Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.

Cowper.
3. A thickly stuffed cushion; especially, one used for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair; also, a sofa.

 Punching the squab of chairs and sofas.

Dickens.
 On her large squab you find her spread.

Pope.
 Squab, adv. [Cf. dial. Sw. squapp, a word imitative of a splash, and E. squab fat, unfledged.] With a heavy fall; plump.
 [Vulgar] The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and dropped him down, squab, upon a rock.

L'Estrange.
 Squab, v. i. To fall plump; to strike at one dash, or with a heavy stroke. [Obs.]

 Squa*bash" (?), v. t. To crush; to quash; to squash. [Colloq. or Slang, Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Squab"bish (?), a. Thick; fat; heavy.

 Squab"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squabbling (?).] [Cf. dial. Sw. skvabbel a dispute, skvappa to chide.] 1. To contend for superiority in an unseemly maner; to scuffle; to struggle; to wrangle; to quarrel.

2. To debate peevishly; to dispute.

 The sense of these propositions is very plain, though logicians might squabble a whole day whether they should rank them under negative or affirmative.

I. Watts.
Syn. -- To dispute; contend; scuffle; wrangle; quarrel; struggle.

 Squab"ble, v. t. (Print.) To disarrange, so that the letters or lines stand awry or are mixed and need careful readjustment; -- said of type that has been set up.

 Squab"ble, n. A scuffle; a wrangle; a brawl.

 Squab"bler (?), n. One who squabbles; a contentious person; a brawler.

 Squab"by (?), a. Short and thick; suqabbish.

 Squab"-chick' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A young chicken before it is fully fledged. [Prov. Eng.]

 Squac"co (?), n.; pl. Squaccos (&?;). (Zoöl.)
 A heron (Ardea comata) found in Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe.

 Squad (?), n. [F. escouade, fr. Sp. escuadra, or It.
 squadra, (assumed) LL. exquadrare to square; L. ex + quadra a square. See Square.] 1. (Mil.) A small party of men assembled for drill, inspection, or other purposes.

2. Hence, any small party.

 Squad, n. Sloppy mud. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson.
 Squad"ron (?), n. [F. escadron, formerly also esquadron, or It. squadrone. See Squad.] 1. Primarily, a square; hence, a square body of troops; a body of troops drawn up in a square. [R.]

 Those half-rounding quards Just met, and, closing, stood in squadron joined.

Milton.
2. (Mil.) A body of cavarly comparising two companies or troops, and averging from one hundred and twenty to two hundred men.

3. (Naut.) A detachment of vessels employed on any particular service or station, under the command of the senior officer; as, the North Atlantic Squadron. Totten.
Flying squadron, a squadron of observation or practice, that cruises rapidly about from place to place. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 Squad"roned (?), a. Formed into squadrons, or squares. [R.] Milton.
 Squail (?), v. i. To throw sticls at cocks; to throw anything about awkwardly or irregularly. [Prov. Eng.] Southey.
 Squai"mous (?), a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

 ||Squa"li (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) The suborder of elasmobranch fishes which comprises the sharks.

 Squal"id (?), a. [L. squalidus, fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Dirty through neglect; foul; filthy; extremely dirty.

 Uncomed his locks, and squalid his attrie.

Dryden.
 Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of large capitals.

Macaulay.
 Squa*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. squaliditas.] The quality or state of being squalid; foulness; filthiness.

 Squal"id*ly (?), adv. In a squalid manner.

 Squal"id*ness, n. Quality or state of being squalid.

 Squall (?), n. [Cf. Sw. sqval an impetuous running of water, sqvalregn a violent shower of rain, sqala to stream, to gush.] A sudden violent gust of wind often attended with rain or snow.

 The gray skirts of a lifting squall.

Tennyson.
Black squall, a squall attended with dark, heavy clouds. -- Thick squall, a black squall accompanied by rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Totten.
 -- White squall, a squall which comes unexpectedly, without being marked in its approach by the clouds. Totten.
 Squall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squalled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Squalling.] [Icel. skvala. Cf. Squeal.] To cry out; to scream or cry violently, as a woman frightened, or a child in anger or distress; as, the infant squalled.

 Squall, n. A loud scream; a harsh cry.

 There oft are heard the notes of infant woe, - The short, thick sob, loud scream, and shriller squall.

Pope.
 Squall"er (?), n. One who squalls; a screamer.

 Squall"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with squalls; disturbed often with sudden and violent gusts of wind; gusty; as, squally weather.

2. (Agric.) Interrupted by unproductive spots; -- said of a flied of turnips or grain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
3. (Weaving) Not equally good throughout; not uniform; uneven; faulty; -- said of cloth.

 Squa"lo*don (?), n. [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks + Gr.
 &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil whales belonging to the Phocodontia; -- so called because their are serrated, like a shark's.

 Squa"lo*dont (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to Squalodon.

 Squa"loid (?), a. [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks (fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a shark or sharks.

 Squa"lor (?), n. [L., fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.]
 Squalidness; foulness; filthness; squalidity.

 The heterogenous indigent multitude, everywhere wearing nearly the same aspect of squalor.

Taylor.
 To bring this sort of squalor among the upper classes.

Dickens.
 ||Squa"ma (?), n.; pl. Squamæ (#). [L. a scale.] (Med.) A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium.

 Squa*ma"ceous (?), a. Squamose.

 ||Squa*ma"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. squamatus scaly.] (Zoöl.)
 A division


as a disease. -- To hang on the lips, words, etc., to be charmed by eloquence. -- To hang out. (a) To be hung out so as to be displayed; to project. (b) To be unyielding; as, the juryman hangs out against an agreement. [Colloq.] -- To hang over. (a) To project at the top. (b) To impend over. -- To hang to, to cling. -- To hang together. (a) To remain united; to stand by one another. "We are all of a piece; we hang together." Dryden.
(b) To be selfconsistent; as, the story does not hang together.
 [Colloq.] -- To hang upon. (a) To regard with passionate affection. (b) (Mil.) To hover around; as, to hang upon the flanks of a retreating enemy.

 Hang, n. 1. The manner in which one part or thing hangs upon, or is connected with, another; as, the hang of a scythe.

2. Connection; arrangement; plan; as, the hang of a discourse. [Colloq.]

 3. A sharp or steep declivity or slope. [Colloq.]

To get the hang of, to learn the method or arrangement of; hence, to become accustomed to. [Colloq.]

 Hang"bird' (hng"brd'), n. (Zoöl.) The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); -- so called because its nest is suspended from the limb of a tree. See Baltimore oriole.

 Hang"-by' (-b'), n.; pl. Hang-bies (-bz'). A dependent; a hanger-on; -- so called in contempt. B. Jonson.
 Hang"dog' (-dg'), n. A base, degraded person; a sneak; a gallows bird.

 Hang"dog', a. Low; sneaking; ashamed.

 The poor colonel went out of the room with a hangdog look.

Thackeray.
 Hang"er (-r), n. 1. One who hangs, or causes to be hanged; a hangman.

2. That by which a thing is suspended. Especially: (a) A strap hung to the girdle, by which a dagger or sword is suspended. (b) (Mach.) A part that suspends a journal box in which shafting runs.
 See Illust. of Countershaft. (c) A bridle iron.

3. That which hangs or is suspended, as a sword worn at the side; especially, in the 18th century, a short, curved sword.

4. A steep, wooded declivity. [Eng.] Gilbert White.
 Hang"er-on' (-n'), n.; pl. Hangers-on (-rz-n'). One who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or service; a dependent; one who adheres to others' society longer than he is wanted. Goldsmith.
 Hang"ing, a. 1. Requiring, deserving, or foreboding death by the halter. "What a hanging face!" Dryden.
2. Suspended from above; pendent; as, hanging shelves.

3. Adapted for sustaining a hanging object; as, the hanging post of a gate, the post which holds the hinges.

Hanging compass, a compass suspended so that the card may be read from beneath. -- Hanging garden, a garden sustained at an artificial elevation by any means, as by the terraces at Babylon. -- Hanging indentation. See under Indentation. -- Hanging rail (Arch.), that rail of a door or casement to which hinges are attached. -- Hanging side (Mining), the overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein. -- Hanging sleeves. (a) Strips of the same stuff as the gown, hanging down the back from the shoulders. (b) Loose, flowing sleeves. -- Hanging stile. (Arch.) (a) That stile of a door to which hinges are secured. (b) That upright of a window frame to which casements are hinged, or in which the pulleys for sash windows are fastened. -- Hanging wall (Mining), the upper wall of inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner's head when working in the vein.

 Hang"ing, n. 1. The act of suspending anything; the state of being suspended.

2. Death by suspension; execution by a halter.

3. That which is hung as lining or drapery for the walls of a room, as tapestry, paper, etc., or to cover or drape a door or window; -- used chiefly in the plural.

 Now purple hangings clothe the palace walls.

Dryden.
 Hang"man (hng"man), n.; pl. Hangmen(-men).
 One who hangs another; esp., one who makes a business of hanging; a public executioner; -- sometimes used as a term of reproach, without reference to office. Shak.
 Hang"man*ship, n. The office or character of a hangman.

 Hang"nail' (-nl'), n. [A corruption of agnail.] A small piece or sliver of skin which hangs loose, near the root of a finger nail.
 Holloway.
 Hang"nest' (-nst'), n. 1. A nest that hangs like a bag or pocket.

2. A bird which builds such a nest; a hangbird.

 Hank (hnk), n. [Cf. Dan. hank handle, Sw. hank a band or tie, Icel. hanki hasp, clasp, hönk, hangr, hank, coil, skein, G. henkel, henk, handle; all prob. akin to E. hang. See Hang.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together.

2. A rope or withe for fastening a gate. [Prov. Eng.]

3. Hold; influence.

 When the devil hath got such a hank over him.

Bp. Sanderson.
4. (Naut.) A ring or eye of rope, wood, or iron, attached to the edge of a sail and running on a stay.

 Hank, v. t. 1. [OE. hanken.] To fasten with a rope, as a gate. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
2. To form into hanks.

 Han"ker (h"kr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hankered (- krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Hankering.] [Prob. fr. hang; cf. D. hunkeren, hengelen.] 1. To long (for) with a keen appetite and uneasiness; to have a vehement desire; -- usually with for or after; as, to hanker after fruit; to hanker after the diversions of the town. Addison.
 He was hankering to join his friend.

J. A. Symonds.
2. To linger in expectation or with desire. Thackeray.
 Han"ker*ing*ly, adv. In a hankering manner.

 Han"key-pan"key (h"k*p"k), n. [Cf. Hocus-pocus.] Professional cant; the chatter of conjurers to divert attention from their tricks; hence, jugglery. [Colloq.]

 Han'o*ve"ri*an (hn'*v"r*an), a. Of or pertaining to Hanover or its people, or to the House of Hanover in England.

 Han'o*ve"ri*an, n. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Hanover; one of the House of Hanover.

 Han"sa (hn"s), n. See 2d Hanse.

 Han"sard (-srd), n. An official report of proceedings in the British Parliament; -- so called from the name of the publishers.

 Han"sard, n. A merchant of


ESSAYS BEFORE A SONATA by Charles Ives TABLE OF CONTENTS: BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH INTRODUCTORY FOOTNOTE BY CHARLES IVES INTRODUCTION I—PROLOGUE II—EMERSON III—HAWTHORNE IV—"THE ALCOTTS" V—THOREAU VI—EPILOGUE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS E-TEXT EDITION BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Charles Ives (_PHONE_) was probably one of the most psycho-intellectually brilliant, imaginative and flexible Americans to ever "walk the land of freedom." A graduate of Yale, he became a multi-millionaire in the American insurance industry, introducing brilliant innovations within that industry. He also, unlike a few composers, found the time and the money (being a shrewd and practical businessman) to get married and have children.
His accomplishments for which he is best known, however, are those in the field of music. At the time of its composition, Ives' music was probably the most radically modern in history, and by itself had enough material to serve as the foundation of modern 20th century music. For example, at the turn of the century, this eccentric composer created band works featuring multiple melodies of multiple time signatures opposing and complimenting each other within the same piece. Ives was also a revolutionary atonal composer, who created, essentially without precedent, many atonal works that not only pre-date those of Schoenberg, but are just as sophisticated, and arguably even more so, than those of the 12-tone serialist.
Among those atonal works was his second, "Concord" piano sonata, one of the finest, and some would say the finest, works of classical music by an American. It reflects the musical innovations of its creator, featuring revolutionary atmospheric effects, unprecedented atonal musical syntax, and surprising technical approaches to playing the piano, such as pressing down on over 10 notes simultaneously using a flat piece of wood.
What a mischievious creative genius!
And yet, despite the musically innovative nature of these works, from a thematic standpoint, they are strictly 19th century. Ives, like American band-composer Sousa, consciously infused patriotic or "blue-blood" themes into his pieces. In the "Concord," he attempted to project, within the music, the 19th century philosophical ideas of the American Transcendentalists, who obviously had a great impact on his world-view.
Thus, while other atonal composers such as Schoenberg or Berg attempted to infuse their music with "20th century" themes of hostility, violence and estrangement within their atonal music, the atonal music of Ives is, from a thematic standpoint, really quite "tonal."
Ives wrote the following essays as a (very big) set of program notes to accompany his second piano sonata. Here, he puts forth his elaborate theory of music and what it represents, and discusses Transcendental philosophy and its relation to music. The essays explain Ives' own philosophy of and understanding of music and art. They also serve as an analysis of music itself as an artform, and provide a critical explanation of the "Concord" and the role that the philosophies of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau and the Alcotts play in forming its thematic structure.
"ESSAYS BEFORE A SONATA," BY CHARLES IVES INTRODUCTORY FOOTNOTE BY CHARLES IVES "These prefatory essays were written by the composer for those who can't stand his music—and the music for those who can't stand his essays; to those who can't stand either, the whole is respectfully dedicated."
INTRODUCTION The following pages were written primarily as a preface or reason for the [writer's] second Pianoforte Sonata—"Concord, Mass., 1845,"—a group of four pieces, called a sonata for want of a more exact name, as the form, perhaps substance, does not justify it. The music and prefaces were intended to be printed together, but as it was found that this would make a cumbersome volume they are separate. The whole is an attempt to present [one person's] impression of the spirit of transcendentalism that is associated in the minds of many with Concord, Mass., of over a half century ago. This is undertaken in impressionistic pictures of Emerson and Thoreau, a sketch of the Alcotts, and a Scherzo supposed to reflect a lighter quality which is often found in the fantastic side of Hawthorne. The first and last movements do not aim to give any programs of the life or of any particular work of either Emerson or Thoreau but rather composite pictures or impressions. They are, however, so general in outline that, from some viewpoints, they may be as far from accepted impressions (from true conceptions, for that matter) as the valuation which they purport to be of the influence of the life, thought, and character of Emerson and Thoreau is inadequate.
I—Prologue How far is anyone justified, be he an authority or a layman, in expressing or trying to express in terms of music (in sounds, if you like) the value of anything, material, moral, intellectual, or spiritual, which is usually expressed in terms other than music? How far afield can music go and keep honest as well as reasonable or artistic? Is it a matter limited only by the composer's power of expressing what lies in his subjective or objective consciousness? Or is it limited by any limitations of the composer? Can a tune literally represent a stonewall with vines on it or with nothing on it, though it (the tune) be made by a genius whose power of objective contemplation is in the highest state of development? Can it be done by anything short of an act of mesmerism on the part of the composer or an act of kindness on the part of the listener? Does the extreme materializing of music appeal strongly to anyone except to those without a sense of humor—or rather with a sense of humor?—or, except, possibly to those who might excuse it, as Herbert Spencer might by the theory that the sensational element (the sensations we hear so much about in experimental psychology) is the true pleasurable phenomenon in music and that the mind should not be allowed to interfere? Does the success of program music depend more upon the program than upon the music? If it does, what is the use of the music, if it does not, what is the use of the program? Does not its appeal depend to a great extent on the listener's willingness to accept the theory that music is the language of the emotions and ONLY that? Or inversely does not this theory tend to limit music to programs?—a limitation as bad for music itself—for its wholesome progress,—as a diet of program music is bad for the listener's ability to digest anything beyond the sensuous (or physical-emotional). To a great extent this depends on what is meant by emotion or on the assumption that the word as used above refers more to the EXPRESSION, of, rather than to a meaning in a deeper sense—which may be a feeling influenced by some experience perhaps of a spiritual nature in the expression of which the intellect has some part. "The nearer we get to the mere expression of emotion," says Professor Sturt in his "Philosophy of Art and Personality," "as in the antics of boys who have been promised a holiday, the further we get away from art."
On the other hand is not all music, program-music,—is not pure music, so called, representative in its essence? Is it not program-music raised to the nth power or rather reduced to the minus nth power? Where is the line to be drawn between the expression of subjective and objective emotion? It is easier to know what each is than when each becomes what it is. The "Separateness of Art" theory—that art is not life but a reflection of it—"that art is not vital to life but that life is vital to it," does not help us. Nor does Thoreau who says not that "life is art," but that "life is an art," which of course is a different thing than the foregoing. Tolstoi is even more helpless to himself and to us. For he eliminates further. From his definition of art we may learn little more than that a kick in the back is a work of art, and


[Illustration] THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS And What Alice Found There By Lewis Carroll The Millennium Fulcrum Edition 1.7 DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
(As arranged before commencement of game.)
WHITE RED.
PIECES.PAWNS. PAWNS.PIECES.
Tweedledee.Daisy. Daisy.Humpty Dumpty.
Unicorn.Haigha. Messenger.Carpenter.
Sheep.Oyster. Oyster.Walrus.
W. Queen."Lily." Tiger-lily.R. Queen.
W. King.Fawn. Rose.R. King.
Aged man.Oyster. Oyster.Crow.
W. Knight.Hatta. Frog.R. Knight.
Tweedledum.Daisy. Daisy.Lion.
RED.
[Illustration: chessboard] WHITE.
White Pawn (Alice) to play, and win in eleven moves.
1. Alice meets R. Q.
 1. R. Q. to K. R.'s 4th 2. Alice through Q.'s 3d (by railway) to 4th (Tweedledum and Tweedledee) 2. W. Q. to Q. B.'s 4th (after shawl) 3. Alice meets W. Q. (with shawl) 3. W. Q. to Q.B.'s 5th (becomes sheep) 4. Alice to Q.'s 5th (shop, river, shop) 4. W. Q. to K. B.'s 8th (leaves egg on shelf) 5. Alice to Q.'s 6th (Humpty Dumpty) 5. W. Q. to Q. B.'s 8th (flying from R. Kt.)
6. Alice to Q.'s 7th (forest) 6. R. Kt. to K.'s 2nd (ch.)
7. W.Kt. takes R.Kt.
 7. W. Kt. to K. B's 5th 8. Alice to Q.'s 8th (coronation) 8. R. Q. to K.'s sq. (examination) 9. Alice becomes Queen 9. Queens castle 10. Alice castles (feast) 10. W.Q. to Q.R.'s 6th (soup) 11. Alice takes R.Q. & wins Child of the pure unclouded brow And dreaming eyes of wonder!
Though time be fleet, and I and thou Are half a life asunder, Thy loving smile will surely hail The love-gift of a fairy-tale.
I have not seen thy sunny face, Nor heard thy silver laughter; No thought of me shall find a place In thy young life's hereafter— Enough that now thou wilt not fail To listen to my fairy-tale.
A tale begun in other days, When summer suns were glowing— A simple chime, that served to time The rhythm of oar rowing— Whose echoes live in memory yet, Though envious years would say 'forget.' Come, hearken then, ere voice of dread.
 With bitter tidings laden, Shall summon to unwelcome bed A melancholy maiden!
We are but older children, dear, Who fret to find our bedtime near.
Without, the frost, the blinding snow.
 The storm-wind's moody madness— Within, the firelight's ruddy glow, And childhood's nest of gladness.
The magic words shall hold thee fast: Thou shalt not heed the raving blast.
And though the shadow of a sigh May tremble through the story, For 'happy summer days' gone by, And vanish'd summer glory— It shall not touch with breath of bale The pleasance of our fairy-tale.
Contents CHAPTER I. Looking-Glass House CHAPTER II. The Garden of Live Flowers CHAPTER III. Looking-Glass Insects CHAPTER IV. Tweedledum And Tweedledee CHAPTER V. Wool and Water CHAPTER VI. Humpty Dumpty CHAPTER VII. The Lion and the Unicorn CHAPTER VIII. "It's my own Invention" CHAPTER IX. Queen Alice CHAPTER X. Shaking CHAPTER XI. Waking CHAPTER XII. Which Dreamed it?
 CHAPTER I. Looking-Glass House One thing was certain, that the white kitten had had nothing to do with it:—it was the black kitten's fault entirely. For the white kitten had been having its face washed by the old cat for the last quarter of an hour (and bearing it pretty well, considering); so you see that it couldn't have had any hand in the mischief.
The way Dinah washed her children's faces was this: first she held the poor thing down by its ear with one paw, and then with the other paw she rubbed its face all over, the wrong way, beginning at the nose: and just now, as I said, she was hard at work on the white kitten, which was lying quite still and trying to purr—no doubt feeling that it was all meant for its good.
But the black kitten had been finished with earlier in the afternoon, and so, while Alice was sitting curled up in a corner of the great arm-chair, half talking to herself and half asleep, the kitten had been having a grand game of romps with the ball of worsted Alice had been trying to wind up, and had been rolling it up and down till it had all come undone again; and there it was, spread over the hearth-rug, all knots and tangles, with the kitten running after its own tail in the middle.
"Oh, you wicked little thing!" cried Alice, catching up the kitten, and giving it a little kiss to make it understand that it was in disgrace.
"Really, Dinah ought to have taught you better manners! You ought, Dinah, you know you ought!" she added, looking reproachfully at the old cat, and speaking in as cross a voice as she could manage—and then she scrambled back into the arm-chair, taking the kitten and the worsted with her, and began winding up the ball again. But she didn't get on very fast, as she was talking all the time, sometimes to the kitten, and sometimes to herself. Kitty sat very demurely on her knee, pretending to watch the progress of the winding, and now and then putting out one paw and gently touching the ball, as if it would be glad to help, if it might.
"Do you know what to-morrow is, Kitty?" Alice began.
"You'd have guessed if you'd been up in the window with me—only Dinah was making you tidy, so you couldn't. I was watching the boys getting in sticks for the bonfire—and it wants plenty of sticks, Kitty! Only it got so cold, and it snowed so, they had to leave off. Never mind, Kitty, we'll go and see the bonfire to-morrow." Here Alice wound two or three turns of the worsted round the kitten's neck, just to see how it would look: this led to a scramble, in which the ball rolled down upon the floor, and yards and yards of it got unwound again.
"Do you know, I was so angry, Kitty," Alice went on as soon as they were comfortably settled again, "when I saw all the mischief you had been doing, I was very nearly opening the window, and putting you out into the snow!
And you'd have deserved it, you little mischievous darling! What have you got to say for yourself? Now don't interrupt me!" she went on, holding up one finger. "I'm going to tell you all your faults.
Number one: you squeaked twice while Dinah was washing your face this morning.
Now you can't deny it, Kitty: I heard you! What's that you say?" (pretending that the kitten was speaking.) "Her paw went into your eye? Well, that's your fault, for keeping your eyes open—if you'd shut them tight up, it wouldn't have happened.
Now


part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent.

 It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined.

2. (Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; -- opposed to thesis. Moore.
 Ars'met"rike (ärz'mt"rk), n. [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ar"son (är"s'n; 277), n. [OF. arson, arsun, fr.
 L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton.
 The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of arson has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of arson have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill.
 Art (ärt). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.

 Art (ärt), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes.

 Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope.
2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; -- often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation.

 Science is systematized knowledge... Art is knowledge made efficient by skill. J. F. Genung.
3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill.

 The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. Addison.
4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature.

5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts.

 In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope.
 Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith.
6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters.
 [Archaic] So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope.
7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; as, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage.

8. Skillful plan; device.

 They employed every art to soothe... the discontented warriors. Macaulay.
9. Cunning; artifice; craft.

 Madam, I swear I use no art at all. Shak.
 Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength.
Crabb.
10. The black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak.
Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity.

 The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, -- grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts.

 In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving.
Syn. -- Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science.

 ||Ar*te"mi*a (är*t"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'A'rtemis, a Greek goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

 Ar'te*mi"si*a (ärt"mzh"* or ärt"msh"*), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. 'Artemisi'a.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

 Ar*te"ri*ac (&?;), a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. &?;. See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe.

 Ar*te"ri*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. artériel.] 1.
 Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system.

2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad.

Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs.

 Ar*te'ri*al*i*za"tion (&?;), n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; -- called also aëration and hematosis.

 Ar*te"ri*al*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial.

 Ar*te'ri*og"ra*phy, n. [Gr. &?; + - graphy.] A systematic description of the arteries.

 Ar*te"ri*ole (&?;), n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria


prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.] 1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master.
 [Obs.]

 His two chamberlains Will I with wine and wassail so convince That memory, the warder of the brain, Shall be a fume. Shak.
2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof.

 Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others. Atterbury.
3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.]

 God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it. Bacon.
4. To prove guilty; to convict. [Obs.]

 Which of you convinceth me of sin? John viii. 46.
 Seek not to convince me of a crime Which I can ne'er repent, nor you can pardon. Dryden.
Syn. -- To persuade; satisfy; convict. -- To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives.
 There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding.

 Con*vince"ment (?), n. Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.]

 The fear of a convincement. Milton.
 Con*vin"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof.

 Con*vin"ci*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being convinced or won over.

2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Con*vin"cing*ly (?), adv. in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent.

 Con*vin"cing*ness, n. The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing.

 Con*viv"al (?), a. [L. convivalis. See Convive.] pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] "A convival dish." Sir T. Browne.
 Con*vive" (?), v. i. [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.] To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] "There, in the full, convive we." Shak.
 Con"vive (?), n. [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.] A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont.
 Con*viv"i*al (?; 277), a. [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.] Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial.

 Which feasts convivial meetings we did name. Denham.
 Con*viv"i*al*ist, n. A person of convivial habits.

 Con*viv'i*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Convivialities (&?;).
 The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity.

 Con*viv"i*al*ly (?), adv. In a convivial manner.

 Con"vo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Convocating.] [L. convocatus, p. p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf.
 Convoce.] To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan).
 Con'vo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation.
 See Convoke.] 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons.

2. An assembly or meeting.

 In the first day there shall be a holy convocation. Ex.
 xii. 16.
3. (Ch. of Eng.) An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs.

 In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861.
 The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly.

4. (Oxf. University) An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted.

Syn. -- meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council.

 Con'vo*ca"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a convocation.

 Con'vo*ca"tion*ist, n. An advocate or defender of convocation.

 Con*voke" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convoking.] [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer.
 See Convocate.] To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons.

 There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament. palfrey.
Syn. -- To summon; assemble; convene. See Call.

 Con"vo*lute (?), a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere.
 See Convolve.] (Bot.) Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; -- said of the leaves of plants in æstivation.

 Con"vo*lu'ted (?), a. 1. Having convolutions.

 beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram's horn. Pennant.
2. Folded in tortuous windings.

 A highly convoluted brain. North Amer. Rev.
 Con'vo*lu"tion (?), n. 1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion.

 O'er the calm sea, in convolution swift, The feathered eddy floats. Thomson.
2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore.
3. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as, the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions.
 See Brain.

 Con*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convolved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convolving.] [L. convolvere, - volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another.

 Then Satan first knew pain, And writhed him to and fro convolved.
Milton.
 Con*vol'vu*la"ceous (?), a. [From Convolvus.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples.

 Con*vol"vu*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties.

 Con*vol"vu*lus (?), n.; pl. L.Convolvuli (#), E. Convoluluses (#). [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants having


ished or scarfed, in order to strengthen it.

 Woold"er (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A stick used to tighten the rope in woolding.

2. (Rope Making) One of the handles of the top, formed by a wooden pin passing through it. See 1st Top, 2.

 Woold"ing, n. (Naut.) (a) The act of winding or wrapping anything with a rope, as a mast. (b) A rope used for binding masts and spars.

 Wool"-dyed' (?), a. Dyed before being made into cloth, in distinction from piece-dyed; ingrain.

 Wooled (?), a. Having (such) wool; as, a fine-wooled sheep.

 Wool"en (?), a. [OE. wollen; cf. AS. wyllen. See Wool.]
 [Written also woollen.]

1. Made of wool; consisting of wool; as, woolen goods.

2. Of or pertaining to wool or woolen cloths; as, woolen manufactures; a woolen mill; a woolen draper.

Woolen scribbler, a machine for combing or preparing wool in thin, downy, translucent layers.

 Wool"en, n. [Written also woollen.] Cloth made of wool; woollen goods.

 Wool'en*et" (?), n. A thin, light fabric of wool. [Written also woollenet, woolenette, and woollenette.]

 Woo"lert (?), n. (Zoöl.) The barn owl. [Prov. Eng.]
 [Written also oolert, and owlerd.]

 Wool"fell' (?), n. [Wool + fell a skin.] A skin with the wool; a skin from which the wool has not been sheared or pulled.
 [Written also woolfel.]

 Wool"gath'er*ing (?), a. Indulging in a vagrant or idle exercise of the imagination; roaming upon a fruitless quest; idly fanciful.

 Wool"gath'er*ing, n. Indulgence in idle imagination; a foolish or useless pursuit or design.

 His wits were a woolgathering, as they say.

Burton.
 Wool"grow'er (?), n. One who raises sheep for the production of wool. — Wool"grow'ing, n. Wool"-hall' (?), n. A trade market in the woolen districts. [Eng.]

 Wool"head' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

 Wool"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being woolly.

 Wool"ly, a. 1. Consisting of wool; as, a woolly covering; a woolly fleece.

2. Resembling wool; of the nature of wool. "My fleece of woolly hair." Shak.
3. Clothed with wool. "Woolly breeders." Shak.
4. (Bot.) Clothed with a fine, curly pubescence resembling wool.

Woolly bear (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of several species of bombycid moths. The most common species in the United States are the salt-marsh caterpillar (see under Salt), the black and red woolly bear, or larva of the Isabella moth (see Illust., under Isabella Moth), and the yellow woolly bear, or larva of the American ermine moth (Spilosoma Virginica). — Woolly butt (Bot.), an Australian tree (Eucalyptus longifolia), so named because of its fibrous bark. — Woolly louse (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Schizoneura, or Erisoma, lanigera) which is often very injurious to the apple tree. It is covered with a dense coat of white filaments somewhat resembling fine wool or cotton. In exists in two forms, one of which infests the roots, the other the branches. See Illust. under Blight. — Woolly macaco (Zoöl.), the mongoose lemur. — Woolly maki (Zoöl.), a long-tailed lemur (Indris laniger) native of Madagascar, having fur somewhat like wool; — called also avahi, and woolly lemur.
 — Woolly monkey (Zoöl.), any South American monkey of the genus Lagothrix, as the caparro. — Woolly rhinoceros (Paleon.), an extinct rhinoceros (Rhinoceros tichorhinus) which inhabited the arctic regions, and was covered with a dense coat of woolly hair. It has been found frozen in the ice of Siberia, with the flesh and hair well preserved.

 Wool"ly-head' (?), n. A negro. [Low] Wool"man (?), n.; pl. Woolmen (&?;). One who deals in wool.

 Wool"pack' (?), n. A pack or bag of wool weighing two hundred and forty pounds.

 Wool"sack' (?), n. A sack or bag of wool; specifically, the seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House of Lords, being a large, square sack of wool resembling a divan in form.

 Wool"sey (?), n. [From Wool.] Linsey-woolsey.

 Wool"stock' (?), n. A heavy wooden hammer for milling cloth.

 Wool"ward (?), adv. [Wool + - ward.] In wool; with woolen raiment next the skin. [Obs.]

 Wool"ward-go'ing (?), n. A wearing of woolen clothes next the skin as a matter of penance. [Obs.]

 Their... woolward-going, and rising at midnight.

Tyndale.
 Woon (?), n. Dwelling. See Wone. [Obs.]

 Woo"ra*li (?), n. Same as Curare.

 Woos"y (?), a. Oozy; wet. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Wootz (wts), n. [Perhaps a corruption of Canarese ukku steel.] A species of steel imported from the East Indies, valued for making edge tools; Indian steel. It has in combination a minute portion of alumina and silica.

 Woo"yen (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Yuen.

 Wo"pen (?), obs. p. p. of Weep. Wept. Chaucer.
 Wor"ble (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wormil.

 Word (?), n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. orð, Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. waúrd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. "rh'twr an orator. Cf.
 Verb.]

1. The spoken sign of a conception or an idea; an articulate or vocal sound, or a combination of articulate and vocal sounds, uttered by the human voice, and by custom expressing an idea or ideas; a single component part of human speech or language; a constituent part of a sentence; a term; a vocable. "A glutton of words." Piers Plowman.
 You cram these words into mine ears, against The stomach of my sense.

Shak.
 Amongst men who confound their ideas with words, there must be endless disputes.

Locke.
2. Hence, the written or printed character, or combination of characters, expressing such a term; as, the words on a page.

3. pl. Talk; discourse; speech; language.

 Why should calamity be full of words?

Shak.
 Be thy words severe; Sharp as he merits, but the sword forbear.

Dryden.
4. Account; tidings; message; communication; information; — used only in the singular.


n. The process or art of fixing coloring matters permanently and uniformly in the fibers of wool, cotton, etc.

 Dy"er (?), n. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like.

Dyer's broom, Dyer's rocket, Dyer's weed. See Dyer's broom, under Broom.

 Dye"stuff' (?), n. A material used for dyeing.

 Dye"wood' (?), n. Any wood from which coloring matter is extracted for dyeing.

 Dy"ing (?), a. 1. In the act of dying; destined to death; mortal; perishable; as, dying bodies.

2. Of or pertaining to dying or death; as, dying bed; dying day; dying words; also, simulating a dying state.

 Dy"ing, n. The act of expiring; passage from life to death; loss of life.

 Dy"ing*ly, adv. In a dying manner; as if at the point of death. Beau.
 & Fl.
 Dy"ing*ness, n. The state of dying or the stimulation of such a state; extreme languor; languishment. [R.]

 Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you see that picture, Foible, -- a swimmingness in the eyes; yes, I'll look so.

Congreve.
 Dyke (?), n. See Dike. The spelling dyke is restricted by some to the geological meaning.

 Dy*nac'ti*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; power + E. actinometer.]
 An instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic (light-producing) rays, and computing the power of object glasses.

 Dy"nam (?), n. [Cf. F. dyname. See Dynamic.] A unit of measure for dynamical effect or work; a foot pound. See Foot pound. Whewell.
 Dy*nam"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; power + -meter: cf. F. dynamètre.
 Cf. Dynamometer.] 1. A dynamometer.

2. (Opt.) An instrument for determining the magnifying power of telescopes, consisting usually of a doubleimage micrometer applied to the eye end of a telescope for measuring accurately the diameter of the image of the object glass there formed; which measurement, compared with the actual diameter of the glass, gives the magnifying power.

 Dy'na*met"ric*al (?), a. Pertaining to a dynameter.

 { Dy*nam"ic (?), Dy*nam"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; powerful, fr.
 &?; power, fr. &?; to be able; cf. L. durus hard, E. dure: cf. F. dynamique.] 1. Of or pertaining to dynamics; belonging to energy or power; characterized by energy or production of force.

 Science, as well as history, has its past to show, -- a past indeed, much larger; but its immensity is dynamic, not divine.

J. Martineau.
 The vowel is produced by phonetic, not by dynamic, causes.

J. Peile.
2. Relating to physical forces, effects, or laws; as, dynamical geology.

 As natural science has become more dynamic, so has history.

Prof. Shedd.
Dynamical electricity. See under Electricity.

 Dy*nam"ic*al*ly, adv. In accordance with the principles of dynamics or moving forces. J. Peile.
 Dy*nam"ics (?), n. 1. That branch of mechanics which treats of the motion of bodies (kinematics) and the action of forces in producing or changing their motion (kinetics). Dynamics is held by some recent writers to include statics and not kinematics.

2. The moving moral, as well as physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to them.

3. (Mus.) That department of musical science which relates to, or treats of, the power of tones.

 Dy"na*mism (?), n. [Cf. F. dynamisme. See Dynamics.] The doctrine of Leibnitz, that all substance involves force.

 Dy"na*mist (?), n. One who accounts for material phenomena by a theory of dynamics.

 Those who would resolve matter into centers of force may be said to constitute the school of dynamists.

Ward (Dyn. Sociol. ).
 Dy"na*mi'tard (?), n. A political dynamiter. [A form found in some newspapers.]

 Dy"na*mite (?), n. [Gr. &?; power. See Dynamic.] (Chem.)
 An explosive substance consisting of nitroglycerin absorbed by some inert, porous solid, as infusorial earth, sawdust, etc. It is safer than nitroglycerin, being less liable to explosion from moderate shocks, or from spontaneous decomposition.

 Dy"na*mi'ter (?), n. One who uses dynamite; esp., one who uses it for the destruction of life and property.

 Dy"na*mi'ting (?), n. Destroying by dynamite, for political ends.

Dynamiting is not the American way.

The Century.
 Dy"na*mi'tism (?), n. The work of dynamiters.

 Dy"na*mi*za'tion (?), [Gr. &?; power. See Dynamic.] (Homeop.)
 The act of setting free the dynamic powers of a medicine, as by shaking the bottle containing it.

 Dy"na*mo (?), n. A dynamo-electric machine.

 Dy'na*mo-e*lec"tric (?), a. [Gr. &?; power + E. electric.
 See Dynamic.] Pertaining to the development of electricity, especially electrical currents, by power; producing electricity or electrical currents by mechanical power.

 Dy*nam"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; power + -graph. See Dynamic.] (Physiol.) A dynamometer to which is attached a device for automatically registering muscular power.

 Dy'na*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Cf. F. dynamomètre. See Dynameter.] An apparatus for measuring force or power; especially, muscular effort of men or animals, or the power developed by a motor, or that required to operate machinery.

 It usually embodies a spring to be compressed or weight to be sustained by the force applied, combined with an index, or automatic recorder, to show the work performed.

 { Dy'na*mo*met"ric (?), Dy'na*mo*met"ric*al (?), } a. Relating to a dynamometer, or to the measurement of force doing work; as, dynamometrical instruments.

 Dy'na*mom"e*try (?), n. The art or process of measuring forces doing work.

 Dy"nast (?), n. [L. dynastes, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be able or strong: cf. F. dynaste. See Dynamic.] 1. A ruler; a governor; a prince.

2. A dynasty; a government. [Obs.]

 ||Dy*nas"ta (?), n. [NL. See Dynast.] A tyrant. [Obs.] Milton.
 Dy*nas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; of a dynast, fr. &?;: cf. F. dunastique.]
 Of or relating to a dynasty or line of kings. Motley.
 Dy*nas"tic*al (?), a. Dynastic.

 Dy*nas"ti*dan (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fem. of &?;. See Dynast.
 The name alludes to the immense size of some species.] (Zoöl.)
 One of a group of gigantic, horned beetles, including Dynastus Neptunus, and the Hercules beetle (D. Hercules) of tropical America, which grow to be six inches in length.

 Dy"


THE JUNIOR CLASSICS SELECTED AND ARRANGED BY WILLIAM PATTEN, MANAGING EDITOR OF THE HARVARD CLASSICS INTRODUCTION BY CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D., PRESIDENT EMERITUS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY WITH A READING GUIDE BY WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON, Ph. D., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, PRESIDENT SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASS., SINCE 1917 VOLUME ONE Fairy and Wonder Tales INTRODUCTION The purpose of The Junior Classics is to provide, in ten volumes containing about five thousand pages, a classified collection of tales, stories, and poems, both ancient and modern, suitable for boys and girls of from six to sixteen years of age. Thoughtful parents and teachers, who realize the evils of indiscriminate reading on the part of children, will appreciate the educational value of such a collection. A child's taste in reading is formed, as a rule, in the first ten or twelve years of its life, and experience has shown that the childish mind will prefer good literature to any other, if access to it is made easy, and will develop far better on literature of proved merit than on trivial or transitory material.
The boy or girl who becomes familiar with the charming tales and poems in this collection will have gained a knowledge of literature and history that will be of high value in other school and home work. Here are the real elements of imaginative narration, poetry, and ethics, which should enter into the education of every English-speaking child.
This collection, carefully used by parents and teachers with due reference to individual tastes and needs, will make many children enjoy good literature. It will inspire them with a love of good reading, which is the best possible result of any elementary education. The child himself should be encouraged to make his own selections from this large and varied collection, the child's enjoyment being the object in view. A real and lasting interest in literature or in scholarship is only to be developed through the individual's enjoyment of his mental occupations.
The most important change which has been made in American schools and colleges within my memory is the substitution of leading for driving, of inspiration for drill, of personal interest and love of work for compulsion and fear. The schools are learning to use methods and materials which interest and attract the children themselves. The Junior Classics will put into the home the means of using this happy method.
Committing to memory beautiful pieces of literature, either prose or poetry, for recitation before a friendly audience, acting charades or plays, and reading aloud with vivacity and sympathetic emotion, are good means of instruction at home or at school This collection contains numerous admirable pieces of literature for such use. In teaching English and English literature we should place more reliance upon processes and acts which awaken emotion, stimulate interest, prove to be enjoyable for the actors, and result in giving children the power of entertaining people, of blessing others with noble pleasures which the children create and share.
From the home training during childhood there should result in the child a taste for interesting and improving reading which will direct and inspire its subsequent intellectual life. The training which results in this taste for good reading, however unsystematic or eccentric it may have been, has achieved one principal aim of education; and any school or home training which does not result in implanting this permanent taste has failed in a very important respect. Guided and animated by this impulse to acquire knowledge and exercise the imagination through good reading, the adult will continue to educate him all through life.
The story of the human race through all its slow development should be gradually conveyed to the child's mind from the time he begins to read, or to listen to his mother reading; and with description of facts and actual events should be mingled charming and uplifting products of the imagination. To try to feed the minds of children upon facts alone is undesirable and unwise. The immense product of the imagination in art and literature is a concrete fact with which every educated human being should be made somewhat familiar, that product being a very real part of every individual's actual environment.
The right selection of reading matter for children is obviously of high importance. Some of the mythologies, Old Testament stories, fairy tales, and historical romances, on which earlier generations were accustomed to feed the childish mind, contain a great deal that is barbarous, perverse, or cruel; and to this infiltration into children's minds, generation after generation, of immoral, cruel, or foolish ideas is probably to be attributed in part the slow ethical progress of the race. The commonest justification of this thoughtless practice is that children do not apprehend the evil in the bad mental pictures with which we foolishly supply them; but what should we think of a mother who gave her children dirty milk or porridge, on the theory that the children would not assimilate the dirt? Should we be less careful about mental and moral food materials? The Junior Classics have been selected with this principle in mind, without losing sight of the fact that every developing human being needs to have a vision of the rough and thorny road over which the human race has been slowly advancing during thousands of years.
Whoever has committed to memory in childhood such Bible extracts as Genesis i, the Ten Commandments, Psalm xxiii, Matthew v, 8-12, The Lord's Prayer, and I Corinthians xiii, such English prose as Lincoln's Gettysburg speech, Bacon's "Essay on Truth," and such poems as Bryant's "Waterfowl," Addison's "Divine Ode," Milton's Sonnet on his Blindness, Wotton's "How happy is he born or taught," Emerson's "Rhodora," Holmes's "Chambered Nautilus," and Gray's Elegy, and has stamped them on his brain by frequent repetition, will have set up in his mind high standards of noble thought and feeling, true patriotism, and pure religion. He will also have laid in an invaluable store of good English.
While the majority of the tales and poems are intended for children who have begun to do their own reading, there will be found in every volume selections fit for reading aloud to younger children. Throughout the collection the authors tell the stories in their own words; so that the salt which gave them savor is preserved. There are some condensations however, such as any good teller of borrowed stories would make; but as a rule condensation has been applied only in the case of long works which otherwise could not have been included. The notes which precede the condensations supply explanations, and answer questions which experience has shown boys and girls are apt to ask about the works condensed or their authors.
The Junior Classics constitute a set of books whose contents will delight children and at the same time satisfy the legitimate ethical requirements of those who have the children's best interests at heart.
Charles W. Eliot NOTE Notices of copyright on material used in these volumes appear on the back of the title pages of the particular volumes in which the stories are printed. A complete list of acknowledgments to authors and publishers, for their kind permission to use copyrighted material, is given on pages 3 to 6 of Volume Ten.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONCharles, W. Eliot PREFACEWilliam Patten TALES OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS ManabozhoH. R. Schoolcraft Why the Diver Duck Has So Few Tail FeathersH. R. Schoolcraft Manabozho Changed to WolfH. R. Schoolcraft Why the Woodpecker has Red FeathersH. R. Schoolcraft Manabozho is RobbedH. R. Schoolcraft Manabozho and the WoodpeckersH. R. Schoolcraft The Boy and the WolvesAndrew Lang The Indian Who Lost His WifeAndrew Lang TALES FROM INDIA PunchkinE. Frere The Sun, Moon and WindE. Frere Why the Fish LaughedJoseph Jacob The Farmer and Money LenderJoseph Jacob Pride Goeth Before a FallJoseph Jacob The Wicked SonsJoseph Jacob Tiger, Brahman, and JackalFlora Annie Steel The LambikinFlora Annie Steel The Rat's Wedding Flora Annie Steel The Jackal and the PartridgeFlora Annie Steel The Jackal and the CrocodileFlora Annie Steel The Jackal and the IguanaFl


2. To give or use one's power or influence for any object; to assist.

 These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom.
Goldsmith.
 Con'tri*bu"tion (?), n. [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.]
 1. The act of contributing.

2. That which is contributed; -- either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals.

 A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem. Rom. xv. 26.
 Aristotle's actual contributions to the physical sciences.
Whewell.
3. (Mil.) An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country.

 These sums,... and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together. Motley.
4. (Law) Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit.

 Con'tri*bu"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution.

 Con*trib"u*tive (?), a. Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller.
 Con*trib"u*tor (?), n. One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

 Con*trib"u*to*ry (?), a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton.
 Bonfires of contributory wood. Chapman.
Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton.
 Con*trib"u*to*ry, n.; pl. Contributories (&?;).
 One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott.
 Con*trist" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.]
 To make sad. [Obs.]

 To deject and contrist myself. Sterne.
 Con*tris"tate (?), v. t. & i. [L. contristatus, p. p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.] To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Con"trite (?; 277), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.]

2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent.

 A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. Ps. li.
 17.
 Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite. Milton.
Syn. -- Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful.

 Con"trite, n. A contrite person. Hooker.
 Con"trite, v. In a contrite manner.

 Con"trite'ness, n. Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition.

 Con*tri"tion (?), n. [F. contrition, L. contritio.]
 1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.]

 The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition.
Sir I. Newton.
2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance.

 My future days shall be one whole contrition. Dryden.
Syn. -- repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. -- Contrition, Attrition, repentance. -- Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition.
 See Compunction.

 Con*trit"u*rate (?; 135), v. t. To triturate; to pulverize. [R.]

 Con*triv"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised.

 A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable. Bp.
 Wilkins.
 Con*triv"ance (?), n. 1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning.

 The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver. Paley.
2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; artifice; arrangement.

 Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Burke.
Syn. -- Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device.

 Con*trive" (kn*trv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contrived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contriving.] [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan.

 What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom. Tillotson.
 neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life. Hawthorne.
Syn. -- To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch.

 Con*trive", v. i. To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot.

 The Fates with traitors do contrive. Shak.
 Thou hast contrived against th very life Of the defendant.
Shak.
 Con*trive"ment (?), n. Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.]

 Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric. Glanvill.
 Active to meet their contrivements. Sir G. Buck.
 Con*triv"er (?), n. One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas.
 Swift.
 Con*trol" (?), n. [F. contrôle a counter register, contr. fr. contrrôle; contre (L. contra) + rôle roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.] 1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson.
2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint.
 "Speak without control." Dryden.
3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as, children should be under parental control.

 The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration. Macaulay.
Board of control. See under Board.

 Con*trol", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controlled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Controlling.] [F. contrôler, fr. contrôle.]
 [


. "Saturnalian amusement." Burke.
 Sa*tur"ni*an (?), a. [L. Saturnius.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Of or pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age.

2. Hence: Resembling the golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment.

 Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times.

Pope.
3. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn; as, the Saturnian year.

Saturnian verse (Pros.), a meter employed by early Roman satirists, consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, as in the line: -- Th quen | ws n | th ktch | n || atng | brad nd | hny.

 Sa*tur"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large handsome moths belonging to Saturnia and allied genera. The luna moth, polyphemus, and promethea, are examples. They belong to the Silkworn family, and some are raised for their silk. See Polyphemus.

 Sat'urn*i*cen"tric (?), a. (Astron.) Appearing as if seen from the center of the planet Saturn; relating or referred to Saturn as a center.

 Sat"ur*nine (?), a. [L. Saturnus the god Saturn, also, the planet Saturn: cf. F. saturnin of or pertaining to lead (Saturn, in old chemistry, meaning lead), saturnien saturnine, saturnian. See Saturn.] 1. Born under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn.

2. Heavy; grave; gloomy; dull; -- the opposite of mercurial; as, a saturnine person or temper. Addison.
3. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to lead; characterized by, or resembling, lead, which was formerly called Saturn. [Archaic] Saturnine colic (Med.), lead colic.

 Sat"ur*nism (?), n. (Med.) Plumbism. Quain.
 Sat"ur*nist (?), n. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament.
 W. Browne.
 Sa"tyr (?; 277), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. satyre.]
 1. (Class. Myth.) A sylvan deity or demigod, represented as part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness.

 Rough Satyrs danced; and Fauns, with cloven heel, From the glad sound would not be absent long.

Milton.
2. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidæ. Their colors are commonly brown and gray, often with ocelli on the wings. Called also meadow browns.

3. (Zoöl.) The orangoutang.

 ||Sat'y*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Satyr.]
 Immoderate venereal appetite in the male. Quain.
 { Sa*tyr"ic (?), Sa*tyr"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satyricus, Gr.
 satyriko's.] Of or pertaining to satyrs; burlesque; as, satyric tragedy. P. Cyc.
 ||Sa*tyr"i*on (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. saty'rion.] (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of orchids. [Obs.]

 Sau"ba ant' (?). (Zoöl.) A South American ant (Œcodoma cephalotes) remarkable for having two large kinds of workers besides the ordinary ones, and for the immense size of its formicaries. The sauba ant cuts off leaves of plants and carries them into its subterranean nests, and thus often does great damage by defoliating trees and cultivated plants.

 Sauce (?), n. [F., fr. OF. sausse, LL. salsa, properly, salt pickle, fr. L. salsus salted, salt, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Saucer, Souse pickle, Souse to plunge.] 1. A composition of condiments and appetizing ingredients eaten with food as a relish; especially, a dressing for meat or fish or for puddings; as, mint sauce; sweet sauce, etc.
 "Poignant sauce." Chaucer.
 High sauces and rich spices fetched from the Indies.

Sir S. Baker.
2. Any garden vegetables eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq.
 U.S.] Forby. Bartlett.
 Roots, herbs, vine fruits, and salad flowers... they dish up various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt.

Beverly.
3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten with other food as a relish; as, apple sauce, cranberry sauce, etc. [U.S.] "Stewed apple sauce."
 Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book).
4. Sauciness; impertinence. [Low.] Haliwell.
To serve one the same sauce, to retaliate in the same kind. [Vulgar] Sauce (ss), v. t. [Cf. F. saucer.] [imp. & p. p. Sauced (sst); p. pr. & vb. n. Saucing (s"sng).] 1. To accompany with something intended to give a higher relish; to supply with appetizing condiments; to season; to flavor.

2. To cause to relish anything, as if with a sauce; to tickle or gratify, as the palate; to please; to stimulate; hence, to cover, mingle, or dress, as if with sauce; to make an application to. [R.]

 Earth, yield me roots; Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate With thy most operant poison!

Shak.
3. To make poignant; to give zest, flavor or interest to; to set off; to vary and render attractive.

 Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings.

Sir P. Sidney.
 Thou sayest his meat was sauced with thy upbraidings.

Shak.
4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language; to be impudent or saucy to. [Colloq. or Low] I'll sauce her with bitter words.

Shak.
 ||Sauce (ss), n. [F.] (Fine Art) A soft crayon for use in stump drawing or in shading with the stump.

 Sauce"-a*lone' (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.)
 Jack-by-the-hedge. See under Jack.

 Sauce"box' (?), n. [See Sauce, and Saucy.] A saucy, impudent person; especially, a pert child.

 Saucebox, go, meddle with your lady's fan, And prate not here!

A. Brewer.
 Sauce"pan' (?), n. A small pan with a handle, in which sauce is prepared over a fire; a stewpan.

 Sau"cer (?), n. [F. saucière, from sauce. See Sauce.] 1. A small pan or vessel in which sauce was set on a table.
 [Obs.] Bacon.
2. A small dish, commonly deeper than a plate, in which a cup is set at table.

3. Something resembling a saucer in shape. Specifically: (a) A flat, shallow caisson for raising sunken ships. (b) A shallow socket for the pivot of a capstan.

 Sau"ci*ly (?), adv. In a saucy manner; impudently; with impertinent boldness. Addison.
 Sau"ci*ness, n. The quality or state of being saucy; that which is saucy; impertinent boldness; contempt of superiors; impudence.

 Your sauciness will jest upon my love.

Shak.
Syn. -- Impudence; imp


signifying one thing, or as consisting of several parts linked together.
 Thus the Iliad is one by the linking together of parts, the definition of man by the unity of the thing signified.]

 XXI Words are of two kinds, simple and double. By simple I mean those composed of non-significant elements, such as {gamma eta}. By double or compound, those composed either of a significant and non-significant element (though within the whole word no element is significant), or of elements that are both significant. A word may likewise be triple, quadruple, or multiple in form, like so many Massilian expressions, e.g. 'Hermo-caico-xanthus who prayed to Father Zeus>.'

 Every word is either current, or strange, or metaphorical, or ornamental, or newly-coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered.

 By a current or proper word I mean one which is in general use among a people; by a strange word, one which is in use in another country.
 Plainly, therefore, the same word may be at once strange and current, but not in relation to the same people. The word {sigma iota gamma upsilon nu omicron nu}, 'lance,' is to the Cyprians a current term but to us a strange one.

 Metaphor is the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion. Thus from genus to species, as: 'There lies my ship'; for lying at anchor is a species of lying. From species to genus, as: 'Verily ten thousand noble deeds hath Odysseus wrought'; for ten thousand is a species of large number, and is here used for a large number generally. From species to species, as: 'With blade of bronze drew away the life,' and 'Cleft the water with the vessel of unyielding bronze.' Here {alpha rho upsilon rho alpha iota}, 'to draw away,' is used for {tau alpha mu epsilon iota nu}, 'to cleave,' and {tau alpha mu epsilon iota nu} again for {alpha rho upsilon alpha iota},—each being a species of taking away. Analogy or proportion is when the second term is to the first as the fourth to the third. We may then use the fourth for the second, or the second for the fourth. Sometimes too we qualify the metaphor by adding the term to which the proper word is relative. Thus the cup is to Dionysus as the shield to Ares. The cup may, therefore, be called 'the shield of Dionysus,' and the shield 'the cup of Ares.' Or, again, as old age is to life, so is evening to day. Evening may therefore be called 'the old age of the day,' and old age, 'the evening of life,' or, in the phrase of Empedocles, 'life's setting sun.' For some of the terms of the proportion there is at times no word in existence; still the metaphor may be used. For instance, to scatter seed is called sowing: but the action of the sun in scattering his rays is nameless. Still this process bears to the sun the same relation as sowing to the seed. Hence the expression of the poet'sowing the god-created light.' There is another way in which this kind of metaphor may be employed. We may apply an alien term, and then deny of that term one of its proper attributes; as if we were to call the shield, not 'the cup of Ares,' but 'the wineless cup.'

 {An ornamental word...} A newly-coined word is one which has never been even in local use, but is adopted by the poet himself. Some such words there appear to be: as {epsilon rho nu upsilon gamma epsilon sigma},'sprouters,' for {kappa epsilon rho alpha tau alpha}, 'horns,' and {alpha rho eta tau eta rho}, 'supplicator,' for {iota epsilon rho epsilon upsilon sigma}, 'priest.'

 A word is lengthened when its own vowel is exchanged for a longer one, or when a syllable is inserted. A word is contracted when some part of it is removed. Instances of lengthening are,—{pi omicron lambda eta omicron sigma} for {pi omicron lambda epsilon omega sigma}, and {Pi eta lambda eta iota alpha delta epsilon omega} for {Pi eta lambda epsilon iota delta omicron upsilon}: of contraction,—{kappa rho iota}, {delta omega}, and {omicron psi}, as in {mu iota alpha / gamma iota nu epsilon tau alpha iota / alpha mu phi omicron tau episilon rho omega nu / omicron psi}.

 An altered word is one in which part of the ordinary form is left unchanged, and part is re-cast; as in {delta epsilon xi iota-tau epsilon rho omicron nu / kappa alpha tau alpha / mu alpha zeta omicron nu}, {delta epsilon xi iota tau epsilon rho omicron nu} is for {delta epsilon xi iota omicron nu}.

 [Nouns in themselves are either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Masculine are such as end in {nu}, {rho}, {sigma}, or in some letter compounded with {sigma},—these being two, and {xi}. Feminine, such as end in vowels that are always long, namely {eta} and {omega}, and—of vowels that admit of lengthening—those in {alpha}. Thus the number of letters in which nouns masculine and feminine end is the same; for {psi} and {xi} are equivalent to endings in {sigma}. No noun ends in a mute or a vowel short by nature. Three only end in {iota},—{mu eta lambda iota}, {kappa omicron mu mu iota}, {pi epsilon pi epsilon rho iota}: five end in {upsilon}. Neuter nouns end in these two latter vowels; also in {nu} and {sigma}.]

 XXII The perfection of style is to be clear without being mean. The clearest style is that which uses only current or proper words; at the same time it is mean:—witness the poetry of Cleophon and of Sthenelus. That diction, on the other hand, is lofty and raised above the commonplace which employs unusual words. By unusual, I mean strange (or rare) words, metaphorical, lengthened,—anything, in short, that differs from the normal idiom. Yet a style wholly composed of such words is either a riddle or a jargon; a riddle, if it consists of metaphors; a jargon, if it consists of strange (or rare) words. For the essence of a riddle is to express true facts under impossible combinations. Now this cannot be done by any arrangement of ordinary words, but by the use of metaphor it can.
 Such is the riddle:—'A man I saw who on another man had glued the bronze by aid of fire,' and others of the same kind. A diction that is made up of strange (or rare) terms is a jargon. A certain infusion, therefore, of these elements is necessary to style; for the strange (or rare) word, the metaphorical, the ornamental, and the other kinds above mentioned, will raise it above the commonplace and mean, while the use of proper words will make it perspicuous. But nothing contributes more to produce a clearness of diction that is remote from commonness than the lengthening, contraction, and alteration of words. For by deviating in exceptional cases from the normal idiom, the language will gain distinction; while, at the same time, the partial conformity with usage will give perspicuity. The critics, therefore, are in error who censure these licenses of speech, and hold the author up to ridicule. Thus Eucleides, the elder, declared that it would be an easy matter to be a poet if you might lengthen syllables at will. He caricatured the practice in the very form of his diction, as in the verse: '{Epsilon pi iota chi alpha rho eta nu / epsilon iota delta omicron nu / Mu alpha rho alpha theta omega nu alpha delta epsilon / Beta alpha delta iota zeta omicron nu tau alpha}, or, {omicron upsilon kappa / alpha nu / gamma / epsilon rho alpha mu


a cave or den; also, a vault or crypt. [Obs.]

 The shroud to which he won His fair-eyed oxen.

Chapman.
 A vault, or shroud, as under a church.

Withals.
5. The branching top of a tree; foliage. [R.]

 The Assyrian wad a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and with a shadowing shroad.

Ezek. xxxi. 3.
6. pl. (Naut.) A set of ropes serving as stays to support the masts. The lower shrouds are secured to the sides of vessels by heavy iron bolts and are passed around the head of the lower masts.

7. (Mach.) One of the two annular plates at the periphery of a water wheel, which form the sides of the buckets; a shroud plate.

Bowsprit shrouds (Naut.), ropes extending from the head of the bowsprit to the sides of the vessel. -- Futtock shrouds (Naut.), iron rods connecting the topmast rigging with the lower rigging, passing over the edge of the top. -- Shroud plate. (a) (Naut.)
 An iron plate extending from the dead-eyes to the ship's side. Ham.
 Nav. Encyc. (b) (Mach.) A shroud. See def. 7, above.

 Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrouding.] [Cf. AS. scr&?;dan. See Shroud, n.]
 1. To cover with a shroud; especially, to inclose in a winding sheet; to dress for the grave.

 The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen besmeared with gums.

Bacon.
2. To cover, as with a shroud; to protect completely; to cover so as to conceal; to hide; to veil.

 One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud four hundred horsemen.

Sir W. Raleigh.
 Some tempest rise, And blow out all the stars that light the skies, To shroud my shame.

Dryden.
 Shroud, v. i. To take shelter or harbor. [Obs.]

 If your stray attendance be yet lodged, Or shroud within these limits.

Milton.
 Shroud, v. t. To lop. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

 Shroud"ed, a. Provided with a shroud or shrouds.

Shrouded gear (Mach.), a cogwheel or pinion having flanges which form closed ends to the spaces between the teeth and thus strengthen the teeth by tying them together.

 Shroud"ing, n. The shrouds. See Shroud, n., 7.

 Shroud"-laid' (?), a. Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with a heart, or center; -- said of rope. See Illust.
 under Cordage.

 Shroud"less, a. Without a shroud.

 Shroud"y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.] Milton.
 Shrove (?), imp. of Shrive.

Shrove Sunday, Quinguagesima Sunday. -- Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday following Quinguagesima Sunday, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday. It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests, after which they dined on pancakes, or fritters, and the occasion became one of merriment. The bell rung on this day is popularly called Pancake Bell, and the day itself Pancake Tuesday. P. Cyc.
 Shrove, v. i. To join in the festivities of Shrovetide; hence, to make merry. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.
 Shrove"tide' (?), n. [From shrive to take a confession (OE.
 imp. shrof, AS. scrf) + tide.] The days immediately preceding Ash Widnesday, especially the period between the evening before Quinguagesima Sunday and the morning of Ash Wednesday.

 Shrov"ing, n. The festivity of Shrovetide. [Obs.]

 Shrow (?), n. A shrew. [Obs.] Shak.
 Shrowd (?), v. t. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

 Shrub (?), n. [Ar. shirb, shurb, a drink, beverage, fr. shariba to drink. Cf. Sirup, Sherbet.] A liquor composed of vegetable acid, especially lemon juice, and sugar, with spirit to preserve it.

 Shrub, n. [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb; akin to Norw. skrubba the dwarf cornel tree.] (Bot.) A woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same root.

 Shrub, v. t. To lop; to prune. [Obs.] Anderson (1573).
 Shrub"ber*y (?), n.; pl. Shrubberies (&?;). 1.
 A collection of shrubs.

2. A place where shrubs are planted. Macaulay.
 Shrub"bi*ness (?), n. Quality of being shrubby.

 Shrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Shrubbier (?); superl.
 Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs.

2. Of the nature of a shrub; resembling a shrub. "Shrubby browse." J. Philips.
 Shrub"less, a. having no shrubs. Byron.
 Shruff (?), n. [Cf. Scruff, Scurf.] Rubbish. Specifically: (a) Dross or refuse of metals. [Obs.] (b) Light, dry wood, or stuff used for fuel. [Prov. Eng.]

 Shrug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Shrugging (?).] [Probably akin to shrink, p. p. shrunk; cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, dial. Sw. skrukka, skruga, to crouch.] To draw up or contract (the shoulders), especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like.

 He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities.

Addison.
 Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like.

 They grin, they shrug. They bow, they snarl, they snatch, they hug.

Swift.
 Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders, -- a motion usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt.

 The Spaniards talk in dialogues Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs.

Hudibras.
 Shrunk"en (?), p. p. & a. from Shrink.

 Shuck (?), n. A shock of grain. [Prev.Eng.]

 Shuck, n. [Perhaps akin to G. shote a husk, pod, shell.] 1.
 A shell, husk, or pod; especially, the outer covering of such nuts as the hickory nut, butternut, peanut, and chestnut.

2. The shell of an oyster or clam. [U. S.]

 Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shucking.] To deprive of the shucks or husks; as, to shuck walnuts, Indian corn, oysters, etc.

 Shuck"er (?), n. One who shucks oysters or clams Shud"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered (?);p.
 pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] [OE. shoderen, schuderen; akin to LG. schuddern, D. schudden to shake, OS. skuddian, G. schaudern to shudder, schütteln to shake, schütten to pour, to shed, OHG. scutten, scuten, to shake.] To tremble or shake with fear, horrer


, declared that birth may be retarded to the tenth month, and sometimes to a longer period. A case was decided in the Supreme Court of Friesland, a province in the northern part of the Netherlands, October, 1634, in which a child born three hundred and thirty-three days after the death of the husband was pronounced legitimate. The Parliament of Paris was gallant enough to come to the rescue of a widow and save her reputation by declaring that a child born after a fourteen months' gestation was legitimate. Bartholinus speaks of an unmarried woman of Leipzig who was delivered after a pregnancy of sixteen months. The civil code of France provides that three hundred days shall constitute the longest period of the legitimacy of an infant; the Scottish law, three hundred days; and the Prussian law, three hundred and one days.
There are numerous cases recorded by the older writers. Amman has one of twelve months' duration; Enguin, one of twelve months'; Buchner, a case of twelve months'; Benedictus, one of fourteen months'; de Blegny, one of nineteen months'; Marteau, Osiander, and others of forty-two and forty-four weeks'; and Stark's Archives, one of forty-five weeks', living, and also another case of forty-four weeks'. An incredible case is recorded of an infant which lived after a three years' gestation.
Instances of twelve months' duration are also recorded. Jonston quotes Paschal in relating an instance of birth after pregnancy of twenty-three months; Aventium, one after two years; and Mercurialis, a birth after a four years' gestation—which is, of course, beyond belief.
Thormeau writes from Tours, 1580, of a case of gestation prolonged to the twenty-third month, and Santorini, at Venice, in 1721, describes a similar case, the child reaching adult life. Elvert records a case of late pregnancy, and Henschel one of forty-six weeks, but the fetus was dead. Schneider cites an instance of three hundred and eight days' duration. Campbell says that Simpson had cases of three hundred and nineteen, three hundred and thirty-two, and three hundred and thirty-six days'; Meigs had one of four hundred and twenty. James Reid, in a table of 500 mature births, gives 14 as being from three hundred and two to three hundred and fifteen days'.
Not so long ago a jury rendered a verdict of guilty of fornication and bastardy when it was alleged that the child was born three hundred and seventeen days after intercourse. Taylor relates a case of pregnancy in which the wife of a laborer went to America three hundred and twenty-two days before the birth. Jaffe describes an instance of the prolongation of pregnancy for three hundred and sixty-five days, in which the developments and measurements corresponded to the length of protraction. Bryan speaks of a woman of twenty-five who became pregnant on February 10, 1876, and on June 17th felt motion. On July 28th she was threatened with miscarriage, and by his advice the woman weaned the child at the breast. She expected to be confined the middle of November, 1876, but the expected event did not occur until April 26, 1877, nine months after the quickening and four hundred and forty days from the time of conception. The boy was active and weighed nine pounds. The author cites Meigs' case, and also one of Atlee's, at three hundred and fifty-six days.
Talcott, Superintendent of the State Homeopathic Asylum for the Insane, explained the pregnancy of an inmate who had been confined for four years in this institution as one of protracted labor. He said that many such cases have been reported, and that something less than two years before he had charge of a case in which the child was born. He made the report to the New York Senate Commission on Asylums for the Insane as one of three years' protraction. Tidd speaks of a woman who was delivered of a male child at term, and again in ten months delivered of a well-developed male child weighing 7 1/4 pounds; he relates the history of another case, in Clifton, W. Va., of a woman expecting confinement on June 1st going over to September 16th, the fetus being in the uterus over twelve months, and nine months after quickening was felt.
Two extraordinary cases are mentioned, one in a woman of thirty-five, who expected to be confined April 24, 1883. In May she had a few labor-pains that passed away, and during the next six months she remained about as large as usual, and was several times thought to be in the early stages of labor. In September the os dilated until the first and second fingers could be passed directly to the head. This condition lasted about a month, but passed away. At times during the last nine months of pregnancy she was almost unable to endure the movements of the child. Finally, on the morning of November 6th, after a pregnancy of four hundred and seventy-six days, she was delivered of a male child weighing 13 pounds. Both the mother and child did well despite the use of chloroform and forceps. The other case was one lasting sixteen months and twenty days.
In a rather loose argument, Carey reckons a case of three hundred and fifty days. Menzie gives an instance in a woman aged twenty-eight, the mother of one child, in whom a gestation was prolonged to the seventeenth month. The pregnancy was complicated by carcinoma of the uterus. Ballard describes the case of a girl of sixteen years and six months, whose pregnancy, the result of a single intercourse, lasted three hundred and sixty days. Her labor was short and easy for a primipara, and the child was of the average size. Mackenzie cites the instance of a woman aged thirty-two, a primipara, who had been married ten years and who always had been regular in menstruation. The menses ceased on April 28, 1888, and she felt the child for the first time in September. She had false pains in January, 1889, and labor did not begin until March 8th, lasting sixty-six hours. If all these statements are correct, the probable duration of this pregnancy was eleven months and ten days.
Lundie relates an example of protracted gestation of eleven months, in which an anencephalous fetus was born; and Martin of Birmingham describes a similar case of ten and a half months' duration.
Raux-Tripier has seen protraction to the thirteenth month. Enguin reports an observation of an accouchement of twins after a pregnancy that had been prolonged for eleven months. Resnikoff mentions a pregnancy of eleven months' duration in an anemic secundipara. The case had been under his observation from the beginning of pregnancy; the patient would not submit to artificial termination at term, which he advised. After a painful labor of twenty-four hours a macerated and decomposed child was born, together with a closely-adherent placenta.
Tarnier reports an instance of partus serotinus in which the product of conception was carried in the uterus forty days after term. The fetus was macerated but not putrid, and the placenta had undergone fatty degeneration. At a recent meeting of the Chicago Gynecological Society, Dr. F. A. Stahl reported the case of a German-Bohemian woman in which the fifth pregnancy terminated three hundred and two days after the last menstruation. Twenty days before there had occurred pains similar to those of labor, but they gradually ceased. The sacral promontory was exaggerated, and the anteroposterior pelvic diameter of the inlet in consequence diminished. The fetus was large and occupied the first position. Version was with difficulty effected and the passage of the after-coming head through the superior strait required expression and traction, during which the child died. The mother suffered a deep laceration of the perineum involving an inch of the wall of the rectum.
Among others reporting instances of protracted pregnancy are Collins, eleven months; Desbrest, eighteen months; Henderson, fifteen months; Jefferies, three hundred and fifty-eight days, and De la Vergne gives the history of a woman who carried an infant in her womb for twenty-nine months; this case may possibly belong under the head of fetus long retained in the uterus.
Unconscious Pregnancy.—There are numerous instances of women who have had


.

 That hand shall burn in never-quenching fire That staggers thus my person.

Shak.
2. To cause to doubt and waver; to make to hesitate; to make less steady or confident; to shock.

 Whosoever will read the story of this war will find himself much stagered.

Howell.
 Grants to the house of Russell were so enormous, as not only to outrage economy, but even to stagger credibility.

Burke.
3. To arrange (a series of parts) on each side of a median line alternately, as the spokes of a wheel or the rivets of a boiler seam.

 Stag"ger, n. 1. An unsteady movement of the body in walking or standing, as if one were about to fall; a reeling motion; vertigo; -- often in the plural; as, the stagger of a drunken man.

2. pl. (Far.) A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling, unsteady gait or sudden falling; as, parasitic staggers; appopletic or sleepy staggers.

3. pl. Bewilderment; perplexity. [R.] Shak.
Stomach staggers (Far.), distention of the stomach with food or gas, resulting in indigestion, frequently in death.

 Stag"ger*bush' (?), n. (Bot.) An American shrub (Andromeda Mariana) having clusters of nodding white flowers. It grows in low, sandy places, and is said to poison lambs and calves. Gray.
 Stag"ger*ing*ly, adv. In a staggering manner.

 Stag"ger*wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa).

 { Stag"-horn' co"ral (?), Stag"-horn' fern' (?), etc.} See under Stag.

 Stag"-horned' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the mandibles large and palmate, or branched somewhat like the antlers of a stag; -- said of certain beetles.

 Stag"hound' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large and powerful hound formerly used in hunting the stag, the wolf, and other large animals. The breed is nearly extinct.

 Sta"ging (?), n. A structure of posts and boards for supporting workmen, etc., as in building.

2. The business of running stagecoaches; also, the act of journeying in stagecoaches.

 Stag"i*rite (?), n. A native of, or resident in, Stagira, in ancient Macedonia; especially, Aristotle. [Written also Stagyrite.]

 Stag"nan*cy (?), n. State of being stagnant.

 Stag"nant (?), a. [L. stagnans, -antis, p. pr. of stagnare.
 See Stagnate.] 1. That stagnates; not flowing; not running in a current or steam; motionless; hence, impure or foul from want of motion; as, a stagnant lake or pond; stagnant blood in the veins.

2. Not active or brisk; dull; as, business in stagnant.

 That gloomy slumber of the stagnant soul.

Johnson.
 For him a stagnant life was not worth living.

Palfrey.
 Stag"nant*ly, adv. In a stagnant manner.

 Stag"nate (stg"nt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stagnated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stagnating.] [L. stagnatus, p. p. of stagnare to stagnate, make stagnant, from stagnum a piece of standing water.
 See Stank a pool, and cf. Stanch, v. t.] 1. To cease to flow; to be motionless; as, blood stagnates in the veins of an animal; hence, to become impure or foul by want of motion; as, air stagnates in a close room.

2. To cease to be brisk or active; to become dull or inactive; as, commerce stagnates; business stagnates.

 Ready-witted tenderness... never stagnates in vain lamentations while there is any room for hope.

Sir W. Scott.
 Stag"nate (?), a. Stagnant. [Obs.] "A stagnate mass of vapors." Young.
 Stag*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stagnation.] 1. The condition of being stagnant; cessation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid; the state of being motionless; as, the stagnation of the blood; the stagnation of water or air; the stagnation of vapors.

2. The cessation of action, or of brisk action; the state of being dull; as, the stagnation of business.

 Stag"worm (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larve of any species of botfly which is parasitic upon the stag, as Œstrus, or Hypoderma, actæon, which burrows beneath the skin, and Cephalomyia auribarbis, which lives in the nostrils.

 Stahl"ian (?), a. Pertaining to, or taught by, Stahl, a German physician and chemist of the 17th century; as, the Stahlian theory of phlogiston.

 Stahl"ian, n. A believer in, or advocate of, Stahlism.

 { Stahl"ism (?), Stahl"ian*ism (?) }, n. The Stahlian theory, that every vital action is function or operation of the soul.

 Staid (std), imp. & p. p. of Stay.

 Staid, a. [From Stay to stop.] Sober; grave; steady; sedate; composed; regular; not wild, volatile, or fanciful. "Sober and staid persons." Addison.
 O'erlaid with black, staid Wisdom's hue.

Milton.
Syn. -- Sober; grave; steady; steadfast; composed; regular; sedate.

 Staid"ly, adv. In a staid manner, sedately.

 Staid"ness, n. The quality or state of being staid; seriousness; steadiness; sedateness; regularity; -- the opposite of wildness, or levity.

 If sometimes he appears too gray, yet a secret gracefulness of youth accompanies his writings, though the staidness and sobriety of age wanting.

Dryden.
Syn. -- Sobriety; gravity; steadiness; regularity; constancy; firmness; stability; sedateness.

 Stail (?), n. A handle, as of a mop; a stale. [Eng.]

 Stain (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stained (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Staining.] [Abbrev. fr. distain.] 1. To discolor by the application of foreign matter; to make foul; to spot; as, to stain the hand with dye; armor stained with blood.

2. To color, as wood, glass, paper, cloth, or the like, by processess affecting, chemically or otherwise, the material itself; to tinge with a color or colors combining with, or penetrating, the substance; to dye; as, to stain wood with acids, colored washes, paint rubbed in, etc.; to stain glass.

3. To spot with guilt or infamy; to bring reproach on; to blot; to soil; to tarnish.

 Of honor void, Of innocence, of faith, of purity, Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained.

Milton.
4. To cause to seem inferior or soiled by comparison.

 She stains the ripest virgins of her age.

Beau. & Fl.
 That did all other beasts in beauty stain.

Spenser.
Stained glass, glass colored or stained by certain metallic pigments fused into its substance, -- often used for making ornament windows.

Syn. -- To paint; dye; blot; soil; sully; discolor; disgrace; taint. -- Paint, Stain, Dye. These denote three different processes; the first mechanical, the other two, chiefly chemical. To paint a thing is so spread a coat of coloring matter over