; hence, intricate; complicated; inextricable.

Gordian knot, an intricate knot tied by Gordius in the thong which connected the pole of the chariot with the yoke. An oracle having declared that he who should untie it should be master of Asia, Alexander the Great averted the ill omen of his inability to loosen it by cutting it with his sword. Hence, a Gordian knot is an inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold and energetic measures.

2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Gordiacea.

 Gor"di*an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Gordiacea.

 ||Gor"di*us (?), n. [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) A genus of long, slender, nematoid worms, parasitic in insects until near maturity, when they leave the insect, and live in water, in which they deposit their eggs; -- called also hair eel, hairworm, and hair snake, from the absurd, but common and widely diffused, notion that they are metamorphosed horsehairs.

 Gore (?), n. [AS. gor dirt, dung; akin to Icel. gor, SW. gorr, OHG. gor, and perh. to E. cord, chord, and yarn; cf. Icel. görn, garnir, guts.] 1.
 Dirt; mud. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.
2. Blood; especially, blood that after effusion has become thick or clotted. Milton.
 Gore, n. [OE. gore, gare, AS. g&?;ra angular point of land, fr. g&?;r spear; akin to D. geer gore, G. gehre gore, ger spear, Icel. geiri gore, geir spear, and prob. to E. goad. Cf. Gar, n., Garlic, and Gore, v.] 1. A wedgeshaped or triangular piece of cloth, canvas, etc., sewed into a garment, sail, etc., to give greater width at a particular part.

2. A small traingular piece of land. Cowell.
3. (Her.) One of the abatements. It is made of two curved lines, meeting in an acute angle in the fesse point.

 It is usually on the sinister side, and of the tincture called tenné.
 Like the other abatements it is a modern fancy and not actually used.

 Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gored (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Goring.] [OE. gar spear, AS. g&?;r. See 2d Gore.]
 To pierce or wound, as with a horn; to penetrate with a pointed instrument, as a spear; to stab.

 The low stumps shall gore His daintly feet.

Coleridge.
 Gore, v. t. To cut in a traingular form; to piece with a gore; to provide with a gore; as, to gore an apron.

 Gore"bill' (?), n. [2d gore + bill.] (Zoöl.) The garfish. [Prov. Eng.]

 Gor"fly' (?), n.; pl. Gorflies (#). [Gore (AS.
 gor) dung + fly.] (Zoöl.) A dung fly.

 Gorge (?), n. [F. gorge, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool, prob. fr. L. gurgea whirlpool, gulf, abyss; cf. Skr. gargara whirlpool, gr. to devour. Cf. Gorget.] 1. The throat; the gullet; the canal by which food passes to the stomach.

 Wherewith he gripped her gorge with so great pain.

Spenser.
 Now, how abhorred!... my gorge rises at it.

Shak.
2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile between mountains. (b) The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; -- usually synonymous with rear. See Illust. of Bastion.

3. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially by a hawk or other fowl.

 And all the way, most like a brutish beast, e spewed up his gorge, that all did him detest.

Spenser.
4. A filling or choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction; as, an ice gorge in a river.

5. (Arch.) A concave molding; a cavetto. Gwilt.
6. (Naut.) The groove of a pulley.

Gorge circle (Gearing), the outline of the smallest cross section of a hyperboloid of revolution. -- Gorge hook, two fishhooks, separated by a piece of lead. Knight.
 Gorge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gorged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gorging (?).] [F. gorger. See Gorge, n.] 1.
 To swallow; especially, to swallow with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quantities.

 The fish has gorged the hook.

Johnson.
2. To glut; to fill up to the throat; to satiate.

 The giant gorged with flesh.

Addison.
Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite.

Dryden.
 Gorge, v. i. To eat greedily and to satiety. Milton.
 Gorged (?), a. 1. Having a gorge or throat.

2. (Her.) Bearing a coronet or ring about the neck.

3. Glutted; fed to the full.

 Gor"ge*let (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small gorget, as of a humming bird.

 Gor"geous (?), a. [OF. gorgias beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious; cf. OF. gorgias ruff, neck handkerchief, and F. gorge throat, and se pengorger to assume airs. Cf. Gorge, n.]
 Imposing through splendid or various colors; showy; fine; magnificent.

 Cloud-land, gorgeous land.

Coleridge.
Gorgeous as the sun at midsummer.

Shak.
 -- Gor"geous*ly, adv. -- Gor"geous*ness, n.
 ||Gor'ge*rin" (?), n. [F., fr. gorge neck.] (Arch.)
 In some columns, that part of the capital between the termination of the shaft and the annulet of the echinus, or the space between two neck moldings; -- called also neck of the capital, and hypotrachelium.
 See Illust. of Column.

 Gor"get (?), n. [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge throat.
 See Gorge, n.] 1. A piece of armor, whether of chain mail or of plate, defending the throat and upper part of the breast, and forming a part of the double breastplate of the 14th century.

2. A piece of plate armor covering the same parts and worn over the buff coat in the 17th century, and without other steel armor.

 Unfix the gorget's iron clasp.

Sir W. Scott.
3. A small ornamental plate, usually crescent-shaped, and of gilded copper, formerly hung around the neck of officers in full uniform in some modern armies.

4. A ruff worn by women. [Obs.]

5. (Surg.) (a) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. (b) A grooved instrunent used in performing various operations; -- called also blunt gorget. Dunglison.
 6. (Zoöl.) A crescent-shaped, colored patch on the neck of a bird or mammal.

Gorget hummer (Zoöl.), a humming bird of the genus Trochilus.
 See Rubythroat.

 Gor"gon (gô


a serious injury.
Snake-bites.—A writer in an Indian paper asserts that the traditional immunity of Indian snake-charmers is due to the fact that having been accidentally bitten by poisonous serpents or insects more than once, and having survived the first attack, they are subsequently immune. His assertion is based on personal acquaintance with Madari Yogis and Fakirs, and an actual experiment made with a Mohammedan Fakir who was immune to the bites of scorpions provided by the writer. The animals were from five to seven inches long and had lobster-like claws. Each bite drew blood, but the Fakir was none the worse.
The venom of poisonous snakes may be considered the most typical of animal poisons, being unrivaled in the fatality and rapidity of its action. Fortunately in our country there are few snake-bites, but in the tropic countries, particularly India, the mortality from this cause is frightful. Not only are there numerous serpents in that country, but the natives are lightly dressed and unshod, thus being exposed to the bites of the reptiles. It is estimated by capable authorities that the deaths in India each year from snake-bites exceed 20,000. It is stated that there were 2893 human beings killed by tigers, leopards, hyenas, and panthers in India during the year 1894, and in the same year the same species of beasts, aided by snakes, killed 97,371 head of cattle.
The number of human lives destroyed by snakes in India in 1894 was 21,538. The number of wild beasts killed in the same year was 13,447, and the number of snakes killed was 102,210.
Yarrow of Washington, who has been a close student of this subject, has found in this country no less than 27 species of poisonous snakes, belonging to four genera. The first genus is the Crotalus, or rattlesnake proper; the second is the Caudisona, or ground-rattlesnake; the third is the Ancistrodon, or moccasin, one of the species of which is a water-snake; and the fourth is the Elaps, or harlequin snake.
There is some dispute over the exact degree of the toxic qualities of the venom of the Heloderma suspectum, or Gila monster. In India the cobra is the most deadly snake. It grows to the length of 5 1/2 feet, and is most active at night. The Ophiophagus, or hooded cobra, is one of the largest of venomous snakes, sometimes attaining a length of 15 feet; it is both powerful, active, and aggressive. The common snakes of the deadly variety in the United States are the rattlesnake, the "copperhead," and the moccasin; and it is from the bites of one of these varieties that the great majority of reported deaths are caused.
But in looking over medical literature one is struck with the scarcity of reports of fatal snake-bites. This is most likely attributable to the fact that, except a few army-surgeons, physicians rarely see the cases. The natural abode of the serpents is in the wild and uninhabited regions.
The venom is delivered to the victim through the medium of a long fang which is connected with a gland in which the poison is stored. The supply may be readily exhausted; for a time the bite would then be harmless. Contrary to the general impression, snake-venom when swallowed is a deadly poison, as proved by the experiments of Fayrer, Mitchell, and Reichert. Death is most likely caused by paralysis of the vital centers through the circulation. In this country the wounds invariably are on the extremities, while in India the cobra sometimes strikes on the shoulder or neck.
If called on to describe accurately the symptoms of snake-venom poisoning, few medical men could respond correctly. In most cases the wound is painful, sometimes exaggerated by the mental condition, which is wrought up to a pitch rarely seen in other equally fatal injuries.
It is often difficult to discern the exact point of puncture, so minute is it. There is swelling due to effusion of blood, active inflammation, and increasing pain. If the poison has gained full entrance into the system, in a short time the swelling extends, vesicles soon form, and the disorganization of the tissues is so rapid that gangrene is liable to intervene before the fatal issue. The patient becomes prostrated immediately after the infliction of the wound, and his condition strongly indicates the use of stimulants, even if the medical attendant were unfamiliar with the history of the snake-bite. There may be a slight delirium; the expression becomes anxious, the pulse rapid and feeble, the respiration labored, and the patient complains of a sense of suffocation. Coma follows, and the respirations become slower and slower until death results. If the patient lives long enough, the discoloration of the extremity and the swelling may spread to the neck, chest and back. Loss of speech after snake-bite is discussed in Chapter XVII, under the head of Aphasia.
A peculiar complication is a distressing inflammation of the mouth of individuals that have sucked the wounds containing venom. This custom is still quite common, and is preferred by the laity to the surer and much wiser method of immediate cauterization by fire. There is a curious case reported of a young man who was bitten on the ankle by a viper; he had not sucked the wound, but he presented such an enormous swelling of the tongue as to be almost provocative of a fatal issue. In this case the lingual swelling was a local effect of the general constitutional disturbance.
Cases of Snake-bite.—The following case illustrative of the tenacity of virulence of snake-venom was reported by Mr. Temple, Chief Justice of Honduras, and quoted by a London authority. While working at some wood-cutting a man was struck on a heavy boot by a snake, which he killed with an axe. He imagined that he had been efficiently protected by the boot, and he thought little of the incident. Shortly afterward he began to feel ill, sank into a stupor, and succumbed. His boots were sold after his death, as they were quite well made and a luxury in that country. In a few hours the purchaser of the boots was a corpse, and every one attributed his death to apoplexy or some similar cause. The boots were again sold, and the next unfortunate owner died in an equally short time. It was then thought wise to examine the boots, and in one of them was found, firmly embedded, the fang of the serpent. It was supposed that in pulling on the boots each of the subsequent owners had scratched himself and became fatally inoculated with the venom, which was unsuspected and not combated. The case is so strange as to appear hypothetic, but the authority seems reliable.
The following are three cases of snake-bite reported by surgeons of the United States Army, two followed by recovery, and the other by death: Middleton mentions a private in the Fourth Cavalry, aged twenty-nine, who was bitten by a rattlesnake at Fort Concho, Texas, June 27, 1866.
The bite opened the phalangeal joint of the left thumb, causing violent inflammation, and resulted in the destruction of the joint. Three years afterward the joint swelled and became extremely painful, and it was necessary to amputate the thumb. Campbell reports the case of a private of the Thirteenth Infantry who was bitten in the throat by a large rattlesnake. The wound was immediately sucked by a comrade, and the man reported at the Post Hospital, at Camp Cooke, Montana, three hours after the accident. The only noticeable appearance was a slightly wild look about the eyes, although the man did not seem to be the least alarmed. The region of the wound was hard and somewhat painful, probably from having been bruised by the teeth of the man who sucked the wound; it remained so for about three hours. The throat was bound up in rancid olive oil (the only kind at hand) and no internal remedy was administered. There were no other bad consequences, and the patient soon returned to duty.
Le Carpentier sends the report of a fatal case of rattlesnake-bite: A private, aged thirty-seven, remarkable for the singularity of his conduct, was known in his Company as a snake-charmer, as he had many times, without injury,


, Or shelter passion under friendship's name.

Prior.
3. To betake to cover, or to a safe place; -- used reflexively.

 They sheltered themselves under a rock.

Abp. Abbot.
 Shel"ter, v. i. To take shelter.

 There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat, Shelters in cool.

Milton.
 Shel"ter*less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection.

 Now sad and shelterless perhaps she lies.

Rowe.
 Shel"ter*y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.]

 { Shel"tie (?), Shel"ty (?) }, n. A Shetland pony.

 Shelve (?), v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves; as, to shelve a closet or a library.

2. To place on a shelf. Hence: To lay on the shelf; to put aside; to dismiss from service; to put off indefinitely; as, to shelve an officer; to shelve a claim.

 Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shelved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelving.] [Perhapss originally from the same source as shallow, but influenced by shelf a ledge, a platform.] To incline gradually; to be slopping; as, the bottom shelves from the shore.

 Shelv"ing, a. Sloping gradually; inclining; as, a shelving shore. Shak. "Shelving arches." Addison.
 Shelv"ing, n. 1. The act of fitting up shelves; as, the job of shelving a closet.

2. The act of laying on a shelf, or on the shelf; putting off or aside; as, the shelving of a claim.

3. Material for shelves; shelves, collectively.

 Shelv"y (?), a. Sloping gradually; shelving.

 The shore was shelving and shallow.

Shak.
 Shem"ite (?), n. A descendant of Shem.

 { Shem*it"ic (?), Shem"i*tish (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Shem, the son of Noah, or his descendants. See Semitic.

 Shem"i*tism (?), n. See Semitism.

 Shend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shent (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Shending.] [AS. scendan to disgrace, bring to shame, from sceand, sceond, disgrace, dishonor, shame; akin to G. schande, Goth. skanda. See Shame, n.] 1.
 To injure, mar, spoil, or harm. [Obs.] "Loss of time shendeth us."
 Chaucer.
 I fear my body will be shent.

Dryden.
2. To blame, reproach, or revile; to degrade, disgrace, or put to shame. [Archaic] R. Browning.
 The famous name of knighthood foully shend.

Spenser.
 She passed the rest as Cynthia doth shend The lesser stars.

Spenser.
 Shend"ful (?), a. Destructive; ruinous; disgraceful. [Obs.] -- Shend"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.
 Shend"ship, n. Harm; ruin; also, reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Shent (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Shend, for shendeth.
 Chaucer.
 Shent, v. t. To shend. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 She"ol (sh"l), n. [Heb. shl.] The place of departed spirits; Hades; also, the grave.

 For thou wilt not leave my soul to sheol.

Ps. xvi. 10. (Rev. Ver.)
 Shep"en (?), n. A stable; a shippen. [Obs.]

 The shepne brenning with the blacke smoke.

Chaucer.
 Shep"herd (?), n. [OE. schepherde, schephirde, AS. sceáphyrde; sceáp sheep + hyrde, hirde, heorde, a herd, a guardian. See Sheep, and Herd.] 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a flock grazing at large.

2. The pastor of a church; one with the religious guidance of others.

Shepherd bird (Zoöl.), the crested screamer. See Screamer. -- Shepherd dog (Zoöl.), a breed of dogs used largely for the herding and care of sheep. There are several kinds, as the collie, or Scotch shepherd dog, and the English shepherd dog. Called also shepherd's dog. -- Shepherd dog, a name of Pan. Keats.
 -- Shepherd kings, the chiefs of a nomadic people who invaded Egypt from the East in the traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. They were expelled after about five hundred years, and attempts have been made to connect their expulsion with narrative in the book of Exodus.
 -- Shepherd's club (Bot.), the common mullein. See Mullein.
 -- Shepherd's crook, a long staff having the end curved so as to form a large hook, -- used by shepherds. -- Shepherd's needle (Bot.), the lady's comb. -- Shepherd's plaid, a kind of woolen cloth of a checkered black and white pattern. -- Shephered spider (Zoöl.), a daddy longlegs, or harvestman. -- Shepherd's pouch, or Shepherd's purse (Bot.), an annual cruciferous plant (Capsella Bursapastoris) bearing small white flowers and pouchlike pods. See Illust.
 of Silicle. -- Shepherd's rod, or Shepherd's staff (Bot.), the small teasel.

 Shep"herd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shepherded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Shepherding.] To tend as a shepherd; to guard, herd, lead, or drive, as a shepherd. [Poetic] White, fleecy clouds...

Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind.

Shelley.
 Shep"herd*ess, n. A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass.

 She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess.

Sir P. Sidney.
 Shep*her"di*a (?), n.; pl. Shepherdias (#). [NL. So called from John Shepherd, an English botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elæagnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo.

 Shep"herd*ish (?), n. Resembling a shepherd; suiting a shepherd; pastoral. Sir T. Sidney.
 Shep"herd*ism (?), n. Pastoral life or occupation.

 Shep"herd*ling (?), n. A little shepherd.

 Shep"herd*ly (?), a. Resembling, or becoming to, a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. [R.] Jer. Taylor.
 Shep"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] Caxton.
 Sher"bet (?), n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly, one drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba to drink. Cf. Sorbet, Sirup, Shrub a drink.] 1. A refreshing drink, common in the East, made of the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored in various ways; as, orange sherbet; lemon sherbet; raspberry sherbet, etc.

2. A flavored water ice.

3. A preparation of bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, sugar, etc., variously flavored, for making an effervescing drink; -- called also sherbet powder.

 Sherd (?), n. A fragment; -- now used only in composition, as in potsherd. See Shard.

 The thigh... which all in sherds it drove.

Chapman.


line or course; to bend; to incline, to deflect; to curve; to bow.

 Are they [the rays of the sun] not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same principle?

Sir I. Newton.
2. (Gram.) To vary, as a noun or a verb in its terminations; to decline, as a noun or adjective, or to conjugate, as a verb.

3. To modulate, as the voice.

 In*flect"ed, a. 1. Bent; turned; deflected.

2. (Gram.) Having inflections; capable of, or subject to, inflection; inflective.

Inflected cycloid (Geom.), a prolate cycloid. See Cycloid.

 In*flec"tion (?), n. [L. inflexio : cf. F. inflexion.
 See Inflect.] [Written also inflecxion.] 1. The act of inflecting, or the state of being inflected.

2. A bend; a fold; a curve; a turn; a twist.

3. A slide, modulation, or accent of the voice; as, the rising and the falling inflection.

4. (Gram.) The variation or change which words undergo to mark case, gender, number, comparison, tense, person, mood, voice, etc.

5. (Mus.) (a) Any change or modification in the pitch or tone of the voice. (b) A departure from the monotone, or reciting note, in chanting.

6. (Opt.) Same as Diffraction.

Point of inflection (Geom.), the point on opposite sides of which a curve bends in contrary ways.

 In*flec"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to inflection; having, or characterized by, inflection. Max Müller.
 In*flect"ive (?), a. 1. Capable of, or pertaining to, inflection; deflecting; as, the inflective quality of the air. Derham.
2. (Gram.) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection.

Inflective language (Philol.), a language like the Greek or Latin, consisting largely of stems with variable terminations or suffixes which were once independent words. English is both agglutinative, as, manlike, headache, and inflective, as, he, his, him.
 Cf. Agglutinative.

 In*flesh" (?), v. t. To incarnate.

 In*flex" (?), v. t. [Cf. Flex, Inflect.] To bend; to cause to become curved; to make crooked; to deflect. J. Philips.
 In*flexed" (?), a. 1. Turned; bent. Feltham.
2. (Bot.) Bent or turned abruptly inwards, or toward the axis, as the petals of a flower.

 In*flex"i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inflexibilité.]
 The quality or state of being inflexible, or not capable of being bent or changed; unyielding stiffness; inflexibleness; rigidity; firmness of will or purpose; unbending pertinacity; steadfastness; resoluteness; unchangeableness; obstinacy.

 The inflexibility of mechanism.

A. Baxter.
 That grave inflexibility of soul.

Churchill.
 The purity and inflexibility of their faith.

T. Warton.
 In*flex"i*ble (?), a. [L. inflexiblis: cf. F. inflexible.
 See Innot, and Flexible.] 1. Not capable of being bent; stiff; rigid; firm; unyielding.

2. Firm in will or purpose; not to be turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined; unyieding; inexorable; stubborn.

 "Inflexibleas steel."

Miltom.
 A man of upright and inflexible temper... can overcome all private fear.

Addison.
3. Incapable of change; unalterable; immutable.

 The nature of things is inflexible.

I. Watts.
Syn. -- -- Unbending; unyielding; rigid; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting.

 In*flex"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inflexible; inflexibility; rigidity; firmness.

 In*flex"i*bly, adv. In an inflexible manner.

 In*flex"ion (?), n. Inflection.

 In*flex"ive (?), a. 1. Inflective.

 "Inflexive endings."

W. E. Jelf.
2. Inflexible. [R.] "Foes inflexive." Chapman.
 In*flex"ure (?), n. An inflection; a bend or fold. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 In*flict" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflicted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Inflicting.] [L. inflictus, p. p. of infligere to strike on, to inflict; pref. inin, on + fligere to strike. Cf. Flail.] To give, cause, or produce by striking, or as if by striking; to apply forcibly; to lay or impose; to send; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer; as, to inflict blows; to inflict a wound with a dagger; to inflict severe pain by ingratitude; to inflict punishment on an offender; to inflict the penalty of death on a criminal.

 What heart could wish, what hand inflict, this dire disgrace?

Drygen.
 The persecution and the pain That man inflicts on all inferior kinds.

Cowper.
 In*flict"er (?), n. One who inflicts.

 God is the sole and immediate inflicter of such strokes.

South.
 In*flic"tion (?), n. [L. inflictio: cf. F. infliction.]
 1. The act of inflicting or imposing; as, the infliction of torment, or of punishment.

2. That which is inflicted or imposed, as punishment, disgrace, calamity, etc.

 His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice and righteousness.

Rogers.
 In*flict"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. inflictif.] Causing infliction; acting as an infliction. Whitehead.
 In'flo*res"cence (?), n. [L. inflorescens, p. pr. of inflorescere to begin to blossom; pref. inin + florescere to begin to blossom: cf. F. inflorescence. See Florescent.] 1. A flowering; the putting forth and unfolding of blossoms.

2. (Bot.) (a) The mode of flowering, or the general arrangement and disposition of the flowers with reference to the axis, and to each other. (b) An axis on which all the buds are flower buds.

Inflorescence affords an excellent characteristic mark in distinguishing the species of plants.

Milne.
Centrifugal inflorescence, determinate inflorescence. -- Centripetal inflorescence, indeterminate inflorescence. See under Determinate, and Indeterminate.

 In*flow" (?), v. i. To flow in. Wiseman.
 In"flu*ence (n"fl*ens), n. [F. influence, fr. L. influens, -entis, p. pr. See Influent, and cf. Influenza.] 1. A flowing in or upon; influx. [Obs.]

 God hath his influence into the very essence of all things.

Hooker.
2. Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, physical or moral, by a gradual process; controlling power quietly exerted; agency, force, or tendency of any kind which affects, modifies,


ine. See Laurel.] (Bot.) The Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter months. [Written also laurustine and laurestina.]

 Lau"ric (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the European bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis).

Lauric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline substance, C12H24O2, resembling palmitic acid, and obtained from the fruit of the bay tree, and other sources.

 Lau*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. laurifer; laurus + ferre to bear.] Producing, or bringing, laurel.

 Lau"rin (?), n. [Cf. F. laurine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance extracted from the fruit of the bay (Laurus nobilis), and consisting of a complex mixture of glycerin ethers of several organic acids.

 Lau"ri*nol (?), n. [Laurin + -ol.] (Chem.)
 Ordinary camphor; -- so called in allusion to the family name (Lauraceæ) of the camphor trees. See Camphor.

 Lau"ri*ol (?), n. Spurge laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lau"rite (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Min.) A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon.

 Lau"rone (?), n. [Lauric + - one.] (Chem.) The ketone of lauric acid.

 ||Lau"rus (?), n. [L., laurel.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including, according to modern authors, only the true laurel (Laurus nobilis), and the larger L. Canariensis of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly the sassafras, the camphor tree, the cinnamon tree, and several other aromatic trees and shrubs, were also referred to the genus Laurus.

 Laus (?), a. Loose. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 La"va (lä"v; 277), n. [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth's surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States.

 Lavas are classed, according to their structure, as scoriaceous or cellular, glassy, stony, etc., and according to the material of which they consist, as doleritic, trachytic, etc.

Lava millstone, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone from the neighborhood of the Rhine. -- Lava ware, a kind of cheap pottery made of iron slag cast into tiles, urns, table tops, etc., resembling lava in appearance.

 Lav"a*ret (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish (Coregonus laveretus), found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland.

 La*vat"ic (l*vt"k), a. Like lava, or composed of lava; lavic.

 La*va"tion (?), n. [L. lavatio: cf. OF. lavation.] A washing or cleansing. [Obs. or R.]

 Lav"a*to*ry (?), a. Washing, or cleansing by washing.

 Lav"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Lavatories (#). [L. lavatorium: cf. lavatoire. See Lave to wash, and cf. Laver.] 1. A place for washing.

2. A basin or other vessel for washing in.

3. A wash or lotion for a diseased part.

4. A place where gold is obtained by washing.

 Lav"a*ture (?; 135), n. A wash or lotion. [Obs.]

 Lave (lv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laved (lvd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Laving.] [F. laver, L. lavare, akin to luere to wash, Gr. &?;. Cf. Ablution, Deluge, Lavender, Lava, Lotion.] To wash; to bathe; as, to lave a bruise.

 His feet the foremost breakers lave.

Byron.
 Lave, v. i. To bathe; to wash one's self.

 In her chaste current oft the goddess laves.

Pope.
 Lave, v. t. [OE. laven. See Lavish.] To lade, dip, or pour out. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Lave, n. [AS. lf the remainder, what is left. √119.
 See Leave.] The remainder; others. [Scot.] Bp. Hall.
 Lave"-eared' (?), a. [Cf. W. llaf that extends round, llipa flaccid, flapping, G. lapp flabby, lappohr flap ear.] Having large, pendent ears. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 La*veer" (?), v. i. [D. laveren.] (Naut.) To beat against the wind; to tack. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Lave"ment (?), n. [F. lavement, fr. laver to wash.] A washing or bathing; also, a clyster.

 Lav"en*der (?), n. [OE. lavendre, F. lavande, It. lavanda lavender, a washing, fr. L. lavare to wash; cf. It. lsavendola, LL. lavendula. So called because it was used in bathing and washing. See Lave. to wash, and cf. Lavender.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Lavandula (L. vera), common in the south of Europe. It yields and oil used in medicine and perfumery. The Spike lavender (L. Spica) yields a coarser oil (oil of spike), used in the arts.

2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers, paler and more delicate than lilac.

Lavender cotton (Bot.), a low, twiggy, aromatic shrub (Santolina Chamæcyparissus) of the Mediterranean region, formerly used as a vermifuge, etc., and still used to keep moths from wardrobes. Also called ground cypress. -- Lavender water, a perfume composed of alcohol, essential oil of lavender, essential oil of bergamot, and essence of ambergris. -- Sea lavender. (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary. -- To lay in lavender. (a) To lay away, as clothing, with sprigs of lavender. (b) To pawn. [Obs.]

 Lav"er (l"vr), n. [OE. lavour, F. lavoir, L. lavatorium a washing place. See Lavatory.] 1. A vessel for washing; a large basin.

2. (Script. Hist.) (a) A large brazen vessel placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet. (b) One of several vessels in Solomon's Temple in which the offerings for burnt sacrifices were washed.

3. That which washes or cleanses. J. H. Newman.
 Lav"er, n. [From Lave to wash.] One who laves; a washer. [Obs.]

 La"ver (l"vr), n. The fronds of certain marine algæ used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris.


of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins.

 { Squa"mate (?), Squa"ma*ted (?) }, a. [L. squamatus.] Same as Squamose.

 Squam"duck' (?). (Zoöl.) The American eider duck. [Local, U.S.]

 Squame (?), n. [L. squama scale.] 1. A scale. [Obs.]
 "iron squames." Chaucer.
2. (Zoöl.) The scale, or exopodite, of an antenna of a crustacean.

 ||Squa*mel"la (?), n.; pl. Squamellæ (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. squama a scale.] (Bot.) A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea.

 Squa*mel"late (?), a. Furnished or covered with little scales; squamulose.

 Squa"mi*form (?), a.[L. squama a scale + -form.]
 Having the shape of a scale.

 Squa*mig"er*ous (?), a. [L. squamiger; squama a scale + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Bearing scales.

 Squam"i*pen (? or?), n. ;pl. Squamipennes (#). [L. squama a scale + penna a fin: cf. F. squamipenne.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of a group of fishes having the dorsal and anal fins partially covered with scales.

 They are compressed and mostly, bright-colored tropical fishes, belonging to Chætodon and allied genera. Many of them are called soral fishes, and angel fishes.

 Squa"moid (?), a. [L. squama scale + -oid.]
 Resembling a scale; also, covered with scales; scaly.

 Squa*mo"sal (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Scalelike; squamous; as, the squamosal bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone. -- n. The squamous part of the temporal bone, or a bone correspondending to it, under Temporal.

 { Squa*mose" (? or &?;), Squa"mous (?) }, [L. squamosus, fr. squama a scale: cf. F. squameux.] 1. Covered with, or consisting of, scales; resembling a scale; scaly; as, the squamose cones of the pine; squamous epithelial cells; the squamous portion of the temporal bone, which is so called from a fancied resemblance to a scale.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal.

 Squa'mo*zyg'o*mat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the squamosal and zygomatic bones; -- applied to a bone, or a center of ossification, in some fetal skulls. -- n. A squamozygomatic bone.

 ||Squam"u*la (? or?), n.; pl. Squamulæ (#).
 [L., dim. of squama a scale.] (Bot.) One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule.

 Squam"u*late (?), a. Same as Squamulose.

 Squam"ule (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Squamula.

 Squam"u*lose' (?; 277), a. Having little scales; squamellate; squamulate.

 Squan"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squandered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squandering.] [Cf. Scot. squatter to splash water about, to scatter, to squander, Prov. E. swatter, Dan. sqvatte, Sw. sqvätta to squirt, sqvättra to squander, Icel.
 skvetta to squirt out, to throw out water.] 1. To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.]

 Our squandered troops he rallies.

Dryden.
2. To spend lavishly or profusely; to spend prodigally or wastefully; to use without economy or judgment; to dissipate; as, to squander an estate.

 The crime of squandering health is equal to the folly.

Rambler.
Syn. -- To spend; expend; waste; scatter; dissipate.

 Squan"der, v. i. 1. To spend lavishly; to be wasteful.

 They often squandered, but they never gave.

Savage.
2. To wander at random; to scatter. [R.]

 The wise man's folly is anatomized Even by squandering glances of the fool.

Shak.
 Squan"der, n. The act of squandering; waste.

 Squan"der*er (?), n. One who squanders.

 Squan"der*ing*ly, adv. In a squandering manner.

 Square (?), n. [OF. esquarre, esquierre, F. équerre a carpenter's square (cf. It. squadra), fr. (assumed) LL. exquadrare to make square; L. ex + quadrus a square, fr. quattuor four.
 See Four, and cf. Quadrant, Squad, Squer a square.] 1. (Geom.)
(a) The corner, or angle, of a figure. [Obs.] (b) A parallelogram having four equal sides and four right angles.

2. Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so; as: (a) A square piece or fragment.

 He bolted his food down his capacious throat in squares of three inches.

Sir W. Scott.
(b) A pane of glass. (c) (Print.) A certain number of lines, forming a portion of a column, nearly square; -- used chiefly in reckoning the prices of advertisements in newspapers. (d) (Carp.)
 One hundred superficial feet.

3. An area of four sides, generally with houses on each side; sometimes, a solid block of houses; also, an open place or area for public use, as at the meeting or intersection of two or more streets.

 The statue of Alexander VII. stands in the large square of the town.

Addison.
4. (Mech. & Joinery) An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter's square, the try-square., etc.

5. Hence, a pattern or rule. [Obs.]

6. (Arith. & Alg.) The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 × 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2.

7. Exact proportion; justness of workmanship and conduct; regularity; rule. [Obs.]

 They of Galatia [were] much more out of square.

Hooker.
 I have not kept my square.

Shak.
8. (Mil.) A body of troops formed in a square, esp. one formed to resist a charge of cavalry; a squadron. "The brave squares of war." Shak.
9. Fig.: The relation of harmony, or exact agreement; equality; level.

 We live not on the square with such as these.

Dryden.
10. (Astrol.) The position of planets distant ninety degrees from each other; a quadrate. [Obs.]

11. The act of squaring, or quarreling; a quarrel. [R.]

12. The front of a woman's dress over the bosom, usually worked or embroidered. [Obs.] Shak.
Geometrical square. See Quadrat, n., 2. -- Hollow square (Mil.), a formation of troops in the shape of a square, each side consisting of four or five ranks, and the colors, officers, horses, etc., occupying the middle. -- Least square, Magic square, etc.
 See


W.: Self Inflicted Wound.

 Parable of the Old Men and the Young: A retold story from the Bible, but with a different ending. The phrase "Abram bound the youth with belts and straps" refers to the youth who went to war, with all their equipment belted and strapped on. Other versions of this poem have an additional line.

 Dulce et Decorum est: The phrase "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori" is a Latin phrase from Horace, and translates literally something like "Sweet and proper it is for your country (fatherland) to die." The poem was originally intended to be addressed to an author who had written war poems for children. "Dim through the misty panes..." should be understood by anyone who has worn a gas mask.

 Alan R. Light. Monroe, North Carolina, July, 1997.


edge=> without the knowledge {pg 278} Eutwicklung der Sprache=> Entwicklung der Sprache {pg 288} and from this along he may deduce=> and from this alone he may deduce {pg 320} the ides of boredom=> the idea of boredom {pg 324} according to Stendthal=> according to Stendhal {pg 342} the pyschological researches=> the psychological researches {pg 394} attention to the familar fact=> attention to the familiar fact {pg 426} equilibrum of vision=> equilibrium of vision {pg 436} the old familar=> the old familiar {pg 437} inadequate conprehension=> inadequate comprehension {pg 478} Bergquist, 192.=> Bergqvist, 192. {pg 203} Claparede, 49, 50, 227.=> Claparède, 49, 50, 227. {pg 504} Gerstacker, 53.=> Gerstäcker, 53. {pg 506} Monnnigshoff, 484.=> Mönnnigshoff, 484. {pg 509} Störch, 236.=> Storch, 236. {pg 512} Warkönig, 10.=> Warnkönig, 10. {pg 513} Winklemann, 102.=> Winkelmann, 102. {pg 513}


. D. wildernis wilderness.
 See Wilder, v. t.]

1. A tract of land, or a region, uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings, whether a forest or a wide, barren plain; a wild; a waste; a desert; a pathless waste of any kind.

 The wat'ry wilderness yields no supply.

Waller.
2. A disorderly or neglected place. Cowper.
3. Quality or state of being wild; wildness. [Obs.]

 These paths and bowers doubt not but our joint hands. Will keep from wilderness with ease.

Milton.
 Wild"fire (?), n. 1. A composition of inflammable materials, which, kindled, is very hard to quench; Greek fire.

 Brimstone, pitch, wildfire... burn cruelly, and hard to quench.

Bacon.
2. (Med.) (a) An old name for erysipelas. (b) A disease of sheep, attended with inflammation of the skin.

3. A sort of lightning unaccompanied by thunder. [R.]

 Wild"grave' (?), n. [G. wildgraf or D. wildgraaf. See Wild, and cf. Margrave.] A waldgrave, or head forest keeper. See Waldgrave.

 The wildgrave winds his bugle horn.

Sir W. Scott.
 Wild"ing, n. (Bot.) A wild or uncultivated plant; especially, a wild apple tree or crab apple; also, the fruit of such a plant. Spenser.
 Ten ruddy wildings in the wood I found.

Dryden.
 The fruit of the tree... is small, of little juice, and bad quality.
 I presume it to be a wilding.

Landor.
 Wild"ing, a. Not tame, domesticated, or cultivated; wild. [Poetic] "Wilding flowers." Tennyson.
 The ground squirrel gayly chirps by his den, And the wilding bee hums merrily by.

Bryant.
 Wild"ish, a. Somewhat wild; rather wild. "A wildish destiny." Wordsworth.
 Wild"ly, adv. In a wild manner; without cultivation; with disorder; rudely; distractedly; extravagantly.

 Wild"ness, n. The quality or state of being wild; an uncultivated or untamed state; disposition to rove or go unrestrained; rudeness; savageness; irregularity; distraction.

 Wild"wood (?), n. A wild or unfrequented wood. Also used adjectively; as, wildwood flowers; wildwood echoes. Burns.
 Wile (?), n. [OE. wile, AS. wl; cf. Icel. v&?;l, væl. Cf. Guile.] A trick or stratagem practiced for insnaring or deception; a sly, insidious; artifice; a beguilement; an allurement.

 Put on the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.

Eph. vi. 11.
 Not more almighty to resist our might, Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles.

Milton.
 Wile, v. t. 1. To practice artifice upon; to deceive; to beguile; to allure. [R.] Spenser.
2. To draw or turn away, as by diversion; to while or while away; to cause to pass pleasantly. Tennyson.
 Wile"ful (?), a. Full of wiles; trickish; deceitful.

 Wil"ful (?), a., Wil"ful*ly, adv., Wil"ful*ness, n. See Willful, Willfully, and Willfulness.

 Wi"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being wily; craftiness; cunning; guile.

 Wilk (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Whelk. [Obs.]

 Will (?), n. [OE. wille, AS. willa; akin to OFries.
 willa, OS. willeo, willio, D. wil, G. wille, Icel. vili, Dan. villie, Sw. vilja, Goth wilja.
 See Will, v.]

1. The power of choosing; the faculty or endowment of the soul by which it is capable of choosing; the faculty or power of the mind by which we decide to do or not to do; the power or faculty of preferring or selecting one of two or more objects.

 It is necessary to form a distinct notion of what is meant by the word "volition" in order to understand the import of the word will, for this last word expresses the power of mind of which "volition" is the act.

Stewart.
Will is an ambiguous word, being sometimes put for the faculty of willing; sometimes for the act of that faculty, besides [having] other meanings. But "volition" always signifies the act of willing, and nothing else.

Reid.
 Appetite is the will's solicitor, and the will is appetite's controller; what we covet according to the one, by the other we often reject.

Hooker.
 The will is plainly that by which the mind chooses anything.

J. Edwards.
2. The choice which is made; a determination or preference which results from the act or exercise of the power of choice; a volition.

 The word "will," however, is not always used in this its proper acceptation, but is frequently substituted for "volition", as when I say that my hand mover in obedience to my will.

Stewart.
3. The choice or determination of one who has authority; a decree; a command; discretionary pleasure.

 Thy will be done.

Matt. vi. 10.
 Our prayers should be according to the will of God.

Law.
4. Strong wish or inclination; desire; purpose.

 "Inclination is another word with which will is frequently confounded. Thus, when the apothecary says, in Romeo and Juliet, — My poverty, but not my will, consents;... Put this in any liquid thing you will, And drink it off.

 the word will is plainly used as, synonymous with inclination; not in the strict logical sense, as the immediate antecedent of action. It is with the same latitude that the word is used in common conversation, when we speak of doing a thing which duty prescribes, against one's own will; or when we speak of doing a thing willingly or unwillingly."
 Stewart.
5. That which is strongly wished or desired.

 What's your will, good friar?

Shak.
 The mariner hath his will.

Coleridge.
6. Arbitrary disposal; power to control, dispose, or determine.

 Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies.

Ps. xxvii. 12.
7. (Law) The legal declaration of a person's mind as to the manner in which he would have his property or estate disposed of after his death; the written instrument, legally executed, by which a man makes disposition of his estate, to take effect after his death; testament; devise. See the Note under Testament, 1.

 Wills are written or nuncupative, that is, oral. See Nuncupative will, under Nuncupative.

At will (Law), at pleasure. To hold an estate at the will of another, is to enjoy the possession at his pleasure, and be liable to be ousted at any time by the lessor or proprietor. An estate at will is at the will of both parties. - - Good will. See under Good. — Ill will, enmity; unfriendliness; malevolence. - - To have one's will, to obtain what is desired; to do what one pleases. — Will worship, worship according to the dictates of the will or fancy; formal worship. [Obs.] — Will worshiper


. li. 10 That I am whole, and clean, and meet for Heaven Tennyson.
7. (Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement.

8. Free from that which is corrupting to the morals; pure in tone; healthy. "Lothair is clean." F. Harrison.
9. Well-proportioned; shapely; as, clean limbs.

A clean bill of health, a certificate from the proper authority that a ship is free from infection. -- Clean breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- To make a clean breast. See under Breast.

 Clean, adv. 1. Without limitation or remainder; quite; perfectly; wholly; entirely. "Domestic broils clean overblown." Shak.
 "Clean contrary." Milton.
 All the people were passed clean over Jordan. Josh. iii.
 17.
2. Without miscarriage; not bunglingly; dexterously. [Obs.] "Pope came off clean with Homer." Henley.
 Clean (kln), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned (klnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] [See Clean, a., and cf. Cleanse.]
 To render clean; to free from whatever is foul, offensive, or extraneous; to purify; to cleanse.

To clean out, to exhaust; to empty; to get away from (one) all his money. [Colloq.] De Quincey.
 Clean"-cut' (kln"kt), a. See Clear-cut.

 Clean"er (?), n. One who, or that which, cleans.

 Clean"ing, n. 1. The act of making clean.

2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, etc. Gardner.
 Clean"li*ly (?), adv. In a cleanly manner.

 Clean"-limbed' (?), a. With well-proportioned, unblemished limbs; as, a clean-limbed young fellow. Dickens.
 Clean"li*ness (kln"l*ns), n. [From Cleanly.] State of being cleanly; neatness of person or dress.

Cleanliness from head to heel. Swift.
 Clean"ly (?), a. [Compar. Cleanlier (?); superl.
 Cleanliest.] [From Clean.] 1. Habitually clean; pure; innocent. "Cleanly joys." Glanvill.
 Some plain but cleanly country maid. Dryden.
 Displays her cleanly platter on the board. Goldsmith.
2. Cleansing; fitted to remove moisture; dirt, etc. [Obs.] "With cleanly powder dry their hair." Prior.
3. Adroit; skillful; dexterous; artful. [Obs.]

 Through his fine handling and his cleanly play. Spenser.
 Clean"ly (?), adv. 1. In a clean manner; neatly.

 He was very cleanly dressed. Dickens.
2. Innocently; without stain. Shak.
3. Adroitly; dexterously. Middleton.
 Clean"ness, n. [AS. cl&?;nnes. See Clean.] 1. The state or quality of being clean.

2. Purity of life or language; freedom from licentious courses. Chaucer.
 Cleans"a*ble (klnz"*b'l), a. Capable of being cleansed. Sherwood.
 Cleanse (klnz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleansed (klnzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] [AS. clnsian, fr. clne clean. See Clean.] To render clean; to free from fith, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean.

 If we walk in the light... the blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin. 1 John i. 7.
 Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseased, And with some sweet oblivious antidote Cleanse the suffed bosom of that perilous stuff Which weighs upon the heart? Shak.
 Cleans"er (-r), n. [AS. clnsere.] One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Arbuthnot.
 Clean"-tim'bered (?), a. Wellproportioned; symmetrical. [Poetic] Shak.
 Clear (klr), a. [Compar. Clearer (-r); superl.
 Clearest.] [OE. cler, cleer, OF. cler, F. clair, fr.L. clarus, clear, bright, loud, distinct, renowned; perh. akin to L. clamare to call, E. claim. Cf. Chanticleer, Clairvoyant, Claret, Clarify.] 1. Free from opaqueness; transparent; bright; light; luminous; unclouded.

 The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear. Denham.
 Fair as the moon, clear as the sun. Canticles vi. 10.
2. Free from ambiguity or indistinctness; lucid; perspicuous; plain; evident; manifest; indubitable.

 One truth is clear; whatever is, is right. Pope.
3. Able to perceive clearly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating; as, a clear intellect; a clear head.

 Mother of science! now I feel thy power Within me clear, not only to discern Things in their causes, but to trace the ways Of highest agents. Milton.
4. Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful.

 With a countenance as clear As friendship wears at feasts.
Shak.
5. Easily or distinctly heard; audible; canorous.

 Hark! the numbers soft and clear Gently steal upon the ear.
Pope.
6. Without mixture; entirely pure; as, clear sand.

7. Without defect or blemish, such as freckles or knots; as, a clear complexion; clear lumber.

8. Free from guilt or stain; unblemished.

 Statesman, yet friend to truth! in soul sincere, In action faithful, and in honor clear. Pope.
9. Without diminution; in full; net; as, clear profit.

 I often wished that I had clear, For life, six hundred pounds a-year. Swift.

10. Free from impediment or obstruction; unobstructed; as, a clear view; to keep clear of debt.

 My companion... left the way clear for him. Addison.
11. Free from embarrassment; detention, etc.

 The cruel corporal whispered in my ear, Five pounds, if rightly tipped, would set me clear. Gay.
Clear breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- Clear days (Law.), days reckoned from one day to another, excluding both the first and last day; as, from Sunday to Sunday there are six clear days.
 -- Clear stuff, boards, planks, etc., free from knots.

Syn. -- Manifest; pure; unmixed; pellucid; transparent; luminous; obvious; visible; plain; evident; apparent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest.

 Clear (klr), n. (Carp.) Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls; as, a room ten feet square in the clear.

 Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner; plainly.

 Now clear I understand What oft... thoughts have searched in vain. Milton.
2. Without limitation; wholly; quite; entirely; as, to cut a piece clear off.

 Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clearing.] 1. To render bright, transparent, or undimmed; to free from clouds.

 He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north. Dryden.
2. To free from impurities; to clarify; to cleanse.

3. To free from obscurity or ambiguity; to relive of perplexity; to make perspicuous.

 Many knotty points there are Which all discuss, but few can clear.
Prior.
4. To render more quick or acute, as the understanding; to make perspic


, and, because, so far as it is possible to do so, it is thought wise to retain the simple native forms of such words as it seems necessary or best to incorporate in our language, especially in scientific language.
The sixteenth degree of north latitude cuts across Luzon probably as far south as any people of the Igorot group are now located.
It is believed they occupy all the mountain country northward in the island except the territory of the Ibilao in the southeastern part of the area and some of the most inaccessible mountains in eastern Luzon, which are occupied by Negritos.
There are from 150,000 to 225,000 Igorot in Igorot land. The census of the Archipelago taken in 1903 will give the number as about 185,000. In the northern part of Pangasinan Province, the southwestern part of Page 28the territory, there are reported about 3,150 pagan people under various local names, as "Igorrotes," "Infieles" [pagans], and "Nuevos Christianos." In Benguet Province there are some 23,000, commonly known as "Benguet Igorrotes." In Union Province there are about 4,400 primitive people, generally called "Igorrotes." Ilokos Sur has nearly 8,000, half of whom are known to history as "Tinguianes" and half as "Igorrotes." The Province of Ilokos Norte has nearly 9,000, which number is divided quite evenly between "Igorrotes," "Tinguianes," and "Infieles." Abra Province has in round numbers 13,500 pagan Malayans, most of whom are historically known as "Alzados" and "Tinguianes." These Tinguian ethnically belong to the great Igorot group, and in northern Bontoc Province, where they are known as Itneg, flow into and are not distinguishable from the Igorot; but no effort is made in this monograph to cut the Tinguian asunder from the position they have gained in historic and ethnologic writings as a separate people. The Province of Lepanto-Bontoc has, according to records, about 70,500 "Igorrotes," "Tinguianes," and "Caylingas," but I believe a more careful census will show it has nearer 100,000. Nueva Ecija is reported to have half a hundred "Tinguianes." The Province of Nueva Vizcaya has some 46,000 people locally and historically known as "Bunnayans," a large group in the Spanish comandancia of Quiangan; the "Silapanes," also a large group of people closely associated with the Bunayan; the Isinay, a small group in the southern part of the province; the Alamit, a considerable group of Silipan people dwelling along the Alamit River in the comandancia of Quiangan; and the small Ayangan group of the Bunayan people of Quiangan.
Cagayan Province has about 11,000 "Caylingas" and "Ipuyaos." Isabela Province is reported as having about 2,700 primitive Malayans of the Igorot group; they are historically known as "Igorrotes," "Gaddanes," "Calingas," and "Ifugaos." The following forms of the above names of different dialect groups of Ĭg-o-rot′ have been adopted by The Ethnological Survey: Tĭn-gui-an′, Ka-lĭn′-ga, Bun-a-yan′, I-sa-nay′, A-la′-mĭt, Sĭl-i-pan′, Ay-an′-gan, Ĭ-pu-kao′, and Gad-an′.
It is believed that all the mountain people of the northern half of Luzon, except the Negritos, came to the island in some of the earliest of the movements that swept the coasts of the Archipelago from the south and spread over the inland areas—succeeding waves of people, having more culture, driving their cruder blood fellows farther inland. Though originally of one blood, and though they are all to-day in a similar broad culture-grade—that is, all are mountain agriculturists, and all are, or until recently have been, head-hunters—yet it does not follow that the Igorot groups have to-day identical culture; quite the contrary is true. There are many and wide differences even in important cultural expressions which are due to environment, long isolation, and in some cases to Page 29ideas and processes borrowed from different neighboring peoples. Very misleading statements have sometimes been made in regard to the Igorot—customs from different groups have been jumbled together in one description until a man has been pictured who can not be found anywhere. All except the most general statements are worse than wasted unless a particular group is designated.
An illustration of some of the differences between groups of typical Igorot will make this clearer. I select as examples the people of Bontoc and the adjoining Quiangan district in northern Nueva Vizcaya Province, both of whom are commonly known as Igorot. It must be noted that the people of both areas are practically unmodified by modern culture and both are constant head-hunters. With scarcely one exception Bontoc pueblos are single clusters of buildings; in Banawi pueblo of the Quiangan area there are eleven separate groups of dwellings, each group situated on a prominence which may be easily protected by the inhabitants against an enemy below them; and other Quiangan pueblos are similarly built. As will be brought out in succeeding chapters, the social and political institutions of the two peoples differ widely. In Bontoc the head weapon is a battle-ax, in Quiangan it is a long knife. Most of the head-hunting practices of the two peoples are different, especially as to the disposition of the skulls of the victims. Bontoc men wear their hair long, and have developed a small pocket-hat to confine the hair and contain small objects carried about; the men of Quiangan wear their hair short, have nothing whatever of the nature of the pocket-hat, but have developed a unique hand bag which is used as a pocket. In the Quiangan area a highly conventionalized wood-carving art has developed—beautiful eating spoons with figures of men and women carved on the handles and food bowls cut in animal figures are everywhere found; while in Bontoc only the most crude and artless wood carving is made. In language there is such a difference that Bontoc men who accompanied me into the northern part of the large Quiangan area, only a long day from Bontoc pueblo, could not converse with Quiangan men, even about such common things as travelers in a strange territory need to learn.
It is because of the many differences in cultural expressions between even small and neighboring communities of the primitive people of the Philippine Archipelago that I wish to be understood in this paper as speaking of the one group—the Bontoc Igorot culture group; a group however, in every essential typical of the numerous Igorot peoples of the mountains of northern Luzon.
Page 30 1 Imperata arundicea.
2 Bubalus kerabau ferus (Nehring).
3 Pages 72–74 of the Report of the Director of the Philippine Weather Bureau, 1901–1902; Part First, The Climate of Baguio (Benguet), by Rev. Fr. José Algué, S. J. (Manila, Observatory Printing Office, 1902.)
Chapter II The Bontoc Culture Group Bontoc culture area The Bontoc culture area nearly equals the old Spanish Distrito Politico-Militar of Bontoc, presented to the American public in a Government publication in 1900.1 The Spanish Bontoc area was estimated about 4,500 square kilometers. This was probably too large an estimate, and it is undoubtedly an overestimate for the Bontoc culture area, the northern border of which is farther south than the border of the Spanish Bontoc area.
The area is well in the center of northern Luzon and is cut off by watersheds from other territory, except on the northeast.
The most prominent of these watersheds is Polis Mountain, extending along the eastern and southern sides of the area; it is supposed to reach a height of over 7,000 feet. The western watershed is an undifferentiated range of the Cordillera Central. To the north stretches a large area of the present Province of Bontoc, though until 1903 most of that northern territory was embraced in the Province of Abra. The Province of Isabela lies to the east; Nueva Vizcaya and Lepanto border the area on the south, and Lepanto and Abra border it on the west.
The Bontoc culture area lies entirely in the mountains,


Last photograph of O. Henry, 1909 The last photograph of O. Henry, taken by W. M. Vanderwayde (New York) in 1909 ROLLING STONES by O. Henry Author of "The Four Million," "The Voice of the City," "The Trimmed Lamp," "Strictly Business," "Sixes and Sevens," etc.

1919 O. Henry, Afrite-Chef of all delight— Of all delectables conglomerate That stay the starved brain and rejuvenate The Mental Man! The æsthetic appetite— So long enhungered that the "inards" fight And growl gutwise—its pangs thou dost abate And all so amiably alleviate, Joy pats his belly as a hobo might Who haply hath obtained a cherry pie With no burnt crust at all, ner any seeds; Nothin' but crisp crust, and the thickness fit.
And squashin'-juicy, an' jes' mighty nigh Too dratted, drippin'-sweet for human needs, But fer the sosh of milk that goes with it.
Written in the character of "Sherrard Plummer" by James Whitcomb Riley CONTENTS Introduction The Dream A Ruler of Men The Atavism of John Tom Little Bear Helping the Other Fellow The Marionettes The Marquis and Miss Sally A Fog in Santone The Friendly Call A Dinner at ––––* Sound and Fury Tictocq Tracked to Doom A Snapshot at the President An Unfinished Christmas Story The Unprofitable Servant Aristocracy Versus Hash The Prisoner of Zembla A Strange Story Fickle Fortune, or How Gladys Hustled An Apology Lord Oakhurst's Curse Bexar Scrip No. 2692 Queries and Answers Poems The Pewee Nothing to Say The Murderer Some Postscripts Two Portraits A Contribution The Old Farm Vanity The Lullaby Boy Chanson de Bohême Hard to Forget Drop a Tear in This Slot Tamales Letters ILLUSTRATIONS The last photograph of O. Henry (Frontispiece) The editor's own statement of his aims (Advertisement for The Rolling Stone) Record of births and deaths from the Porter Family Bible O. Henry at the age of two The "Hill City Quartet," to which O. Henry belonged as a young man in Austin O. Henry in Austin, Texas, 1896 Emigrants' Camp (An early drawing by O. Henry) "Can the horse run?" (cartoon from The Rolling Stone) "Will you go in?" (cartoon from The Rolling Stone) "Here we have Kate and John." (cartoon from The Rolling Stone) "Did he go up?" (cartoon from The Rolling Stone) "See Tom and the dog." (cartoon from The Rolling Stone) "See him do it." (cartoon from The Rolling Stone) Letters that the boy Will Porter brought along from North Carolina to Texas Letter: "A young man of good moral character and an A No. 1 Druggist." "The Plunkville Patriot," April 2, 1895 The Rolling Stone, January 26, 1895 A page from "The Plunkville Patriot" A front page of The Rolling Stone A page from "The Plunkville Patriot" "Dear me, General, who is that dreadful man?" (cartoon) "Well, I declare, those gentlemen must be brothers." (cartoon) "Oh papa, what is that?" (cartoon from The Rolling Stone, April 27, 1895) Cartoon by O. Henry Cartoon by O. Henry Can he make the jump? (cartoon from The Rolling Stone, October 13, 1894 Page from "The Plunkville Patriot" A letter to his daughter Margaret.

THE ROLLING STONE is a weekly paper published in Austin, Texas every Saturday and will endeavor to fill a long-felt want that does not appear, by the way, to be altogether insatiable at present.
THE IDEA IS to fill its pages with matter that will make a heart-rending appeal to every lover of good literature, and every person who has a taste for reading print; and a dollar and a half for a year's subscription.
OUR SPECIAL PREMIUM For the next thirty days and from that time on indefinitely, whoever will bring two dollars in cash to The Rolling Stone office will be entered on the list of subscribers for one year and will have returned to him on the spot FIFTY CENTS IN CASH The editor's own statement of his aims INTRODUCTION This the twelfth and final volume of O. Henry's work gets its title from an early newspaper venture of which he was the head and front. On April 28, 1894, there appeared in Austin, Texas, volume 1, number 3, of The Rolling Stone, with a circulation greatly in excess of that of the only two numbers that had gone before.
Apparently the business office was encouraged. The first two issues of one thousand copies each had been bought up. Of the third an edition of six thousand was published and distributed free, so that the business men of Austin, Texas, might know what a good medium was at hand for their advertising. The editor and proprietor and illustrator of The Rolling Stone was Will Porter, incidentally Paying and Receiving Teller in Major Brackenridge's bank.
Perhaps the most characteristic feature of the paper was "The Plunkville Patriot," a page each week—or at least with the regularity of the somewhat uncertain paper itself—purporting to be reprinted from a contemporary journal. The editor of the Plunkville Patriot was Colonel Aristotle Jordan, unrelenting enemy of his enemies. When the Colonel's application for the postmastership in Plunkville is ignored, his columns carry a bitter attack on the administration at Washington. With the public weal at heart, the Patriot announces that "there is a dangerous hole in the front steps of the Elite saloon." Here, too, appears the delightful literary item that Mark Twain and Charles Egbert Craddock are spending the summer together in their Adirondacks camp. "Free," runs its advertising column, "a clergyman who cured himself of fits will send one book containing 100 popular songs, one repeating rifle, two decks easywinner cards and 1 liver pad free of charge for $8. Address Sucker & Chump, Augusta, Me." The office moves nearly every week, probably in accordance with the time-honored principle involving the comparative ease of moving and paying rent. When the Colonel publishes his own candidacy for mayor, he further declares that the Patriot will accept no announcements for municipal offices until after "our" (the editor's) canvass. Adams & Co., grocers, order their $2.25 ad.
discontinued and find later in the Patriot this estimate of their product: "No less than three children have been poisoned by eating their canned vegetables, and J. O. Adams, the senior member of the firm, was run out of Kansas City for adulterating codfish balls.
It pays to advertise." Here is the editorial in which the editor first announces his campaign: "Our worthy mayor, Colonel Henry Stutty, died this morning after an illness of about five minutes, brought on by carrying a bouquet to Mrs. Eli Watts just as Eli got in from a fishing trip. Ten minutes later we had dodgers out announcing our candidacy for the office. We have lived in Plunkville going on five years and have never been elected anything yet. We understand the mayor business thoroughly and if elected some people will wish wolves had stolen them from their cradles…" The page from the Patriot is presented with an array of perfectly confused type, of artistic errors in setting up, and when an occasional line gets shifted (intentionally, of course) the effect is alarming. Anybody who knows the advertising of a small country weekly


and water turkey. The Asiatic species (A. melanogaster) is native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Two other species inhabit Africa and Australia respectively.

2. (Zoöl.) The wryneck.

 Snake"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The band fish.
 (b) The lizard fish.

 Snake"head' (?), n. 1. A loose, bent-up end of one of the strap rails, or flat rails, formerly used on American railroads. It was sometimes so bent by the passage of a train as to slip over a wheel and pierce the bottom of a car.

2. (Bot.) (a) The turtlehead. (b) The Guinea-hen flower. See Snake's-head, and under Guinea.

 Snake"neck' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The snakebird, 1.

 Snake"root' (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of several plants of different genera and species, most of which are (or were formerly) reputed to be efficacious as remedies for the bites of serpents; also, the roots of any of these.

 The Virginia snakeroot is Aristolochia Serpentaria; black snakeroot is Sanicula, esp. S. Marilandica, also Cimicifuga racemosa; Seneca snakeroot is Polygala Senega; button snakeroot is Liatris, also Eryngium; white snakeroot is Eupatorium ageratoides. The name is also applied to some others besides these.

 Snake's"-head' (?), n. (Bot.) The Guinea-hen flower; -- so called in England because its spotted petals resemble the scales of a snake's head. Dr. Prior.
Snake's-head iris (Bot.), an iridaceous plant (Hermodactylus tuberosus) of the Mediterranean region. The flowers slightly resemble a serpent's open mouth.

 Snake"stone' (?), n. 1. A kind of hone slate or whetstone obtained in Scotland.

2. (Paleon.) An ammonite; -- so called from its form, which resembles that of a coiled snake.

 Snake's-tongue' (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Adder's-tongue.

 Snake"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of knotweed (Polygonum Bistorta). (b) The Virginia snakeroot. See Snakeroot.

 Snake"wood' (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An East Indian climbing plant (Strychnos colubrina) having a bitter taste, and supposed to be a remedy for the bite of the hooded serpent. (b) An East Indian climbing shrub (Ophioxylon serpentinum) which has the roots and stems twisted so as to resemble serpents. (c) Same as Trumpetwood. (d) A tropical American shrub (Plumieria rubra) which has very fragrant red blossoms. (e) Same as Letterwood.

 Snak"ish (?), a. Having the qualities or characteristics of a snake; snaky.

 Snak"y (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a snake or snakes; resembling a snake; serpentine; winding.

 The red light playing upon its gilt and carving gave it an appearance of snaky life.

L. Wallace.
2. Sly; cunning; insinuating; deceitful.

 So to the coast of Jordan he directs His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles.

Milton.
3. Covered with serpents; having serpents; as, a snaky rod or wand. Dryden.
 That snaky-headed, Gorgon shield.

Milton.
 Snap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snapped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Snapping.] [LG. or D. snappen to snap up, to snatch; akin to G. schnappen, MHG. snaben, Dan. snappe, and to D. snavel beak, bill. Cf. Neb, Snaffle, n.] 1.
 To break at once; to break short, as substances that are brittle.

 Breaks the doors open, snaps the locks.

Prior.
2. To strike, to hit, or to shut, with a sharp sound.

3. To bite or seize suddenly, especially with the teeth.

 He, by playing too often at the mouth of death, has been snapped by it at last.

South.
4. To break upon suddenly with sharp, angry words; to treat snappishly; -- usually with up. Granville.
5. To crack; to cause to make a sharp, cracking noise; as, to snap a whip.

 MacMorian snapped his fingers repeatedly.

Sir W. Scott.
6. To project with a snap.

To snap back (Football), to roll the ball back with the foot; -- done only by the center rush, who thus delivers the ball to the quarter back on his own side when both sides are ranged in line. -- To snap off. (a) To break suddenly. (b) To bite off suddenly.

 Snap, v. i. 1. To break short, or at once; to part asunder suddenly; as, a mast snaps; a needle snaps.

 But this weapon will snap short, unfaithful to the hand that employs it.

Burke.
2. To give forth, or produce, a sharp, cracking noise; to crack; as, blazing firewood snaps.

3. To make an effort to bite; to aim to seize with the teeth; to catch eagerly (at anything); -- often with at; as, a dog snapsat a passenger; a fish snaps at the bait.

4. To utter sharp, harsh, angry words; -- often with at; as, to snap at a child.

5. To miss fire; as, the gun snapped.

 Snap, n. [Cf. D. snap a snatching. See Snap, v. t.]
 1. A sudden breaking or rupture of any substance.

2. A sudden, eager bite; a sudden seizing, or effort to seize, as with the teeth.

3. A sudden, sharp motion or blow, as with the finger sprung from the thumb, or the thumb from the finger.

4. A sharp, abrupt sound, as that made by the crack of a whip; as, the snap of the trigger of a gun.

5. A greedy fellow. L'Estrange.
6. That which is, or may be, snapped up; something bitten off, seized, or obtained by a single quick movement; hence, a bite, morsel, or fragment; a scrap.

 He's a nimble fellow, And alike skilled in every liberal science, As having certain snaps of all.

B. Jonson.
7. A sudden severe interval or spell; -- applied to the weather; as, a cold snap. Lowell.
8. A small catch or fastening held or closed by means of a spring, or one which closes with a snapping sound, as the catch of a bracelet, necklace, clasp of a book, etc.

9. (Zoöl.) A snap beetle.

10. A thin, crisp cake, usually small, and flavored with ginger; -- used chiefly in the plural.

11. Briskness; vigor; energy; decision. [Colloq.]

12. Any circumstance out of which money may be made or an advantage gained. [Slang] Snap back (Football), the act of snapping back the ball. -- Snap beetle, or Snap bug (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Elateridæ, which, when laid on its back, is able to leap to a considerable height by means of a thoracic spring; -- called also snapping beetle. -- Snap flask (Molding), a flask for small work, having its sides separable and held together by latches, so that the flask may be removed from around the sand mold. -- Snap judgment, a judgment formed on the instant without deliberation. -- Snap lock, a lock shutting with a catch or snap. -- Snap riveting, riveting in which the rivets have snapheads formed by a die or swaging tool. -- Snap shot, a quick offhand shot, without deliberately taking aim.

 Snap"drag'on (?),


. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n. Ar*min"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609).

 The Arminian doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace.

 Ar*min"i*an*ism (&?;), n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.

 Ar*mip"o*tence (&?;), n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.]
 Power in arms. [R.] Johnson.
 Ar*mip"o*tent (&?;), a. [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.]
 Powerful in arms; mighty in battle.

 The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden.
 { Ar*mis"o*nant (&?;), Ar*mis"o*nous (&?;), } a. [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.]
 Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.]

 Ar"mis*tice (&?;), n. [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, -stitum), to stand still.] A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce.

 Arm"less (&?;), a. 1. Without any arm or branch.

2. Destitute of arms or weapons.

 Arm"let (&?;), n. [Arm + -let.] 1. A small arm; as, an armlet of the sea. Johnson.
2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm.

3. Armor for the arm.

 Ar*mo"ni*ac (&?;), a. Ammoniac. [Obs.]

 Ar"mor (&?;), n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF.
 armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.]
 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle.

 In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide.

2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery.

Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc.
 -- Submarine, a watertight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine.

 Ar"mor-bear'er (&?;), n. One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54.
 Ar"mored (&?;), a. Clad with armor.

 Ar"mor*er (&?;), n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms.

2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak.
3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc.

 Ar*mo"ri*al (&?;), a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family.

 Figures with armorial signs of race and birth. Wordsworth.
Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4.

 { Ar*mor"ic (&?;), Ar*mor"i*can (&?;), } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. -- n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.

 Ar*mor"i*can, n. A native of Armorica.

 Ar"mor*ist (&?;), n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.
 Ar"mor-plat'ed (&?;), a. Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steel-clad.

 This day will be launched... the first armorplated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain. Times (Dec. 29, 1860).
 Ar"mo*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Armories (&?;). [OF.
 armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping.

2. Armor; defensive and offensive arms.

 Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears. Milton.
3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.]

4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser.
5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor.

 The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin. Cussans.
 { Ar'mo*zeen", Ar'mo*zine" } (&?;), n. [armosin, armoisin.]
 A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds.
 Arm"pit' (&?;), n. [Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla.

 Arm"rack' (&?;), n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms.

 Arms (&?;), n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense.

 He lays down his arms, but not his wiles. Milton.
 Three horses and three goodly suits of arms. Tennyson.
2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. "Arms and the man I sing." Dryden.
3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell.
 Blackstone.
4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.

5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot.
 Halliwell.
Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. -- In arms,


. To give a shock to; to cause to shake or waver; hence, to strike against suddenly; to encounter with violence.

 Come the three corners of the world in arms, And we shall shock them.

Shak.
 I shall never forget the force with which he shocked De Vipont.

Sir W. Scott.
2. To strike with surprise, terror, horror, or disgust; to cause to recoil; as, his violence shocked his associates.

 Advise him not to shock a father's will.

Dryden.
 Shock, v. i. To meet with a shock; to meet in violent encounter.
 "They saw the moment approach when the two parties would shock together." De Quincey.
 Shock, n. [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zoöl.) A dog with long hair or shag; -- called also shockdog.

2. A thick mass of bushy hair; as, a head covered with a shock of sandy hair.

 Shock, a. Bushy; shaggy; as, a shock hair.

 His red shock peruke... was laid aside.

Sir W. Scott.
 Shock"dog' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See 7th Shock, 1.

 Shock"-head' (?), a. Shockheaded. Tennyson.
 Shock"-head'ed, a. Having a thick and bushy head of hair.

 Shock"ing, a. Causing to shake or tremble, as by a blow; especially, causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting.

 The grossest and most shocking villainies.

Secker.
 -- Shock"ing*ly, adv. -- Shock"ing*ness, n. Shod (?), imp. & p. p. f Shoe.

 Shod"dy (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shedor thrown off.] 1. A fibrous material obtained by "deviling," or tearing into fibers, refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. See Mungo.

2. A fabric of inferior quality made of, or containing a large amount of, shoddy.

 The great quantity of shoddy goods furnished as army supplies in the late Civil War in the United States gave wide currency to the word, and it came to be applied to persons who pretend to a higher position in society than that to which their breeding or worth entitles them.

 Shod"dy, a. Made wholly or in part of shoddy; containing shoddy; as, shoddy cloth; shoddy blankets; hence, colloquially, not genuine; sham; pretentious; as, shoddy aristocracy.

Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.

Compton Reade.
 Shod"dy*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being shoddy. [Colloq.]
 See the Note under Shoddy, n. Shode (?), n. [AS. scde, fr. sceádan. See Shed, v. t.] 1. The parting of the hair on the head. [Obs.]

 Full straight and even lay his jolly shode.

Chaucer.
2. The top of the head; the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Shode, Shod"ing }. See Shoad, Shoading.

 Sho"der (?), n. A package of gold beater's skins in which gold is subjected to the second process of beating.

 Shoe (?), n.; pl. Shoes (#), formerly Shoon (#), now provincial. [OE. sho, scho, AS. sc&?;h, sceóh; akin to OFries. sk&?;, OS. sk&?;h, D. schoe, schoen, G. schuh, OHG. scuoh, Icel.
 sk&?;r, Dan. & Sw. sko, Goth. sk&?;hs; of unknown origin.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually made of leather, having a thick and somewhat stiff sole and a lighter top. It differs from a boot on not extending so far up the leg.

 Your hose should be ungartered,... yourshoe untied.

Shak.
 Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon.

Shak.
2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, position, or use.
 Specifically: (a) A plate or rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury. (b) A band of iron or steel, or a ship of wood, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle which slides on the snow. (c) A drag, or sliding piece of wood or iron, placed under the wheel of a loaded vehicle, to retard its motion in going down a hill. (d) The part of a railroad car brake which presses upon the wheel to retard its motion. (e) (Arch.)
 A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building. (f) (Milling.) The trough or spout for conveying the grain from the hopper to the eye of the millstone. (g) An inclined trough in an ore-crushing mill. (h) An iron socket or plate to take the thrust of a strut or rafter. (i) An iron socket to protect the point of a wooden pile. (j) (Mach.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; -- called also slipper, and gib.

Shoe is often used adjectively, or in composition; as, shoe buckle, or shoe-buckle; shoe latchet, or shoe-latchet; shoe leathet, or shoe-leather; shoe string, shoe-string, or shoestring.

Shoe of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) A small block of wood, convex on the back, with a hole to receive the point of the anchor fluke, -- used to prevent the anchor from tearing the planks of the vessel when raised or lowered. (b) A broad, triangular piece of plank placed upon the fluke to give it a better hold in soft ground. -- Shoe block (Naut.), a block with two sheaves, one above the other, and at right angles to each other. -- Shoe bolt, a bolt with a flaring head, for fastening shoes on sleigh runners. -- Shoe pac, a kind of moccasin. See Pac. -- Shoe stone, a sharpening stone used by shoemakers and other workers in leather.

 Shoe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Shoeing.] [AS. sc&?;ian, sce&?;ian. See Shoe, n.] 1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes; to put a shoe or shoes on; as, to shoe a horse, a sled, an anchor.

2. To protect or ornament with something which serves the purpose of a shoe; to tip.

 The sharp and small end of the billiard stick, which is shod with brass or silver.

Evelyn.
 Shoe"bill' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large African wading bird (Balæniceps rex) allied to the storks and herons, and remarkable for its enormous broad swollen bill. It inhabits the valley of the White Nile. See Illust. (l.) of Beak.

 Shoe"black' (?), n. One who polishes shoes.

 { Shoe"horn', Shoe"ing-horn' } (?), n. 1. A curved piece of polished horn, wood, or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe.

2. Figuratively: (a) Anything by which a transaction is facilitated; a medium; -- by way of contempt. Spectator. (b) Anything which draws on or allures; an inducement. [Low] Beau. & Fl.
 Shoe"less, a. Destitute of shoes. Addison.
 Shoe"mak'er (?), n. 1. One whose occupation it is


coming you shall fully know. Yesterday, the 15th of September, I landed all weary, therefore I pray you pardon my shortness.
Sandridge, this 16th of September, Anno 1587.
Yours equal as mine own, which by trial you shall best know, John Davis.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES IN SEARCH OF THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE***


will be known by consequence, as being only a privation, or absence, of good.

South.
Privation mere of light and absent day.

Milton.
 Priv"a*tive (?), a. [L. privativus: cf. F. privatif.
 See Private.] 1. Causing privation; depriving.

2. Consisting in the absence of something; not positive; negative.

Privative blessings, blessings of immunity, safeguard, liberty, and integrity.

Jer. Taylor.
3. (Gram.) Implying privation or negation; giving a negative force to a word; as, alpha privative; privative particles; -- applied to such prefixes and suffixes as a- (Gr. &?;), un-, non-, -less.

 Priv"a*tive, n.
1. That of which the essence is the absence of something.

 Blackness and darkness are indeed but privatives.

Bacon.
2. (Logic) A term indicating the absence of any quality which might be naturally or rationally expected; -- called also privative term.

3. (Gram.) A privative prefix or suffix. See Privative, a., 3.

 Priv"a*tive*ly, adv. In a privative manner; by the absence of something; negatively. [R.] Hammond.
 Priv"a*tive*ness, n. The state of being privative.

 Priv"et (?), n. [Cf. Scot. privie, Prov. E. prim-print, primwort. Prob. for primet, and perh. named from being cut and trimmed. See, Prim, a., and cf. Prime to prune, Prim, n., Prie, n.] (Bot.) An ornamental European shrub (Ligustrum vulgare), much used in hedges; -- called also prim.

Egyptian privet. See Lawsonia. -- Evergreen privet, a plant of the genus Rhamnus. See Alatern. -- Mock privet, any one of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Phillyrea. They are from the Mediterranean region, and have been much cultivated for hedges and for fancifully clipped shrubberies.

 Priv"i*lege (?), n. [F. privilège, L. privilegium an ordinance or law against or in favor of an individual; privus private + lex, legis, law. See Private, and Legal.]

1. A peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor; a right or immunity not enjoyed by others or by all; special enjoyment of a good, or exemption from an evil or burden; a prerogative; advantage; franchise.

 He pleads the legal privilege of a Roman.

Kettlewell.
 The privilege birthright was a double portion.

Locke.
 A people inheriting privileges, franchises, and liberties.

Burke.
2. (Stockbroker's Cant) See Call, Put, Spread, etc.

Breach of privilege. See under Breach. -- Question of privilege (Parliamentary practice), a question which concerns the security of a member of a legislative body in his special privileges as such. -- Water privilege, the advantage of having machinery driven by a stream, or a place affording such advantage. [ U. S.] -- Writ of privilege (Law), a writ to deliver a privileged person from custody when arrested in a civil suit. Blackstone.
Syn. -- Prerogative; immunity; franchise; right; claim; liberty. -- Privilege, Prerogative. Privilege, among the Romans, was something conferred upon an individual by a private law; and hence, it denotes some peculiar benefit or advantage, some right or immunity, not enjoyed by the world at large. Prerogative, among the Romans, was the right of voting first; and, hence, it denotes a right of precedence, or of doing certain acts, or enjoying certain privileges, to the exclusion of others.
 It is the privilege of a member of Congress not to be called in question elsewhere for words uttered in debate. It is the prerogative of the president to nominate judges and executive officers. It is the privilege of a Christian child to be instructed in the true religion. It is the prerogative of a parent to govern and direct his children.

 Priv"i*lege (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Privileged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Privileging.] [Cf. F. privilégier.]

1. To grant some particular right or exemption to; to invest with a peculiar right or immunity; to authorize; as, to privilege representatives from arrest.

 To privilege dishonor in thy name.

Shak.
2. To bring or put into a condition of privilege or exemption from evil or danger; to exempt; to deliver.

 He took this place for sanctuary, And it shall privilege him from your hands.

Shak.
 Priv"i*leged (?), a. Invested with a privilege; enjoying a peculiar right, advantage, or immunity.

Privileged communication. (Law) (a) A communication which can not be disclosed without the consent of the party making it, -- such as those made by a client to his legal adviser, or by persons to their religious or medical advisers. (b) A communication which does not expose the party making it to indictment for libel, -- such as those made by persons communicating confidentially with a government, persons consulted confidentially as to the character of servants, etc. -- Privileged debts (Law), those to which a preference in payment is given out of the estate of a deceased person, or out of the estate of an insolvent. Wharton. Burrill. -- Privileged witnesses (Law) witnesses who are not obliged to testify as to certain things, as lawyers in relation to their dealings with their clients, and officers of state as to state secrets; also, by statute, clergymen and physicans are placed in the same category, so far as concerns information received by them professionally.

 Priv"i*ly, adv. In a privy manner; privately; secretly. Chaucer.
2 Pet. ii. 1.
 Priv"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Privities (-tz). [From Privy, a.: cf. F. privauté extreme familiarity.]

1. Privacy; secrecy; confidence. Chaucer.
 I will unto you, in privity, discover... my purpose.

Spenser.
2. Private knowledge; joint knowledge with another of a private concern; cognizance implying consent or concurrence.

 All the doors were laid open for his departure, not without the privity of the Prince of Orange.

Swift.
3. A private matter or business; a secret. Chaucer.
4. pl. The genitals; the privates.

5. (Law) A connection, or bond of union, between parties, as to some particular transaction; mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property.

 Priv"y (?), a. [F. privé, fr. L. privatus. See Private.]

1. Of or pertaining to some person exclusively; assigned to private uses; not public; private; as, the privy purse. " Privee knights and squires." Chaucer.
2. Secret; clandestine. " A privee thief." Chaucer.
3. Appropriated to retirement; private; not open to the public. "
 Privy chambers." Ezek. xxi. 14.
4. Admitted to knowledge of a secret transaction; secretly cognizant; privately knowing.

 His wife also being privy to it.

Acts v. 2.
 Myself am one made privy to the plot.

Shak.
Privy chamber, a private apartment in a royal residence. [Eng.] -- Privy council (Eng. Law), the principal council of the sovereign, composed of the cabinet ministers and other persons chosen by the king or queen. Burrill. -- Privy councilor, a member of the privy council. -- Privy purse, moneys set apart for the personal use of the


under Range. -- Position micrometer, a micrometer applied to the tube of an astronomical telescope for measuring angles of position in the field of view. -- Single position (Arith.), the method of solving problems, in which the result obtained by operating with an assumed number is to the true result as the number assumed is to the number required. -- Strategic position (Mil.), a position taken up by an army or a large detachment of troops for the purpose of checking or observing an opposing force.

Syn. -- Situation; station; place; condition; attitude; posture; proposition; assertion; thesis.

 Po*si"tion (?), v. t. To indicate the position of; to place. [R.]
 Encyc. Brit.
 Po*si"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to position.

 Ascribing unto plants positional operations.

Sir T. Browne.
 Pos"i*tive (?), a. [OE. positif, F. positif, L. positivus.
 See Position.] 1. Having a real position, existence, or energy; existing in fact; real; actual; -- opposed to negative. "Positive good." Bacon.
2. Derived from an object by itself; not dependent on changing circumstances or relations; absolute; -- opposed to relative; as, the idea of beauty is not positive, but depends on the different tastes individuals.

3. Definitely laid down; explicitly stated; clearly expressed; -- opposed to implied; as, a positive declaration or promise.

Positive words, that he would not bear arms against King Edward's son.

Bacon.
4. Hence: Not admitting of any doubt, condition, qualification, or discretion; not dependent on circumstances or probabilities; not speculative; compelling assent or obedience; peremptory; indisputable; decisive; as, positive instructions; positive truth; positive proof. "'T is positive 'gainst all exceptions." Shak.
5. Prescribed by express enactment or institution; settled by arbitrary appointment; said of laws.

 In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally; that which is positive, not so.

Hooker.
6. Fully assured; confident; certain; sometimes, overconfident; dogmatic; overbearing; -- said of persons.

 Some positive, persisting fops we know, That, if once wrong, will needs be always.

Pope.
7. Having the power of direct action or influence; as, a positive voice in legislation. Swift.
8. (Photog.) Corresponding with the original in respect to the position of lights and shades, instead of having the lights and shades reversed; as, a positive picture.

9. (Chem.) (a) Electropositive. (b) Hence, basic; metallic; not acid; -- opposed to negative, and said of metals, bases, and basic radicals.

Positive crystals (Opt.), a doubly refracting crystal in which the index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is greater than for the ordinary ray, and the former is refracted nearer to the axis than the latter, as quartz and ice; -- opposed to negative crystal, or one in which this characteristic is reversed, as Iceland spar, tourmaline, etc. -- Positive degree (Gram.), that state of an adjective or adverb which denotes simple quality, without comparison or relation to increase or diminution; as, wise, noble. -- Positive electricity (Elec), the kind of electricity which is developed when glass is rubbed with silk, or which appears at that pole of a voltaic battery attached to the plate that is not attacked by the exciting liquid; -- formerly called vitreous electricity; -- opposed to negative electricity. -- Positive eyepiece. See under Eyepiece. -- Positive law. See Municipal law, under Law. -- Positive motion (Mach.), motion which is derived from a driver through unyielding intermediate pieces, or by direct contact, and not through elastic connections, nor by means of friction, gravity, etc.; definite motion. -- Positive philosophy. See Positivism. -- Positive pole. (a) (Elec.)
 The pole of a battery or pile which yields positive or vitreous electricity; -- opposed to negative pole. (b) (Magnetism) The north pole. [R.] -- Positive quantity (Alg.), an affirmative quantity, or one affected by the sign plus [+]. -- Positive rotation (Mech.), left-handed rotation. -- Positive sign (Math.), the sign [+] denoting plus, or more, or addition.

 Pos"i*tive, n. 1. That which is capable of being affirmed; reality. South.
2. That which settles by absolute appointment.

3. (Gram.) The positive degree or form.

4. (Photog.) A picture in which the lights and shades correspond in position with those of the original, instead of being reversed, as in a negative. R. Hunt.
5. (Elec.) The positive plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.

 Pos"i*tive*ly, adv. In a positive manner; absolutely; really; expressly; with certainty; indubitably; peremptorily; dogmatically; -- opposed to negatively.

 Good and evil which is removed may be esteemed good or evil comparatively, and positively simply.

Bacon.
 Give me some breath, some little pause, my lord, Before I positively speak herein.

Shak.
 I would ask... whether... the divine law does not positively require humility and meekness.

Sprat.
Positively charged or electrified (Elec.), having a charge of positive electricity; -- opposed to negatively electrified.

 Pos"i*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being positive; reality; actualness; certainty; confidence; peremptoriness; dogmatism. See Positive, a. Positiveness, pedantry, and ill manners.

Swift.
 The positiveness of sins of commission lies both in the habitude of the will and in the executed act too; the positiveness of sins of omission is in the habitude of the will only.

Norris.
 Pos"i*tiv*ism (?), n. A system of philosophy originated by M. Auguste Comte, which deals only with positives. It excludes from philosophy everything but the natural phenomena or properties of knowable things, together with their invariable relations of coexistence and succession, as occurring in time and space. Such relations are denominated laws, which are to be discovered by observation, experiment, and comparison. This philosophy holds all inquiry into causes, both efficient and final, to be useless and unprofitable.

 Pos"i*tiv*ist, n. A believer in positivism. -- a. Relating to positivism.

 Pos'i*tiv"i*ty (?), n. Positiveness. J. Morley.
 Pos"i*ture (?; 135), n. See Posture. [Obs.]

 Pos"net (?), n. [OF. poçonet, dim. of poçon a pot, a vessel.] A little basin; a porringer; a skillet.

 { Pos'o*log"ic (?), Pos'o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. posologique.]
 Pertaining to posology.

 Po*sol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; how much + -logy: cf. F. posologie.]
 (Med.) The science or doctrine of doses; dosology.

 Pos"po*lite (?), n. [Pol. pospolite ruszenie a general summons to arms, an arriere-ban; pospolity general + ruszenie a stirring.] A kind of militia in Poland, consisting of the gentry, which, in case of invasion, was summoned to the defense of the country.

 Poss (?), v. t. [See Push.] To push; to dash; to throw. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 A cat... possed