Editorial Note: Mary Barton, Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell's first novel, was first published anonymously in 1848 by Chapman and Hall.

MARY BARTON: A TALE OF MANCHESTER LIFE.

by ELIZABETH GASKELL "'How knowest thou,' may the distressed Novel-wright exclaim, 'that I, here where I sit, am the Foolishest of existing mortals; that this my Long-ear of a fictitious Biography shall not find one and the other, into whose still longer ears it may be the means, under Providence, of instilling somewhat?' We answer, 'None knows, none can certainly know: therefore, write on, worthy Brother, even as thou canst, even as it is given thee.'"
CARLYLE.

CONTENTS PREFACE.
I. A MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE.
II. A MANCHESTER TEA-PARTY.
III. JOHN BARTON'S GREAT TROUBLE.
IV. OLD ALICE'S HISTORY.
V. THE MILL ON FIRE—JEM WILSON TO THE RESCUE.
VI. POVERTY AND DEATH.
VII. JEM WILSON'S REPULSE.
VIII. MARGARET'S DEBUT AS A PUBLIC SINGER.
IX. BARTON'S LONDON EXPERIENCES.
X. RETURN OF THE PRODIGAL.
XI. MR. CARSON'S INTENTIONS REVEALED.
XII. OLD ALICE'S BAIRN.
XIII. A TRAVELLER'S TALES.
XIV. JEM'S INTERVIEW WITH POOR ESTHER.
XV. A VIOLENT MEETING BETWEEN THE RIVALS.
XVI. MEETING BETWEEN MASTERS AND WORKMEN.
XVII. BARTON'S NIGHT-ERRAND.
XVIII. MURDER.
XIX. JEM WILSON ARRESTED ON SUSPICION.
XX. MARY'S DREAM—AND THE AWAKENING.
XXI. ESTHER'S MOTIVE IN SEEKING MARY.
XXII. MARY'S EFFORTS TO PROVE AN ALIBI.
XXIII. THE SUB-PŒNA.
XXIV. WITH THE DYING.
XXV. MRS. WILSON'S DETERMINATION.
XXVI. THE JOURNEY TO LIVERPOOL.
XXVII. IN THE LIVERPOOL DOCKS.
XXVIII. "JOHN CROPPER, AHOY!"
XXIX. A TRUE BILL AGAINST JEM.
XXX. JOB LEGH'S DECEPTION.
XXXI. HOW MARY PASSED THE NIGHT.
XXXII. THE TRIAL AND VERDICT—"NOT GUILTY."
XXXIII. REQUIESCAT IN PACE.
XXXIV. THE RETURN HOME.
XXXV. "FORGIVE US OUR TRESPASSES."
XXXVI. JEM'S INTERVIEW WITH MR. DUNCOMBE.
XXXVII. DETAILS CONNECTED WITH THE MURDER.
XXXVIII. CONCLUSION.

PREFACE.
Three years ago I became anxious (from circumstances that need not be more fully alluded to) to employ myself in writing a work of fiction.
Living in Manchester, but with a deep relish and fond admiration for the country, my first thought was to find a frame-work for my story in some rural scene; and I had already made a little progress in a tale, the period of which was more than a century ago, and the place on the borders of Yorkshire, when I bethought me how deep might be the romance in the lives of some of those who elbowed me daily in the busy streets of the town in which I resided. I had always felt a deep sympathy with the care-worn men, who looked as if doomed to struggle through their lives in strange alternations between work and want; tossed to and fro by circumstances, apparently in even a greater degree than other men. A little manifestation of this sympathy, and a little attention to the expression of feelings on the part of some of the work-people with whom I was acquainted, had laid open to me the hearts of one or two of the more thoughtful among them; I saw that they were sore and irritable against the rich, the even tenor of whose seemingly happy lives appeared to increase the anguish caused by the lottery-like nature of their own. Whether the bitter complaints made by them, of the neglect which they experienced from the prosperous—especially from the masters whose fortunes they had helped to build up—were well-founded or no, it is not for me to judge. It is enough to say, that this belief of the injustice and unkindness which they endure from their fellow-creatures, taints what might be resignation to God's will, and turns it to revenge in too many of the poor uneducated factory-workers of Manchester.
The more I reflected on this unhappy state of things between those so bound to each other by common interests, as the employers and the employed must ever be, the more anxious I became to give some utterance to the agony which, from time to time, convulses this dumb people; the agony of suffering without the sympathy of the happy, or of erroneously believing that such is the case. If it be an error, that the woes, which come with ever-returning tide-like flood to overwhelm the workmen in our manufacturing towns, pass unregarded by all but the sufferers, it is at any rate an error so bitter in its consequences to all parties, that whatever public effort can do in the way of legislation, or private effort in the way of merciful deeds, or helpless love in the way of "widow's mites," should be done, and that speedily, to disabuse the work-people of so miserable a misapprehension. At present they seem to me to be left in a state, wherein lamentations and tears are thrown aside as useless, but in which the lips are compressed for curses, and the hands clenched and ready to smite.
I know nothing of Political Economy, or the theories of trade. I have tried to write truthfully; and if my accounts agree or clash with any system, the agreement or disagreement is unintentional.
To myself the idea which I have formed of the state of feeling among too many of the factory-people in Manchester, and which I endeavoured to represent in this tale (completed above a year ago), has received some confirmation from the events which have so recently occurred among a similar class on the Continent.
OCTOBER, 1848.

CHAPTER I. A MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE.
Oh! 'tis hard, 'tis hard to be working The whole of the live-long day, When all the neighbours about one Are off to their jaunts and play.
There's Richard he carries his baby, And Mary takes little Jane, And lovingly they'll be wandering Through field and briery lane.
Manchester Song.
There are some fields near Manchester, well known to the inhabitants as "Green Heys Fields," through which runs a public footpath to a little village about two miles distant. In spite of these fields being flat and low, nay, in spite of the want of wood (the great and usual recommendation of level tracts of land), there is a charm about them which strikes even the inhabitant of a mountainous district, who sees and feels the effect of contrast in these common-place but thoroughly rural fields, with the busy, bustling manufacturing town he left but half-an-hour ago. Here and there an old black and white farm-house, with its rambling outbuildings, speaks of other times and other occupations than those which now absorb the population of the neighbourhood. Here in their seasons may be seen the country business of hay-making, ploughing, &c., which are such pleasant mysteries for townspeople to watch; and here the artisan, deafened with noise of tongues and engines, may come to listen awhile to the delicious sounds of rural life: the lowing of cattle, the milk-maids' call, the clatter and cackle of poultry in the old farm-yards. You cannot wonder, then, that these fields are popular places of resort at every holiday time; and you would not wonder, if you could see, or I properly describe, the charm of one particular stile, that it should be, on such occasions, a crowded halting-place. Close by it is a deep


Transcribed from the 1906 Elizabeth Towne edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ NEW THOUGHT PASTELS —BY— ELLA WHEELER WILCOX Published by ELIZABETH TOWNE HOLYOKE, MASS.

p. 6Copyright 1906 Ella Wheeler Wilcox p.
7INDEX.
A Dialogue 9 The Weed 11 Strength 12 Affirm 13 The Chosen 14 The Nameless 16 The Word 17 Assistance 19 Credulity 20 Consciousness 21 The Structure 22 Our Souls 23 The Law 24 Knowledge 25 Give 27 Perfection 29 Fear 30 The Way 31 Understood 32 His Mansion 33 Effect 34 Three Things 35 Obstacles 36 Prayer 37 Climbing 38 "There Is No Death, There Are No Dead" 39 Realization 41 p. 8 Photograph of Ella Wheeler Wilcox, underneath which she has written "Send forth thy thought—Create—Create!" p. 9A Dialogue.
Mortal.
THE world is full of selfishness and greed.
Lord, I would lave its sin.
Spirit.
Yea, mortal, earth of thy good help has need.
Go cleanse thyself within.
Mortal.
Mine ear is hurt by harsh and evil speech.
I would reform men's ways.
Spirit.
There is but one convincing way to teach.
Speak thou but words of praise.
Mortal.
On every hand is wretchedness and grief, Despondency and fear.
Lord, I would give my fellow men relief.
p.
10Spirit.
Be, then, all hope, all cheer.
Mortal.
Lord, I look outward and grow sick at heart, Such need of change I see.
Spirit.
Mortal, look in. Do thy allotted part, And leave the rest to ME.
p. 11The Weed.
A WEED is but an unloved flower!
 Go dig, and prune, and guide, and wait, Until it learns its high estate, And glorifies some bower.
 A weed is but an unloved flower!
All sin is virtue unevolved, Release the angel from the clod— Go love thy brother up to God.
Behold each problem solved.
 All sin is virtue unevolved.
p.
12Strength.
WHO is the strong? Not he who puts to test His sinews with the strong and proves the best; But he who dwells where weaklings congregate, And never lets his splendid strength abate.
Who is the good? Not he who walks each day With moral men along the high, clean way; But he who jostles gilded sin and shame, Yet will not sell his honor or his name.
Who is the wise? Not he who from the start With Wisdom's followers has taken part; But he who looks in Folly's tempting eyes, And turns away, perceiving her disguise.
Who is serene? Not he who flees his kind, Some mountain fastness, or some cave to find; But he who in the city's noisiest scene, Keeps calm within—he only is serene.
p.
13Affirm.
BODY and mind, and spirit, all combine To make the Creature, human and divine.
Of this great trinity no part deny.
Affirm, affirm, the Great Eternal I. Affirm the body, beautiful and whole, The earth-expression of immortal soul.
Affirm the mind, the messenger of the hour, To speed between thee and the source of power.
Affirm the spirit, the Eternal I— Of this great trinity no part deny.
p. 14The Chosen.
THEY stood before the Angel at the gate; The Angel asked: "Why should you enter in?" One said: "On earth my place was high and great;" And one: "I warned my fellow-men from sin;" Another: "I was teacher of the faith; I scorned my life and lived in love with death." And one stood silent.
"Speak!" the Angel said; "What earthly deed has sent you here today?" "Alas! I did but follow where they led," He answered sadly: "I had lost my way— So new the country, and so strange my flight; I only sought for guidance and for light." p.
15"You have no passport?" "None," the answer came.
 "I loved the earth, tho' lowly was my lot.
I strove to keep my record free from blame, And make a heaven about my humble spot.
A narrow life; I see it now, too late; So, Angel, drive me from the heavenly gate." The Angel swung the portal wide and free, And took the sorrowing stranger by the hand.
"Nay, you alone," he said, "shall come with me, Of all this waiting and insistent band.
Of what God gave, you built your paradise; Behold your mansion waiting in the skies." p. 16The Nameless.
UNNUMBERED gods may unremembered die; A thousand creeds may perish and pass by; Yet do I lift mine eyes to ONE on high.
Unnamed be HE from whom creation came; There is no word whereby to speak His name But petty men have mouthed it into shame.
I lift mine eyes, and with a river's force My love's full tide goes sweeping on its course To that supreme and all embracing Source.
Then back through all those thirsting channels roll The mighty billows of the Over Soul.
And I am He, the portion and the Whole.
As little streams before the flood tide flee, As rivers vanish to become the sea, The I exists no more, for I AM HE.
p. 17The Word.
OH, a word is a gem, or a stone, or a song, Or a flame, or a two-edged sword; Or a rose in bloom, or a sweet perfume, Or a drop of gall, is a word.
You may choose your word like a connoisseur, And polish it up with art, But the word that sways, and stirs, and stays, Is the word that comes from the heart.
You may work on your word a thousand weeks, But it will not glow like one That all unsought, leaps forth white hot, When the fountains of feeling run.
p.
18You may hammer away on the anvil of thought, And fashion your word with care, But unless you are stirred to the depths, that word Shall die on the empty air.
For the word that comes from the brain alone, Alone to the brain will speed; But the word that sways, and stirs, and stays, Oh! that is the word men heed.
p.
19Assistance.
LEAN on no mortal, Love, and serve; (For service is love's complement), But it was never God's intent, Your spirit from its path should swerve, To gain another's point of view.
As well might Jupiter, or Mars Go seeking help from other stars, Instead of sweeping ON, as you.
Look to the Great Eternal Cause And not to any man, for light.
Look in; and learn the wrong, and right, From your own soul's unwritten laws.
And when you question, or demur, Let Love be your Interpreter.
p.
20"Credulity." IF fallacies, come knocking at my door, I'd rather feed, and shelter full a score, Than hide behind the black portcullis, doubt, And run the risk of barring one Truth out.
And if pretention for a time deceive, And prove me one too ready to believe, Far less my shame, than if by stubborn act, I brand as lie, some great colossal Fact.
On my soul's door, the latch-string hangs outside; Within, the lighted candle. Let me guide Some errant follies, on their wandering way, Rather, than Wisdom give no welcoming ray.
p.
21Consciousness.
GOD, what a glory, is this consciousness, Of life on life, that comes to those who seek!
Nor would I, if I might, to others speak, The fullness of that knowledge. It can bless


one for a seat and a couch.

9. To treat; to behave one's self to; to requite; to act toward; as, he served me very ill.

10. To work; to operate; as, to serve the guns.

11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as, to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as, to serve a witness with a subpœna.

12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as, to serve a term in prison.

13. To copulate with; to cover; as, a horse serves a mare; -- said of the male.

14. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering (the ball).

15. (Naut.) To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving.

To serve an attachment or a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. -- To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. -- To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. -- To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. -- To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. -- To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. -- To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. "I'll serve you out for this." C. Kingsley. -- To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; -- used commonly of ill deserts; as, it serves the scoundrel right. -- To serve one's self of, to avail one's self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism] I will serve myself of this concession.

Chillingworth.
 -- To serve out, to distribute; as, to serve out rations. -- To serve the time or the hour, to regulate one's actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one's duty; to be a timeserver.
 [Obs.]

 They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment.

Hooker.
Syn. -- To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor.

 Serve (?), v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service.

 The Lord shall give thee rest... from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve.

Isa. xiv. 3.
2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc.

 But Martha... said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone?

Luke x. 40.
3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc.

 Many... who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay.

Knolles.
4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable.

 This little brand will serve to light your fire.

Dryden.
 As occasion serves, this noble queen And prince shall follow with a fresh supply.

Shak.
5. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering the ball.

 Serv"er (?), n. 1. One who serves.

2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph.
 Ser"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Servia.

 { Serv"ice (?), n., or Serv"ice (?) }. [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad).
 They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries.

Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree.
 In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.)

 Serv"ice, n. [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper, slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also, spiritual obedience and love. "O God... whose service is perfect freedom." Bk. of Com. Prayer.
 Madam, I entreat true peace of you, Which I will purchase with my duteous service.

Shak.
 God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms.

Tillotson.
2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office.

 I have served him from the hour of my nativity,... and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows.

Shak.
 This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles.

Dryden.
 To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor?

Macaulay.
3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as, a burial service.

 The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law.

Coleridge.
4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches.

5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier.

 When he cometh to experience of service abroad... ne maketh a worthy soldier.

Spenser.
6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail.

 The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures.

L'Estrange.
7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. "Pray, do my service to his majesty." Shak.
8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also, a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as, the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass.

 There was no extraordinary service seen on the board.

Hakewill.
9. (Law) The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as, the service of a subpœna or an attachment.

10. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc.

11. (Tennis) The act of serving the ball.

12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13.

Service book, a prayer book or missal. - - Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. -- Service of a


:C|N>K, Previous:cycle server, Up:= C = cypherpunk n.
[from cyberpunk] Someone interested in the uses of encryption via electronic ciphers for enhancing personal privacy and guarding against tyranny by centralized, authoritarian power structures, especially government. There is an active cypherpunks mailing list at _EMAIL_ coordinating work on public-key encryption freeware, privacy, and digital cash. See also tentacle.
Node:C|N>K, Next:D. C. Power Lab, Previous:cypherpunk, Up:= C = C|N>K n.
[Usenet] Coffee through Nose to Keyboard; that is, "I laughed so hard I snarfed my coffee onto my keyboard.". Common on alt.fan.pratchett and scary devil monastery; recognized elsewhere. The Acronymphomania FAQ on alt.fan.pratchett recognizes variants such as T|N>K = 'Tea through Nose to Keyboard' and C|N>S = 'Coffee through Nose to Screen'.
Node:= D =, Next:= E =, Previous:= C =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = D = D. C. Power Lab: daemon: daemon book: dahmum: dancing frog: dangling pointer: dark-side hacker: Datamation: DAU: Dave the Resurrector: day mode: dd: DDT: de-rezz: dead: dead beef attack: dead code: dead link: DEADBEEF: deadlock: deadly embrace: death code: Death Square: Death Star: DEC: DEC: DEC Wars: decay: deckle: DED: deep hack mode: deep magic: deep space: defenestration: defined as: dehose: deletia: deliminator: delint: delta: demented: demigod: demo: demo mode: demoeffect: demogroup: demon: demon dialer: demoparty: demoscene: dentro: depeditate: deprecated: derf: deserves to lose: desk check: despew: Devil Book: /dev/null: dickless workstation: dictionary flame: diddle: die: die horribly: diff: digit: dike: Dilbert: ding: dink: dinosaur: dinosaur pen: dinosaurs mating: dirtball: dirty power: disclaimer: Discordianism: disk farm: display hack: dispress: Dissociated Press: distribution: distro: disusered: do protocol: doc: documentation: dodgy: dogcow: dogfood: dogpile: dogwash: domainist: Don't do that then!: dongle: dongle-disk: donuts: doorstop: DoS attack: dot file: double bucky: doubled sig: down: download: DP: DPB: DPer: Dr. Fred Mbogo: dragon: Dragon Book: drain: dread high-bit disease: Dread Questionmark Disease: DRECNET: driver: droid: drone: drool-proof paper: drop on the floor: drop-ins: drop-outs: drugged: drum: drunk mouse syndrome: dub dub dub: Duff's device: dumb terminal: dumbass attack: dumbed down: dump: dumpster diving: dup killer: dup loop: dusty deck: DWIM: dynner: Node:D. C. Power Lab, Next:daemon, Previous:C|N>K, Up:= D = D. C. Power Lab n. The former site of SAIL. Hackers thought this was very funny because the obvious connection to electrical engineering was nonexistent -- the lab was named for a Donald C. Power. Compare Marginal Hacks.
Node:daemon, Next:daemon book, Previous:D. C. Power Lab, Up:= D = daemon /day'mn/ or /dee'mn/ n.
[from the mythological meaning, later rationalized as the acronym 'Disk And Execution MONitor'] A program that is not invoked explicitly, but lies dormant waiting for some condition(s) to occur. The idea is that the perpetrator of the condition need not be aware that a daemon is lurking (though often a program will commit an action only because it knows that it will implicitly invoke a daemon). For example, under ITS writing a file on the LPT spooler's directory would invoke the spooling daemon, which would then print the file. The advantage is that programs wanting (in this example) files printed need neither compete for access to nor understand any idiosyncrasies of the LPT. They simply enter their implicit requests and let the daemon decide what to do with them. Daemons are usually spawned automatically by the system, and may either live forever or be regenerated at intervals.
Daemon and demon are often used interchangeably, but seem to have distinct connotations. The term 'daemon' was introduced to computing by CTSS people (who pronounced it /dee'mon/) and used it to refer to what ITS called a dragon; the prototype was a program called DAEMON that automatically made tape backups of the file system.
Although the meaning and the pronunciation have drifted, we think this glossary reflects current (2000) usage.
Node:daemon book, Next:dahmum, Previous:daemon, Up:= D = daemon book n.
"The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System", by Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J. Karels, and John S. Quarterman (Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1989, ISBN 0-201-06196-1); or "The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD Operating System" by Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels and John S. Quarterman (Addison-Wesley Longman, 1996, SBN 0-201-54979-4) Either of the standard reference books on the internals of BSD Unix. So called because the covers have a picture depicting a little devil (a visual play on daemon) in sneakers, holding a pitchfork (referring to one of the characteristic features of Unix, the fork(2) system call). Also known as the Devil Book.
Node:dahmum, Next:dancing frog, Previous:daemon book, Up:= D = dahmum /dah'mum/ n.
[Usenet] The material of which protracted flame wars, especially those about operating systems, is composed. Homeomorphic to spam. The term 'dahmum' is derived from the name of a militant OS/2 advocate, and originated when an extensively crossposted OS/2-versus-Linux debate was fed through Dissociated Press.
Node:dancing frog, Next:dangling pointer, Previous:dahmum, Up:= D = dancing frog n.
[Vancouver area] A problem that occurs on a computer that will not reappear while anyone else is watching. From the classic Warner Brothers cartoon "One Froggy Evening", featuring a dancing and singing Michigan J. Frog that just croaks when anyone else is around (now the WB network mascot).
Node:dangling pointer, Next:dark-side hacker, Previous:dancing frog, Up:= D = dangling pointer n.
[common] A reference that doesn't actually lead anywhere (in C and some other languages, a pointer that doesn't actually point at anything valid). Usually this happens because it formerly pointed to something that has moved or disappeared. Used as jargon in a generalization of its techspeak meaning; for example, a local phone number for a person who has since moved to the other coast is a dangling pointer. Compare dead link.
Node:dark-side hacker, Next:Datamation, Previous:dangling pointer, Up:= D = dark-side hacker n. A criminal or malicious hacker; a cracker. From George Lucas's Darth Vader, "seduced by the dark side of the Force". The implication that hackers form a sort of elite of technological Jedi Knights is intended. Oppose samurai.
Node:Datamation, Next:DAU, Previous:dark-side hacker, Up:= D = Datamation /day't*-may'sh*n/ n. A magazine that many hackers assume all suits read. Used to question an unbelieved quote, as in "


Werche (?), v. t. & i. To work. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Were (?), v. t. & i. To wear. See 3d Wear. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Were, n. A weir. See Weir. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir P. Sidney.
 Were, v. t. [AS. werian.] To guard; to protect. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Were (wr; 277). [AS. wre (thou) wast, wron (we, you, they) were, wre imp. subj. See Was.] The imperfect indicative plural, and imperfect subjunctive singular and plural, of the verb be. See Be.

 Were (wr), n. [AS. wer; akin to OS. & OHG. wer, Goth. waír, L. vir, Skr. vra. Cf. Weregild, and Werewolf.]

1. A man. [Obs.]

2. A fine for slaying a man; the money value set upon a man's life; weregild. [Obs.]

 Every man was valued at a certain sum, which was called his were.

Bosworth.
 Were"gild' (?), n. [AS. wergild; wer a man, value set on a man's life + gild payment of money; akin to G. wehrgeld.
 √285. See Were a man, and Geld, n.] (O. Eng. Law) The price of a man's head; a compensation paid of a man killed, partly to the king for the loss of a subject, partly to the lord of a vassal, and partly to the next of kin. It was paid by the murderer. [Written also weregeld, weregelt, etc.] Blackstone.
 Were"wolf' (?), n.; pl. Werewolves (#). [AS. werwulf; wer a man + wulf a wolf; cf. G. wärwolf, währwolf, wehrwolf, a werewolf, MHG. werwolf. √285. See Were a man, and Wolf, and cf. Virile, World.] A person transformed into a wolf in form and appetite, either temporarily or permanently, whether by supernatural influences, by witchcraft, or voluntarily; a lycanthrope.
 Belief in werewolves, formerly general, is not now extinct.

 The werwolf went about his prey.

William of Palerne.
 The brutes that wear our form and face, The werewolves of the human race.

Longfellow.
 {Werk (?), n., Werke }, v. See Work. [Obs.]

 Wern (?), v. t. [See 1st Warn.] To refuse. [Obs.]

 He is too great a niggard that will wern A man to light a candle at his lantern.

Chaucer.
 Wer*ne"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to A. G. Werner, The German mineralogist and geologist, who classified minerals according to their external characters, and advocated the theory that the strata of the earth's crust were formed by depositions from water; designating, or according to, Werner's system.

 Wer"ner*ite (?), n. [See Wernerian.] (Min.) The common grayish or white variety of soapolite.

 We*roo"le (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian lorikeet (Ptilosclera versicolor) noted for the variety of its colors; — called also varied lorikeet.

 Werre (?), n. War. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wer"rey (wr"r), v. t. To warray. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Werst (wrst), n. See Verst.

 Wert (wrt), The second person singular, indicative and subjunctive moods, imperfect tense, of the verb be. It is formed from were, with the ending -t, after the analogy of wast. Now used only in solemn or poetic style.

 Wert, n. A wart. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wer'y*an"gle (?), n. See Wariangle. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 We"sand (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

 Wesh (?), obs. imp. of Wash. Washed. Chaucer.
 We"sil (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

 Wes"ley*an (?), a. [See Wesleyanism.] Of or pertaining to Wesley or Wesleyanism.

 Wes"ley*an, n. (Eccl.) One who adopts the principles of Wesleyanism; a Methodist.

 Wes"ley*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The system of doctrines and church polity inculcated by John Wesley (b. 1703; d. 1791), the founder of the religious sect called Methodist; Methodism. See Methodist, n., 2.

 West (?), n. [AS. west, adv.; akin to D. west, G. west, westen, OHG. westan, Icel. vestr, Sw. vest, vester, vestan, Dan. vest, vesten, and perhaps to L. vesper evening, Gr. &?;. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Vesper, Visigoth.]

1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to set at the equinox; or, the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and on the left hand of a person facing north; the point directly opposite to east.

 And fresh from the west is the free wind's breath.

Bryant.
2. A country, or region of country, which, with regard to some other country or region, is situated in the direction toward the west.

3. Specifically: (a) The Westen hemisphere, or the New World so called, it having been discovered by sailing westward from Europe; the Occident. (b) (U. S. Hist. & Geog.) Formerly, that part of the United States west of the Alleghany mountains; now, commonly, the whole region west of the Mississippi river; esp., that part which is north of the Indian Territory, New Mexico, etc. Usually with the definite article.

West by north, West by south, according to the notation of the mariner's compass, that point which lies 11¼° to the north or south, respectively, of the point due west. — West northwest, West southwest, that point which lies 22½° to the north or south of west, or halfway between west and northwest or southwest, respectively. See Illust. of Compass.

 West, a. Lying toward the west; situated at the west, or in a western direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the west, or coming from the west; as, a west course is one toward the west; an east and west line; a west wind blows from the west.

 This shall be your west border.

Num. xxxiv. 6.
West end, the fashionable part of London, commencing from the east, at Charing Cross.

 West, adv. [AS. west.] Westward.

 West, v. i.
1. To pass to the west; to set, as the sun. [Obs.] "The hot sun gan to west." Chaucer.
2. To turn or move toward the west; to veer from the north or south toward the west.

 West"er*ing (?), a. Passing to the west.

 Toward heaven's descent had sloped his westering wheel.

Milton.
 West"er*ly, a. Of or pertaining to the west; toward the west; coming from the west; western.

 West"er*ly, adv. Toward the west


ners of the world.

South.
3. Fine; gallant. [Slang] Johnson.
 Top"ping, n. 1. The act of one who tops; the act of cutting off the top.

2. (Naut.) The act of raising one extremity of a spar higher than the other.

3. pl. That which comes from hemp in the process of hatcheling.

Topping lift (Naut.), a large, strong tackle employed to raise or top the end of a gaff, or of a boom.

 Top"ping*ly, adv. In a topping or proud manner.

 Top"ping*ly, a. Same as Topping, a., 3. [Obs.] "Topping quests." Tusser.
 Top"ple (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toppled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Toppling.] [From Top summit.] To fall forward; to pitch or tumble down.

 Though castles topple on their warders' heads.

Shak.
 Top"ple, v. t. To throw down; to overturn.

 He topple crags from the precipice.

Longfellow.
 Top"-proud' (?), a. Proud to the highest degree. [R.] "This top-proud fellow." Shak.
 Top"-rope' (?), n. (Naut.) A rope used for hoisting and lowering a topmast, and for other purposes.

 Top"sail' (?), n. (Naut.) In a square-rigged vessel, the sail next above the lowermost sail on a mast. This sail is the one most frequently reefed or furled in working the ship. In a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, the sail set upon and above the gaff. See Cutter, Schooner, Sail, and Ship.

Topsail schooner. (Naut.) See Schooner, and Illustration in Appendix.

 Tops"-and-bot'toms (?), n. pl. Small rolls of dough, baked, cut in halves, and then browned in an oven, — used as food for infants.

 'T is said that her top-and-bottoms were gilt.

Hood.
 Top"-shaped' (?), a. Having the shape of a top; (Bot.)
 cone-shaped, with the apex downward; turbinate.

 Top"-shell' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine top-shaped shells of the genus Trochus, or family Trochidæ.

 Tops"man (?), n.; pl. Topsmen (&?;). 1.
 The chief drover of those who drive a herd of cattle. P. Cyc.
2. The uppermost sawyer in a saw pit; a topman. Simmonds.
 Top"soil' (?), n. The upper layer of soil; surface soil.

 Top"soil'ing, n. (Engin.) The act or art of taking off the top soil of land before an excavation or embankment is begun.

 Top"stone' (?), n. A stone that is placed on the top, or which forms the top.

 Top"sy-tur"vy (?), adv. [Earlier topsideturvey, topsy-tervy; probably for top so turvy; that is, the top as turvy, as it were turvy; where turvy probably means, overturned, fr. AS. torfian to throw.] In an inverted posture; with the top or head downward; upside down; as, to turn a carriage topsy-turvy.

 Top"-tac'kle (?), n. (Naut.) A tackle used in hoisting and lowering the topmast.

 Top"-tim'bers (?), n. (Naut.) The highest timbers on the side of a vessel, being those above the futtocks. R. H. Dana, Jr.
 Top"-tool' (-tl'), n. (Blacksmithing.) A tool applied to the top of the work, in distinction from a tool inserted in the anvil and on which the work is placed.

 Toque (tk), n. [F. toque; of Celtic origin; cf. W. toc.]
 1. A kind of cap worn in the 16th century, and copied in modern fashions; — called also toquet.

 His velvet toque stuck as airily as ever upon the side of his head.

Motley.
2. (Zoöl.) A variety of the bonnet monkey.

 To*quet" (?), n. See Toque, 1.

 Tor (?), n. [AS. torr; cf. Gael. torr. Cf. Tower.]

1. A tower; a turret. [R.] Ray.
2. High-pointed hill; a rocky pinnacle. [Prov. Eng.]

 A rolling range of dreary moors, unbroken by tor or tree.

C. Kingsley.
 { To*race" (?), To*rase" }, v. t. [Pref. to- + OE. r&?;sen to rage.] To scratch to pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Tor"bern*ite (?), n. [So named after Torber Bergmann, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in emerald-green tabular crystals having a micaceous structure. It is a hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper. Called also copper uranite, and chalcolite.

 Torc (tôrk), n. Same as Torque, 1.

 Torch (tôrch), n. [OE. torche, F. torche a torch, rag, wisp, pad; probably from a derivative of L. torquere, tortum, to twist, because twisted like a rope; cf. F. torcher to rub, wipe, It. topcia a torch, torciare to wrap, twist, OF. torse a torse. Cf. Torture.] A light or luminary formed of some combustible substance, as of resinous wood; a large candle or flambeau, or a lamp giving a large, flaring flame.

 They light the nuptial torch.

Milton.
Torch thistle. (Bot.) See under Thistle.

 Torch"bear'er (?), n. One whose office it is to carry a torch.

 Torch"er (?), n. One who gives light with a torch, or as if with a torch. [Obs.] Shak.
 Torch"light' (?), n. The light of a torch, or of torches. Also adjectively; as, a torchlight procession.

 Tor"chon lace' (?). [F. torchon a kind of coarse napkin.] a simple thread lace worked upon a pillow with coarse thread; also, a similar lace made by machinery.

 Torch"wood' (?), n. (Bot.) The inflammable wood of certain trees (Amyris balsamifera, A. Floridana, etc.); also, the trees themselves.

 Torch"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) The common mullein, the stalks of which, dipped in suet, anciently served for torches. Called also torch, and hig-taper.

 Tore (?), imp. of Tear.

 Tore, n. [Probably from the root of tear; cf. W. tór a break, cut, tóri to break, cut.] The dead grass that remains on mowing land in winter and spring. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.
 Tore, n. [See Torus.] 1. (Arch.) Same as Torus.

2. (Geom.) (a) The surface described by the circumference of a circle revolving about a straight line in its own plane. (b) The solid inclosed by such a surface; — sometimes called an anchor ring.

 To"re*a*dor' (?), n. [Sp.,fr. torear to fight bulls, fr.L.
 taurus a bull.] A bullfighter.

 To-rend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. To-rent.] [


of carbon in the molecule.

 Tri*lat"er*al (?), a.[L. trilaterus; tri- (see Tri-) + latus, lateris, side: cf. F. trilatéral. See Lateral.] (Geom.) Having three sides; being three-sided; as, a trilateral triangle. — Tri*lat"er*al*ly, adv. — Tri*lat"er*al*ness, n. Tri*lem"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (see Tri-) + &?; any thing received, in logic, an assumption. Cf. Dilemma.] 1. (Logic) A syllogism with three conditional propositions, the major premises of which are disjunctively affirmed in the minor. See Dilemma.

2. A state of things in which it is difficult to determine which one of three courses to pursue.

 Tri*lin"e*ar (?), a. (Math.) Of, pertaining to, or included by, three lines; as, trilinear coördinates.

 Tri*lin"gual (?), a. [L. trilinguis; tri- (see Tri-) + lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Containing, or consisting of, three languages; expressed in three languages.

 The much-noted Rosetta stone... bears upon its surface a trilingual inscription.

I. Taylor.
 Tri*lin"guar (?), a. See Trilingual.

 Tri*lit"er*al (?), a. [Pref. tri- + literal.]
 Consisting of three letters; trigrammic; as, a triliteral root or word. — n. A triliteral word.

 Tri*lit"er*al*ism (?), n. Same as Triliterality.

 { Tri*lit'er*al"i*ty (?), Tri*lit"er*al*ness (?), } n. The quality of being triliteral; as, the triliterality of Hebrew roots. W. D. Whitney.
 Tri"lith (?), n. Same as Trilithon. Mollett.
 Tri*lith"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a trilith.

 Tril"i*thon (trl"*thn), n.; pl. Trilithons (#). [NL., fr. Gr.&?; of or with three stones; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; stone.] (Archæol.) A monument consisting of three stones; especially, such a monument forming a kind of doorway, as among the ancient Celts.

 Trill (?), v. i. [OE. trillen to roll, turn round; of Scand.
 origin; cf. Sw. trilla to roll, Dan. trilde, Icel. þyrla to whirl, and E. thrill. Cf. Thrill.] To flow in a small stream, or in drops rapidly succeeding each other; to trickle. Sir W. Scott.
 And now and then an ample tear trilled down Her delicate cheek.

Shak.
 Whispered sounds Of waters, trilling from the riven stone.

Glover.
 Trill (?), v. t. [OE. trillen; cf. Sw. trilla to roll.] To turn round; to twirl. [Obs.] Gascoigne.
 Bid him descend and trill another pin.

Chaucer.
 Trill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trilling.] [It. trillare; probably of imitative origin.]
 To impart the quality of a trill to; to utter as, or with, a trill; as, to trill the r; to trill a note.

 The sober-suited songstress trills her lay.

Thomson.
 Trill, v. i. To utter trills or a trill; to play or sing in tremulous vibrations of sound; to have a trembling sound; to quaver.

 To judge of trilling notes and tripping feet.

Dryden.
 Trill, n. [It. trillo, fr. trillare. See Trill to shake.]

1. A sound, of consonantal character, made with a rapid succession of partial or entire intermissions, by the vibration of some one part of the organs in the mouth — tongue, uvula, epiglottis, or lip — against another part; as, the r is a trill in most languages.

2. The action of the organs in producing such sounds; as, to give a trill to the tongue. d 3. (Mus.) A shake or quaver of the voice in singing, or of the sound of an instrument, produced by the rapid alternation of two contiguous tones of the scale; as, to give a trill on the high C. See Shake.

 Tril"la*chan (?), n. (Zoöl.) The oyster catcher. [Prov.
 Eng.]

 Tril"ling (?), n. [Cf. G. drilling.] 1. One of tree children born at the same birth. Wright.
2. (Crystallog.) A compound crystal, consisting of three individuals.

 Tril"lion (?), n. [F. trillion, formed from the pref. triin imitation of million a million. Cf. Billion.] According to the French notation, which is used upon the Continent generally and in the United States, the number expressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; a million millions; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the third power, or the number represented by a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.

 ||Tril"li*um (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. trilix triple-woven, triple.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants; the three-leaved nightshade; — so called because all the parts of the plant are in threes.

 ||Tril"lo (?), n. [It. See Trill.] (Mus.) A trill or shake.
 See Trill.

 Tri*lo"bate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + lobate.] Having three lobes.

 Tri'lo*ba"tion (?), n. The state of being trilobate.

 Tri"lobed (?), a. [Pref. tri- + lobe.] Same as Trilobate.

 ||Tri'lo*bi"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of arthropods comprising the trilobites.

 Tri"lo*bite (tr"l*bt), n. [Cf. F. trilobite. See Trilobate.]
 (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of extinct arthropods belonging to the order Trilobita. Trilobites were very common in the Silurian and Devonian periods, but became extinct at the close of the Paleozoic. So named from the three lobes usually seen on each segment.

 Tri'lo*bit"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to or containing, trilobites; as, trilobitic rocks.

 Tri*loc"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. tri- + locular: cf. F.
 triloculaire.] Having three cells or cavities; as, a trilocular capsule; a trilocular heart.

 Tril"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. trilogi'a; pref. tri- (see Tri-) + lo'gos speech, discourse: cf. F. trilogie.] A series of three dramas which, although each of them is in one sense complete, have a close mutual relation, and form one historical and poetical picture. Shakespeare's " Henry VI." is an example.

 On the Greek stage, a drama, or acted story, consisted in reality of three dramas, called together a trilogy, and performed consecutively in the course of one


MONSIEUR, MADAME AND BEBE By Gustave Droz Antoine-Gustave Droz was born in Paris, June 9, 1832. He was the son of Jules-Antoine Droz, a celebrated French sculptor, and grand son of Jean Pierre Droz, master of the mint and medalist under the Directoire. The family is of Swiss origin. Gustave entered L'Ecole des Beaux Arts and became quite a noted artist, coming out in the Salon of 1857 with the painting 'L'Obole de Cesar'. He also exhibited a little later various 'tableaux de genre': 'Buffet de chemin de fer' (1863), 'A la Sacristie' and 'Un Succes de Salon' (1864), 'Monsieur le Cure, vous avez Raison' and 'Un Froid Sec' (1865).

 Toward this period, however, he abandoned the art of painting and launched on the career of an author, contributing under the name of Gustave Z.... to 'La Vie Parisienne'. His articles found great favor, he showed himself an exquisite raconteur, a sharp observer of intimate family life, and a most penetrating analyst. The very gallant sketches, later reunited in 'Monsieur, Madame, et Bebe' (1866), and crowned by the Academy, have gone through many editions. 'Entre nous' (1867) and 'Une Femme genante', are written in the same humorous strain, and procured him many admirers by the vivacious and sparkling representations of bachelor and connubial life.
 However, Droz knows very well where to draw the line, and has formally disavowed a lascivious novel published in Belgium—'Un Ete a la campagne', often, but erroneously, attributed to him.

 It seems that Gustave Droz later joined the pessimistic camp. His works, at least, indicate other qualities than those which gained for him the favor of the reading public. He becomes a more ingenious romancer, a more delicate psychologist. If some of his sketches are realistic, we must consider that realism is not intended 'pour les jeunes filles du pensiannat'.

 Beside the works mentioned in the above text, Gustave Droz wrote: 'Le Cahier bleu de Mademoiselle Cibot (1868), 'Auteur d'une Source (1869), 'Un Paquet de Lettres' (1870), 'Babolain' (1872), 'Les Etangs' (1875), 'Tristesses et Sourires (1883), and L'Enfant (1884).

 He died in Paris, October 22, 1895.

CONTENTS BOOK 1. CHAPTER I. MY FIRST SUPPER PARTY CHAPTER II. THE SOUL IN AGONY. TO MONSIEUR CLAUDE DE L———— CHAPTER III. MADAME DE K. CHAPTER IV. SOUVENIRS OF LENT CHAPTER V. MADAME AND HER FRIEND CHAT BY THE FIRESIDE CHAPTER VI. A DREAM CHAPTER VII. AN EMBASSY BALL CHAPTER VIII. MY AUNT AS VENUS CHAPTER IX. HUSBAND AND WIFE MY DEAR SISTERS: CHAPTER X. MADAME'S IMPRESSIONS CHAPTER XI. A WEDDING NIGHT CHAPTER XII. THE HONEYMOON BOOK 2.
 CHAPTER XIII. THE BLUE NOTE-BOOK CHAPTER XIV. THE BLUE NOTE-BOOK AGAIN CHAPTER XV. MY WIFE GOES TO A DANCE CHAPTER XVI. A FALSE ALARM CHAPTER XVII. I SUP WITH MY WIFE CHAPTER XVIII. FROM ONE THING TO ANOTHER CHAPTER XIX. A LITTLE CHAT BOOK 3. CHAPTER XX. THE HOT-WATER BOTTLE CHAPTER XXI. A LONGING CHAPTER XXII. FAMILY LIFE CHAPTER XXIII. NEW YEAR'S DAY CHAPTER XXIV. LETTERS OF A YOUNG MOTHER TO HER FRIEND CHAPTER XXV. FOUR YEARS LATER CHAPTER XXVI. OLD RECOLLECTIONS CHAPTER XXVII. THE LITTLE BOOTS CHAPTER XXVIII. BABIES AND PAPAS CHAPTER XXIX. HIS FIRST BREECHES CHAPTER XXX. COUNTRY CHILDREN CHAPTER XXXI. AUTUMN CHAPTER XXXII. HE WOULD HAVE BEEN FORTY NOW CHAPTER XXXIII.
 CONVALESCENCE CHAPTER XXXIV. FAMILY TIES BOOK 1.

 CHAPTER I. MY FIRST SUPPER PARTY The devil take me if I can remember her name, notwithstanding I dearly loved her, the charming girl!

 It is strange how rich we find ourselves when we rummage in old drawers; how many forgotten sighs, how many pretty little trinkets, broken, old-fashioned, and dusty, we come across. But no matter. I was now eighteen, and, upon my honor, very unsuspecting. It was in the arms of that dear—I have her name at the tip of my tongue, it ended in "ine"—it was in her arms, the dear child, that I murmured my first words of love, while I was close to her rounded shoulder, which had a pretty little mole, where I imprinted my first kiss. I adored her, and she returned my affection.

 I really think I should have married her, and that cheerfully, I can assure you, if it had not been that on certain details of moral weakness her past life inspired me with doubts, and her present with uneasiness. No man is perfect; I was a trifle jealous.

 Well, one evening—it was Christmas eve—I called to take her to supper with a friend of mine whom I esteemed much, and who became an examining magistrate, I do not know where, but he is now dead.

 I went upstairs to the room of the sweet girl, and was quite surprised to find her ready to start. She had on, I remember, a square-cut bodice, a little too low to my taste, but it became her so well that when she embraced me I was tempted to say: "I say, pet, suppose we remain here"; but she took my arm, humming a favorite air of hers, and we soon found ourselves in the street.

 You have experienced, have you not, this first joy of the youth who at once becomes a man when he has his sweetheart on his arm? He trembles at his boldness, and scents on the morrow the paternal rod; yet all these fears are dissipated in the presence of the ineffable happiness of the moment. He is free, he is a man, he loves, he is loved, he is conscious that he is taking a forward step in life. He would like all Paris to see him thus, yet he is afraid of being recognized; he would give his little finger to grow three hairs on his upper lip, and to have a wrinkle on his brow, to be able to smoke a cigar without being sick, and to polish off a glass of punch without coughing.

 When we reached my friend's, the aforesaid examining magistrate, we found a numerous company; from the anteroom we could hear bursts of laughter, noisy conversation, accompanied by the clatter of plate and crockery, which was being placed upon the table. I was a little excited; I knew that I was the youngest of the party, and I was afraid of appearing awkward on that night of revelry. I said to myself: "Old boy, you must face the music, do the grand, and take your liquor like a little man; your sweetheart is here, and her eyes are fixed on you." The idea, however, that I might be ill next morning did indeed trouble me; in my mind's eye, I saw my poor mother bringing me a cup of tea, and weeping over my excesses, but I chased away all


.
Li′-mĕng.
However, the Igorot do seldom count time by the phases of the moon, and the only solar period of time they know is that of the day. Their word for day is the same as for sun, a-qu′. They indicate the time of day by pointing to the sky, indicating the position the sun occupied when a particular event occurred.
There are two seasons in a year. One is Cha-kon′, having five moons, and the other is Ka-sĭp′, having eight moons. The seasons do not mark the wet and dry periods, as might be expected in a country having such periods. Cha-kon′ is the season of rice or "palay" growth and harvest, and Ka-sĭp′ is the remainder of the year. These two seasons, and the recognition that there are thirteen moons in one year, and that day follows night, are the only natural divisions of time in the Igorot calendar.
He has made an artificial calendar differing somewhat in all pueblos in name and number and length of periods. In all these calendars the several periods bear the names of the characteristic industrial occupations which follow one another successively each year. Eight of these Page 220periods make up the calendar of Bontoc pueblo, and seven of them have to do with the rice industry. Each period receives its name from that industry which characterizes its beginning, and it retains this name until the beginning of the next period, although the industry which characterized it may have ceased some time before.
I-na-na′ is the first period of the year, and the first period of the season Cha-kon′. It is the period, as they say, of no more work in the rice sementeras—that is, practically all fields are prepared and transplanted. It began in 1903 on February 11. It lasts about three months, continuing until the time of the first harvest of the rice or "palay" crop in May; in 1903 this was until May 2. This period is not a period of "no work"—it has many and varied labors.
The second period is La′-tûb. It is that of the first harvests, and lasts some four weeks, ending about June 1.
Cho′-ok is the third period. It is the time when the bulk of the palay is harvested. It occupies about four weeks, running over in 1903 two days in July.
Li′-pas is the fourth period. It is that of "no more palay harvest," and lasts for about ten or fifteen days, ending probably about July 15. This is the last period of the season Cha-kon′.
The fifth period is Ba-li′-lĭng. It is the first period of the season Ka-sĭp′. It takes its name from the general planting of camotes, and is the only one of the calendar periods not named from the rice industry. It continues about six weeks, or until near the 1st of September.
Sa-gan-ma′ is the sixth period. It is the time when the sementeras to be used as seed beds for rice are put in condition, the earth being turned three different times. It lasts about two months. November 15, 1902, the seed rice was just peeping from the kernels in the beds of Bontoc and Sagada, and the seed is sown immediately after the third turning of the earth, which thus ended early in November.
Pa-chog′ is the seventh period of the annual calendar. It is the period of seed sowing, and begins about November 10. Although the seed sowing does not last many days, the period Pa-chog′ continues five or six weeks.
Sa′-ma is the last period of the calendar. It is the period in which the rice sementeras are prepared for receiving the young plants and in which these seedlings are transplanted from the seed beds. The last Sa′-ma was near seven weeks' duration. It began about December 20, 1902, and ended February 10, 1903. Sa′-ma is the last period of the season Ka-sĭp′, and the last of the year.
The Igorot often says that a certain thing occurred in La′-tub, or will occur in Ba-li′-lĭng, so these periods of the calendar are held in mind as the civilized man thinks of events in time as occurring in some particular month.
Page 221 The Igorot have a tradition that formerly the moon was also a sun, and at that time it was always day. Lumawig told the moon to be "moon," and then there was night. Such a change was necessary, they say, so the people would know when to work—that is, when was the right time, the right moon, to take up a particular kind of labor.
Folk tales The paucity of the pure mental life of the Igorot is nowhere more clearly shown than in the scarcity of folk tales.
I group here seven tales which are quite commonly known among the people of Bontoc. The second, third, fourth, and fifth are frequently related by the parents to their children, and I heard all of them the first time from boys about a dozen years old. I believe these tales are nearly all the pure fiction the Igorot has created and perpetuated from generation to generation, except the Lumawig stories.
The Igorot story-tellers, with one or two exceptions, present the bare facts in a colorless and lifeless manner. I have, therefore, taken the liberty of adding slightly to the tales by giving them some local coloring, but I have neither added to nor detracted from the facts related.
The sun man and moon woman; or, origin of head-hunting The Moon, a woman called "Ka-bi-gat′," was one day making a large copper cooking pot. The copper was soft and plastic like potter's clay. Ka-bi-gat′ held the heavy sagging pot on her knees and leaned the hardened rim against her naked breasts. As she squatted there—turning, patting, shaping, the huge vessel—a son of the man Chal-chal′, the Sun, came to watch her. This is what he saw: The Moon dipped her paddle, called "pĭp-i′," in the water, and rubbed it dripping over a smooth, rounded stone, an agate with ribbons of colors wound about in it. Then she stretched one long arm inside the pot as far as she could. "Tub, tub, tub," said the ribbons of colors as Ka-bi-gat′ pounded up against the molten copper with the stone in her extended hand.
"Slip, slip, slip, slip," quickly answered pĭp-i′, because the Moon was spanking back the many little rounded domes which the stone bulged forth on the outer surface of the vessel. Thus the huge bowl grew larger, more symmetrical, and smooth.
Suddenly the Moon looked up and saw the boy intently watching the swelling pot and the rapid playing of the paddle. Instantly the Moon struck him, cutting off his head.
Chal-chal′ was not there. He did not see it, but he knew Ka-bi-gat′ cut off his son's head by striking with her pĭp-i′.
He hastened to the spot, picked the lad up, and put his head where it belonged—and the boy was alive.
Page 222 Then the Sun said to the Moon: "See, because you cut off my son's head, the people of the Earth are cutting off each other's heads, and will do so hereafter." "And it is so," the story-tellers continue; "they do cut off each other's heads." Origin of coling, the serpent eagle1 A man and woman had two boys. Every day the mother sent them into the mountains for wood to cook her food. Each morning as she sent them out she complained about the last wood they brought home.
One day they brought tree limbs; the mother complained, saying: "This wood is bad. It smokes so much that I can not see, and soon I shall be blind." And then she added, as was her custom: "If you do not work well, you can have only food for dogs and pigs." That day, as usual, the boys had in their topil for dinner only boiled camote vines, such as the hogs eat, and a small allowance of rice, just as much as a dog is fed. At night the boys brought some very good wood—wood of the pitch-pine tree. In the morning the mother complained that such wood blackened the house. She gave them pig food in their topil, saying: "Pig food is good enough for you because you do not work well." That night each boy brought in a large bundle of runo. The


onian kind by any means, but in that peculiar dialect which obtains at most of the German universities.

 "Why do you bear a false name?" he asked.

 "My name is not false. You can ask Carli, the banker, who has paid me fifty thousand florins." "I know that; but your name is Casanova, so why do you call yourself Seingalt?" "I take this name, or rather I have taken it, because it belongs to me, and in such a manner that if anyone else dared to take it I should contest it as my property by every legitimate resource." "Ah! and how does this name belong to you?" "Because I invented it; but that does not prevent my being Casanova as well." "Sir, you must choose between Casanova and Seingalt; a man cannot have two names." "The Spaniards and Portuguese often have half a dozen names." "But you are not a Spaniard or a Portuguese; you are an Italian: and, after all, how can one invent a name?" "It's the simplest thing in the world." "Kindly explain." "The alphabet belongs equally to the whole human race; no one can deny that. I have taken eight letters and combined them in such a way as to produce the word Seingalt. It pleased me, and I have adopted it as my surname, being firmly persuaded that as no one had borne it before no one could deprive me of it, or carry it without my consent." "This is a very odd idea. Your arguments are rather specious than well grounded, for your name ought to be none other than your father's name." "I suggest that there you are mistaken; the name you yourself bear because your father bore it before you, has not existed from all eternity; it must have been invented by an ancestor of yours who did not get it from his father, or else your name would have been Adam. Does your worship agree to that?" "I am obliged to; but all this is strange, very strange." "You are again mistaken. It's quite an old custom, and I engage to give you by to-morrow a long list of names invented by worthy people still living, who are allowed to enjoy their names in peace and quietness without being cited to the town hall to explain how they got them." "But you will confess that there are laws against false names?" "Yes, but I repeat this name is my true name. Your name which I honour, though I do not know it, cannot be more true than mine, for it is possible that you are not the son of the gentleman you consider your father." He smiled and escorted me out, telling me that he would make enquiries about me of M. Carli.

 I took the part of going to M. Carli's myself. The story made him laugh.
 He told me that the burgomaster was a Catholic, a worthy man, well to do, but rather thick-headed; in short, a fine subject for a joke.

 The following morning M. Carli asked me to breakfast, and afterwards to dine with the burgomaster.

 "I saw him yesterday," said he, "and we had a long talk, in the course of which I succeeded in convincing him on the question of names, and he is now quite of your opinion." I accepted the invitation with pleasure, as I was sure of seeing some good company. I was not undeceived; there were some charming women and several agreeable men. Amongst others, I noticed the woman in man's dress I had seen at the theatre. I watched her at dinner, and I was the more convinced that she was a woman. Nevertheless, everybody addressed her as a man, and she played the part to admiration. I, however, being in search of amusement, and not caring to seem as if I were taken in, began to talk to her in a stream of gallantry as one talks to a woman, and I contrived to let her know that if I were not sure of her sex I had very strong suspicions. She pretended not to understand me, and everyone laughed at my feigned expression of offence.

 After dinner, while we were taking coffee, the pretended gentleman shewed a canon who was present a portrait on one of her rings. It represented a young lady who was in the company, and was an excellent likeness—an easy enough matter, as she was very ugly. My conviction was not disturbed, but when I saw the imposter kissing the young lady's hand with mingled affection and respect, I ceased jesting on the question of her sex. M. Carli took me aside for a moment, and told me that in spite of his effeminate appearance this individual was a man, and was shortly going to marry the young lady whose hand he had just kissed.

 "It may be so," said I, "but I can't believe it all the same." However, the pair were married during the carnival, and the husband obtained a rich dowry with his wife. The poor girl died of grief in the course of a year, but did not say a word till she was on her death-bed.
 Her foolish parents, ashamed of having been deceived so grossly, dared not say anything, and got the female swindler out of the way; she had taken good care, however, to lay a firm hold on the dowry. The story became known, and gave the good folk of Augsburg much amusement, while I became renowned for my sagacity in piercing the disguise.

 I continued to enjoy the society of my two servants and of the fair Alsation, who cost me a hundred louis. At the end of a week my agreement with Bassi came to an end, leaving him with some money in his pocket. He continued to give performances, returning to the usual prices and suppressing the free gallery. He did very fair business.

 I left Augsburg towards the middle of December.

 I was vexed on account of Gertrude, who believed herself with child, but could not make up her mind to accompany me to France. Her father would have been pleased for me to take her; he had no hopes of getting her a husband, and would have been glad enough to get rid of her by my making her my mistress.

 We shall hear more of her in the course of five or six years, as also of my excellent cook, Anna Midel, to whom I gave a present of four hundred florins. She married shortly afterwards, and when I visited the town again I found her unhappy.

 I could not make up my mind to forgive Le Duc, who rode on the coachman's box, and when we were in Paris, half-way along the Rue St. Antoine, I made him take his trunk and get down; and I left him there without a character, in spite of his entreaties. I never heard of him again, but I still miss him, for, in spite of his great failings, he was an excellent servant.
 Perhaps I should have called to mind the important services he had rendered me at Stuttgart, Soleure, Naples, Florence, and Turin; but I could not pass over his impudence in compromising me before the Augsburg magistrate. If I had not succeeded in bringing a certain theft home to him, it would have been laid to my door, and I should have been dishonoured.

 I had done a good deal in saving him from justice, and, besides, I had rewarded him liberally for all the special services he had done me.

 From Augsburg I went to Bale by way of Constance, where I stayed at the dearest inn in Switzerland. The landlord, Imhoff, was the prince of cheats, but his daughters were amusing, and after a three days' stay I continued my journey.


THE SHUTTLE By Frances Hodgson Burnett CONTENTS THE SHUTTLE CHAPTER I THE WEAVING OF THE SHUTTLE CHAPTER II A LACK OF PERCEPTION CHAPTER III YOUNG LADY ANSTRUTHERS CHAPTER IV A MISTAKE OF THE POSTBOY'S CHAPTER V ON BOTH SIDES OF THE ATLANTIC CHAPTER VI AN UNFAIR ENDOWMENT CHAPTER VII ON BOARD THE "MERIDIANA" CHAPTER VIII THE SECOND-CLASS PASSENGER CHAPTER IX LADY JANE GREY CHAPTER X "IS LADY ANSTRUTHERS AT HOME?"

 CHAPTER XI "I THOUGHT YOU HAD ALL FORGOTTEN."

 CHAPTER XII UGHTRED CHAPTER XIII ONE OF THE NEW YORK DRESSES CHAPTER XIV IN THE GARDENS CHAPTER XV THE FIRST MAN CHAPTER XVI THE PARTICULAR INCIDENT CHAPTER XVII TOWNLINSON & SHEPPARD CHAPTER XVIII THE FIFTEENTH EARL OF MOUNT DUNSTAN CHAPTER XIX SPRING IN BOND STREET CHAPTER XX THINGS OCCUR IN STORNHAM VILLAGE CHAPTER XXI KEDGERS CHAPTER XXII ONE OF MR. VANDERPOEL'S LETTERS CHAPTER XXIII INTRODUCING G. SELDEN CHAPTER XXIV THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STORNHAM CHAPTER XXV "WE BEGAN TO MARRY THEM, MY GOOD FELLOW!"

 CHAPTER XXVI "WHAT IT MUST BE TO YOU-JUST YOU!"

 CHAPTER XXVII LIFE CHAPTER XXVIII SETTING THEM THINKING CHAPTER XXIX THE THREAD OF G. SELDEN CHAPTER XXX A RETURN CHAPTER XXXI NO, SHE WOULD NOT CHAPTER XXXII A GREAT BALL CHAPTER XXXIII FOR LADY JANE CHAPTER XXXIV RED GODWYN CHAPTER XXXV THE TIDAL WAVE CHAPTER XXXVI BY THE ROADSIDE EVERYWHERE CHAPTER XXXVII CLOSED CORRIDORS CHAPTER XXXVIII AT SHANDY'S CHAPTER XXXIX ON THE MARSHES CHAPTER XL "DON'T GO ON WITH THIS" CHAPTER XLI SHE WOULD DO SOMETHING CHAPTER XLII IN THE BALLROOM CHAPTER XLIII HIS CHANCE CHAPTER XLIV A FOOTSTEP CHAPTER XLV THE PASSING BELL CHAPTER XLVI LISTENING CHAPTER XLVII "I HAVE NO WORD OR LOOK TO REMEMBER" CHAPTER XLVIII THE MOMENT CHAPTER XLIX AT STORNHAM AND AT BROADMORLANDS CHAPTER L THE PRIMEVAL THING -- THE SHUTTLE -- CHAPTER I THE WEAVING OF THE SHUTTLE No man knew when the Shuttle began its slow and heavy weaving from shore to shore, that it was held and guided by the great hand of Fate. Fate alone saw the meaning of the web it wove, the might of it, and its place in the making of a world's history. Men thought but little of either web or weaving, calling them by other names and lighter ones, for the time unconscious of the strength of the thread thrown across thousands of miles of leaping, heaving, grey or blue ocean.

 Fate and Life planned the weaving, and it seemed mere circumstance which guided the Shuttle to and fro between two worlds divided by a gulf broader and deeper than the thousands of miles of salt, fierce sea—the gulf of a bitter quarrel deepened by hatred and the shedding of brothers' blood. Between the two worlds of East and West there was no will to draw nearer. Each held apart. Those who had rebelled against that which their souls called tyranny, having struggled madly and shed blood in tearing themselves free, turned stern backs upon their unconquered enemies, broke all cords that bound them to the past, flinging off ties of name, kinship and rank, beginning with fierce disdain a new life.

 Those who, being rebelled against, found the rebels too passionate in their determination and too desperate in their defence of their strongholds to be less than unconquerable, sailed back haughtily to the world which seemed so far the greater power. Plunging into new battles, they added new conquests and splendour to their land, looking back with something of contempt to the half-savage West left to build its own civilisation without other aid than the strength of its own strong right hand and strong uncultured brain.

 But while the two worlds held apart, the Shuttle, weaving slowly in the great hand of Fate, drew them closer and held them firm, each of them all unknowing for many a year, that what had at first been mere threads of gossamer, was forming a web whose strength in time none could compute, whose severance could be accomplished but by tragedy and convulsion.

 The weaving was but in its early and slow-moving years when this story opens. Steamers crossed and recrossed the Atlantic, but they accomplished the journey at leisure and with heavy rollings and all such discomforts as small craft can afford. Their staterooms and decks were not crowded with people to whom the voyage was a mere incident—in many cases a yearly one. "A crossing" in those days was an event. It was planned seriously, long thought of, discussed and re-discussed, with and among the various members of the family to which the voyager belonged. A certain boldness, bordering on recklessness, was almost to be presupposed in the individual who, turning his back upon New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and like cities, turned his face towards "Europe." In those days when the Shuttle wove at leisure, a man did not lightly run over to London, or Paris, or Berlin, he gravely went to "Europe." The journey being likely to be made once in a lifetime, the traveller's intention was to see as much as possible, to visit as many cities cathedrals, ruins, galleries, as his time and purse would allow. People who could speak with any degree of familiarity of Hyde Park, the Champs Elysees, the Pincio, had gained a certain dignity. The ability to touch with an intimate bearing upon such localities was a raison de plus for being


are a father and your boy Edward persists in bringing his pet tadpole to the table in a glass jar, you should not punish or scold him; a much more effective and graphic method of correcting this habit would be for you to suddenly pick up the tadpole one day at luncheon and swallow it. No whipping or scolding would so impress upon the growing boy the importance of the fact that the dinner table is not the place for pets.

 Another effective way of teaching table manners to children consists in making up attractive games about the various lessons to be learned. Thus, whenever you have guests for dinner, the children can play "Boner" which consists in watching the visitor closely all during the meal in order to catch him in any irregularity in table etiquette. As soon as the guest has committed a mistake, the first Child to discover it points his finger at him and shouts, "Pulled a Boner, Pulled a Boner!" and the boy or girl who discovers the greatest number of "Boners" during the evening is rewarded with a prize, based on the following table of points: If the guest has dirty hands, 5 points.
 If the guest uses wrong fork or spoon, 5 points.
 If the guest chokes on bone, 8 points.
 If the guest blows on soup, 5 points.
 If the guest drops fork or spoon, 3 points.
 If the guest spills soup on table, 10 points.
 If the guest spills soup on self, 1 point.
 Of course it is often well to tell the guests about the game in advance in order that they may not feel embarrassed but will enter thoroughly into the spirit of this helpful sport.

 A CHILD'S GARDEN OF ETIQUETTE Children can also acquire knowledge more easily if it is imparted to them in the form of verse or easy rhymes, and many valuable facts about the dinner table can be embodied in children's verses. A few of these which I can remember from my own happy childhood are as follows: Oh, wouldn't it be jolly To be a nice hors d'œuvre And just bring joy to people Whom fondest you were of.
 Soup is eaten with a spoon But not to any haunting tune.
 Oysters live down in the sea In zones both temp. and torrid, And when they are good they are very good indeed, And when they are bad they are horrid.
 My papa makes a lovely Bronx With gin so rare and old, And two of them will set you right But four will knock you cold.
 The boys with Polly will not frolic Because she's eaten too much garlic.
 Mama said the other day, "A little goes a long, long way." A wind came up out of the sea And said, "Those dams are not for me." Uncle Frank choked on a bone From eating shad au gratin Aunt Ethel said it served him right And went back to her flat in NEWARK (spoken) Poor Uncle Frank! (chanted) I love my little finger bowl So full of late filet of sole.
 Cousin George at lunch one day Remarked, "That apple looks quite tasty.
 Now George a dentist's bill must pay Because he was so very hasty.
 The proverb's teachings we must hold "All that glitters is not gold." And mama said to George, "Oh, shoot, You've gone and ruined my glass fruit." Jim broke bread into his soup, Jim knocked Mrs. Vanderbilt for a loop.
 Kate drank from her finger bowl, Kate knocked Mrs. Vanderbilt for a goal.
 Children who perform such tricks Are socially in Class G-6.
 ETIQUETTE IN THE SCHOOL Of course, as the children become older, the instruction should gradually come to embrace all forms of correct behaviour, and the youthful games and rhymes should give way to the more complex and intricate problems of mature social etiquette. It is suggested that the teachings during this period may be successfully combined with the young gentleman's or lady's other schoolroom studies; in the case of mathematics, for example, the instruction might be handled in somewhat the following manner: A Problem in Mathematics (7th grade) A swimmer starts across a stream which is 450 yards wide. He swims for five minutes at the rate of three miles per hour, and for three minutes at the rate of four miles per hour. He then reaches the other bank, where he sees a young lady five feet ten inches tall, walking around a tree, in a circle the circumference of which is forty-two yards.
A. What is the diameter of the circle?
 B. How fast is the current flowing in the stream?
 C. At what point would the swimmer land if there were no current in the stream?
 D. At what point does the swimmer actually land?
 E. But suppose that he has no bathing suit on?
 And so, when the young person has reached the age for his first formal dinner party, he will undoubtedly be able to handle the fundamentals of correct etiquette in a satisfactory manner. But, as in every sport or profession, there are certain refinements—certain niceties which come only after long experience—and it is with a view of helping the ambitious diner-out to master these more complex details, that I suggest that he study carefully the following "unwritten laws" which govern every dinner party.

 In the first place, a guest is supposed tacitly to consent to the menu which the hostess has arranged, and the diner-out who makes a habit of saying "Squab, you know, never agrees with me—I wonder if I might have a couple of poached eggs," is apt to find that such squeamishness does not pay in the long run.

 Practical jokes are never countenanced at a formal affair of this sort. I do not mean that a certain amount of good-natured fun is out of place, but such "stunts" as pulling the hostess' chair out from under her—or gleefully kicking the shins of your neighbor under the table and shouting "Guess who?"—are decidedly among the "non-ests" of correct modern dinner-table behaviour.

 Then, too, it is now distinctly bad form to practise legerdemain or feats of sleight-of-hand at a dinner party. Time was when it was considered correct for a young man who could do card or other tricks to add to the gayety of the party by displaying his skill, but that time is past, and the guest of today, who thinks to make a "hit" by pulling a live rabbit or a potted plant from the back of the mystified hostess or one of the butlers, is in reality only making a "fool" of himself if he only knew it.
 The same "taboo" also holds good as concerns feats of juggling and no hostess of today will, I am sure, ever issue a second invitation to a young man who has attempted to enliven her evening by balancing, on his nose, a knife, a radish, a plate of soup and a lighted candle.
 "Cleverness" is a valuable asset but only up to a certain point, and I know of one unfortunately "clever" young chap who almost completely ruined a promising social career by the unexpected failure of one of his pet juggling tricks and the consequent dumping of a large dish of mashed potatoes on the head of a vice-president of the Equitable Trust Company.
 Besides, people almost always distrust "clever" persons.

 It does not "do," either, to "ride your hobby" at a dinner party, and the real truth as to the cause of the sudden social ostracism of young Freddie H——, a New York clubman of some years ago (now happily deceased), is that on one occasion this young fellow, who had developed a craze for marksmanship amounting almost to a mania, very nearly ruined a dinner party given by a prominent Boston society matron by attempting to


5. A disreputable sporting character; a blackleg. [Slang, Eng.]

6. (Naut.) The course and distance made by a vessel on one tack or between tacks.

7. (Steam Boiler) An extension of the boiler downward, in the form of a narrow space between vertical plates, sometimes nearly surrounding the furnace and ash pit, and serving to support the boiler; -- called also water leg.

8. (Grain Elevator) The case containing the lower part of the belt which carries the buckets.

9. (Cricket) A fielder whose position is on the outside, a little in rear of the batter.

A good leg (Naut.), a course sailed on a tack which is near the desired course. -- Leg bail, escape from custody by flight.
 [Slang] -- Legs of an hyperbola (or other curve) (Geom.), the branches of the curve which extend outward indefinitely. -- Legs of a triangle, the sides of a triangle; -- a name seldom used unless one of the sides is first distinguished by some appropriate term; as, the hypothenuse and two legs of a right-angled triangle. On one's legs, standing to speak. -- On one's last legs. See under Last.
 -- To have legs (Naut.), to have speed. -- To stand on one's own legs, to support one's self; to be independent.

 Leg (lg), v. t. To use as a leg, with it as object: (a) To bow. [Obs.] (b) To run. [Low] Leg"a*cy (lg"*s), n.; pl. Legacies (- sz). [L.
 (assumed) legatia, for legatum, from legare to appoint by last will, to bequeath as a legacy, to depute: cf. OF. legat legacy. See Legate.] 1. A gift of property by will, esp. of money or personal property; a bequest. Also Fig.; as, a legacy of dishonor or disease.

2. A business with which one is intrusted by another; a commission; -- obsolete, except in the phrases last legacy, dying legacy, and the like.

 My legacy and message wherefore I am sent into the world.

Tyndale.
 He came and told his legacy.

Chapman.
Legacy duty, a tax paid to government on legacies. Wharton.
 -- Legacy hunter, one who flatters and courts any one for the sake of a legacy.

 Le"gal (l"gal), a. [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law; prob. orig., that which lies or is fixed (cf. L. lectus bed), and if so akin to E. lie, law: cf. F. légal.
 Cf. Lie to be prostrate, Loyal, Leal.] 1. Created by, permitted by, in conformity with, or relating to, law; as, a legal obligation; a legal standard or test; a legal procedure; a legal claim; a legal trade; anything is legal which the laws do not forbid.

2. (Theol.) (a) According to the law of works, as distinguished from free grace; or resting on works for salvation. (b) According to the old or Mosaic dispensation; in accordance with the law of Moses.

3. (Law) Governed by the rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity; as, legal estate; legal assets. Bouvier.
Burrill.
Legal cap. See under Cap. -- Legal tender. (a) The act of tendering in the performance of a contract or satisfaction of a claim that which the law prescribes or permits, and at such time and place as the law prescribes or permits. (b) That currency, or money, which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and requires a creditor to receive. It differs in different countries.

Syn. -- Lawful; constitutional; legitimate; licit; authorized. See Lawful.

 Le"gal*ism (l"gal*z'm), n. Strictness, or the doctrine of strictness, in conforming to law.

 Le"gal*ist, n. One who practices or advocates strict conformity to law; in theology, one who holds to the law of works. See Legal, 2 (a).

 Le*gal"i*ty (l*gl"*t), n. [Cf. LL. legalitas, F. légalité.
 Cf. Loyalty.] 1. The state or quality of being legal; conformity to law.

2. (Theol.) A conformity to, and resting upon, the letter of the law.

 Le'gal*i*za"tion (l'gal**z"shn), n. The act of making legal.

 Le"gal*ize (l"gal*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legalized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legalizing (- 'zng).] [Cf. F.
 légaliser.] 1. To make legal.

2. (Theol.) To interpret or apply in a legal spirit.

 Le"gal*ly, adv. In a legal manner.

 Le*gan"tine (l*gn"tn), a. [Obs.] See Legatine.

 Leg"a*ta*ry (lg"*t*r), n. [L. legatarius, fr. legaturius enjoined by a last will: cf. F. légataire. See Legacy.] A legatee. [R.] Ayliffe.
 Leg"ate (lg"t), n. [OE. legat, L. legatus, fr. legare to send with a commission or charge, to depute, fr. lex, legis, law: cf. F. légat, It. legato. See Legal.] 1.
 An ambassador or envoy.

2. An ecclesiastic representing the pope and invested with the authority of the Holy See.

 Legates are of three kinds: (a) Legates a latere, now always cardinals. They are called ordinary or extraordinary legates, the former governing provinces, and the latter class being sent to foreign countries on extraordinary occasions. (b) Legati missi, who correspond to the ambassadors of temporal governments. (c) Legati nati, or legates by virtue of their office, as the archbishops of Salzburg and Prague.

3. (Rom. Hist.) (a) An official assistant given to a general or to the governor of a province. (b) Under the emperors, a governor sent to a province.

 Leg'a*tee" (lg'*t"), n. [See Legacy.] (Law) One to whom a legacy is bequeathed.

 Leg"ate*ship (lg"t*shp), n. The office of a legate.

 Leg"a*tine (-*tn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a legate; as, legatine power. Holinshed.
2. Made by, proceeding from, or under the sanction of, a legate; as, a legatine constitution. Ayliffe.
 Le*ga"tion (l*g"shn), n. [L. legatio: cf. F. légation, It. legazione. See Legate.] 1. The sending forth or commissioning one person to act for another. "The Divine legation of Moses." Bp. Warburton.
2. A legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with him in his mission; an embassy; or, in stricter usage, a diplomatic minister and his suite; a deputation.

3. The place of business or official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign court or seat of government.

4. A district under the jurisdiction of a legate.

 ||Le*ga"to (l*gä"t), a. [It., tied, joined, fr. legare to tie, bind, L. ligare.] (Mus.) Connected; tied; -- a


to cull; to pick out. [Obs.] Herbert.
 Pink, n. A stab. Grose.
 Pink, n. [Perh. akin to pick; as if the edges of the petals were picked out. Cf. Pink, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the caryophyllaceous genus Dianthus, and to their flowers, which are sometimes very fragrant and often double in cultivated varieties. The species are mostly perennial herbs, with opposite linear leaves, and handsome five-petaled flowers with a tubular calyx.

2. A color resulting from the combination of a pure vivid red with more or less white; -- so called from the common color of the flower. Dryden.
3. Anything supremely excellent; the embodiment or perfection of something. "The very pink of courtesy." Shak.
4. (Zoöl.) The European minnow; -- so called from the color of its abdomen in summer. [Prov. Eng.]

Bunch pink is Dianthus barbatus. -- China, or Indian, pink. See under China. -- Clove pink is Dianthus Caryophyllus, the stock from which carnations are derived. -- Garden pink. See Pheasant's eye. -- Meadow pink is applied to Dianthus deltoides; also, to the ragged robin. -- Maiden pink, Dianthus deltoides. -- Moss pink. See under Moss. -- Pink needle, the pin grass; -- so called from the long, tapering points of the carpels.
 See Alfilaria. -- Sea pink. See Thrift.

 Pink, a. Resembling the garden pink in color; of the color called pink (see 6th Pink, 2); as, a pink dress; pink ribbons.

Pink eye (Med.), a popular name for an epidemic variety of ophthalmia, associated with early and marked redness of the eyeball. -- Pink salt (Chem. & Dyeing), the double chlorides of (stannic) tin and ammonium, formerly much used as a mordant for madder and cochineal. -- Pink saucer, a small saucer, the inner surface of which is covered with a pink pigment.

 Pinked (?), a. Pierced with small holes; worked in eyelets; scalloped on the edge. Shak.
 Pink"-eyed' (?), a. [Pink halfshut + eye.] Having small eyes. Holland.
 Pink"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or stabbing.

2. The act or method of decorating fabrics or garments with a pinking iron; also, the style of decoration; scallops made with a pinking iron.

Pinking iron. (a) An instrument for scalloping the edges of ribbons, flounces, etc. (b) A sword. [Colloq.]

 Pink"ish, a. Somewhat pink.

 Pink"ness (?), n. Quality or state of being pink.

 Pink"root' (?), n. 1. (Med.) The root of Spigelia Marilandica, used as a powerful vermifuge; also, that of S. Anthelmia. See definition 2 (below).

2. (Bot.) (a) A perennial North American herb (Spigelia Marilandica), sometimes cultivated for its showy red blossoms. Called also Carolina pink, Maryland pinkroot, and worm grass.
 (b) An annual South American and West Indian plant (Spigelia Anthelmia).

 Pink"ster (?), n. [D. pinkster, pinksteren, fr. Gr.
 &?;. See Pentecost.] Whitsuntide. [Written also pingster and pinxter.]

Pinkster flower (Bot.), the rosy flower of the Azalea nudiflora; also, the shrub itself; -- called also Pinxter blomachee by the New York descendants of the Dutch settlers.

 Pink" stern' (?). [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) See Chebacco, and 1st Pink.

 Pink"-sterned' (?), a. [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) Having a very narrow stern; -- said of a vessel.

 Pink"y (?), n. (Naut.) See 1st Pink.

 ||Pin"na (?), n.; pl. Pinnæ (#), E. Pinnas (#). [L., a feather.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate.
 (b) One of the primary divisions of a decompound leaf.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ.

3. [L. pinna, akin to Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity.

4. (Anat.) The auricle of the ear. See Ear.

 Pin"nace (?), n. [F. pinasse; cf. It. pinassa, pinazza, Sp. pinaza; all from L. pinus a pine tree, anything made of pine, e.g., a ship. Cf. Pine a tree.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A small vessel propelled by sails or oars, formerly employed as a tender, or for coast defence; -- called originally, spynace or spyne.
 (b) A man-of-war's boat.

 Whilst our pinnace anchors in the Downs.

Shak.
2. A procuress; a pimp. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Pin"na*cle (?), n. [OE. pinacle, F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, fr. pinna pinnacle, feather. See Pin a peg.] 1. (Arch.)
 An architectural member, upright, and generally ending in a small spire, -- used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire, and the like. Pinnacles may be considered primarily as added weight, where it is necessary to resist the thrust of an arch, etc.

 Some renowned metropolis With glistering spires and pinnacles around.

Milton.
2. Anything resembling a pinnacle; a lofty peak; a pointed summit.

 Three silent pinnacles of aged snow.

Tennyson.
 The slippery tops of human state, The gilded pinnacles of fate.

Cowley.
 Pin"na*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinnacled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pinnacling (?).] To build or furnish with a pinnacle or pinnacles. T. Warton.
 Pin"nage (?), n. [Cf. Pinfold.] Poundage of cattle. See Pound.
 [Obs.]

 { Pin"nate (?), Pin"na*ted (?), } a. [L. pinnatus feathered, fr. pinna a feather. See Pin a peg, Pen feather.] 1. (Bot.)
 Consisting of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common petiole, as the leaves of a rosebush, a hickory, or an ash. See Abruptly pinnate, and Illust., under Abruptly.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck.

Pinnated grouse (Zoöl.), the prairie chicken.

 Pin"nate*ly (?), adv. In a pinnate manner.

 Pin*nat"i*fid (?), a. [L. pinnatus feathered + root of findere to split: cf. F. pinnatifide.] (Bot.) Divided in a pinnate manner, with the divisions not reaching to the mid


under Least, Magic, etc. -- On the square, or Upon the square, in an open, fair manner; honestly, or upon honor. [Obs. or Colloq.] -- On, or Upon, the square with, upon equality with; even with. Nares. -- To be all squares, to be all settled. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- To be at square, to be in a state of quarreling. [Obs.] Nares. -- To break no square, to give no offense; to make no difference. [Obs.] -- To break squares, to depart from an accustomed order. -- To see how the squares go, to see how the game proceeds; -- a phrase taken from the game of chess, the chessboard being formed with squares. [Obs.] L'Estrange.
 Square (?), a. 1. (Geom.) Having four equal sides and four right angles; as, a square figure.

2. Forming a right angle; as, a square corner.

3. Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular rather than curving outlines; as, a man of a square frame.

4. Exactly suitable or correspondent; true; just.

 She's a most truimphant lady, if report be square to her.

Shak.
5. Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing.

6. Even; leaving no balance; as, to make or leave the accounts square.

7. Leaving nothing; hearty; vigorous.

 By Heaven, square eaters. More meat, I say.

Beau. & Fl.
8. (Naut.) At right angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the horizon; -- said of the yards of a square-rigged vessel when they are so braced.

Square is often used in self-explaining compounds or combination, as in square-built, square-cornered, square-cut, square-nosed, etc.

Square foot, an area equal to that of a square the sides of which are twelwe inches; 144 square inches. - - Square knot, a knot in which the terminal and standing parts are parallel to each other; a reef knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. The units of square measure are squares whose sides are the linear measures; as, square inches, square feet, square meters, etc. -- Square number. See square, n., 6. -- Square root of a number or quantity (Math.), that number or quantity which, multiplied by itself produces the given number or quantity. -- Square sail (Naut.), a four-sided sail extended upon a yard suspended by the middle; sometimes, the foresail of a schooner set upon a yard; also, a cutter's or sloop's sail boomed out. See Illust.
 of Sail. -- Square stern (Naut.), a stern having a transom and joining the counter timbers at an angle, as distinguished from a round stern, which has no transom. -- Three-square, Fivesquare, etc., having three, five, etc., equal sides; as, a three-square file. -- To get square with, to get even with; to pay off. [Colloq.]

 Square, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squaring.] [Cf. OF. escarrer, esquarrer. See Square, n.] 1. To form with four sides and four right angles. Spenser.
2. To form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces; as, to square mason's work.

3. To compare with, or reduce to, any given measure or standard. Shak.
4. To adjust; to regulate; to mold; to shape; to fit; as, to square our actions by the opinions of others.

Square my trial To my proportioned strength.

Milton.
5. To make even, so as leave no remainder of difference; to balance; as, to square accounts.

6. (Math.) To multiply by itself; as, to square a number or a quantity.

7. (Astrol.) To hold a quartile position respecting.

 The icy Goat and Crab that square the Scales.

Creech.
8. (Naut.) To place at right angles with the keel; as, to square the yards.

To square one's shoulders, to raise the shoulders so as to give them a square appearance, -- a movement expressing contempt or dislike. Sir W. Scott. -- To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact contents of a circle in square measure. The solution of this famous problem is now generally admitted to be impossible.

 Square, v. i. 1. To accord or agree exactly; to be consistent with; to conform or agree; to suit; to fit.

 No works shall find acceptamce... That square not truly with the Scripture plan.

Cowper.
2. To go to opposite sides; to take an attitude of offense or defense, or of defiance; to quarrel. [Obs.]

 Are you such fools To square for this?

Shak.
3. To take a boxing attitude; -- often with up, sometimes with off. [Colloq.] Dickens.
 Square"ly, adv. In a square form or manner.

 Square"ness, n. The quality of being square; as, an instrument to try the squareness of work.

 Squar"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squares.

2. One who squares, or quarrels; a hot-headed, contentious fellow.
 [Obs.] Shak.
 Square"-rigged' (skwâr"rgd'), a. (Naut.) Having the sails extended upon yards suspended horizontally by the middle, as distinguished from fore-and-aft sails; thus, a ship and a brig are square-rigged vessels.

 Square"-toed' (-td'), n. Having the toe square.

 Obsolete as fardingales, ruffs, and square-toed shoes.

V. Knox.
 Square"-toes' (?), n. A precise person; -- used contemptuously or jocularly. Thackeray.
 Squar"ish, a. Nearly square. Pennant.
 Squar*rose" (? or?; 277), a. [L. squarrosus (perhaps) scurfy, scabby.] Ragged or full of lose scales or projecting parts; rough; jagged; as: (a) (Bot. & Zoöl.) Consisting of scales widely divaricating; having scales, small leaves, or other bodies, spreading widely from the axis on which they are crowded; -- said of a calyx or stem. (b) (Bot.) Divided into shreds or jags, raised above the plane of the leaf, and not parallel to it; said of a leaf. (c) (Zoöl.) Having scales spreading every way, or standing upright, or at right angles to the surface; -- said of a shell.

Squarrose-slashed (Bot.), doubly slashed, with the smaller divisions at right angles to the others, as a leaf. Landley.
 Squar*ro'so-den"tate (?), a. (Bot.) Having the teeth bent out of the plane of the lamina; -- said of a leaf.

 Squar"rous (? or?), a. Squarrose.

 Squar"ru*lose' (?), a. [Dim. of squarrose.] (Bot.)
 Somewhat squarrose; slightly squarrose. Gray.
 Squash (?), n. [Cf. Musquash.] (Zoöl.) An American animal allied to the weasel. [Obs.] Goldsmith.
 Squash, n. [Massachusetts Indian asq, pl. asquash, raw, green, immaturate, applied to fruit and vegetables which were used when green, or without cooking; askutasquash vine apple.] (Bot.)
 A plant and its fruit of the genus Cucurbita, or gourd kind.

 The species are much confused. The long-neck squash is called Cucurbita verrucosa, the Barbary or China squash, C. moschata, and the great winter squash, C.