems to spring from a different form than does the Bontoc tattoo. It appears to be a leaf, or a fern frond, but I know nothing of its origin or meaning. There is much difference in details between the tattoos of culture areas, and even of pueblos. For instance, in Bontoc pueblo there is no tattoo on a man's hand, while in the pueblos near the south side of the area the hands are frequently marked on the backs. In Benguet there is a design popularly said to represent the sun, which is seen commonly on men's hands. Instances of such differences could be greatly multiplied here, but must be left for a more complete study of the Igorot tattoo.
Music Instrumental music The Bontoc Igorot has few musical instruments, and all are very simple. The most common is a gong, a flat metal drum about 1 foot in diameter and 2 inches deep. This drum is commonly said to be "brass," but analyses show it to be bronze.
Two gongs submitted to the Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila, consisted, in one case, of approximately 80 per cent copper, 15 Page 190per cent tin, and 5 per cent zinc; in the other case of approximately 84 per cent copper, 15 per cent tin, 1 per cent zinc, and a trace of iron.
Early Chinese records read that tin was one of the Chinese imports into Manila in the thirteenth century. Copper was mined and wrought by the Igorot when the Spaniards came to the Philippines, and they wrote regarding it that it was then an old and established industry and art. It may possibly be that bronze was made in the Philippines before the arrival of the Spaniard, but there is no proof of such an hypothesis.
The gong to-day enters the Bontoc area in commerce generally from the north—from the Igorot or Tinguian of old Abra Province—and no one in the Provinces of Benguet or Lepanto-Bontoc seems to know its source. Throughout the Archipelago and southward in Borneo there are metal drums or "gongs" apparently of similar material but of varying styles. It is commonly claimed that those of the Moro are made on the Asiatic mainland. It is my opinion that the Bontoc gong, or gang′-sa, originates in China, though perhaps it is not now imported directly from there. It certainly does not enter the Island of Luzon at Manila, or Candon in Ilokos Sur, and, it is said, not at Vigan, also in Ilokos Sur.
In the Bontoc area there are two classes of gang′-sa; one is called ka′-los, and the other co-ong′-an. The co-ong′-an is frequently larger than the other, seems to be always of thicker metal, and has a more bell-like and usually higher-pitched tone. I measured several gang′-sa in Bontoc and Samoki, and find the co-ong′-an about 5 millimeters thick, 52 to 55 millimeters deep, and from 330 to 360 millimeters in diameter; the ka′-los is only about 2 to 3 millimeters thick. The Igorot distinguishes between the two very quickly, and prizes the co-ong′-an at about twice the value of the ka′-los. Either is worth a large price to-day in the central part of the area—or from one to two carabaos—but it is quite impossible to purchase them even at that price.
Gang′-sa music consists of two things—rhythm and crude harmony. Its rhythm is perfect, but though there is an appreciation of harmony as is seen in the recognition of, we may say, the "tenor" and "bass" tones of co-ong′-an and ka′-los, respectively, yet in the actual music the harmony is lost sight of by the American.
In Bontoc the gang′-sa is held vertically in the hand by a cord passing through two holes in the rim, and the cord usually has a human lower jaw attached to facilitate the grip. As the instrument thus hangs free in front of the player (always a man or boy) it is beaten on the outer surface with a short padded stick like a miniature bass-drum stick. There is no gang′-sa music without the accompanying dance, and there is no dance unaccompanied by music. A gang′-sa or a tin can put in the hands of an Igorot boy is always at once productive of music and dance.
Page 191 The rhythm of Igorot gang′-


2. The time or interval during which a public body adjourns its sittings or postpones business.

 Ad*judge" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging (&?;).] [OE. ajugen, OF.
 ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare; ad + judicare to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award judicially in the case of a controverted question; as, the prize was adjudged to the victor.

2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as, the case was adjudged in the November term.

3. To sentence; to condemn.

 Without reprieve, adjudged to death For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth. Milton.
4. To regard or hold; to judge; to deem.

 He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. Knolles.
Syn. -- To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; ordain; assign.

 Ad*judg"er (&?;), n. One who adjudges.

 Ad*judg"ment (-ment), n. The act of adjudging; judicial decision; adjudication. Sir W. Temple.
 Ad*ju"di*cate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudicated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudicating (&?;)] [L. adjudicatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Adjudge.] To adjudge; to try and determine, as a court; to settle by judicial decree.

 Ad*ju"di*cate, v. i. To come to a judicial decision; as, the court adjudicated upon the case.

 Ad*ju'di*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjudicatio: cf. F. adjudication.]
 1. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially.

2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence. "An adjudication in favor of natural rights."
 Burke.
3. (Bankruptcy practice) The decision upon the question whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott.
4. (Scots Law) A process by which land is attached security or in satisfaction of a debt.

 Ad*ju"di*ca*tive (&?;), a. Adjudicating.

 Ad*ju"di*ca'tor (&?;), n. One who adjudicates.

 Ad*ju"di*ca*ture (&?;), n. Adjudication.

 Ad"ju*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. adjugatus, p. p. of adjugare; ad + jugum a yoke.] To yoke to. [Obs.]

 Ad"ju*ment (d"j*ment), n. [L. adjumentum, for adjuvamentum, fr. adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help.] Help; support; also, a helper. [Obs.] Waterhouse.
 Ad"junct' (&?;), a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere.
 See Adjoin.] Conjoined; attending; consequent.

 Though that my death were adjunct to my act. Shak.
Adjunct notes (Mus.), short notes between those essential to the harmony; auxiliary notes; passing notes.

 Ad"junct', n. 1. Something joined or added to another thing, but not essentially a part of it.

 Learning is but an adjunct to our self. Shak.
2. A person joined to another in some duty or service; a colleague; an associate. Wotton.
3. (Gram.) A word or words added to quality or amplify the force of other words; as, the History of the American Revolution, where the words in italics are the adjunct or adjuncts of "History."

4. (Metaph.) A quality or property of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired; as, color, in the body, judgment in the mind.

5. (Mus.) A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a. Ad*junc"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjunctio, fr. adjungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] The act of joining; the thing joined or added.

 Ad*junc"tive (&?;), a. [L. adjunctivus, fr. adjungere.
 See Adjunct.] Joining; having the quality of joining; forming an adjunct.

 Ad*junc"tive, n. One who, or that which, is joined.

 Ad*junc"tive*ly, adv. In an adjunctive manner.

 Ad*junct"ly (&?;), adv. By way of addition or adjunct; in connection with.

 Ad'ju*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjuratio, fr. adjurare: cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse; an earnest appeal.

 What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall. Bp.
 Hall.
2. The form of oath or appeal.

 Persons who... made use of prayer and adjurations. Addison.
 Ad*ju"ra*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. adjuratorius.] Containing an adjuration.

 Ad*jure" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjuring (&?;)]. [L. adjurare, adjurdium, to swear to; later, to adjure: cf. F. adjurer. See Jury.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse; to appeal to in the most solemn or impressive manner; to entreat earnestly.

 Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho. Josh.
 vi. 26.
 The high priest... said... I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ. Matt. xxvi. 63.
 The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of securing their liberties. Marshall.
 Ad*jur"er (&?;), n. One who adjures.

 Ad*just" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] [OF. ajuster, ajoster (whence F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad + juxta near; confused later with L. ad and justus just, right, whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t. and cf.
 Adjute.] 1. To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relations; as, to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard.

2. To put in order; to regulate, or reduce to system.

Adjusting the orthography. Johnson.
3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result; as, to adjust accounts; the differences are adjusted.

4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument; to regulate for use; as, to adjust a telescope or microscope.

Syn. -- To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommodate; set right; rectify; settle.

 Ad*just"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being adjusted.

 Ad


The system of drains and their operation, by which superfluous water is removed from towns, railway beds, mines, and other works.

4. Area or district drained; as, the drainage of the Po, the Thames, etc. Latham.
5. (Surg.) The act, process, or means of drawing off the pus or fluids from a wound, abscess, etc.

Drainage tube (Surg.), a tube introduced into a wound, etc., to draw off the discharges.

 ||Draine (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The missel thrush.

 Drain"er (?), n. One who, or that which, drains.

 Drain"ing, vb. n. of Drain, v. t. (Agric.) The art of carrying off surplus water, as from land.

Draining tile. Same as Draintile.

 Drain"pipe' (?), n. A pipe used for carrying off surplus water.

 Drain"tile' (?), n. A hollow tile used in making drains; -- called also draining tile.

 Drain"trap' (?), n. See 4th Trap, 5.

 Drake (drk), n. [Akin to LG. drake, OHG. antrache, anetrecho, G. enterich, Icel. andriki, Dan. andrik, OSw. andrak, andrage, masc., and fr. AS. ened, fem., duck; akin to D. eend, G. ente, Icel. önd, Dan. and, Sw. and, Lith. antis, L. anas, Gr. &?; (for &?;), and perh.
 Skr. ti a water fowl. √207. In English the first part of the word was lost. The ending is akin to E. rich. Cf. Gulaund.] 1.
 The male of the duck kind.

2. [Cf. Dragon fly, under Dragon.] The drake fly.

 The drake will mount steeple height into the air.

Walton.
Drake fly, a kind of fly, sometimes used in angling.

 The dark drake fly, good in August.

Walton.
 Drake, n. [AS. draca dragon, L. draco. See Dragon.]
 1. A dragon. [Obs.]

 Beowulf resolves to kill the drake.

J. A. Harrison (Beowulf).
2. A small piece of artillery. [Obs.]

 Two or three shots, made at them by a couple of drakes, made them stagger.

Clarendon.
 Drake, n. [Cf. F. dravik, W. drewg, darnel, cockle, etc.] Wild oats, brome grass, or darnel grass; -- called also drawk, dravick, and drank. [Prov. Eng.] Dr. Prior.
 Drake"stone (?), n. A flat stone so thrown along the surface of water as to skip from point to point before it sinks; also, the sport of so throwing stones; -- sometimes called ducks and drakes.

 Internal earthquakes, that, not content with one throe, run along spasmodically, like boys playing at what is called drakestone.

De Quincey.
 Dram (drm), n. [OF. drame, F. drachme, L. drachma, drachm, drachma, fr. Gr. drachmh', prop., a handful, fr. dra'ssesqai to grasp. Cf. Drachm, Drachma.] 1. A weight; in Apothecaries' weight, one eighth part of an ounce, or sixty grains; in Avoirdupois weight, one sixteenth part of an ounce, or 27.34375 grains.

2. A minute quantity; a mite.

 Were I the chooser, a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as mush the forcible hindrance of evildoing.

Milton.
3. As much spirituous liquor as is usually drunk at once; as, a dram of brandy; hence, a potation or potion; as, a dram of poison. Shak.
4. (Numis.) A Persian daric. Ezra ii. 69.
Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm. See under Fluid.

 Dram, v. i. & t. To drink drams; to ply with drams. [Low] Johnson.
Thackeray.
 Dra"ma (drä"m or dr"m; 277), n. [L. drama, Gr.
 dra^ma, fr. dra^n to do, act; cf. Lith. daryti.] 1. A composition, in prose or poetry, accommodated to action, and intended to exhibit a picture of human life, or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage.

 A divine pastoral drama in the Song of Solomon.

Milton.
2. A series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and interest. "The drama of war." Thackeray.
 Westward the course of empire takes its way; The four first acts already past, A fifth shall close the drama with the day; Time's noblest offspring is the last.

Berkeley.
 The drama and contrivances of God's providence.

Sharp.
3. Dramatic composition and the literature pertaining to or illustrating it; dramatic literature.

 The principal species of the drama are tragedy and comedy; inferior species are tragi-comedy, melodrama, operas, burlettas, and farces.

The romantic drama, the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays (like those of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and others) are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage.
 J. A. Symonds.
 { Dra*mat"ic (?), Dra*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. dramatique.] Of or pertaining to the drama; appropriate to, or having the qualities of, a drama; theatrical; vivid.

 The emperor... performed his part with much dramatic effect.

Motley.
 Dra*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In a dramatic manner; theatrically; vividly.

 ||Dram"a*tis per*so"næ (?). [L.] The actors in a drama or play.

 Dram"a*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. dramatiste.] The author of a dramatic composition; a writer of plays.

 Dram"a*ti'za*ble (?), a. Capable of being dramatized.

 Dram'a*ti*za"tion (?), n. Act of dramatizing.

 Dram"a*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dramatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dramatizing (?).] [Cf. F. dramatiser.] To compose in the form of the drama; to represent in a drama; to adapt to dramatic representation; as, to dramatize a novel, or an historical episode.

 They dramatized tyranny for public execration.

Motley.
 Dram'a*tur"gic (?), a. Relating to dramaturgy.

 Dram"a*tur'gist (?), n. One versed in dramaturgy. Carlyle.
 Dram"a*tur'gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; dramatic composition; &?; drama + a root akin to E. work: cf. F. dramaturgie.] The art of dramatic composition and representation.

 Dram"ming (?), n. The practice of drinking drams.

 Dram"sell'er (?), n. One who sells distilled liquors by the dram or glass.

 Dram"shop' (?), n. A shop or barroom where spirits are sold by the dram.

 Drank (?), imp. of Drink.

 Drank, n. [Cf. 3d


. Taylor.
 Ben'e*fi"ci*ate (&?;), v. t. [Sp. beneficiar to benefit, to work mines.] (Mining) To reduce (ores). -- Ben'e*fi'ci*a"tion (&?;), n. Ben'e*fi"cient (&?;), a. Beneficent. [Obs.]

 Ben"e*fit (&?;), n. [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet, F. bienfait, fr. L. benefactum; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + factum, p. p. of facere to do. See Bounty, and Fact.]
 1. An act of kindness; a favor conferred.

 Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
Ps. ciii. 2.
2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value to property; advantage; profit.

 Men have no right to what is not for their benefit. Burke.
3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like, the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the theater or to the company, but to some individual actor, or to some charitable use.

4. Beneficence; liberality. [Obs.] Webster (1623).
5. pl. Natural advantages; endowments; accomplishments. [R.]
 "The benefits of your own country." Shak.
Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy.

Syn. -- Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage.

 Ben"e*fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benefited; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Benefitting.] To be beneficial to; to do good to; to advantage; to advance in health or prosperity; to be useful to; to profit.

 I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them.
Jer. xviii. 10.
 Ben"e*fit, v. i. To gain advantage; to make improvement; to profit; as, he will benefit by the change.

 Ben"e*fit'er (&?;), n. One who confers a benefit; -- also, one who receives a benefit.

 Be*neme" (&?;), v. t. [AS. ben&?;man. Cf. Benim.] To deprive (of), or take away (from). [Obs.]

 Be*nempt" (&?;), p. p. of Bename. 1. Promised; vowed.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
2. Named; styled. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott.
 ||Be'ne plac"i*to (b'n pls"*t; It. b'n plä"ch*t). [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well + placitus pleasing.] 1.
 At or during pleasure.

 For our English judges there never was... any bene placito as their tenure. F. Harrison.
2. (Mus.) At pleasure; ad libitum.

 Be*net" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benetted.] To catch in a net; to insnare. Shak.
 Be*nev"o*lence (&?;), n. [OF. benevolence, L. benevolentia.
 See Benevolent.] 1. The disposition to do good; good will; charitableness; love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness.

 The wakeful benevolence of the gospel. Chalmers.
2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given.

3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which has sometimes been illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity.

Syn. -- Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence. Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the working of this disposition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposition, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to objects of immediate utility. One may show his munificence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart; beneficence of life; munificence in the encouragement of letters.

 Be*nev"o*lent (&?;), a. [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish. See Bounty, and Voluntary.] Having a disposition to do good; possessing or manifesting love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; disposed to give to good objects; kind; charitable. -- Be*nev"o*lent*ly, adv.
Syn. -- Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others, and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word benevolent has been widened to include not only feelings, but actions; thus, we speak of benevolent operations, benevolent labors for the public good, benevolent societies. In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings; thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor.
 This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer shades of meaning.
 Thus, the phrase "benevolent labors" turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., benevolent feeling; while beneficent would simply mark them as productive of good. So, "beneficent intentions" point to the feelings of the donor as bent upon some specific good act; while "benevolent intentions" would only denote a general wish and design to do good.

 Be*nev"o*lous (&?;), a. [L. benevolus.] Kind; benevolent. [Obs.] T. Puller.
 Ben*gal" (&?;), n. 1. A province in India, giving its name to various stuffs, animals, etc.

2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally brought from Bengal.

3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal; Bengal stripes.

Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics; -- called also blue light. -- Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3. -- Bengal tiger. (Zoöl.). See Tiger.

 { Ben*gal"ee, Ben*gal"i } (&?;), n. The language spoken in Bengal.

 Ben'gal*ese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bengal. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bengal.

 Ben*go"la (&?;), n. A Bengal light.

 Be*night" (b*nt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Benighting.] 1. To involve in darkness; to shroud with the shades of night; to obscure. [Archaic] The clouds benight the sky. Garth.
2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially before the end of a day's journey or task.

 Some virgin, sure,... benighted in these woods. Milton.
3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light.

 Shall we to men benighted The lamp of life deny? Heber.
 Be*night"ment (&?;), n. The condition of being benighted.

 Be*nign" (&?;), a. [OE. benigne, bening, OF. benigne, F. bénin, fem. bénigne, fr. L. benignus, contr. from benigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind. See Bounty, and Genus.] 1. Of a kind


. Drawn directly from the barrel, or other receptacle, in distinction from bottled; on draught; -- said of ale, cider, and the like.

 This word, especially in the first and second meanings, is often written draft, a spelling which is approved by many authorities.

Draught box. See Draught tube, below. -- Draught engine (Mining), an engine used for pumping, raising heavy weights, and the like. -- Draught hook (Mil.), one of the hooks on a cannon carriage, used in drawing the gun backward and forward. -- Draught horse, a horse employed in drawing loads, plowing, etc., as distinguished from a saddle horse or carriage horse. -- Draught net, a seine or hauling net. -- Draught ox, an ox employed in hauling loads, plowing, etc. -- Draught tube (Water Wheels), an airtight pipe extending downward into the tailrace from a turbine wheel located above it, to make the whole fall available; -- called also draught box.

 Draught (drft), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draughted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Draughting.] 1. To draw out; to call forth. See Draft. Addison.
2. To diminish or exhaust by drawing. [R.]

 The Parliament so often draughted and drained.

Sir W. Scott.
3. To draw in outline; to make a draught, sketch, or plan of, as in architectural and mechanical drawing.

Draughting room, a room draughtsmen to work in, and where plans are kept.

 Draught"board' (-brd'), n. A checkered board on which draughts are played. See Checkerboard.

 Draught"house' (-hous'), n. A house for the reception of waste matter; a privy. [Obs.] 2 Kings x. 27.
 Draughts (?), n. pl. A mild vesicatory. See Draught, n., 3 (c).

 Draughts, n. pl. A game, now more commonly called checkers.
 See Checkers.

Polish draughts is sometimes played with 40 pieces on a board divided into 100 squares. Am. Cyc.
 Draughts"man (?), n.; pl. Draughtsmen (&?;). 1.
 One who draws pleadings or other writings.

2. One who draws plans and sketches of machinery, structures, and places; also, more generally, one who makes drawings of any kind.

3. A "man" or piece used in the game of draughts.

4. One who drinks drams; a tippler. [Obs.] Tatler.
 Draughts"man*ship, n. The office, art, or work of a draughtsman.

 Draught"y (?), a. Pertaining to a draught, or current of air; as, a draughtly, comfortless room.

 Drave (?), old imp. of Drive. [Obs.]

 Dra"vi*da (?), n. pl. [Skr. Drvia, prob. meaning, Tamil.] (Ethnol.)
 A race of Hindostan, believed to be the original people who occupied the land before the Hindoo or Aryan invasion.

 Dra*vid"i*an (?), a. [From Skr. Drvia, the name of the southern portion of the peninsula of India.] (Ethnol.) Of or pertaining to the Dravida.

Dravidian languages, a group of languages of Southern India, which seem to have been the idioms of the natives, before the invasion of tribes speaking Sanskrit. Of these languages, the Tamil is the most important.

 Draw (dr), v. t. [imp. Drew (dr); p. p. Drawn (drn); p. pr. & vb. n. Drawing.] [OE. draen, drahen, draien, drawen, AS. dragan; akin to Icel. & Sw. draga, Dan. drage to draw, carry, and prob. to OS. dragan to bear, carry, D. dragen, G. tragen, Goth. dragan; cf. Skr.
 dhraj to move along, glide; and perh. akin to Skr. dhar to hold, bear. √73. Cf. 2d Drag, Dray a cart, 1st Dredge.] 1. To cause to move continuously by force applied in advance of the thing moved; to pull along; to haul; to drag; to cause to follow.

 He cast him down to ground, and all along Drew him through dirt and mire without remorse.

Spenser.
 He hastened to draw the stranger into a private room.

Sir W. Scott.
 Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats?

James ii. 6.
 The arrow is now drawn to the head.

Atterbury.
2. To influence to move or tend toward one's self; to exercise an attracting force upon; to call towards itself; to attract; hence, to entice; to allure; to induce.

 The poet Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods.

Shak.
 All eyes you draw, and with the eyes the heart.

Dryden.
3. To cause to come out for one's use or benefit; to extract; to educe; to bring forth; as: (a) To bring or take out, or to let out, from some receptacle, as a stick or post from a hole, water from a cask or well, etc.

 The drew out the staves of the ark.

2 Chron. v. 9.
Draw thee waters for the siege.

Nahum iii. 14.
 I opened the tumor by the point of a lancet without drawing one drop of blood.

Wiseman.
(b) To pull from a sheath, as a sword.

 I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them.

Ex. xv. 9.
(c) To extract; to force out; to elicit; to derive.

 Spirits, by distillations, may be drawn out of vegetable juices, which shall flame and fume of themselves.

Cheyne.
 Until you had drawn oaths from him.

Shak.
(d) To obtain from some cause or origin; to infer from evidence or reasons; to deduce from premises; to derive.

 We do not draw the moral lessons we might from history.

Burke.
(e) To take or procure from a place of deposit; to call for and receive from a fund, or the like; as, to draw money from a bank. (f) To take from a box or wheel, as a lottery ticket; to receive from a lottery by the drawing out of the numbers for prizes or blanks; hence, to obtain by good fortune; to win; to gain; as, he drew a prize. (g) To select by the drawing of lots.

 Provided magistracies were filled by men freely chosen or drawn.

Freeman.
4. To remove the contents of; as: (a) To drain by emptying; to suck dry.

 Sucking and drawing the breast dischargeth the milk as fast as it can generated.

Wiseman.
(b) To extract the bowels of; to eviscerate; as, to draw a fowl; to hang, draw, and quarter a criminal.

 In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe.

King.
5. To take into the lungs; to inhale; to inspire; hence, also, to utter or produce by an inhalation; to heave. "Where I first drew air." Milton.
Drew, or seemed to draw, a dying groan.

Dryden.
6. To extend in length; to lengthen; to protract; to stretch; to extend, as a mass of metal into wire.

 How long her face is drawn!

Shak.


by SGI, anyone they inherited from Cray. 3. A computron (sense 2) that participates only in number-crunching. 4. A unit of computational power equal to that of a single Cray-1. There is a standard joke about this usage that derives from an old Crayola crayon promotional gimmick: When you buy 64 crayons you get a free sharpener.
Node:creationism, Next:creep, Previous:crayon, Up:= C = creationism n. The (false) belief that large, innovative software designs can be completely specified in advance and then painlessly magicked out of the void by the normal efforts of a team of normally talented programmers. In fact, experience has shown repeatedly that good designs arise only from evolutionary, exploratory interaction between one (or at most a small handful of) exceptionally able designer(s) and an active user population -- and that the first try at a big new idea is always wrong.
Unfortunately, because these truths don't fit the planning models beloved of management, they are generally ignored.
Node:creep, Next:creeping elegance, Previous:creationism, Up:= C = creep v. To advance, grow, or multiply inexorably. In hackish usage this verb has overtones of menace and silliness, evoking the creeping horrors of low-budget monster movies.
Node:creeping elegance, Next:creeping featurism, Previous:creep, Up:= C = creeping elegance n. Describes a tendency for parts of a design to become elegant past the point of diminishing return, something which often happens at the expense of the less interesting parts of the design, the schedule, and other things deemed important in the Real World. See also creeping featurism, second-system effect, tense.
Node:creeping featurism, Next:creeping featuritis, Previous:creeping elegance, Up:= C = creeping featurism /kree'ping fee'chr-izm/ n.
[common] 1. Describes a systematic tendency to load more chrome and features onto systems at the expense of whatever elegance they may have possessed when originally designed. See also feeping creaturism. "You know, the main problem with BSD Unix has always been creeping featurism." 2.
More generally, the tendency for anything complicated to become even more complicated because people keep saying "Gee, it would be even better if it had this feature too". (See feature.) The result is usually a patchwork because it grew one ad-hoc step at a time, rather than being planned. Planning is a lot of work, but it's easy to add just one extra little feature to help someone... and then another... and another.... When creeping featurism gets out of hand, it's like a cancer. Usually this term is used to describe computer programs, but it could also be said of the federal government, the IRS 1040 form, and new cars. A similar phenomenon sometimes afflicts conscious redesigns; see second-system effect. See also creeping elegance.
Node:creeping featuritis, Next:cretin, Previous:creeping featurism, Up:= C = creeping featuritis /kree'ping fee'-chr-i:'t*s/ n. Variant of creeping featurism, with its own spoonerization: 'feeping creaturitis'. Some people like to reserve this form for the disease as it actually manifests in software or hardware, as opposed to the lurking general tendency in designers' minds.
(After all, -ism means 'condition' or 'pursuit of', whereas -itis usually means 'inflammation of'.)
Node:cretin, Next:cretinous, Previous:creeping featuritis, Up:= C = cretin /kret'in/ or /kree'tn/ n. Congenital loser; an obnoxious person; someone who can't do anything right. It has been observed that many American hackers tend to favor the British pronunciation /kret'in/ over standard American /kree'tn/; it is thought this may be due to the insidious phonetic influence of Monty Python's Flying Circus.
Node:cretinous, Next:crippleware, Previous:cretin, Up:= C = cretinous /kret'n-*s/ or /kreet'n-*s/ adj.
Wrong; stupid; non-functional; very poorly designed. Also used pejoratively of people. See dread high-bit disease for an example. Approximate synonyms: bletcherous, bagbiting losing, brain-damaged.
Node:crippleware, Next:critical mass, Previous:cretinous, Up:= C = crippleware n.
1. [common] Software that has some important functionality deliberately removed, so as to entice potential users to pay for a working version. 2. [Cambridge] Variety of guiltware that exhorts you to donate to some charity (compare careware, nagware). 3. Hardware deliberately crippled, which can be upgraded to a more expensive model by a trivial change (e.g., cutting a jumper).
An excellent example of crippleware (sense 3) is Intel's 486SX chip, which is a standard 486DX chip with the co-processor diked out (in some early versions it was present but disabled). To upgrade, you buy a complete 486DX chip with working co-processor (its identity thinly veiled by a different pinout) and plug it into the board's expansion socket. It then disables the SX, which becomes a fancy power sink. Don't you love Intel?
Node:critical mass, Next:crlf, Previous:crippleware, Up:= C = critical mass n. In physics, the minimum amount of fissionable material required to sustain a chain reaction. Of a software product, describes a condition of the software such that fixing one bug introduces one plus epsilon bugs.
(This malady has many causes: creeping featurism, ports to too many disparate environments, poor initial design, etc.) When software achieves critical mass, it can never be fixed; it can only be discarded and rewritten.
Node:crlf, Next:crock, Previous:critical mass, Up:= C = crlf /ker'l*f/, sometimes /kru'l*f/ or /C-R-L-F/ n.
(often capitalized as 'CRLF') A carriage return (CR, ASCII _PHONE_) followed by a line feed (LF, ASCII _PHONE_). More loosely, whatever it takes to get you from the end of one line of text to the beginning of the next line. See newline, terpri.
Under Unix influence this usage has become less common (Unix uses a bare line feed as its 'CRLF').
Node:crock, Next:cross-post, Previous:crlf, Up:= C = crock n.
[from the American scatologism 'crock of shit'] 1. An awkward feature or programming technique that ought to be made cleaner.
For example, using small integers to represent error codes without the program interpreting them to the user (as in, for example, Unix make(1), which returns code 139 for a process that dies due to segfault). 2. A technique that works acceptably, but which is quite prone to failure if disturbed in the least. For example, a too-clever programmer might write an assembler which mapped instruction mnemonics to numeric opcodes algorithmically, a trick which depends far too intimately on the particular bit patterns of the opcodes. (For another example of programming with a dependence on actual opcode values, see The Story of Mel in Appendix A.) Many crocks have a tightly woven, almost completely unmodifiable structure. See kluge, brittle. The adjectives 'crockish' and 'crocky', and the nouns 'crockishness' and 'crockitude', are also used.
Node:cross-post, Next:crossload, Previous:crock, Up:= C = cross-post vi.
[Usenet; very common] To post a single article simultaneously to several newsgroups. Distinguished from posting the article repeatedly, once to each newsgroup, which causes people to see it multiple times (which is very bad form). Gratuitous cross-posting without a Followup-To line directing responses to a single followup group is frowned upon, as it tends to cause followup articles to go to inappropriate newsgroups when people respond to only one part of the original posting.
Node:crossload


the cause of demurrer is particularly stated. -- Special deposit, a deposit made of a specific thing to be kept distinct from others. -- Special homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Special injuction (Law), an injuction granted on special grounds, arising of the circumstances of the case. Daniell. -- Special issue (Law), an issue produced upon a special plea. Stephen. -- Special jury (Law), a jury consisting of persons of some particular calling, station, or qualification, which is called upon motion of either party when the cause is supposed to require it; a struck jury. -- Special orders (Mil.), orders which do not concern, and are not published to, the whole command, such as those relating to the movement of a particular corps, a detail, a temporary camp, etc. -- Special partner, a limited partner; a partner with a limited or restricted responsibility; -- unknown at common law. -- Special partnership, a limited or particular partnership; -- a term sometimes applied to a partnership in a particular business, operation, or adventure. -- Special plea in bar (Law), a plea setting forth particular and new matter, distinguished from the general issue. Bouvier. -- Special pleader (Law), originally, a counsel who devoted himself to drawing special counts and pleas; in a wider sense, a lawyer who draws pleadings. -- Special pleading (Law), the allegation of special or new matter, as distingiushed from a direct denial of matter previously alleged on the side. Bouvier. The popular denomination of the whole science of pleading. Stephen. The phrase is sometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. Burrill. -- Special property (Law), a qualified or limited ownership possession, as in wild animals, things found or bailed. -- Special session, an extraordinary session; a session at an unusual time or for an unusual purpose; as, a special session of Congress or of a legislature. -- Special statute, or Special law, an act of the legislature which has reference to a particular person, place, or interest; -- in distinction from a general law. -- Special verdict (Law), a special finding of the facts of the case, leaving to the court the application of the law to them. Wharton (Law Dict.).
Syn. -- Peculiar; appropriate; specific; dictinctive; particular; exceptional; singular. See Peculiar.

 Spe"cial, n. 1. A particular. [Obs.] Hammond.
2. One appointed for a special service or occasion.

In special, specially; in particular. Chaucer.
 Spe"cial*ism (?), n. Devotion to a particular and restricted part or branch of knowledge, art, or science; as, medical specialism.

 Spe"cial*ist (?), n. One who devotes himself to some specialty; as, a medical specialist, one who devotes himself to diseases of particular parts of the body, as the eye, the ear, the nerves, etc.

 Spe'ci*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Specialities (#). [See Special, and Specialty.] 1. A particular or peculiar case; a particularity. Sir M. Hale.
2. (Law) See Specialty, 3.

3. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic of a person or thing; that for which a person is specially distinguished; an object of special attention; a special occupation or object of attention; a specialty.

 On these two general heads all other specialities are depedent.

Hooker.
 Strive, while improving your one talent, to enrich your whole capital as a man. It is in this way that you escape from the wretched narrow-mindedness which is the characteristic of every one who cultivates his speciality.

Ld. Lytton.
 We 'll say, instead, the inconsequent creature man, - For that'a his speciality.

Mrs. Browning.
 Think of this, sir,... remote from the impulses of passion, and apart from the specialities -- if I may use that strong remark -- of prejudice.

Dickens.
4. An attribute or quality peculiar to a species.

 Spe'cial*i*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act of specializing, or the state of being spezialized.

2. (Biol.) The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function. Darwin.
 Spe"cial*ize (?), v. t. 1. To mention specially; to particularize.

2. To apply to some specialty or limited object; to assign to a specific use; as, specialized knowledge.

3. (Biol.) To supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions.

 Spe"cial*ly, adv. 1. In a special manner; particularly; especially. Chaucer.
2. For a particular purpose; as, a meeting of the legislature is specially summoned.

 Spe"cial*ty (?), n.; pl. Specialties (#). [F. spécialité.
 Cf. Speciality.] 1. Particularity.

Specialty of rule hath been neglected.

Shak.
2. A particular or peculiar case. [Obs.]

3. (Law) A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by deed; a writing, under seal, given as security for a debt particularly specified. Chitty. Bouvier. Wharton (Law Dict.).
 Let specialties be therefore drawn between us.

Shak.
4. That for which a person is distinguished, in which he is specially versed, or which he makes an object of special attention; a speciality.

 Men of boundless knowledge, like Humbold, must have had once their specialty, their pet subject.

C. Kingsley.
 ||Spe"ci*e (?), abl. of L. species sort, kind. Used in the phrase in specie, that is, in sort, in kind, in (its own) form.

 "[The king] expects a return in specie from them" [i. e., kindness for kindness].

Dryden.
In specie (Law), in precise or definite form; specifically; according to the exact terms; of the very thing.

 Spe"cie (?), n. [Formed as a singular from species, in sense 5.] Coin; hard money.

 Spe"cies (?), n. sing. & pl. [L., a sight, outward appearance, shape, form, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species. See Spice, n., and cf. Specie, Special.] 1. Visible or sensible presentation; appearance; a sensible percept received by the imagination; an image. [R.]
 "The species of the letters illuminated with indigo and violet." Sir I. Newton.
 Wit,... the faculty of imagination in the writer, which searches over all the memory for the species or ideas of those things which it designs to represent.

Dryden.
 In the scholastic philosophy, the species was sensible and intelligible.
 The sensible species was that in any material, object which was in fact discerned by the mind through the organ of perception, or that in any object which rendered it possible that it should be perceived. The sensible species, as apprehended by the understanding in any of the relations of thought, was called an intelligible species. "An apparent diversity between the species visible and audible is, that the visible doth not mingle in the medium, but the audible doth." Bacon.
2. (Logic) A group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. Thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to European, American, or the like, as species.

3. In science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation.

 In mineralogy and chemistry, objects which possess the same definite chemical structure, and are fundamentally the same in crystallization and physical characters, are classed as belonging to a species. In zoölogy and botany, a species is an ideal group of individuals which are believed to have descended


: Fission, which involves the splitting of heavy elements (e.g. uranium); and fusion, which involves the combining of light elements (e.g.
hydrogen).
Fission requires that a minimum amount of material or "critical mass" be brought together in contact for the nuclear explosion to take place.
The more efficient fission weapons tend to fall in the yield range of tens of kilotons. Higher explosive yields become increasingly complex and impractical.
Nuclear fusion permits the design of weapons of virtually limitless power. In fusion, according to nuclear theory, when the nuclei of light atoms like hydrogen are joined, the mass of the fused nucleus is lighter than the two original nuclei; the loss is expressed as energy.
By the 1930's, physicists had concluded that this was the process which powered the sun and stars; but the nuclear fusion process remained only of theoretical interest until it was discovered that an atomic fission bomb might be used as a "trigger" to produce, within oneor two-millionths of a second, the intense pressure and temperature necessary to set off the fusion reaction.
Fusion permits the design of weapons of almost limitless power, using materials that are far less costly.
Note 3: Radioactivity Most familiar natural elements like hydrogen, oxygen, gold, and lead are stable, and enduring unless acted upon by outside forces. But almost all elements can exist in unstable forms. The nuclei of these unstable "isotopes," as they are called, are "uncomfortable" with the particular mixture of nuclear particles comprising them, and they decrease this internal stress through the process of radioactive decay.
The three basic modes of radioactive decay are the emission of alpha, beta and gamma radiation: Alpha--Unstable nuclei frequently emit alpha particles, actually helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. By far the most massive of the decay particles, it is also the slowest, rarely exceeding one-tenth the velocity of light. As a result, its penetrating power is weak, and it can usually be stopped by a piece of paper. But if alpha emitters like plutonium are incorporated in the body, they pose a serious cancer threat.
Beta--Another form of radioactive decay is the emission of a beta particle, or electron. The beta particle has only about one seven-thousandth the mass of the alpha particle, but its velocity is very much greater, as much as eight-tenths the velocity of light. As a result, beta particles can penetrate far more deeply into bodily tissue and external doses of beta radiation represent a significantly greater threat than the slower, heavier alpha particles. Beta-emitting isotopes are as harmful as alpha emitters if taken up by the body.
Gamma--In some decay processes, the emission is a photon having no mass at all and traveling at the speed of light. Radio waves, visible light, radiant heat, and X-rays are all photons, differing only in the energy level each carries. The gamma ray is similar to the X-ray photon, but far more penetrating (it can traverse several inches of concrete). It is capable of doing great damage in the body.
Common to all three types of nuclear decay radiation is their ability to ionize (i.e., unbalance electrically) the neutral atoms through which they pass, that is, give them a net electrical charge. The alpha particle, carrying a positive electrical charge, pulls electrons from the atoms through which it passes, while negatively charged beta particles can push electrons out of neutral atoms. If energetic betas pass sufficiently close to atomic nuclei, they can produce X-rays which themselves can ionize additional neutral atoms. Massless but energetic gamma rays can knock electrons out of neutral atoms in the same fashion as X-rays, leaving them ionized. A single particle of radiation can ionize hundreds of neutral atoms in the tissue in multiple collisions before all its energy is absorbed. This disrupts the chemical bonds for critically important cell structures like the cytoplasm, which carries the cell's genetic blueprints, and also produces chemical constituents which can cause as much damage as the original ionizing radiation.
For convenience, a unit of radiation dose called the "rad" has been adopted. It measures the amount of ionization produced per unit volume by the particles from radioactive decay.
Note 4: Nuclear Half-Life The concept of "half-life" is basic to an understanding of radioactive decay of unstable nuclei.
Unlike physical "systems"--bacteria, animals, men and stars--unstable isotopes do not individually have a predictable life span. There is no way of forecasting when a single unstable nucleus will decay.
Nevertheless, it is possible to get around the random behavior of an individual nucleus by dealing statistically with large numbers of nuclei of a particular radioactive isotope. In the case of thorium-232, for example, radioactive decay proceeds so slowly that 14 billion years must elapse before one-half of an initial quantity decayed to a more stable configuration. Thus the half-life of this isotope is 14 billion years. After the elapse of second half-life (another 14 billion years), only one-fourth of the original quantity of thorium-232 would remain, one eighth after the third half-life, and so on.
Most manmade radioactive isotopes have much shorter half-lives, ranging from seconds or days up to thousands of years. Plutonium-239 (a manmade isotope) has a half-life of 24,000 years.
For the most common uranium isotope, U-238, the half-life is 4.5 billion years, about the age of the solar system. The much scarcer, fissionable isotope of uranium, U-235, has a half-life of 700 million years, indicating that its present abundance is only about 1 percent of the amount present when the solar system was born.
Note 5: Oxygen, Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Oxygen, vital to breathing creatures, constitutes about one-fifth of the earth's atmosphere. It occasionally occurs as a single atom in the atmosphere at high temperature, but it usually combines with a second oxygen atom to form molecular oxygen (O2). The oxygen in the air we breathe consists primarily of this stable form.
Oxygen has also a third chemical form in which three oxygen atoms are bound together in a single molecule (03), called ozone. Though less stable and far more rare than O2, and principally confined to upper levels of the stratosphere, both molecular oxygen and ozone play a vital role in shielding the earth from harmful components of solar radiation.
Most harmful radiation is in the "ultraviolet" region of the solar spectrum, invisible to the eye at short wavelengths (under 3,000 A).
(An angstrom unit--A--is an exceedingly short unit of length--10 billionths of a centimeter, or about 4 billionths of an inch.) Unlike X-rays, ultraviolet photons are not "hard" enough to ionize atoms, but pack enough energy to break down the chemical bonds of molecules in living cells and produce a variety of biological and genetic abnormalities, including tumors and cancers.
Fortunately, because of the earth's atmosphere, only a trace of this dangerous ultraviolet radiation actually reaches the earth. By the time sunlight reaches the top of the stratosphere, at about 30 miles altitude, almost all the radiation shorter than 1,900 A has been absorbed by molecules of nitrogen and oxygen. Within the stratosphere itself, molecular oxygen (02) absorbs the longer wavelengths of ultraviolet, up to 2,420 A; and ozone (O3) is formed as a result of this absorption process. It is this ozone then which absorbs almost all of the remaining ultraviolet wavelengths up to about 3,000 A, so that almost all of the dangerous solar radiation is cut off before it reaches the earth's surface.


Alarm. Apprehension springs from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but approaching; alarm arises from danger when announced as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more permanent; alarm is more agitating and transient.

 Ap'pre*hen"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. appréhensif.
 See Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to do so; apt; discerning.

 It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and apprehensive ... friend, is listening to our talk. Hawthorne.
2. Knowing; conscious; cognizant. [R.]

 A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it. Jer. Taylor.
3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension.

 Judgment... is implied in every apprehensive act. Sir W. Hamilton.
4. Anticipative of something unfavorable' fearful of what may be coming; in dread of possible harm; in expectation of evil.

 Not at all apprehensive of evils as a distance. Tillotson.
 Reformers... apprehensive for their lives. Gladstone.
5. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [R.]

 Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings, Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts. Milton.
 Ap'pre*hen"sive*ly, adv. In an apprehensive manner; with apprehension of danger.

 Ap'pre*hen"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being apprehensive.

 Ap*pren"tice (&?;), n. [OE. apprentice, prentice, OF. aprentis, nom. of aprentif, fr. apprendare to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to take hold of (by the mind), to comprehend. See Apprehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him.

2. One not well versed in a subject; a tyro.

3. (Old law) A barrister, considered a learner of law till of sixteen years' standing, when he might be called to the rank of serjeant. [Obs.] Blackstone.
 Ap*pren"tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprenticed; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Apprenticing.] To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in a trade or business.

 Ap*pren"tice*age, n. [F. apprentissage.] Apprenticeship.
 [Obs.]

 Ap*pren"tice*hood, n. Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

 Ap*pren"tice*ship, n. 1. The service or condition of an apprentice; the state in which a person is gaining instruction in a trade or art, under legal agreement.

2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty-one).

 { Ap*pressed", Ap*prest" }, a. [p. p. appress, which is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.) Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as against a stem. Gray.
 Ap*prise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] [F. appris, fem. apprise, p. p. apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform. Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; -- followed by of; as, we will apprise the general of an intended attack; he apprised the commander of what he had done.

 Ap*prise", n. Notice; information. [Obs.] Gower.
 Ap*priz"al, n. See Appraisal.

 Ap*prize", v. t. [The same as Appraise, only more accommodated to the English form of the L. pretiare.] To appraise; to value; to appreciate.

 Ap*prize"ment, n. Appraisement.

 Ap*priz"er, n. 1. An appraiser.

2. (Scots Law) A creditor for whom an appraisal is made. Sir W. Scott.
 Ap*proach", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Approached; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Approaching.] [OE. approchen, aprochen, OF.
 approcher, LL. appropriare, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time; to draw nigh; to advance nearer.

 Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city? 2 Sam. xi.
 20.
 But exhorting one another; and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching.
Heb. x. 25.
2. To draw near, in a figurative sense; to make advances; to approximate; as, he approaches to the character of the ablest statesman.

 Ap*proach", v. t. 1. To bring near; to cause to draw near; to advance. [Archaic] Boyle.
2. To come near to in place, time, or character; to draw nearer to; as, to approach the city; to approach my cabin; he approached the age of manhood.

 He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer. Temple.
3. (Mil.) To take approaches to.

 Ap*proach", n. [Cf. F. approche. See Approach, v. i.]
 1. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near. "The approach of summer." Horsley.
 A nearer approach to the human type. Owen.
2. A access, or opportunity of drawing near.

 The approach to kings and principal persons. Bacon.
3. pl. Movements to gain favor; advances.

4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or buildings can be approached; an access. Macaulay.
5. pl. (Fort.) The advanced works, trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward a fortress or military post.

6. (Hort.) See Approaching.

 Ap*proach'a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being approachable; approachableness.

 Ap*proach"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being approached; accessible; as, approachable virtue.

 Ap*proach"a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being approachable; accessibility.

 Ap*proach"er (&?;), n. One who approaches.

 Ap*proach"ing, n. (Hort.) The act of ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; -- called, also, inarching and grafting by approach.

 Ap*proach"less, a. Impossible to be approached.

 Ap*proach"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. approachement.]
 Approach. [Archaic] Holland.
 Ap"pro*bate (&?;), a. [L. approbatus, p. p. of approbare to approve.] Approved. [Obs.] Elyot.
 Ap"pro*bate (&?;), v. t. To express approbation of; to approve; to sanction officially.

 I approbate the one, I reprobate the other. Sir W. Hamilton.
 This word is obsolete in England, but is occasionally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical sense for license; as, a person is