Quar"ried (?), a. Provided with prey.

 Now I am bravely quarried.

Beau. & Fl.
 Quar"ri*er (?), n. A worker in a stone quarry.

 Quar"ry (?), n. [OE. quarre, OF. quarré square, F. carré, from L. quadratus square, quadrate, quadratum a square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quarrel an arrow.] Same as 1st Quarrel. [Obs.] Fairfax.
 Quar"ry, a. [OF. quarré.] Quadrate; square. [Obs.]

 Quar"ry, n.; pl. Quarries (#). [OE. querre, OF. cuiriée, F. curée, fr. cuir hide, leather, fr. L. corium; the quarry given to the dogs being wrapped in the akin of the beast. See Cuirass.] 1. (a) A part of the entrails of the beast taken, given to the hounds. (b) A heap of game killed.

2. The object of the chase; the animal hunted for; game; especially, the game hunted with hawks. "The stonedead quarry."
 Spenser.
 The wily quarry shunned the shock.

Sir W. Scott.
 Quar"ry, v. i. To secure prey; to prey, as a vulture or harpy. L'Estrange.
 Quar"ry, n. [OE. quarrere, OF. quariere, F. carrière, LL. quadraria a quarry, whence squared (quadrati) stones are dug, fr. quadratus square. See Quadrate.] A place, cavern, or pit where stone is taken from the rock or ledge, or dug from the earth, for building or other purposes; a stone pit. See 5th Mine (a).

 Quar"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarried (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Quarrying.] To dig or take from a quarry; as, to quarry marble.

 Quar"ry-faced' (?), a. (Stone Masonry) Having a face left as it comes from the quarry and not smoothed with the chisel or point; -- said of stones.

 Quar"ry-man (?), n.; pl. Quarrymen (&?;). A man who is engaged in quarrying stones; a quarrier.

 Quart (?), n. [F. quart, n. masc., fr. L. quartus the fourth, akin to quattuor four. See Four, and cf. 2d Carte, Quarto.]
 The fourth part; a quarter; hence, a region of the earth. [Obs.]

 Camber did possess the western quart.

Spenser.
 Quart, n. [F. quarte, n. fem., fr. quart fourth. See Quart a quarter.] 1. A measure of capacity, both in dry and in liquid measure; the fourth part of a gallon; the eighth part of a peck; two pints.

 In imperial measure, a quart is forty English fluid ounces; in wine measure, it is thirty-two American fluid ounces. The United States dry quart contains 67.20 cubic inches, the fluid quart 57.75. The English quart contains 69.32 cubic inches.

2. A vessel or measure containing a quart.

 Quart (?), n. [See Quart a quarter.] In cards, four successive cards of the same suit. Cf. Tierce, 4. Hoyle.
 Quar"tan (?), a. [F. quartain, in fièvre quartaine, L. quartanus, fr. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] Of or pertaining to the fourth; occurring every fourth day, reckoning inclusively; as, a quartan ague, or fever.

 Quar"tan, n. 1. (Med.) An intermittent fever which returns every fourth day, reckoning inclusively, that is, one in which the interval between paroxysms is two days.

2. A measure, the fourth part of some other measure.

 Quar"tane (?), n. [L. quartus the fourth.] (Chem.)
 Butane, each molecule of which has four carbon atoms.

 Quar*ta"tion (?), n. [L. quartus the fourth: cf. F. quartation.
 So called because usually enough silver is added to make the amount of gold in the alloyed button about one fourth.] (Chem. & Assaying) The act, process, or result (in the process of parting) of alloying a button of nearly pure gold with enough silver to reduce the fineness so as to allow acids to attack and remove all metals except the gold; -- called also inquartation. Compare Parting.

 ||Quarte (?), n. [F.] Same as 2d Carte.

 Quar"tene (?), n. [Ouartane + ethylene.] (Chem.)
 Same as Butylene.

 Quar"ten*yl"ic (?), a. [Quartene + -yl + -ic.]
 (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acrylic acid series, metameric with crotonic acid, and obtained as a colorless liquid; -- so called from having four carbon atoms in the molecule. Called also isocrotonic acid.

 Quar"ter (?), n. [F. quartier, L. quartarius a fourth part, fr. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] 1. One of four equal parts into which anything is divided, or is regarded as divided; a fourth part or portion; as, a quarter of a dollar, of a pound, of a yard, of an hour, etc. Hence, specifically: (a) The fourth of a hundred-weight, being 25 or 28 pounds, according as the hundredweight is reckoned at 100 or 112 pounds. (b) The fourth of a ton in weight, or eight bushels of grain; as, a quarter of wheat; also, the fourth part of a chaldron of coal. Hutton. (c) (Astron.) The fourth part of the moon's period, or monthly revolution; as, the first quarter after the change or full. (d) One limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts; one fourth part of the carcass of a slaughtered animal, including a leg; as, the fore quarters; the hind quarters.
 (e) That part of a boot or shoe which forms the side, from the heel to the vamp. (f) (Far.) That part on either side of a horse's hoof between the toe and heel, being the side of the coffin. (g) A term of study in a seminary, college, etc, etc.; properly, a fourth part of the year, but often longer or shorter. (h) pl. (Mil.)
 The encampment on one of the principal passages round a place besieged, to prevent relief and intercept convoys. (i) (Naut.) The after-part of a vessel's side, generally corresponding in extent with the quarter-deck; also, the part of the yardarm outside of the slings. (j) (Her.) One of the divisions of an escutcheon when it is divided into four portions by a horizontal and a perpendicular line meeting in the fess point.

 When two coats of arms are united upon one escutcheon, as in case of marriage, the first and fourth quarters display one shield, the second and third the other. See Quarter, v. t., 5.

(k) One of the four parts into which the horizon is regarded as divided; a cardinal point; a direction' principal division; a region; a territory.

 Scouts each coast light-armed scour, Each quarter, to descry the distant foe.

Milton.
(l) A division of a town, city, or county; a particular district; a locality; as, the Latin quarter in Paris. (m) (Arch.)
 A small upright timber post, used in partitions; -- in the United States more commonly called


or purport; as, the parts of a mechanism harmonize.

2. To be in peace and friendship, as individuals, families, or public organizations.

3. To agree in vocal or musical effect; to form a concord; as, the tones harmonize perfectly.

 Har"mo*nize, v. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions; to cause to agree; to show the agreement of; to reconcile the apparent contradiction of.

2. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony; to provide with parts, as an air, or melody.

 Har"mo*ni'zer (-n'zr), n. One who harmonizes.

 Har'mo*nom"e*ter (-nm"*tr), n. [Gr. "armoni'a harmony + meter: cf. F. harmonomètre.] An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. It is often a monochord furnished with movable bridges.

 Har"mo*ny (här"m*n), n.; pl. Harmonies (- nz). [ F. harmonie, L. harmonia, Gr. "armoni'a joint, proportion, concord, fr. "armo's a fitting or joining. See Article.] 1. The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things intended to form a connected whole; such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect; as, the harmony of the universe.

2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc.; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as, good citizens live in harmony.

3. A literary work which brings together or arranges systematically parallel passages of historians respecting the same events, and shows their agreement or consistency; as, a harmony of the Gospels.

4. (Mus.) (a) A succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation. (b) The science which treats of their construction and progression.

 Ten thousand harps, that tuned Angelic harmonies.

Milton.
5. (Anat.) See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic.

Close harmony, Dispersed harmony, etc. See under Close, Dispersed, etc. -- Harmony of the spheres. See Music of the spheres, under Music.

Syn. -- Harmony, Melody. Harmony results from the concord of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain.

 Har"most (här"mst), n. [Gr. "armosth's, fr. "armo'zein to join, arrange, command: cf. F. harmoste. See Harmony.] (Gr.
 Antiq.) A city governor or prefect appointed by the Spartans in the cities subjugated by them.

 Har"mo*tome (-m*tm), n. [Gr. "armo's a joint + te'mnein to cut: cf.
 F. harmotome.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta, occurring usually in white cruciform crystals; crossstone.

 A related mineral, called lime harmotome, and Phillipsite, contains lime in place of baryta. Dana.
 Har"ness (-ns), n. [OE. harneis, harnes, OF. harneis, F. harnais, harnois; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. harnez old iron, armor, W. haiarn iron, Armor. houarn, Ir. iarann, Gael. iarunn. Cf. Iron.] 1. Originally, the complete dress, especially in a military sense, of a man or a horse; hence, in general, armor.

 At least we'll die with harness on our back.

Shak.
2. The equipment of a draught or carriage horse, for drawing a wagon, coach, chaise, etc.; gear; tackling.

3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles, with their means of support and motion, by which the threads of the warp are alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the shuttle.

To die in harness, to die with armor on; hence, colloquially, to die while actively engaged in work or duty.

 Har"ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed (-nst); p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] [OE. harneisen; cf. F. harnacher, OF. harneschier.] 1. To dress in armor; to equip with armor for war, as a horseman; to array.

Harnessed in rugged steel.

Rowe.
 A gay dagger, Harnessed well and sharp as point of spear.

Chaucer.
2. Fig.: To equip or furnish for defense. Dr. H. More.
3. To make ready for draught; to equip with harness, as a horse.
 Also used figuratively.

Harnessed to some regular profession.

J. C. Shairp.
Harnessed antelope. (Zoöl.) See Guib. -- Harnessed moth (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Arctia phalerata of Harris), having, on the fore wings, stripes and bands of buff on a black ground.

 Har"ness cask' (ksk'). (Naut.) A tub lashed to a vessel's deck and containing salted provisions for daily use; -- called also harness tub.
 W. C. Russell.
 Har"ness*er (-r), n. One who harnesses.

 Harns (härnz), n. pl. [Akin to Icel. hjarni, Dan. hierne.]
 The brains. [Scot.]

 Harp (härp), n. [OE. harpe, AS. hearpe; akin to D. harp, G. harfe, OHG. harpha, Dan. harpe, Icel. & Sw. harpa.] 1. A musical instrument consisting of a triangular frame furnished with strings and sometimes with pedals, held upright, and played with the fingers.

2. (Astron.) A constellation; Lyra, or the Lyre.

3. A grain sieve. [Scot.]

Æolian harp. See under Æolian.

Harp seal (Zoöl.), an arctic seal (Phoca Grœnlandica).
 The adult males have a lightcolored body, with a harp-shaped mark of black on each side, and the face and throat black. Called also saddler, and saddleback. The immature ones are called bluesides. -- Harp shell (Zoöl.), a beautiful marine gastropod shell of the genus Harpa, of several species, found in tropical seas. See Harpa.

 Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped (härpt) p. pr.
 & vb. n. Harping.] [AS. hearpian. See Harp, n.] 1.
 To play on the harp.

 I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps.

Rev. xiv. 2.
2. To dwell on or recur to a subject tediously or monotonously in speaking or in writing; to refer to something repeatedly or continually; -- usually with on or upon. "Harpings upon old themes." W. Irving.
Harping on what I am, Not what he knew I was.

Shak.
To harp on one string, to dwell upon one subject with disagreeable or wearisome persistence. [Colloq.]

 Harp, v. t. To play on, as a harp; to play (a tune) on the harp; to develop or give expression to by skill and art; to sound forth as from a harp; to hit upon.

 Thou'st harped my fear aright.

Shak


able.

 Dic"tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dictated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Dictating.] [L. dictatus, p. p. of dictare, freq. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Dight.] 1. To tell or utter so that another may write down; to inspire; to compose; as, to dictate a letter to an amanuensis.

 The mind which dictated the Iliad.

Wayland.
 Pages dictated by the Holy Spirit.

Macaulay.
2. To say; to utter; to communicate authoritatively; to deliver (a command) to a subordinate; to declare with authority; to impose; as, to dictate the terms of a treaty; a general dictates orders to his troops.

 Whatsoever is dictated to us by God must be believed.

Watts.
Syn. -- To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; command; point out; urge; admonish.

 Dic"tate, v. i. 1. To speak as a superior; to command; to impose conditions (on).

 Who presumed to dictate to the sovereign.

Macaulay.
2. To compose literary works; to tell what shall be written or said by another.

 Sylla could not skill of letters, and therefore knew not how to dictate.

Bacon.
 Dic"tate (?), n. [L. dictatum. See Dictate, v. t.] A statement delivered with authority; an order; a command; an authoritative rule, principle, or maxim; a prescription; as, listen to the dictates of your conscience; the dictates of the gospel.

 I credit what the Grecian dictates say.

Prior.
Syn. -- Command; injunction; direction suggestion; impulse; admonition.

 Dic*ta"tion (?), n. [L. dictatio.] 1. The act of dictating; the act or practice of prescribing; also that which is dictated.

 It affords security against the dictation of laws.

Paley.
2. The speaking to, or the giving orders to, in an overbearing manner; authoritative utterance; as, his habit, even with friends, was that of dictation.

 Dic*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who dictates; one who prescribes rules and maxims authoritatively for the direction of others.
 Locke.
2. One invested with absolute authority; especially, a magistrate created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power.

 Invested with the authority of a dictator, nay, of a pope, over our language.

Macaulay.
 Dic'ta*to"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. dictatorial.] 1.
 Pertaining or suited to a dictator; absolute.

 Military powers quite dictatorial.

W. Irving.
2. Characteristic of a dictator; imperious; dogmatical; overbearing; as, a dictatorial tone or manner.

 -- Dic'ta*to"ri*al*ly, adv. -- Dic'ta*to"ri*al*ness, n. Dic'ta*to"ri*an (?), a. Dictatorial. [Obs.]

 Dic*ta"tor*ship (?), n. The office, or the term of office, of a dictator; hence, absolute power.

 Dic"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. dictatorius.] Dogmatical; overbearing; dictatorial. Milton.
 Dic*ta"tress (?), n. A woman who dictates or commands.

 Earth's chief dictatress, ocean's mighty queen.

Byron.
 Dic*ta"trix (?), n. [L.] A dictatress.

 Dic*ta"ture (?; 135), n. [L. dictatura: cf. F. dictature.]
 Office of a dictator; dictatorship. [R.] Bacon.
 Dic"tion (?), n. [L. dicto a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, to say; akin to dicare to proclaim, and to E. teach, token: cf. F. diction. See Teach, and cf. Benison, Dedicate, Index, Judge, Preach, Vengeance.] Choice of words for the expression of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of words in discourse, with regard to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; language; as, the diction of Chaucer's poems.

 His diction blazes up into a sudden explosion of prophetic grandeur.

De Quincey.
Syn. -- Diction, Style, Phraseology. Style relates both to language and thought; diction, to language only; phraseology, to the mechanical structure of sentences, or the mode in which they are phrased.
 The style of Burke was enriched with all the higher graces of composition; his diction was varied and copious; his phraseology, at times, was careless and cumbersome. "Diction is a general term applicable alike to a single sentence or a connected composition. Errors in grammar, false construction, a confused disposition of words, or an improper application of them, constitute bad diction; but the niceties, the elegancies, the peculiarities, and the beauties of composition, which mark the genius and talent of the writer, are what is comprehended under the name of style." Crabb.
 Dic'tion*al"ri*an (?), n. A lexicographer. [R.]

 Dic"tion*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Dictionaries (#). [Cf. F. dictionnaire. See Diction.] 1. A book containing the words of a language, arranged alphabetically, with explanations of their meanings; a lexicon; a vocabulary; a wordbook.

 I applied myself to the perusal of our writers; and noting whatever might be of use to ascertain or illustrate any word or phrase, accumulated in time the materials of a dictionary.

Johnson.
2. Hence, a book containing the words belonging to any system or province of knowledge, arranged alphabetically; as, a dictionary of medicine or of botany; a biographical dictionary.

 ||Dic"tum (?), n.; pl. L. Dicta (#), E. Dictums (#). [L., neuter of dictus, p. p. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Ditto.] 1. An authoritative statement; a dogmatic saying; an apothegm.

 A class of critical dicta everywhere current.

M. Arnold.
2. (Law) (a) A judicial opinion expressed by judges on points that do not necessarily arise in the case, and are not involved in it. (b) (French Law) The report of a judgment made by one of the judges who has given it. Bouvier. (c) An arbitrament or award.

 Dic*ty"o*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; a net + -gen.] (Bot.)
 A plant with net-veined leaves, and monocotyledonous embryos, belonging to the class Dictyogenæ, proposed by Lindley for the orders Dioscoreaceæ, Smilaceæ, Trilliaceæ, etc.

 Di*cy"a*nide (?), n. [Pref. di- + cyanogen.] (Chem.)
 A compound of a binary type containing two cyanogen groups or radicals; -- called also bicyanide.

 ||Di'cy*e"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. di- = di's- twice + &?; an embryo.] (Zoöl.) An order of worms parasitic in cephalopods. They are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their structure. The embryo exists in two forms.

 Di'cy*e"mid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Dicy


Peg O' My Heart by J. Hartley Manners To "LAURIE" "—in that which no waters can quench, No time forget, nor distance wear away."
PREFACE Up to the time of publication, December 1922, "Peg o' My Heart" has been played as a comedy in English in the United States and Canada in excess of 8000 times, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in excess of 6000 times, in India 65 times, in the Orient 20 times, in Holland 152 times, and in Scandinavia 23 times. Australia and New Zealand have seen 701 performances while South Africa has witnessed 229.
Three companies are playing in France where the total performances exceed 500, the Belgian figures are not yet available, Spain has two companies, and Italy five, the total figures for these three countries last-named running well over a thousand performances. In France and Belgium "Peg de Mon Coeur" is the title for the French language version, in Italy "Peg del Mio Cuore" is the name of the Italian "Peg", while her Spanish admirers and translators have named her "Rirri."
Over 194,000 copies of the novel have been sold in the United States, while the British Empire has bought 51,600 in novel form. In play form 3000 copies have been sold to date. The new film "Peg o' My Heart" in nine reels is being distributed throughout the entire world, and while innumerable companies are playing the comedy throughout the United States, Canada and the British Empire, an internationally-known composer, Dr. Hugo Felix, is at work upon the score of a "Peg" operetta in collaboration with its author, so that the young lady may continue her career in musical form.
The present work is submitted in its original form with the addition of illustrations taken from the film recently made, through the courtesy of the Metro Pictures Corporation, for which acknowledgment is gratefully made.
It is believed that these statistics are unique in theatrical and publishing history for it will now be possible in any large city to read or witness "Peg o' My Heart" in the five phases of her career to date, viz., novel, printed play, acted comedy, photo play and operetta.
J. Hartley Manners.
The Lotes Club, New York City, December, 1922.
CONTENTS BOOK THE FIRST The Romance of an Irish Agitator and an English Lady of Quality I The Irish Agitator Makes His First Appearance II The Panorama of a Lost Youth III St. Kernan's Hill IV Nathaniel Kingsnorth Visits Ireland V Angela VI Angela Speaks Her Mind Freely to Nathaniel VII The Wounded Patriot VIII Angela in Sore Distress IX Two Letters X O'Connell Visits Angela in London XI Kingsnorth's Despair XII Looking Forward BOOK THE SECOND The End of the Romance I Angela's Confession II A Communication from Nathaniel Kingsnorth III The Birth of Peg BOOK THE THIRD Peg I Peg's Childhood II We Meet an Old Friend After Many Years III Peg Leaves Her Father for the First Time BOOK THE FOURTH Peg in England I The Chichester Family II Christian Brent III Peg Arrives in England IV The Chichester Family Receive a Second Shock V Peg Meets Her Aunt VI Jerry VII The Passing of the First Month VIII The Temple of Friendship IX The Dance and its Sequel X Peg Intervenes XI "The Rebellion of Peg" XII A Room in New York XIII The Morning After XIV Alaric to the Rescue XV Montgomery Hawkes XVI The Chief Executor Appears on the Scene XVII Peg Learns of Her Uncle's Legacy XVIII Peg's Farewell to England BOOK THE FIFTH Peg Returns to Her Father I After Many Days II Looking Backward III An Unexpected Visitor Afterword CHAPTER I THE IRISH AGITATOR MAKES HIS FIRST APPEARANCE "Faith, there's no man says more and knows less than yerself, I'm thinkin'."
"About Ireland, yer riverence?"
"And everything else, Mr. O'Connell."
"Is that criticism or just temper, Father?"
"It's both, Mr. O'Connell."
"Sure it's the good judge ye must be of ignorance, Father Cahill."
"And what might that mane?"
"Ye live so much with it, Father."
"I'm lookin' at it and listenin' to it now, Frank O'Connell."
"Then it's a miracle has happened, Father."
"A miracle?"
"To see and hear one's self at the same time is indade a miracle, yer riverence."
Father Cahill tightened his grasp on his blackthorn stick, and shaking it in the other's face, said: "Don't provoke the Man of God!"
"Not for the wurrld," replied the other meekly, "bein' mesef a Child of Satan."
"And that's what ye are. And ye'd have others like yerself. But ye won't while I've a tongue in me head and a sthrong stick in me hand."
O'Connell looked at him with a mischievous twinkle in his blue-grey eyes: "Yer eloquence seems to nade somethin' to back it up, I'm thinkin'."
Father Cahill breathed hard. He was a splendid type of the Irish Parish-Priest of the old school. Gifted with a vivid power of eloquence as a preacher, and a heart as tender as a woman's toward the poor and the wretched, he had been for many years idolised by the whole community of the village of M—in County Clare. But of late there was a growing feeling of discontent among the younger generation. They lacked the respect their elders so willingly gave. They asked questions instead of answering them. They began to throw themselves, against Father Cahill's express wishes and commands, into the fight for Home Rule under the masterly statesmanship of Charles Stuart Parnell.
Already more than one prominent speaker had come into the little village and sown the seeds of temporal and spiritual unrest. Father Cahill opposed these men to the utmost of his power. He saw, as so many far-sighted priests did, the legacy of bloodshed and desolation that would follow any direct action by the Irish against the British Government. Though the blood of the patriot beat in Father Cahill's veins, the well-being of the people who had grown up with him was near to his heart. He was their Priest and he could not bear to think of men he had known as children being beaten and maimed by constabulary, and sent to prison afterwards, in the, apparently, vain fight for self-government.
To his horror that day he met Frank Owen O'Connell, one of the most notorious of all the younger agitators, in the main street of the little village.
O'Connell's back sliding had been one of Father Cahill's bitterest regrets. He had closed O'Connell's father's eyes in death and had taken care of the boy as well as he could. But at the age of fifteen the youth left the village, that had so many wretched memories of hardship and struggle, and worked his way to Dublin. It was many years before Father Cahill heard of him again. He had developed meanwhile into one of the most daring of all the fervid speakers in the sacred Cause of Liberty. Many were the stories told of his narrow escapes from death and imprisonment.


is struck with the beauty of the artificial landscape and marvels at the industry of an otherwise savage people.
Page 91 Irrigating By irrigation is meant the purposeful distribution of water over soil by man by means of diverting streams or by the use of canals in the shape of ditches or troughs for conveying and directing part of a water supply, or by means of some other man-directed power to raise water to the required level.
The Igorot employ three methods of irrigation: One, the simplest and most natural, is to build sementeras along a small stream which is turned into the upper sementera and passes from one to another, falling from terrace to terrace until all water is absorbed, evaporated, or all available or desired land is irrigated. Usually such streams are diverted from their courses, and they are often carried long distances out of their natural way. The second method is to divert a part of a river by means of a stone dam. The third method is still more artificial than the preceding—the water is lifted by direct human power from below the sementera and poured to run over the surface.
The first method is the most common, since the mountains in Igorot land are full of small, usually perpetual, streams. There are practically no streams within reach of suitable pueblo sites which are not exhausted by the Igorot agriculturist. Everywhere small streams are carefully guarded and turned wherever there is a square yard of earth that may be made into a rice sementera. Small streams in some cases have been wound for miles around the sides of a mountain, passing deep gullies and rivers in wooden troughs or tubes.
Much land along the river valleys is irrigated by means of dams, called by the Igorot "lung-ud′." During the season of 1903 there was one dam (designated the main dam in Pl. LVII—see also Pls. LV and LVI) across the entire river at Bontoc, throwing all the water which did not leak through the stones into a large canal on the Bontoc side of the valley. Half a mile above this was another dam (called the upper dam in Pl. LVII) diverting one-half the stream to the same valley, only onto higher ground. Immediately below the main dam were two low piles of stones (designated weirs) jutting into the shallow stream from the Bontoc side, and each gathering sufficient water for a few sementeras. Within a quarter of a mile below the main dam were three other loose, open weirs of rocks, two of which began on a shallow island, throwing water to the Samoki side of the river. In the stream a short distance farther down a shallow row of rocks and gravel turned water into three new sementeras constructed early in the year on a gravel island in the river.
The main dam is about 12 feet high, 2 feet broad at the top, 8 or 10 at the bottom, and is about 300 feet long. It is built each year during November and December, and requires the labor of fifteen or twenty men for about six weeks. It is constructed of river-worn bowlders piled Page 92together without adhesive. The top stones are flat on the upper surface, and the dam is a pathway across the river for the people from the time of its completion until its destruction by the freshets of June or July.
The upper dam is a new piece of primitive engineering. It, with its canal, has been in mind for at least two years; but it was completed only in 1903. The dam is small, extending only half way across the river, and beginning on an island. This dam turns water into a canal averaging 3 feet wide and carrying about 5 inches of water. The canal, called "a′-lak," is about 3,000 feet long from the dam at a in Pl. LVII to the place of discharge into the level area at b. For about 530 feet of this distance it was impossible for the primitive engineer to construct a canal in the earth, as the solid rock of the mountain dips vertically into the river. About fifty sections of large pine trees were brought and hollowed into troughs, called "ta-la′-kan," which have been secured above the water by means of buttresses, by wooden scaffolding, called "to-kod′," and by attachment to the overhanging rocks, until there is now a continuous artificial waterway from the dam to the tract of irrigated land.
Considerable engineering sense has been shown and no small amount of labor expended in the construction of this last irrigating scheme. The pine logs are a foot or more in diameter, and have a waterway dug in them about 10 or 12 inches deep and wide. These trees were felled and the troughs dug with the wasay, a short-handled tool with an iron blade only an inch or an inch and a half wide, and convertible alike into ax and adz.
There seems to be a fall of about 22 feet between a at the upper dam and b at the discharge from the troughs.2 This fall in a distance of about 3,000 feet seems needlessly great; however, the primitive engineer has shown excellent judgment in the matter. First, by putting the dam (upper dam) where it is, only half the stream had to be built across. Second, there is a rapids immediately below the dam, and, had the Igorot built his dam below the rapids, a dam of the same height would have raised the water to a much lower level; this would have necessitated a canal probably 10 or 12 feet deep instead Page 93of three. Third, the height of the water at the upper dam has enabled him to lay the log section of the waterway above the high-water mark of the river, thus, probably, insuring more or less permanence. Had the dam been built much lower down the stream the troughs would have been near the surface of the river and been torn away annually by the freshets, or the people would be obliged each year to tear down and reconstruct that part of the canal. As it now is it is probable that only the short dam will need to be rebuilt each year.
All dams and irrigating canals are built directly by or at the expense of the persons benefited by the water. Water is never rented to persons with sementeras along an artificial waterway. If a person refuses to bear his share of the labor of construction and maintenance his sementeras must lie idle for lack of water.
All sementera owners along a waterway, whether it is natural or artificial, meet and agree in regard to the division of the water. If there is an abundance, all open and close their sluice gates when they please. When there is not sufficient water for this, a division is made—usually each person takes all the water during a certain period of time. This scheme is supposed to be the best, since the flow should be sufficient fully to flood the entire plat—a 100-gallon flow in two hours is considered much better than an equal flow in two days.
During the irrigating season, if there is lack of water, it becomes necessary for each sementera owner to guard his water rights against other persons on the same creek or canal. If a man sleeps in his house during the period in which his sementeras are supposed to receive water, it is pretty certain that his supply will be stolen, and, since he was not on guard, he has no redress. But should sleep chance to overtake him in his tiresome watch at the sementeras, and should some one turn off and steal his water, the thief will get clubbed if caught, and will forfeit his own share of water when his next period arrives.
The third method of irrigation—lifting the water by direct human power—is not much employed by the Igorot. In the vicinity of Bontoc pueblo there are a few sementeras which were never in a position to be irrigated by running water. They are called "pay-yo′ a kao-u′-chan," and, when planted with rice in the dry season, need to be constantly tended by toilers who bring water to them in pots from the river, creeks, or canals. On the Samoki side of the valley during a week or so of the driest weather in May, 1903, there were four "well sweeps," each with a 5-gallon kerosene-oil can attached, operating nearly all day, pouring water from a canal into sementeras through 60 or 80 feet of small, wooden troughs.
Turning the soil Since rice, called "pa-kü′." is the chief agricultural product of the Igorot it will be considered in the following sections first, after which data of other vegetable products will be given.
Page 94 Turning the soil for the annual crop of irrigated rice begins in the middle of December and continues nearly two months. The labor of turning and fertilizing the soil and transplanting the young rice is all in progress at the same time—generally, too, in the


To give up wholly; to addict; to direct the attention of wholly or compound; to attach; -- often with a reflexive pronoun; as, to devote one's self to science, to one's friends, to piety, etc.

 Thy servant who is devoted to thy fear.

Ps. cxix. 38.
 They devoted themselves unto all wickedness.

Grew.
 A leafless and simple branch... devoted to the purpose of climbing.

Gray.
Syn. -- To addict; apply; dedicate; consecrate; resign; destine; doom; consign. See Addict.

 De*vote" (?), a. [L. devotus, p. p.] Devoted; addicted; devout. [Obs.] Milton.
 De*vote", n. A devotee. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.
 De*vot"ed, a. Consecrated to a purpose; strongly attached; zealous; devout; as, a devoted admirer. -- De*vot"ed*ly, adv. -- De*vot"ed*ness, n. Dev'o*tee" (?), n. One who is wholly devoted; esp., one given wholly to religion; one who is superstitiously given to religious duties and ceremonies; a bigot.

 While Father Le Blanc was very devout he was not a devotee.

A. S. Hardy.
 De*vote"ment (?), n. The state of being devoted, or set apart by a vow. [R.] Bp. Hurd.
 De*vot"er (?), n. One who devotes; a worshiper.

 De*vo"tion (?), n. [F. dévotion, L. devotio.]
 1. The act of devoting; consecration.

2. The state of being devoted; addiction; eager inclination; strong attachment love or affection; zeal; especially, feelings toward God appropriately expressed by acts of worship; devoutness.

 Genius animated by a fervent spirit of devotion.

Macaulay.
3. Act of devotedness or devoutness; manifestation of strong attachment; act of worship; prayer. "The love of public devotion."
 Hooker.
4. Disposal; power of disposal. [Obs.]

 They are entirely at our devotion, and may be turned backward and forward, as we please.

Godwin.
5. A thing consecrated; an object of devotion. [R.]

 Churches and altars, priests and all devotions, Tumbled together into rude chaos.

Beau. & Fl.
Days of devotion. See under Day.

Syn. -- Consecration; devoutness; religiousness; piety; attachment; devotedness; ardor; earnestness.

 De*vo"tion*al (?), a. [L. devotionalis.] Pertaining to, suited to, or used in, devotion; as, a devotional posture; devotional exercises; a devotional frame of mind.

 { De*vo"tion*al*ist, De*vo"tion*ist, } n. One given to devotion, esp. to excessive formal devotion.

 De*vo'tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The practice of a devotionalist. A. H. Clough.
 De*vo"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In a devotional manner; toward devotion.

 ||De*vo"to (?), n. [It.] A devotee. Dr. J. Scott.
 De*vo"tor (?), n. [L.] A worshiper; one given to devotion. [Obs.]
 Beau. & Fl.
 De*vour" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Devouring.] [F. dévorer, fr. L. devorare; de + vorare to eat greedily, swallow up. See Voracious.] 1.
 To eat up with greediness; to consume ravenously; to feast upon like a wild beast or a glutton; to prey upon.

 Some evil beast hath devoured him.

Gen. xxxvii. 20.
2. To seize upon and destroy or appropriate greedily, selfishly, or wantonly; to consume; to swallow up; to use up; to waste; to annihilate.

 Famine and pestilence shall devour him.

Ezek. vii. 15.
 I waste my life and do my days devour.

Spenser.
3. To enjoy with avidity; to appropriate or take in eagerly by the senses.

 Longing they look, and gaping at the sight, Devour her o'er with vast delight.

Dryden.
Syn. -- To consume; waste; destroy; annihilate.

 De*vour"a*ble (?), a. That may be devoured.

 De*vour"er (?), n. One who, or that which, devours.

 De*vour"ing*ly, adv. In a devouring manner.

 De*vout" (?), a. [OE. devot, devout, F. dévot, from L. devotus devoted, p. p. of devovere. See Devote, v.
 t.] 1. Devoted to religion or to religious feelings and duties; absorbed in religious exercises; given to devotion; pious; reverent; religious.

 A devout man, and one that feared God.

Acts x. 2.
 We must be constant and devout in the worship of God.

Rogers.
2. Expressing devotion or piety; as, eyes devout; sighs devout; a devout posture. Milton.
3. Warmly devoted; hearty; sincere; earnest; as, devout wishes for one's welfare.

The devout, devoutly religious persons, those who are sincerely pious.

Syn. -- Holy; pure; religious; prayerful; pious; earnest; reverent; solemn; sincere.

 De*vout", n. 1. A devotee. [Obs.] Sheldon.
2. A devotional composition, or part of a composition; devotion.
 [Obs.] Milton.
 De*vout"ful (?), a. 1. Full of devotion. [R.]

2. Sacred. [R.]

 To take her from austerer check of parents, To make her his by most devoutful rights.

Marston.
 De*vout"less, a. Destitute of devotion. -- De*vout"less*ly, adv.
 - - De*vout"less*ness, n. De*vout"ly, adv. 1. In a devout and reverent manner; with devout emotions; piously.

 Cast her fair eyes to heaven and prayed devoutly.

Shak.
2. Sincerely; solemnly; earnestly.

 'T is a consummation Devoutly to be wished.

Shak.
 De*vout"ness, n. Quality or state of being devout.

 De*vove" (?), v. t. [See Devote, v. t.] To devote. [Obs.] Cowley.
 De*vow" (?), v. t. [F. dévouer, L. devovere.
 See Devote, v. t.] 1. To give up; to devote. [Obs.]

2. [Cf. OF. desvoer. Cf. Disavow.] To disavow; to disclaim.
 [Obs.] G. Fletcher.
 De*vul"gar*ize (?), v. t. To free from what is vulgar, common, or narrow.

 Shakespeare and Plutarch's "Lives" are very devulgarizing books.

E. A. Abbott.
 Dew (d), n. [AS. deáw; akin to D. dauw, G. thau, tau, Icel. dögg, Sw. dagg, Dan. dug; cf.
 Skr. dhav, dhv, to flow. √72. Cf. Dag dew.] 1.
 Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night.

 Her tears fell with the dews at even


THE SEA-GULL by Anton Checkov A Play In Four Acts Contents CHARACTERS THE SEA-GULL ACT I ACT II ACT III ACT IV CHARACTERS IRINA ABKADINA, an actress CONSTANTINE TREPLIEFF, her son PETER SORIN, her brother NINA ZARIETCHNAYA, a young girl, the daughter of a rich landowner ILIA SHAMRAEFF, the manager of SORIN'S estate PAULINA, his wife MASHA, their daughter BORIS TRIGORIN, an author EUGENE DORN, a doctor SIMON MEDVIEDENKO, a schoolmaster JACOB, a workman A COOK A MAIDSERVANT The scene is laid on SORIN'S estate. Two years elapse between the third and fourth acts.

 THE SEA-GULL ACT I The scene is laid in the park on SORIN'S estate. A broad avenue of trees leads away from the audience toward a lake which lies lost in the depths of the park. The avenue is obstructed by a rough stage, temporarily erected for the performance of amateur theatricals, and which screens the lake from view. There is a dense growth of bushes to the left and right of the stage. A few chairs and a little table are placed in front of the stage. The sun has just set. JACOB and some other workmen are heard hammering and coughing on the stage behind the lowered curtain.

 MASHA and MEDVIEDENKO come in from the left, returning from a walk.

 MEDVIEDENKO. Why do you always wear mourning?

 MASHA. I dress in black to match my life. I am unhappy.

 MEDVIEDENKO. Why should you be unhappy? [Thinking it over] I don't understand it. You are healthy, and though your father is not rich, he has a good competency. My life is far harder than yours. I only have twenty-three roubles a month to live on, but I don't wear mourning.
 [They sit down].

 MASHA. Happiness does not depend on riches; poor men are often happy.

 MEDVIEDENKO. In theory, yes, but not in reality. Take my case, for instance; my mother, my two sisters, my little brother and I must all live somehow on my salary of twenty-three roubles a month. We have to eat and drink, I take it. You wouldn't have us go without tea and sugar, would you? Or tobacco? Answer me that, if you can.

 MASHA. [Looking in the direction of the stage] The play will soon begin.

 MEDVIEDENKO. Yes, Nina Zarietchnaya is going to act in Treplieff's play.
 They love one another, and their two souls will unite to-night in the effort to interpret the same idea by different means. There is no ground on which your soul and mine can meet. I love you. Too restless and sad to stay at home, I tramp here every day, six miles and back, to be met only by your indifference. I am poor, my family is large, you can have no inducement to marry a man who cannot even find sufficient food for his own mouth.

 MASHA. It is not that. [She takes snuff] I am touched by your affection, but I cannot return it, that is all. [She offers him the snuff-box] Will you take some?

 MEDVIEDENKO. No, thank you. [A pause.]

 MASHA. The air is sultry; a storm is brewing for to-night. You do nothing but moralise or else talk about money. To you, poverty is the greatest misfortune that can befall a man, but I think it is a thousand times easier to go begging in rags than to—You wouldn't understand that, though.

 SORIN leaning on a cane, and TREPLIEFF come in.

 SORIN. For some reason, my boy, country life doesn't suit me, and I am sure I shall never get used to it. Last night I went to bed at ten and woke at nine this morning, feeling as if, from oversleep, my brain had stuck to my skull. [Laughing] And yet I accidentally dropped off to sleep again after dinner, and feel utterly done up at this moment. It is like a nightmare.

 TREPLIEFF. There is no doubt that you should live in town. [He catches sight of MASHA and MEDVIEDENKO] You shall be called when the play begins, my friends, but you must not stay here now. Go away, please.

 SORIN. Miss Masha, will you kindly ask your father to leave the dog unchained? It howled so last night that my sister was unable to sleep.

 MASHA. You must speak to my father yourself. Please excuse me; I can't do so. [To MEDVIEDENKO] Come, let us go.

 MEDVIEDENKO. You will let us know when the play begins?

 MASHA and MEDVIEDENKO go out.

 SORIN. I foresee that that dog is going to howl all night again. It is always this way in the country; I have never been able to live as I like here. I come down for a month's holiday, to rest and all, and am plagued so by their nonsense that I long to escape after the first day.
 [Laughing] I have always been glad to get away from this place, but I have been retired now, and this was the only place I had to come to.
 Willy-nilly, one must live somewhere.

 JACOB. [To TREPLIEFF] We are going to take a swim, Mr. Constantine.

 TREPLIEFF. Very well, but you must be back in ten minutes.

 JACOB. We will, sir.

 TREPLIEFF. [Looking at the stage] Just like a real theatre! See, there we have the curtain, the foreground, the background, and all. No artificial scenery is needed. The eye travels direct to the lake, and rests on the horizon. The curtain will be raised as the moon rises at half-past eight.

 SORIN. Splendid!

 TREPLIEFF. Of course the whole effect will be ruined if Nina is late.
 She should be here by now, but her father and stepmother watch her so closely that it is like stealing her from a prison to get her away from home. [He straightens SORIN'S collar] Your hair and beard are all on end. Oughtn't you to have them trimmed?

 SORIN. [Smoothing his beard] They are the tragedy of my existence. Even when I was young I always looked as if I were drunk, and all. Women have never liked me. [Sitting down] Why is my sister out of temper?

 TREPLIEFF. Why? Because she is jealous and bored. [Sitting down beside SORIN] She is not acting this evening, but Nina is, and so she has set herself against me, and against the performance of the play, and against the play itself, which she hates without ever having read it.

 SORIN. [Laughing] Does she, really?

 TREPLIEFF. Yes, she is furious because Nina is going to have a success on this little stage. [Looking at his watch]


, but finds its chief use as an anæsthetic.
 Called also ethyl oxide. (b) Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as, amyl ether; valeric ether.

Complex ether, Mixed ether (Chem.), an oxide of two different radicals in the same molecule; as, ethyl methyl ether, C2H5.O.CH3.
 -- Compound ether (Chem.), an ethereal salt or a salt of some hydrocarbon as the base; an ester. -- Ether engine (Mach.), a condensing engine like a steam engine, but operated by the vapor of ether instead of by steam.

 E*the"re*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to the hypothetical upper, purer air, or to the higher regions beyond the earth or beyond the atmosphere; celestial; as, ethereal space; ethereal regions.

 Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger.

Milton.
2. Consisting of ether; hence, exceedingly light or airy; tenuous; spiritlike; characterized by extreme delicacy, as form, manner, thought, etc.

 Vast chain of being, which from God began, Natures ethereal, human, angel, man.

Pope.
3. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether; as, ethereal salts.

Ethereal oil. (Chem.) See Essential oil, under Essential. -- Ethereal oil of wine (Chem.), a heavy, yellow, oily liquid consisting essentially of etherin, etherol, and ethyl sulphate. It is the oily residuum left after etherification. Called also heavy oil of wine (distinguished from oil of wine, or œnanthic ether). -- Ethereal salt (Chem.), a salt of some organic radical as a base; an ester.

 E*the"re*al*ism (?), n. Ethereality.

 E*the're*al"i*ty (?), n. The state of being ethereal; etherealness.

 Something of that ethereality of thought and manner which belonged to Wordsworth's earlier lyrics.

J. C. Shairp.
 E*the're*al*i*za"tion (?), n. An ethereal or spiritlike state. J. H. Stirling.
 E*the"re*al*ize (?), v. t. 1. To convert into ether, or into subtile fluid; to saturate with ether.

2. To render ethereal or spiritlike.

Etherealized, moreover, by spiritual communications with the other world.

Hawthorne.
 E*the"re*al*ly, adv. In an ethereal manner.

 E*the"re*al*ness (?), n. Ethereality.

 E*the"re*ous (?), a. [L. aethereus, Gr. &?; See Ether.]
 1. Formed of ether; ethereal. [Obs.]

 This ethereous mold whereon we stand.

Milton.
2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or resembling, ether.

Ethereous oil. See Ethereal oil, under Ethereal.

 E*ther'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.

 E*ther"i*form (?), a. [Ether + form.] Having the form of ether.

 E"ther*in, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline hydrocarbon, regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, obtained in heavy oil of wine, the residue left after making ether; -- formerly called also concrete oil of wine.

 E'ther*i*za"tion (?) n. (Med.) (a) The administration of ether to produce insensibility. (b) The state of the system under the influence of ether.

 E"ther*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etherized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Etherizing (?).] [Cf. F. éthériser.]
 1. To convert into ether.

2. To render insensible by means of ether, as by inhalation; as, to etherize a patient.

 E"ther*ol (?), n. [Ether + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)
 An oily hydrocarbon regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, produced with etherin.

 { Eth"ic (?), Eth"ic*al (?), } a. [L. ethicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; custom, usage, character, dwelling; akin to &?; custom, Goth. sidus, G. sitte, Skr. svadh&?;, prob.
 orig., one's own doing; sva self + dh&?; to set: cf. F. éthique. See So, Do.] Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as, ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy.

 The ethical meaning of the miracles.

Trench.
Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the dative of a pronoun to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by some one; as, Quid mihi Celsus agit? How does my friend Celsus do?

 Eth"ic*al*ly, adv. According to, in harmony with, moral principles or character.

 Eth"i*cist (?), n. One who is versed in ethics, or has written on ethics.

 Eth"ics (?), n. [Cf. F. éthique. See Ethic.] The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as, political or social ethics; medical ethics.

 The completeness and consistency of its morality is the peculiar praise of the ethics which the Bible has taught.

I. Taylor.
 Eth"ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any compound of ethyl of a binary type; as, potassium ethide.

 Eth"i*dene (?), n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) Ethylidene. [Obs.]

 Eth"ine (?), n. (Chem.) Acetylene.

 Eth'i*on"ic (?), a. [Ethyl + thionic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid so called.

Ethionic acid (Chem.), a liquid derivative of ethylsulphuric and sulphuric (thionic) acids, obtained by the action of sulphur trioxide on absolute alcohol.

 { E"thi*op (?), E'thi*o"pi*an (?) }, n. [L. Aethiops, Gr.
 &?;; &?; to burn + &?; face.] A native or inhabitant of Ethiopia; also, in a general sense, a negro or black man.

 { E'thi*o"pi*an, E'thi*op"ic (?), } a. Of or relating to Ethiopia or the Ethiopians.

 E'thi*op"ic, n. The language of ancient Ethiopia; the language of the ancient Abyssinian empire (in Ethiopia), now used only in the Abyssinian church. It is of Semitic origin, and is also called Geez.

 E"thi*ops (?) n. [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old Chem.) A black substance; -- formerly applied to various preparations of a black or very dark color. [Written also Æthiops.] [Obs.]

Ethiops martial (Old Chem.), black oxide of iron. -- Ethiops mineral (Old Chem.), black sulphide of


by public conveyance free of expense. Dickens.
2. To extempt from charge for postage, as a letter, package, or packet, etc.

 Frank, n. [See Frank, a.] The privilege of sending letters or other mail matter, free of postage, or without charge; also, the sign, mark, or signature denoting that a letter or other mail matter is to free of postage.

 I have said so much, that, if I had not a frank, I must burn my letter and begin again.

Cowper.
 Frank, n. [Cf. F. franc. See Frank, a.] 1. (Ethnol.)
 A member of one of the German tribes that in the fifth century overran and conquered Gaul, and established the kingdom of France.

2. A native or inhabitant of Western Europe; a European; -- a term used in the Levant.

3. A French coin. See Franc.

 Frank'al*moigne" (?), n. [F. franc free + Norm. F. almoigne alma, for almosne, F. aumône. See Frank, a., and Almoner.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands given to them and their successors forever, usually on condition of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs; -- called also tenure by free alms. Burrill.
 Frank"-chase' (?), n. [Frank free + chase.] (Eng.
 Law) The liberty or franchise of having a chase; free chase. Burrill.
 Frank"-fee' (?), n. [Frank free + fee.] (Eng. Law) A species of tenure in fee simple, being the opposite of ancient demesne, or copyhold. Burrill.
 Frank"fort black' (?). A black pigment used in copperplate printing, prepared by burning vine twigs, the lees of wine, etc. McElrath.
 Frank"in*cense (?), n. [OF. franc free, pure + encens incense.] A fragrant, aromatic resin, or gum resin, burned as an incense in religious rites or for medicinal fumigation. The best kinds now come from East Indian trees, of the genus Boswellia; a commoner sort, from the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) and other coniferous trees.
 The frankincense of the ancient Jews is still unidentified.

 Frank"ing (?), n. (Carp.) A method of forming a joint at the intersection of window-sash bars, by cutting away only enough wood to show a miter.

 Frank"ish, a. Like, or pertaining to, the Franks.

 Frank"-law' (?), n. [Frank free + law.] (Eng. Law) The liberty of being sworn in courts, as a juror or witness; one of the ancient privileges of a freeman; free and common law; -- an obsolete expression signifying substantially the same as the American expression civil rights. Abbot.
 Frank"lin (?), n. [OE. frankelein; cf. LL. franchilanus.
 See Frank, a.] An English freeholder, or substantial householder.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 The franklin, a small landholder of those days.

Sir J. Stephen.
 Frank*lin"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Benjamin Franklin.

Franklinic electricity, electricity produced by friction; called also statical electricity.

 Frank"lin*ite (?), n. (Min.) A kind of mineral of the spinel group.

 Frank"lin stove' (?). A kind of open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the peculiar feature of which was that a current of heated air was directly supplied to the room from an air box; -- now applied to other varieties of open stoves.

 Frank"ly, adv. In a frank manner; freely.

 Very frankly he confessed his treasons.

Shak.
Syn. -- Openly; ingenuously; plainly; unreservedly; undisguisedly; sincerely; candidly; artlessly; freely; readily; unhesitatingly; liberally; willingly.

 Frank"-mar"riage (?), n. [Frank free + marriage.] (Eng.
 Law) A certain tenure in tail special; an estate of inheritance given to a man his wife (the wife being of the blood of the donor), and descendible to the heirs of their two bodies begotten. [Obs.] Blackstone.
 Frank"ness, n. The quality of being frank; candor; openess; ingenuousness; fairness; liberality.

 Frank"pledge' (?), n. [Frank free + pledge.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A pledge or surety for the good behavior of freemen, -- each freeman who was a member of an ancient decennary, tithing, or friborg, in England, being a pledge for the good conduct of the others, for the preservation of the public peace; a free surety. (b) The tithing itself. Bouvier.
 The servants of the crown were not, as now, bound in frankpledge for each other.

Macaulay.
 Fran"tic (?), a. [OE. frentik, frenetik, F. frentique, L. phreneticus, from Gr. &?;. See Frenzy, and cf. Frenetic, Phrenetic.] Mad; raving; furious; violent; wild and disorderly; distracted.

 Die, frantic wretch, for this accursed deed!

Shak.
 Torrents of frantic abuse.

Macaulay.
 -- Fran"tic*al*ly (#), adv. -- Fran"tic*ly (#), adv. Shak.
 -- Fran"tic*ness, n. Johnson.
 Frap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frapped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frapping.] [Cf. F. frapper to strike, to seize ropes. Cf. Affrap.] 1. (Naut.) To draw together; to bind with a view to secure and strengthen, as a vessel by passing cables around it; to tighten; as a tackle by drawing the lines together. Tottem.
2. To brace by drawing together, as the cords of a drum. Knoght.
 Frape (?), n. [Cf. frap, and Prov. E. frape to scold.] A crowd, a rabble. [Obs.] ares.
 Frap"ler (?), n. A blusterer; a rowdy. [Obs.]

 Unpolished, a frapler, and base.

B. Jonson.
 ||Fra"ter, n. [L., a brother.] (Eccl.) A monk; also, a frater house. [R.] Shipley.
Frater house, an apartament in a convent used as an eating room; a refectory; -- called also a fratery.

 Fra*ter"nal (?), a.[F. fraternel, LL. fraternalis, fr. L. fraternus, fr. frater brother. See Brother.] Of, pertaining to, or involving, brethren; becoming to brothers; brotherly; as, fraternal affection; a fraternal embrace. -- Fra*ter"nal*ly, adv.
 An abhorred, a cursed, a fraternal war.

Milton.
Fraternal love and friendship.

Addison.
 Fra*ter"nate (?), v. i. To fraternize; to hold fellowship. Jefferson.
 { Fra'ter*na"tion (?), Fra"ter*nism (?) }, n. Fraternization. [R.]
 Jefferson.
 Fra*ter"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Fraternities (#). [F. fraternité, L. fraternitas.] 1. The state or quality of being fraternal or brotherly; brotherhood.

2. A body of men associated for their common interest, business, or pleasure; a company; a brotherhood; a society; in the Roman Catholic Church, an association for


Historical Lectures and Essays, by Charles Kingsley Transcribed from the 1902 Macmillan and Co. edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ HISTORICAL LECTURES AND ESSAYS by Charles Kingsley Contents: The First Discovery of America Cyrus, Servant of the Lord Ancient Civilisation Rondelet Vesalius Paracelsus Buchanan THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF AMERICA Let me begin this lecture {1} with a scene in the North Atlantic 863 years since.
"Bjarne Grimolfson was blown with his ship into the Irish Ocean; and there came worms and the ship began to sink under them. They had a boat which they had payed with seals' blubber, for that the sea-worms will not hurt. But when they got into the boat they saw that it would not hold them all. Then said Bjarne, 'As the boat will only hold the half of us, my advice is that we should draw lots who shall go in her; for that will not be unworthy of our manhood.' This advice seemed so good that none gainsaid it; and they drew lots. And the lot fell to Bjarne that he should go in the boat with half his crew. But as he got into the boat, there spake an Icelander who was in the ship and had followed Bjarne from Iceland, 'Art thou going to leave me here, Bjarne?' Quoth Bjarne, 'So it must be.' Then said the man, 'Another thing didst thou promise my father, when I sailed with thee from Iceland, than to desert me thus. For thou saidst that we both should share the same lot.' Bjarne said, 'And that we will not do. Get thou down into the boat, and I will get up into the ship, now I see that thou art so greedy after life.' So Bjarne went up into the ship, and the man went down into the boat; and the boat went on its voyage till they came to Dublin in Ireland.
Most men say that Bjarne and his comrades perished among the worms; for they were never heard of after." This story may serve as a text for my whole lecture. Not only does it smack of the sea-breeze and the salt water, like all the finest old Norse sagas, but it gives a glimpse at least of the nobleness which underlay the grim and often cruel nature of the Norseman. It belongs, too, to the culminating epoch, to the beginning of that era when the Scandinavian peoples had their great times; when the old fierceness of the worshippers of Thor and Odin was tempered, without being effeminated, by the Faith of the "White Christ," till the very men who had been the destroyers of Western Europe became its civilisers.
It should have, moreover, a special interest to Americans.
For—as American antiquaries are well aware—Bjarne was on his voyage home from the coast of New England; possibly from that very Mount Hope Bay which seems to have borne the same name in the time of those old Norsemen, as afterwards in the days of King Philip, the last sachem of the Wampanong Indians. He was going back to Greenland, perhaps for reinforcements, finding, he and his fellow-captain, Thorfinn, the Esquimaux who then dwelt in that land too strong for them.
For the Norsemen were then on the very edge of discovery, which might have changed the history not only of this continent but of Europe likewise.
They had found and colonised Iceland and Greenland. They had found Labrador, and called it Helluland, from its ice-polished rocks.
They had found Nova Scotia seemingly, and called it Markland, from its woods. They had found New England, and called it Vinland the Good.
A fair land they found it, well wooded, with good pasturage; so that they had already imported cows, and a bull whose lowings terrified the Esquimaux. They had found self-sown corn too, probably maize.
The streams were full of salmon. But they had called the land Vinland, by reason of its grapes. Quaint enough, and bearing in its very quaintness the stamp of truth, is the story of the first finding of the wild fox-grapes. How Leif the Fortunate, almost as soon as he first landed, missed a little wizened old German servant of his father's, Tyrker by name, and was much vexed thereat, for he had been brought up on the old man's knee, and hurrying off to find him met Tyrker coming back twisting his eyes about—a trick of his—smacking his lips and talking German to himself in high excitement.
And when they get him to talk Norse again, he says: "I have not been far, but I have news for you. I have found vines and grapes!" "Is that true, foster-father?" says Leif. "True it is," says the old German, "for I was brought up where there was never any lack of them." The saga—as given by Rafn—had a detailed description of this quaint personage's appearance; and it would not he amiss if American wine-growers should employ an American sculptor—and there are great American sculptors—to render that description into marble, and set up little Tyrker in some public place, as the Silenus of the New World.
Thus the first cargoes homeward from Vinland to Greenland had been of timber and of raisins, and of vine-stocks, which were not like to thrive.
And more. Beyond Vinland the Good there was said to be another land, Whiteman's Land—or Ireland the Mickle, as some called it. For these Norse traders from Limerick had found Ari Marson, and Ketla of Ruykjanes, supposed to have been long since drowned at sea, and said that the people had made him and Ketla chiefs, and baptized Ari. What is all this? and what is this, too, which the Esquimaux children taken in Markland told the Northmen, of a land beyond them where the folk wore white clothes, and carried flags on poles?
Are these all dreams? or was some part of that great civilisation, the relics whereof your antiquarians find in so many parts of the United States, still in existence some 900 years ago; and were these old Norse cousins of ours upon the very edge of it? Be that as it may, how nearly did these fierce Vikings, some of whom seemed to have sailed far south along the shore, become aware that just beyond them lay a land of fruits and spices, gold and gems? The adverse current of the Gulf Stream, it may be, would have long prevented their getting past the Bahamas into the Gulf of Mexico; but, sooner or later, some storm must have carried a Greenland viking to San Domingo or to Cuba; and then, as has been well said, some Scandinavian dynasty might have sat upon the throne of Mexico.
These stories are well known to antiquarians. They may be found, almost all of them, in Professor Rafn's "Antiquitates Americanæ." The action in them stands out often so clear and dramatic, that the internal evidence of historic truth is irresistible. Thorvald, who, when he saw what seems to be, they say, the bluff head of Alderton at the south-east end of Boston Bay, said, "Here should I like to dwell," and, shot by an Esquimaux arrow, bade bury him on that place, with a cross at his head and a cross at his feet, and call the place Cross Ness for evermore; Gudrida, the magnificent widow, who wins hearts and sees strange deeds from Iceland to Greenland, and Greenland to Vinland and back, and at last, worn out and sad, goes off on a pilgrimage to Rome; Helgi and Finnbogi, the Norwegians, who, like our Arctic voyagers in after times, devise all sorts of sports and games to keep the men in humour during the long winter at Hope; and last, but not least, the terrible Freydisa, who, when the Norse are seized with a sudden panic at the Esquimaux and flee from them, as they had three weeks before fled from Thorfinn's bellowing bull, turns, when so weak that she cannot escape, single-handed on the savages, and catching up a slain man's sword, puts them all to flight with her fierce visage and fierce cries—Freydisa the Terrible, who, in another voyage, persuades her husband to fall on Helgi and Finnbogi, when asleep, and murder them and all their men; and then, when he


ating.] 1. To lay fiat; to throw down; to level; to fell; as, to prostrate the body; to prostrate trees or plants. Evelyn.
2. to overthrow; to demolish; to destroy; to deprive of efficiency; to ruin; as, to prostrate a village; to prostrate a government; to prostrate law or justice.

3. To throw down, or cause to fall in humility or adoration; to cause to bow in humble reverence; used reflexively; as, he prostrated himself. Milman.
4. To cause to sink totally; to deprive of strength; to reduce; as, a person prostrated by fever.

 Pros*tra"tion (?), n. [L. prostratio: cf. F. prostration.]
 1. The act of prostrating, throwing down, or laying fiat; as, the prostration of the body.

2. The act of falling down, or of bowing in humility or adoration; primarily, the act of falling on the face, but usually applied to kneeling or bowing in reverence and worship.

 A greater prostration of reason than of body.

Shak.
3. The condition of being prostrate; great depression; lowness; dejection; as, a postration of spirits. "A sudden prostration of strength." Arbuthnot.
4. (Med.) A latent, not an exhausted, state of the vital energies; great oppression of natural strength and vigor.

Prostration, in its medical use, is analogous to the state of a spring lying under such a weight that it is incapable of action; while exhaustion is analogous to the state of a spring deprived of its elastic powers. The word, however, is often used to denote any great depression of the vital powers.

 Pro"style (?), a. [L. prostylus, Gr. &?;; &?; before + &?; pillar, column: cf. F. prostyle.] (Arch.) Having columns in front. -- n. A prostyle portico or building.

 Pros"y (?), a. [Compar. Prosier (?); superl. Prosiest.]

1. Of or pertaining to prose; like prose.

2. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing; prosaic.

 Pro*sy"lo*gism (?), n. [Pref. pro- + syllogism.] (Logic) A syllogism preliminary or logically essential to another syllogism; the conclusion of such a syllogism, which becomes a premise of the following syllogism.

 Pro*tac"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; placing or placed before, fr.
 &?; to place in front; &?; before + &?; to arrange.] Giving a previous narrative or explanation, as of the plot or personages of a play; introductory.

 Pro"ta*gon (?), n. [Proto- + Gr. &?; a contest. See.
 Protagonist. So called because it was the first definitely ascertained principle of the brain.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous phosphorized principle found in brain tissue. By decomposition it yields neurine, fatty acids, and other bodies.

 Pro*tag"o*nist (?), n. [Gr. &?;; prw^tos first + &?; an actor, combatant, fr. &?; a contest.] One who takes the leading part in a drama; hence, one who takes lead in some great scene, enterprise, conflict, or the like.

 Shakespeare, the protagonist on the great of modern poetry.

De Quincey.
 Pro"ta*min (?), n. [Gr. prw^tos first.] (Physiol. Chem.) An amorphous nitrogenous substance found in the spermatic fluid of salmon. It is soluble in water, which an alkaline reaction, and unites with acids and metallic bases.

 Pro*tan"dric (?), a. [Proto- + Gr. &?;, &?;, a man.]
 (Zoöl.) Having male sexual organs while young, and female organs later in life. -- Pro*tan"trism (#), n. Pro*tan"drous (?), a. (Bot.) Proterandrous.

 ||Prot"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to stretch before, forward; &?; before + &?; to stretch.] 1. A proposition; a maxim. Johnson.
2. (Gram.) The introductory or subordinate member of a sentence, generally of a conditional sentence; -- opposed to apodosis.
 See Apodosis.

3. The first part of a drama, of a poem, or the like; the introduction; opposed to epitasis. B. Jonson.
 Pro*tat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. L. protaticus, F. protatique.]
 Of or pertaining to the protasis of an ancient play; introductory.

 Pro'te*a"ceous (?), a. [From Proteus.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Proteaceæ, an order of apetalous evergreen shrubs, mostly natives of the Cape of Good Hope or of Australia.

 Pro"te*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Proteus; characteristic of Proteus. " Protean transformations." Cudworth.
2. Exceedingly variable; readily assuming different shapes or forms; as, an amœba is a protean animalcule.

 Pro"te*an*ly, adv. In a protean manner. Cudworth.
 Pro*tect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protected; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Protecting.] [L. protectus, p. p. of protegere, literally, to cover in front; pro before + tegere to cover.
 See Tegument.] To cover or shield from danger or injury; to defend; to guard; to preserve in safety; as, a father protects his children.

 The gods of Greece protect you!

Shak.
Syn. -- To guard; shield; preserve. See Defend.

 Pro*tect"ing*ly (?), adv. By way of protection; in a protective manner.

 Pro*tec"tion (?), n. [L. protectio: cf. F. protection.]
 1. The act of protecting, or the state of being protected; preservation from loss, injury, or annoyance; defense; shelter; as, the weak need protection.

 To your protection I commend me, gods.

Shak.
2. That which protects or preserves from injury; a defense; a shield; a refuge.

 Let them rise up... and be your protection.

Deut. xxxii. 38.
3. A writing that protects or secures from molestation or arrest; a pass; a safe-conduct; a passport.

 He... gave them protections under his hand.

Macaulay.
4. (Polit. Econ.) A theory, or a policy, of protecting the producers in a country from foreign competition in the home market by the imposition of such discriminating duties on goods of foreign production as will restrict or prevent their importation; -- opposed to free trade.

Writ of protection. (Law) (a) A writ by which the king formerly exempted a person from arrest; -- now disused. [Eng.] Blackstone.
(b) A judicial writ issued to a person required to attend court, as party, juror, etc., intended to secure him from arrest in coming, staying, and returning.

Syn. -- Preservation; defense; guard; shelter; refuge; security; safety.

 Pro*tec"tion*ism (?), n. (Polit. Econ.) The doctrine or policy of protectionists. See Protection, 4.

 Pro*tec"tion*ist, n. (Polit. Econ.) One who favors protection. See Protection, 4.

 Pro*tect"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. protectif.] Affording protection; sheltering; defensive


; collect.

 Ag"gre*gate (&?;), a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.] 1.
 Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum; collective.

 The aggregate testimony of many hundreds. Sir T. Browne.
2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules; as, aggregate glands.

3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry.

4. (Min. & Geol.) Having the several component parts adherent to each other only to such a degree as to be separable by mechanical means.

5. (Zoöl.) United into a common organized mass; -- said of certain compound animals.

Corporation aggregate. (Law) See under Corporation.

 Ag"gre*gate, n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; as, a house is an aggregate of stone, brick, timber, etc.

 In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately mixed than in a compound.

2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; -- in distinction from a compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles.

In the aggregate, collectively; together.

 Ag"gre*gate*ly, adv. Collectively; in mass.

 Ag'gre*ga"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. aggregatio, F. agrégation.]
 The act of aggregating, or the state of being aggregated; collection into a mass or sum; a collection of particulars; an aggregate.

 Each genus is made up by aggregation of species. Carpenter.
 A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual momentary aggregation, but... of continuity, which extends in time as well as in numbers, and in space. Burke.
 Ag"gre*ga*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. Fr. agrégatif.] 1.
 Taken together; collective.

2. Gregarious; social. [R.] Carlyle.
 Ag"gre*ga'tor (&?;), n. One who aggregates.

 Ag*grege" (&?;), v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggravate.] To make heavy; to aggravate. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ag*gress" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] To commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrel or controversy; to make an attack; -- with on.

 Ag*gress", v. t. To set upon; to attack. [R.]

 Ag*gress", n. [L. aggressus.] Aggression. [Obs.]

 Their military aggresses on others. Sir M. Hale.
 Ag*gres"sion (&?;), n. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredi: cf. F. agression.] The first attack, or act of hostility; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war or a controversy; unprovoked attack; assault; as, a war of aggression. "Aggressions of power." Hallam Syn. -- Attack; offense; intrusion; provocation.

 Ag*gres"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. agressif.] Tending or disposed to aggress; characterized by aggression; making assaults; unjustly attacking; as, an aggressive policy, war, person, nation.
 -- Ag*gres"sive*ly, adv. -- Ag*gres"sive*ness, n. No aggressive movement was made. Macaulay.
 Ag*gres"sor (&?;), n. [L.: cf. F. agresseur.] The person who first attacks or makes an aggression; he who begins hostility or a quarrel; an assailant.

 The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the tameness of the sufferer. Ames.
 Ag*griev"ance (&?;), n. [OF. agrevance, fr. agrever.
 See Aggrieve.] Oppression; hardship; injury; grievance. [Archaic] Ag*grieve" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving (&?;).] [OE. agreven, OF.
 agrever; a (L. ad) + grever to burden, injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] To give pain or sorrow to; to afflict; hence, to oppress or injure in one's rights; to bear heavily upon; -- now commonly used in the passive TO be aggrieved.

Aggrieved by oppression and extortion. Macaulay.
 Ag*grieve", v. i. To grieve; to lament. [Obs.]

 Ag*group" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrouped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] [F. agrouper; à (L. ad) + groupe group. See Group..] To bring together in a group; to group. Dryden.
 Ag*group"ment (&?;), n. Arrangement in a group or in groups; grouping.

 ||Ag"gry, ||Ag"gri (&?;), a. Applied to a kind of variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture; as, aggry beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa.

 A*ghast" (&?;), v. t. See Agast, v. t. [Obs.]

 A*ghast" (&?;), a. & p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. - (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + g&?;stan to terrify, torment: cf. Goth. usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to the spot with terror; akin to L. haerere to stick fast, cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Terrified; struck with amazement; showing signs of terror or horror.

Aghast he waked; and, starting from his bed, Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread. Dryden.
 The commissioners read and stood aghast. Macaulay.
 Ag"i*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. LL. agibilis, fr. L. agere to move, do.] Possible to be done; practicable. [Obs.] "Fit for agible things." Sir A. Sherley.
 Ag"ile (&?;), a. [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move. See Agent.] Having the faculty of quick motion in the limbs; apt or ready to move; nimble; active; as, an agile boy; an agile tongue.

 Shaking it with agile hand. Cowper.
Syn. -- Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick.

 Ag"ile*ly, adv. In an agile manner; nimbly.

 Ag"ile*ness, n. Agility; nimbleness. [R.]

 A*gil"i*ty (&?;), n. [F. agilié, L. agilitas, fr. agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile; the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily; nimbleness; activity; quickness of motion; as, strength and agility of body.

 They... trust to the agility of their wit. Bacon.


ide. See Carbide [Archaic] Car"bu*ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize.

 By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal. Knight.
 Car"bu*ret'ant (?), n. Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.

 Car"bu*ret'ed (?), a. 1. (Chem.) Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide.

2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as, water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power.

 [Written also carburetted.]

Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. -- Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas, CH4; fire damp.

 Car"bu*ret'or (?), n. (Chem.) An apparatus in which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]

 Car"bu*ri*za'tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of carburizing.

 Car"bu*rize (kär"b*rz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carburizing.] (Chem.) To combine with carbon or a carbon compound; -- said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile hydrocarbons.

 Car"ca*jou (kär"k*j), n. [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.) The wolverene; -- also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene.

 Car"ca*net (kär"k*nt), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of precious stones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kelchen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG. querca throat.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkanet and carcant.]
 Shak.
 Car"case (kär"kas), n. See Carcass.

 Car"cass (kär"kas), n.; pl. Carcasses (#). [Written also carcase.] [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast.

 He turned to see the carcass of the lion. Judges xiv. 8.
 This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads. De Foe.
2. The living body; -- now commonly used in contempt or ridicule.
 "To pamper his own carcass." South.
 Lovely her face; was ne'er so fair a creature. For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature. Oldham.
3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing.

 A rotten carcass of a boat. Shak.
4. (Mil.) A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc.

 A discharge of carcasses and bombshells. W. Iving.
 ||Car'ca*vel"hos (?), n. A sweet wine. See Calcavella.

 Car"ce*lage (?), n. [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Prison fees. [Obs.]

 Car"cel lamp' (?). [Named after Carcel, the inventor.] A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superabundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.

 Car"cer*al (?), a. [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Belonging to a prison. [R.] Foxe.
 Car'ci*no*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinology.

 Car'ci*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a crab + -logy.] (Zoöl.)
 The department of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); -- called also malacostracology and crustaceology.

 ||Car'ci*no"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; crab, cancer. See -oma.] (Med.) A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison.
 Car'ci*nom"a*tous (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinoma.

 ||Car'ci*no"sys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cancer.] The affection of the system with cancer.

 Card (?), n. [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr.
 &?; a leaf of paper. Cf. Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as, a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards.

 Our first cards were to Carabas House. Thackeray.
2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.

3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner's compass.

 All the quartere that they know I' the shipman's card.
Shak.
4. (Weaving) A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard.

5. An indicator card. See under Indicator.

Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. -- Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. -- Card catalogue. See Catalogue. -- Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. -- Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over.
 -- On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; -- a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also, according to the programme. -- Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. -- To have the cards in one's own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. -- To play one's cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. -- To play snow one's cards, to expose one's plants to rivals or foes. --


of the blueberry group (Vaccinium stamineum); also, its bitter, greenish white berry; -- called also squaw huckleberry.

 Deer"grass' (?), n. (Bot.) An American genus (Rhexia) of perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and showy flowers (usually bright purple), with four petals and eight stamens, -- the only genus of the order Melastomaceæ inhabiting a temperate clime.

 Deer"hound' (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a large and fleet breed of hounds used in hunting deer; a staghound.

 Deer"let (?), n. [Deer + - let.] (Zoöl.)
 A chevrotain. See Kanchil, and Napu.

 Deer"-neck' (?), n. A deerlike, or thin, ill-formed neck, as of a horse.

 Deer"skin' (?), n. The skin of a deer, or the leather which is made from it. Hakluyt. Longfellow.
 Deer"stalk'er (?), n. One who practices deerstalking.

 Deer"stalk'ing, n. The hunting of deer on foot, by stealing upon them unawares.

 Deer's"-tongue' (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Liatris odoratissima) whose fleshy leaves give out a fragrance compared to vanilla. Wood.
 Dees (?), n. pl. Dice. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dees, n. A dais. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||De*e"sis (d*"ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. de'hsis supplication.] (Rhet.)
 An invocation of, or address to, the Supreme Being.

 De"ess (d"s), n. [F. déesse, fem. of dieu god.] A goddess. [Obs.] Croft.
 ||Deev (?), n. (Hind. & Pers. Myth.) See Dev.

 De*face" (d*fs"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defaced (-fst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Defacing.] [OE. defacen to disfigure, efface, OF. desfacier; L. dis- + facies face. See Face, and cf. Efface.] 1. To destroy or mar the face or external appearance of; to disfigure; to injure, spoil, or mar, by effacing or obliterating important features or portions of; as, to deface a monument; to deface an edifice; to deface writing; to deface a note, deed, or bond; to deface a record. "This high face defaced."
 Emerson.
 So by false learning is good sense defaced.

Pope.
2. [Cf. F. défaire.] To destroy; to make null. [Obs.]

 [Profane scoffing] doth... deface the reverence of religion.

Bacon.
 For all his power was utterly defaste [defaced].

Spenser.
Syn. -- See Efface.

 De*face"ment (?), n. 1. The act of defacing, or the condition of being defaced; injury to the surface or exterior; obliteration.

2. That which mars or disfigures. Bacon.
 De*fa"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, defaces or disfigures.

 ||De' fac"to (?). [L.] Actually; in fact; in reality; as, a king de facto, -- distinguished from a king de jure, or by right.

 De*fail" (?), v. t. [F. défaillir to fail; pref. dé- (L. de) + faillir. See Fail, and cf. Default.] To cause to fail. [Obs.]

 De*fail"ance (?), n. [F. défaillance.] Failure; miscarriage. [Obs.]

 Possibility of defailance in degree or continuance.

Comber.
 De*fail"ure (?), n. Failure. [Obs.] Barrow.
 De*fal"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defalcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defalcating.] [LL. defalcatus, p. p. of defalcare to deduct, orig., to cut off with a sickle; L. de- + falx, falcis, a sickle. See Falchion.] To cut off; to take away or deduct a part of; -- used chiefly of money, accounts, rents, income, etc.

 To show what may be practicably and safely defalcated from them [the estimates].

Burke.
 De*fal"cate, v. i. To commit defalcation; to embezzle money held in trust. "Some partner defalcating, or the like." Carlyle.
 De'fal*ca"tion (?), n. [LL. defalcatio: cf. F. défalcation.]
 1. A lopping off; a diminution; abatement; deficit. Specifically: Reduction of a claim by deducting a counterclaim; setoff. Abbott.
2. That which is lopped off, diminished, or abated.

3. An abstraction of money, etc., by an officer or agent having it in trust; an embezzlement.

 Def"al*ca'tor (?), n. A defaulter or embezzler. [Modern] De*falk" (?), v. t. [F. défalquer. See Defalcate.] To lop off; to abate. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Def'a*ma"tion (?), n. [OE. diffamacioun, F. diffamation.
 See Defame.] Act of injuring another's reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slander; detraction; calumny; aspersion.

 In modern usage, written defamation bears the title of libel, and oral defamation that of slander. Burrill.
 De*fam"a*to*ry (?), a. Containing defamation; injurious to reputation; calumnious; slanderous; as, defamatory words; defamatory writings.

 De*fame" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defamed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Defaming.] [OE. defamen, diffamen, from F. diffamer, or OF. perh. defamer, fr. L. diffamare (cf.
 defamatus infamous); dis- (in this word confused with de) + fama a report. See Fame.] 1. To harm or destroy the good fame or reputation of; to disgrace; especially, to speak evil of maliciously; to dishonor by slanderous reports; to calumniate; to asperse.

2. To render infamous; to bring into disrepute.

 My guilt thy growing virtues did defame; My blackness blotted thy unblemish'd name.

Dryden.
3. To charge; to accuse. [R.]

 Rebecca is... defamed of sorcery practiced on the person of a noble knight.

Sir W. Scott.
Syn. -- To asperse; slander; calumniate; vilify. See Asperse.

 De*fame", n. Dishonor. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 De*fam"er (?), n. One who defames; a slanderer; a detractor; a calumniator.

 De*fam"ing*ly, adv. In a defamatory manner.

 Def"a*mous (?), a. Defamatory. [Obs.]

 De*fat"i*ga*ble (?), a. [See Defatigate.] Capable of being wearied or tired out. [R.] Glanvill.
 De*fat"i*gate (?), v. t. [L. defatig


h'gon fluhks/ n. A measure of a supposed field of bogosity emitted by a speaker, measured by a bogometer; as a speaker starts to wander into increasing bogosity a listener might say "Warning, warning, bogon flux is rising". See quantum bogodynamics.
Node:bogosity, Next:bogotify, Previous:bogon flux, Up:= B = bogosity /boh-go's*-tee/ n.
1. [orig. CMU, now very common] The degree to which something is bogus. Bogosity is measured with a bogometer; in a seminar, when a speaker says something bogus, a listener might raise his hand and say "My bogometer just triggered". More extremely, "You just pinned my bogometer" means you just said or did something so outrageously bogus that it is off the scale, pinning the bogometer needle at the highest possible reading (one might also say "You just redlined my bogometer"). The agreed-upon unit of bogosity is the microLenat. 2.
The potential field generated by a bogon flux; see quantum bogodynamics. See also bogon flux, bogon filter, bogus.
Node:bogotify, Next:bogue out, Previous:bogosity, Up:= B = bogotify /boh-go't*-fi:/ vt.
To make or become bogus. A program that has been changed so many times as to become completely disorganized has become bogotified. If you tighten a nut too hard and strip the threads on the bolt, the bolt has become bogotified and you had better not use it any more. This coinage led to the notional 'autobogotiphobia' defined as 'the fear of becoming bogotified'; but is not clear that the latter has ever been 'live' jargon rather than a self-conscious joke in jargon about jargon. See also bogosity, bogus.
Node:bogue out, Next:bogus, Previous:bogotify, Up:= B = bogue out /bohg owt/ vi.
To become bogus, suddenly and unexpectedly. "His talk was relatively sane until somebody asked him a trick question; then he bogued out and did nothing but flame afterwards." See also bogosity, bogus.
Node:bogus, Next:Bohr bug, Previous:bogue out, Up:= B = bogus adj.
1. Non-functional. "Your patches are bogus." 2. Useless.
"OPCON is a bogus program." 3. False. "Your arguments are bogus."
4. Incorrect. "That algorithm is bogus." 5. Unbelievable. "You claim to have solved the halting problem for Turing Machines?
That's totally bogus." 6. Silly. "Stop writing those bogus sagas."
Astrology is bogus. So is a bolt that is obviously about to break. So is someone who makes blatantly false claims to have solved a scientific problem. (This word seems to have some, but not all, of the connotations of random -- mostly the negative ones.)
It is claimed that 'bogus' was originally used in the hackish sense at Princeton in the late 1960s. It was spread to CMU and Yale by Michael Shamos, a migratory Princeton alumnus. A glossary of bogus words was compiled at Yale when the word was first popularized there about 1975-76. These coinages spread into hackerdom from CMU and MIT. Most of them remained wordplay objects rather than actual vocabulary items or live metaphors.
Examples: 'amboguous' (having multiple bogus interpretations); 'bogotissimo' (in a gloriously bogus manner); 'bogotophile' (one who is pathologically fascinated by the bogus); 'paleobogology' (the study of primeval bogosity).
Some bogowords, however, obtained sufficient live currency to be listed elsewhere in this lexicon; see bogometer, bogon, bogotify, and quantum bogodynamics and the related but unlisted Dr. Fred Mbogo.
By the early 1980s 'bogus' was also current in something like hacker usage sense in West Coast teen slang, and it had gone mainstream by 1985. A correspondent from Cambridge reports, by contrast, that these uses of 'bogus' grate on British nerves; in Britain the word means, rather specifically, 'counterfeit', as in "a bogus 10-pound note".
Node:Bohr bug, Next:boink, Previous:bogus, Up:= B = Bohr bug /bohr buhg/ n.
[from quantum physics] A repeatable bug; one that manifests reliably under a possibly unknown but well-defined set of conditions. Antonym of heisenbug; see also mandelbug, schroedinbug.
Node:boink, Next:bomb, Previous:Bohr bug, Up:= B = boink /boynk/ [Usenet: variously ascribed to the TV series "Cheers" "Moonlighting", and "Soap"] 1. v. To have sex with; compare bounce, sense 3. (This is mainstream slang.) In Commonwealth hackish the variant 'bonk' is more common. 2. n. After the original Peter Korn 'Boinkon' Usenet parties, used for almost any net social gathering, e.g., Miniboink, a small boink held by Nancy Gillett in 1988; Minniboink, a Boinkcon in Minnesota in 1989; Humpdayboinks, Wednesday get-togethers held in the San Francisco Bay Area. Compare @-party. 3. Var of 'bonk'; see bonk/oif.
Node:bomb, Next:bondage-and-discipline language, Previous:boink, Up:= B = bomb 1. v. General synonym for crash (sense 1) except that it is not used as a noun; esp. used of software or OS failures. "Don't run Empire with less than 32K stack, it'll bomb." 2. n.,v. Atari ST and Macintosh equivalents of a Unix 'panic' or Amiga guru meditation, in which icons of little black-powder bombs or mushroom clouds are displayed, indicating that the system has died. On the Mac, this may be accompanied by a decimal (or occasionally hexadecimal) number indicating what went wrong, similar to the Amiga guru meditation number. MS-DOS machines tend to get locked up in this situation.
Node:bondage-and-discipline language, Next:bonk/oif, Previous:bomb, Up:= B = bondage-and-discipline language n. A language (such as Pascal, Ada, APL, or Prolog) that, though ostensibly general-purpose, is designed so as to enforce an author's theory of 'right programming' even though said theory is demonstrably inadequate for systems hacking or even vanilla general-purpose programming. Often abbreviated 'B&D'; thus, one may speak of things "having the B&D nature". See Pascal; oppose languages of choice.
Node:bonk/oif, Next:book titles, Previous:bondage-and-discipline language, Up:= B = bonk/oif /bonk/, /oyf/ interj.
In the U.S. MUD community, it has become traditional to express pique or censure by 'bonking' the offending person. Convention holds that one should acknowledge a bonk by saying 'oif!' and there is a myth to the effect that failing to do so upsets the cosmic bonk/oif balance, causing much trouble in the universe. Some MUDs have implemented special commands for bonking and oifing. Note: in parts of the U.K.
'bonk' is a sexually loaded slang term; care is advised in transatlantic conversations (see boink). Commonwealth hackers report a similar convention involving the 'fish/bang' balance. See also talk mode.
Node:book titles, Next:boot, Previous:bonk/oif, Up:= B = book titles There is a tradition in hackerdom of informally tagging important textbooks and standards documents with the dominant color of their covers or with some other conspicuous feature of the cover. Many of these are described in this lexicon under their own entries. See Aluminum Book, Blue Book, Camel Book, Cinderella Book, Devil Book, Dragon Book, Green Book, Orange Book, Purple Book, Red Book, Silver Book, White Book, Wizard Book, Yellow Book, and bible; see also rainbow series. Since about 1983 this tradition has gotten a