; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey.

Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. -- Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. -- Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite.

 Ar'gil*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. argilla white clay + -ferous.]
 Producing clay; -- applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan.
 Ar"gil*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; clay + - lite.] (Min.)
 Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. -- Ar'gil*lit"ic, a. Ar*gil'lo-are'e*na"ceous (&?;), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil.

 Ar*gil'lo-cal*ca"re*ous (&?;), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth.

 Ar*gil'lo-fer*ru"gi*nous (&?;), a. Containing clay and iron.

 Ar*gil"lous (&?;), a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla.
 See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.
 Ar"give (&?;), a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.]
 Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. -- n. A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek.

 ||Ar"go (&?;), n. [L. Argo, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.)
 The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece.

2. (Astron.) A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela.

 Ar*go"an (&?;), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo.

 Ar"goile (&?;), n. Potter's clay. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ar"gol (&?;), n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure.
 Ar*gol"ic (&?;), a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. &?;.]
 Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.

 Ar"gon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; inactive.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay.
 Ar"go*naut (&?;), n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; sailor, &?; ship. See Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece.

2. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.

 ||Ar'go*nau"ta (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor.

 The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus.

 Ar"go*naut"ic (&?;), a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts.

 Ar"go*sy (&?;), n.; pl. Argosies (&?;).
 [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size.

 Where your argosies with portly sail... Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak.
 ||Ar'got" (&?;), n. [F. Of unknown origin.] A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash.

 Ar"gu*a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate.

 Ar"gue (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason.

 I argue not Against Heaven's hand or will. Milton.
2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; - - followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend without convincing him.

 Ar"gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued.

2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning.

 So many laws argue so many sins. Milton.
3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion.

4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.]

 Thoughts and expressions... which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality. Dryden.
Syn. -- to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. -- To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments.

 Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth. Crabb.
 Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud, Bold without caution, without honors proud. Falconer.
 Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden.
 Ar"gu*er (&?;), n. One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant.

 Ar"gu*fy (&?;), v. t. & i. [Argue + -fy.] 1.
 To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell.
2. To signify. [Colloq.]

 ||Ar"gu*lus (&?;), n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura.

 Ar"gu*ment (&?;), n. [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.]

 There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity. Ray.
 Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast


Cell development, under Cell.

 { Cy'to*gen"ic (s?'t?-j?n"?k), Cy'to*ge*net"ic (-j?-n?t"?k), } a.
(Biol.) Of or pertaining to cytogenesis or cell development.

 Cy*tog"e*nous (s?-t?j"?-n?s), a. (Anat.) Producing cells; -- applied esp. to lymphatic, or adenoid, tissue.

 Cy*tog"e*ny (-n?), n. (Biol.) Cell production or development; cytogenesis.

 Cy"toid (s?"toid), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + -oid.] (Physiol.) Cell-like; -- applied to the corpuscles of lymph, blood, chyle, etc.

 Cy"to*plasm (s?"t?-pl?z'm), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; hollow vessel + &?;&?;&?;&?; a mold.] (Biol.) The substance of the body of a cell, as distinguished from the karyoplasma, or substance of the nucleus. -- Cy'to*plas"mic (-pl&?;z"m&?;k), a.
 ||Cyt"u*la (s?t"?-l?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a hollow vessel.] (Biol.) The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed. Hæckel.
 Czar (zär), n. [Russ. tsare, fr. L. Caesar Cæsar; cf. OPol. czar, Pol. car. ] A king; a chief; the title of the emperor of Russia. [Written also tzar.]

 Cza*rev"na (z?-r?v"n?), n. [Russ. tsarevna.] The title of the wife of the czarowitz.

 Cza*ri"na (z?-r?"n?), n. [Cf. G. Zarin, Czarin, fem., Russ. tsaritsa.] The title of the empress of Russia.

 Cza*rin"i*an (z?-r?n"?-an), a. Of or pertaining to the czar or the czarina; czarish.

 Czar"ish (z?r"?sh), a. Of or pertaining to the czar.

 Czar"o*witz (z?r"?-w?ts or t??r"?-v?ch), n.; pl. Czarowitzes (- &?;z). [Russ. tsarévich'.] The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia.

 Czech (ch?k; 204), n. 1. One of the Czechs.

2. The language of the Czechs (often called Bohemian), the harshest and richest of the Slavic languages.

 Czech"ic (ch?k"?k), a. Of or pertaining to the Czechs. "One Czechic realm." The Nation.
 Czechs (ch?ks), n. pl.; sing. Czech. [Named after their chieftain, Czech.] (Ethnol.) The most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations, numbering now more than 6,000,000, and found principally in Bohemia and Moravia.


), n. 1. The act of superstructing, or building upon.

2. That which is superstructed, or built upon some foundation; an edifice; a superstructure.

 My own profession hath taught me not to erect new superstructions upon an old ruin.

Denham.
 Su'per*struct"ive (?), a. Built or erected on something else. Hammond.
 Su'per*struct"or (?), n. One who builds a superstructure. [R.] R. North.
 Su'per*struc"ture (?), n. [Cf. F. superstructure.] 1.
 Any material structure or edifice built on something else; that which is raised on a foundation or basis; esp. (Arch.), all that part of a building above the basement. Also used figuratively.

 You have added to your natural endowments the superstructure of study.

Dryden.
2. (Railway Engin.) The sleepers, and fastenings, in distinction from the roadbed.

 Su'per*sub*stan"tial (?), a. [Pref. super- + substantial: cf. F. supersubstantiel.] More than substantial; spiritual. "The heavenly supersubstantial bread." Jer. Taylor.
 Su'per*sub"tle (?), a. Too subtle. Shak.
 Su'per*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) An acid sulphate. [Obs.]

 Su'per*sul"phu*ret'ed (?), a. (Chem.) Supersulphurized.
 [Obs.] [Written also - sulphuretted.]

 Su'per*sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To impregnate or combine with an excess of sulphur.

 Su'per*tem"po*ral (?), n. That which is more than temporal; that which is eternal. [R.]

 Su'per*ter*ra"ne*an (?), a. Being above ground. "Superterranean quarries." Mrs. Trollope.
 Su'per*ter*rene" (?), a. [Pref. super- + terrene: cf.
 L. superterrenus.] Being above ground, or above the earth. [R.]

 Su'per*ter*res"tri*al (?), a. Being above the earth, or above what belongs to the earth. Buckminster.
 Su'per*ton"ic (?), n. (Mus.) The note next above the keynote; the second of the scale. Busby.
 Su'per*trag"ic*al (?), a. Tragical to excess.

 Su'per*tu'ber*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + tuber.]
 (Bot.) The production of young tubers, as potatoes, from the old while still growing.

 Su'per*va*ca"ne*ous (?), a. [L. supervacaneus, supervacuus; super over + vacuus empty.] Serving no purpose; superfluous; needless. [Obs.] Howell.
 Su'per*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supervened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supervening.] [L. supervenire, superventum, to come over, to come upon; super over + venire to come. See Super-, and Come, and cf. Overcome.] To come as something additional or extraneous; to occur with reference or relation to something else; to happen upon or after something else; to be added; to take place; to happen.

 Such a mutual gravitation can never supervene to matter unless impressed by divine power.

Bentley.
 A tyrany immediately supervened.

Burke.
 Su'per*ven"ient (?), a. [L. superveniens, p. pr.] Coming as something additional or extraneous; coming afterwards.

 That branch of belief was in him supervenient to Christian practice.

Hammond.
 Divorces can be granted, a mensa et toro, only for supervenient causes.

Z. Swift.
 Su'per*ven"tion (?), n. [L. superventio.] The act of supervening. Bp. Hall.
 Su'per*vis"al (?), n. Supervision. Walpole.
 Su'per*vise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supervised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supervising.] [Pref. super- + L. visere to look at attentively, to view, surely, intens. from videre, visum, to see. Cf. Survise, and Survey.] 1. To oversee for direction; to superintend; to inspect with authority; as, to supervise the construction of a steam engine, or the printing of a book.

2. To look over so as to read; to peruse. [Obs.] Shak.
Syn. -- See Superintend.

 Su'per*vise", n. Supervision; inspection. [Obs.]

 Su'per*vi"sion (?), n. The act of overseeing; inspection; superintendence; oversight.

 Su'per*vi"sive (?), a. Supervisory. [R.]

 Su'per*vis"or (?), n. 1. One who supervises; an overseer; an inspector; a superintendent; as, a supervisor of schools.

2. A spectator; a looker-on. [Obs.] Shak.
 Su'per*vi"so*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to supervision; as, supervisory powers.

 Su'per*vive" (?), v. t. [L. supervivere. See Survive.] To survive; to outlive. [Obs.]

 Su'per*vo*lute" (?), a. [L. supervolutus, p. p. of supervolvere to roll over; super over + volvere to roll.] (Bot.)
 Having a plainted and convolute arrangement in the bud, as in the morningglory.

 Su'pi*na"tion (?), n. [L. supinare, supinatum, to bend or lay backward, fr. supinus supine: cf. F. supination.
 See Supine.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the hand palm upward; also, position of the hand with the palm upward. (b) The act or state of lying with the face upward. Opposed to pronation.

 Su'pi*na"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which produces the motion of supination.

 Su*pine" (?), a. [L. supinus, akin to sub under, super above. Cf. Sub-, Super-.] 1. Lying on the back, or with the face upward; -- opposed to prone.

2. Leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the sun; sloping; inclined.

 If the vine On rising ground be placed, or hills supine.

Dryden.
3. Negligent; heedless; indolent; listless.

 He became pusillanimous and supine, and openly exposed to any temptation.

Woodward.
Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; indolent; thoughtless; inattentive; listless; careless; drowsy.

 -- Su*pine"ly, adv. -- Su*pine"ness, n. Su"pine (?), n. [L. supinum (sc. verbum), from supinus bent or thrown backward, perhaps so called because, although furnished with substantive case endings, it rests or falls back, as it were, on the verb: cf. F. supin.] (Lat. Gram.) A verbal noun; or (according to C.F.Becker), a case of the infinitive mood ending in -um and -u, that in -um being sometimes called the former supine, and that in -u the latter supine.

 Su*pin"i*ty (?), n. [L. supinitas.] Supineness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Sup"page (?), n. [From Sup.] What may be supped; pottage. [Obs.] Hooker.
 Sup'pal*pa"tion (?),


reduced to a general form of statement, or brought under a general rule.

 Extreme cases are... not generalizable.

Coleridge Gen'er*al*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. généralisation.]

1. The act or process of generalizing; the act of bringing individuals or particulars under a genus or class; deduction of a general principle from particulars.

Generalization is only the apprehension of the one in the many.

Sir W. Hamilton.
2. A general inference.

 Gen"er*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Generalizing (?).] [Cf. F. généraliser.]

1. To bring under a genus or under genera; to view in relation to a genus or to genera.

 Copernicus generalized the celestial motions by merely referring them to the moon's motion. Newton generalized them still more by referring this last to the motion of a stone through the air.

W. Nicholson.
2. To apply to other genera or classes; to use with a more extensive application; to extend so as to include all special cases; to make universal in application, as a formula or rule.

 When a fact is generalized, our discontent is quited, and we consider the generality itself as tantamount to an explanation.

Sir W. Hamilton.
3. To derive or deduce (a general conception, or a general principle) from particulars.

 A mere conclusion generalized from a great multitude of facts.

Coleridge.
 Gen"er*al*ize, v. i. To form into a genus; to view objects in their relations to a genus or class; to take general or comprehensive views.

 Gen"er*al*ized (?), a. (Zoöl.) Comprising structural characters which are separated in more specialized forms; synthetic; as, a generalized type.

 Gen"er*al*i'zer (&?;), n. One who takes general or comprehensive views. Tyndall.
 Gen"er*al*ly, adv. 1. In general; commonly; extensively, though not universally; most frequently.

2. In a general way, or in general relation; in the main; upon the whole; comprehensively.

Generally speaking, they live very quietly.

Addison.
3. Collectively; as a whole; without omissions. [Obs.]

 I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee.

2 Sam. xvii. ll.
 Gen"er*al*ness, n. The condition or quality of being general; frequency; commonness. Sir P. Sidney.
 Gen"er*al*ship, n. 1. The office of a general; the exercise of the functions of a general; -- sometimes, with the possessive pronoun, the personality of a general.

 Your generalship puts me in mind of Prince Eugene.

Goldsmith.
2. Military skill in a general officer or commander.

3. Fig.: Leadership; management.

 An artful stroke of generalship in Trim to raise a dust.

Sterne.
 Gen"er*al*ty (?), n. Generality. [R.] Sir M. Hale.
 Gen"er*ant (?), a. [L. generans, p. pr. of generare.]
 Generative; producing; esp. (Geom.), acting as a generant.

 Gen"er*ant, n. 1. That which generates. Glanvill.
2. (Geom.) A generatrix.

 Gen"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Generating.] [L. generatus, p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See Genus, Gender.]

1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; to produce (a being similar to the parent); to engender; as, every animal generates its own species.

2. To cause to be; to bring into life. Milton.
3. To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process; to produce; to cause.

 Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise generate milk.

Arbuthnot.
4. (Math.) To trace out, as a line, figure, or solid, by the motion of a point or a magnitude of inferior order.

 Gen'er*a"tion (?), n. [OE. generacioun, F. génération, fr.L. generatio.] 1. The act of generating or begetting; procreation, as of animals.

2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; formation; as, the generation of sounds, of gases, of curves, etc.

3. That which is generated or brought forth; progeny; offspiring.

4. A single step or stage in the succession of natural descent; a rank or remove in genealogy. Hence: The body of those who are of the same genealogical rank or remove from an ancestor; the mass of beings living at one period; also, the average lifetime of man, or the ordinary period of time at which one rank follows another, or father is succeeded by child, usually assumed to be one third of a century; an age.

 This is the book of the generations of Adam.

Gen. v. 1.
 Ye shall remain there [in Babylon] many years, and for a long season, namely, seven generations.

Baruch vi. 3.
 All generations and ages of the Christian church.

Hooker.
5. Race; kind; family; breed; stock.

 Thy mother's of my generation; what's she, if I be a dog?

Shak.
6. (Geom.) The formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, as a line, a surface, a solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical law, of a point or a magnitude; as, the generation of a line or curve by the motion of a point, of a surface by a line, a sphere by a semicircle, etc.

7. (Biol.) The aggregate of the functions and phenomene which attend reproduction.

 There are four modes of generation in the animal kingdom: scissiparity or by fissiparous generation, gemmiparity or by budding, germiparity or by germs, and oviparity or by ova.

Alternate generation (Biol.), alternation of sexual with asexual generation, in which the products of one process differ from those of the other, -- a form of reproduction common both to animal and vegetable organisms. In the simplest form, the organism arising from sexual generation produces offspiring unlike itself, agamogenetically.
 These, however, in time acquire reproductive organs, and from their impregnated germs the original parent form is reproduced. In more complicated cases, the first series of organisms produced agamogenetically may give rise to others by a like process, and these in turn to still other generations. Ultimately, however, a generation is formed which develops sexual organs, and the original form is reproduced. -- Spontaneous generation (Biol.), the fancied production of living organisms without previously existing parents from inorganic matter, or from decomposing organic matter, a notion which at one time had many supporters; abiogenesis.

 Gen"er*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. génératif.]
 Having the power of generating, propagating, originating, or producing.
 "That generative particle." Bentley.
 Gen"er*a'tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces.

2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas, etc.

3. (Mus.) The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced; the fundamental note or root of the common


absurd, and Camilla at last gave way.
It need only further be said that though Giles Hickbody and Martha are not actually married as yet,—men and women in their class of life always moving towards marriage with great precaution,—it is quite understood that the young people are engaged, and are to be made happy together at some future time.


whispering into something. [Obs.] Johnson.
 In*swathe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inswathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inswating.] To wrap up; to infold; to swathe.

Inswathed sometimes in wandering mist.

Tennyson.
 In*tact" (?), a. [L. intactus; pref. innot + tactus, p. p. of tangere to touch: cf. F. intact. See Innot, and Tact, Tangent.] Untouched, especially by anything that harms, defiles, or the like; uninjured; undefiled; left complete or entire. Buckle.
 When all external differences have passed away, one element remains intact, unchanged, -- the everlasting basis of our common nature, the human soul.

F. W. Robertson.
 { In*tac"ti*ble (?), In*tac"ta*ble (?) }, a. Not perceptible to the touch.

 In*tagl"ia*ted (?), a. [It. intagliato, p. p. of intagliare.
 See Intaglio.] Engraved in intaglio; as, an intagliated stone. T. Warton.
 In*tagl"io (?), n.; pl. E. Intaglius (#), It. Intagli (#). [It., fr. intagliare to engrave, carve; pref. inin + tagliare to cut, carve. See Detail.] A cutting or engraving; a figure cut into something, as a gem, so as to make a design depressed below the surface of the material; hence, anything so carved or impressed, as a gem, matrix, etc.; -- opposed to cameo. Also used adjectively.

 In*tail", v. t. See Entail, v. t. In"take' (?), n. 1. The place where water or air is taken into a pipe or conduit; -- opposed to outlet.

2. the beginning of a contraction or narrowing in a tube or cylinder.

3. The quantity taken in; as, the intake of air.

 In*tam"i*na'ted (?), a. [L. intaminatus. See Contaminate.]
 Uncontaminated. [Obs.] Wood.
 In*tan'gi*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Intangibilities (#).
 [Cf. F. intangibilité.] The quality or state of being intangible; intangibleness.

 In*tan"gi*ble (?), a. [Pref. innot + tangible: cf.
 F. intangible.] Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible. Bp. Wilkins.
 A corporation is an artificial, invisible, intangible being.

Marshall.
 -- In*tan"gi*ble*ness, n. -- In*tan"gi*bly, adv.
 In*tan"gle (?), v. t. See Entangle.

 In*tast"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being tasted; tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Grew.
 In"te*ger (?), n. [L. integer untouched, whole, entire. See Entire.] A complete entity; a whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or a mixed number.

Complex integer (Theory of Numbers), an expression of the form a + b√-1, where a and b are real integers.

 In'te*gra*bil"i*ty (?), n. (Math.) The quality of being integrable.

 In"te*gra*ble (?), a. (Math.) Capable of being integrated.

 In"te*gral (?), a. [Cf. F. intégral. See Integer.]

1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect; uninjured; whole; entire.

 A local motion keepeth bodies integral.

Bacon.
2. Essential to completeness; constituent, as a part; pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer; integrant.

 Ceasing to do evil, and doing good, are the two great integral parts that complete this duty.

South.
3. (Math.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number or undivided quantity; not fractional. (b) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration; as, the integral calculus.

Integral calculus. See under Calculus.

 In"te*gral, n. 1. A whole; an entire thing; a whole number; an individual.

2. (Math.) An expression which, being differentiated, will produce a given differential. See differential Differential, and Integration. Cf. Fluent.

Elliptic integral, one of an important class of integrals, occurring in the higher mathematics; -- so called because one of the integrals expresses the length of an arc of an ellipse.

 In'te*gral"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. intégralité.]
 Entireness. [Obs.] Whitaker.
 In"te*gral*ly (?), adv. In an integral manner; wholly; completely; also, by integration.

 In"te*grant (?), a. [L. integrans, -antis, p. pr. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. intégrant. See Integrate.] Making part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire thing; integral. Boyle.
 All these are integrant parts of the republic.

Burke.
Integrant parts, or particles, of bodies, those smaller particles into which a body may be reduced without loss of its original constitution, as by mechanical division.

 In"te*grate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Integrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Integrating (?).] [L. integratus, p. p. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. intégrer. See Integer, Entire.]

1. To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect. "That conquest rounded and integrated the glorious empire." De Quincey.
 Two distinct substances, the soul and body, go to compound and integrate the man.

South.
2. To indicate the whole of; to give the sum or total of; as, an integrating anemometer, one that indicates or registers the entire action of the wind in a given time.

3. (Math.) To subject to the operation of integration; to find the integral of.

 In'te*gra"tion (n't*gr"shn), n. [L. integratio a renewing, restoring: cf. F. intégration.]

1. The act or process of making whole or entire.

2. (Math.) The operation of finding the primitive function which has a given function for its differential coefficient. See Integral.

 The symbol of integration is (standing for the Latin summa sum), and the integral is also regarded as the limiting value of the sum of great numbers of differentials, when the magnitude of the differentials decreases, and their number increases indefinitely. See Limit, n. When the summation is made between specified values of the variable, the result is a definite integral, and those values of the variable are the limits of the integral. When the summation is made successively for two or more variables, the result is a multiple integral.

3. In the theory of evolution: The process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent. It is supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in development.

 In"te*gra'tor (?), n. (Math. & Mech.) That which integrates; esp., an instrument by means of which the area of a figure can be measured directly, or its moment of inertia, or statical moment, etc., be determined.

 In*teg"ri*ty (?), n.


-- Air castle. See Castle in the air, under Castle. -- Air compressor, a machine for compressing air to be used as a motive power. -- Air crossing, a passage for air in a mine. -- Air cushion, an air-tight cushion which can be inflated; also, a device for arresting motion without shock by confined air. -- Air fountain, a contrivance for producing a jet of water by the force of compressed air.
 -- Air furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and not on blast. -- Air line, a straight line; a bee line. Hence Air-line, adj.; as, air-line road. -- Air lock (Hydr.
 Engin.), an intermediate chamber between the outer air and the compressed-air chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight. -- Air port (Nav.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit air. -- Air spring, a spring in which the elasticity of air is utilized. -- Air thermometer, a form of thermometer in which the contraction and expansion of air is made to measure changes of temperature. -- Air threads, gossamer. -- Air trap, a contrivance for shutting off foul air or gas from drains, sewers, etc.; a stench trap. -- Air trunk, a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated air from a room. -- Air valve, a valve to regulate the admission or egress of air; esp. a valve which opens inwardly in a steam boiler and allows air to enter. -- Air way, a passage for a current of air; as the air way of an air pump; an air way in a mine. -- In the air. (a) Prevalent without traceable origin or authority, as rumors. (b) Not in a fixed or stable position; unsettled. (c) (Mil.)
 Unsupported and liable to be turned or taken in flank; as, the army had its wing in the air. -- To take air, to be divulged; to be made public. -- To take the air, to go abroad; to walk or ride out.

 Air (âr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aired (ârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Airing.] [See Air, n., and cf. Aërate.]
 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or purifying; to ventilate; as, to air a room.

 It were good wisdom... that the jail were aired. Bacon.
 Were you but riding forth to air yourself. Shak.
2. To expose for the sake of public notice; to display ostentatiously; as, to air one's opinion.

Airing a snowy hand and signet gem. Tennyson.
3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling dampness, or of warming; as, to air linen; to air liquors.

 Air" bed' (&?;). A sack or matters inflated with air, and used as a bed.

 Air" blad'der (&?;). 1. (Anat.) An air sac, sometimes double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates, and in the adult may retain a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus.

2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant; also an air hole in a casting.

 Air" brake' (&?;). (Mach.) A railway brake operated by condensed air. Knight.
 Air"-built' (&?;), a. Erected in the air; having no solid foundation; chimerical; as, an air-built castle.

 Air" cell' (&?;). 1. (Bot.) A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants, containing air only.

2. (Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the system; as, a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation of the air vessels in insects.

 Air" cham'ber (&?;). 1. A chamber or cavity filled with air, in an animal or plant.

2. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a pump or other hydraulic machine.

 Air" cock' (&?;). A faucet to allow escape of air.

 Air"-drawn" (&?;), a. Drawn in air; imaginary.

 This is the air-drawn dagger. Shak.
 Air" drill' (&?;). A drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air; a pneumatic drill. Knight.
 Air" engine' (&?;). An engine driven by heated or by compressed air.
 Knight.
 Air"er (&?;), n. 1. One who exposes to the air.

2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried.

 Air" gas' (&?;). See under Gas.

 Air" gun' (gn'). A kind of gun in which the elastic force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a valve actuated by the trigger.

 Air" hole' (hl'). 1. A hole to admit or discharge air; specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over.

2. (Founding) A fault in a casting, produced by a bubble of air; a blowhole.

 Air"i*ly (âr"*l), adv. In an airy manner; lightly; gaily; jauntily; flippantly.

 Air"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy; openness or exposure to the air; as, the airiness of a country seat.

2. Lightness of spirits; gayety; levity; as, the airiness of young persons.

 Air"ing (âr"ng), n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open air; a short excursion for health's sake.

2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as, the airing of linen, or of a room.

 Air" jack'et (&?;). A jacket having air-tight cells, or cavities which can be filled with air, to render persons buoyant in swimming.

 Air"less (&?;), a. Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air.

 Air" lev'el (&?;). Spirit level. See Level.

 Air"like' (&?;), a. Resembling air.

 Air"ling (&?;), n. A thoughtless, gay person. [Obs.] "Slight airlings."
 B. Jonson.
 Air*om"e*ter (&?;), n. [Air + - meter.] A hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and open below, and has its open end plunged into water.

 Air" pipe' (&?;). A pipe for the passage of air; esp. a ventilating pipe.

 Air" plant' (&?;). (Bot.) A plant deriving its sustenance from the air alone; an aërophyte.

 The "Florida moss" (Tillandsia), many tropical orchids, and most mosses and lichens are air plants. Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on them, are epiphytes.

 Air" poise' (&?;). [See Poise.] An instrument to measure the weight of air.

 Air" pump' (&?;). 1. (Physics) A kind of pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space; also, a pump to condense air or force it into a closed space.

2. (Steam Engines) A pump used to exhaust from a condenser the condensed steam, the water used for condensing, and any commingled air.

 Air" sac' (&?;). (Anat.) One of the spaces in different


femella, dim. of femina woman. See Feminine.] 1.
 An individual of the sex which conceives and brings forth young, or (in a wider sense) which has an ovary and produces ova.

 The male and female of each living thing.

Drayton.
2. (Bot.) A plant which produces only that kind of reproductive organs which are capable of developing into fruit after impregnation or fertilization; a pistillate plant.

 Fe"male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and gives birth to young, or (in a wider sense) which produces ova; not male.

 As patient as the female dove When that her golden couplets are disclosed.

Shak.
2. Belonging to an individual of the female sex; characteristic of woman; feminine; as, female tenderness. "Female usurpation.'b8 Milton.
 To the generous decision of a female mind, we owe the discovery of America.

Belknap.
3. (Bot.) Having pistils and no stamens; pistillate; or, in cryptogamous plants, capable of receiving fertilization.

 Female rhymes (Pros.), double rhymes, or rhymes (called in French feminine rhymes because they end in e weak, or feminine) in which two syllables, an accented and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line.

 A rhyme, in which the final syllables only agree (strain, complain) is called a male rhyme; one in which the two final syllables of each verse agree, the last being short (motion, ocean), is called female.
 Brande & C.
 -- Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another, or male, screw turns. Nicholson. -- Female fern (Bot.), a common species of fern with large decompound fronds (Asplenium Filixfæmina), growing in many countries; lady fern.

 The names male fern and female fern were anciently given to two common ferns; but it is now understood that neither has any sexual character.

Syn. -- Female, Feminine. We apply female to the sex or individual, as opposed to male; also, to the distinctive belongings of women; as, female dress, female form, female character, etc.; feminine, to things appropriate to, or affected by, women; as, feminine studies, employments, accomplishments, etc.
 "Female applies to sex rather than gender, and is a physiological rather than a grammatical term. Feminine applies to gender rather than sex, and is grammatical rather than physiological." Latham.
 Fe"mal*ist (?), n. A gallant. [Obs.]

 Courting her smoothly like a femalist.

Marston.
 Fe"mal*ize (?), v. t. To make, or to describe as, female or feminine. Shaftesbury.
 ||Feme (fm or fm), n. [OF. feme, F. femme.] (Old Law) A woman. Burrill.
Feme covert (Law), a married woman. See Covert, a., 3. -- Feme sole (Law), a single or unmarried woman; a woman who has never been married, or who has been divorced, or whose husband is dead. -- Feme sole trader or merchant (Eng. Law), a married woman, who, by the custom of London, engages in business on her own account, inpendently of her husband.

 Fem"er*al (?), n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

 Fem"er*ell (?), n. [OF. fumeraille part of a chimney. See Fume.] (Arch.) A lantern, or louver covering, placed on a roof, for ventilation or escape of smoke.

 Fem"i*nal (?), a. Feminine. [Obs.] West.
 Fem'i*nal"i*ty (?), n. Feminity.

 Fem"i*nate (?), a. [L. feminatus effeminate.] Feminine.
 [Obs.]

 Fem'i*ne"i*ty (?), n. [L. femineus womanly.] Womanliness; femininity. C. Reade.
 Fem"i*nine (?), a. [L. femininus, fr. femina woman; prob. akin to L. fetus, or to Gr. qh^sqai to suck, qh^sai to suckle, Skr. dh to suck; cf. AS. fmme woman, maid: cf. F. féminin.
 See Fetus.] 1. Of or pertaining to a woman, or to women; characteristic of a woman; womanish; womanly.

 Her letters are remarkably deficient in feminine ease and grace.

Macaulay.
2. Having the qualities of a woman; becoming or appropriate to the female sex; as, in a good sense, modest, graceful, affectionate, confiding; or, in a bad sense, weak, nerveless, timid, pleasure-loving, effeminate.

 Her heavenly form Angelic, but more soft and feminine.

Milton.
 Ninus being esteemed no man of war at all, but altogether feminine, and subject to ease and delicacy.

Sir W. Raleigh.
 Feminine rhyme. (Pros.) See Female rhyme, under Female, a. Syn. -- See Female, a. Fem"i*nine, n. 1. A woman. [Obs. or Colloq.]

 They guide the feminines toward the palace.

Hakluyt.
2. (Gram.) Any one of those words which are the appellations of females, or which have the terminations usually found in such words; as, actress, songstress, abbess, executrix.

 There are but few true feminines in English.

Latham.
 Fem"i*nine*ly, adv. In a feminine manner. Byron.
 Fem"i*nine*ness, n. The quality of being feminine; womanliness; womanishness.

 Fem'i*nin"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or nature of the female sex; womanliness.

2. The female form. [Obs.]

 O serpent under femininitee.

Chaucer.
 Fe*min"i*ty (?), n. Womanliness; femininity. [Obs.] "Trained up in true feminity." Spenser.
 Fem'i*ni*za"tion (?), n. The act of feminizing, or the state of being feminized.

 Fem"i*nize (?), v. t. [Cf. F. féminiser.] To make womanish or effeminate. Dr. H. More.
 Fem"i*nye (?), n. [OF. femenie, feminie, the female sex, realm of women.] The people called Amazons. [Obs.] "[The reign of] feminye."
 Chaucer.
 ||Femme (? or?), n. [F.] A woman. See Feme, n. Femme de chambre (?). [F.] A lady's maid; a chambermaid.

 Fem"o*ral (?), a. [L. femur, femoris, thigh: cf. F.
 fémoral.] Pertaining to the femur or thigh; as, the femoral artery. "Femoral habiliments." Sir W. Scott.
 ||Fe"mur (f"mr), n.; pl. Femora (fm"*r). [L. thigh.]
 (Anat.) (a) The thigh bone. (b) The proximal segment of the hind limb containing the thigh bone; the thigh. See Coxa.

 Fen (?), n. [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt; akin to D. veen, OFries. fenne, fene, OHG. fenna, G. fenn, Icel. fen, Goth. fani mud.] Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or partially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic plants; boggy land; moor; marsh.


THE RED LILY By Anatole France The real name of the subject of this preface is Jacques-Anatole Thibault.
 He was born in Paris, April 16, 1844, the son of a bookseller of the Quai Malaquais, in the shadow of the Institute. He was educated at the College Stanislas and published in 1868 an essay upon Alfred de Vigny. This was followed by two volumes of poetry: 'Les Poemes Dores' (1873), and 'Les Noces Corinthiennes' (1876). With the last mentioned book his reputation became established.

 Anatole France belongs to the class of poets known as "Les Parnassiens." Yet a book like 'Les Noces Corinthiennes' ought to be classified among a group of earlier lyrics, inasmuch as it shows to a large degree the influence of Andre Chenier and Alfred de Vigny. France was, and is, also a diligent contributor to many journals and reviews, among others, 'Le Globe, Les Debats, Le Journal Officiel, L'Echo de Paris, La Revue de Famille, and Le Temps'. On the last mentioned journal he succeeded Jules Claretie. He is likewise Librarian to the Senate, and has been a member of the French Academy since 1896.

 The above mentioned two volumes of poetry were followed by many works in prose, which we shall notice. France's critical writings are collected in four volumes, under the title, 'La Vie Litteraire' (_PHONE_); his political articles in 'Opinions Sociales' (2 vols., 1902). He combines in his style traces of Racine, Voltaire, Flaubert, and Renan, and, indeed, some of his novels, especially 'Thais' (1890), 'Jerome Coignard' (1893), and Lys Rouge (1894), which was crowned by the Academy, are romances of the first rank.

 Criticism appears to Anatole France the most recent and possibly the ultimate evolution of literary expression, "admirably suited to a highly civilized society, rich in souvenirs and old traditions.... It proceeds," in his opinion, "from philosophy and history, and demands for its development an absolute intellectual liberty..... It is the last in date of all literary forms, and it will end by absorbing them all.... To be perfectly frank the critic should say: 'Gentlemen, I propose to enlarge upon my own thoughts concerning Shakespeare, Racine, Pascal, Goethe, or any other writer.'" It is hardly necessary to say much concerning a critic with such pronounced ideas as Anatole France. He gives us, indeed, the full flower of critical Renanism, but so individualized as to become perfection in grace, the extreme flowering of the Latin genius. It is not too much to say that the critical writings of Anatole France recall the Causeries du Lundi, the golden age of Sainte-Beuve!

 As a writer of fiction, Anatole France made his debut in 1879 with 'Jocaste', and 'Le Chat Maigre'. Success in this field was yet decidedly doubtful when 'Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard' appeared in 1881. It at once established his reputation; 'Sylvestre Bonnard', as 'Le Lys Rouge' later, was crowned by the French Academy. These novels are replete with fine irony, benevolent scepticism and piquant turns, and will survive the greater part of romances now read in France. The list of Anatole France's works in fiction is a large one. The titles of nearly all of them, arranged in chronological order, are as follows: 'Les Desirs de Jean Seyvien (1882); Abeille (1883); Le Livre de mon Ami (1885); Nos Enfants (1886); Balthazar (1889); Thais (1890); L'Etui de Naire (1892); Jerome Coignard, and La Rotisserie de la Reine Pedanque (1893); and Histoire Contemporaine (_PHONE_), the latter consisting of four separate works: 'L'Orme du Mail, Le Mannequin d'Osier, L'Anneau d'Amethyste, and Monsieur Bergeret a Paris'. All of his writings show his delicately critical analysis of passion, at first playfully tender in its irony, but later, under the influence of his critical antagonism to Brunetiere, growing keener, stronger, and more bitter. In 'Thais' he has undertaken to show the bond of sympathy that unites the pessimistic sceptic to the Christian ascetic, since both despise the world. In 'Lys Rouge', his greatest novel, he traces the perilously narrow line that separates love from hate; in 'Opinions de M. l'Abbe Jerome Coignard' he has given us the most radical breviary of scepticism that has appeared since Montaigne. 'Le Livre de mon Ami' is mostly autobiographical; 'Clio' (1900) contains historical sketches.

 To represent Anatole France as one of the undying names in literature would hardly be extravagant. Not that I would endow Ariel with the stature and sinews of a Titan; this were to miss his distinctive qualities: delicacy, elegance, charm. He belongs to a category of writers who are more read and probably will ever exercise greater influence than some of greater name. The latter show us life as a whole; but life as a whole is too vast and too remote to excite in most of us more than a somewhat languid curiosity. France confines himself to themes of the keenest personal interest, the life of the world we live in. It is herein that he excels! His knowledge is wide, his sympathies are many-sided, his power of exposition is unsurpassed. No one has set before us the mind of our time, with its half-lights, its shadowy vistas, its indefiniteness, its haze on the horizon, so vividly as he.

 In Octave Mirbeau's notorious novel, a novel which it would be complimentary to describe as naturalistic, the heroine is warned by her director against the works of Anatole France, "Ne lisez jamais du Voltaire... C'est un peche mortel... ni de Renan... ni de l'Anatole France. Voila qui est dangereux." The names are appropriately united; a real, if not precisely an apostolic, succession exists between the three writers.

CONTENTS BOOK 1. CHAPTER I. "I NEED LOVE" CHAPTER II. "ONE CAN SEE THAT YOU ARE YOUNG!" CHAPTER III. A DISCUSSION ON THE LITTLE CORPORAL CHAPTER IV. THE END OF A DREAM CHAPTER V. A DINNER 'EN FAMILLE' CHAPTER VI. A DISTINGUISHED RELICT CHAPTER VII.
 MADAME HAS HER WAY CHAPTER VIII.
 THE LADY OF THE BELLS CHAPTER IX. CHOULETTE FINDS A NEW FRIEND BOOK 2. CHAPTER X. DECHARTRE ARRIVES IN FLORENCE CHAPTER XI. "THE DAWN OF FAITH AND LOVE" CHAPTER XII.
 HEARTS AWAKENED CHAPTER XIII.
 "YOU MUST TAKE ME WITH MY OWN SOUL!" CHAPTER XIV. THE AVOWAL CHAPTER XV. THE MYSTERIOUS LETTER CHAPTER XVI. "TO-MORROW?" CHAPTER XVII. MISS BELL ASKS A QUESTION CHAPTER XVIII. "I KISS YOUR FEET BECAUSE THEY HAVE COME!" CHAPTER XIX. CHOULETTE TAKES A JOURNEY CHAPTER XX. WHAT IS FRANKNESS? CHAPTER XXI. "I NEVER HAVE LOVED ANY ONE BUT YOU!" CHAPTER XXII. A MEETING


.) A kind of spider. See Hunting spider, under Hunting.

6. A hunting watch, or one of which the crystal is protected by a metallic cover.

Hunter's room, the lunation after the harvest moon. -- Hunter's screw (Mech.), a differential screw, so named from the inventor. See under Differential.

 Hun*te"ri*an (?), a. Discovered or described by John Hunter, an English surgeon; as, the Hunterian chancre. See Chancre.

 Hunt"ing (?), n. The pursuit of game or of wild animals. A. Smith.
Happy hunting grounds, the region to which, according to the belief of American Indians, the souls of warriors and hunters pass after death, to be happy in hunting and feasting. Tylor. -- Hunting box.
 Same As Hunting lodge (below). -- Hunting cat (Zoöl.), the cheetah. -- Hunting cog (Mach.), a tooth in the larger of two geared wheels which makes its number of teeth prime to the number in the smaller wheel, thus preventing the frequent meeting of the same pairs of teeth. -- Hunting dog (Zoöl.), the hyena dog.
 -- Hunting ground, a region or district abounding in game; esp. (pl.), the regions roamed over by the North American Indians in search of game.
 -- Hunting horn, a bulge; a horn used in the chase. See Horn, and Bulge. -- Hunting leopard (Zoöl.), the cheetah. -- Hunting lodge, a temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. -- Hunting seat, a hunting lodge. Gray. -- Hunting shirt, a coarse shirt for hunting, often of leather. -- Hunting spider (Zoöl.), a spider which hunts its prey, instead of catching it in a web; a wolf spider. -- Hunting watch. See Hunter, 6.

 Hunt"ress (?), n. A woman who hunts or follows the chase; as, the huntress Diana. Shak.
 Hunts"man (?), n.; pl. Huntsmen (&?;). 1.
 One who hunts, or who practices hunting.

2. The person whose office it is to manage the chase or to look after the hounds. L'Estrange.
Huntsman's cup (Bot.), the sidesaddle flower, or common American pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

 Hunts"man*ship (?), n. The art or practice of hunting, or the qualification of a hunter. Donne.
 Hunt's"-up' (?), n. A tune played on the horn very early in the morning to call out the hunters; hence, any arousing sound or call. [Obs.]
 Shak.
 Time plays the hunt's-up to thy sleepy head.

Drayton.
 Hur"den (?), n. [From Hurds.] A coarse kind of linen; -- called also harden. [Prov. Eng.]

 Hur"dle (?), n. [OE. hurdel, hirdel, AS. hyrdel; akin to D. horde, OHG. hurt, G. hürde a hurdle, fold, pen, Icel. hur&?; door, Goth. haúrds, L. cratis wickerwork, hurdle, Gr. &?;, Skr. k&?;t to spin, c&?;t to bind, connect. √16. Cf. Crate, Grate, n.] 1. A movable frame of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, or sometimes of iron, used for inclosing land, for folding sheep and cattle, for gates, etc.; also, in fortification, used as revetments, and for other purposes.

2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execution. Bacon.
3. An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which men or horses leap in a race.

Hurdle race, a race in which artificial barriers in the form of hurdles, fences, etc., must be leaped.

 Hur"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurdleed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hurdleing (?).] To hedge, cover, make, or inclose with hurdles. Milton.
 Hur"dle*work' (?), n. Work after manner of a hurdle.

 Hurds (?), n. [See Hards.] The coarse part of flax or hemp; hards.

 Hur"dy-gur'dy (?), n. [Prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A stringled instrument, lutelike in shape, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned by a crank at the end, instead of by a bow, two of the strings being tuned as drones, while two or more, tuned in unison, are modulated by keys.

2. In California, a water wheel with radial buckets, driven by the impact of a jet.

 Hur*ka"ru (?), n. [Hind. harkra] In India, a running footman; a messenger. [Written also hurkaroo.]

 Hurl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hurling.] [OE. hurlen, hourlen; prob.
 contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle, or probably akin to E. whirl.
 √16. See Hurtle.] 1. To send whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw with violence; to drive with great force; as, to hurl a stone or lance.

 And hurl'd them headlong to their fleet and main.

Pope.
2. To emit or utter with vehemence or impetuosity; as, to hurl charges or invective. Spenser.
3. [Cf. Whirl.] To twist or turn. "Hurled or crooked feet."
 [Obs.] Fuller.
 Hurl, v. i. 1. To hurl one's self; to go quickly. [R.]

2. To perform the act of hurling something; to throw something (at another).

 God shall hurl at him and not spare.

Job xxvii. 22 (Rev. Ver. ).
3. To play the game of hurling. See Hurling.

 Hurl, n. 1. The act of hurling or throwing with violence; a cast; a fling. Congreve.
2. Tumult; riot; hurly-burly. [Obs.] Knolles.
3. (Hat Manuf.) A table on which fiber is stirred and mixed by beating with a bowspring.

 Hurl"bat' (?), n. See Whirlbat. [Obs.] Holland.
 Hurl"bone' (?), n. 1. See Whirlbone.

2. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the buttock of a horse.
 Crabb.
 Hurl"er (?), n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling.

 Hurl"ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force.

2. A kind of game at ball, formerly played.

Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing the ball.

Carew.
 Hurl"wind' (?), n. A whirlwind. [Obs.] Sandys.
 Hur"ly (?), n. [Cf. F. hurler to howl.] Noise; confusion; uproar.

 That, with the hurly, death itself awakes.

Shak.
 Hur"ly-bur'ly (?), n. [Reduplicated fr. OE. hurly confusion: cf. F. hurler to howl, yell, L. ululare; or cf. E. hurry.]
 Tumult; bustle; confusion. Shak.
 All places were filled with tumult and hurlyburly.

Knolles.
 Hu*ro"ni*an (?), a. [Named from Lake Huron.] (Geol.)
 Of or pertaining to certain nonfossiliferous rocks on the borders of Lake Huron, which are supposed to correspond in time to the latter part of the Archæan


in any direction or manner between contiguous bodies, or parts of bodies, and taking specific names according to its direction, or mode of action, as thrust or pressure, pull or tension, shear or tangential stress.
 Rankine.
Stress is the mutual action between portions of matter.

Clerk Maxwell.
4. (Pron.) Force of utterance expended upon words or syllables. Stress is in English the chief element in accent and is one of the most important in emphasis. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 31-35.

5. (Scots Law) Distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.

Stress of voice, unusual exertion of the voice. -- Stress of weather, constraint imposed by continued bad weather; as, to be driven back to port by stress of weather. -- To lay stress upon, to attach great importance to; to emphasize. "Consider how great a stress is laid upon this duty." Atterbury. -- To put stress upon, or To put to a stress, to strain.

 Stress (?), v. t. 1. To press; to urge; to distress; to put to difficulties. [R.] Spenser.
2. To subject to stress, pressure, or strain.

 Stress"ful (?), a. Having much stress. Rush.
 Stretch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stretched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stretching.] [OE. strecchen, AS. streccan; akin to D. strekken, G. strecken, OHG. strecchen, Sw.
 sträcka, Dan. strække; cf. AS. stræck, strec, strong, violent, G. strack straight; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to E. strong. Cf. Straight.] 1. To reach out; to extend; to put forth.

 And stretch forth his neck long and small.

Chaucer.
 I in conquest stretched mine arm.

Shak.
2. To draw out to the full length; to cause to extend in a straight line; as, to stretch a cord or rope.

3. To cause to extend in breadth; to spread; to expand; as, to stretch cloth; to stretch the wings.

4. To make tense; to tighten; to distend forcibly.

 The ox hath therefore stretched his yoke in vain.

Shak.
5. To draw or pull out to greater length; to strain; as, to stretch a tendon or muscle.

 Awake, my soul, stretch every nerve.

Doddridge.
6. To exaggerate; to extend too far; as, to stretch the truth; to stretch one's credit.

 They take up, one day, the most violent and stretched prerogative.

Burke.
 Stretch, v. i. 1. To be extended; to be drawn out in length or in breadth, or both; to spread; to reach; as, the iron road stretches across the continent; the lake stretches over fifty square miles.

 As far as stretcheth any ground.

Gower.
2. To extend or spread one's self, or one's limbs; as, the lazy man yawns and stretches.

3. To be extended, or to bear extension, without breaking, as elastic or ductile substances.

 The inner membrane... because it would stretch and yield, remained umbroken.

Boyle.
4. To strain the truth; to exaggerate; as, a man apt to stretch in his report of facts. [Obs. or Colloq.]

5. (Naut.) To sail by the wind under press of canvas; as, the ship stretched to the eastward. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
Stretch out, an order to rowers to extend themselves forward in dipping the oar.

 Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being stretched; reach; effort; struggle; strain; as, a stretch of the limbs; a stretch of the imagination.

 By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain.

Dryden.
 Those put a lawful authority upon the stretch, to the abuse of yower, under the color of prerogative.

L'Estrange.
2. A continuous line or surface; a continuous space of time; as, grassy stretches of land.

 A great stretch of cultivated country.

W. Black.
 But all of them left me a week at a stretch.

E. Eggleston.
3. The extent to which anything may be stretched.

 Quotations, in their utmost stretch, can signify no more than that Luther lay under severe agonies of mind.

Atterbury.
 This is the utmost stretch that nature can.

Granville.
4. (Naut.) The reach or extent of a vessel's progress on one tack; a tack or board.

5. Course; direction; as, the stretch of seams of coal.

To be on the stretch, to be obliged to use one's utmost powers. -- Home stretch. See under Home, a. Stretch"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stretches.

2. (Masonry) A brick or stone laid with its longer dimension in the line of direction of the wall. Gwilt.
3. (Arch.) A piece of timber used in building.

4. (Naut.) (a) A narrow crosspiece of the bottom of a boat against which a rower braces his feet. (b) A crosspiece placed between the sides of a boat to keep them apart when hoisted up and griped.
 Dana.
5. A litter, or frame, for carrying disabled, wounded, or dead persons.

6. An overstretching of the truth; a lie. [Slang] 7. One of the rods in an umbrella, attached at one end to one of the ribs, and at the other to the tube sliding upon the handle.

8. An instrument for stretching boots or gloves.

9. The frame upon which canvas is stretched for a painting.

 Stretch"ing (?), a. & n. from Stretch, v. Stretching course (Masonry), a course or series of stretchers. See Stretcher, 2. Britton.
 ||Stret"to (?), n. [It., close or contacted, pressed.] (Mus.)
(a) The crowding of answer upon subject near the end of a fugue. (b) In an opera or oratorio, a coda, or winding up, in an accelerated time.
 [Written also stretta.]

 Strew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strewed (?); p. p. strewn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strewing.] [OE. strewen, strawen, AS. strewian, streówian; akin to Ofries. strewa, OS. strewian, D. strooijen, G. streuen, OHG. strewen, Icel. str, Sw. strö, Dan. ströe, Goth. straujan, L. sternere, stratum, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. st&?;.
 √166. Cf. Stratum, Straw, Street.] 1. To scatter; to spread by scattering; to cast or to throw loosely apart; -- used of solids, separated or separable into parts or particles; as, to strew seed in beds; to strew sand on or over a floor; to strew flowers over a grave.

 And strewed his mangled limbs about the field.

Dryden.
 On a principal table a desk was open and many papers [were] strewn about.

Beaconsfield.
2. To cover more or less thickly by scattering something over or upon; to cover, or lie upon, by having been scattered; as, they strewed the ground with leaves; leaves strewed the ground.

 The snow which does the top of Pindus strew.

Spenser.
 Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?

Pope.
3. To spread abroad; to disseminate.

 She may strew dangerous conjectures.

Shak.
 Strew"ing (?), n. 1. The act of scattering or spreading.


stealing fifteen pears from a lorry at the railroad station. Seven days.
Doncaster Borough Police Court. Before Alderman Clark and other magistrates. James M'Gowan, charged under the Poaching Prevention Act with being found in possession of poaching implements and a number of rabbits. Fined £2 and costs, or one month.
Dunfermline Sheriff Court. Before Sheriff Gillespie.
John Young, a pit-head worker, pleaded guilty to assaulting Alexander Storrar by beating him about the head and body with his fists, throwing him on the ground, and also striking him with a pit prop. Fined £1.
Kirkcaldy Police Court. Before Bailie Dishart. Simon Walker pleaded guilty to assaulting a man by striking and knocking him down. It was an unprovoked assault, and the magistrate described the accused as a perfect danger to the community. Fined 30s.
Mansfield Police Court. Before the Mayor, Messrs. F. J. Turner, J. Whitaker, F. Tidsbury, E. Holmes, and Dr. R. Nesbitt. Joseph Jackson, charged with assaulting Charles Nunn. Without any provocation, defendant struck the complainant a violent blow in the face, knocking him down, and then kicked him on the side of the head. He was rendered unconscious, and he remained under medical treatment for a fortnight. Fined 21s.
Perth Sheriff Court. Before Sheriff Sym. David Mitchell, charged with poaching. There were two previous convictions, the last being three years ago. The sheriff was asked to deal leniently with Mitchell, who was sixty-two years of age, and who offered no resistance to the gamekeeper. Four months.
Dundee Sheriff Court. Before Hon. Sheriff-Substitute R. C. Walker. John Murray, Donald Craig, and James Parkes, charged with poaching. Craig and Parkes fined £1 each or fourteen days; Murray, £5 or one month.
Reading Borough Police Court. Before Messrs. W. B. Monck, F. B. Parfitt, H. M. Wallis, and G. Gillagan. Alfred Masters, aged sixteen, charged with sleeping out on a waste piece of ground and having no visible means of subsistence. Seven days.
Salisbury City Petty Sessions. Before the Mayor, Messrs. C. Hoskins, G. Fullford, E. Alexander, and W. Marlow. James Moore, charged with stealing a pair of boots from outside a shop. Twenty-one days.
Horncastle Police Court. Before the Rev. W. F. Massingberd, the Rev. J. Graham, and Mr. N. Lucas Calcraft. George Brackenbury, a young labourer, convicted of what the magistrates characterised as an altogether unprovoked and brutal assault upon James Sargeant Foster, a man over seventy years of age. Fined £1 and 5s. 6d. costs.
Worksop Petty Sessions. Before Messrs. F. J. S. Foljambe, R. Eddison, and S. Smith. John Priestley, charged with assaulting the Rev. Leslie Graham. Defendant, who was drunk, was wheeling a perambulator and pushed it in front of a lorry, with the result that the perambulator was overturned and the baby in it thrown out.
The lorry passed over the perambulator, but the baby was uninjured.
Defendant then attacked the driver of the lorry, and afterwards assaulted the complainant, who remonstrated with him upon his conduct. In consequence of the injuries defendant inflicted, complainant had to consult a doctor. Fined 40s. and costs.
Rotherham West Riding Police Court. Before Messrs. C. Wright and G. Pugh and Colonel Stoddart. Benjamin Storey, Thomas Brammer, and Samuel Wilcock, charged with poaching. One month each.
Southampton County Police Court. Before Admiral J. C. Rowley, Mr. H. H. Culme-Seymour, and other magistrates. Henry Thorrington, charged with sleeping out. Seven days.
Eckington Police Court. Before Major L. B. Bowden, Messrs.
R. Eyre, and H. A. Fowler, and Dr. Court. Joseph Watts, charged with stealing nine ferns from a garden. One month.
Ripley Petty Sessions. Before Messrs. J. B. Wheeler, W. D. Bembridge, and M. Hooper. Vincent Allen and George Hall, charged under the Poaching Prevention Act with being found in possession of a number of rabbits, and John Sparham, charged with aiding and abetting them. Hall and Sparham fined £1, 17s. 4d., and Allen £2, 17s. 4d., including costs; the former committed for fourteen days and the latter for one month in default of payment.
South-western Police Court, London. Before Mr. Rose.
John Probyn, charged with doing grievous bodily harm to a constable.
Prisoner had been kicking his wife, and also assaulting another woman who protested against his brutality. The constable tried to persuade him to go inside his house, but prisoner suddenly turned upon him, knocking him down by a blow on the face, kicking him as he lay on the ground, and attempting to strangle him. Finally the prisoner deliberately kicked the officer in a dangerous part, inflicting an injury which will keep him off duty for a long time to come. Six weeks.
Lambeth Police Court, London. Before Mr. Hopkins. "Baby" Stuart, aged nineteen, described as a chorus girl, charged with obtaining food and lodging to the value of 5s. by false pretences, and with intent to defraud Emma Brasier. Emma Brasier, complainant, lodging-house keeper of Atwell Road. Prisoner took apartments at her house on the representation that she was employed at the Crown Theatre.
After prisoner had been in her house two or three days, Mrs. Brasier made inquiries, and, finding the girl's story untrue, gave her into custody. Prisoner told the magistrate that she would have worked had she not had such bad health. Six weeks' hard labour.
CHAPTER XVII.
INEFFICIENCY I stopped a moment to listen to an argument on the Mile End Waste.
It was night-time, and they were all workmen of the better class.
They had surrounded one of their number, a pleasant-faced man of thirty, and were giving it to him rather heatedly.
"But 'ow about this 'ere cheap immigration?" one of them demanded. "The Jews of Whitechapel, say, a-cutting our throats right along?" "You can't blame them," was the answer. "They're just like us, and they've got to live. Don't blame the man who offers to work cheaper than you and gets your job." "But 'ow about the wife an' kiddies?" his interlocutor demanded.
"There you are," came the answer. "How about the wife and kiddies of the man who works cheaper than you and gets your job? Eh? How about his wife and kiddies? He's more interested in them than in yours, and he can't see them starve.
So he cuts the price of labour and out you go. But you mustn't blame him, poor devil. He can't help it. Wages always come down when two men are after the same job. That's the fault of competition, not of the man who cuts the price." "But wyges don't come down where there's a union," the objection was made.
"And there you are again, right on the head. The union checks competition among the labourers, but makes it harder where there are no unions.
There's where your cheap labour of Whitechapel comes in. They're unskilled, and have no unions, and cut each other's throats, and ours in the bargain, if we don't belong to a strong union." Without going further into the argument, this man on the Mile End Waste pointed the moral that when two men were after the one job wages were bound to fall. Had he gone deeper into the matter, he would have found that even the union, say twenty thousand strong, could not hold up wages if twenty thousand idle men were trying to displace the union men. This is admirably instanced, just now, by the return and disbandment of the soldiers from South Africa. They find themselves, by tens of thousands


A forced or affected smile; a simper.

 The bride, all smirk and blush, had just entered.

Sir W. Scott.
 Smirk, a. Nice,; smart; spruce; affected; simpering. "So smirk, so smooth." Spenser.
 Smirk"ing*ly, adv. With smirking; with a smirk.

 Smirk"y (?), a. Smirk; smirking.

 Smit (?), rare imp. & p. p. of Smite. Spenser.
Smit with the beauty of so fair a scene.

Cowper.
 Smit, obs. 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Smite. Chaucer.
 Smite (smt), v. t. [imp. Smote (smt), rarely Smit (smt); p. p. Smitten (smt"t'n), rarely Smit, or Smote; p. pr. & vb. n. Smiting (smt"ng).] [AS. smtan to smite, to soil, pollute; akin to OFries. smta to smite, LG. smiten, D. smijten, G. schmeissen, OHG. smzan to smear, stroke, OSw. & dial. Sw. smita to smite, Dan. smide to throw, Goth. bismeitan, to anoint, besmear; cf. Skr. md to be fat. The original sense seems to have been, to daub on, to smear. Cf. Smut.] 1. To strike; to inflict a blow upon with the hand, or with any instrument held in the hand, or with a missile thrown by the hand; as, to smite with the fist, with a rod, sword, spear, or stone.

 Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.

Matt. v. 39.
 And David... took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead.

1 Sam. xvii. 49.
2. To cause to strike; to use as an instrument in striking or hurling.

 Prophesy, and smite thine hands together.

Ezek. xxi. 14.
 Saul... smote the javelin into the wall.

1 Sam. xix. 10.
3. To destroy the life of by beating, or by weapons of any kind; to slay by a blow; to kill; as, to smite one with the sword, or with an arrow or other instrument.

4. To put to rout in battle; to overthrow by war.

5. To blast; to destroy the life or vigor of, as by a stroke or by some visitation.

 The flax and the barly was smitten.

Ex. ix. 31.
6. To afflict; to chasten; to punish.

 Let us not mistake God's goodness, nor imagine, because he smites us, that we are forsaken by him.

Wake.
7. To strike or affect with passion, as love or fear.

 The charms that smite the simple heart.

Pope.
Smit with the love of sister arts we came.

Pope.
To smite off, to cut off. -- To smite out, to knock out, as a tooth. Exod. xxi. 27. -- To smite with the tongue, to reproach or upbraid; to revile. [Obs.] Jer. xviii. 18.
 Smite, v. i. To strike; to collide; to beat. [Archaic] The heart melteth, and the knees smite together.

Nah. ii. 10.
 Smite, n. The act of smiting; a blow.

 Smit"er (smt"r), n. One who smites.

 I give my back to the smiters.

Isa. l. 6.
 Smith (smth), n. [AS. smið; akin to D. smid, G. schmied, OHG. smid, Icel. smiðr, Dan. & Sw.
 smed, Goth. smiþa (in comp.); cf. Gr. smi'lh a sort of knife, sminy'h a hoe, mattock.] 1. One who forges with the hammer; one who works in metals; as, a blacksmith, goldsmith, silversmith, and the like. Piers Plowman.
 Nor yet the smith hath learned to form a sword.

Tate.
2. One who makes or effects anything. [R.] Dryden.
 Smith, v. t. [AS. smiðian. See Smith, n.] To beat into shape; to forge. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 What smith that any [weapon] smitheth.

Piers Plowman.
 Smith"craft' (-krft'), n. The art or occupation of a smith; smithing. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.
 Smith"er (sm"r), n. 1. Light, fine rain. [Prov. Eng.]

2. pl. Fragments; atoms; finders. [Prov. Eng.]

 Smash the bottle to smithers.

Tennyson.
 Smith'er*eens" (sm'r*nz"), n. pl. Fragments; atoms; smithers.
 [Colloq.] W. Black.
 Smith"er*y (smth"r*), n.; pl. -ies (-z). 1.
 The workshop of a smith; a smithy or stithy.

2. Work done by a smith; smithing.

 The din of all his smithery may some time or other possibly wake this noble duke.

Burke.
 Smith"ing, n. The act or art of working or forging metals, as iron, into any desired shape. Moxon.
 Smith*so"ni*an (-s"n*an), a. Of or pertaining to the Englishman J. L. M. Smithson, or to the national institution of learning which he endowed at Washington, D. C.; as, the Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Reports. -- n. The Smithsonian Institution.

 Smith"son*ite (?), n. [See Smithsonian.] (Min.) Native zinc carbonate. It generally occurs in stalactitic, reniform, or botryoidal shapes, of a white to gray, green, or brown color. See Note under Calamine.

 Smith"y (-), n. [AS. smiððe, fr. smið; akin to D. smidse, smids, OHG. smitta, G. schmiede, Icel. smiðja. See Smith, n.] The workshop of a smith, esp. a blacksmith; a smithery; a stithy. [Written also smiddy.]

 Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands.

Longfellow.
 Smitt (smt), n. [CF. G. schmitz a stain, schmitzen besmear. See Smite, v. t.] Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, used for marking sheep. [Eng.] Woodward.
 Smit"ten (smt"t'n), p. p. of Smite.

 Smit"tle (-t'l), v. t. [Freq. fr. OE. smitten to befoul. See Smite, v. t.] To infect. [Prov. Eng.]

 Smit"tle, n. Infection. [Pov. Eng.] Wright.
 { Smit"tle (smt"t'l), Smit"tlish (- tlsh), } a. Infectious; catching. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] H. Kingsley.
 Smock (smk), n. [AS. smocc; akin to OHG. smocho, Icel. smokkr, and from the root of AS. smgan to creep, akin to G. schmiegen to cling to, press close, MHG. smiegen, Icel. smjga to creep through, to put on a garment which has a hole to put the head through; cf. Lith. smukti to glide. Cf. Smug, Smuggle.] 1. A woman's under-


widely known.
 Q-10 is essential to the functioning of the mitochondria, that part of the cell that produces energy. With less Q-10 in heart cells, for example, the heart has less energy and pumps less. The same is true of the immune system cells, the liver cells, every cell. As we age the body is able to make less and less Q-10, contributing to the loss of energy frequently experienced with age, as well as the diminished effectiveness of the immune system, and a shortened life span.
 Q-10 was first used for its ability to revitalize heart cells.
It was a prescription medicine in Japan. But unlike other drugs used to stimulate the heart, at any reasonable dose Q-10 has no harmful side effects. It also tends to give people the extra pick up they are trying to get out of a cup of coffee. But Q-10 does so by improving the function of every cell in the body, not by whipping exhausted adrenals like caffeine does. Q-10 is becoming very popular with athletes who measure their overall cellular output against known standards.
 Besides acting as a general tonic, when fed to lab animals, Co-Enzyme Q-10 makes them live 33 to 45 percent longer!
 DMAE is another extremely valuable vitamin-like substance that is not widely known. It is a basic building material that the body uses to make acetylcholine, the most generalized neurotransmitter in the body. Small quantities of DMAE are found in fish, but the body usually makes it in a multi-stage synthesis that starts with the amino acid choline, arrives at DMAE at about step number three and ends up finally with acetylcholine.
 The body's nerves are wrapped in fatty tissue that should be saturated with acetylcholine. Every time a nerve impulse is transmitted from one nerve cell to the next, a molecule of acetylcholine is consumed. Thus acetylcholine has to be constantly replaced. As the body ages, levels of acetylcholine surrounding the nerves drop and in consequence, the nerves begin to deteriorate. DMAE is rapidly and easily converted into acetylcholine and helps maintain acetylcholine levels in older people at a youthful level.
 When laboratory rats are fed DMAE they solve mazes more rapidly, remember better, live about 40 percent longer than rats not fed DMAE and most interestingly, when autopsied, their nervous systems resemble those of a young rat, without any evidence of the usual deterioration of aging. Human nervous systems also deteriorate with age, especially those of people suffering from senility. It is highly probable that DMAE will do the same thing to us. DMAE also smoothes out mood swings in humans and seems to help my husband, Steve, when he has a big writing project. He can keep working without getting 'writers block', fogged out, or rollercoastering.
 DMAE is a little hard to find. Prolongevity and VRP sell it in powder form. Since the FDA doesn't know any MDR and since the product is not capped up, the bottle of powder sagely states that one-quarter teaspoonful contains 333 milligrams. Get the hint? DMAE tastes a little like sour salt and one-quarter teaspoonful dissolves readily in water every morning before breakfast, or anytime for that matter. DMAE is also very inexpensive considering what it does. A year's supply costs about $20.
 Lecithin is a highly tonic and inexpensive food supplement that is underutilized by many people even though it is easily obtainable in healthfood stores. It is an emulsifier, breaking fats down into small separate particles, keeping blood cholesterol emulsified to prevent arterial deposits. Taken persistently, lecithin partially and slowly eliminates existing cholesterol deposits from the circulatory system.
 In our cholesterol-frightened society lecithin should be a far more popular supplement than it currently is. It is easy to take either as a food in the granular form or when encapsulated. Lecithin granules have very little flavor and can be added to a home-made vinegar and oil salad dressing, where they emulsify the oil and make it blend with the vinegar, thickening the mixture and causing it to stick to the salad better. Lecithin can also be put in a fruits smoothie. A scant tablespoon a day is sufficient. Try to buy the kind of lecithin that has the highest phosphatidyl choline content because this substance is the second benefit of taking lecithin. Phosphatidyl choline is another precursor used by the body to build acetylcholine and helps maintain the nervous system.
 Algae. Spirulina or sun dried chlorella are also great food supplements. Both make many people feel energized, pepped-up. It is possible to fast on either product and still maintain sufficient energy levels to take of minimal work responsibilities. Algae reduces appetite and as a dietary supplement can assist in weight loss. It contains large amounts of highly-assimilable protein due to it's high chlorophyll content, as well as a large amount of beta carotene.
It also assists in detoxification of the lymphatic system. It can be purchased as tablets or powder. Take a heaping teaspoon daily, or at least six tablets.
Chapter Seven The Analysis of Disease States: Helping the Body Recover From the Hygienic Dictionary Diagnosis. [1] In the United States, making a diagnosis implies that you are a doctor duly licensed to engage in diagnostic function...
. The making of a diagnosis is reserved only for doctors.... The term "analysis" does not have such an explicit legal definition. Thus, it is the term of choice of iridologists and the one most often used by them. It is essential for the survival and promotion of iridology that those who choose to engage in its practice avoid naming any disease condition. As we have seen, to do so is to infringe on rights reserved exclusively for doctors and can land the iridologist, sooner or later, in a snarl of legal troubles.
 It is better for the iridologist to refrain from suggesting to a person that he has any particular disease, letting such diagnostics remain the province of licensed doctors. In so doing, the iridologist will avoid transgressing the law and stepping on the toes of those who are legally qualified to diagnose.
 It is indeed unfortunate that one of the greatest pitfalls awaiting the iridologist is the temptation to name diseases.
The feelings of satisfaction and power resulting from conferring a name are deeply rooted in the human psyche. For example, the Bible tells us that man's first task on Earth was to name the animals, thus giving him power and dominion over them.
 Strong is the temptation to name diseases because nearly everyone has come to expect that his malady has a name. Patients have come to expect, and doctors have been trained to make, a diagnosis.... "After all," the patient may reason, "how can you hope to deal with my condition if you aren't knowledgeable enough to call it by name?"
 It is not necessary to name diseases in order to exercise dominion over them. Dr. Bernard Jensen, Visions of Health.
 In self defense, I must make it very clear from the first word that hygienists and most other naturopaths of various persuasions, and especially I myself, have never in the past, never!, and do not now, diagnose, treat or offer to cure, disease or illness. Diagnosis and curing are sole, exclusive privileges of certified, duly-licensed medical doctors and may only be done with a grant of Authority to do so from the State. Should an unlicensed person diagnose, offer to treat or attempt to cure disease or illness, they will have committed a felonious act. With big penalties. Therefore, I do not do it.
 When one of my clients comes to me and says that a medical doctor says they have some disease or other, I agree that the medical doctor says they have some disease or other, and I never dare say that they don't. Or even confirm on my own authority that I think they do have some disease or other.
 What I can legally do for a client is to analyze the state of their body and its organs, looking for weaknesses and apparent allergies. I can lawfully state that I think their liver tests weak, the pancreas appears not to be functioning well in terms of handling meat digestion, that the kidney is having a hard time of it. I can say I see a lump sticking out of their body when one is obviously sticking


the Copse in Copulation, an abstract of the "Kitáb al-Wisháh fí fawáid al-Nikáh" = Book of the Zone on Coition-boon. Of the abundance of pornographic literature we may judge from a list of the following seven works given in the second page of the "Kitáb Rujú'a al-Shaykh ila Sabáh fi 'l-Kuwwat al-Báh[FN#351]" = Book of Age-rejuvenescence in the power of Concupiscence: it is the work of Ahmad bin Sulayman, surnamed Ibn Kamál Pasha.
1. Kitáb al-Báh by Al-Nahli.
2. Kitáb al'-Ars wa al'-Aráis (Book of the Bridal and the Brides) by Al-Jáhiz.
3. Kitáb al-Kiyán (Maiden's Book) by Ibn Hájib al-Nu'mán.
4. Kitáb al-Ízáh fí asrár al-Nikáh (Book of the Exposition on the Mysteries of married Fruition).
5. Kitáb Jámi' al-Lizzah (The Compendium of Pleasure) by Ibn Samsamáni.
6. Kitáb Barján (Yarján?) wa Janáhib (??)[FN#352] 7. Kitáb al-Munákahah wa al-Mufátahah fí Asnáf al-Jimá' wa Álátih (Book of Carnal Copulation and the Initiation into the modes of Coition and its Instrumentation) by Aziz al-Din al-Masíhí.[FN#353] To these I may add the Lizzat al-Nisá (Pleasures of Women), a text-book in Arabic, Persian and Hindostani: it is a translation and a very poor attempt, omitting much from, and adding naught to, the famous Sanskrit work Ananga-Ranga (Stage of the Bodiless One i.e. Cupido) or Hindu Art of Love (Ars Amoris Indica).[FN#354] I have copies of it in Sanskrit and Maráthi,Guzrati and Hindostani: the latter is an unpaged 8vo of pp. 66, including eight pages of most grotesque illustrations showing the various san (the Figuræ Veneris or positions of copulation), which seem to be the triumphs of contortionists.
These pamphlets lithographed in Bombay are broad cast over the land.[FN#355] It must not be supposed that such literature is purely and simply aphrodisiacal. The learned Sprenger, a physician as well as an Arabist, says (Al-Mas'údi p. 384) of a tractate by the celebrated Rhazes in the Leyden Library, "The number of curious observations, the correct and practical ideas and the novelty of the notions of Eastern nations on these subjects, which are contained in this book, render it one of the most important productions of the medical literature of the Arabs." I can conscientiously recommend to the Anthropologist a study of the "Kutub al-Báh." C.—Pornography.
Here it will be advisable to supplement what was said in my Foreword (p. xiii.) concerning the turpiloquium of The Nights.
Readers who have perused the ten volumes will probably agree with me that the naïve indecencies of the text are rather gaudis-serie than prurience; and, when delivered with mirth and humour, they are rather the "excrements of wit" than designed for debauching the mind. Crude and indelicate with infantile plainness; even gross and, at times, "nasty" in their terrible frankness, they cannot be accused of corrupting suggestiveness or subtle insinuation of vicious sentiment. Theirs is a coarseness of language, not of idea; they are indecent, not depraved; and the pure and perfect naturalness of their nudity seems almost to purify it, showing that the matter is rather of manners than of morals. Such throughout the East is the language of every man, woman and child, from prince to peasant, from matron to prostitute: all are as the naïve French traveller said of the Japanese: "si grossiers qu'ils ne sçavent nommer les choses que par leur nom." This primitive stage of language sufficed to draw from Lane and Burckhardt strictures upon the "most immodest freedom of conversation in Egypt," where, as all the world over, there are three several stages for names of things and acts sensual. First we have the mot cru, the popular term, soon followed by the technical and scientific, and, lastly, the literary or figurative nomenclature, which is often much more immoral because more attractive, suggestive and seductive than the "raw word." And let me observe that the highest civilisation is now returning to the language of nature. In La Glu of M. J. Richepin, a triumph of the realistic school, we find such "archaic" expressions as la petée, putain, foutue à la sixquatre-dix; un facétieuse pétarade; tu t'es foutue de, etc. Eh vilain bougre! and so forth.[FN#356] To those critics who complain of these raw vulgarisms and puerile indecencies in The Nights I can reply only by quoting the words said to have been said by Dr. Johnson to the lady who complained of the naughty words in his dictionary—"You must have been looking for them, Madam!" But I repeat (p. xiv.) there is another element in The Nights and that is one of absolute obscenity utterly repugnant to English readers, even the least prudish. It is chiefly connected with what our neighbours call le vice contre nature—as if anything can be contrary to nature which includes all things.[FN#357] Upon this subject I must offer details, as it does not enter into my plan to ignore any theme which is interesting to the Orientalist and the Anthropologist. And they, methinks, do abundant harm who, for shame or disgust, would suppress the very mention of such matters: in order to combat a great and growing evil deadly to the birth-rate—the mainstay of national prosperity—the first requisite is careful study. As Albert Bollstoedt, Bishop of Ratisbon, rightly says.—Quia malum non evitatum nisi cognitum, ideo necesse est cognoscere immundiciem coitus et multa alla quæ docentur in isto libro. Equally true are Professor Mantegazza's words:[FN#358] Cacher les plates du cur humain au nom de la pudeur, ce n'est au contraire qu'hypocrisie ou peur. The late Mr.
Grote had reason to lament that when describing such institutions as the far-famed of Thebes, the Sacred Band annihilated at Chaeroneia, he was compelled to a reticence which permitted him to touch only the surface of the subject. This was inevitable under the present rule of Cant[FN#359] in a book intended for the public: but the same does not apply to my version of The Nights, and now I proceed to discuss the matter sérieusement, honnêtement, historiquement; to show it in decent nudity not in suggestive fig-leaf or feuille de vigne.
 D.—Pederasty.
The "execrabilis familia pathicorum" first came before me by a chance of earlier life. In 1845, when Sir Charles Napier had conquered and annexed Sind, despite a fraction (mostly venal) which sought favour with the now defunct "Court of Directors to the Honourable East India Company," the veteran began to consider his conquest with a curious eye. It was reported to him that Karáchi, a townlet of some two thousand souls and distant not more than a mile from camp, supported no less than three lupanars or borders, in which not women but boys and eunuchs, the former demanding nearly a double price,[FN#360] lay for hire. Being then the only British officer who could speak Sindi, I was asked indirectly to make enquiries and to report upon the subject; and I undertook the task on express condition that my report should not be


The fox which lives by subtlety.

Shak.
2. Nice discernment with delicacy of mental action; nicety of discrimination.

3. Something that is sly, crafty, or delusive.

 Unlearned in the world's false subtleties.

Shak.
 Sub"tly (?), adv. In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; cunningly.

 Thou seest how subtly to detain thee I devise.

Milton.
2. Nicely; delicately.

 In the nice bee what sense so subtly true.

Pope.
Subtly communicating itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind.

Hawthorne.
3. Deceitfully; delusively. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sub*ton"ic (?), a. (Phonetics) Applied to, or distinguishing, a speech element consisting of tone, or proper vocal sound, not pure as in the vowels, but dimmed and otherwise modified by some kind of obstruction in the oral or the nasal passage, and in some cases with a mixture of breath sound; -- a term introduced by Dr. James Rush in 1833. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§155, 199-202.

 Sub*ton"ic, n. 1. (Phonetics) A subtonic sound or element; a vocal consonant, as b, d, g, n, etc.; a subvocal.

2. (Mus.) The seventh tone of the scale, or that immediately below the tonic; -- called also subsemitone.

 Sub*tor"rid (?), a. Nearly torrid.

 Sub*tract" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtracting.] [L. subtractus, p. p. of subtrahere to draw from beneath, withdraw, remove; sub under + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Substract.] To withdraw, or take away, as a part from the whole; to deduct; as, subtract 5 from 9, and the remainder is 4.

 Sub*tract"er (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. The subtrahend. [Obs.]

 Sub*trac"tion (?), n. [L. subtractio a drawing back. See Subtract, and cf. Substraction.] 1. The act or operation of subtracting or taking away a part.

2. (Math.) The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination; an operation for finding the difference between two numbers or quantities.

3. (Law) The withdrawing or withholding from a person of some right to which he is entitled by law.

 Thus the subtraction of conjugal rights is when either the husband or wife withdraws from the other and lives separate without sufficient reason. The subtraction of a legacy is the withholding or detailing of it from the legatee by the executor. In like manner, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, or custom, is a subtraction, for which the law gives a remedy. Blackstone.
 Sub*trac"tive (?), a. 1. Tending, or having power, to subtract.

2. (Math.) Having the negative sign, or sign minus.

 Sub"tra*hend' (?), n. [L. subtrahendus that is to be subtracted, p.fut.pess. of subtrahere. See Subtract.] (Math.)
 The sum or number to be subtracted, or taken from another.

 Sub'trans*lu"cent (?), a. Not perfectly translucent.

 Sub'trans*pa"rent (?), a. Not perfectly transparent.

 Sub*treas"ur*er (?), n. The public officer who has charge of a subtreasury. [U. S.]

 Sub*treas"ur*y (?), n.; pl. Subtreasuries (&?;).
 A subordinate treasury, or place of deposit; as, the United States subtreasury at New York. [U. S.]

 Sub'tri*an"gu*lar (?), a. Nearly, but not perfectly, triangular. Darwin.
 Sub"tribe' (?), n. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A division of a tribe; a group of genera of a little lower rank than a tribe.

 Sub'tri*he"dral (?), a. Approaching the form of a three-sided pyramid; as, the subtrihedral crown of a tooth. Owen.
 Sub*tri"ple (?), a. (Math.) Containing a third, or one part to three. Bp. Wilkins.
 Sub*trip"li*cate (?), a. (Math.) Expressed by the cube root; -- said especially of ratios.

Subtriplicate ratio, the ratio of the cube root; thus, the subtriplicate ratio of a to b is a to b, or a/b.

 Sub*trop"ic*al (?), a. Nearly tropical.

 Sub*trude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtruded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Subtruding.] [Pref. sub- + L. trudere to thrust.] To place under; to insert. [R.]

 Sub'tur*ric"u*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Somewhat turriculate.

 Sub*tu"tor (?), n. An under tutor.

 Sub*typ"ic*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Deviating somewhat from the type of a species, genus, or other group; slightly aberrant.

 { Su"bu*late (?), Su"bu*la'ted (?), } a. [NL. subulatus, fr.
 L. subula an awl.] Very narrow, and tapering gradually to a fine point from a broadish base; awl-shaped; linear.

 ||Su'bu*li*cor"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. subula an awl + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects having slender or subulate antennæ. The dragon flies and May flies are examples.

 Su"bu*li*form (?), a. Subulate.

 Su"bu*li*palp' (?), n. [L. subula an awl + E. palp.]
 (Zoöl.) One of a group of carabid beetles having slender palpi.

 Sub'um*bo"nal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Beneath or forward of the umbos of a bivalve shell.

 Sub'um*brel"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish.

 Sub'un*da"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. unda a wave.] A flood; a deluge. [Obs.] Huloet.
 Sub*un"gual (?), a. Under the nail or hoof.

 Sub"urb (?), n. [L. suburbium; sub under, below, near + urbs a city. See Urban.] 1. An outlying part of a city or town; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a city; in the plural, the region which is on the confines of any city or large town; as, a house stands in the suburbs; a garden situated in the suburbs of Paris. "In the suburbs of a town." Chaucer.
 [London] could hardly have contained less than thirty or forty thousand souls within its walls; and the suburbs were very populous.

Hallam.
2. Hence, the confines; the outer part; the environment. "The suburbs ... of sorrow." Jer. Taylor.
 The suburb of their straw-built citadel.

Milton.
Suburb roister, a rowdy; a loafer. [Obs.] Milton.
 Sub*ur"ban (?), a. [L. suburbanus.] Of or pertaining to suburbs; inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. "Suburban taverns." Longfellow.
Suburban villas, highway-side retreats,... Delight the citizen.

Cowper.
 Sub*ur"ban, n. One who dwells in the suburbs.

 Sub"urbed (?), a. Having a suburb or suburbs


, in advance of a future distribution.

4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ad*van"cer (&?;), n. 1. One who advances; a promoter.

2. A second branch of a buck's antler. Howell.
 Ad*van"cive (&?;), a. Tending to advance. [R.]

 Ad*van"tage (?; 61, 48), n. [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.]
 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as, the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position.

 Give me advantage of some brief discourse. Shak.
 The advantages of a close alliance. Macaulay.
2. Superiority; mastery; -- with of or over.

 Lest Satan should get an advantage of us. 2 Cor. ii. 11.
3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as, the advantage of a good constitution.

4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker's dozen). [Obs.]

 And with advantage means to pay thy love. Shak.
Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. -- To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. "You have the advantage of me; I don't remember ever to have had the honor." Sheridan. -- To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit.

Syn. -- Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as, the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a "vantage ground" for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money.

 Ad*van"tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging (&?;).] [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.] To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit.

 The truth is, the archbishop's own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him.
Fuller.
 What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away? Luke ix. 25.
To advantage one's self of, to avail one's self of. [Obs.]

 Ad*van"tage*a*ble (&?;), a. Advantageous. [Obs.]

 Ad'van*ta"geous (&?;), a. [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.]
 Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as, an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation.

Advabtageous comparison with any other country. Prescott.
 You see... of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes. Chesterfield.
 Ad'van*ta"geous*ly, adv. Profitably; with advantage.

 Ad'van*ta"geous*ness, n. Profitableness.

 Ad*vene" (&?;), v. i. [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.]

 Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient. Coleridge.
 Ad*ven"ient (&?;), a. [L. adviens, p. pr.] Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.]

 Ad'vent (&?;), n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) The period including the four Sundays before Christmas.

Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now.
 30). Shipley.
2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ.

3. Coming; any important arrival; approach.

 Death's dreadful advent. Young.
 Expecting still his advent home. Tennyson.
 Ad"vent*ist (&?;), n. One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; -- called also Second Adventists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.
 Ad'ven*ti"tious (&?;), a. [L. adventitius.] 1.
 Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign.

 To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater. Burke.
2. (Nat. Hist.) Out of the proper or usual place; as, adventitious buds or roots.

3. (Bot.) Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; -- applied to foreign plants.

4. (Med.) Acquired, as diseases; accidental.

 -- Ad'ven*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Ad'ven*ti"tious*ness, n. Ad*ven"tive (&?;), a. 1. Accidental.

2. (Bot.) Adventitious. Gray.
 Ad*ven"tive, n. A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon.
 Ad*ven"tu*al (?; 135), a. Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson.
 Ad*ven"ture (?; 135), n. [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of "to happen, befall." See Advene.]

1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss.

 Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually. Milton.
2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.]

 He was in great adventure of his life. Berners.
3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat.

 He loved excitement and adventure. Macaulay.
4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as, the adventures of one's life. Bacon.
5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account.

A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner's risk.

Syn. -- Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event.

 Ad*ven"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring (&?;).] [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture.

 He would not adventure himself into the theater. Acts xix. 31.
2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to