fall, and the like. "A man is well holp up that trusts to you." Shak.
Syn. -- To aid; assist; succor; relieve; serve; support; sustain; befriend. -- To Help, Aid, Assist. These words all agree in the idea of affording relief or support to a person under difficulties. Help turns attention especially to the source of relief. If I fall into a pit, I call for help; and he who helps me out does it by an act of his own. Aid turns attention to the other side, and supposes coöperation on the part of him who is relieved; as, he aided me in getting out of the pit; I got out by the aid of a ladder which he brought. Assist has a primary reference to relief afforded by a person who "stands by" in order to relieve. It denotes both help and aid. Thus, we say of a person who is weak, I assisted him upstairs, or, he mounted the stairs by my assistance. When help is used as a noun, it points less distinctively and exclusively to the source of relief, or, in other words, agrees more closely with aid. Thus we say, I got out of a pit by the help of my friend.

 Help (?), v. i. To lend aid or assistance; to contribute strength or means; to avail or be of use; to assist.

 A generous present helps to persuade, as well as an agreeable person.

Garth.
To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply.

 Help, n. [AS. help; akin to D. hulp, G. hülfe, hilfe, Icel. hjlp, Sw. hjelp, Dan. hielp. See Help, v. t.]

1. Strength or means furnished toward promoting an object, or deliverance from difficulty or distress; aid; ^; also, the person or thing furnishing the aid; as, he gave me a help of fifty dollars.

 Give us help from trouble, for vain is the help of man.

Ps. lx. 11.
 God is... a very present help in trouble.

Ps. xlvi. 1.
 Virtue is a friend and a help to nature.

South.
2. Remedy; relief; as, there is no help for it.

3. A helper; one hired to help another; also, thew hole force of hired helpers in any business.

4. Specifically, a domestic servant, man or woman. [Local, U. S.]

 Help"er (?), n. One who, or that which, helps, aids, assists, or relieves; as, a lay helper in a parish.

 Thou art the helper of the fatherless.

Ps. x. 14.
 Compassion... oftentimes a helper of evils.

Dr. H. More.
 Help"ful (?), a. Furnishing help; giving aid; assistant; useful; salutary.

 Heavens make our presence and our practices Pleasant and helpful to him!

Shak.
 -- Help"ful*ly, adv. -- Help"ful*ness, n. Milton.
 Help"less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength; unable to help or defend one's self; needing help; feeble; weak; as, a helpless infant.

 How shall I then your helpless fame defend?

Pope.
2. Beyond help; irremediable.

 Some helpless disagreement or dislike, either of mind or body.

Milton.
3. Bringing no help; unaiding. [Obs.]

 Yet since the gods have been Helpless foreseers of my plagues.

Chapman.
4. Unsupplied; destitute; -- with of. [R.]

Helpless of all that human wants require.

Dryden.
 -- Help"less*ly, adv. -- Help"less*ness, n. Help"mate' (?), n. [A corruption of the "help meet for him" of Genesis ii. 18.Fitzedward Hall.] A helper; a companion; specifically, a wife.

 In Minorca the ass and the hog are common helpmates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the land.

Pennant.
 A waiting woman was generally considered as the most suitable helpmate for a parson.

Macaulay.
 Help"meet' (?), n. [See Helpmate.] A wife; a helpmate.

 The Lord God created Adam,... and afterwards, on his finding the want of a helpmeet, caused him to sleep, and took one of his ribs and thence made woman.

J. H. Newman.
 Hel"ter-skel"ter (?), adv. [An onomat&?;poetic word. Cf. G. holter-polter, D. holder de bolder.] In hurry and confusion; without definite purpose; irregularly. [Colloq.]

Helter-skelter have I rode to thee.

Shak.
 A wistaria vine running helter-skelter across the roof.

J. C. Harris.
 Helve (?), n. [OE. helve, helfe, AS. hielf, helf, hylf, cf. OHG. halb; and also E. halter, helm of a rudder.] 1. The handle of an ax, hatchet, or adze.

2. (Iron Working) (a) The lever at the end of which is the hammer head, in a forge hammer. (b) A forge hammer which is lifted by a cam acting on the helve between the fulcrum and the head.

 Helve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Helving.] To furnish with a helve, as an ax.

 Hel*ve"tian (?), a. Same as Helvetic. -- n. A Swiss; a Switzer.

 Hel*ve"tic (?), a. [L. Helveticus, fr. Helvetii the Helvetii.] Of or pertaining to the Helvetii, the ancient inhabitant of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitant of the Alpine regions; as, the Helvetic confederacy; Helvetic states.

 { Hel"vine (?), Hel"vite (?), } n. [L. helvus of a light bay color.] (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish color, consisting chiefly of silica, glucina, manganese, and iron, with a little sulphur.

 Hem (hm), pron. [OE., fr. AS. him, heom, dative pl.
 of. h he. See He, They.] Them [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hem, interj. An onomatopoetic word used as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc. It is often a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, and would perhaps be better expressed by hm.

 Cough or cry hem, if anybody come.

Shak.
 Hem, n. An utterance or sound of the voice, hem or hm, often indicative of hesitation or doubt, sometimes used to call attention.
 "His morning hems." Spectator.
 Hem, v. i. [√15. See Hem, interj.] To make the sound expressed by the word hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking. "Hem, and stroke thy beard." Shak.
 Hem, n. [AS. hem, border, margin; cf. Fries. hämel, Prov. G. hammel hem of mire or dirt.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed, to strengthen it and prevent raveling.

2. Border; edge; margin. "Hem of the sea." Shak.
3. A border made on sheet-metal ware by doubling over the edge of the sheet, to stiffen it and remove the sharp edge.

 Hem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemmed (?);


apula shoulder blade.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A loose sleeveless vestment falling in front and behind, worn by certain religious orders and devout persons. (b) The name given to two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. Addis & Arnold.
2. (Surg.) A bandage passing over the shoulder to support it, or to retain another bandage in place.

 Scap"u*la*ry, a. Same as Scapular, a. Scap"u*la*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Scapular.

 Scap"u*let (?), n. [Dim. of scapula.] (Zoöl.) A secondary mouth fold developed at the base of each of the armlike lobes of the manubrium of many rhizostome medusæ. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Scap"u*lo- (&?;). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the scapula or the shoulder; as, the scapulo-clavicular articulation, the articulation between the scapula and clavicle.

 ||Sca"pus (?), n. [L.] See 1st Scape.

 Scar (?), n. [OF. escare, F. eschare an eschar, a dry slough (cf. It. & Sp. escara), L. eschara, fr. Gr. &?; hearth, fireplace, scab, eschar. Cf. Eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made by a wound or ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a mark left by a previous injury; a blemish; a disfigurement.

 This earth had the beauty of youth,... and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body.

T. Burnet.
2. (Bot.) A mark left upon a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf, leaflet, or frond, or upon a seed by the separation of its support.
 See Illust.. under Axillary.

 Scar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarring.] To mark with a scar or scars.

 Yet I'll not shed her blood; Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow.

Shak.
 His cheeks were deeply scarred.

Macaulay.
 Scar, v. i. To form a scar.

 Scar, n. [Scot. scar, scaur, Icel. sker a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; akin to Dan. skiær, Sw.
 skär. Cf. Skerry.] An isolated or protruding rock; a steep, rocky eminence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. [Written also scaur.]

 O sweet and far, from cliff and scar, The horns of Elfland faintly blowing.

Tennyson.
 Scar, n. [L. scarus, a kind of fish, Gr. ska'ros.] (Zoöl.)
 A marine food fish, the scarus, or parrot fish.

 { Scar"ab (?), Scar"a*bee (?) }, n. [L. scarabaeus; cf. F.
 scarabée.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles of the genus Scarabæus, or family Scarabæidæ, especially the sacred, or Egyptian, species (Scarabæus sacer, and S. Egyptiorum).

 ||Scar'a*bæ"us (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scarab.

 Scar"a*boid (?), a. [Scarab + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Of or pertaining to the family Scarabæidæ, an extensive group which includes the Egyptian scarab, the tumbledung, and many similar lamellicorn beetles.

 Scar"a*boid, n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle.

 Scar"a*mouch' (?), n. [F. scaramouche, It. scaramuccio, scaramuccia, originally the name of a celebrated Italian comedian; cf. It. scaramuccia, scaramuccio, F. escarmouche, skirmish. Cf. Skirmish.] A personage in the old Italian comedy (derived from Spain) characterized by great boastfulness and poltroonery; hence, a person of like characteristics; a buffoon.

 Scarce (skârs), a. [Compar. Scarcer (skâr"sr); superl. Scarcest.] [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, excarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See Carpet, and cf. Excerp.] 1. Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon.

 You tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one fifth in value.

Locke.
 The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserved.

Addison.
2. Scantily supplied (with); deficient (in); - - with of.
 [Obs.] "A region scarce of prey." Milton.
3. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; stingy. [Obs.] "Too scarce ne too sparing." Chaucer.
To make one's self scarce, to decamp; to depart. [Slang] Syn. -- Rare; infrequent; deficient. See Rare.

 { Scarce, Scarce"ly }, adv. 1. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; barely; but just.

 With a scarce well-lighted flame.

Milton.
 The eldest scarcely five year was of age.

Chaucer.
 Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides.

Dryden.
 He had scarcely finished, when the laborer arrived who had been sent for my ransom.

W. Irving.
2. Frugally; penuriously. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Scarce"ment (?), n. (Arch. & Engin.) An offset where a wall or bank of earth, etc., retreats, leaving a shelf or footing.

 { Scarce"ness (?), Scar"ci*ty (?) }, n. The quality or condition of being scarce; smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands; deficiency; lack of plenty; short supply; penury; as, a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties. Chaucer.
 A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples.

Addison.
 Praise... owes its value to its scarcity.

Rambler.
 The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness.

Collier.
Syn. -- Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; rarity; infrequency.

 Scard (?), n. A shard or fragment. [Obs.]

 Scare (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Scaring.] [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. skirra to bar, prevent, skirrask to shun, shrink from; or fr. OE. skerre, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr; both perhaps akin to E. sheer to turn.] To frighten; to strike with sudden fear; to alarm.

 The noise of thy crossbow Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost.

Shak.
To scare away, to drive away by frightening. -- To scare up, to find by search, as if by beating for game. [Slang] Syn. -- To alarm; frighten; startle; affright; terrify.

 Scare, n. Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a trif


The Battle of the Books, by Jonathan Swift Transcribed from the 1886 Cassell & Company edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ THE BATTLE OF THE BOOKS AND OTHER SHORT PIECES.
by JONATHAN SWIFT.
CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: london, paris, new york & melbourne.
1886.
INTRODUCTION.
Jonathan Swift was born in 1667, on the 30th of November. His father was a Jonathan Swift, sixth of the ten sons of the Rev. Thomas Swift, vicar of Goodrich, near Ross, in Herefordshire, who had married Elizabeth Dryden, niece to the poet Dryden's grandfather. Jonathan Swift married, at Leicester, Abigail Erick, or Herrick, who was of the family that had given to England Robert Herrick, the poet. As their eldest brother, Godwin, was prospering in Ireland, four other Swifts, Dryden, William, Jonathan, and Adam, all in turn found their way to Dublin. Jonathan was admitted an attorney of the King's Inns, Dublin, and was appointed by the Benchers to the office of Steward of the King's Inns, in January, 1666. He died in April, 1667, leaving his widow with an infant daughter, Jane, and an unborn child.
Swift was born in Dublin seven months after his father's death. His mother after a time returned to her own family, in Leicester, and the child was added to the household of his uncle, Godwin Swift, who, by his four wives, became father to ten sons of his own and four daughters. Godwin Swift sent his nephew to Kilkenny School, where he had William Congreve among his schoolfellows. In April, 1782, Swift was entered at Trinity College as pensioner, together with his cousin Thomas, son of his uncle Thomas. That cousin Thomas afterwards became rector of Puttenham, in Surrey. Jonathan Swift graduated as B.A. at Dublin, in February, 1686, and remained in Trinity College for another three years. He was ready to proceed to M.A. when his uncle Godwin became insane. The troubles of 1689 also caused the closing of the University, and Jonathan Swift went to Leicester, where mother and son took counsel together as to future possibilities of life.
The retired statesman, Sir William Temple, at Moor Park, near Farnham, in Surrey, was in highest esteem with the new King and the leaders of the Revolution. His father, as Master of the Irish Rolls, had been a friend of Godwin Swift's, and with his wife Swift's mother could claim cousinship. After some months, therefore, at Leicester, Jonathan Swift, aged twenty-two, went to Moor Park, and entered Sir William Temple's household, doing service with the expectation of advancement through his influence. The advancement he desired was in the Church. When Swift went to Moor Park he found in its household a child six or seven years old, daughter to Mrs. Johnson, who was trusted servant and companion to Lady Gifford, Sir William Temple's sister. With this little Esther, aged seven, Swift, aged twenty-two, became a playfellow and helper in her studies. He broke his English for her into what he called their "little language," that was part of the same playful kindliness, and passed into their after-life. In July, 1692, with Sir William Temple's help, Jonathan Swift commenced M.A. in Oxford, as of Hart Hall. In 1694, Swift's ambition having been thwarted by an offer of a clerkship, of £120 a year, in the Irish Rolls, he broke from Sir William Temple, took orders, and obtained, through other influence, in January, 1695, the small prebendary of Kilroot, in the north of Ireland. He was there for about a year. Close by, in Belfast, was an old college friend, named Waring, who had a sister. Swift was captivated by Miss Waring, called her Varina, and would have become engaged to marry her if she had not flinched from engagement with a young clergyman whose income was but a hundred a year.
But Sir William Temple had missed Jonathan Swift from Moor Park. Differences were forgotten, and Swift, at his wish, went back. This was in 1696, when his little pupil, Esther Johnson, was fifteen. Swift said of her, "I knew her from six years old, and had some share in her education, by directing what books she should read, and perpetually instructing her in the principles of honour and virtue, from which she never swerved in any one action or moment of her life. She was sickly from her childhood until about the age of fifteen; but then grew into perfect health, and was then looked upon as one of the most beautiful, graceful, and agreeable young women in London, only a little too fat. Her hair was blacker than a raven, and every feature of her face in perfection." This was the Stella of Swift's after-life, the one woman to whom his whole love was given. But side by side with the slow growth of his knowledge of all she was for him, was the slow growth of his conviction that attacks of giddiness and deafness, which first came when he was twenty, and recurred at times throughout his life, were signs to be associated with that which he regarded as the curse upon his life. His end would be like his uncle Godwin's. It was a curse transmissible to children, but if he desired to keep the influence his genius gave him, he could not tell the world why he refused to marry. Only to Stella, who remained unmarried for his sake, and gave her life to him, could all be known.
Returned to Moor Park, Swift wrote, in 1697, the "Battle of the Books," as well as the "Tale of the Tub," with which it was published seven years afterwards, in 1704. Perrault and others had been battling in France over the relative merits of Ancient and Modern Writers. The debate had spread to England. On behalf of the Ancients, stress was laid by Temple on the letters of Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. Wotton replied to Sir William for the Moderns. The Hon. Charles Boyle, of Christ Church, published a new edition of the Epistles of Phalaris, with translation of the Greek text into Latin. Dr. Bentley, the King's Librarian, published a "Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris," denying their value, and arguing that Phalaris did not write them. Christ Church replied through Charles Boyle, with "Dr. Bentley's Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris examined." Swift entered into the war with a light heart, and matched the Ancients in defending them for the amusement of his patron.
His incidental argument between the Spider and the Bee has provided a catch-phrase, "Sweetness and Light," to a combatant of later times.
Sir William Temple died on the 27th of January, 1699.
Swift then became chaplain to Lord Berkeley in Dublin Castle, and it was as a little surprise to Lady Berkeley, who liked him to read to her Robert Boyle's "Meditations," that Swift wrote the "Meditation on a Broomstick." In February, 1700, he obtained from Lord Berkeley the vicarage of Laracor with the living of Rathbeggan, also in the diocese of Meath. In the beginning of 1701 Esther Johnson, to whom Sir William Temple had bequeathed a leasehold farm in Wicklow, came with an elder friend, Miss Dingley, and settled in Laracor to be near Swift. During one of the visits to London, made from Laracor, Swift attacked the false pretensions of astrologers by that prediction of the death of Mr. Partridge, a prophetic almanac maker, of which he described the Accomplishment so clearly that Partridge had much ado to get credit for being alive.
The lines addressed to Stella speak for themselves.
"Cadenus and Vanessa" was meant as polite and courteous admonition to Miss Hester Van Homrigh, a young lady in whom green-sickness seems to have produced devotion to Swift in forms that embarrassed him, and with which he did not well know how to deal.
H. M. THE BOOKSELLER TO THE READER.
This discourse, as it is unquestionably of the same author, so it seems to have been written about the same time, with "The Tale of a Tub;" I mean the year 1697, when the famous dispute was on foot


labor wears.

Franklin.
3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of arboreal edentates constituting the family Bradypodidæ, and the suborder Tardigrada. They have long exserted limbs and long prehensile claws. Both jaws are furnished with teeth (see Illust. of Edentata), and the ears and tail are rudimentary. They inhabit South and Central America and Mexico.

 The three-toed sloths belong to the genera Bradypus and Arctopithecus, of which several species have been described. They have three toes on each foot. The best-known species are collared sloth (Bradypus tridactylus), and the ai (Arctopitheus ai). The two-toed sloths, consisting the genus Cholopus, have two toes on each fore foot and three on each hind foot. The best-known is the unau (Cholopus didactylus) of South America. See Unau. Another species (C. Hoffmanni) inhabits Central America. Various large extinct terrestrial edentates, such as Megatherium and Mylodon, are often called sloths.

Australian, or Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala.
 -- Sloth animalcule (Zoöl.), a tardigrade. -- Sloth bear (Zoöl.), a black or brown long-haired bear (Melursus ursinus, or labiatus), native of India and Ceylon; -- called also aswail, labiated bear, and jungle bear. It is easily tamed and can be taught many tricks. -- Sloth monkey (Zoöl.), a loris.

 Sloth, v. i. To be idle. [Obs.] Gower.
 Sloth"ful (?), a. Addicted to sloth; inactive; sluggish; lazy; indolent; idle.

 He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.

Prov. xviii. 9.
 -- Sloth"ful*ly, adv. -- Sloth"ful*ness, n. Sloth"hound' (?), n. [See Slot a track, and cf. Sleuthhound.] (Zoöl.)
 See Sleuthhound.

 Slot"ted (?), a. Having a slot.

 Slot"ting (?), n. The act or process of making slots, or mortises.

 Slouch (?), n. [Cf. Icel. sl&?;kra slouching felloew, and E. slack, slug, a lazy fellow.] 1. A hanging down of the head; a drooping attitude; a limp appearance; an ungainly, clownish gait; a sidewise depression or hanging down, as of a hat brim.

2. An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. [Colloq.]

Slouth hat, a soft, limp hat of unstiffened cloth or felt.

 Slouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slouched (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Slouching.] 1. To droop, as the head.

2. To walk in a clumsy, lazy manner. [Colloq.]

 Slouch, v. t. To cause to hang down; to depress at the side; as, to slouth the hat.

 Slouch"ing, a. Hanging down at the side; limp; drooping; without firmness or shapeliness; moving in an ungainly manner.

 Slouch"y (?), a. Slouching. [Colloq.]

 Slough (?), a. Slow. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Slough (?), n. [OE. slogh, slough, AS. slh a hollow place; cf. MHG. slch an abyss, gullet, G. schlucken to swallow; also Gael. & Ir. sloc a pit, pool. ditch, Ir. slug to swallow. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to hiccough, to sob.]
 1. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. Chaucer.
 He's here stuck in a slough.

Milton.
2. [Pronounced sl.] A wet place; a swale; a side channel or inlet from a river. [In this sense local or provincial; also spelt sloo, and slue.]

Slough grass (Bot.), a name in the Mississippi valley for grasses of the genus Muhlenbergia; -- called also drop seed, and nimble Will.

 Slough, obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.
 Slough (?), n. [OE. slugh, slouh; cf. MHG. sl&?;ch the skin of a serpent, G. schlauch a skin, a leather bag or bottle.] 1. The skin, commonly the cast-off skin, of a serpent or of some similar animal.

2. (Med.) The dead mass separating from a foul sore; the dead part which separates from the living tissue in mortification.

 Slough, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sloughed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sloughing.] (Med.) To form a slough; to separate in the form of dead matter from the living tissues; -- often used with off, or away; as, a sloughing ulcer; the dead tissues slough off slowly.

 Slough, v. t. To cast off; to discard as refuse.

 New tint the plumage of the birds, And slough decay from grazing herds.

Emerson.
 Slough"ing (?), n. (Zoöl.) The act of casting off the skin or shell, as do insects and crustaceans; ecdysis.

 Slough"y (?), a. Full of sloughs, miry.

 Slough"y (?), a. Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from living flesh.

 Slov"en (?), n. [D. slaf careless, negligent, a sloven; akin to LG. sluf slovenly.] A man or boy habitually negligent of neathess and order; -- the correlative term to slattern, or slut.
 Pope.
 He became a confirmed sloven.

Macaulay.
 Slov"en*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being slovenly.

 Slov"en*ly, a. 1. Having the habits of a sloven; negligent of neatness and order, especially in dress.

 A slovenly, lazy fellow, lolling at his ease.

L'Estrange.
2. Characteristic of a sloven; lacking neatness and order; evincing negligence; as, slovenly dress.

 Slov"en*ly, adv. a slovenly manner.

 Slov"en*ness, n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Slov"en*ry (?), n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Shak.
 Slow (sl), obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.
 Slow (sl), a. [Compar. Slower (?); superl. Slowest.]
 [OE. slow, slaw, AS. slw; akin to OS. slu blunt, dull, D. sleeuw, slee, sour, OHG. slo blunt, dull, Icel. slr, slær, Dan. slöv, Sw. slö.
 Cf. Sloe, and Sloth.] 1. Moving a short space in a relatively long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; moderate; deliberate; as, a slow stream; a slow motion.

2. Not happening in a short time; gradual; late.

 These changes in the heavens, though slow, produced Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast.

Milton.
3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; dilatory; sluggish; as, slow of speech, and slow of tongue.

 Fixed on defense, the Trojans are not slow To guard their shore from an expected foe.

Dryden.
4. Not hasty; not precipitate; acting with deliberation; tardy; inactive.

 He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding


the above the sea level constitutes a third coördinate. -- Polar coördinates, coördinates made up of a radius vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a line and plane; as those defined in (b) and (d) above. -- Rectangular coördinates, coördinates the axes of which intersect at right angles. -- Rectilinear coördinates, coördinates made up of right lines. Those defined in (a) and (c) above are called also Cartesian coördinates. -- Trigonometrical or Spherical coördinates, elements of reference, by means of which the position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to two great circles of the sphere. -- Trilinear coördinates, coördinates of a point in a plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to another.

 Co*ör"di*nate*ly (?), adv. In a coördinate manner.

 Co*ör"di*nate*ness, n. The state of being coördinate; equality of rank or authority.

 Co*ör'di*na"tion (?), n. 1. The act of coördinating; the act of putting in the same order, class, rank, dignity, etc.; as, the coördination of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial authority in forming a government; the act of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as, a coördination of functions. "Coördination of muscular movement by the cerebellum." Carpenter.
2. The state of being coördinate, or of equal rank, dignity, power, etc.

 In this high court of parliament, there is a rare coördination of power. Howell.
 Co*ör"di*na*tive (?), a. (Gram.) Expressing coördination.
 J. W. Gibbs.
 Coot (kt), n. [Cf. D. koet, W. cwtair; cwta short, bodtailed + iar hen; cf. cwtau to dock. Cf. Cut.] 1.
(Zoöl.) (a) A wading bird with lobate toes, of the genus Fulica. The common European or bald coot is F. atra (see under bald); the American is F. Americana. (b) The surf duck or scoter. In the United States all the species of (Œdemia are called coots. See Scoter. "As simple as a coot." Halliwell.
2. A stupid fellow; a simpleton; as, a silly coot. [Colloq.]

 Coot"er (-r), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water tortoise (Pseudemus concinna) of Florida. (b) The box tortoise.

 Coot"foot' (-ft'), n. (Zoöl.) The phalarope; -- so called because its toes are like the coot's.

 Coo*thay" (k*th"), n.A striped satin made in India. McElrath.
 Cop (kp), n. [AS. cop; cf. G. kopf head. Cf. Cup, Cob.]
 1. The top of a thing; the head; a crest. [Obs.]

Cop they used to call The tops of many hills. Drayton.
2. A conical or conical-ended mass of coiled thread, yarn, or roving, wound upon a spindle, etc.

3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound.

4. (Mil. Arch.) Same as Merlon.

5. A policeman. [Slang] Cop waste, a kind of cotton waste, composed chiefly of remnants of cops from which the greater part of the yarn has been unwound.

 { Co*pai"ba (?; 277), Co*pai"va (?) }, n. [Sp. & Pg., fr.
 Brazil. cupaúba.] (Med.) A more or less viscid, yellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; -- called also balsam of copaiba. [Written also capivi.]

 Co"pal (k"pal; 277), [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, a generic name of resins. Clavigero.] A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrucosum, and Hymenæa Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; -- used chiefly in making varnishes. Ure.
 Co*par"ce*na*ry (k*pär"s*n*r), n.; pl. Coparcenaries (-rz). [Pref. co- + parcenary] (Law) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint right of succession to an inheritance.

 Co*par"ce*ner (-nr), n. [Pref. co- + parcener.] (Law) One who has an equal portion with others of an inheritance.

 All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them. Blackstone.
 Co*par"ce*ny (?), n. [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] (Law) An equal share of an inheritance.

 Co*part (?), v. t. [Cf. Compart] To share. [Obs.]

 For, of all miserias, I hold that chief Wretched to be, when none coparts our grief. Webster (1661).
 Co*part"ment (?), n. A compartment. [Obs.] T. Warton.
 Co*part"ner (?), n. One who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in business, etc.; a partner; an associate; a partaker; a sharer.

 the associates and copartners of our loss. Milton.
 Co*part"ner*ship, n. 1. The state of being a copartner or of having a joint interest in any matter.

2. A partnership or firm; as, A. and B. have this day formed a copartnership.

 Co*part"ner*y (?), n.; pl. Copartneries (&?;).
 the state of being copartners in any undertaking. [R.]

 Cop"a*tain (?), a. [Formed fr. cop, in imitation of captain.
 See Cop, Captain.] Having a high crown, or a point or peak at top. [Obs.]

 A copatain hat made on a Flemish block. Gascoigne.
 Co*pa"tri*ot (?), n. A joint patriot.

 Cope (kp), n. [A doublet of cape. See Cape, Cap.] 1.
 A covering for the head. [Obs.] Johnson.
2. Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door. "The starry cope of heaven." Milton.
3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, where it is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions. Piers plowman.
 A hundred and sixty priests all in their copes. Bp.
 Burnet.
4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in Derbyshire, England.

5. (Founding) The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold. Knight. De Colange.
 Cope, v. i. To form a cope or arch; to


play with, I must henceforth put up with the anaemic, night-gowned nonentities that hovered over the bed of the Sunday-school child in the pages of the Sabbath Improver.

 I was led ignominiously out of the house, in a pulpy, watery state, while the butler handled his swing doors with a stony, impassive countenance, intended for the deception of the very elect, though it did not deceive me. I knew well enough that next time he was off duty, and strolled around our way, we should meet in our kitchen as man to man, and I would punch him and ask him riddles, and he would teach me tricks with corks and bits of string. So his unsympathetic manner did not add to my depression.

 I maintained a diplomatic blubber long after we had been packed into our pony-carriage and the lodge-gate had clicked behind us, because it served as a sort of armour-plating against heckling and argument and abuse, and I was thinking hard and wanted to be let alone. And the thoughts that I was thinking were two.

 First I thought, "I've got ahead of Charlotte THIS time!" And next I thought, "When I've grown up big, and have money of my own, and a full-sized walking-stick, I will set out early one morning, and never stop till I get to that little walled town." There ought to be no real difficulty in the task. It only meant asking here and asking there, and people were very obliging, and I could describe every stick and stone of it.

 As for the island which I had never even seen, that was not so easy. Yet I felt confident that somehow, at some time, sooner or later, I was destined to arrive.

 A SAGA OF THE SEAS It happened one day that some ladies came to call, who were not at all the sort I was used to. They suffered from a grievance, so far as I could gather, and the burden of their plaint was Man—Men in general and Man in particular. (Though the words were but spoken, I could clearly discern the capital M in their acid utterance.)

 Of course I was not present officially, so to speak. Down below, in my sub-world of chair-legs and hearthrugs and the undersides of sofas, I was working out my own floor-problems, while they babbled on far above my head, considering me as but a chair-leg, or even something lower in the scale. Yet I was listening hard all the time, with that respectful consideration one gives to all grown-up people's remarks, so long as one knows no better.

 It seemed a serious indictment enough, as they rolled it out. In tact, considerateness, and right appreciation, as well as in taste and aesthetic sensibilities—we failed at every point, we breeched and bearded prentice-jobs of Nature; and I began to feel like collapsing on the carpet from sheer spiritual anaemia. But when one of them, with a swing of her skirt, prostrated a whole regiment of my brave tin soldiers, and never apologized nor even offered her aid toward revivifying the battle-line, I could not help feeling that in tactfulness and consideration for others she was still a little to seek. And I said as much, with some directness of language.

 That was the end of me, from a society point of view. Rudeness to visitors was the unpardonable sin, and in two seconds I had my marching orders, and was sullenly wending my way to the St. Elelena of the nursery. As I climbed the stair, my thoughts reverted somehow to a game we had been playing that very morning.

 It was the good old game of Rafts,—a game that will be played till all the oceans are dry and all the trees in the world are felled—and after. And we were all crowded together on the precarious little platform, and Selina occupied every bit as much room as I did, and Charlotte's legs didn't dangle over any more than Harold's. The pitiless sun overhead beat on us all with tropic impartiality, and the hungry sharks, whose fins scored the limitless Pacific stretching out on every side, were impelled by an appetite that made no exceptions as to sex. When we shared the ultimate biscuit and circulated the last water-keg, the girls got an absolute fourth apiece, and neither more nor less; and the only partiality shown was entirely in favour of Charlotte, who was allowed to perceive and to hail the saviour-sail on the horizon. And this was only because it was her turn to do so, not because she happened to be this or that. Surely, the rules of the raft were the rules of life, and in what, then, did these visitor-ladies' grievance consist?

 Puzzled and a little sulky, I pushed open the door of the deserted nursery, where the raft that had rocked beneath so many hopes and fears still occupied the ocean-floor. To the dull eye, that merely tarries upon the outsides of things, it might have appeared unromantic and even unraftlike, consisting only as it did of a round sponge-bath on a bald deal towel-horse placed flat on the floor. Even to myself much of the recent raft-glamour seemed to have departed as I half-mechanically stepped inside and curled myself up in it for a solitary voyage. Once I was in, however, the old magic and mystery returned in full flood, when I discovered that the inequalities of the towel-horse caused the bath to rock, slightly, indeed, but easily and incessantly. A few minutes of this delightful motion, and one was fairly launched. So those women below didn't want us? Well, there were other women, and other places, that did.
 And this was going to be no scrambling raft-affair, but a full-blooded voyage of the Man, equipped and purposeful, in search of what was his rightful own.

 Whither should I shape my course, and what sort of vessel should I charter for the voyage? The shipping of all England was mine to pick from, and the far corners of the globe were my rightful inheritance. A frigate, of course, seemed the natural vehicle for a boy of spirit to set out in. And yet there was something rather "uppish" in commanding a frigate at the very first set-off, and little spread was left for the ambition. Frigates, too, could always be acquired later by sheer adventure; and your real hero generally saved up a square-rigged ship for the final achievement and the rapt return. No, it was a schooner that I was aboard of—a schooner whose masts raked devilishly as the leaping seas hissed along her low black gunwale. Many hairbrained youths started out on a mere cutter; but I was prudent, and besides I had some inkling of the serious affairs that were ahead.

 I have said I was already on board; and, indeed, on this occasion I was too hungry for adventure to linger over what would have been a special delight at a period of more leisure—the dangling about the harbour, the choosing your craft, selecting your shipmates, stowing your cargo, and fitting up your private cabin with everything you might want to put your hand on in any emergency whatever. I could not wait for that. Out beyond soundings the big seas were racing westward and calling me, albatrosses hovered motionless, expectant of a comrade, and a thousand islands held each of them a fresh adventure, stored up, hidden away, awaiting production, expressly saved for me. We were humming, close-hauled, down the Channel, spray in the eyes and the shrouds thrilling musically, in much less time than the average man would have taken to transfer his Gladstone bag and his rugs from the train to a sheltered place on the promenade-deck of the tame daily steamer.


surface of the sphere. "The gnomonic projection derives its name from the connection between the methods of describing it and those for the construction of a gnomon or dial." Cyc.
 of Arts & Sciences.
 Gno*mon"ic*al*ly (?), adv. According to the principles of the gnomonic projection.

 Gno*mon"ics (?), n. [See Gnomonic.] The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon.

 Gno"mon*ist (?), n. One skilled in gnomonics. Boyle.
 Gno'mon*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gnomon + -logy. Cf.
 Gnomonology.] A treatise on gnomonics.

 Gnos"co*pine (?), n. [Gr. gignw'skein to know + E. opium?]
 (Chem.) An alkaloid existing in small quantities in opium.

 ||Gno"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gnw^sis.] (Metaph.) The deeper wisdom; knowledge of spiritual truth, such as was claimed by the Gnostics.

 Gnos"tic (?), a. 1. Knowing; wise; shrewd. [Old Slang] I said you were a gnostic fellow.

Sir W. Scott.
2. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Gnosticism or its adherents; as, the Gnostic heresy.

 Gnos"tic, n. [L. gnosticus, Gr. &?; good at knowing, sagacious; as a n., man that claims to have a deeper wisdom, fr.
 gignw'skein to know: cf. F. gnostique. See Know.] (Eccl. Hist.)
 One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion.
 Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived from the Deity by successive emanations, which they called Eons.

 Gnos"ti*cism (?), n. The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics.

 Gnow (?), obs. imp. of Gnaw. Gnawed. Chaucer.
 Gnu (?), n. [Hottentot gnu, or nju: cf. F. gnou.]
 (Zoöl.) One of two species of large South African antelopes of the genus Catoblephas, having a mane and bushy tail, and curved horns in both sexes. [Written also gnoo.]

 The common gnu or wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu) is plain brown; the brindled gnu or blue wildebeest (C. gorgon) is larger, with transverse stripes of black on the neck and shoulders.

 Go (g), obs. p. p. of Go. Gone. Chaucer.
 Go, v. i. [imp. Went (wnt); p. p. Gone (gn; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the AS, wendan.
 See Wend, v. i.] [OE. gan, gon, AS. gn, akin to D. gaan, G. gehn, gehen, OHG. gn, gn, SW. gå, Dan. gaae; cf. Gr. kicha'nai to reach, overtake, Skr. h to go, AS. gangan, and E. gang. The past tense in AS., eode, is from the root i to go, as is also Goth. iddja went. √47a. Cf. Gang, v. i., Wend.] 1. To pass from one place to another; to be in motion; to be in a state not motionless or at rest; to proceed; to advance; to make progress; -- used, in various applications, of the movement of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever means, and also of the movements of the mind; also figuratively applied.

2. To move upon the feet, or step by step; to walk; also, to walk step by step, or leisurely.

 In old writers go is much used as opposed to run, or ride.
 "Whereso I go or ride." Chaucer.
 You know that love Will creep in service where it can not go.

Shak.
 Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn.

Shak.
 He fell from running to going, and from going to clambering upon his hands and his knees.

Bunyan.
 In Chaucer go is used frequently with the pronoun in the objective used reflexively; as, he goeth him home.

3. To be passed on fron one to another; to pass; to circulate; hence, with for, to have currency; to be taken, accepted, or regarded.

 The man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul.

1 Sa. xvii. 12.
 [The money] should go according to its true value.

Locke.
4. To proceed or happen in a given manner; to fare; to move on or be carried on; to have course; to come to an issue or result; to succeed; to turn out.

 How goes the night, boy?

Shak.
 I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough.

Arbuthnot.
 Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward.

I Watts.
5. To proceed or tend toward a result, consequence, or product; to tend; to conduce; to be an ingredient; to avail; to apply; to contribute; -- often with the infinitive; as, this goes to show.

 Against right reason all your counsels go.

Dryden.
 To master the foul flend there goeth some complement knowledge of theology.

Sir W. Scott.
6. To apply one's self; to set one's self; to undertake.

 Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.

Sir P. Sidney.
Go, in this sense, is often used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb to be, before an infinitive, to express a future of intention, or to denote design; as, I was going to say; I am going to begin harvest.

 7. To proceed by a mental operation; to pass in mind or by an act of the memory or imagination; -- generally with over or through.

 By going over all these particulars, you may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject.

South.
8. To be with young; to be pregnant; to gestate.

 The fruit she goes with, I pray for heartily, that it may find Good time, and live.

Shak.
9. To move from the person speaking, or from the point whence the action is contemplated; to pass away; to leave; to depart; -- in opposition to stay and come.

 I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God;.
 .. only ye shall not go very far away.

Ex. viii. 28.
10. To pass away; to depart forever; to be lost or ruined; to perish; to decline; to decease; to die.

 By Saint George, he's gone! That spear wound hath our master sped.

Sir W. Scott.
11. To reach; to extend; to lead; as, a line goes across the street; his land goes to the river; this road goes to New York.

 His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow.

Dryden.
12. To have recourse; to resort; as, to go to law.


etc.; a current gauge.

 { Hy'dro*met"ric (?), Hy'dro*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.]
 1. Of or pertaining to an hydrometer, or to the determination of the specific gravity of fluids.

2. Of or pertaining to measurement of the velocity, discharge, etc., of running water.

3. Made by means of an hydrometer; as, hydrometric observations.

Hydrometric pendulum, a species of hydrometer consisting of a hollow ball of ivory or metal suspended by a treated from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to measure the velocity of the water by the inclination given to the thread; a kind of current gauge.

 Hy'dro*met"ro*graph (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; measure + -graph.] An instrument for determining and recording the quantity of water discharged from a pipe, orifice, etc., in a given time.

 Hy*drom"e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1.
 The art of determining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc.

2. The art or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of running water, as in rivers, etc.

 Hy'dro*mi"ca (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + mica.] (Min.)
 A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite.

Hydromica schist (Min.), a mica schist characterized by the presence of hydromica. It often has a silky luster and almost soapy feel.

 ||Hy'dro*ne*phro"sis (?), n. [NL., Gr. "y'dwr water + &?; a kidney.] (Med.) An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.

 Hy"dro*path (?), n. [Cf. F. hydropathe.] A hydropathist.

 { Hy'dro*path"ic (?), Hy'dro*path"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to hydropathy.

 Hy*drop"a*thist (?), n. One who practices hydropathy; a water-cure doctor.

 Hy*drop"a*thy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?;, &?;, to suffer.] The water cure; a mode of treating diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both internally and externally.

 ||Hy'dro*per'i*to*ne"um (?), n. [NL. See Hydro-, and Peritoneum.]
 (Med.) Same as Ascites.

 Hy"dro*phane (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; to show, appear: cf. F. hydrophane.] (Min.) A semitranslucent variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on immersion in water.

 Hy*droph"a*nous (?), a. (Min.) Made transparent by immersion in water.

 Hy"dro*phid (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; a small serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any sea snake of the genus Hydrophys and allied genera. These snakes are venomous, live upon fishes, and have a flattened tail for swimming.

 Hy'dro*phlo"rone (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + phlorone.] (Chem.)
 A white, crystalline benzene derivative, C8H10O2, obtained by the reduction of phlorone.

 Hy'dro*pho"bi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; "y'dwr water + &?; fear: cf. F. hydrophobie.] (Med.) (a) An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence: (b) The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness. [Written also hydrophoby.]

 Hy'dro*phob"ic (?), a. [L. hydrophobicus, Gr. &?;: cf.
 F. hydrophobique.] Of or pertaining to hydrophobia; producing or caused by rabies; as, hydrophobic symptoms; the hydrophobic poison.

 Hy"dro*pho'by (?), n. See Hydrophobia.

 ||Hy*droph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Hydroidea.

 Hy"dro*phore (?), n. [Gr. "y'dwr water + &?; to bear.] An instrument used for the purpose of obtaining specimens of water from any desired depth, as in a river, a lake, or the ocean.

 ||Hy'dro*phyl"li*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrophyllia (#), E. Hydrophylliums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. "y'dwr water + &?; a leaf.] (Zoöl.) One of the flat, leaflike, protective zooids, covering other zooids of certain Siphonophora.

 Hy"dro*phyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; plant: cf. F. hydrophyte.]
 An aquatic plant; an alga.

 Hy*droph'y*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Hydro- + phyte + -logy.]
 The branch of botany which treats of water plants.

 { Hy*drop"ic (?), Hy*drop"ic*al (?), } a. [L. hydropicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. hydropique. See Dropsy.] Dropsical, or resembling dropsy.

 Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst.

Tillotson.
 Hy*drop"ic*al*ly, adv. In a hydropical manner.

 ||Hy"dro*pi'per (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "y'dwr water + L. piper a pepper.] (Bot.) A species (Polygonum Hydropiper) of knotweed with acrid foliage; water pepper; smartweed.

 Hy'dro*pneu*mat"ic (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + pneumatic: cf. F. hydropneumatique.] Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as, hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids.

 Hy"drop'sy (?), n. Same as Dropsy.

 Hy"dro*pult (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. &?; to hurl.] A machine for throwing water by hand power, as a garden engine, a fire extinguisher, etc.

 Hy'dro*qui"none (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + quinone.] (Chem.)
 A white crystalline substance, C6H4(OH)2, obtained by the reduction of quinone. It is a diacid phenol, resembling, and metameric with, pyrocatechin and resorcin. Called also dihydroxy benzene.

 ||Hy'dro*rhi"za (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrorhizæ (#), E. Hydrorhizas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. &?; a root.] (


fruit trees in blossom came from the orchard Jim had planted two years before.

 "I'll show you, little girl—I'll show you!" he whispered tensely.


HISTORIC GIRLS Stories Of Girls Who Have Influenced The History Of Their Times By E. S. Brooks PREFACE.

 In these progressive days, when so much energy and discussion are devoted to what is termed equality and the rights of woman, it is well to remember that there have been in the distant past women, and girls even, who by their actions and endeavors proved themselves the equals of the men of their time in valor, shrewdness, and ability.

 This volume seeks to tell for the girls and boys of to-day the stories of some of their sisters of the long-ago,—girls who by eminent position or valiant deeds became historic even before they had passed the charming season of girlhood.

 Their stories are fruitful of varying lessons, for some of these historic girls were wilful as well as courageous, and mischievous as well as tender-hearted.

 But from all the lessons and from all the morals, one truth stands out most clearly—the fact that age and country, time and surroundings, make but little change in the real girl-nature, that has ever been impulsive, trusting, tender, and true, alike in the days of the Syrian Zenobia and in those of the modern American school-girl.

 After all, whatever the opportunity, whatever the limitation, whatever the possibilities of this same never-changing girl-nature, no better precept can be laid down for our own bright young maidens, as none better can be deduced from the stories herewith presented, than that phrased in Kingsley's noble yet simple verse: Grateful acknowledgment is made by the author for the numerous expressions of interest that came to him from his girl-readers as the papers now gathered into book-form appeared from time to time in the pages of St.
 Nicholas. The approval of those for whom one studies and labors is the pleasantest and most enduring return.

 Contents PREFACE.
 ZENOBIA OF PALMYRA: THE GIRL OF THE SYRIAN DESERT.
 HELENA OF BRITAIN: THE GIRL OF THE ESSEX FELLS.
 PULCHERIA of CONSTANTINOPLE: THE GIRL OF THE GOLDEN HORN CLOTILDA OF BURGANDY: THE GIRL OF THE FRENCH VINYARDS WOO OF HWANG-HO.: THE GIRL OF THE YELLOW RIVER.
 EDITH OF SCOTLAND.: THE GIRL OF THE NORMAN ABBEY.
 JACQUELINE OF HOLLAND: THE GIRL OF THE LAND OF FOGS, A.D. 1414.
 CATARINA OF VENICE: THE GIRL OF THE GRAND CANAL.
 THERESA OF AVILA: THE GIRL OF THE SPANISH SIERRAS.
 ELIZABETH OF TUDOR: THE GIRL OF THE HERTFORD MANOR.
 CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN: THE GIRL OF THE NORTHERN FIORDS.
 MA-TA-OKA OF POW-HA-TAN: THE GIRL OF THE VIRGINIA FORESTS.

 ZENOBIA OF PALMYRA: THE GIRL OF THE SYRIAN DESERT.

 [Afterward known as "Zenobia Augusta, Queen of the East."] A.D. 250.

 MANY and many miles and many days' journey toward the rising sun, over seas and mountains and deserts,—farther to the east than Rome, or Constantinople, or even Jerusalem and old Damascus,—stand the ruins of a once mighty city, scattered over a mountain-walled oasis of the great Syrian desert, thirteen hundred feet above the sea, and just across the northern border of Arabia. Look for it in your geographies. It is known as Palmyra. To-day the jackal prowls through its deserted streets and the lizard suns himself on its fallen columns, while thirty or forty miserable Arabian huts huddle together in a small corner of what was once the great court-yard of the magnificent Temple of the Sun.

 And yet, sixteen centuries ago, Palmyra, or Tadmor as it was originally called, was one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Nature and art combined to make it glorious. Like a glittering mirage out of the sand-swept desert arose its palaces and temples and grandly sculptured archways. With aqueducts and monuments and gleaming porticos with countless groves of palm-trees and gardens full of verdure; with wells and fountains, market and circus; with broad streets stretching away to the city gates and lined on either side with magnificent colonnades of rose-colored marble—such was Palmyra in the year of our Lord 250, when, in the soft Syrian month of Nisan, or April, in an open portico in the great colonnade and screened from the sun by gayly colored awnings, two young people—a boy of sixteen and a girl of twelve—looked down upon the beautiful Street of the Thousand Columns, as lined with bazaars and thronged with merchants it stretched from the wonderful Temple of the Sun to the triple Gate-way of the Sepulchre, nearly a mile away.

 Both were handsome and healthy—true children of old Tadmor, that glittering, fairy-like city which, Arabian legends say, was built by the genii for the great King Solomon ages and ages ago. Midway between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates, it was the meeting-place for the caravans from the east and the wagon trains from the west, and it had thus become a city of merchant princes, a wealthy commercial republic, like Florence and Venice in the middle ages—the common toll-gate for both the East and West.

 But, though a tributary colony of Rome, it was so remote a dependency of that mighty mistress of the world that the yoke of vassalage was but carelessly worn and lightly felt. The great merchants and chiefs of caravans who composed its senate and directed its affairs, and whose glittering statues lined the sculptured cornice of its marble colonnades, had more power and influence than the far-off Emperor at Rome, and but small heed was paid to the slender garrison that acted as guard of honor to the strategi or special officers who held the colony for Rome and received its yearly tribute. And yet so strong a force was Rome in the world that even this free-tempered desert city had gradually become Romanized in manners as in name, so that Tadmor had become first Adrianapolis and then Palmyra. And this influence had touched even these children in the portico. For their common ancestor—a wealthy merchant of a century before—had secured honor and rank from the Emperor Septimus Severus—the man who "walled in" England, and of whom it was said that "he never performed an act of humanity or forgave a fault." Becoming, by the Emperor's grace, a Roman citizen, this merchant of Palmyra, according to a custom of the time, took the name of his royal patron as that of his own "fahdh," or family, and the father of young Odhainat in the portico, as was Odhainat himself, was known as Septimus Odaenathus, while the young girl found her Arabic name of Bath Zabbai, Latinized into that of Septima Zenobia.

 But as, thinking nothing of all this, they looked lazily on the throng below, a sudden exclamation from the lad caused his companion to raise her flashing black eyes inquiringly to his face.

 "What troubles you, my Odhainat?" she asked.

 "There, there; look there, Bath Zabbai!" replied the boy excitedly; "coming through the Damascus arch, and we thought him to be in Emesa."


Poems by the Way, by William Morris Transcribed from the 1896 Longmans, Green and Co. edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ POEMS BY THE WAYS WRITTEN BY WILLIAM MORRIS second edition LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
LONDON, NEW YORK, AND BOMBAY MDCCCXCI This Edition first printed December 1891 Reprinted April 1892, and the publication transferred to Longmans, Green and Co.
in June 1896 Contents.
From the Upland to the Sea Of the Wooing of Hallbiorn the Strong Echoes of Love's House The Burghers' Battle Hope Deith: Love Liveth Error and Loss The Hall and the Wood The Day of Days To the Muse of the North Of the Three Seekers Love's Gleaning-Tide The Message of the March Wind A Death Song Iceland First Seen The Raven and the King's Daughter Spring's Bedfellow Meeting in Winter The Two Sides of the River Love Fulfilled The King of Denmark's Sons On the Edge of the Wilderness A Garden by the Sea Mother and Son Thunder in the Garden The God of the Poor Love's Reward The Folk-Mote by the River The Voice of Toil Gunnar's Howe above the House at Lithend The Day is Coming Earth the Healer, Earth the Keeper All for the Cause Pain and Time Strive Not Drawing near the Light Verses for Pictures For the Briar-Rose Another for the Briar-Rose The Woodpecker The Lion The Forest Pomona Flora The Orchard Tapestry Trees The Flowering Orchard The End of May The Half of Life Gone Mine and Thine The Lay of Christine Hildebrand and Hellelil The Son's Sorrow Agnes and the Hill-Man Knight Aagen and Maiden Else Hafbur and Signy Goldilocks and Goldilocks HERE BEGIN POEMS BY THE WAY.
WRITTEN BY WILLIAM MORRIS.
AND FIRST IS THE POEM CALLED FROM THE UPLAND TO THE SEA.
Shall we wake one morn of spring, Glad at heart of everything, Yet pensive with the thought of eve?
Then the white house shall we leave, Pass the wind-flowers and the bays, Through the garth, and go our ways, Wandering down among the meads Till our very joyance needs Rest at last; till we shall come To that Sun-god's lonely home, Lonely on the hill-side grey, Whence the sheep have gone away; Lonely till the feast-time is, When with prayer and praise of bliss, Thither comes the country side.
There awhile shall we abide, Sitting low down in the porch By that image with the torch: Thy one white hand laid upon The black pillar that was won From the far-off Indian mine; And my hand nigh touching thine, But not touching; and thy gown Fair with spring-flowers cast adown From thy bosom and thy brow.
There the south-west wind shall blow Through thine hair to reach my cheek, As thou sittest, nor mayst speak, Nor mayst move the hand I kiss For the very depth of bliss; Nay, nor turn thine eyes to me.
Then desire of the great sea Nigh enow, but all unheard, In the hearts of us is stirred, And we rise, we twain at last, And the daffodils downcast, Feel thy feet and we are gone From the lonely Sun-Crowned one.
Then the meads fade at our back, And the spring day 'gins to lack That fresh hope that once it had; But we twain grow yet more glad, And apart no more may go When the grassy slope and low Dieth in the shingly sand: Then we wander hand in hand By the edges of the sea, And I weary more for thee Than if far apart we were, With a space of desert drear 'Twixt thy lips and mine, O love!
Ah, my joy, my joy thereof!
OF THE WOOING OF HALLBIORN THE STRONG. A STORY FROM THE LANDSETTLING BOOK OF ICELAND, CHAPTER XXX.
At Deildar-Tongue in the autumn-tide, So many times over comes summer again, Stood Odd of Tongue his door beside.
What healing in summer if winter be vain?
Dim and dusk the day was grown, As he heard his folded wethers moan.
Then through the garth a man drew near, With painted shield and gold-wrought spear.
Good was his horse and grand his gear, And his girths were wet with Whitewater.
"Hail, Master Odd, live blithe and long!
How fare the folk at Deildar-Tongue?" "All hail, thou Hallbiorn the Strong!
How fare the folk by the Brothers'-Tongue?" "Meat have we there, and drink and fire, Nor lack all things that we desire.
But by the other Whitewater Of Hallgerd many a tale we hear." "Tales enow may my daughter make If too many words be said for her sake." "What saith thine heart to a word of mine, That I deem thy daughter fair and fine?
Fair and fine for a bride is she, And I fain would have her home with me." "Full many a word that at noon goes forth Comes home at even little worth.
Now winter treadeth on autumn-tide, So here till the spring shalt thou abide.
Then if thy mind be changed no whit, And ye still will wed, see ye to it!
And on the first of summer days, A wedded man, ye may go your ways.
Yet look, howso the thing will fall, My hand shall meddle nought at all.
Lo, now the night and rain draweth up, And within doors glimmer stoop and cup.
And hark, a little sound I know, The laugh of Snæbiorn's fiddle-bow, My sister's son, and a craftsman good, When the red rain drives through the iron wood." Hallbiorn laughed, and followed in, And a merry feast there did begin.
Hallgerd's hands undid his weed, Hallgerd's hands poured out the mead.
Her fingers at his breast he felt, As her hair fell down about his belt.
Her fingers with the cup he took, And o'er its rim at her did look.
Cold cup, warm hand, and fingers slim, Before his eyes were waxen dim.
And if the feast were foul or fair, He knew not, save that she was there.
He knew not if men laughed or wept, While still 'twixt wall and dais she stept.
Whether she went or stood that eve, Not once his eyes her face did leave.
But Snæbiorn laughed and Snæbiorn sang, And sweet his smitten fiddle rang.
And Hallgerd stood beside him there, So many times over comes summer again, Nor ever once he turned to her, What healing in summer if winter be vain?
Master Odd on the morrow spake, So many times over comes summer again.
"Hearken, O guest, if ye be awake," What healing in summer if winter be vain?
"Sure ye champions of the south Speak many things from a silent mouth.
And thine, meseems, last night did pray That ye might well be wed to-day.
The year's ingathering feast it is, A goodly day to give thee bliss.
Come hither, daughter, fine and fair, Here is a Wooer from Whitewater.
East away hath he gotten fame, And his father's name is e'en my names.
Will ye lay hand within his hand, That blossoming fair our house may stand?" She laid her hand within his hand; White she was as the lily wand.
Low sang Snæbiorn's brand in its sheath, And his lips were waxen grey as death.
"Snæbiorn, sing us a song of worth, If your song must be silent from now henceforth." Clear and loud his voice outrang, And a song of worth at the wedding he sang.
"Sharp sword," he sang, "and death is sure." So many times over comes summer again, "But love doth over all endure." What healing in summer if winter be vain?
Now winter cometh and weareth away, So many times over comes summer again, And glad is Hallbiorn many a day.
What healing in summer if winter be vain?
Full soft he lay his love beside; But dark are the days of wintertide.
Dark are the days, and the nights are long, And sweet and fair


. [Obs.] Florio.
 ||Jeu" d'es'prit" (?). [F., play of mind.] A witticism.

 Jew (?), n. [OF. Juis, pl., F. Juif, L. Judaeus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the country of the Jews, Judea, fr. Heb. Y&?;h&?;dh Judah, son of Jacob. Cf. Judaic.] Originally, one belonging to the tribe or kingdom of Judah; after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any member of the new state; a Hebrew; an Israelite.

Jew's frankincense, gum styrax, or benzoin. -- Jew's mallow (Bot.), an annual herb (Corchorus olitorius) cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a pot herb, and in India for its fiber. -- Jew's pitch, asphaltum; bitumen. -- The Wandering Jew, an imaginary personage, who, for his cruelty to the Savior during his passion, is doomed to wander on the earth till Christ's second coming.

 Jew"bush' (?), n. (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous shrub of the genus Pedilanthus (P. tithymaloides), found in the West Indies, and possessing powerful emetic and drastic qualities.

 Jew"el (j"l or j"l), n. [OE. juel, jowel, OF.
 jouel, juel, joiel, F. joyau, dim. of OF. joie joy, jewel, F. joie joy. See Joy.]

1. An ornament of dress usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or precious stones as a part of its design.

 Plate of rare device, and jewels Of rich and exquisite form.

Shak.
2. A precious stone; a gem. Shak.
3. An object regarded with special affection; a precious thing.
 "Our prince (jewel of children)." Shak.
4. A bearing for a pivot a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, as a ruby.

Jewel block (Naut.), block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

 Jew"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeweled (?), or Jewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.] To dress, adorn, deck, or supply with jewels, as a dress, a sword hilt, or a watch; to bespangle, as with jewels.

 The long gray tufts... are jeweled thick with dew.

M. Arnold.
 Jew"el*er (?), n. [Cf. F. joaillier.] One who makes, or deals in, jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. [Written also jeweller.]

Jeweler's gold. See under Gold.

 Jew"el*ler*y (?), n. See Jewelry. Burke.
 Jew"el*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. joaillerie.]

1. The art or trade of a jeweler. Cotgrave.
2. Jewels, collectively; as, a bride's jewelry.

 Jew"el*weed' (?), n. (Bot.) See Impatiens.

 Jew"ess, n., fem. of Jew. A Hebrew woman.

 Jew"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.)
1. A very large serranoid fish (Promicrops itaiara) of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It often reaches the weight of five hundred pounds. Its color is olivaceous or yellowish, with numerous brown spots. Called also guasa, and warsaw.

2. A similar gigantic fish (Stereolepis gigas) of Southern California, valued as a food fish.

3. The black grouper of Florida and Texas.

4. A large herringlike fish; the tarpum.

 Jew*ise" (?), n. Same as Juise. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Jew"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews; characteristic of or resembling the Jews or their customs; Israelitish. -- Jew"ish*ly, adv. -- Jew"ish*ness, n. Jew"ry (?), n. [OE. Jewerie, OF. Juierie, F. Juiverie.]
 Judea; also, a district inhabited by Jews; a Jews' quarter. Chaucer.
 Teaching throughout all Jewry.

 Luke xxiii. 5.
 Jew's"-ear' (?), n. (Bot.) A species of fungus (Hirneola Auricula-Judæ, or Auricula), bearing some resemblance to the human ear.

 Jew's-harp' (?), n. [Jew + harp; or possibly a corrupt. of jaw's harp; cf. G. maultrommel, lit., mouthdrum.] 1. An instrument of music, which, when placed between the teeth, gives, by means of a bent metal tongue struck by the finger, a sound which is modulated by the breath; -- called also Jew's-trump.

2. (Naut.) The shackle for joining a chain cable to an anchor.

 { Jew's-stone' (?), Jew"stone' (?) }, n. (Paleon.) A large clavate spine of a fossil sea urchin.

 Jez"e*bel (?), n. [From Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, the wife of Ahab king of Israel.] A bold, vicious woman; a termagant. Spectator.
 Jha"ral (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild goat (Capra Jemlaica) which inhabits the loftiest mountains of India. It has long, coarse hair, forming a thick mane on its head and neck.

 Jib (?), n. [Named from its shifting from side to side. See Jib, v. i.., Jibe.]

1. (Naut.) A triangular sail set upon a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore-topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. Large vessels often carry several jibs; as, inner jib; outer jib; flying jib; etc.

2. (Mach.) The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended.

Jib boom (Naut.), a spar or boom which serves as an extension of the bowsprit. It is sometimes extended by another spar called the flying jib boom. [Written also gib boom.] -- Jib crane (Mach.), a crane having a horizontal jib on which a trolley moves, bearing the load. -- Jib door (Arch.), a door made flush with the wall, without dressings or moldings; a disguised door.
 -- Jib header (Naut.), a gaff-topsail, shaped like a jib; a jib-headed topsail. -- Jib topsail (Naut.), a small jib set above and outside of all the other jibs. -- The cut of one's jib, one's outward appearance. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.
 Jib (?), v. i. [Connected with jibe; cf. OF. giber to shake.] To move restively backward or sidewise, -- said of a horse; to balk. [Written also jibb.] [Eng.]

 Jib"ber (?), n. A horse that jibs. [Eng.]

 Jibe (jb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jibed (jbd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Jibing (jb"ng).] [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, v. i., and dial. Sw. gippa to jerk. Cf. Jib, n. & v. i.] (Naut.) To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind is aft or on the quarter. See Gybe.

 Jibe, v.


. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.]

1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses.

2. The quantity contained in a basin.

3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc.

4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay. Pope 5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake.

6. (Geol.) An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; -- especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields.

 Ba"sined (&?;), a. Inclosed in a basin. "Basined rivers." Young.
 Bas"i*net (&?;), n. Same as Bascinet.

 Ba'si*oc*cip"i*tal (&?;), a. [Basi- + occipital.]
 (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. -- n. The basioccipital bone.

 ||Ba"si*on (&?;), n. [Gr. ba'sis a base.] (Anat.) The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull.

 Ba*sip"o*dite (&?;), n. [Basi- + poy's, podo's foot.] (Anat.)
 The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea.

 ||Ba*sip'te*ryg"i*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba'sis a base + ptery'gion a fin.] (Anat.) A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. -- Ba*sip'ter*yg"i*al (&?;), a. Ba'sip*ter"y*goid (&?;), a. & n. [Basi- + pterygoid.]
 (Anat.) Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone.

 Ba"sis (b"ss), n.; pl. Bases (-sz). [L. basis, Gr. ba'sis. See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden.
2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.]

 If no basis bear my rising name. Pope.
 3. The groundwork; the first or fundamental principle; that which supports.

 The basis of public credit is good faith. A. Hamilton.
4. The principal component part of a thing.

 Ba*sis"o*lute (b*ss"*lt), a. [Basi- + solute, a.] (Bot.)
 Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves.

 { Ba'si*sphe"noid (&?;), Ba'si*sphe*noid"al (&?;), } a. [Basi- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

 Ba'si*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) The basisphenoid bone.

 Bask (bsk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basked (bskt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Basking.] [OScand. baðask to bathe one's self, or perh. bakask to bake one's self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat.

Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave. Goldsmith.
 Bask, v. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat.

Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Milton.
 Bas"ket (&?;), n. [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven.
 "Rude baskets... woven of the flexile willow." Dyer.
2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as, a basket of peaches.

3. (Arch.) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital.
 [Improperly so used.] Gwilt.
4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith.
Basket fish (Zoöl.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. -- Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras.
 Hence, Basket-hilted, a. -- Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. -- Basket worm (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemeræformis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket-like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females.

 Bas"ket, v. t. To put into a basket. [R.]

 Bas"ket*ful (&?;), n.; pl. Basketfuls (&?;).
 As much as a basket will contain.

 Bas"ket*ry (&?;), n. The art of making baskets; also, baskets, taken collectively.

 Bask"ing shark' (&?;). (Zoöl.) One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species.

 Bas"net (&?;), n. Same as Bascinet.

 ||Ba*som'ma*toph"o*ra (b*sm'm*tf"*r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba'sis base + 'o'mma eye + fe'rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

 Ba"son (b"s'n), n. A basin. [Obs. or Special form] Basque (bsk), a. [F.] Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language.

 Basque (bsk), n. [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France.

2. The language spoken by the Basque people.

3. A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; -- probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques.

 Basqu"ish (&?;), a. [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.]
 Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Brow


, "I hate him, for he is a Christian." Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as, I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as, Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it.

 ||Bec'ca*bun"ga (&?;), n. [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] See Brooklime.

 ||Bec'ca*fi"co (&?;), n.; pl. Beccaficos (&?;).
 [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zoöl.) A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc.

 ||Bech"a*mel (&?;), n. [F. béchamel, named from its inventor, Louis de Béchamel.] (Cookery) A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream.

 Be*chance" (&?;), adv. [Pref. befor by + chance.]
 By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton.
 Be*chance", v. t. & i. To befall; to chance; to happen to.

 God knows what hath bechanced them. Shak.
 Be*charm" (&?;), v. t. To charm; to captivate.

 ||Bêche' de mer" (&?;). [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zoöl.)
 The trepang.

 Be"chic (&?;), a. [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; cough: cf. F. béchique.] (Med.)
 Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. -- n. A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy.
 Beck (&?;), n. See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Beck, n. [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] A small brook.

 The brooks, the becks, the rills. Drayton.
 Beck, n. A vat. See Back.

 Beck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Becked (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Becking.] [Contr. of beckon.] To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton.
 Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic] When gold and silver becks me to come on. Shak.
 Beck, n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command.

 They have troops of soldiers at their beck. Shak.
 Beck"er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise.

 Beck"et (&?;), n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.]

1. (Naut.) A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope or metal for holding things in position, as spars, ropes, etc.; also a bracket, a pocket, or a handle made of rope.

2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
 Beck"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand.

 His distant friends, he beckons near. Dryden.
 It beckons you to go away with it. Shak.
 Beck"on, n. A sign made without words; a beck. "At the first beckon."
 Bolingbroke.
 Be*clap (&?;), v. t. [OE. biclappen.] To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Be*clip" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclipped (&?;).]
 [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.] To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Be*cloud" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud.

 If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye. Quarles.
 Be*come" (&?;), v. i. [imp. Became (&?;); p. p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piquëman, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character.

 The Lord God... breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. Gen. ii. 7.
 That error now which is become my crime. Milton.
2. To come; to get. [Obs.]

 But, madam, where is Warwick then become! Shak.
To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of.

 What is then become of so huge a multitude? Sir W. Raleigh.
 Be*come", v. t. To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; -- said of persons and things.

 It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet. Dryden.
 I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress. Coleridge.
 Be*com"ed (&?;), a. Proper; decorous. [Obs.]

 And gave him what becomed love I might. Shak.
 Be*com"ing, a. Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting.

 A low and becoming tone. Thackeray.
 Formerly sometimes followed by of.

 Such discourses as are becoming of them. Dryden.
Syn. -- Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper.

 Be*com"ing, n. That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.]

 Be*com"ing*ly, adv. In a becoming manner.

 Be*com"ing*ness, n. The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness.

 The becomingness of human nature. Grew.
 Be*crip"ple (&?;), v. t. To make


as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought; separately; independently; as, consider the two propositions apart.

3. Aside; away. "Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness." Jas. i. 21.
 Let Pleasure go, put Care apart. Keble.
4. In two or more parts; asunder; to piece; as, to take a piece of machinery apart.

 A*part"ment (&?;), n. [F. appartement; cf. It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart; all fr. L. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A room in a building; a division in a house, separated from others by partitions. Fielding.
2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey.
3. A compartment. [Obs.] Pope.
 A*part"ness (&?;), n. The quality of standing apart.

 ||Ap*as"tron (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; from + &?; star.] (Astron.)
 That point in the orbit of a double star where the smaller star is farthest from its primary.

 Ap'a*thet"ic (&?;), Ap'a*thet"ic*al (&?;) a. [See Apathy.]
 Void of feeling; not susceptible of deep emotion; passionless; indifferent.

 Ap'a*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In an apathetic manner.

 Ap"a*thist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. apathiste.] One who is destitute of feeling.

 Ap'a*this"tic*al (&?;), a. Apathetic; une motional. [R.]

 Ap"a*thy (&?;), n.; pl. Apathies (&?;). [L. apathia, Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer: cf. F. apathie. See Pathos.] Want of feeling; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement; dispassion; -- applied either to the body or the mind. As applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion. "The apathy of despair."
 Macaulay.
 A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him..
 . to leave events to take their own course. Prescott.
 According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason. Fleming.
 In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly concerns.

Syn. -- Insensibility; unfeelingness; indifference; unconcern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness.

 Ap"a*tite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; deceit, fr. &?; to deceive; it having been often mistaken for other minerals.] (Min.)
 Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in six-sided prisms, color often pale green, transparent or translucent.

 A'pau'mé" (&?;), n. See Appaumé.

 Ape (p), n. [AS. apa; akin to D. aap, OHG. affo, G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe, W. epa.]
 1. (Zoöl.) A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiadæ, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobates, and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadrumana. The higher forms, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes.

 The ape of the Old Testament was probably the rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms.

2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the manners of the ape); a mimic. Byron.
3. A dupe. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Aping.] To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions; to imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. "How he apes his sire." Addison.
 The people of England will not ape the fashions they have never tried. Burke.
 A*peak" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + peak.
 Cf. F. à pic vertically.] (Naut.) In a vertical line.
 The anchor in apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring the ship over it, and the ship is them said to be hove apeak.
 [Spelt also apeek.]

 Ape"hood (&?;), n. The state of being an ape.

 A*pel"lous (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + L. pellis skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande & C. Ap"en*nine (&?;), a. [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending through Italy.

 A*pep"sy (&?;), n. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. &?;, fr.
 &?; uncooked, undigested; 'a priv. + &?; cooked, &?; to cook, digest.] (Med.) Defective digestion, indigestion. Coxe.
 Ap"er (&?;), n. One who apes.

 ||A*pe"re*a (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).

 A*pe"ri*ent (&?;), a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire to uncover, open; ab + parire, parere, to bring forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Gently opening the bowels; laxative. -- n. An aperient medicine or food. Arbuthnot.
 A*per"i*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. apéritif, fr. L.
 aperire.] Serving to open; aperient. Harvey.
 A*pert" (&?;), a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Open; evident; undisguised. [Archaic] Fotherby.
 A*pert", adv. Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 A*per"tion (&?;), n. [L. apertio.] The act of opening; an opening; an aperture. [Archaic] Wiseman.
 A*pert"ly, adv. Openly; clearly. [Archaic] A*pert"ness, n. Openness; frankness. [Archaic] Ap"er*ture (?; 135), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire.
 See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.]

2. An opening; an open space; a gap, cleft, or chasm; a passage perforated; a hole; as, an aperture in a wall.

 An aperture between the mountains. Gilpin.
 The back aperture of the nostrils. Owen.
3. (Opt.) The diameter of the exposed part of the object glass of a telescope or other optical instrument; as, a telescope of four-inch aperture.

 The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in degrees, called also the angular aperture, which signifies the angular breadth of


surfaces, or cleaning away dust, dirt, or litter, as a broom does; moving with swiftness and force; carrying everything before it; including in its scope many persons or things; as, a sweeping flood; a sweeping majority; a sweeping accusation. -- Sweep"ing*ly, adv. - Sweep"ing*ness, n. Sweep"ings (?), n. pl. Things collected by sweeping; rubbish; as, the sweepings of a street.

 Sweep"-saw' (?), n. A bowsaw.

 Sweep"stake' (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes. Heylin.
2. A complete removal or carrying away; a clean sweep. [Obs.] Bp.
 Hacket.
 Sweep"stakes' (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes; a sweepstake.

2. sing. or pl. The whole money or other things staked at a horse race, a given sum being put up for each horse, all of which goes to the winner, or is divided among several, as may be previously agreed.

3. A race for all the sums staked or prizes offered.

 Sweep"wash'er (?), n. One who extracts the residuum of precious metals from the sweepings, potsherds, etc., of refineries of gold and silver, or places where these metals are used.

 Sweep"y (?), a. Moving with a sweeping motion.

 The branches bend before their sweepy away.

Dryden.
 Sweet (?), a. [Compar. Sweeter (?); superl. Sweetest.]
 [OE. swete, swote, sote, AS. swte; akin to OFries. swte, OS. swti, D. zoet, G. süss, OHG. suozi, Icel. sætr, sœtr, Sw. söt, Dan. söd, Goth. suts, L. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. &?;, Skr. svdu sweet, svad, svd, to sweeten.
 √175. Cf. Assuage, Suave, Suasion.] 1. Having an agreeable taste or flavor such as that of sugar; saccharine; -- opposed to sour and bitter; as, a sweet beverage; sweet fruits; sweet oranges.

2. Pleasing to the smell; fragrant; redolent; balmy; as, a sweet rose; sweet odor; sweet incense.

 The breath of these flowers is sweet to me.

Longfellow.
3. Pleasing to the ear; soft; melodious; harmonious; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ; sweet music; a sweet voice; a sweet singer.

 To make his English sweet upon his tongue.

Chaucer.
 A voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful.

Hawthorne.
4. Pleasing to the eye; beautiful; mild and attractive; fair; as, a sweet face; a sweet color or complexion.

Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.
5. Fresh; not salt or brackish; as, sweet water. Bacon.
6. Not changed from a sound or wholesome state. Specifically: (a) Not sour; as, sweet milk or bread. (b) Not state; not putrescent or putrid; not rancid; as, sweet butter; sweet meat or fish.

7. Plaesing to the mind; mild; gentle; calm; amiable; winning; presuasive; as, sweet manners.

 Canst thou bind the sweet influence of Pleiades?

Job xxxviii. 31.
 Mildness and sweet reasonableness is the one established rule of Christian working.

M. Arnold.
Sweet is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, sweet-blossomed, sweetfeatured, sweet-smelling, sweet-tempered, sweettoned, etc.

Sweet alyssum. (Bot.) See Alyssum. -- Sweet apple. (Bot.)
(a) Any apple of sweet flavor. (b) See Sweet-top. -- Sweet bay. (Bot.) (a) The laurel (laurus nobilis). (b) Swamp sassafras. -- Sweet calabash (Bot.), a plant of the genus Passiflora (P. maliformis) growing in the West Indies, and producing a roundish, edible fruit, the size of an apple. -- Sweet cicely. (Bot.) (a) Either of the North American plants of the umbelliferous genus Osmorrhiza having aromatic roots and seeds, and white flowers. Gray. (b) A plant of the genus Myrrhis (M. odorata) growing in England. -- Sweet calamus, or Sweet cane. (Bot.) Same as Sweet flag, below. -- Sweet Cistus (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Cistus Ladanum) from which the gum ladanum is obtained. -- Sweet clover. (Bot.)
 See Melilot. -- Sweet coltsfoot (Bot.), a kind of butterbur (Petasites sagittata) found in Western North America. -- Sweet corn (Bot.), a variety of the maize of a sweet taste. See the Note under Corn. -- Sweet fern (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Comptonia, or Myrica, asplenifolia) having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern leaves. -- Sweet flag (Bot.), an endogenous plant (Acorus Calamus) having long flaglike leaves and a rootstock of a pungent aromatic taste. It is found in wet places in Europe and America. See Calamus, 2. -- Sweet gale (Bot.), a shrub (Myrica Gale) having bitter fragrant leaves; -- also called sweet willow, and Dutch myrtle. See 5th Gale.
 -- Sweet grass (Bot.), holy, or Seneca, grass. -- Sweet gum (Bot.), an American tree (Liquidambar styraciflua).
 See Liquidambar. -- Sweet herbs, fragrant herbs cultivated for culinary purposes. -- Sweet John (Bot.), a variety of the sweet William. -- Sweet leaf (Bot.), horse sugar. See under Horse. -- Sweet marjoram. (Bot.) See Marjoram. -- Sweet marten (Zoöl.), the pine marten. -- Sweet maudlin (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea Ageratum) allied to milfoil. -- Sweet oil, olive oil. -- Sweet pea. (Bot.)
 See under Pea. -- Sweet potato. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- Sweet rush (Bot.), sweet flag. -- Sweet spirits of niter (Med. Chem.) See Spirit of nitrous ether, under Spirit. -- Sweet sultan (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea moschata), also, the yellow-flowered (C. odorata); -- called also sultan flower. -- Sweet tooth, an especial fondness for sweet things or for sweetmeats. [Colloq.] -- Sweet William. (a) (Bot.) A species of pink (Dianthus barbatus) of many varieties. (b) (Zoöl.) The willow warbler. (c) (Zoöl.) The European goldfinch; -- called also sweet Billy.
 [Prov. Eng.] -- Sweet willow (Bot.), sweet gale. -- Sweet wine. See Dry wine, under Dry. -- To be sweet on, to have a particular fondness for, or special interest in, as a young man for a young woman. [Colloq.] Thackeray.
Syn. -- Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious.

 Sweet (?), n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste; -- used chiefly in the plural. Specifically: (a) Confectionery, sweetmeats, preserves, etc. (b) Home-made wines, cordials, metheglin, etc.

2. That which is sweet or pleasant in odor; a perfume. "A wilderness of sweets." Milton.
3. That which is pleasing or grateful to the mind; as, the sweets of domestic life.

 A little bitter mingled in our cup leaves no relish of the sweet.

Locke.
4. One who is dear to another; a darling; --


of the comparison.

Chapman.
 Red"di**tive (r?d"d?*t?v), a. [L. redditivus.] (Gram.)
 Answering to an interrogative or inquiry; conveying a reply; as, redditive words.

 Red"dle (r?d"d'l), n. [From Red; cf. G. r&?;thel. Cf.
 Ruddle.] (Min.) Red chalk. See under Chalk.

 Red"dour (r?d"d?r), n. [F. raideur, fr. raide stiff.]
 Rigor; violence. [Obs.] Gower.
 Rede (r?d), v. t. [See Read, v. t.] 1. To advise or counsel. [Obs. or Scot.]

 I rede that our host here shall begin.

Chaucer.
2. To interpret; to explain. [Obs.]

 My sweven [dream] rede aright.

Chaucer.
 Rede, n. [See Read, n.] 1. Advice; counsel; suggestion. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns.
 There was none other remedy ne reed.

Chaucer.
2. A word or phrase; a motto; a proverb; a wise saw. [Obs.] "This rede is rife." Spenser.
 Re*deem" (r?*d?m"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Redeemed. (-d&?;md"); p. pr. & vb. n. Redeeming.] [F. rédimer, L. redimere; pref. red-, rere- + emere, emptum, to buy, originally, to take, cf. OIr. em (in comp.), Lith. imti. Cf.
 Assume, Consume, Exempt, Premium, Prompt, Ransom.] 1. To purchase back; to regain possession of by payment of a stipulated price; to repurchase.

 If a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold.

Lev. xxv. 29.
2. Hence, specifically: (a) (Law) To recall, as an estate, or to regain, as mortgaged property, by paying what may be due by force of the mortgage. (b) (Com.) To regain by performing the obligation or condition stated; to discharge the obligation mentioned in, as a promissory note, bond, or other evidence of debt; as, to redeem bank notes with coin.

3. To ransom, liberate, or rescue from captivity or bondage, or from any obligation or liability to suffer or to be forfeited, by paying a price or ransom; to ransom; to rescue; to recover; as, to redeem a captive, a pledge, and the like.

Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles.

Ps. xxv. 22.
 The Almighty from the grave Hath me redeemed.

Sandys.
4. (Theol.) Hence, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law.

 Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us.

Gal. iii. 13.
5. To make good by performing fully; to fulfill; as, to redeem one's promises.

 I will redeem all this on Percy's head.

Shak.
6. To pay the penalty of; to make amends for; to serve as an equivalent or offset for; to atone for; to compensate; as, to redeem an error.

 Which of ye will be mortal, to redeem Man's mortal crime?

Milton.
 It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows.

Shak.
To redeem the time, to make the best use of it.

 Re*deem'a*bil"i*ty (-?*b?l"?*t?), n. Redeemableness.

 Re*deem"a*ble (-?*b;l), a. 1. Capable of being redeemed; subject to repurchase; held under conditions permitting redemption; as, a pledge securing the payment of money is redeemable.

2. Subject to an obligation of redemtion; conditioned upon a promise of redemtion; payable; due; as, bonds, promissory notes, etc., redeemabble in gold, or in current money, or four months after date.

 Re*deem"a*ble*ness (r?*d?m"?*b'l*n?s), n. The quality or state of being redeemable; redeemability.

 Re*deem"er (r?*d?m"?r), n. 1. One who redeems.

2. Specifically, the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ.

 Rede"less (r?d"l?s), a. Without rede or counsel. [Obs.]

 Re'de*lib"er*ate (r?'d?*l?b"?r*?t), v. t. & i. To deliberate again; to reconsider.

 Re'de*liv"er (r?'d?*l?v"?r), v. t. 1. To deliver or give back; to return. Ay&?;iffe.
2. To deliver or liberate a second time or again.

3. To report; to deliver the answer of. [R.] "Shall I redeliver you e'en so?" Shak.
 Re'de*liv"er*ance (-ans), n. A second deliverance.

 Re'de*liv"er*y (-?), n. 1. Act of delivering back.

2. A second or new delivery or liberation.

 Re'de*mand" (r?'d-m?nd"), v. t. [Pref. reback, again + demand: cf. F. redemander.] To demand back; to demand again.

 Re'de*mand", n. A demanding back; a second or renewed demand.

 Re'de*mise" (-m?z"), v. t. To demise back; to convey or transfer back, as an estate.

 Re'de*mise", n. (Law) The transfer of an estate back to the person who demised it; reconveyance; as, the demise and redemise of an estate. See under Demise.

 Re*dem"on*strate (r?*d?m"?n*str?t or r?'d?*m?n"-str?t), v. t. To demonstrate again, or anew.

 Every truth of morals must be redemonstrated in the experience of the individual man before he is capable of utilizing it as a constituent of character or a guide in action.

Lowell.
 Re*demp"ti*ble (r?*d?mp"t?*b'l), a. Redeemable.

 Re-demp"tion (-sh?n), n. [F. rédemption, L. redemptio.
 See Redeem, and cf. Ransom.] The act of redeeming, or the state of being redeemed; repurchase; ransom; release; rescue; deliverance; as, the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the redemption of a ship and cargo.
 Specifically: (a) (Law) The liberation of an estate from a mortgage, or the taking back of property mortgaged, upon performance of the terms or conditions on which it was conveyed; also, the right of redeeming and reëntering upon an estate mortgaged. See Equity of redemption, under Equity. (b) (Com.) Performance of the obligation stated in a note, bill, bond, or other evidence of debt, by making payment to the holder. (c) (Theol.) The procuring of God's favor by the sufferings and death of Christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law.

 In whom we have redemption through his blood.

Eph. i. 7.
 Re*demp"tion*a*ry (-?*r?), n. One who is, or may be, redeemed. [R.]