OD. domineren to feast luxuriously. See Dominate, v. t.]
 To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway; to play the master; to be overbearing; to tyrannize; to bluster; to swell with conscious superiority or haughtiness; -- often with over; as, to domineer over dependents.

 Go to the feast, revel and domineer.

Shak.
 His wishes tend abroad to roam, And hers to domineer at home.

Prior.
 Dom'i*neer"ing, a. Ruling arrogantly; overbearing.

 A violent, brutal, domineering old reprobate.

Blackw. Mag.
Syn. -- Haughty; overbearing; lordly. See Imperious. -- Dom'i*neer"ing*ly, adv.
 Do*min"ic*al (?), a. [LL. dominicalis, for L. dominicus belonging to a master or lord (dominica dies the Lord's day), fr.
 dominus master or lord: cf. F. dominical. See Dame.] 1.
 Indicating, or pertaining to, the Lord's day, or Sunday.

2. Relating to, or given by, our Lord; as, the dominical (or Lord's) prayer. Howell.
 Some words altered in the dominical Gospels.

Fuller.
Dominical altar (Eccl.), the high altar. -- Dominical letter, the letter which, in almanacs, denotes Sunday, or the Lord's day (dies Domini). The first seven letters of the alphabet are used for this purpose, the same letter standing for Sunday during a whole year (except in leap year, when the letter is changed at the end of February).
 After twenty-eight years the same letters return in the same order. The dominical letters go backwards one day every common year, and two every leap year; e. g., if the dominical letter of a common year be G, F will be the dominical letter for the next year. Called also Sunday letter. Cf. Solar cycle, under Cycle, n. Do*min"ic*al, n. The Lord's day or Sunday; also, the Lord's prayer.
 [Obs.]

 Do*min"i*can (?), a. [NL. Dominicanus, fr. Dominicus, Dominic, the founder: cf. F. Dominicain.] Of or pertaining to St. Dominic (Dominic de Guzman), or to the religious communities named from him.

Dominican nuns, an order of nuns founded by St. Dominic, and chiefly employed in teaching. -- Dominican tertiaries (the third order of St. Dominic). See Tertiary.

 Do*min"i*can, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of mendicant monks founded by Dominic de Guzman, in 1215. A province of the order was established in England in 1221. The first foundation in the United States was made in 1807. The Master of the Sacred Palace at Rome is always a Dominican friar. The Dominicans are called also preaching friars, friars preachers, black friars (from their black cloak), brothers of St. Mary, and in France, Jacobins.

 Do*min"i*cide (?), n. [L. dominus master + caedere to cut down, kill.] 1. The act of killing a master.

2. One who kills his master.

 Dom"i*nie (?), n. [L. dominus master. See Don, Dame.] 1.
 A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Scot.]

 This was Abel Sampson, commonly called, from occupation as a pedagogue, Dominie Sampson.

Sir W. Scott.
2. A clergyman. See Domine, 1. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

 Do*min"ion (?), n. [LL. dominio, equiv. to L. dominium.
 See Domain, Dungeon.] 1. Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of governing and controlling; independent right of possession, use, and control; sovereignty; supremacy.

 I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion.

Dan. iv. 34.
 To choose between dominion or slavery.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
2. Superior prominence; predominance; ascendency.

 Objects placed foremost ought... have dominion over things confused and transient.

Dryden.
3. That which is governed; territory over which authority is exercised; the tract, district, or county, considered as subject; as, the dominions of a king. Also used figuratively; as, the dominion of the passions.

4. pl. A supposed high order of angels; dominations. See Domination, 3. Milton.
 By him were all things created... whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers.

Col. i. 16.
Syn. -- Sovereignty; control; rule; authority; jurisdiction; government; territory; district; region.

 Dom"i*no (?), n.; pl. Dominos or (esp. the pieces for a game) Dominoes (#). [F. domino, or It. dominò, or Sp. dominó, fr. L. dominus master. The domino was orig. a hood worn by the canons of a cathedral. See Don, Dame.] 1.
 A kind of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church; a sort of amice.
 Kersey.
2. A mourning veil formerly worn by women.

3. A kind of mask; particularly, a half mask worn at masquerades, to conceal the upper part of the face. Dominos were formerly worn by ladies in traveling.

4. A costume worn as a disguise at masquerades, consisting of a robe with a hood adjustable at pleasure.

5. A person wearing a domino.

6. pl. A game played by two or more persons, with twenty-eight pieces of wood, bone, or ivory, of a flat, oblong shape, plain at the back, but on the face divided by a line in the middle, and either left blank or variously dotted after the manner of dice. The game is played by matching the spots or the blank of an unmatched half of a domino already played Hoyle.
7. One of the pieces with which the game of dominoes is played. Hoyle.
 ||Dom"i*nus (?), n.; pl. Domini (#). [L., master. See Dame.] Master; sir; -- a title of respect formerly applied to a knight or a clergyman, and sometimes to the lord of a manor. Cowell.
 Dom"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. domitare to tame, fr. domare.]
 That can be tamed. [R.] Sir M. Hale.
 Do"mite (?), n. (Min.) A grayish variety of trachyte; -- so called from the Puy-deDôme in Auvergne, France, where it is found.

 Don (dn), n. [Sp. don; akin to Pg. dom, It. donno; fr. L. dominus master. See Dame, and cf. Domine, Dominie, Domino, Dan, Dom.] 1. Sir; Mr; Signior; -- a title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to all classes.

Don is used in Italy, though not so much as in Spain. France talks of Dom Calmet, England of Dan Lydgate.

Oliphant.
2. A grand personage, or one making pretension to consequence; especially, the head of a college, or one of the fellows at the English universities. [Univ. Cant] "The great dons of wit." Dryden.
 Don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donned (dnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Donning.] [Do + on; -- opposed to doff.
 See Do


. 19.
 It was upon an Indian bill that the late ministry had made shipwreck.

J. Morley.
 Ship"wreck', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipwrecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sandbanks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest.

Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break.

Shak.
2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or passengers.
 Hence, to cause to suffer some disaster or loss; to destroy or ruin, as if by shipwreck; to wreck; as, to shipwreck a business. Addison.
 Ship"wright' (?), n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of ships or other vessels.

 Ship"yard' (?), n. A yard, place, or inclosure where ships are built or repaired.

 Shi*raz" (?), n. A kind of Persian wine; -- so called from the place whence it is brought.

 Shire (?), n. [AS. scre, scr, a division, province, county. Cf. Sheriff.] 1. A portion of Great Britain originally under the supervision of an earl; a territorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes limited to a smaller district; as, Wiltshire, Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Hallamshire.

 An indefinite number of these hundreds make up a county or shire.

Blackstone.
2. A division of a State, embracing several contiguous townships; a county. [U. S.]

Shire is commonly added to the specific designation of a county as a part of its name; as, Yorkshire instead of York shire, or the shire of York; Berkshire instead of Berks shire.
 Such expressions as the county of Yorkshire, which in a strict sense are tautological, are used in England. In the United States the composite word is sometimes the only name of a county; as, Berkshire county, as it is called in Massachusetts, instead of Berks county, as in Pensylvania.

 The Tyne, Tees, Humber, Wash, Yare, Stour, and Thames separate the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, etc.

Encyc. Brit.
Knight of the shire. See under Knight. -- Shire clerk, an officer of a county court; also, an under sheriff. [Eng.] -- Shire mote (Old. Eng. Law), the county court; sheriff's turn, or court. [Obs.]
 Cowell. Blackstone. -- Shire reeve (Old Eng. Law), the reeve, or bailiff, of a shire; a sheriff. Burrill. -- Shire town, the capital town of a county; a county town. -- Shire wick, a county; a shire. [Obs.] Holland.
 Shirk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shirked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Shirking.] [Probably the same word as shark. See Shark, v. t.] 1. To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation.

 You that never heard the call of any vocation,... that shirk living from others, but time from Yourselves.

Bp. Rainbow.
2. To avoid; to escape; to neglect; -- implying unfaithfulness or fraud; as, to shirk duty.

 The usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties.

Hare.
 Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud; to shark.

2. To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away.

 One of the cities shirked from the league.

Byron.
 Shirk, n. One who lives by shifts and tricks; one who avoids the performance of duty or labor.

 Shirk"er (?), n. One who shirks. Macaulay.
 Shirk"y (?), a. Disposed to shirk. [Colloq.]

 Shirl (?), a. Shrill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Shirl, n. (Min.) See Schorl.

 Shir"ley (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bullfinch.

 Shirr (?), n. (Sewing) A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; -- called also shirring, and gauging.

 Shirred (?), a. 1. (Sewing) Made or gathered into a shirr; as, a shirred bonnet.

2. (Cookery) Broken into an earthen dish and baked over the fire; -- said of eggs.

 Shirt (?), n. [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte; akin to Icel. skyrta, Dan. skiorte, Sw. skjorta, Dan.
 skiört a petticoat, D. schort a petticoat, an argon, G. schurz, schürze, an argon; all probably from the root of E. short, as being originally a short garment. See Short, and cf. Skirt.] A loose under-garment for the upper part of the body, made of cotton, linen, or other material; -- formerly used of the under-garment of either sex, now commonly restricted to that worn by men and boys.

 Several persons in December had nothing over their shoulders but their shirts.

Addison.
 She had her shirts and girdles of hair.

Bp. Fisher.
 Shirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shirted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Shirting.] To cover or clothe with a shirt, or as with a shirt. Dryden.
 Shirt"ing, n. Cloth, specifically cotton cloth, suitable for making shirts.

 Shirt"less, a. Not having or wearing a shirt. Pope.
 -- Shirt"less*ness, n.
 { Shist (?), Shis*tose" (?) }. See Shist, Schistose.

 { Shit"tah (?), Shit"tah tree' }, n. [Heb. shitth, pl. shittm.]
 A tree that furnished the precious wood of which the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made; -- now believed to have been the wood of the Acacia Seyal, which is hard, fine grained, and yellowish brown in color.

 { Shit"tim (?), Shit"tim wood' }, n. The wood of the shittah tree.

 Shit"tle (?), n. [See Shuttle.] A shuttle. [Obs.] Chapman.
 Shit"tle, a. Wavering; unsettled; inconstant. [Obs.] Holland.
 Shit"tle*cock' (?), n. A shuttlecock. [Obs.]

 Shit"tle*ness, n. Instability; inconstancy. [Obs.]

 The vain shittlenesse of an unconstant head.

Baret.
 Shive (?), n. [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice; as, a shive of bread. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak.
2. A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking.

3. A thin, flat cork used for stopping a widemouthed bottle; also, a thin wooden bung for casks.

 Shiv"er (?), n. [OE. schivere, fr. shive; cf. G. schifer a splinter, slate, OHG. scivere a splinter, Dan. & Sw. skifer a slate. See Shive, and cf. Skever.] 1. One of the small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is broken by sudden violence; -- generally used in the plural. "All to shivers dashed." Milton.
2. A thin slice; a shive. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "A shiver of their own loaf." Fuller.
 Of your soft bread, not but a shiver


Gas!" 3. vt. To flush (sense 1). "You should gas that old crufty software." 4. [IBM] n. Dead space in nonsequentially organized files that was occupied by data that has since been deleted; the compression operation that removes it is called 'degassing' (by analogy, perhaps, with the use of the same term in vacuum technology). 5. [IBM] n. Empty space on a disk that has been clandestinely allocated against future need.
Node:gaseous, Next:Gates's Law, Previous:gas, Up:= G = gaseous adj.
Deserving of being gassed.
Disseminated by Geoff Goodfellow while at SRI; became particularly popular after the Moscone-Milk killings in San Francisco, when it was learned that the defendant Dan White (a politician who had supported Proposition 7) would get the gas chamber under Proposition 7 if convicted of first-degree murder (he was eventually convicted of manslaughter).
Node:Gates's Law, Next:gawble, Previous:gaseous, Up:= G = Gates's Law "The speed of software halves every 18 months." This oft-cited law is an ironic comment on the tendency of software bloat to outpace the every-18-month doubling in hardware caopacity per dollar predicted by Moore's Law. The reference is to Bill Gates; Microsoft is widely considered among the worst if not the worst of the perpetrators of bloat.
Node:gawble, Next:GC, Previous:Gates's Law, Up:= G = gawble /gaw'bl/ n. See chawmp.
Node:GC, Next:GCOS, Previous:gawble, Up:= G = GC /G-C/ [from LISP terminology; 'Garbage Collect'] 1. vt. To clean up and throw away useless things. "I think I'll GC the top of my desk today." When said of files, this is equivalent to GFR. 2. vt. To recycle, reclaim, or put to another use. 3. n. An instantiation of the garbage collector process.
'Garbage collection' is computer-science techspeak for a particular class of strategies for dynamically but transparently reallocating computer memory (i.e., without requiring explicit allocation and deallocation by higher-level software). One such strategy involves periodically scanning all the data in memory and determining what is no longer accessible; useless data items are then discarded so that the memory they occupy can be recycled and used for another purpose. Implementations of the LISP language usually use garbage collection.
In jargon, the full phrase is sometimes heard but the abbrev GC is more frequently used because it is shorter. Note that there is an ambiguity in usage that has to be resolved by context: "I'm going to garbage-collect my desk" usually means to clean out the drawers, but it could also mean to throw away or recycle the desk itself.
Node:GCOS, Next:GECOS, Previous:GC, Up:= G = GCOS /jee'kohs/ n. A quick-and-dirty clone of System/360 DOS that emerged from GE around 1970; originally called GECOS (the General Electric Comprehensive Operating System). Later kluged to support primitive timesharing and transaction processing. After the buyout of GE's computer division by Honeywell, the name was changed to General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS). Other OS groups at Honeywell began referring to it as 'God's Chosen Operating System', allegedly in reaction to the GCOS crowd's uninformed and snotty attitude about the superiority of their product. All this might be of zero interest, except for two facts: (1) The GCOS people won the political war, and this led in the orphaning and eventual death of Honeywell Multics, and (2) GECOS/GCOS left one permanent mark on Unix. Some early Unix systems at Bell Labs used GCOS machines for print spooling and various other services; the field added to /etc/passwd to carry GCOS ID information was called the 'GECOS field' and survives today as the pw_gecos member used for the user's full name and other human-ID information. GCOS later played a major role in keeping Honeywell a dismal also-ran in the mainframe market, and was itself mostly ditched for Unix in the late 1980s when Honeywell began to retire its aging big iron designs.
Node:GECOS, Next:gedanken, Previous:GCOS, Up:= G = GECOS /jee'kohs/ n. See GCOS.
Node:gedanken, Next:geef, Previous:GECOS, Up:= G = gedanken /g*-dahn'kn/ adj.
Ungrounded; impractical; not well-thought-out; untried; untested.
'Gedanken' is a German word for 'thought'. A thought experiment is one you carry out in your head. In physics, the term 'gedanken experiment' is used to refer to an experiment that is impractical to carry out, but useful to consider because it can be reasoned about theoretically. (A classic gedanken experiment of relativity theory involves thinking about a man in an elevator accelerating through space.) Gedanken experiments are very useful in physics, but must be used with care. It's too easy to idealize away some important aspect of the real world in constructing the 'apparatus'.
Among hackers, accordingly, the word has a pejorative connotation. It is typically used of a project, especially one in artificial intelligence research, that is written up in grand detail (typically as a Ph.D. thesis) without ever being implemented to any great extent. Such a project is usually perpetrated by people who aren't very good hackers or find programming distasteful or are just in a hurry. A 'gedanken thesis' is usually marked by an obvious lack of intuition about what is programmable and what is not, and about what does and does not constitute a clear specification of an algorithm. See also AI-complete, DWIM.
Node:geef, Next:geek code, Previous:gedanken, Up:= G = geef v.
[ostensibly from 'gefingerpoken'] vt. Syn. mung. See also blinkenlights.
Node:geek code, Next:geek out, Previous:geef, Up:= G = geek code n.
(also "Code of the Geeks"). A set of codes commonly used in sig blocks to broadcast the interests, skills, and aspirations of the poster. Features a G at the left margin followed by numerous letter codes, often suffixed with plusses or minuses. Because many net users are involved in computer science, the most common prefix is 'GCS'. To see a copy of the current code, browse _URL_. Here is a sample geek code (that of Robert Hayden, the code's inventor) from that page: The geek code originated in 1993; it was inspired (according to the inventor) by previous "bear", "smurf" and "twink" style-and-sexual-preference codes from lesbian and gay newsgroups. It has in turn spawned imitators; there is now even a "Saturn geek code" for owners of the Saturn car. See also computer geek.
Node:geek out, Next:gen, Previous:geek code, Up:= G = geek out vi.
To temporarily enter techno-nerd mode while in a non-hackish context, for example at parties held near computer equipment.
Especially used when you need to do or say something highly technical and don't have time to explain: "Pardon me while I geek out for a moment." See computer geek; see also propeller head.
Node:gen, Next:gender mender, Previous:geek out, Up:= G = gen /jen/ n.,v.
Short for generate, used frequently in both spoken and written contexts.
Node:gender mender, Next:General Public Virus, Previous:gen, Up:= G = gender mender n.
[common] A cable connector shell with either two male or two female connectors on it, used to correct the mismatches that result when some loser didn't understand the RS232C specification and the distinction between DTE and DCE. Used esp. for RS-232C parts in either the original D-25 or the IBM PC's


recurs near the fourteenth of November at intervals of about thirty-three years; -- so called because these shooting stars appear on the heavens to move in lines directed from the constellation Leo.

 Le"o*nine (l"*nn), a. [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, lion: cf. F. léonin. See Lion.] Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the lion; as, a leonine look; leonine rapacity. -- Le"o*nine*ly, adv.
Leonine verse, a kind of verse, in which the end of the line rhymes with the middle; -- so named from Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine and canon of Paris in the twelfth century, who wrote largely in this measure, though he was not the inventor. The following line is an example: Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum.

 Le*on"to*don (l*n"t*dn), n. [Gr. le'wn, le'ontos, lion + 'odoy's, 'odo'ntos, tooth. Cf. Lion's- tooth, Dandelion.] (Bot.) A genus of liguliflorous composite plants, including the fall dandelion (L. autumnale), and formerly the true dandelion; -- called also lion's tooth.

 Leop"ard (lp"rd), n. [OE. leopart, leparde, lebarde, libbard, OF. leopard, liepart, F. léopard, L. leopardus, fr. Gr. leo'pardos; le'wn lion + pa'rdos pard. See Lion, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) A large, savage, carnivorous mammal (Felis leopardus). It is of a yellow or fawn color, with rings or roselike clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Southern Asia and Africa. By some the panther (Felis pardus) is regarded as a variety of leopard.

Hunting leopard. See Cheetah. -- Leopard cat (Zoöl.)
 any one of several species or varieties of small, spotted cats found in Africa, Southern Asia, and the East Indies; esp., Felis Bengalensis.
 -- Leopard marmot. See Gopher, 2.

 Leop"ard's bane' (lp"rdz bn'). (Bot.) A name of several harmless plants, as Arnica montana, Senecio Doronicum, and Paris quadrifolia.

 Leop"ard*wood', n. (Bot.) See Letterwood.

 Lep (lp), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped. Chaucer.
 Lep"a*dite (-*dt), n. [L. lepas, lepadis, limpet, Gr.
 lepa's, lepa'dos.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lepadoid.

 Lep"a*doid (-*doid), n. [Lepas + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 A stalked barnacle of the genus Lepas, or family Lepadidæ; a goose barnacle. Also used adjectively.

 Lep"al (lp"al), n. [Gr. lepi's a scale: cf. F. lépale.]
 (Bot.) A sterile transformed stamen.

 ||Le"pas (l"ps), n. [L., a limpet, fr. Gr. lepa's.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of various species of Lepas, a genus of pedunculated barnacles found attached to floating timber, bottoms of ships, Gulf weed, etc.; -- called also goose barnacle. See Barnacle.

 Lep"er (lp"r), n. [OE. lepre leprosy, F. lèpre, L. leprae, lepra, fr. Gr. le'pra, fr. lepro's scaly, fr.
 le'pos scale, le'pein to peel.] A person affected with leprosy.

 Lep"ered (-rd), a. Affected or tainted with leprosy.

 Lep"er*ize (lp"r*z), v. t. To affect with leprosy.

 Lep"er*ous (-r*s), a. Leprous; infectious; corrupting; poisonous.
 "The leperous distillment." Shak.
 Lep"id (-d), a. [L. lepidus.] Pleasant; jocose. [R.]

 The joyous and lepid consul.

Sydney Smith.
 Lep"i*dine (lp"*dn or *dn), n. (Chem.) An organic base, C9H6.N.CH3, metameric with quinaldine, and obtained by the distillation of cinchonine.

 Lep'i*do*den"drid (lp'*d*dn"drd), n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of trees allied to the modern club mosses, and including Lepidodendron and its allies.

 Lep'i*do*den"droid (-droid), a. (Paleon.) Allied to, or resembling, Lepidodendron. -- n. A lepidodendrid.

 ||Lep'i*do*den"dron (-drn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi's -i'dos, a scale + de'ndron tree.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages, having the exterior marked with scars, mostly in quincunx order, produced by the separation of the leafstalks.

 Lep'i*do*ga"noid (lp'*d*g"noid or -gn"oid), n. [Gr. lepi's -i'dos, a scale + E. ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a division (Lepidoganoidei) of ganoid fishes, including those that have scales forming a coat of mail. Also used adjectively.

 Le*pid"o*lite (l*pd"*lt; 277), n. [Gr. lepi's -i'dos, a scale + -lite: cf. F. lépidolithe.] (Min.) A species of mica, of a lilac or rose-violet color, containing lithia. It usually occurs in masses consisting of small scales. See Mica.

 Lep'i*dom"e*lane (lp'*dm"*ln), n. [Gr. lepi's -i'dos, a scale + me'las, me'laina, black.] (Min.) An iron-potash mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic rocks in small six-sided tables, or as an aggregation of minute opaque scales. See Mica.

 Lep'i*dop"ter (lp'*dp"tr), n. [Cf. F. lépidoptère.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the Lepidoptera.

 ||Lep'i*dop"te*ra (-dp"t*r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi's - i'dos, a scale + ptero'n a feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored.

 They have a tubular proboscis, or haustellum, formed by the two slender maxillæ. The labial palpi are usually large, and the proboscis, when not in use, can be coiled up spirally between them. The mandibles are rudimentary. The larvæ, called caterpillars, are often brightly colored, and they commonly feed on leaves. The adults feed chiefly on the honey of flowers.

 { Lep'i*dop"ter*al (-tr*al), Lep'i*dop"ter*ous (-s), } a. (Zoöl.)
 Of or pertaining to the Lepidoptera.

 Lep'i*dop"ter*ist, n. (Zoöl.) One who studies the Lepidoptera.

 ||Lep'i*


; perhaps that will guide us to a truer meaning?"
"He says: 'But be ye transformed by the renewing of your minds.'
That elucidates and gives force to what goes before."
"So I think, clearly upsetting your position. The apostle evidently has reference to a deeper work than mere external non-conformity in regard to the cut of the coat, or the fashion of the dress. Be ye not conformed to this world in its selfish, principles and maxims—be ye not as the world, lovers of self more than lovers of God—but be ye transformed by the renewing of your minds. That is the way I understand him."
"Then you understand him wrong, Mary," uncle Absalom spoke up. "If he had meant that, he would have said it in plain terms."
"And so he has, it seems to me. But I am not disposed to excuse my adherence to fashion upon any passage that allows of two interpretations. I argue for it upon rational grounds."
"Fashion and rationality! The idea is absurd, Mary!" said uncle Absalom, with warmth. "They are antipodes."
"Not by any means, uncle, and I think I can make it plain to you."
Uncle Absalom shook his head, and aunt Abigail fidgeted in her chair.
"You remember the celebrated John Wesley—the founder of that once unfashionable people, the Methodists?" Mary asked.
"O, yes."
"What would you think if I proved to you that he was an advocate for fashion upon rational principles?"
"You can't do it."
"I can. On one occasion, it is related of him, that he called upon a tailor to make him a coat. 'How will you have it made?' asked the tailor. 'O, make it like other people's,' was the reply. 'Will you have the sleeves in the new fashion?' 'I don't know, what is it?'
'They have been made very tight, you know, for some time,' the tailor said, 'but the newest fashion is loose sleeves.' 'Loose sleeves, ah? Well, they will be a great deal more comfortable than these. Make mine loose.' What do you think of that, uncle? Do you see no rationality there?"
"Yes, but Mary," replied aunt Abigail, "fashion and comfort hardly ever go together."
"There you are mistaken, aunt. Most fashionable dress-makers aim at producing garments comfortable to the wearers; and those fashions which are most comfortable, are most readily adopted by the largest numbers."
"You certainly do not pretend to say, Mary," Henry interposed, "that all changes in fashions are improvements in comfort?"
"O no, certainly not. Many, nay, most of the changes are unimportant in that respect."
"And are the inventions and whims of fashion makers," added aunt Abigail with warmth.
"No doubt of it," Mary readily admitted.
"And you are such a weak, foolish girl, as to adopt, eagerly, every trifling variation in fashion?" continued aunt Abigail.
"No, not eagerly, aunt."
"But at all?"
"I adopt a great many, certainly, for no other reason than because they are fashionable."
"For shame, Mary, to make such an admission! I really thought better of you."
"But don't you follow the fashions, aunt?"
"Why Mary," exclaimed both uncle Absalom and her brother, at once.
"Me follow the fashions, Mary?" broke in aunt Abigail, as soon as she could recover her breath, for the question struck her almost speechless. "Me follow the fashions? Why, what can the girl mean?"
"I asked the question," said Mary. "And if you can't answer it, I can."
"And how will you answer it, pray?"
"In the affirmative, of course."
"You are trifling, now, Mary," said uncle Absalom, gravely.
"Indeed I am not, uncle. I can prove to her satisfaction and yours, too, that aunt Abigail is almost as much a follower of the fashions as I am."
"For shame, child!"
"I can though, uncle; so prepare yourself to be convinced. Did you never see aunt wear a different shaped cap from the one she now has on?"
"O yes, I suppose so. I don't take much notice of such things. But I believe she has changed the pattern of her cap a good many times."
"And what if I have, pray?" asked aunt Abigail, fidgeting uneasily.
"O, nothing, only that in doing so, you were following some new fashion," replied Mary.
"It is no such thing!" said aunt Abigail.
"I can prove it."
"You can't."
"Yes I can, and I will. Don't you remember when the high crowns were worn?"
"Of course I do."
"And you wore them, of course."
"Well, suppose I did?"
"And then came the close, low-crowned cap. I remember the very time you adopted that fashion, and thought it so much more becoming than the great tower of lace on the back part of the head."
"And so it was."
"But why didn't you think so before," asked Mary, looking archly into the face of her aunt.
"Why—because-because—" "O, I can tell you, so you needn't search all over the world for a reason. It was because the high crowns were fashionable. Come out plain and aboveboard and say so."
"Indeed, I won't say any such thing."
"Then what was the reason?"
"Every body wore them, and their unsightly appearance had not been made apparent by contrast."
"Exactly! They were fashionable. But when a new fashion laughed them out of countenance, you cast them aside, as I do an old fashion for a new one. Then came the quilled border all around. Do you remember that change? and how, in a little while after, the plain piece of lace over your forehead disappeared? Why was that, aunt Abigail? Was there no regard for fashion there? And now, at this very time your cap is one that exhibits the latest and neatest style for old ladies' caps. I could go on and prove to your satisfaction, or at least to my own, that you have followed the fashion almost as steadily as I have. But I have sufficiently made out my case. Don't you think so, Henry?"
Thus appealed to, her brother, who had been surprised at the turn the conversation had taken, not expecting to see Mary carry the war home so directly as she had done, hardly knew how to reply. He, however, gave a reluctant "Yes."
"But there is some sense in your aunt's adoption of fashion," said uncle Absalom.
"Though not much, it would seem in yours, if you estimate fashion by use," retorted Mary.
"What does the girl mean?" asked aunt Abigail in surprise.
"Of what use, uncle, are those two buttons on the back of your coat?"
"I am sure I don't know."
"Then why do you wear them if you don't know their use, unless it be that you wish to be in the fashion? Then there are two more at the bottom of the skirt, half hid, half seen, as if they were ashamed to be found so much out of their place. Then, can you enlighten me as to the use of these two pieces of cloth here, called, I believe, flaps?"
"To give strength to that part of the coat, I presume."
"And yet it is only a year or two since it was the fashion to have no flaps at all. I do not remember ever to have seen a coat torn there, do you? It is no use, uncle—you might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion. And old people feel this as well as young. They have their fashions, and we have ours, and they are as much the votaries of their peculiar modes as we are of our. The only difference is, that, as our states of mind change more rapidly, there is a corresponding and more rapid change in our fashions. You change as well as we do—but slower."
"How could you talk to uncle Absalom and aunt Abigail as you did?"
said Henry Grove to his sister, as they walked slowly home together.
"Didn't I make out my point? Didn't I prove that they too were votaries of the fickle goddess?"
"I think you did, in a measure."
"And in a good measure too. So give up your point, as you promised,


ories105 Topic 1. THE MAKING OF INFERENCES105 § 22105 § 23 (a) Proof106 § 24 (b) Causation117 § 25 (c) Scepticism129 § 26 (d) The Empirical Method in the Study of Cases136 § 27 (e) Analogy144 § 28 (f) Probability147 § 29 (g) Chance159 § 30 (h) Persuasion and Explanation161 § 31 (i) Inference and Judgment165 § 32 (j) Mistaken Inferences176 § 33 (k) Statistics of the Moral Situation179 Topic 2. KNOWLEDGE183 § 34183 PART II. OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (THE MENTAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXAMINEE)187 Title A. General Conditions187 Topic 1. OF SENSE PERCEPTION187 § 35187 § 36 (a) General Considerations187 (b) The Sense of Sight 196 § 37 (1) General Considerations196 § 38 (2) Color-vision204 § 39 (3) The Blind Spot207 § 40 (c) The Sense of Hearing208 § 41 (d) The Sense of Taste212 § 42 (e) The Sense of Smell213 § 43 (f) The Sense of Touch215 Topic 2. PERCEPTION AND CONCEPTION221 § 44221 Topic 3. IMAGINATION232 § 45232 Topic 4. INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES238 § 46 (a) General Considerations238 § 47 (b) The Mechanism of Thinking243 § 48 (c) The Subconscious245 § 49 (d) Subjective Conditions{xix}248 Topic 5. THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS254 § 50254 Topic 6. RECOLLECTION AND MEMORY258 § 51258 § 52 (a) The Essence of Memory259 § 53 (b) The Forms of Reproduction263 § 54 (c) The Peculiarities of Reproduction268 § 55 (d) Illusions of Memory275 § 56 (e) Mnemotechnique279 Topic 7. THE WILL281 § 57281 Topic 8. EMOTION283 § 58283 Topic 9. THE FORMS OF GIVING TESTIMONY287 § 59287 § 60 (a) General Study of Variety in Forms of Expression288 § 61 (b) Dialect Forms293 § 62 (c) Incorrect Forms296 Title B. Differentiating Conditions of Giving Testimony300 Topic 1. GENERAL DIFFERENCES300 (a) Woman300 § 63 1. General Considerations300 § 64 2. Difference between Man and Women307 3. Sexual Peculiarities311 § 65 (a) General311 § 66 (b) Menstruation311 § 67 (c) Pregnancy317 § 68 (d) Erotic319 § 69 (e) Submerged Sexual Factors322 4. Particular Feminine Qualities332 § 70 (a) Intelligence332 § 71 1. Conception333 § 72 2. Judgment335 § 73 3. Quarrels with Women337 § 74 (b) Honesty340 § 75 (c) Love, Hate and Friendship350 § 76 (d) Emotional Disposition and Related Subjects359 § 77 (e) Weakness361 § 78 (b) Children364 § 79 1. General Considerations364 § 80 2. Children as Witnesses365 § 81 3. Juvenile Delinquency{xx}369 § 82 (c) Senility372 § 83 (d) Differences in Conception375 § 84 (e) Nature and Nurture384 § 85 1. The Influence of Nurture385 § 86 2. The Views of the Uneducated388 § 87 3. Onesided Education391 § 88 4. Inclination393 § 89 5. Other Differences395 § 90 6. Intelligence and Stupidity398 Topic 2. ISOLATED INFLUENCES406 § 91 (a) Habit406 § 92 (b) Heredity410 § 93 (c) Prepossession412 § 94 (d) Imitation and the Crowd415 § 95 (e) Passion and Emotion416 § 96 (f) Honor421 § 97 (g) Superstition422 Topic 3. MISTAKES422 (a) Mistakes of the Senses422 § 98 (1) General Considerations422 § 99 (2) Optical Illusions427 § 100 (3) Auditory Illusions443 § 101 (4) Illusions of Touch449 § 102 (5) Illusions of the Sense of Taste452 § 103 (6) The Illusions of the Olfactory Sense453 § 104 (b) Hallucinations and Illusions454 § 105 (c) Imaginative Ideas459 (d) Misunderstandings467 § 106 1. Verbal Misunderstandings467 § 107 2. Other Misunderstandings470 (e) The Lie474 § 108 1. General Considerations474 § 109 2. The Pathoformic Lie479 Topic 4. ISOLATED SPECIAL CONDITIONS480 § 110 (a) Sleep and Dream480 § 111 (b) Intoxication484 § 112 (c) Suggestion491 Appendix A. Bibliography, including texts more easily within reach of English readers493 Appendix B. Works on Psychology of General Interest500 Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z503 {1} CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY.
INTRODUCTION.
OF all disciplines necessary to the criminal justice in addition to the knowledge of law, the most important are those derived from psychology.
For such sciences teach him to know the type of man it is his business to deal with. Now psychological sciences appear in various forms. There is a native psychology, a keenness of vision given in the march of experience, to a few fortunate persons, who see rightly without having learned the laws which determine the course of events, or without being even conscious of them. Of this native psychological power many men show traces, but very few indeed are possessed of as much as criminalists intrinsically require.
In the colleges and pre-professional schools we jurists may acquire a little scientific psychology as a "philosophical propaedeutic," but we all know how insufficient it is and how little of it endures in the business of life. And we had rather not reckon up the number of criminalists who, seeing this insufficiency, pursue serious psychological investigations.
One especial psychological discipline which was apparently created for our sake is the psychology of law, the development of which, in Germany, Volkmar[1] recounts. This science afterward developed, through the instrumentality of Metzger[2] and Plainer,[3] as criminal psychology.
From the medical point of view especially, Choulant's collection of the latter's, "Quaestiones," is still valuable. Criminal psychology was developed further by Hoffbauer,[4] Grohmann,[5]{2} Heinroth,[6] Schaumann,[7] Münch,[8] Eckartshausen,[9] and others. In Kant's time the subject was a bone of contention between faculties, Kant representing in the quarrel the philosophic, Metzger, Hoffbauer, and Fries,[10] the medical faculties. Later legal psychology was simply absorbed by psychiatry, and thereby completely subsumed among the medical disciplines, in spite of the fact that Regnault,[11] still later, attempted to recover it for philosophy, as is pointed out in Friedreich's[12] well-known text-book (cf. moreover V. Wilbrand's[13] text-book). Nowadays, criminal psychology, as represented by Kraus,[14] Krafft-Ebing,[15] Maudsley,[16] Holtzendorff,[17] Lombroso,[18] and others has become a branch of criminal anthropology. It is valued as the doctrine of motives in crime, or, according to


spake a word unto him.

Job. ii. 13.
2. To utter in a word or words; to say; to tell; to declare orally; as, to speak the truth; to speak sense.

3. To declare; to proclaim; to publish; to make known; to exhibit; to express in any way.

 It is my father;s muste To speak your deeds.

Shak.
Speaking a still good morrow with her eyes.

Tennyson.
 And for the heaven's wide circuit, let it speak The maker's high magnificence.

Milton.
 Report speaks you a bonny monk.

Sir W. Scott.
4. To talk or converse in; to utter or pronounce, as in conversation; as, to speak Latin.

 And French she spake full fair and fetisely.

Chaucer.
5. To address; to accost; to speak to.

 [He will] thee in hope; he will speak thee fair.

Ecclus. xiii. 6. each village senior paused to scan And speak the lovely caravan.

Emerson.
To speak a ship (Naut.), to hail and speak to her captain or commander.

 Speak"a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being spoken; fit to be spoken. Ascham.
2. Able to speak. Milton.
 Speak"er (?), n. 1. One who speaks. Specifically: (a) One who utters or pronounces a discourse; usually, one who utters a speech in public; as, the man is a good speaker, or a bad speaker.
 (b) One who is the mouthpiece of others; especially, one who presides over, or speaks for, a delibrative assembly, preserving order and regulating the debates; as, the Speaker of the House of Commons, originally, the mouthpiece of the House to address the king; the Speaker of a House of Representatives.

2. A book of selections for declamation. [U. S.]

 Speak"er*ship, n. The office of speaker; as, the speakership of the House of Representatives.

 Speak"ing, a. 1. Uttering speech; used for conveying speech; as, man is a speaking animal; a speaking tube.

2. Seeming to be capable of speech; hence, lifelike; as, a speaking likeness.

A speaking acquaintance, a slight acquaintance with a person, or one which merely permits the exchange of salutations and remarks on indifferent subjects. -- Speaking trumpet, an instrument somewhat resembling a trumpet, by which the sound of the human voice may be so intensified as to be conveyed to a great distance. -- Speaking tube, a tube for conveying speech, especially from one room to another at a distance. -- To be on speaking terms, to be slightly acquainted.

 Speak"ing, n. 1. The act of uttering words.

2. Public declamation; oratory.

 Spear (?), n. [OE. spere, AS. spere; akin to D. & G. speer, OS. & OHS. sper, Icel. spjör, pl., Dan.
 spær, L. sparus.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a weapon with a long shaft and a sharp head or blade; a lance. [See Illust. of Spearhead.]
 "A sharp ground spear." Chaucer.
 They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.

Micah iv. 3.
2. Fig.: A spearman. Sir W. Scott.
3. A sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stabbing fish and other animals.

4. A shoot, as of grass; a spire.

5. The feather of a horse. See Feather, n., 4.

6. The rod to which the bucket, or plunger, of a pump is attached; a pump rod.

Spear foot, the off hind foot of a horse. -- Spear grass. (Bot.)
(a) The common reed. See Reed, n., 1. (b) meadow grass. See under Meadow. -- Spear hand, the hand in which a horseman holds a spear; the right hand. Crabb. -- Spear side, the male line of a family. Lowell. -- Spear thistle (Bot.), the common thistle (Cnicus lanceolatus).

 Spear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spearing.] To pierce with a spear; to kill with a spear; as, to spear a fish.

 Spear, v. i. To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. See Spire.
 Mortimer.
 Spear"er (?), n. One who uses a spear; as, a spearer of fish.

 Spear"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and powerful fish (Tetrapturus albidus) related to the swordfish, but having scales and ventral fins. It is found on the American coast and the Mediterranean. (b) The carp sucker.

 Spear"head' (?), n. The pointed head, or end, of a spear.

 Spear"man (?), n.; pl. Spearmen (&?;). One who is armed with a spear. Acts xxiii. 23.
 Spear"mint' (?), n. [So named from its spiry, not capitate, inflorescence. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A species of mint (Mentha viridis) growing in moist soil. It vields an aromatic oil. See Mint, and Mentha.

 Spear"wood' (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian tree (Acacia Doratoxylon), and its tough wood, used by the natives for spears.

 Spear"wort' (?), n. [AS. sperewyrt.] (Bot.) A name given to several species of crowfoot (Ranunculus) which have spear-shaped leaves.

 Spear"y (?), a. Having the form of a spear.

 Spece (?), n. Species; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Specht (?), n. [See Speight.] (Zoöl.) A woodpecker.
 [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Sherwood.
 Spe"cial (?), a. [L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality: cf. F. spécial. See Species, and cf. Especial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; constituting a species or sort.

 A special is called by the schools a "species".

I. Watts.
2. Particular; peculiar; different from others; extraordinary; uncommon.

 Our Savior is represented everywhere in Scripture as the special patron of the poor and the afficted.

Atterbury.
 To this special evil an improvement of style would apply a special redress.

De Quincey.
3. Appropriate; designed for a particular purpose, occasion, or person; as, a special act of Parliament or of Congress; a special sermon.

4. Limited in range; confined to a definite field of action, investigation, or discussion; as, a special dictionary of commercial terms; a special branch of study.

5. Chief in excellence. [Obs.]

 The king hath drawn The special head of all the land together.

Shak.
Special administration (Law), an administration limited to certain specified effects or acts, or one granted during a particular time or the existence of a special cause, as during a controversy respecting the probate of a will, or the right of administration, etc. -- Special agency, an agency confined to some particular matter. -- Special bail, Bail above, or Bail to the action (Law), sureties who undertake that, if the defendant is convicted, he shall satisfy the plaintiff, or surrender himself into custody. Tomlins.
 Wharton (Law Dict.). -- Special constable. See under Constable.
 Bouvier. -- Special damage (Law), a damage resulting from the act complained of, as a natural, but not the necessary, consequence of it. -- Special demurrer (Law), a demurrer for some defect of form in the opposite party pleading, in which


brief and straightforward deposition of Corporal Olaf Anderson, of the Fort Churchill Division, and there is the longer and more detailed testimony of Mr. and Mrs. Philip Raine and the Duke of Rugni; and attached to these depositions is a copy of an official decision pardoning Bram Johnson and making of him a ward of the great Dominion instead of a criminal. He is no longer hunted. "Let Bram Johnson alone" is the word that had gone forth to the man-hunters of the Service. It is a wise and human judgment. Bram's country is big and wild. And he and his wolves still hunt there under the light of the moon and the stars.
THE END


extracted as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties; — called also hydroxy cymene.

 ||Thy"mus (?), a. [NL., fr. Gr. qy'mos.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the thymus gland. — n. The thymus gland.

Thymus gland, or Thymus body, a ductless gland in the throat, or in the neighboring region, of nearly all vertebrates. In man and other mammals it is the throat, or neck, sweetbread, which lies in the upper part of the thorax and lower part of the throat. It is largest in fetal and early life, and disappears or becomes rudimentary in the adult.

 Thym"y (?), a. Abounding with thyme; fragrant; as, a thymy vale. Akenside.
 Where'er a thymy bank he found, He rolled upon the fragrant ground.

Gay.
 Thy"ro- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the thyroid body or the thyroid cartilage; as, thyrohyal.

 Thy'ro*a*ryt"e*noid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.

 Thy'ro*hy"al (?), n. (Anat.) One of the lower segments in the hyoid arch, often consolidated with the body of the hyoid bone and forming one of its great horns, as in man.

 Thy'ro*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and the hyoid arch.

 Thy"roid (?), a. [Gr. &?; shield-shaped; &?; a large, oblong shield (from &?; a door) + &?; form: cf. F. thyroïde, thyréoïde.] 1. Shaped like an oblong shield; shield-shaped; as, the thyroid cartilage.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thyroid body, thyroid cartilage, or thyroid artery; thyroideal.

Thyroid cartilage. See under Larynx. - - Thyroid body, or Thyroid gland (Anat.), a glandlike but ductless body, or pair of bodies, of unknown function, in the floor of the mouth or the region of the larynx. In man and most mammals it is a highly vascular organ, partly surrounding the base of the larynx and the upper part of the trachea. — Thyroid dislocation (Surg.), dislocation of the thigh bone into the thyroid foramen. — Thyroid foramen, the obturator foramen.

 Thy*roid"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Thyroid.

 Thy*rot"o*my (?), n. [Thyro- + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.)
 The operation of cutting into the thyroid cartilage.

 Thyrse (thrs), n. [Cf. F. thyrse.] A thyrsus.

 { Thyr"soid (thr"soid), Thyr*soid"al (thr*soid"al), } a.
 [Gr. &?;; &?; thyrsus + &?; form, shape: cf. F. thyrsoïde.]
 Having somewhat the form of a thyrsus.

 ||Thyr"sus (?), n.; pl. Thyrsi (#). [L., fr. Gr.
 &?;. Cf. Torso.] 1. A staff entwined with ivy, and surmounted by a pine cone, or by a bunch of vine or ivy leaves with grapes or berries. It is an attribute of Bacchus, and of the satyrs and others engaging in Bacchic rites.

 A good to grow on graves As twist about a thyrsus.

Mrs. Browning.
 In my hand I bear The thyrsus, tipped with fragrant cones of pine.

Longfellow.
2. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence; a dense panicle, as in the lilac and horse-chestnut.

 ||Thy'sa*nop"ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Thysanoptera.

 ||Thy'sa*nop"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a fringe + &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects, considered by some writers a distinct order, but regarded by others as belonging to the Hemiptera. They are all of small size, and have narrow, broadly fringed wings with rudimentary nervures. Most of the species feed upon the juices of plants, and some, as those which attack grain, are very injurious to crops. Called also Physopoda. See Thrips.

 Thy'sa*nop"ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Thysanoptera.

 Thy'sa*nop"ter*ous (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Thysanoptera.

 ||Thys'a*nu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fringe + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) An order of wingless hexapod insects which have setiform caudal appendages, either bent beneath the body to form a spring, or projecting as bristles. It comprises the Cinura, or bristletails, and the Collembola, or springtails. Called also Thysanoura. See Lepisma, and Podura.

 Thys'a*nu"ran (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Thysanura.
 Also used adjectively.

 Thys'a*nu"rous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Thysanura.

 Thys"be (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Thisbe maiden beloved by Pyramus, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A common clearwing moth (Hemaris thysbe).

 Thy*self" (?), pron. An emphasized form of the personal pronoun of the second person; — used as a subject commonly with thou; as, thou thyself shalt go; that is, thou shalt go, and no other. It is sometimes used, especially in the predicate, without thou, and in the nominative as well as in the objective case.

Thyself shalt see the act.

Shak.
 Ere I do thee, thou to thyself wast cruel.

Milton.
 Ti"ar (?), n. [Cf. F. tiare. See Tiara.] A tiara. [Poetic] Milton. Tennyson.
 Ti*a"ra (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;, &?;; of Persian origin.]
 1. A form of headdress worn by the ancient Persians. According to Xenophon, the royal tiara was encircled with a diadem, and was high and erect, while those of the people were flexible, or had rims turned over.

2. The pope's triple crown. It was at first a round, high cap, but was afterward encompassed with a crown, subsequently with a second, and finally with a third. Fig.: The papal dignity.

 Ti*a"raed (?), a. Adorned with, or wearing, a tiara.

 Tib"-cat' (?), n. A female cat. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 ||Tib"i*a (?), n.; pl. Tibiæ (#). [L.] 1.
(Anat.) The inner, or preaxial, and usually the larger, of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee.

2. (Zoöl.) The fourth joint of the leg of an insect.
 See Illust. under Coleoptera, and under Hexapoda.

3. (Antiq.) A musical instrument of the flute kind, originally made


and the bird cast it away carelessly. The ziz has another name, Renanin,[135] because he is the celestial singer.[136] On account of his relation to the heavenly regions he is also called Sekwi, the seer, and, besides, he is called "son of the nest,"[137] because his fledgling birds break away from the shell without being hatched by the mother bird; they spring directly from the nest, as it were.[138] Like leviathan, so ziz is a delicacy to be served to the pious at the end of time, to compensate them for the privations which abstaining from the unclean fowls imposed upon them.[139] THE SIXTH DAY As the fish were formed out of water, and the birds out of boggy earth well mixed with water, so the mammals were formed out of solid earth,[140] and as leviathan is the most notable representative of the fish kind, and ziz of the bird kind, so behemot is the most notable representative of the mammal kind.
Behemot matches leviathan in strength, and he had to be prevented, like leviathan, from multiplying and increasing, else the world could not have continued to exist; after God had created him male and female, He at once deprived him of the desire to propagate his kind.[141] He is so monstrous that he requires the produce of a thousand mountains for his daily food. All the water that flows through the bed of the Jordan in a year suffices him exactly for one gulp. It therefore was necessary to give him one stream entirely for his own use, a stream flowing forth from Paradise, called Yubal.[142] Behemot, too, is destined to be served to the pious as an appetizing dainty, but before they enjoy his flesh, they will be permitted to view the mortal combat between leviathan and behemot, as a reward for having denied themselves the pleasures of the circus and its gladiatorial contests.[143] Leviathan, ziz, and behemot are not the only monsters; there are many others, and marvellous ones, like the reem, a giant animal, of which only one couple, male and female, is in existence. Had there been more, the world could hardly have maintained itself against them. The act of copulation occurs but once in seventy years between them, for God has so ordered it that the male and female reem are at opposite ends of the earth, the one in the east, the other in the west. The act of copulation results in the death of the male. He is bitten by the female and dies of the bite. The female becomes pregnant and remains in this state for no less than twelve years. At the end of this long period she gives birth to twins, a male and a female. The year preceding her delivery she is not able to move. She would die of hunger, were it not that her own spittle flowing copiously from her mouth waters and fructifies the earth near her, and causes it to bring forth enough for her maintenance. For a whole year the animal can but roll from side to side, until finally her belly bursts, and the twins issue forth. Their appearance is thus the signal for the death of the mother reem. She makes room for the new generation, which in turn is destined to suffer the same fate as the generation that went before. Immediately after birth, the one goes eastward and the other westward, to meet only after the lapse of seventy years, propagate themselves, and perish.[144] A traveller who once saw a reem one day old described its height to be four parasangs, and the length of its head one parasang and a half.[145] Its horns measure one hundred ells, and their height is a great deal more.[146] One of the most remarkable creatures is the "man of the mountain," Adne Sadeh, or, briefly, Adam.[147] His form is exactly that of a human being, but he is fastened to the ground by means of a navel-string, upon which his life depends.
The cord once snapped, he dies. This animal keeps himself alive with what is produced by the soil around about him as far as his tether permits him to crawl. No creature may venture to approach within the radius of his cord, for he seizes and demolishes whatever comes in his reach. To kill him, one may not go near to him, the navel-string must be severed from a distance by means of a dart, and then he dies amid groans and moans.[143] Once upon a time a traveller happened in the region where this animal is found. He overheard his host consult his wife as to what to do to honor their guest, and resolve to serve "our man," as he said. Thinking he had fallen among cannibals, the stranger ran as fast as his feet could carry him from his entertainer, who sought vainly to restrain him. Afterward, he found out that there had been no intention of regaling him with human flesh, but only with the flesh of the strange animal called "man."[146] As the "man of the mountain" is fixed to the ground by his navel-string, so the barnacle-goose is grown to a tree by its bill. It is hard to say whether it is an animal and must be slaughtered to be fit for food, or whether it is a plant and no ritual ceremony is necessary before eating it.[150] Among the birds the phoenix is the most wonderful. When Eve gave all the animals some of the fruit of the tree of knowledge, the phoenix was the only bird that refused to eat thereof, and he was rewarded with eternal life. When he has lived a thousand years, his body shrinks, and the feathers drop from it, until he is as small as an egg. This is the nucleus of the new bird.[151] The phoenix is also called "the guardian of the terrestrial sphere." He runs with the sun on his circuit, and he spreads out his wings and catches up the fiery rays of the sun.[152] If he were not there to intercept them, neither man nor any other animate being would keep alive. On his right wing the following words are inscribed in huge letters,[153] about four thousand stadia high: "Neither the earth produces me, nor the heavens, but only the wings of fire."
His food consists of the manna of heaven and the dew of the earth. His excrement is a worm, whose excrement in turn is the cinnamon used by kings and princes.[152] Enoch, who saw the phoenix birds when he was translated, describes them as flying creatures, wonderful and strange in appearance, with the feet and tails of lions, and the heads of crocodiles; their appearance is of a purple color like the rainbow; their size nine hundred measures. Their wings are like those of angels, each having twelve, and they attend the chariot of the sun and go with him, bringing heat and dew as they are ordered by God.
In the morning when the sun starts on his daily course, the phoenixes and the chalkidri[154] sing, and every bird flaps its wings, rejoicing the Giver of light, and they sing a song at the command of the Lord.[155] Among reptiles the salamander and the shamir are the most marvellous. The salamander originates from a fire of myrtle wood[156] which has been kept burning for seven years steadily by means of magic arts. Not bigger than a mouse, it yet is invested with peculiar properties. One who smears himself with its blood is invulnerable,[157] and the web woven by it is a talisman against fire.[158] The people who lived at the deluge boasted that, were a fire flood to come, they would protect themselves with the blood of the salamander.[159] King Hezekiah owes his life to the salamander. His wicked father, King Ahaz, had delivered him to the fires of Moloch, and he would have been burnt, had his mother not painted him with the blood of the salamander, so that the fire could do him no harm.[160] The shamir was made at twilight on the sixth day of creation together with other extraordinary things.[161] It is about as large as a barley corn, and it possesses the remarkable property of cutting the hardest of diamonds. For this reason it was used for the stones in the breastplate worn by the high priest.
First the names of the twelve tribes were traced with ink on the stones to be


of; to discriminate; to distinguish.

 To discern such buds as are fit to produce blossoms.

Boyle.
 A counterfeit stone which thine eye can not discern from a right stone.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
2. To see by the eye or by the understanding; to perceive and recognize; as, to discern a difference.

 And [I] beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding.

Prov. vii. 7.
 Our unassisted sight... is not acute enough to discern the minute texture of visible objects.

Beattie.
 I wake, and I discern the truth.

Tennyson.
Syn. -- To perceive; distinguish; discover; penetrate; discriminate; espy; descry; detect. See Perceive.

 Dis*cern", v. i. 1. To see or understand the difference; to make distinction; as, to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood.

 More than sixscore thousand that cannot discern between their right hand their left.

Jonah iv. 11.
2. To make cognizance. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Dis*cern"ance (?), n. Discernment. [Obs.]

 Dis*cern"er (?), n. One who, or that which, discerns, distinguishes, perceives, or judges; as, a discerner of truth, of right and wrong.

 A great observer and discerner of men's natures.

Clarendon.
 Dis*cern"i*ble (?), a. [L. discernibilis.] Capable of being discerned by the eye or the understanding; as, a star is discernible by the eye; the identity of difference of ideas is discernible by the understanding.

 The effect of the privations and sufferings... was discernible to the last in his temper and deportment.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Perceptible; distinguishable; apparent; visible; evident; manifest.

 Dis*cern"i*ble*ness, n. The quality of being discernible.

 Dis*cern"i*bly, adv. In a manner to be discerned; perceptibly; visibly. Hammond.
 Dis*cern"ing, a. Acute; shrewd; sagacious; sharp-sighted. Macaulay.
 Dis*cern"ing*ly, adv. In a discerning manner; with judgment; judiciously; acutely. Garth.
 Dis*cern"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. discernement.] 1. The act of discerning.

2. The power or faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; power of viewing differences in objects, and their relations and tendencies; penetrative and discriminate mental vision; acuteness; sagacity; insight; as, the errors of youth often proceed from the want of discernment.

Syn. -- Judgment; acuteness; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; insight. -- Discernment, Penetration, Discrimination. Discernment is keenness and accuracy of mental vision; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject in spite of everything that intercepts the view; discrimination is a capacity of tracing out minute distinctions and the nicest shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled; one of a penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape others; a discriminating judgment detects the slightest differences.

 Dis*cerp" (?), v. t. [L. discerpere, discerptum; dis- + carpere to pluck.] 1. To tear in pieces; to rend. [R.] Stukeley.
2. To separate; to disunite. [R.] Bp. Hurd.
 { Dis*cerp'i*bil"i*ty (?), Dis*cerp'ti*bil"i*ty (?) }, n. Capability or liableness to be discerped. [R.] Wollaston.
 { Dis*cerp"i*ble (?), Dis*cerp"ti*ble (?) }, a. [See Discerp.]
 Capable of being discerped. [R.]

 Dis*cerp"tion (?), n. [L. discerptio.] The act of pulling to pieces, or of separating the parts. Bp. Hall.
 Dis*cerp"tive (?), a. Tending to separate or disunite parts. Encys.
 Dict.
 Dis*ces"sion (?), n. [L. discessio, fr. discedere, discessum.
 See Discede.] Departure. [Obs.]

 Dis*charge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discharged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Discharging.] [OE. deschargen, dischargen, OF. deschargier, F. décharger; pref. des- (L. dis) + chargier, F. charger. See Charge.] 1.
 To relieve of a charge, load, or burden; to empty of a load or cargo; to unburden; to unload; as, to discharge a vessel.

2. To free of the missile with which anything is charged or loaded; to let go the charge of; as, to discharge a bow, catapult, etc.; especially, said of firearms, -- to fire off; to shoot off; also, to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden jar.

 The galleys also did oftentimes, out of their prows, discharge their great pieces against the city.

Knolles.
 Feeling in other cases discharges itself in indirect muscular actions.

H. Spencer.
3. To of something weighing upon or impeding over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, responsibility, accusation, etc.; to absolve; to acquit; to clear.

Discharged of business, void of strife.

Dryden.
 In one man's fault discharge another man of his duty.

L'Estrange.
4. To relieve of an office or employment; to send away from service; to dismiss.

Discharge the common sort With pay and thanks.

Shak.
 Grindal... was discharged the government of his see.

Milton.
5. To release legally from confinement; to set at liberty; as, to discharge a prisoner.

6. To put forth, or remove, as a charge or burden; to take out, as that with which anything is loaded or filled; as, to discharge a cargo.

7. To let fly, as a missile; to shoot.

 They do discharge their shot of courtesy.

Shak.
8. To set aside; to annul; to dismiss.

 We say such an order was "discharged on appeal."

Mozley & W. The order for Daly's attendance was discharged.

Macaulay.
9. To throw off the obligation of, as a duty or debt; to relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, performing duty, trust, and the like; hence, to perform or execute, as an office, or part.

 Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large As could their hundred offices discharge.

Dryden.
10. To send away (a creditor) satisfied by payment; to pay one's debt or obligation to. [Obs.]

 If he had The present money to discharge the Jew.

Shak.
11. To give forth; to emit or send out; as, a pipe discharges water; to let fly; to give expression to; to utter; as, to discharge a horrible oath.

12. To prohibit; to forbid. [Scot. Obs.] Sir W. Scott.
Discharging arch (Arch.), an arch over a door, window, or other opening, to distribute the pressure of the wall above. See Illust.
 of Lintel. -- Discharging piece, Discharging strut (Arch.), a piece set to carry thrust or weight to a solid point of support. -- Discharging rod (Elec.), a bent wire, with


AN IDEAL HUSBAND A PLAY by OSCAR WILDE methuen & co. ltd.
36 essex street w.c.
london First Published, at 1s.
net, in 1912 This book was First Published in 1893 First Published (Second Edition) by Methuen & Co.
February 1908 Third Edition October 1909 Fourth edition October 1910 Fifth Edition May 1912 THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY THE EARL OF CAVERSHAM, K.G.
VISCOUNT GORING, his Son SIR ROBERT CHILTERN, Bart., Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs VICOMTE DE NANJAC, Attaché at the French Embassy in London MR. MONTFORD MASON, Butler to Sir Robert Chiltern PHIPPS, Lord Goring's Servant JAMES } HAROLD } Footmen LADY CHILTERN LADY MARKBY THE COUNTESS OF BASILDON MRS. MARCHMONT MISS MABEL CHILTERN, Sir Robert Chiltern's Sister MRS. CHEVELEY THE SCENES OF THE PLAY Act I. The Octagon Room in Sir Robert Chiltern's House in Grosvenor Square.
Act II. Morning-room in Sir Robert Chiltern's House.
Act III. The Library of Lord Goring's House in Curzon Street.
Act IV. Same as Act II.
Time: The Present Place: London.
The action of the play is completed within twenty-four hours.
THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET Sole Lessee: Mr. Herbert Beerbohm Tree Managers: Mr. Lewis Waller and Mr. H. H. Morell January 3rd, 1895 The Earl of Caversham Mr. Alfred Bishop.
Viscount Goring Mr. Charles H. Hawtrey.
Sir Robert Chiltern Mr. Lewis Waller.
Vicomte de Nanjac Mr. Cosmo Stuart.
Mr. Montford Mr. Harry Stanford.
Phipps Mr. C. H. Brookfield.
Mason Mr. H. Deane.
James Mr. Charles Meyrick.
Harold Mr. Goodhart.
Lady Chiltern Miss Julia Neilson.
Lady Markby Miss Fanny Brough.
Countess of Basildon Miss Vane Featherston.
Mrs. Marchmont Miss Helen Forsyth.
Miss Mabel Chiltern Miss Maud Millet.
Mrs. Cheveley Miss Florence West.
FIRST ACT SCENE The octagon room at Sir Robert Chiltern's house in Grosvenor Square.
[The room is brilliantly lighted and full of guests. At the top of the staircase stands lady chiltern, a woman of grave Greek beauty, about twenty-seven years of age. She receives the guests as they come up. Over the well of the staircase hangs a great chandelier with wax lights, which illumine a large eighteenth-century French tapestry—representing the Triumph of Love, from a design by Boucher—that is stretched on the staircase wall. On the right is the entrance to the music-room. The sound of a string quartette is faintly heard. The entrance on the left leads to other reception-rooms. mrs.
marchmont and lady basildon, two very pretty women, are seated together on a Louis Seize sofa. They are types of exquisite fragility. Their affectation of manner has a delicate charm. Watteau would have loved to paint them.]
mrs. marchmont. Going on to the Hartlocks' to-night, Margaret?
lady basildon. I suppose so. Are you?
mrs. marchmont. Yes.
Horribly tedious parties they give, don't they?
lady basildon. Horribly tedious! Never know why I go. Never know why I go anywhere.
mrs. marchmont. I come here to be educated.
lady basildon. Ah! I hate being educated!
mrs. marchmont. So do I. It puts one almost on a level with the commercial classes, doesn't it? But dear Gertrude Chiltern is always telling me that I should have some serious purpose in life. So I come here to try to find one.
lady basildon. [Looking round through her lorgnette.] I don't see anybody here to-night whom one could possibly call a serious purpose. The man who took me in to dinner talked to me about his wife the whole time.
mrs. marchmont. How very trivial of him!
lady basildon. Terribly trivial! What did your man talk about?
mrs. marchmont. About myself.
lady basildon.
[Languidly.] And were you interested?
mrs. marchmont. [Shaking her head.] Not in the smallest degree.
lady basildon. What martyrs we are, dear Margaret!
mrs. marchmont.
[Rising.] And how well it becomes us, Olivia!
[They rise and go towards the music-room.
The vicomte de nanjac, a young attaché known for his neckties and his Anglomania, approaches with a low bow, and enters into conversation.]
mason. [Announcing guests from the top of the staircase.] Mr. and Lady Jane Barford. Lord Caversham.
[Enter lord caversham, an old gentleman of seventy, wearing the riband and star of the Garter. A fine Whig type. Rather like a portrait by Lawrence.]
lord caversham. Good evening, Lady Chiltern! Has my good-for-nothing young son been here?
lady chiltern.
[Smiling.] I don't think Lord Goring has arrived yet.
mabel chiltern. [Coming up to lord caversham.] Why do you call Lord Goring good-for-nothing?
[mabel chiltern is a perfect example of the English type of prettiness, the apple-blossom type. She has all the fragrance and freedom of a flower. There is ripple after ripple of sunlight in her hair, and the little mouth, with its parted lips, is expectant, like the mouth of a child. She has the fascinating tyranny of youth, and the astonishing courage of innocence. To sane people she is not reminiscent of any work of art.
But she is really like a Tanagra statuette, and would be rather annoyed if she were told so.]
lord caversham. Because he leads such an idle life.
mabel chiltern. How can you say such a thing? Why, he rides in the Row at ten o'clock in the morning, goes to the Opera three times a week, changes his clothes at least five times a day, and dines out every night of the season. You don't call that leading an idle life, do you?
lord caversham. [Looking at her with a kindly twinkle in his eyes.] You are a very charming young lady!
mabel chiltern. How sweet of you to say that, Lord Caversham! Do come to us more often. You know we are always at home on Wednesdays, and you look so well with your star!
lord caversham. Never go anywhere now. Sick of London Society. Shouldn't mind being introduced to my own tailor; he always votes on the right side. But object strongly to being sent down to dinner with my wife's milliner. Never could stand Lady Caversham's bonnets.
mabel chiltern. Oh, I love London Society! I think it has immensely improved. It is entirely composed now of beautiful idiots and brilliant lunatics. Just what Society should be.
lord caversham. Hum!
Which is Goring? Beautiful idiot, or the other thing?
mabel chiltern.
[Gravely.] I have been obliged for the present to put Lord Goring into a class quite by himself. But he is developing charmingly!
lord caversham. Into what?
mabel chiltern. [With a little curtsey.] I hope to let you know very soon, Lord Caversham!
mason. [Announcing guests.] Lady Markby. Mrs. Cheveley.
[Enter lady markby and mrs.


of doing; action. In act, in the very doing; on the point of (doing). "In act to shoot." Dryden.
 This woman was taken... in the very act. John viii. 4.
Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. -- Act of bankruptcy (Law), an act of a debtor which renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. -- Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto-da-Fé. -- Act of God (Law), an inevitable accident; such extraordinary interruption of the usual course of events as is not to be looked for in advance, and against which ordinary prudence could not guard. -- Act of grace, an expression often used to designate an act declaring pardon or amnesty to numerous offenders, as at the beginning of a new reign. -- Act of indemnity, a statute passed for the protection of those who have committed some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. -- Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the country), and not a matter of record.

Syn. -- See Action.

 Act, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Acting.] [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action; to actuate; to animate. [Obs.]

 Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope.
2. To perform; to execute; to do. [Archaic] That we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than our necessity. Jer. Taylor.
 Industry doth beget by producing good habits, and facility of acting things expedient for us to do. Barrow.
 Uplifted hands that at convenient times Could act extortion and the worst of crimes. Cowper.
3. To perform, as an actor; to represent dramatically on the stage.

4. To assume the office or character of; to play; to personate; as, to act the hero.

5. To feign or counterfeit; to simulate.

 With acted fear the villain thus pursued. Dryden.
To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters in a play; hence, to simulate; to dissemble. -- To act the part of, to take the character of; to fulfill the duties of.

 Act, v. i. 1. To exert power; to produce an effect; as, the stomach acts upon food.

2. To perform actions; to fulfill functions; to put forth energy; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest; to carry into effect a determination of the will.

 He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest. Pope.
3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to bear or deport one's self; as, we know not why he has acted so.

4. To perform on the stage; to represent a character.

 To show the world how Garrick did not act. Cowper.
To act as or for, to do the work of; to serve as. -- To act on, to regulate one's conduct according to. -- To act up to, to equal in action; to fulfill in practice; as, he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages.

 Act"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being acted. Tennyson.
 Ac"ti*nal (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Zoöl.)
 Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz.
 ||Ac'ti*na"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not.

 Act"ing (&?;), a. 1. Operating in any way.

2. Doing duty for another; officiating; as, an acting superintendent.

 ||Ac*tin"i*a (&?;), n.; pl. L. Actiniæ (&?;), E. Actinias (&?;). [Latinized fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.]
 (Zoöl.) (a) An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidæ. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.]. (b) A genus in the family Actinidæ.

 Ac*tin"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to actinism; as, actinic rays.

 Ac*tin"i*form (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -form.]
 Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone.

 Ac"tin*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?; ray.] The property of radiant energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography.

 Ac*tin"i*um (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Chem.)
 A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be contained in commercial zinc; -- so called because certain of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light.

 Ac'ti*no-chem"is*try (&?;), n. Chemistry in its relations to actinism. Draper.
 Ac*tin"o*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -graph.]
 An instrument for measuring and recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force of rays of light. Nichol.
 Ac"tin*oid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -oid.]
 Having the form of rays; radiated, as an actinia.

 Ac*tin"o*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -lite.]
 (Min.) A bright green variety of amphibole occurring usually in fibrous or columnar masses.

 Ac'tin*o*lit"ic (&?;), a. (Min.) Of the nature of, or containing, actinolite.

 Ac'ti*nol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -logy.]
 The science which treats of rays of light, especially of the actinic or chemical rays.

 Ac*tin"o*mere (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; part.] (Zoöl.) One of the radial segments composing the body of one of the Cœlenterata.

 Ac'ti*nom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -meter] (a) An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun's rays. (b) An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light.

 Ac'ti*no*met"ric (&?;), a. Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either (a) heating, or (b) actinic.

 Ac'ti*nom"e*try (&?;), n. 1. The measurement of the force of solar radiation. Maury.
2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy of light. Abney.
 Ac'ti*noph"o*rous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; to bear.] Having straight projecting spines.

 Ac*tin"o*some (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; ray + &?; body.] (Zoöl.)
 The entire body of a cœlenterate.


every one that believeth" (Romans 10:1.)

 How may these two contradictory statements of the Apostle, "Ye knew not God," and "Ye worshipped God," be reconciled? I answer: By nature all men know that there is a God, "because that which may be known of God is manifest in them, for God hath showed it unto them. For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen." (Romans 1:19, 20.) Furthermore, the different religions to be found among all nations at all times bear witness to the fact that all men have a certain intuitive knowledge of God.

 If all men know God how can Paul say that the Galatians did not know God prior to the hearing of the Gospel? I answer: There is a twofold knowledge of God, general and particular. All men have the general and instinctive recognition that there is a God who created heaven and earth, who is just and holy, and who punishes the wicked. How God feels about us, what His intentions are, what He will do for us, or how He will save us, that men cannot know instinctively. It must be revealed to them. I may know a person by sight, and still not know him, because I do not know how he feels about me. Men know instinctively that there is a God. But what His will is toward them, they do not know. It is written: "There is none that understandeth God." (Romans 3:11.) Again, "No man hath seen God." (John 1:18.) Now, what good does it do you if you know that there is a God, if you do not know how He feels about you, or what He wants of you? People have done a good deal of guessing. The Jew imagines he is doing the will of God if he concentrates on the Law of Moses. The Mohammedan thinks his Koran is the will of God. The monk fancies he is doing the will of God if he performs his vows. But they deceive themselves and become "vain in their imaginations," as Paul says, Romans 1:21. Instead of worshipping the true God, they worship the vain imaginations of their foolish hearts.

 What Paul means by saying to the Galatians, "When ye knew not God," is simply this: "There was a time when you did not know the will of God in Christ, but you worshipped gods of your own invention, thinking that you had to perform this or that labor." Whether you understand the "elements of the world" to mean the Law of Moses, or the religions of the heathen nations, it makes no difference. Those who lapse from the Gospel to the Law are no better off than those who lapse from grace into idolatry.
 Without Christ all religion is idolatry. Without Christ men will entertain false ideas about God, call their ideas what you like, the laws of Moses, the ordinances of the Pope, the Koran of the Mohammedans, or what have you.

 "Is it not amazing," cries Paul, "that you Galatians who knew God intimately by the hearing of the Gospel, should all of a sudden revert from the true knowledge of His will in which I thought you were confirmed, to the weak and beggarly elements of the Law which can only enslave you again?"

 The Apostle turns the foregoing sentence around. He fears the Galatians have lost God altogether. "Alas," he cries, "have you come to this, that you no longer know God? What else am I to think? Nevertheless, God knows you." Our knowledge of God is rather passive than active. God knows us better than we know God. "Ye are known of God" means that God brings His Gospel to our attention, and endows us with faith and the Holy Spirit.
 Even in these words the Apostle denies the possibility of our knowing God by the performance of the Law. "No man knoweth who the Father is, but the Son, and he to whom the Son will reveal him." (Luke 10:22.) "By his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities." (Isaiah 53:11.)

 The Apostle frankly expresses his surprise to the Galatians that they who had known God intimately through the Gospel, should so easily be persuaded by the false apostles to return to the weak and beggarly elements of the Law. I would not be surprised to see my church perverted by some fanatic through one or two sermons. We are no better than the apostles who had to witness the subversion of the churches which they had planted with their own hands. Nevertheless, Christ will reign to the end of the world, and that miraculously, as He did during the Dark Ages.

 Paul seems to think rather ill of the Law. He calls it the elements of the world, the weak and beggarly elements of the world. Was it not irreverent for him to speak that way about the holy Law of God? The Law ought to prepare the way of Christ into the hearts of men. That is the true purpose and function of the Law. But if the Law presumes to usurp the place and function of the Gospel, it is no longer the holy Law of God, but a pseudo-Gospel.

 If you care to amplify this matter you may add the observation that the Law is a weak and beggarly element because it makes people weak and beggarly. The Law has no power and affluence to make men strong and rich before God. To seek to be justified by the Law amounts to the same thing as if a person who is already weak and feeble should try to find strength in weakness, or as if a person with the dropsy should seek a cure by exposing himself to the pestilence, or as if a leper should go to a leper, and a beggar to a beggar to find health and wealth.

 Those who seek to be justified by the Law grow weaker and more destitute right along. They are weak and bankrupt to begin with. They are by nature the children of wrath. Yet for salvation they grasp at the straw of the Law. The Law can only aggravate their weakness and poverty. The Law makes them ten times weaker and poorer than they were before.

 I and many others have experienced the truth of this. I have known monks who zealously labored to please God for salvation, but the more they labored the more impatient, miserable, uncertain, and fearful they became.
 What else can you expect? You cannot grow strong through weakness and rich through poverty. People who prefer the Law to the Gospel are like Aesop's dog who let go of the meat to snatch at the shadow of the water. There is no satisfaction in the Law. What satisfaction can there be in collecting laws with which to torment oneself and others? One law breeds ten more until their number is legion.

 Who would have thought it possible that the Galatians, taught as they were by that efficient apostle and teacher, Paul, could so quickly be led astray by the false apostles? To fall away from the Gospel is an easy matter because few people appreciate what an excellent treasure the knowledge of Christ really is. People are not sufficiently exercised in their faith by afflictions. They do not wrestle against sin. They live in security without conflict. Because they have never been tried in the furnace of affliction they are not properly equipped with the armor of God and know not how to use the sword of the Spirit. As long as they are being shepherded by faithful pastors, all is well. But when their faithful shepherds are gone and wolves disguised as sheep break into the fold, back they go to the weak and beggarly elements of the Law.

 Whoever goes back to the Law loses the knowledge of the truth, fails in the recognition of his sinfulness, does not know God, nor the devil, nor himself, and does not understand the meaning and purpose of the Law.
 Without the knowledge of Christ a man will always argue that the Law is necessary for salvation, that it will strengthen the weak and enrich the poor. Wherever this opinion holds sway the promises of God are denied, Christ is demoted, hypocrisy and idolatry are established.

 The Apostle pointedly asks the Galatians whether they desire to be in bondage again to the Law. The Law is weak and poor, the sinner is weak and poor—two feeble beggars trying to help each other. They cannot do


AFTER DARK By Wilkie Collins CONTENTS PREFACE TO "AFTER DARK." AFTER DARK.
 PROLOGUE TO THE FIRST STORY.
 THE TRAVELER'S STORY OF A TERRIBLY STRANGE BED.
 PROLOGUE TO THE SECOND STORY.
 THE LAWYER'S STORY OF A STOLEN LETTER.
 PROLOGUE TO THE THIRD STORY.
 THE FRENCH GOVERNESS'S STORY OF SISTER ROSE.
 PART FIRST.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 PART SECOND.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 CHAPTER IV.
 CHAPTER V. PART THIRD.
 CHAPTER 1.
 CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 EPILOGUE TO THE THIRD STORY.
 PROLOGUE TO THE FOURTH STORY.
 THE ANGLER'S STORY of THE LADY OF GLENWITH GRANGE.
 PROLOGUE TO THE FIFTH STORY.
 THE NUN'S STORY OF GABRIEL'S MARRIAGE CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 CHAPTER IV.
 CHAPTER V. PROLOGUE TO THE SIXTH STORY.
 THE PROFESSOR'S STORY OF THE YELLOW MASK.
 PART FIRST.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 PART SECOND.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 PART THIRD.
 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 CHAPTER IV.
 CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI.
 CHAPTER VII.
 CHAPTER VIII.

 PREFACE TO "AFTER DARK." I have taken some pains to string together the various stories contained in this Volume on a single thread of interest, which, so far as I know, has at least the merit of not having been used before.

 The pages entitled "Leah's Diary" are, however, intended to fulfill another purpose besides that of serving as the frame-work for my collection of tales. In this part of the book, and subsequently in the Prologues to the stories, it has been my object to give the reader one more glimpse at that artist-life which circumstances have afforded me peculiar opportunities of studying, and which I have already tried to represent, under another aspect, in my fiction, "Hide-and-Seek." This time I wish to ask some sympathy for the joys and sorrows of a poor traveling portrait-painter—presented from his wife's point of view in "Leah's Diary," and supposed to be briefly and simply narrated by himself in the Prologues to the stories. I have purposely kept these two portions of the book within certain limits; only giving, in the one case, as much as the wife might naturally write in her diary at intervals of household leisure; and, in the other, as much as a modest and sensible man would be likely to say about himself and about the characters he met with in his wanderings.
 If I have been so fortunate as to make my idea intelligible by this brief and simple mode of treatment, and if I have, at the same time, achieved the necessary object of gathering several separate stories together as neatly-fitting parts of one complete whole, I shall have succeeded in a design which I have for some time past been very anxious creditably to fulfill.

 Of the tales themselves, taken individually, I have only to say, by way of necessary explanation, that "The Lady of Glenwith Grange" is now offered to the reader for the first time; and that the other stories have appeared in the columns of Household Words. My best thanks are due to Mr.
 Charles Dickens for his kindness in allowing me to set them in their present frame-work.

 I must also gratefully acknowledge an obligation of another kind to the accomplished artist, Mr. W. S. Herrick, to whom I am indebted for the curious and interesting facts on which the tales of "The Terribly Strange Bed" and "The Yellow Mask" are founded.

 Although the statement may appear somewhat superfluous to those who know me, it may not be out of place to add, in conclusion, that these stories are entirely of my own imagining, constructing, and writing. The fact that the events of some of my tales occur on foreign ground, and are acted out by foreign personages, appears to have suggested in some quarters the inference that the stories themselves might be of foreign origin. Let me, once for all, assure any readers who may honor me with their attention, that in this, and in all other cases, they may depend on the genuineness of my literary offspring. The little children of my brain may be weakly enough, and may be sadly in want of a helping hand to aid them in their first attempts at walking on the stage of this great world; but, at any rate, they are not borrowed children. The members of my own literary family are indeed increasing so fast as to render the very idea of borrowing quite out of the question, and to suggest serious apprehension that I may not have done adding to the large book-population, on my own sole responsibility, even yet.

 AFTER DARK.

 LEAVES FROM LEAH'S DIARY.

 26th February, 1827.—The doctor has just called for the third time to examine my husband's eyes. Thank God, there is no fear at present of my poor William losing his sight, provided he can be prevailed on to attend rigidly to the medical instructions for preserving it. These instructions, which forbid him to exercise his profession for the next six months at least, are, in our case, very hard to follow. They will but too probably sentence us to poverty, perhaps to actual want; but they must be borne resignedly, and even thankfully, seeing that my husband's forced cessation from work will save him from the dreadful affliction of loss of sight. I think I can answer for my own cheerfulness and endurance, now that we know the worst. Can I answer for our children also? Surely I can, when there are only two of them. It is a sad confession to make, but now, for the first time since my marriage, I feel thankful that we have no more.

 17th.—A dread came over me last night, after I had comforted William as well as I could about the future, and had heard him fall off to sleep, that the doctor had not told us the worst. Medical men do sometimes deceive their patients, from what has always seemed to me to be misdirected kindness of heart. The mere suspicion that I had been trifled with on the subject of my husband's illness, caused me such uneasiness, that I made an excuse to get out, and went in secret to the doctor.
 Fortunately, I found him at home, and in three words I confessed to him the object of my visit.

 He smiled, and said I might make myself easy; he had told us the worst.

 "And that worst," I said, to make certain, "is, that for the next six months my husband must allow his eyes to have the most perfect repose?" "Exactly," the doctor answered. "Mind, I don't say that he may not dispense with his green shade, indoors, for an hour or two at a time, as the inflammation gets subdued. But I do most positively repeat that he must not employ his eyes. He must not touch a brush or pencil; he must not think of taking another likeness, on any consideration whatever, for the next six months. His persisting in finishing those two portraits, at the time when his eyes first began to fail, was the real cause of all the bad symptoms that we have had to combat ever since. I warned him (if you remember, Mrs. Kerby?) when he first came to practice in our neighborhood." "I know you did, sir," I replied. "But what was a poor


sailors in cold weather.

 Peak (?), n. [OE. pek, AS. peac, perh of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. peac a sharppointed thing. Cf. Pike.] 1. A point; the sharp end or top of anything that terminates in a point; as, the peak, or front, of a cap. "Run your beard into a peak."
 Beau. & Fl.
2. The top, or one of the tops, of a hill, mountain, or range, ending in a point; often, the whole hill or mountain, esp. when isolated; as, the Peak of Teneriffe.

 Silent upon a peak in Darien.

Keats.
3. (Naut.) (a) The upper aftermost corner of a fore-and-aft sail; -- used in many combinations; as, peak-halyards, peak-brails, etc. (b) The narrow part of a vessel's bow, or the hold within it. (c) The extremity of an anchor fluke; the bill.
 [In the last sense written also pea and pee.]

Fore peak. (Naut.) See under Fore.

 Peak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Peaking.] 1. To rise or extend into a peak or point; to form, or appear as, a peak.

 There peaketh up a mighty high mount.

Holand.
2. To acquire sharpness of figure or features; hence, to look thin or sicky. "Dwindle, peak, and pine." Shak.
3. [Cf. Peek.] To pry; to peep slyly. Shak.
Peak arch (Arch.), a pointed or Gothic arch.

 Peak, v. t. (Naut.) To raise to a position perpendicular, or more nearly so; as, to peak oars, to hold them upright; to peak a gaff or yard, to set it nearer the perpendicular.

 Peaked (?), a. 1. Pointed; ending in a point; as, a peaked roof.

2. (Oftener &?;) Sickly; not robust. [Colloq.]

 Peak"ing (?), a. 1. Mean; sneaking. [Vulgar] 2. Pining; sickly; peakish. [Colloq.]

 Peak"ish, a. 1. Of or relating to a peak; or to peaks; belonging to a mountainous region. "Her peakish spring." Drayton.
 "His peakish dialect." Bp. Hall.
2. Having peaks; peaked.

3. Having features thin or sharp, as from sickness; hence, sickly.
 [Colloq.]

 Peak"y (?), a. 1. Having a peak or peaks. Tennyson.
2. Sickly; peaked. [Colloq.]

 Peal (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A small salmon; a grilse; a sewin. [Prov. Eng.]

 Peal, v. i. To appeal. [Obs.] Spencer.
 Peal, n. [An abbrev. of F. appel a call, appeal, ruffle of a drum, fr. appeller to call, L. appellare. See Appeal.] 1.
 A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts, of a multitude, etc. "A fair peal of artillery." Hayward.
 Whether those peals of praise be his or no.

Shak.
 And a deep thunder, peal on peal, afar.

Byron.
2. A set of bells tuned to each other according to the diatonic scale; also, the changes rung on a set of bells.

To ring a peal. See under Ring.

 Peal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pealing.] 1. To utter or give out loud sounds.

 There let the pealing organ blow.

Milton.
2. To resound; to echo.

 And the whole air pealed With the cheers of our men.

Longfellow.
 Peal, v. t. 1. To utter or give forth loudly; to cause to give out loud sounds; to noise abroad.

 The warrior's name, Though pealed and chimed on all the tongues of fame.

J. Barlow.
2. To assail with noise or loud sounds.

 Nor was his ear less pealed.

Milton.
3. To pour out. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Pean (?), n. [OF. pene, F. panne.] (Her.) One of the furs, the ground being sable, and the spots or tufts or.

 Pe"an (?), n. A song of praise and triumph. See Pæan.

 Pe"an*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to chant the pæan.]
 The song or shout of praise, of battle, or of triumph. [R.]

 Pea"nut (?), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a trailing leguminous plant (Arachis hypogæa); also, the plant itself, which is widely cultivated for its fruit.

 The fruit is a hard pod, usually containing two or three seeds, sometimes but one, which ripen beneath the soil. Called also earthnut, groundnut, and goober.

 Pear (pâr), n. [OE. pere, AS. peru, L. pirum: cf. F. poire. Cf. Perry.] (Bot.) The fleshy pome, or fruit, of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus communis), cultivated in many varieties in temperate climates; also, the tree which bears this fruit. See Pear family, below.

Pear blight. (a) (Bot.) A name of two distinct diseases of pear trees, both causing a destruction of the branches, viz., that caused by a minute insect (Xyleborus pyri), and that caused by the freezing of the sap in winter. A. J. Downing. (b) (Zoöl.)
 A very small beetle (Xyleborus pyri) whose larvæ bore in the twigs of pear trees and cause them to wither. -- Pear family (Bot.), a suborder of rosaceous plants (Pomeæ), characterized by the calyx tube becoming fleshy in fruit, and, combined with the ovaries, forming a pome. It includes the apple, pear, quince, service berry, and hawthorn. -- Pear gauge (Physics), a kind of gauge for measuring the exhaustion of an air-pump receiver; -- so called because consisting in part of a pear-shaped glass vessel. -- Pear shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Pyrula, native of tropical seas; -- so called from the shape. -- Pear slug (Zoöl.), the larva of a sawfly which is very injurious to the foliage of the pear tree.

 Pearch (?), n. [Obs.] See Perch.

 Pearl (?), n. A fringe or border. [Obs.] -- v. t. To fringe; to border. [Obs.] See Purl.

Pearl stitch. See Purl stitch, under Purl.

 Pearl, n. [OE. perle, F. perle, LL. perla, perula, probably fr. (assumed) L. pirulo, dim. of L. pirum a pear.
 See Pear, and cf. Purl to mantle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A shelly concretion, usually rounded, and having a brilliant luster, with varying tints, found in the mantle, or between the mantle and shell, of certain bivalve mollusks, especially in the pearl oysters and river mussels, and sometimes in certain univalves. It is usually due to a secretion of shelly substance