rarely for coin, and in the form of foil and wire for many purposes. Specific gravity 21.5. Atomic weight 194.3. Symbol Pt. Formerly called platina.

Platinum black (Chem.), a soft, dull black powder, consisting of finely divided metallic platinum obtained by reduction and precipitation from its solutions. It absorbs oxygen to a high degree, and is employed as an oxidizer. -- Platinum lamp (Elec.), a kind of incandescent lamp of which the luminous medium is platinum. See under Incandescent. -- Platinum metals (Chem.), the group of metallic elements which in their chemical and physical properties resemble platinum. These consist of the light platinum group, viz., rhodium, ruthenium, and palladium, whose specific gravities are about 12; and the heavy platinum group, viz., osmium, iridium, and platinum, whose specific gravities are over 21. -- Platinum sponge (Chem.), metallic platinum in a gray, porous, spongy form, obtained by reducing the double chloride of platinum and ammonium. It absorbs oxygen, hydrogen, and certain other gases, to a high degree, and is employed as an agent in oxidizing.

 Plat"i*tude (?), n. [F., from plat flat. See Plate.] 1.
 The quality or state of being flat, thin, or insipid; flat commonness; triteness; staleness of ideas of language.

 To hammer one golden grain of wit into a sheet of infinite platitude.

Motley.
2. A thought or remark which is flat, dull, trite, or weak; a truism; a commonplace.

 Plat'i*tu'di*na"ri*an (?), n. One addicted to uttering platitudes, or stale and insipid truisms. "A political platitudinarian." G. Eliot.
 Plat'i*tu"di*nize (?), v. i. To utter platitudes or truisms.

 Plat'i*tu"di*nous (?), a. Abounding in platitudes; of the nature of platitudes; uttering platitudes. -- Plat'i*tu"di*nous*ness, n. Plat"ly (?), a. Flatly. See Plat, a. [Obs.]

 Plat"ness, n. Flatness. [Obs.] Palsgrave.
 Pla*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; flat + -meter.] See Planimeter.

 { Pla*ton"ic (?), Pla*ton"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Platonicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. platonique.] 1. Of or pertaining to Plato, or his philosophy, school, or opinions.

2. Pure, passionless; nonsexual; philosophical.

Platonic bodies, the five regular geometrical solids; namely, the tetrahedron, hexahedron or cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. -- Platonic love, a pure, spiritual affection, subsisting between persons of opposite sex, unmixed with carnal desires, and regarding the mind only and its excellences; -- a species of love for which Plato was a warm advocate. -- Platonic year (Astron.), a period of time determined by the revolution of the equinoxes, or the space of time in which the stars and constellations return to their former places in respect to the equinoxes; -- called also great year. This revolution, which is caused by the precession of the equinoxes, is accomplished in about 26,000 years. Barlow.
 Pla*ton"ic, n. A follower of Plato; a Platonist.

 Pla*ton"ic*al*ly, adv. In a Platonic manner.

 Pla"to*nism (?), n. [Cf. F. Platonisme.] 1. The doctrines or philosophy by Plato or of his followers.

 Plato believed God to be an infinitely wise, just, and powerful Spirit; and also that he formed the visible universe out of preëxistent amorphous matter, according to perfect patterns of ideas eternally existent in his own mind. Philosophy he considered as being a knowledge of the true nature of things, as discoverable in those eternal ideas after which all things were fashioned. In other words, it is the knowledge of what is eternal, exists necessarily, and is unchangeable; not of the temporary, the dependent, and changeable; and of course it is not obtained through the senses; neither is it the product of the understanding, which concerns itself only with the variable and transitory; nor is it the result of experience and observation; but it is the product of our reason, which, as partaking of the divine nature, has innate ideas resembling the eternal ideas of God. By contemplating these innate ideas, reasoning about them, and comparing them with their copies in the visible universe, reason can attain that true knowledge of things which is called philosophy.
 Plato's professed followers, the Academics, and the New Platonists, differed considerably from him, yet are called Platonists. Murdock.
2. An elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the universe; sometimes, imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions.

 Pla"to*nist (?), n. One who adheres to the philosophy of Plato; a follower of Plato. Hammond.
 Pla"to*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Platonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Platonizing.] To adopt the opinion of Plato or his followers. Milner.
 Pla"to*nize, v. t. To explain by, or accomodate to, the Platonic philosophy. Enfield.
 Pla"to*ni'zer (?), n. One who Platonizes.

 Pla*toon" (?), n. [F. peloton a ball of thread, a knot or group of men, a platoon, from pelote a ball formed of things wound round. See Pellet.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a body of men who fired together; also, a small square body of soldiers to strengthen the angles of a hollow square. (b) Now, in the United States service, half of a company.

 Platt (?), n. (Mining) See Lodge, n. Raymond.
 Platt"deutsch' (?), n. The modern dialects spoken in the north of Germany, taken collectively; modern Low German. See Low German, under German.

 Plat"ten (?), v. t. [See Plat, a.] (Glass Making) To flatten and make into sheets or plates; as, to platten cylinder glass.

 Plat"ter (?), n. [From Plat to braid.] One who plats or braids.

 Plat"ter, n. [Probably fr. OF. platel, F. plateau.
 See Plateau.] A large plate or shallow dish on which meat or other food is brought to the table.

 The attendants... speedly brought in several large, smoking platters, filled with huge pieces of beef.

Sir W. Scott.
 Plat"ter-faced' (?), a. Having a broad, flat face.

 Plat"ting (?), n. Plaited strips or bark, cane, straw, etc., used for making hats or the like.

 Plat"y (?), a. Like a plate; consisting of plates.

 Plat"y- (?). A combining form from Gr. platy's broad, wide, flat; as, platypus, platycephalous.

 { Plat'y*ce*phal"ic (?), Plat'y*ceph"a*lous (?), } a. [Platy + Gr. &?; head.] (Anat.) Broad-headed.

 Plat'yc*ne"mic (?), a. [Platy + Gr. &?; leg: cf. F. platycnémique.]
 (Anat.) Of, relating to, or characterized by, platycnemism.

 Pla*


n. A shop where prints are sold.

 Pri"or (?), a. [L. prior former, previous, better, superior; compar. corresponding to primus first, and pro for. See Former, and cf. Prime, a., and Pre-, Pro-.] Preceding in the order of time; former; antecedent; anterior; previous; as, a prior discovery; prior obligation; -- used elliptically in cases like the following: he lived alone [in the time] prior to his marriage.

 Pri"or, n. [OE. priour, OF. priour, prior, priur, F. prieur, from L. prior former, superior. See Prior, a.]
 (Eccl.) The superior of a priory, and next below an abbot in dignity.

Conventical, or Conventual, prior, a prior who is at the head of his own house. See the Note under Priory. -- Claustral prior, an official next in rank to the abbot in a monastery; prior of the cloisters.

 Pri"or*ate (?), n. [LL. prioratus: cf. F. priorat.]
 The dignity, office, or government, of a prior. T. Warton.
 Pri"or*ess, n. [OF. prioresse.] A lady superior of a priory of nuns, and next in dignity to an abbess.

 Pri*or"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. priorité. See Prior, a.]
 1. The quality or state of being prior or antecedent in time, or of preceding something else; as, priority of application.

2. Precedence; superior rank. Shak.
Priority of debts, a superior claim to payment, or a claim to payment before others.

Syn. -- Antecedence; precedence; preëminence.

 Pri"or*ly (?), adv. Previously. [R.] Geddes.
 Pri"or*ship, n. The state or office of prior; priorate.

 Pri"o*ry (?), n.; pl. Priories (#). [Cf. LL. prioria.
 See Prior, n.] A religious house presided over by a prior or prioress; -- sometimes an offshoot of, an subordinate to, an abbey, and called also cell, and obedience. See Cell, 2.

 Of such houses there were two sorts: one where the prior was chosen by the inmates, and governed as independently as an abbot in an abbey; the other where the priory was subordinate to an abbey, and the prior was placed or displaced at the will of the abbot.

Alien priory, a small religious house dependent on a large monastery in some other country.

Syn. -- See Cloister.

 Pris (?), n. See Price, and 1st Prize. [Obs.]

 Pris"age (?; 48), n. [OF. prisage a praising, valuing, taxing; cf. LL. prisagium prisage; or from F. prise a taking, capture, prize. See Prize.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A right belonging to the crown of England, of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more, -- one before and one behind the mast. By charter of Edward I. butlerage was substituted for this. Blackstone.
(b) The share of merchandise taken as lawful prize at sea which belongs to the king or admiral.

 Pris*cil"lian*ist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, in the fourth century, who mixed various elements of Gnosticism and Manicheism with Christianity.

 Prise (?), n. An enterprise. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Prise, n. & v. See Prize, n., 5. Also Prize, v. t. Pris"er (?), n. See 1st Prizer. [Obs.]

 Prism (prz'm), n. [L. prisma, Gr. pri'sma, fr. pri'zein, pri'ein, to saw: cf. F. prisme.] 1. (Geom.) A solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figures, and whose sides are parallelograms.

Prisms of different forms are often named from the figure of their bases; as, a triangular prism, a quadrangular prism, a rhombic prism, etc.

2. (Opt.) A transparent body, with usually three rectangular plane faces or sides, and two equal and parallel triangular ends or bases; -- used in experiments on refraction, dispersion, etc.

3. (Crystallog.) A form the planes of which are parallel to the vertical axis. See Form, n., 13.

Achromatic prism (Opt.), a prism composed usually of two prisms of different transparent substances which have unequal dispersive powers, as two different kinds of glass, especially flint glass and crown glass, the difference of dispersive power being compensated by giving them different refracting angles, so that, when placed together so as to have opposite relative positions, a ray of light passed through them is refracted or bent into a new position, but is free from color. -- Nicol's prism, Nicol prism. [So called from Wm. Nicol, of Edinburgh, who first proposed it.] (Opt.) An instrument for experiments in polarization, consisting of a rhomb of Iceland spar, which has been bisected obliquely at a certain angle, and the two parts again joined with transparent cement, so that the ordinary image produced by double refraction is thrown out of the field by total reflection from the internal cemented surface, and the extraordinary, or polarized, image alone is transmitted.

 { Pris*mat"ic (?), Pris*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. prismatique.]
 1. Resembling, or pertaining to, a prism; as, a prismatic form or cleavage.

2. Separated or distributed by a prism; formed by a prism; as, prismatic colors.

3. (Crystallog.) Same as Orthorhombic.

Prismatic borax (Chem.), borax crystallized in the form of oblique prisms, with ten molecules of water; -- distinguished from octahedral borax. -- Prismatic colors (Opt.), the seven colors into which light is resolved when passed through a prism; primary colors. See Primary colors, under Color. -- Prismatic compass (Surv.), a compass having a prism for viewing a distant object and the compass card at the same time. -- Prismatic spectrum (Opt.), the spectrum produced by the passage of light through a prism.

 Pris*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In the form or manner of a prism; by means of a prism.

 Pris'ma*toid"al (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, prism + -oid: F. prismatoïde.] Having a prismlike form. Ure.
 Pris"moid (prz"moid), n. [Cf. F. prismtoïde.] A body that approaches to the form of a prism.

 Pris*moid"al (?), a. Having the form of a prismoid; as, prismoidal solids.

 Pris"my (?), a. Pertaining to a prism. [R.]

 Pris"on (?; 277), n. [F., fr. L. prehensio, prensio, a seizing, arresting, fr. prehendre, prendere, to lay hold of, to seize. See Prehensile, and cf. Prize, n., Misprision.] 1.
 A place where persons are confined, or restrained of personal liberty; hence, a place or state o&?; confinement, restraint, or safe custody.

 Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name.

Ps. cxlii. 7.
 The tyrant Æolus,... With power imperial, curbs the


Goth. hw wherewith, hwaiwa how. √182.
 See Who, and cf. Why.] 1. In what manner or way; by what means or process.

How can a man be born when he is old?

John iii. 4.
2. To what degree or extent, number or amount; in what proportion; by what measure or quality.

 O, how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day.

Ps. cxix. 97.
 By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains, and rivers of the earth.

Bentley.
3. For what reason; from what cause.

How now, my love! why is your cheek so pale?

Shak.
4. In what state, condition, or plight.

How, and with what reproach, shall I return?

Dryden.
5. By what name, designation, or title.

How art thou called?

Shak.
6. At what price; how dear. [Obs.]

How a score of ewes now?

Shak.
How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is also often employed to emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. "How are the mighty fallen!" 2 Sam. i. 27.
 Sometimes, also, it is used as a noun; -- as, the how, the when, the wherefore. Shelley.
 Let me beg you -- don't say "How?" for "What?"

Holmes.
 ||How*adj"i (?), n. [Ar.] 1. A traveler.

2. A merchant; -- so called in the East because merchants were formerly the chief travelers.

 How*be"it (?), conj. [How + be + it.] Be it as it may; nevertheless; notwithstanding; although; albeit; yet; but; however.

 The Moor -- howbeit that I endure him not - Is of a constant, loving, noble nature.

Shak.
 How"dah (?), n. [Ar. hawdaj.] A seat or pavilion, generally covered, fastened on the back of an elephant, for the rider or riders.
 [Written also houdah.]

 How"dy (?), n. [Scot., also houdywife. Of uncertain origin; cf. OSw. jordgumma; or perh. fr. E. how d'ye.] A midwife. [Prov. Eng.]

 How"el (?), n. A tool used by coopers for smoothing and chamfering rheir work, especially the inside of casks.

 How"el, v. t. To smooth; to plane; as, to howel a cask.

 How"ell, n. The upper stage of a porcelian furnace.

 How*ev"er (?), adv. [Sometimes contracted into howe'er.] 1.
 In whetever manner, way, or degree.

However yet they me despise and spite.

Spenser.
Howe'er the business goes, you have made fault.

Shak.
2. At all events; at least; in any case.

 Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however from the greatest evils.

Tillotson.
 How*ev"er, conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet; still; though; as, I shall not oppose your design; I can not, however, approve of it.

 In your excuse your love does little say; You might howe'er have took a better way.

Dryden.
Syn. -- However, At least, Nevertheless, Yet. These words, as here compared, have an adversative sense in reference to something referred to in the context. However is the most general, and leads to a final conclusion or decision. Thus we say, the truth, however, has not yet fully come out; i.e., such is the speaker's conclusion in view of the whole case. So also we say, however, you may rely on my assistance to that amount; i. e., at all events, whatever may happen, this is my final decision. At least is adversative in another way. It points out the utmost concession that can possibly be required, and still marks the adversative conclusion; as, at least, this must be done; whatever may be our love of peace, we must at least maintain the rights of conscience. Nevertheless denotes that though the concession be fully made, it has no bearing of the question; as, nevertheless, we must go forward. Yet signifies that however extreme the supposition or fact comceded may be, the consequence which might naturally be expected does not and will not follow; as, though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee; though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Cf. But.

 How"itz (?), n. A howitzer. [Obs.]

 How"itz*er (?), n. [G. haubitze, formerly hauffnitz, Bohem. haufnice, orig., a sling.] (Mil.) (a) A gun so short that the projectile, which was hollow, could be put in its place by hand; a kind of mortar. [Obs.] (b) A short, light, largebore cannon, usually having a chamber of smaller diameter than the rest of the bore, and intended to throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges.

 How"ker (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Hooker.

 Howl (houl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Howled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Howling.] [OE. houlen, hulen; akin to D. huilen, MHG. hiulen, hiuweln, OHG. hiuwiln to exult, h&?;wo owl, Dan. hyle to howl.] 1. To utter a loud, protracted, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do.

 And dogs in corners set them down to howl.

Drayton.
 Methought a legion of foul fiends Environ'd me about, and howled in my ears.

Shak.
2. To utter a sound expressive of distress; to cry aloud and mournfully; to lament; to wail.

Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand.

Is. xiii. 6.
3. To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast.

 Wild howled the wind.

Sir W. Scott.
Howling monkey. (Zoöl.) See Howler, 2. -- Howling wilderness, a wild, desolate place inhabited only by wild beasts. Deut.
 xxxii. 10.
 Howl, v. t. To utter with outcry. "Go... howl it out in deserts." Philips.
 Howl, n. 1. The protracted, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf, or other like sound.

2. A prolonged cry of distress or anguish; a wail.

 Howl"er (?), n. 1. One who howls.

2. (Zoöl.) Any South American monkey of the genus Mycetes.
 Many species are known. They are arboreal in their habits, and are noted for the loud, discordant howling in which they indulge at night.

 Howl"et (?), n. [Equiv. to owlet, influenced by howl: cf. F. hulotte, OHG. h&?;wela, hiuwela.] (Zoöl.)
 An owl; an owlet. [Written also houlet.] R. Browning.
 Howp (?), v. i. To cry out; to whoop. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 How"so (?), adv. Howsoever. [Obs.]

 How'so*ev"er (?), adj. & conj. [How + so + ever.]
 1. In what manner soever; to whatever degree or extent; however.


ance, glass painting and glass staining (see Glass staining, below) are used indifferently for all colored decorative work in windows, and the like. -- Glass paper, paper faced with pulvirezed glass, and used for abrasive purposes. -- Glass silk, fine threads of glass, wound, when in fusion, on rapidly rotating heated cylinders. -- Glass silvering, the process of transforming plate glass into mirrors by coating it with a reflecting surface, a deposit of silver, or a mercury amalgam. - - Glass soap, or Glassmaker's soap, the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass. -- Glass staining, the art or practice of coloring glass in its whole substance, or, in the case of certain colors, in a superficial film only; also, decorative work in glass. Cf. Glass painting. -- Glass tears. See Rupert's drop. -- Glass works, an establishment where glass is made. -- Heavy glass, a heavy optical glass, consisting essentially of a borosilicate of potash. -- Millefiore glass. See Millefiore. -- Plate glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, and flattened by heavy rollers, -- used for mirrors and the best windows. -- Pressed glass, glass articles formed in molds by pressure when hot. -- Soluble glass (Chem.), a silicate of sodium or potassium, found in commerce as a white, glassy mass, a stony powder, or dissolved as a viscous, sirupy liquid; -- used for rendering fabrics incombustible, for hardening artificial stone, etc.; -- called also water glass. -- Spun glass, glass drawn into a thread while liquid. -- Toughened glass, Tempered glass, glass finely tempered or annealed, by a peculiar method of sudden cooling by plunging while hot into oil, melted wax, or paraffine, etc.; -- called also, from the name of the inventor of the process, Bastie glass.
 -- Water glass. (Chem.) See Soluble glass, above. -- Window glass, glass in panes suitable for windows.

 Glass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Glassing.] 1. To reflect, as in a mirror; to mirror; -- used reflexively.

 Happy to glass themselves in such a mirror.

Motley.
 Where the Almighty's form glasses itself in tempests.

Byron.
2. To case in glass. [R.] Shak.
3. To cover or furnish with glass; to glaze. Boyle.
4. To smooth or polish anything, as leater, by rubbing it with a glass burnisher.

 Glass"-crab' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larval state (Phyllosoma) of the genus Palinurus and allied genera. It is remarkable for its strange outlines, thinness, and transparency. See Phyllosoma.

 Glass"en (?), a. Glassy; glazed. [Obs.]

 And pursues the dice with glassen eyes.

B. Jonson.
 Glass"eye' (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A fish of the great lakes; the wall-eyed pike.

2. (Far.) A species of blindness in horses in which the eye is bright and the pupil dilated; a sort of amaurosis. Youatt.
 Glass"-faced' (?), a. Mirrorfaced; reflecting the sentiments of another. [R.] "The glass-faced flatterer." Shak.
 Glass"ful (?), n.; pl. Glassfuls (&?;). The contents of a glass; as much of anything as a glass will hold.

 Glass"ful, a. Glassy; shining like glass. [Obs.] "Minerva's glassful shield." Marston.
 Glass"-gaz'ing (?), a. Given to viewing one's self in a glass or mirror; finical. [Poetic] Shak.
 Glass"house' (?), n. A house where glass is made; a commercial house that deals in glassware.

 Glass"i*ly (?), adv. So as to resemble glass.

 Glass"i*ness, n. The quality of being glassy.

 Glass"ite (?), n. A member of a Scottish sect, founded in the 18th century by John Glass, a minister of the Established Church of Scotland, who taught that justifying faith is "no more than a simple assent to the divine testimone passively recived by the understanding."
 The English and American adherents of this faith are called Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, the son-in-law and disciple of Glass.

 Glass" mak'er (?), or Glass"mak'er, n. One who makes, or manufactures, glass. -- Glass" mak'ing, or Glass"mak'ing, n. Glass"-rope' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remarkable vitreous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, first brought from Japan. It has a long stem, consisting of a bundle of long and large, glassy, siliceous fibers, twisted together.

 Glass"-snail' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small, transparent, land snail, of the genus Vitrina.

 Glass"-snake' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A long, footless lizard (Ophiosaurus ventralis), of the Southern United States; -- so called from its fragility, the tail easily breaking into small pieces. It grows to the length of three feet. The name is applied also to similar species found in the Old World.

 Glass"-sponge' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A siliceous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, and allied genera; -- so called from their glassy fibers or spicules; -- called also vitreous sponge. See Glass-rope, and Euplectella.

 Glass"ware (?), n. Ware, or articles collectively, made of glass.

 Glass"work' (?), n. Manufacture of glass; articles or ornamentation made of glass.

 Glass"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A seashore plant of the Spinach family (Salicornia herbacea), with succulent jointed stems; also, a prickly plant of the same family (Salsola Kali), both formerly burned for the sake of the ashes, which yield soda for making glass and soap.

 Glass"y (?), a. 1. Made of glass; vitreous; as, a glassy substance. Bacon.
2. Resembling glass in its properties, as in smoothness, brittleness, or transparency; as, a glassy stream; a glassy surface; the glassy deep.

3. Dull; wanting life or fire; lackluster; -- said of the eyes. "In his glassy eye." Byron.
Glassy feldspar (Min.), a variety of orthoclase; sanidine.

 Glas"ton*bur*y thorn' (?). (Bot.) A variety of the common hawthorn.
 Loudon.
 Glas"ynge (?), n. Glazing or glass. [Obs.]

 Glau"ber*ite (?), n. [From Glauber, a German chemist, died 1668: cf. F. glaubérite, G. glauberit.] (Min.)
 A mineral, consisting of the sulphates of soda and lime.

 Glau"ber's salt' (?) or Glau"ber's salts' (&?;). [G. glaubersalz, from Glauber, a German chemist who discovered it. See Glauberite.]
 Sulphate of soda, a wellknown cathartic. It is a white crystalline substance, with a cooling, slightly bitter taste, and is commonly called "salts."

 It occurs naturally and abundantly in some mineral springs, and in many salt deposits, as the mineral mirabilite. It is manufactured in large quantities as an intermediate


L. remus oar, Gr. &?;, Skr. aritra. √8. Cf. Rudder.]
 1. To propel with oars, as a boat or vessel, along the surface of water; as, to row a boat.

2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars; as, to row the captain ashore in his barge.

 Row, v. i. 1. To use the oar; as, to row well.

2. To be moved by oars; as, the boat rows easily.

 Row, n. The act of rowing; excursion in a rowboat.

 Row"a*ble (?), a. That may be rowed, or rowed upon. "That long barren fen, once rowable." B. Jonson.
 Row"an (?), n. Rowan tree.

Rowan barry, a barry of the rowan tree.

 Row"an tree' (?). [Cf. Sw. rönn, Dan. rönne, Icel.
 reynir, and L. ornus.] (Bot.) A european tree (Pyrus aucuparia) related to the apple, but with pinnate leaves and flat corymbs of small white flowers followed by little bright red berries.
 Called also roan tree, and mountain ash. The name is also applied to two American trees of similar habit (Pyrus Americana, and P. sambucifolia).

 Row"boat' (?), n. A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails.

 Row"dy (?), n.; pl. Rowdies (#). [From Rout, or Row a brawl.] One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels; a ruffianly fellow. M. Arnold.
 Row"dy*dow (?), n. Hubbub; uproar. [Vulgar] Row"dy*dow'dy (?), a. Uproarious. [Vulgar] Row"dy*ish, a. Resembling a rowdy in temper or conduct; characteristic of a rowdy.

 Row"dy*ism (?), n. the conduct of a rowdy.

 Rowed (?), a. Formed into a row, or rows; having a row, or rows; as, a twelve-rowed ear of corn.

 Row"el (?), n. [OF. roele, rouele, properly, a little wheel, F. rouelle collop, slice, LL. rotella a little wheel, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, and cf. Rota.] 1. The little wheel of a spur, with sharp points.

 With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood.

Cowper.
2. A little flat ring or wheel on horses' bits.

 The iron rowels into frothy foam he bit.

Spenser.
3. (Far.) A roll of hair, silk, etc., passed through the flesh of horses, answering to a seton in human surgery.

 Row"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roweled (?) or Rowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roweling or Rowelling.] (Far.) To insert a rowel, or roll of hair or silk, into (as the flesh of a horse). Mortimer.
 Row"el bone' (?). See rewel bone. [Obs.]

 Row"en (?), n. [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.]
 [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings, roughings.]
 1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, that it may be cropped by cattle.

 Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens till snow comes.

Mortimer.
2. The second growth of grass in a season; aftermath. [Prov. Eng.
 & Local, U.S.]

 Row"er (?), n. One who rows with an oar.

 Row"ett (?), n. See Rowen.

 Row"lock (? colloq. &?;), n. [For oarlock; AS. rloc, where the second part is skin to G. loch a hole, E. lock a fastening. See Oar, and Lock.] (Naut.) A contrivance or arrangement serving as a fulcrum for an oar in rowing. It consists sometimes of a notch in the gunwale of a boat, sometimes of a pair of pins between which the oar rests on the edge of the gunwale, sometimes of a single pin passing through the oar, or of a metal fork or stirrup pivoted in the gunwale and suporting the oar.

 Rown (?), v. i. & t. see Roun. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Row"port (?), n. (Naut.) An opening in the side of small vessels of war, near the surface of the water, to facilitate rowing in calm weather.

 Rox"burgh (?; Scot. &?;), n. [From the third duke of Roxburgh (Scotland), a noted book collector who had his books so bound.] A style of bookbinding in which the back is plain leather, the sides paper or cloth, the top gilt-edged, but the front and bottom left uncut.

 Roy (roi), n. [F. roi.] A king. [obs.]

 Roy, a. Royal. [Obs.] Chapman.
 Roy"al (?), a. [OE. roial, riall, real, OF. roial.
 reial, F. royal, fr. L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king. See Rich, and cf. regal, real a coin, Rial.] 1. Kingly; pertaining to the crown or the sovereign; suitable for a king or queen; regal; as, royal power or prerogative; royal domains; the royal family; royal state.

2. Noble; generous; magnificent; princely.

 How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio?

Shak.
3. Under the patronage of royality; holding a charter granted by the sovereign; as, the Royal Academy of Arts; the Royal Society.

Battle royal. See under Battle. - - Royal bay (Bot.), the classic laurel (Laurus nobilis.) -- Royal eagle. (Zoöl.)
 See Golden eagle, under Golden. -- Royal fern (Bot.), the handsome fern Osmunda regalis. See Osmund. -- Royal mast (Naut.), the mast next above the topgallant mast and usually the highest on a square-rigged vessel. The royal yard and royal sail are attached to the royal mast. -- Royal metal, an old name for gold. -- Royal palm (Bot.), a magnificent West Indian palm tree (Oreodoxa regia), lately discovered also in Florida. -- Royal pheasant. See Curassow. -- Royal purple, an intense violet color, verging toward blue. -- Royal tern (Zoöl.), a large, crested American tern (Sterna maxima). -- Royal tiger.
 (Zoöl.) See Tiger. -- Royal touch, the touching of a diseased person by the hand of a king, with the view of restoring to health; -- formerly extensively practiced, particularly for the scrofula, or king's evil.

Syn. -- Kingly; regal; monarchical; imperial; kinglike; princely; august; majestic; superb; splendid; illustrious; noble; magnanimous.

 Roy"al, n. 1. Printing and writing papers of particular sizes. See under paper, n.
2. (Naut.) A small sail immediately above the topgallant sail. Totten.
3. (Zoöl.) One of the upper or distal branches of an antler, as the third and fourth tynes of the antlers of a stag.

4. (Gun.) A small mortar.

5. (Mil.) One of the soldiers of the first regiment of foot of the British army, formerly called the Royals, and supposed to be the oldest regular


, usually of elongated form, extending downward in a vein. Raymond.
Chimney board, a board or screen used to close a fireplace; a fireboard. -- Chimney cap, a device to improve the draught of a chimney, by presenting an exit aperture always to leeward. -- Chimney corner, the space between the sides of the fireplace and the fire; hence, the fireside. -- Chimney hook, a hook for holding pats and kettles over a fire, -- Chimney money, hearth money, a duty formerly paid in England for each chimney. -- Chimney pot (Arch.), a cylinder of earthenware or sheet metal placed at the top of a chimney which rises above the roof. -- Chimney swallow. (Zoöl.)
(a) An American swift (Chæture pelasgica) which lives in chimneys. (b) In England, the common swallow (Hirundo rustica).
 -- Chimney sweep, Chimney sweeper, one who cleans chimneys of soot; esp. a boy who climbs the flue, and brushes off the soot.

 Chim"ney-breast' (?), n. (Arch.) The horizontal projection of a chimney from the wall in which it is built; -- commonly applied to its projection in the inside of a building only.

 Chim"ney-piece' (?), n. (Arch.) A decorative construction around the opening of a fireplace.

 Chim*pan"zee (chm*pn"z; 277), n. [From the native name: cf. F. chimpanzé, chimpansé, chimpanzée.] (Zoöl.) An african ape (Anthropithecus troglodytes or Troglodytes niger) which approaches more nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape.
 When full grown, it is from three to four feet high.

 Chin (chn), n. [AS. cin, akin to OS. kin, G kinn, Icel. kinn, cheek, Dan. & Sw. kind, L. gena, Gr. &?;; cf. Skr. hanu. √232.] 1. The lower extremity of the face below the mouth; the point of the under jaw.

2. (Zoöl.) The exterior or under surface embraced between the branches of the lower jaw bone, in birds.

 Chi"na (?), n. 1. A country in Eastern Asia.

2. China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain.

China aster (Bot.), a well-known garden flower and plant.
 See Aster. -- China bean. See under Bean, 1. -- China clay See Kaolin. -- China grass, Same as Ramie. -- China ink. See India ink. -- China pink (Bot.), an anual or biennial species of Dianthus (D. Chiensis) having variously colored single or double flowers; Indian pink. -- China root (Med.), the rootstock of a species of Smilax (S. China, from the East Indies; -- formerly much esteemed for the purposes that sarsaparilla is now used for. Also the galanga root (from Alpinia Gallanga and Alpinia officinarum). -- China rose. (Bot.) (a) A popular name for several free-blooming varieties of rose derived from the Rosa Indica, and perhaps other species. (b) A flowering hothouse plant (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) of the Mallow family, common in the gardens of China and the east Indies. -- China shop, a shop or store for the sale of China ware or of crockery. -- China ware, porcelain; -- so called in the 17th century because brought from the far East, and differing from the pottery made in Europe at that time; also, loosely, crockery in general. -- Pride of China, China tree. (Bot.) See Azedarach.

 Chin*al"dine (?), n. [NL. chinium quinine + aldehyde.]
 (Chem.) See Quinaldine.

 Chi"na*man (?), n.; pl. Chinamen (&?;). A native of China; a Chinese.

 Chin"ca*pin (?), n. See Chinquapin.

 Chinch (?), n. [Cf. Sp. chinche, fr. L. cimex.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 The bedbug (Cimex lectularius).

2. (Zoöl.) A bug (Blissus leucopterus), which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, wheat, and other grains; -- also called chiniz, chinch bug, chink bug.
 It resembles the bedbug in its disgusting odor.

 Chin"cha (?), n. [Cf. Chinchilla.] (Zoöl.) A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

 Chinche (?), a. [F. chiche miserly.] Parsimonious; niggardly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Chinch"er*ie (?), n. Penuriousness. [Obs.]

 By cause of his skarsete and chincherie. Caucer.
 Chin*chil"la (?), n. [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili.

2. The fur of the chinchilla.

3. A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth.

 { Chin*cho"na (?), Chin*co"na (?). }See Cinchona.

 Chin" cough" (?). [For chink cough; cf. As. cincung long laughter, Scot. kink a violent fit of coughing, akin to MHG. kchen to pant. Cf. Kinknaust, Cough.] Whooping cough.

 Chine (?), n. [Cf. Chink.] A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as, Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep. [Prov. Eng.] "The cottage in a chine."
 J. Ingelow.
 Chine (?), n.[OF. eschine, F. échine, fr. OHG.
 skina needle, prickle, shin, G. schiene splint, schienbein shin. For the meaning cf. L. spina thorn, prickle, or spine, the backbone. Cf. Shin.] 1. The backbone or spine of an animal; the back. "And chine with rising bristles roughly spread." Dryden.
2. A piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking. [See Illust. of Beef.]

3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc., formed by the projecting ends of the staves; the chamfered end of a stave.

 Chine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chined (?).] 1. To cut through the backbone of; to cut into chine pieces.

2. Too chamfer the ends of a stave and form the chine.. Chined (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having, a chine, or backbone; -- used in composition. Beau. & Fl.
2. Broken in the back. [Obs.]

 He's chined, goodman. Beau. & Fl.
 Chi"nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to China; peculiar to China.

Chinese paper. See India paper, under India. -- Chinese wax, a snowy-white, waxlike substance brought from China. It is the bleached secretion of certain insects of the family Coccidæ especially Coccus Sinensis.

 Chi*nese", n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or natives of China, or one of that yellow race with oblique eyel


A*nom"a*ly (&?;), n.; pl. Anomalies (&?;).
 [L. anomalia, Gr. &?;. See Anomalous.] 1. Deviation from the common rule; an irregularity; anything anomalous.

 We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principles that are found in the minds and affairs of men. Burke.
 As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that can not fly. Darwin.
2. (Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true anomaly. The eccentric anomaly is a corresponding angle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The mean anomaly is what the anomaly would be if the planet's angular motion were uniform. (b) The angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet.

3. (Nat. Hist.) Any deviation from the essential characteristics of a specific type.

 ||A*no"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; irregular; 'a priv.
 + no'mos law.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment.

 An'o*moph"yl*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; irregular + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having leaves irregularly placed.

 { ||An'o*mu"ra (&?;), ||An'o*mou"ra (&?;), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lawless + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example.

 { An'o*mu"ral (&?;), An'o*mu"ran (&?;), } a. Irregular in the character of the tail or abdomen; as, the anomural crustaceans.
 [Written also anomoural, anomouran.]

 An'o*mu"ran, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Anomura.

 An"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;. See Anomia.] Disregard or violation of law. [R.] Glanvill.
 A*non" (&?;), adv. [OE. anoon, anon, anan, lit., in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + n one. See On and One.]
 1. Straightway; at once. [Obs.]

 The same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it. Matt. xiii. 20.
2. Soon; in a little while.

 As it shall better appear anon. Stow.
3. At another time; then; again.

 Sometimes he trots,... anon he rears upright. Shak.
Anon right, at once; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often.

 A pouncet box, which ever and anon He gave his nose. Shak.
 ||A*no"na, n. [NL. Cf. Ananas.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceæ, including the soursop.

 An'o*na"ceous, a. Pertaining to the order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc.

 An"o*nym (&?;), n. [F. anonyme. See Anonymous.] 1.
 One who is anonymous; also sometimes used for "pseudonym."

2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be expressed by a single English word. [R.] J. R. Seeley.
 An'o*nym"i*ty, n. The quality or state of being anonymous; anonymousness; also, that which anonymous. [R.]

 He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity. Carlyle.
 A*non"y*mous, a. [Gr. &?; without name; 'an priv. + &?;, Eol. for &?; name. See Name.] Nameless; of unknown name; also, of unknown or unavowed authorship; as, an anonymous benefactor; an anonymous pamphlet or letter.

 A*non"y*mous*ly (*nn"*ms*l), adv. In an anonymous manner; without a name. Swift.
 A*non"y*mous*ness, n. The state or quality of being anonymous. Coleridge.
 An"o*phyte (n"*ft), n. [Gr. 'a'nw upward (fr. 'ana' up) + fyto'n a plant, fy'ein to grow.] (Bot.) A moss or mosslike plant which cellular stems, having usually an upward growth and distinct leaves.

 ||An"o*pla (n"*pl), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a'noplos unarmed.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina.

 An*op"lo*there (n*p"l*thr), ||An'o*plo*the"ri*um (n'*pl*th"r*m), n.
 [From Gr. 'a'noplos unarmed ('an priv. + 'o'plon an implement, weapon) + qhri'on beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order Ungulata, whose were first found in the gypsum quarries near Paris; characterized by the shortness and feebleness of their canine teeth (whence the name).

 ||An'o*plu"ra (n'*pl"r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + 'o'plon weapon, sting + o'yra' tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which includes the lice.

 { ||A*nop"si*a (*np"s*), An"op'sy (n"p's), } a. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'o'psis sight.] (Med.) Want or defect of sight; blindness.

 { ||An'o*rex"i*a (&?;), An"o*rex'y (&?;) } n. [Gr. &?;; 'an priv. + &?; desire, appetite, &?; desire.] (Med.) Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coxe.
 A*nor"mal (&?;), a. [F. anormal. See Abnormal, Normal.]
 Not according to rule; abnormal. [Obs.]

 A*norn (&?;), v. t. [OF. aörner, aöurner, fr. L. adornare to adorn. The form a- ourne was corrupted into anourne.] To adorn. [Obs.] Bp. Watson.
 A*nor"thic (&?;), a. [See Anorthite.] (Min.) Having unequal oblique axes; as, anorthic crystals.

 A*nor"thite (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; straight (&?; sc. &?; right angle); not in a right angle.] A mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in small glassy crystals, also a constituent of some igneous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar.

 A*nor"tho*scope (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; straight + -scope.] (Physics) An optical toy for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures are painted.

 ||A*nos"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; smell.] (Med.) Loss of the sense of smell.

 An*oth"


2. The use of the infinitive without the prepositive "to", is frequently extended beyond present usage, especially in 'Sordello' and 'The Ring and the Book'. The following are examples:— Here are two infinitives, with the prepositive omitted, "expostulate" and "attempt", both dependent on the noun "time", and another, "withdraw", without the prepositive, dependent on "attempt": "but when 'twas time {to} expostulate, {to} attempt {to} withdraw", etc.

 i.e., for thus he ventured {to} push to the verge a vain mummery.

 i.e. only allowed {to} initiate, {to} set man's step, etc.

 Here the subject relative of "refuses" is omitted, and the verb followed by an infinitive without the prepositive: "many a flower {that} refuses obstinately {to} blow in print." 3. Instead of the modern analytic form, the simple form of the past subjunctive derived from the Anglo-Saxon inflectional form, and identical with that of the past indicative, is frequently employed, the context only showing that it is the subjunctive. (See Abbott's 'Shakespearian Grammar', 361 et seq.)

 i.e., as we should do best.

 i.e., would be abolished.

 i.e., would have promptly put aside.

 i.e., as the context shows, {it} might please the plunderer {to} dole.

 i.e., would have lost you.

 But the verbs "be" and "have" are chiefly so used, and not often beyond what present usage allows. * 4. The use of the dative, or indirect object, without "to" or "for".

 Such datives are very frequent, and scarcely need illustration. The poet has simply carried the use of them beyond the present general usage of the language. But there's a noticeable one in the Pope's Monologue, in 'The Ring and the Book', vv. _PHONE_: The Archbishop of Arezzo, to whom poor Pompilia has applied, in her distress, for protection against her brutal husband, thinks it politic not to take her part, but send her back to him and enjoin obedience and submission. The Pope, in his Monologue, represents the crafty Archbishop as saying, when Pompilia cries, "Protect me from the wolf!" i.e., thus I throw back {to} him the fawn which limps up bleeding to my foot and lies. The parenthesis, "Come to me, daughter", being interposed, and which is introduced as preparatory to his purpose, adds to the difficulty of the construction.

 There are, after all, but comparatively few instances in Browning's poetry, where these features of his diction can be fairly condemned. They often impart a crispness to the expressions in which they occur.

 The contriving spirit of the poet's language often results in great complexity of construction. Complexity of construction may be a fault, and it may not. It may be justified by the complexity of the thought which it bears along. "Clear quack-quack is easily uttered." But where an author's thought is nimble, far-reaching, elliptical through its energy, and discursive, the expression of it must be more or less complex or involved; he will employ subordinate clauses, and parentheses, through which to express the outstanding, restricting, and toning relations of his thought, that is, if he is a master of perspective, and ranks his grouped thoughts according to their relative importance.

 The poet's apostrophe to his wife in the spirit-world, which closes the long prologue to 'The Ring and the Book' (vv. _PHONE_), and in which he invokes her aid and benediction, in the work he has undertaken, presents a greater complexity of construction than is to be met with anywhere else in his works; and of this passage it may be said, as it may be said of any other having a complex construction, supposing this to be the only difficulty, that it's hard rather than obscure, and demands close reading.
 But, notwithstanding its complex structure and the freight of thought conveyed, the passage has a remarkable LIGHTSOMENESS of movement, and is a fine specimen of blank verse. The unobtrusive, but distinctly felt, alliteration which runs through it, contributes something toward this lightsomeness. The first two verses have a Tennysonian ring:— "his", v. 5, the sun's. "Yet human", v. 6: though 'kindred' to the sun, yet proved 'human'...'when the first summons', etc. "This is the same voice", v. 11, i.e., a voice of the same import as was "the first summons"—one invoking help. The nouns "interchange", "splendour", "benediction", vv.
 17, 18, 19, are appositives of "what", v. 17. "Never conclude", v. 20, to be construed with "commence", v. 13: "Never {may I} conclude". "Their utmost up and on", v. 23, to be construed with "yearn", v. 21. "so", v.
 23, looks back to "raising hand and head", etc. "Some whiteness"... v.
 25, "Some wanness"... v. 26, to be construed with "blessing back".

 See an elaborate analysis of this Invocation, by Dr. F. J. Furnivall, read at the forty-eighth meeting of the Browning Society, February 25, 1887, being No. 39 of the Society's Papers.

 But, after all, the difficulties in Browning which result from the construction of the language, be that what it may, are not the main difficulties, as has been too generally supposed. THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES ARE QUITE INDEPENDENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE LANGUAGE.

 Many readers, especially those who take an intellectual attitude toward all things, in the heavens above and in the earth beneath, suppose that they are prepared to understand almost anything which is understandable if it is only PUT right. This is a most egregious mistake, especially in respect to the subtle and complex spiritual experiences which the more deeply subjective poetry embodies. What De Quincey says in his paper on Kant,* of the comprehension of the higher philosophical truths, can, with still better reason, be said of the responsiveness to the higher spiritual truths: "No complex or very important truth was ever yet transferred in full development from one mind to another: truth of that character is not a piece of furniture to be shifted; it is a seed which must be sown, and pass through the several stages of growth. No doctrine of importance can be transferred in a matured shape into any man's understanding from without: it must arise by an act of genesis within the understanding itself." And so it may be said in regard to the responsiveness to the higher spiritual truths—I don't say COMPREHENSION of the higher spiritual truths (that word pertains rather to an intellectual grasp), but RESPONSIVENESS to the higher spiritual truths. Spiritual truths must be spiritually responded to; they are not and cannot be intellectually comprehended. The condition of such responsiveness it may require a long while to fulfil. New attitudes of the soul, a meta/noia, may be demanded, before such responsiveness is possible. And what some people may regard in the higher poetry as obscure, by reason of the mode of its presentation on the part of the poet, may be only relatively so —that is, the obscurity may be wholly due to the wrong attitudes, or the no attitudes, of their own souls, and to the limitations of their spiritual experiences.
 In that case "the patient must minister to himself".

 While on the subject of "obscurity", I


. [L. stolo, - onis.] (Bot.) A stolon.

 Stole, n. [AS. stole, L. stola, Gr. &?; a stole, garment, equipment, fr. &?; to set, place, equip, send, akin to E. stall.
 See Stall.] 1. A long, loose garment reaching to the feet. Spenser.
 But when mild morn, in saffron stole, First issues from her eastern goal.

T. Warton.
2. (Eccl.) A narrow band of silk or stuff, sometimes enriched with embroidery and jewels, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. At Mass, it is worn crossed on the breast by priests. It is used in various sacred functions.

Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bedchamber in the royal household. [Eng.] Brande & C. Stoled (?), a. Having or wearing a stole.

 After them flew the prophets, brightly stoled In shining lawn.

G. Fletcher.
 Stol"en (?), p. p. of Steal.

 Stol"id (?), a. [L. stolidus.] Hopelessly insensible or stupid; not easily aroused or excited; dull; impassive; foolish.

 Sto*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. stoliditas.] The state or quality of being stolid; dullness of intellect; obtuseness; stupidity.

 Indocile, intractable fools, whose stolidity can baffle all arguments, and be proof against demonstration itself.

Bentley.
 Stol"id*ness (?), n. Same as Stolidity.

 Sto"lon (?), n. [L. stolo, - onis: cf. F. stolon.
 Cf. Stole a stolon, 1st Stool.] 1. (Bot.) A trailing branch which is disposed to take root at the end or at the joints; a stole.

2. (Zoöl.) An extension of the integument of the body, or of the body wall, from which buds are developed, giving rise to new zooids, and thus forming a compound animal in which the zooids usually remain united by the stolons. Such stolons are often present in Anthozoa, Hydroidea, Bryozoa, and social ascidians. See Illust. under Scyphistoma.

 Stol'o*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Stolon + -ferous: cf. F.
 stolonifère.] Producing stolons; putting forth suckers.

 ||Sto"ma (?), n.; pl. Stomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?;, &?;, a mouth.] 1. (Anat.) One of the minute apertures between the cells in many serous membranes.

2. (Bot.) (a) The minute breathing pores of leaves or other organs opening into the intercellular spaces, and usually bordered by two contractile cells. (b) The line of dehiscence of the sporangium of a fern. It is usually marked by two transversely elongated cells. See Illust. of Sporangium.

3. (Zoöl.) A stigma. See Stigma, n., 6 (a) & (b).

 Stom"ach (?), n. [OE. stomak, F. estomac, L. stomachus, fr. Gr. sto'machos stomach, throat, gullet, fr. sto'ma a mouth, any outlet or entrance.] 1. (Anat.) An enlargement, or series of enlargements, in the anterior part of the alimentary canal, in which food is digested; any cavity in which digestion takes place in an animal; a digestive cavity. See Digestion, and Gastric juice, under Gastric.

2. The desire for food caused by hunger; appetite; as, a good stomach for roast beef. Shak.
3. Hence appetite in general; inclination; desire.

 He which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart.

Shak.
4. Violence of temper; anger; sullenness; resentment; willful obstinacy; stubbornness. [Obs.]

 Stern was his look, and full of stomach vain.

Spenser.
 This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and stomach, the will, where the fault lies, must be bent.

Locke.
5. Pride; haughtiness; arrogance. [Obs.]

 He was a man Of an unbounded stomach.

Shak.
Stomach pump (Med.), a small pump or syringe with a flexible tube, for drawing liquids from the stomach, or for injecting them into it.
 -- Stomach tube (Med.), a long flexible tube for introduction into the stomach. -- Stomach worm (Zoöl.), the common roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) found in the human intestine, and rarely in the stomach.

 Stom"ach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stomached (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stomaching.] [Cf. L. stomachari, v.t. & i., to be angry or vexed at a thing.] 1. To resent; to remember with anger; to dislike. Shak.
 The lion began to show his teeth, and to stomach the affront.

L'Estrange.
 The Parliament sit in that body... to be his counselors and dictators, though he stomach it.

Milton.
2. To bear without repugnance; to brook. [Colloq.]

 Stom"ach, v. i. To be angry. [Obs.] Hooker.
 Stom"ach*al (?), a. [Cf. F. stomacal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; gastric.

2. Helping the stomach; stomachic; cordial.

 Stom"ach*al, n. A stomachic. Dunglison.
 Stom"ach*er (?), n. 1. One who stomachs.

2. (&?; or &?;) An ornamental covering for the breast, worn originally both by men and women. Those worn by women were often richly decorated.

 A stately lady in a diamond stomacher.

Johnson.
 Stom"ach*ful (?), a. Willfully obstinate; stubborn; perverse.
 [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ness, n.
 [Obs.]

 { Sto*mach"ic (?), Sto*mach"ic*al (?), } a. [L. stomachicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. stomachique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; as, stomachic vessels.

2. Strengthening to the stomach; exciting the action of the stomach; stomachal; cordial.

 Sto*mach"ic, n. (Med.) A medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action.

 Stom"ach*ing (?), n. Resentment. [Obs.]

 Stom"ach*less, a. 1. Being without a stomach.

2. Having no appetite. [R.] Bp. Hall.
 Stom"ach*ous (?), a. [L. stomachosus angry, peexish. See Stomach.] Stout; sullen; obstinate. [Obs.]

 With stern looks and stomachous disdain.

Spenser.
 Stom"ach*y (?), a. Obstinate; sullen; haughty.

 A little, bold, solemn, stomachy man, a great professor of piety.

R. L. Stevenson.
 Sto"ma*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Stomapoda.

 ||Sto*map"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Stoma, and -poda.] (Zoöl.)
 An order of Crustacea including the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike in form, and the large claws are comblike. They have a large and elongated abdomen, which contains a part of the stomach and heart; the abdominal appendages are large, and bear the gills. Called also Gastrula, Stomatopoda,


this sense the word is applied to the smaller affairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to leave his ordinary or principal business. Avocation (in the singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers.

3. pl. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one's time; usual employment; vocation.

 There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to these studies than the common avocations of women. Richardson.
 In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard, and returned to their ordinary avocations. Macaulay.
 An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them choose the wandering avocations of a shepherd, rather than the more fixed pursuits of agriculture. Buckle.
 A*vo"ca*tive (*v"k*tv), a. Calling off. [Obs.]

 A*vo"ca*tive, n. That which calls aside; a dissuasive.

 { Av"o*cet, Av"o*set } (v"*st), n. [F. avocette: cf. It. avosetta, Sp. avoceta.] (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird, of the genus Recurvirostra; the scooper. The bill is long and bend upward toward the tip. The American species is R. Americana. [Written also avocette.]

 A*void" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avoided; p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] [OF. esvuidier, es (L. ex) + vuidier, voidier, to empty. See Void, a.] 1.
 To empty. [Obs.] Wyclif.
2. To emit or throw out; to void; as, to avoid excretions.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
3. To quit or evacuate; to withdraw from. [Obs.]

 Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided the room.
Bacon.
4. To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute.

 How can these grants of the king's be avoided? Spenser.
5. To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as, to avoid the company of gamesters.

 What need a man forestall his date of grief. And run to meet what he would most avoid? Milton.
 He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into open hostility. Macaulay.
6. To get rid of. [Obs.] Shak.
7. (Pleading) To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter. Blackstone.
Syn. -- To escape; elude; evade; eschew. -- To Avoid, Shun. Avoid in its commonest sense means, to keep clear of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one's self from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in contact; as, to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of intention. The words may, however, in many cases be interchanged.

 No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation, if the take no care of himself to avoid it. Mason.
 So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox, Yet shunned him as a sailor shuns the rocks. Dryden.
 A*void", v. i. 1. To retire; to withdraw. [Obs.]

 David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam. xviii. 11.
2. (Law) To become void or vacant. [Obs.] Ayliffe.
 A*void"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Capable of being vacated; liable to be annulled or made invalid; voidable.

 The charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage. Hale.
2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped.

 A*void"ance (&?;), n. 1. The act of annulling; annulment.

2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant; -- specifically used for the state of a benefice becoming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent.

 Wolsey,... on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair, was sitting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him. Fuller.
3. A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal.

4. The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of. "The avoidance of pain." Beattie.
5. The courts by which anything is carried off.

Avoidances and drainings of water. Bacon.
 A*void"er (&?;), n. 1. The person who carries anything away, or the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson.
2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes.

 A*void"less, a. Unavoidable; inevitable.

 Av'oir*du*pois" (v'r*d*poiz"), n. & a. [OE. aver de peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight, F. poids, L. pensum. See Aver, n., and Poise, n.] 1.
 Goods sold by weight. [Obs.]

2. Avoirdupois weight.

3. Weight; heaviness; as, a woman of much avoirdupois.
 [Colloq.]

Avoirdupois weight, a system of weights by which coarser commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter, sugar, tea.

 The standard Avoirdupois pound of the United States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, and the water weighed in the air with brass weights. In this system of weights 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The above pound contains 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that 1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31-144 pounds troy. (See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (sometimes called a long ton).

 A*voke" (&?;), v. t. [Cf. Avocate.] To call from or back again.
 [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.
 Av"o*late (&?;), v. i. [L. avolare; a (ab) + volare to fly.] To fly away; to escape; to exhale. [Obs.]

 Av'o*la"tion (&?;), n. [LL. avolatio.] The act of flying; flight; evaporation. [Obs.]

 Av"o*set (&?;), n. Same as Avocet.

 A*vouch" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [OF. avochier, LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to; ad + vocare to call. Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. t.] 1. To appeal to; to cite or claim as authority. [Obs.]

 They avouch many successions of authorities. Coke.
2. To maintain a just or true; to vouch for.

 We might be disposed to question its authenticity, it if were not avouched by the full evidence. Milman.
3. To declare or assert positively and as matter of fact; to affirm openly.

 If this which he avouches does appear. Shak.
 Such antiquities could have


Belonging to the same species of Apothegm is what is called the Gnome, a universal expression about life stated briefly. All poets and philosophers and orators have used it and have attempted to explain things gnomically.
 Homer was the first to introduce in his poetry many excellent Gnomes stating a principle he wishes to lay down; as when he says (I. i. 80):— And again what must needs be done or not done (I. ii 24):— Of Homer's many good sayings and admonitions not a few afterward have been paraphrased. Some examples of these should find a place here; as the following passage of Homer (I. xv. 104):— Like this is a saying of Pythagoras:— And also these words of Euripides:— Again Homer says (I. xxiv. 128):— So Pythagoras:— Then Homer says (O. xviii. 136):— Archilochus, who imitates other things of Homer, has paraphrased this too, saying:— And in other words, Homer says (I. xiii. 730):— Euripides has followed this original:— Where he makes Idomeneus exhorting his comrade, he says (I. xii. 322):— Aeschylus saying after him:— In prose, Demosthenes speaks as follows (O. xviii. 9):— Again take Homer (I. iii. 65):— Sophocles paraphrases this, saying:— In Homer there are the words (I. i. 249):— Theocritus said (I. vii. 82):— How, also, Aratus paraphrased this (I. xviii. 489):— saying:— (I. xv. 628):— is paraphrased:— Let this be enough on this subject.

 But civil discourse belongs to the rhetorical art, with which it seems Homer was first to be familiar. If Rhetoric is the power of persuasive speaking, who more than Homer depended on this power? He excels all in eloquence; also in the grasp of his subject he reveals an equal literary power.

 And the first part of this art is Arrangement, which he exhibits in all his poetry, and especially at the beginning of his narratives. For he did not make the beginning of the "Iliad" at a distant period, but at the time when affairs were developing with energy and had come to a head. The more inactive periods, which came into past time, he goes over in other places succinctly. The same he did in the "Odyssey," beginning from the close of the times of Odysseus's wanderings, in which it was clearly time to bring in Telemachus and to show the haughty conduct of the suitors. Whatever happened to Odysseus in his wanderings before this he introduces into Odysseus's narrative. These things he prefers to show as more probable and more effective, when said by the one who experienced them.

 As therefore all orators make use of introductory remarks to get the benevolent attention of their audience, so our poet makes use of exordiums fitted to move and reach the hearer. In the "Iliad" he first declares that he is about to say how many evils happened to the Achaeans through the wrath of Achilles and the high-handed conduct of Agamemnon; and in the "Odyssey" how many labors and dangers Odysseus encountered and surmounted all of them by the judgment and perseverance of his soul. And in each one of the exordiums he invokes the Muse that she may make the value of what is said greater and more divine.

 While the characters introduced by him are made to say many things either to their relatives or friends or enemies or the people, yet to each he assigns a fitting type of speech, as in the beginning he makes Chryseis in his words to the Greeks use a most appropriate exordium. First he desires for them that they may be superior to their enemies and may return home, in order that he might gain their kindly feeling. Then he demands his daughter. But Achilles being angered by the threat of Agamemnon combines a speech for the Greeks and for himself, in order to make them more friendly disposed. For, he says, all had proceeded to the war, not on account Of some private enmity, but to please Agamemnon himself and his brother, and he went on to say he had done many things himself and had received a present not from Agamemnon and Menelaus, but from the whole body of the Greeks. Agamemnon replying to him has no difficulty in winning the crowd.
 For when Achilles says he means to sail back home, on account of the insult he has received, he does not say "go" but "flee," changing what is said abruptly into an attack on Achilles reputation. And his words are:— And this was agreeable to his hearers.

 And afterward he introduces Nestor, whom he had previously called sweet in speech and a shrewd orator (I. i. 249):— There could be no greater praise for an orator. He starts off with an exordium by which he tries to change the minds of the contesting chiefs, bidding them consider by opposing one another they give occasion of joy to their enemies. He goes on to admonish both and to exhort them to give heed to him as their elder. And by telling one to be prudent, he says what gratifies the other. He advises Agamemnon not to take away what has been given to a man who has labored much; Achilles, not to strive with the king who is his superior. And he gives suitable praise to both: to the one as ruling over more people; to the other, as having more prowess. In this way he seeks to moderate them.

 Again, in what follows, when Agamemnon saw the dream bearing good hopes to him from Zeus, and exhorting him to arm the Greeks, did he not use rhetorical art speaking to the multitude, saying the contrary of what he wishes, to try their feeling and to see if they will be disgusted by being compelled to do battle for him. But he speaks to please them. Another of the men able to influence them bids them stay in their tents, as if the king really wished this. For to those he speaks to he indicates that he desires the contrary. Odysseus taking up these words, and making use of a convenient freedom, persuades the leaders by his mild language; the common people he compels by threats to heed their superiors. Stopping the mutiny and agitation of the crowd, he persuades all by his shrewd words, moderately blaming them for not carrying out what they promised, and at the same time excusing them on the ground that they have been idle for some time and have been deprived of what is dearest to them. He persuades them to remain by the hope of the seer's prophecy.

 Likewise Nestor, using arguments unchanged indeed but tending to the same end, and also using greater freedom to those who have been spoilt by inaction, brings over the crowd. He places the blame of their negligence on a few unworthy people and advises the rest. He threatens the disobedient and immediately takes counsel with the king as to how the forces are to be drawn up.

 Again, when in the deeds of war the Greeks have partly succeeded and partly failed and been reduced to terror, Diomed, since he has the audacity of youth and freedom of speech by reason of his success, before he had shown his valor, took the king's reproof in silence, but afterward he turns on Agamemnon as if he had counselled flight through cowardice.
 For he says (I. ix. 32):— In his speech he tries to advise him and at the same time deprecate his anger. He then recites the things just performed


Al*low"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowancing (&?;).]
 [See Allowance, n.] To put upon a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink); to supply in a fixed and limited quantity; as, the captain was obliged to allowance his crew; our provisions were allowanced.

 Al*low"ed*ly (&?;) adv. By allowance; admittedly. Shenstone.
 Al*low"er (&?;), n. 1. An approver or abettor. [Obs.]

2. One who allows or permits.

 Al*lox"an (&?;), n. [Allantoin + oxalic, as containing the elements of allantion and oxalic acid.] (Chem.)
 An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol.

 Al*lox"a*nate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A combination of alloxanic acid and a base or base or positive radical.

 Al'lox*an"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to alloxan; -- applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan.

 Al'lox*an"tin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A substance produced by acting upon uric with warm and very dilute nitric acid.

 Al*loy", n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloyer, to alloy, alier to ally. See Alloy, v. t.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused together; a mixture of metals; for example, brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam.

2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness.

3. A baser metal mixed with a finer.

 Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser metal mixed with it. Locke.
4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or detracts from; as, no happiness is without alloy. "Pure English without Latin alloy."
 F. Harrison.
 Al*loy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alloying.] [F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later allayer, fr. L. aligare. See Alloy, n., Ally, v. t., and cf. Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as, to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper.

2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound.

3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture; to allay; as, to alloy pleasure with misfortunes.

 Al*loy", v. t. To form a metallic compound.

 Gold and iron alloy with ease. Ure.
 Al*loy"age (&?;), n. [F. aloyage.] The act or art of alloying metals; also, the combination or alloy.

 All'-pos*sessed" (&?;), a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. [Colloq.]

 { All" Saints' (&?;), All" Saints' (&?;), } The first day of November, called, also, Allhallows or Hallowmas; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints; also, the season of this festival.

 All" Souls' Day' (&?;). The second day of November; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead.

 All"spice' (&?;), n. The berry of the pimento (Eugenia pimenta), a tree of the West Indies; a spice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic; Jamaica pepper; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; and hence the name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs; as, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus); wild allspice (Lindera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood, and feverbush.

 All'thing' (&?;), adv. [For in all (= every) thing.]
 Altogether. [Obs.] Shak.
 Al*lude" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to allude; ad + ludere to play.] To refer to something indirectly or by suggestion; to have reference to a subject not specifically and plainly mentioned; -- followed by to; as, the story alludes to a recent transaction.

 These speeches... do seem to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use. Hooker.
Syn. -- To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; intimate; signify; insinuate; advert. See Refer.

 Al*lude", v. t. To compare allusively; to refer (something) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither.
 ||Al'lu'mette (&?;), n. [F., from allumer to light.] A match for lighting candles, lamps, etc.

 Al*lu"mi*nor (&?;), n. [OF. alumineor, fr. L. ad + liminare. See Luminate.] An illuminator of manuscripts and books; a limner. [Obs.] Cowell.
 Al*lur"ance (&?;), n. Allurement. [R.]

 Al*lure" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alluded (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a (L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] To attempt to draw; to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable; to entice; to attract.

 With promised joys allured them on. Falconer.
 The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven Allured his eye.
Milton.
Syn. -- To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. -- To Allure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong controlling influence, and differ according to the image under which is presented. They are all used in a bad sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely) a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer (usually deceptive) of some future good. We are commonly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We are decoyed into danger by false appearances or representations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means; what entices leads us by promises and persuasions; what decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net; what seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions.

 Al*lure", n. Allurement. [R.] Hayward.
 ||Al'lure" (&?;), n. [F.; aller to go.] Gait; bearing.

 The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men. Harper's Mag.
 Al*lure"ment (&?;), n. 1. The act alluring; temptation; enticement.

 Though Adam by his wife's allurement fell. Milton.
2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive to action; as, the allurements of pleasure, or of honor.

 Al*lur"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, allures


endoes, when you tell us, That Stella loves to talk with fellows.

Swift.
2. (Law) An averment employed in pleading, to point the application of matter otherwise unintelligible; an interpretative parenthesis thrown into quoted matter to explain an obscure word or words; -- as, the plaintiff avers that the defendant said that he (innuendo the plaintiff) was a thief. Wharton.
 The term is so applied from having been the introductory word of this averment or parenthetic explanation when pleadings were in Latin. The word "meaning" is used as its equivalent in modern forms.

Syn. -- Insinuation; suggestion; hint; intimation; reference; allusion; implication; representation; -- Innuendo, Insinuation. An innuendo is an equivocal allusion so framed as to point distinctly at something which is injurious to the character or reputation of the person referred to. An insinuation turns on no such double use of language, but consists in artfully winding into the mind imputations of an injurious nature without making any direct charge.

 In"nu*ent (?), a. [L. innuens, p. pr.] Conveying a hint; significant. [Obs.] Burton.
 In"nu*it, n. [Native name.] (Ethnol.) An Eskimo.

 In*nu'mer*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. innumerabilitas.] State of being innumerable. Fotherby.
 In*nu'mer*a*ble (?), a. [L. innumerabilis : cf. F. innumefable.
 See Innot, and Numerable.] Not capable of being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude; countless; numberless; unnumbered, hence, indefinitely numerous; of great number.

Innumerable as the stars of night.

Milton.
 -- In*nu"mer*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*nu"mer*a*bly, adv.
 In*nu"mer*ous (?), a. [L. innumerosus, innumerus. See Numerous.] Innumerable. [Archaic] Milton.
 In'nu*tri"tion (?), n. Want of nutrition; failure of nourishment.
 E. Darwin.
 In'nu*tri"tious (?), a. Not nutritious; not furnishing nourishment.

 In*nu"tri*tive (?), a. Innutritious.

 Inn"yard' (?), n. The yard adjoining an inn.

 In'o*be"di*ence (?), n. [L. inoboedientia : cf. F. inobedience.]
 Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer.
 In'o*be"di*ent (?), a. [L. inoboediens, p. pr. of inoboedire : cf. F. inobedient. See Obedient.] Not obedient; disobedient.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 -- In'o*be"di*ent*ly, adv. [Obs.]

 In'ob*serv"a*ble (?), a. [L. inobservabilis : cf. F. inobservable.
 See Innot, and Observable.] Not observable.

 In'ob*serv"ance (?), a. [L. inobservantia : cf. F. inobservance.]
 Want or neglect of observance. Bacon.
 In'ob*serv"ant (?), a. [L. inobservans. See Innot, and Observant.] Not observant; regardless; heedless. Bp. Hurd.
 -- In'ob*serv"ant*ly, adv.
 In*ob'ser*va"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inobservation.] Neglect or want of observation. [R.]

 In'ob*tru"sive (?), a. Not obtrusive; unobtrusive.

 -- In'ob*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- In'ob*tru"sive*ness, n. In'o*car"pin (?), n. [Gr. 'i's, 'ino's, muscle + karpo's fruit.] (Chem.)
 A red, gummy, coloring matter, extracted from the colorless juice of the Otaheite chestnut (Inocarpus edulis).

 In*oc'cu*pa"tion, n. Want of occupation.

 ||In'o*cer"a*mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'i's, 'ino's, a muscle + &?; an earthen vessel.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large, fossil, bivalve shells, allied to the mussels. The genus is characteristic of the Cretaceous period.

 In*oc'u*la*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inoculable.

 In*oc"u*la*ble (?), a. [See Inoculate.] Capable of being inoculated; capable of communicating disease, or of being communicated, by inoculation.

 In*oc"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl) Inserted in the corner of the eye; -- said of the antennæ of certain insects.

 In*oc"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inoculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inoculating (?).] [L. inoculatus, p. p. of inoculare to ingraft; pref. inin, on + oculare to furnish with eyes, fr. oculus an eye, also, a bud. See Ocular.] 1. To bud; to insert, or graft, as the bud of a tree or plant in another tree or plant.

2. To insert a foreign bud into; as, to inoculate a tree.

3. (Med.) To communicate a disease to ( a person ) by inserting infectious matter in the skin or flesh; as, to inoculate a person with the virus of smallpox, rabies, etc. See Vaccinate.

4. Fig.: To introduce into the mind; -- used especially of harmful ideas or principles; to imbue; as, to inoculate one with treason or infidelity.

 In*oc"u*late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds.

2. To communicate disease by inoculation.

 In*oc"u*la"tion (?), n. [L. inoculatio: cf. F. inoculation.]
 1. The act or art of inoculating trees or plants.

2. (Med.) The act or practice of communicating a disease to a person in health, by inserting contagious matter in his skin or flesh.

 The use was formerly limited to the intentional communication of the smallpox, but is now extended to include any similar introduction of modified virus; as, the inoculation of rabies by Pasteur.

3. Fig.: The communication of principles, especially false principles, to the mind.

 In*oc"u*la'tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. inoculateur.] One who inoculates; one who propagates plants or diseases by inoculation.

 In*o"di*ate (n*"d*t), v. t. [Pref. inin + L. odium hatred.] To make odious or hateful. [Obs.] South.
 In*o"dor*ate (?), a. Inodorous. [Obs.] Bacon.
 In*o"dor*ous (?), a. [L. inodorus. See Innot, and Odorous.]
 Emitting no odor; wthout smell; scentless; odorless. -- In*o"dor*ous*ness, n. In"of*fen"sive (?), a. [Pref. innot + offensiue: cf. F. inoffensif.] 1. Giving no offense, or provocation; causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance; as, an inoffensive man, answer, appearance.


plants, rarely in animals, and regarded as influental agents in the formation and disposition of the sugars. They are frequently of a bitter taste, but, by the action of ferments, or of dilute acids and alkalies, always break down into some characteristic substance (acid, aldehyde, alcohol, phenole, or alkaloid) and glucose (or some other sugar); hence the name. They are of the nature of complex and compound ethers, and ethereal salts of the sugar carbohydrates.

 ||Glu'co*su"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. E. glucose + Gr. &?; urine.] (Med.) A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus.

 Glue (gl), n. [F. glu, L. glus, akin to gluten, from gluere to draw together. Cf. Gluten.] A hard brittle brownish gelatin, obtained by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals. When gently heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenaceous, and is used as a cement for uniting substances. The name is also given to other adhesive or viscous substances.

Bee glue. See under Bee. -- Fish glue, a strong kind of glue obtained from fish skins and bladders; isinglass. -- Glue plant (Bot.), a fucoid seaweed (Gloiopeltis tenax). -- Liquid glue, a fluid preparation of glue and acetic acid or alcohol. -- Marine glue, a solution of caoutchouc in naphtha, with shellac, used in shipbuilding.

 Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glued (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Gluing.] [F. gluer. See Glue, n.] To join with glue or a viscous substance; to cause to stick or hold fast, as if with glue; to fix or fasten.

 This cold, congealed blood That glues my lips, and will not let me speak.

Shak.
 Glue"pot' (?), n. A utensil for melting glue, consisting of an inner pot holding the glue, immersed in an outer one containing water which is heated to soften the glue.

 Glu"er (?), n. One who cements with glue.

 Glu"ey (?), a. Viscous; glutinous; of the nature of, or like, glue.

 Glu"ey*ness, n. Viscidity.

 Glu"ish, a. Somewhat gluey. Sherwood.
 Glum (?), n. [See Gloom.] Sullenness. [Obs.] Skelton.
 Glum, a. Moody; silent; sullen.

 I frighten people by my glun face.

Thackeray.
 Glum, v. i. To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum. [Obs.] Hawes.
 Glu*ma"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. glumancé. See Glume.]
 Having glumes; consisting of glumes.

 Glu"mal (?), a. (Bot.) Characterized by a glume, or having the nature of a glume.

 Glume (glm), n. [L. gluma hull, husk, fr. glubere to bark or peel: cf. F. glume or gloume.] (Bot.) The bracteal covering of the flowers or seeds of grain and grasses; esp., an outer husk or bract of a spikelet. Gray.
 { Glu*mel"la (?), Glu"melle (?), } n. [F. glumelle, dim. of glume.] (Bot.) One of the palets or inner chaffy scales of the flowers or spikelets of grasses.

 Glum"ly (?), adv. In a glum manner; sullenly; moodily.

 Glum"my (?), a. [See Gloom.] Dark; gloomy; dismal. [Obs.]

 Glum"ness, n. Moodiness; sullenness.

 Glump (glmp), v. i. [See Glum.] To manifest sullenness; to sulk.
 [Colloq.]

 Glump"y (glmp"), a. Glum; sullen; sulky. [Colloq.] "He was glumpy enough." T. Hook.
 Glunch (glnch), a. [Cf. Glump.] Frowning; sulky; sullen. Sir W. Scott. -- n. A sullen, angry look; a look of disdain or dislike. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Glut (glt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutting.] [OE. glotten, fr. OF. glotir, gloutir, L. glutire, gluttire; cf. Gr. &?; to eat, Skr. gar.
 Cf. Gluttion, Englut.] 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedlly; to gorge.

 Though every drop of water swear against it, And gape at widest to glut him.

Shak.
2. To fill to satiety; to satisfy fully the desire or craving of; to satiate; to sate; to cloy.

 His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice, Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant's eyes.

Dryden.
 The realms of nature and of art were ransacked to glut the wonder, lust, and ferocity of a degraded populace.

C. Kingsley.
To glut the market, to furnish an oversupply of any article of trade, so that there is no sale for it.

 Glut, v. i. To eat gluttonously or to satiety.

 Like three horses that have broken fence, And glutted all night long breast-deep in corn.

Tennyson.
 Glut, n. 1. That which is swallowed. Milton 2. Plenty, to satiety or repletion; a full supply; hence, often, a supply beyond sufficiency or to loathing; over abundance; as, a glut of the market.

 A glut of those talents which raise men to eminence.

Macaulay.
3. Something that fills up an opening; a clog.

4. (a) A wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. [Prov. Eng.]
 (b) (Mining) A piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing. Raymond. (c) (Bricklaying) A bat, or small piece of brick, used to fill out a course. Knight. (d) (Arch.) An arched opening to the ashpit of a kiln. (e) A block used for a fulcrum.

5. (Zoöl.) The broad-nosed eel (Anguilla latirostris), found in Europe, Asia, the West Indies, etc.

 Glu'ta*con"ic (?), a. [Glutaric + aconitic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or derived from, an acid intermediate between glutaric and aconitic acids.

 ||Glu*tæ"us (?), n. [NL. See Gluteal.] (Anat.) The great muscle of the buttock in man and most mammals, and the corresponding muscle in many lower animals.

 In man, the glutæus is composed of three distinct parts, which extend and abduct the thigh, and help support the body in standing.

 Glu*tam"ic (?), a. [Gluten + -amic.] (Chem.)
 Of or pertaining to gluten.

Glutamic acid, a nitrogenous organic acid obtained from certain albuminoids, as gluten; -- called also amido-glutaric acid.

 Glu*tar"ic (?), a. [Glutamic + tartaric.] (Chem.)
 Of, pertaining to, or designating,


Pagan & Christian Creeds: Their Origin and Meaning By Edward Carpenter "The different religions being lame attempts to represent under various guises this one root-fact of the central universal life, men have at all times clung to the religious creeds and rituals and ceremonials as symbolising in some rude way the redemption and fulfilment of their own most intimate natures—and this whether consciously understanding the interpretations, or whether (as most often) only doing so in an unconscious or quite subconscious way." The Drama of Love and Death, p. 96.
CONTENTS PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN CREEDS: THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING I. INTRODUCTORY II. SOLAR MYTHS AND CHRISTIAN FESTIVALS III. THE SYMBOLISM OF THE ZODIAC IV. TOTEM-SACRAMENTS AND EUCHARISTS V. FOOD AND VEGETATION MAGIC VI. MAGICIANS, KINGS AND GODS VII. RITES OF EXPIATION AND REDEMPTION VIII. PAGAN INITIATIONS AND THE SECOND BIRTH IX. MYTH OF THE GOLDEN AGE X. THE SAVIOUR-GOD AND THE VIRGIN-MOTHER XI. RITUAL DANCING XII. THE SEX-TABOO XIII. THE GENESIS OF CHRISTIANITY XIV. THE MEANING OF IT ALL XV. THE ANCIENT MYSTERIES XVI. THE EXODUS OF CHRISTIANITY XVII. CONCLUSION APPENDIX PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN CREEDS: THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING I. INTRODUCTORY The subject of Religious Origins is a fascinating one, as the great multitude of books upon it, published in late years, tends to show. Indeed the great difficulty to-day in dealing with the subject, lies in the very mass of the material to hand—and that not only on account of the labor involved in sorting the material, but because the abundance itself of facts opens up temptation to a student in this department of Anthropology (as happens also in other branches of general Science) to rush in too hastily with what seems a plausible theory. The more facts, statistics, and so forth, there are available in any investigation, the easier it is to pick out a considerable number which will fit a given theory. The other facts being neglected or ignored, the views put forward enjoy for a time a great vogue. Then inevitably, and at a later time, new or neglected facts alter the outlook, and a new perspective is established.

 There is also in these matters of Science (though many scientific men would doubtless deny this) a great deal of "Fashion". Such has been notoriously the case in Political Economy, Medicine, Geology, and even in such definite studies as Physics and Chemistry. In a comparatively recent science, like that with which we are now concerned, one would naturally expect variations. A hundred and fifty years ago, and since the time of Rousseau, the "Noble Savage" was extremely popular; and he lingers still in the story books of our children. Then the reaction from this extreme view set in, and of late years it has been the popular cue (largely, it must be said, among "armchair" travelers and explorers) to represent the religious rites and customs of primitive folk as a senseless mass of superstitions, and the early man as quite devoid of decent feeling and intelligence. Again, when the study of religious origins first began in modern times to be seriously taken up—say in the earlier part of last century—there was a great boom in Sungods. Every divinity in the Pantheon was an impersonation of the Sun—unless indeed (if feminine) of the Moon. Apollo was a sungod, of course; Hercules was a sungod; Samson was a sungod; Indra and Krishna, and even Christ, the same.
 C. F. Dupuis in France (Origine de tous les Cultes, 1795), F. Nork in Germany (Biblische Mythologie, 1842), Richard Taylor in England (The Devil's Pulpit, (1) 1830), were among the first in modern times to put forward this view. A little later the PHALLIC explanation of everything came into fashion. The deities were all polite names for the organs and powers of procreation. R. P. Knight (Ancient Art and Mythology, 1818) and Dr. Thomas Inman (Ancient Faiths and Ancient Names, 1868) popularized this idea in England; so did Nork in Germany. Then again there was a period of what is sometimes called Euhemerism—the theory that the gods and goddesses had actually once been men and women, historical characters round whom a halo of romance and remoteness had gathered. Later still, a school has arisen which thinks little of sungods, and pays more attention to Earth and Nature spirits, to gnomes and demons and vegetation-sprites, and to the processes of Magic by which these (so it was supposed) could be enlisted in man's service if friendly, or exorcised if hostile.

 (1) This extraordinary book, though carelessly composed and containing many unproven statements, was on the whole on the right lines. But it raised a storm of opposition—the more so because its author was a clergyman! He was ejected from the ministry, of course, and was sent to prison twice.
 It is easy to see of course that there is some truth in ALL these explanations; but naturally each school for the time being makes the most of its own contention. Mr. J. M. Robertson (Pagan Christs and Christianity and Mythology), who has done such fine work in this field, (1) relies chiefly on the solar and astronomical origins, though he does not altogether deny the others; Dr. Frazer, on the other hand—whose great work, The Golden Bough, is a monumental collection of primitive customs, and will be an inexhaustible quarry for all future students—is apparently very little concerned with theories about the Sun and the stars, but concentrates his attention on the collection of innumerable details (2) of rites, chiefly magical, connected with food and vegetation.
 Still later writers, like S. Reinach, Jane Harrison and E. A. Crowley, being mainly occupied with customs of very primitive peoples, like the Pelasgian Greeks or the Australian aborigines, have confined themselves (necessarily) even more to Magic and Witchcraft.

 (1) If only he did not waste so much time, and so needlessly, in slaughtering opponents!
 (2) To such a degree, indeed, that sometimes the connecting clue of the argument seems to be lost.
 Meanwhile the Christian Church from these speculations has kept itself severely apart—as of course representing a unique and divine revelation little concerned or interested in such heathenisms; and moreover (in this country at any rate) has managed to persuade the general public of its own divine uniqueness to such a degree that few people, even nowadays, realize that it has sprung from just the same root as Paganism, and that it shares by far the most part of its doctrines and rites with the latter. Till quite lately it was thought (in Britain) that only secularists and unfashionable people took any interest in sungods; and while it was true that learned professors might point to a belief in Magic as one of the first sources of Religion, it was easy in reply to say that this obviously had nothing to do with Christianity! The Secularists, too, rather spoilt their case by assuming, in their wrath against the Church, that all priests since the beginning of the world have been frauds and charlatans, and that all the rites of religion were merely devil's devices invented by them for the purpose of preying upon the superstitions of the ignorant, to their own enrichment. They (the Secularists) overleaped themselves by grossly exaggerating a thing that no


lic.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a finger or toe, or to the claw of an insect crustacean.

 Dac"tyl*et (?), n. [Dactyl + &?;et.] A dactyl.
 [Obs.]

 Dac*tyl"ic (?), a. [L. dactylicus, Gr. &?;, fr.
 &?;.] Pertaining to, consisting chiefly or wholly of, dactyls; as, dactylic verses.

 Dac*tyl"ic, n. 1. A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dactyls; as, these lines are dactylics.

2. pl. Dactylic meters.

 Dac*tyl"i*o*glyph (dk*tl"**glf), n. [Gr. daktyliogly'fos an engraver of gems; dakty'lios finger ring (fr. da'ktylos finger) + gly'fein to engrave.] (Fine Arts) (a) An engraver of gems for rings and other ornaments. (b) The inscription of the engraver's name on a finger ring or gem.

 Dac*tyl'i*og"ly*phy (?), n. The art or process of gem engraving.

 Dac*tyl'i*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. dakty'lios finger ring + -graphy.]
 (Fine Arts) (a) The art of writing or engraving upon gems.
 (b) In general, the literature or history of the art.

 Dac*tyl'i*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. dakty'lios finger ring + -logy.]
 (Fine Arts) (a) That branch of archæology which has to do with gem engraving. (b) That branch of archæology which has to do with finger rings.

 Dac*tyl"i*o*man'cy (?), n. [Gr. dakty'lios + -mancy.]
 Divination by means of finger rings.

 Dac"tyl*ist (?), n. A writer of dactylic verse.

 ||Dac'tyl*i"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. da'ktylos finger + -itis.]
 (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the fingers. Gross.
 Dac'tyl*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. da'ktylos finger + -logy.] The art of communicating ideas by certain movements and positions of the fingers; -- a method of conversing practiced by the deaf and dumb.

 There are two different manual alphabets, the onehand alphabet (which was perfected by Abbé de l'Epée, who died in 1789), and the two-hand alphabet. The latter was probably based on the manual alphabet published by George Dalgarus of Aberdeen, in 1680. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Dac*tyl"o*man'cy (?), n. Dactyliomancy. [R.] Am. Cyc.
 Dac'tyl*on"o*my (?), n. [Gr. da'ktylos finger + no'mos law, distribution.] The art of numbering or counting by the fingers.

 Dac'tyl*op"ter*ous (?), a. [Gr. da'ktylos finger + &?; wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) Having the inferior rays of the pectoral fins partially or entirely free, as in the gurnards.

 ||Dac'ty*lo*the"ca (dk't*l*th"k), n. [NL., fr. Gr. da'ktylos finger, toe + qh'kh case, box.] (Zoöl.) The scaly covering of the toes, as in birds.

 Dac'tyl*o*zo"oid (dk't*l*z"oid), n. [Gr. da'ktylos finger + E. zooid.]
 (Zoöl.) A kind of zooid of Siphonophora which has an elongated or even vermiform body, with one tentacle, but no mouth. See Siphonophora.

 Dad (dd), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. daid, Gael. daidein, W. tad, OL. tata, Gr. ta'ta, te'tta, Skr. tta.]
 Father; -- a word sometimes used by children.

 I was never so bethumped with words, Since I first called my brother's father dad.

Shak.
 Dad"dle (dd"d'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Daddled (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Daddling.] [Prob. freq. of dade.] To toddle; to walk unsteadily, like a child or an old man; hence, to do anything slowly or feebly.

 Dad"dock (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. dad a large piece.] The rotten body of a tree. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
 Dad"dy (?), n. Diminutive of Dad. Dryden.
 Dad"dy long"legs' (?). 1. (Zoöl.) An arachnidan of the genus Phalangium, and allied genera, having a small body and four pairs of long legs; -- called also harvestman, carter, and grandfather longlegs.

2. (Zoöl.) A name applied to many species of dipterous insects of the genus Tipula, and allied genera, with slender bodies, and very long, slender legs; the crane fly; -- called also father longlegs.

 Dade (?), v. t. [Of. uncertain origin. Cf. Dandle, Daddle.] To hold up by leading strings or by the hand, as a child while he toddles. [Obs.]

 Little children when they learn to go By painful mothers daded to and fro.

Drayton.
 Dade, v. i. To walk unsteadily, as a child in leading strings, or just learning to walk; to move slowly. [Obs.]

 No sooner taught to dade, but from their mother trip.

Drayton.
 Da"do (?), n.; pl. Dadoes (#). [It. dado die, cube, pedestal; of the same origin as E. die, n. See Die, n.]
 (Arch.) (a) That part of a pedestal included between the base and the cornice (or surbase); the die. See Illust. of Column.
 Hence: (b) In any wall, that part of the basement included between the base and the base course. See Base course, under Base. (c) In interior decoration, the lower part of the wall of an apartment when adorned with moldings, or otherwise specially decorated.

 { Dæ"dal (?), Dæ*dal"ian (?) }, a. [L. daedalus cunningly wrought, fr. Gr. &?;; cf. &?; to work cunningly. The word also alludes to the mythical Dædalus (Gr. &?;, lit., the cunning worker).] 1. Cunningly or ingeniously formed or working; skillful; artistic; ingenious.

 Our bodies decked in our dædalian arms.

Chapman.
 The dædal hand of Nature.

J. Philips.
 The doth the dædal earth throw forth to thee, Out of her fruitful, abundant flowers.

Spenser.
2. Crafty; deceitful. [R.] Keats.
 Dæd"a*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Having a variously cut or incised margin; -- said of leaves.

 Dæ"mon (?), n., Dæ*mon"ic (&?;), a. See Demon, Demonic.

 Daff (?), v. t. [Cf. Doff.] To cast aside; to put off; to doff.
 [Obs.]

 Canst thou so