One who abolishes.

 A*bol"ish*ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abolissement.] The act of abolishing; abolition; destruction. Hooker.
 Ab"o*li"tion (&?;), n. [L. abolitio, fr. abolere: cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as, the abolition of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs, taxes, debts, etc.

 The application of this word to persons is now unusual or obsolete Ab'o*li"tion*ism (&?;), n. The principles or measures of abolitionists. Wilberforce.
 Ab'o*li"tion*ist, n. A person who favors the abolition of any institution, especially negro slavery.

 Ab'o*li'tion*ize (&?;), v. t. To imbue with the principles of abolitionism. [R.] Bartlett.
 ||A*bo"ma (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large South American serpent (Boa aboma).

 { ||Ab'o*ma"sum (&?;), ||Ab'o*ma"sus (&?;), } n. [NL., fr.
 L. ab + omasum (a Celtic word).] (Anat.) The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant, which leads from the third stomach omasum.
 See Ruminantia.

 A*bom"i*na*ble (&?;), a. [F. abominable. L. abominalis.
 See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen; odious in the utmost degree; very hateful; detestable; loathsome; execrable.

2. Excessive; large; -- used as an intensive. [Obs.]

 Juliana Berners... informs us that in her time [15th c.], "abomynable syght of monkes" was elegant English for "a large company of friars." G. P. Marsh.
 A*bom"i*na*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being abominable; odiousness. Bentley.
 A*bom"i*na*bly (&?;), adv. In an abominable manner; very odiously; detestably.

 A*bom"i*nate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominatus, p. p. or abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse; ab + omen a foreboding. See Omen.] To turn from as ill-omened; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread; loathe; as, to abominate all impiety.

Syn. -- To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate.

 A*bom'i*na"tion (&?;), n. [OE. abominacioun, -cion, F. abominatio. See Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and hatred; abhorrence; detestation; loathing; as, he holds tobacco in abomination.

2. That which is abominable; anything hateful, wicked, or shamefully vile; an object or state that excites disgust and hatred; a hateful or shameful vice; pollution.

 Antony, most large in his abominations. Shak.
3. A cause of pollution or wickedness.

Syn. -- Detestation; loathing; abhorrence; disgust; aversion; loathsomeness; odiousness. Sir W. Scott.
 A*boon" (&?;), prep. and adv. Above. [Scot. & Prov.
 Eng.]

Aboon the pass of Bally-Brough. Sir W. Scott.
 The ceiling fair that rose aboon. J. R. Drake.
 Ab*o"ral (&?;), a. [L. ab. + E. oral.] (Zoöl.)
 Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth.

 ||A*bord" (&?;), n. [F.] Manner of approaching or accosting; address. Chesterfield.
 A*bord" (&?;), v. t. [F. aborder, à (L. ad) + bord rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Border, Board.] To approach; to accost. [Obs.] Digby.
 Ab'o*rig"i*nal (&?;), a. [See Aborigines.]

1. First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as, the aboriginal tribes of America. "Mantled o'er with aboriginal turf." Wordsworth.
2. Of or pertaining to aborigines; as, a Hindoo of aboriginal blood.

 Ab'o*rig"i*nal, n. 1. An original inhabitant of any land; one of the aborigines.

2. An animal or a plant native to the region.

 It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands. Darwin.
 Ab'o*rig'i*nal"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being aboriginal.
 Westm. Rev.
 Ab'o*rig"i*nal*ly (&?;), adv. Primarily.

 Ab'o*rig"i*nes (-rj"*nz), n. pl. [L. Aborigines; ab + origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium, those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy. See Origin.] 1.
 The earliest known inhabitants of a country; native races.

2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area A*borse"ment (*bôrs"ment), n. Abortment; abortion.
 [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 A*bor"sive (*bôr"sv), a. Abortive. [Obs.] Fuller.
 A*bort" (*bôrt"), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, to be born. See Orient.]

1. To miscarry; to bring forth young prematurely.

2. (Biol.) To become checked in normal development, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink away wholly; to become sterile.

 A*bort", n. [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely birth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
2. An aborted offspring. [Obs.] Holland.
 A*bort"ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely.

2. (Biol.) Rendered abortive or sterile; undeveloped; checked in normal development at a very early stage; as, spines are aborted branches.

 The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state. Owen.
 A*bor"ti*cide (*bôr"t*sd), n. [L. abortus + caedere to kill. See Abort.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the womb; feticide.

 A*bor'ti*fa"cient (*bôr't*f"shent), a. [L. abortus (see Abort, v.) + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.]
 Producing miscarriage. -- n. A drug or an agent that causes premature delivery.

 A*bor"tion (*bôr"shn), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri.
 See Abort.] 1. The act of giving premature birth; particularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely, or before it is capable of sustaining life; miscarriage.

 It is sometimes used for the offense of procuring a premature delivery, but strictly the early


5. To sprinkle; to intersperse; to cover. [R.] "Her hair... is shed with gray." B. Jonson.
6. (Weaving) To divide, as the warp threads, so as to form a shed, or passageway, for the shuttle.

 Shed, v. i. 1. To fall in drops; to pour. [Obs.]

 Such a rain down from the welkin shadde.

Chaucer.
2. To let fall the parts, as seeds or fruit; to throw off a covering or envelope.

 White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they stand.

Mortimer.
 Shed, n. 1. A parting; a separation; a division. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 They say also that the manner of making the shed of newwedded wives' hair with the iron head of a javelin came up then likewise.

Sir T. North.
2. The act of shedding or spilling; -- used only in composition, as in bloodshed.

3. That which parts, divides, or sheds; -- used in composition, as in watershed.

4. (Weaving) The passageway between the threads of the warp through which the shuttle is thrown, having a sloping top and bottom made by raising and lowering the alternate threads.

 Shed"der (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds; as, a shedder of blood; a shedder of tears.

2. (Zoöl.) A crab in the act of casting its shell, or immediately afterwards while still soft; -- applied especially to the edible crabs, which are most prized while in this state.

 Shed"ding (?), n. 1. The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or out; as, the shedding of blood.

2. That which is shed, or cast off. [R.] Wordsworth.
 { Sheel"fa (?), Shil"fa (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sheel"ing (?), n. [Icel. skjl a shelter, a cover; akin to Dan. & Sw. skjul.] A hut or small cottage in an exposed or a retired place (as on a mountain or at the seaside) such as is used by shepherds, fishermen, sportsmen, etc.; a summer cottage; also, a shed.
 [Written also sheel, shealing, sheiling, etc.] [Scot.]

 Sheel"y (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheelfa.

 Sheen (?), a. [OE. sehene, AS. sciéne, sc&?;ne, sc&?;ne, splendid, beautiful; akin to OFries. sk&?;ne, sk&?;ne, OS. sc&?;ni, D. schoon, G. schön, OHG. sc&?;ni, Goth, skanus, and E. shew; the original meaning being probably, visible, worth seeing. It is not akin to E. shine. See Shew, v. t.] Bright; glittering; radiant; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.]

 This holy maiden, that is so bright and sheen.

Chaucer.
 Up rose each warrier bold and brave, Glistening in filed steel and armor sheen.

Fairfax.
 Sheen, v. i. To shine; to glisten. [Poetic] This town, That, sheening far, celestial seems to be.

Byron.
 Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. "Throned in celestial sheen."
 Milton.
 Sheen""ly, adv. Brightly. [R.] Mrs. Browning.
 Sheen"y (?), a. Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. "A sheeny summer morn." Tennyson.
 Sheep (?), n. sing. & pl. [OE. shep, scheep, AS.
 sc&?;p, sceáp; akin to OFries. sk&?;p, LG. & D. schaap, G. schaf, OHG. scf, Skr. chga.
 √295. Cf. Sheepherd.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia.

 The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) varies much in size, in the length and texture of its wool, the form and size of its horns, the length of its tail, etc. It was domesticated in prehistoric ages, and many distinct breeds have been produced; as the merinos, celebrated for their fine wool; the Cretan sheep, noted for their long horns; the fat-tailed, or Turkish, sheep, remarkable for the size and fatness of the tail, which often has to be supported on trucks; the Southdowns, in which the horns are lacking; and an Asiatic breed which always has four horns.

2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. Ainsworth.
3. pl. Fig.: The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shepherd.

Rocky mountain sheep.(Zoöl.) See Bighorn. -- Maned sheep. (Zoöl.) See Aoudad. -- Sheep bot (Zoöl.), the larva of the sheep botfly. See Estrus. -- Sheep dog (Zoöl.), a shepherd dog, or collie. -- Sheep laurel (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Kalmia angustifolia) with deep rose-colored flowers in corymbs. -- Sheep pest (Bot.), an Australian plant (Acæna ovina) related to the burnet. The fruit is covered with barbed spines, by which it adheres to the wool of sheep. -- Sheep run, an extensive tract of country where sheep range and graze. -- Sheep's beard (Bot.), a cichoraceous herb (Urospermum Dalechampii) of Southern Europe; -- so called from the conspicuous pappus of the achenes. -- Sheep's bit (Bot.), a European herb (Jasione montana) having much the appearance of scabious. -- Sheep pox (Med.), a contagious disease of sheep, characterixed by the development of vesicles or pocks upon the skin. -- Sheep scabious. (Bot.) Same as Sheep's bit. -- Sheep shears, shears in which the blades form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand in cutting; -- so called because used to cut off the wool of sheep. -- Sheep sorrel. (Bot.), a prerennial herb (Rumex Acetosella) growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. Its leaves have a pleasant acid taste like sorrel. -- Sheep's-wool (Zoöl.), the highest grade of Florida commercial sponges (Spongia equina, variety gossypina). -- Sheep tick (Zoöl.), a wingless parasitic insect (Melophagus ovinus) belonging to the Diptera. It fixes its proboscis in the skin of the sheep and sucks the blood, leaving a swelling. Called also sheep pest, and sheep louse. -- Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep; a sheep run. -- Wild sheep. (Zoöl.) See Argali, Mouflon, and Oörial.

 Sheep"back' (?), n. (Geol.) A rounded knoll of rock resembling the back of a sheep. -- produced by glacial action. Called also roche moutonnée; -- usually in the plural.

 Sheep"ber'ry (?), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a small North American tree of the genus Viburnum (V. Lentago), having white flowers in flat cymes; also, the tree itself. Called also nannyberry.

 Sheep"bite' (?), v. i. To bite or nibble like a sheep; hence, to practice petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sheep"bit'er (?), n. One who practices petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.
 There are political


to marl which shale bears to clay, being a calcareous shale. It is very abundant in some countries, as in the Swiss Alps. Argillaceous or marly limestone is also of common occurrence.
There are few other kinds of rock which enter so largely into the composition of sedimentary strata as to make it necessary to dwell here on their characters. I may, however, mention two others—magnesian limestone or dolomite, and gypsum. Magnesian limestone is composed of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia; the proportion of the latter amounting in some cases to nearly one half. It effervesces much more slowly and feebly with acids than common limestone. In England this rock is generally of a yellowish colour; but it varies greatly in mineralogical character, passing from an earthy state to a white compact stone of great hardness. Dolomite, so common in many parts of Germany and France, is also a variety of magnesian limestone, usually of a granular texture.
Gypsum is a rock composed of sulphuric acid, lime, and water. It is usually a soft whitish-yellow rock, with a texture resembling that of loaf-sugar, but sometimes it is entirely composed of lenticular crystals. It is insoluble in acids, and does not effervesce like chalk and dolomite, because it does not contain carbonic acid gas, or fixed air, the lime being already combined with sulphuric acid, for which it has a stronger affinity than for any other. Anhydrous gypsum is a rare variety, into which water does not enter as a component part.
Gypseous marl is a mixture of gypsum and marl. Alabaster is a granular and compact variety of gypsum found in masses large enough to be used in sculpture and architecture. It is sometimes a pure snow-white substance, as that of Volterra in Tuscany, well known as being carved for works of art in Florence and Leghorn. It is a softer stone than marble, and more easily wrought.
Forms of Stratification.—A series of strata sometimes consists of one of the above rocks, sometimes of two or more in alternating beds.
Thus, in the coal districts of England, for example, we often pass through several beds of sandstone, some of finer, others of coarser grain, some white, others of a dark colour, and below these, layers of shale and sandstone or beds of shale, divisible into leaf-like laminæ, and containing beautiful impressions of plants. Then again we meet with beds of pure and impure coal, alternating with shales and sandstones, and underneath the whole, perhaps, are calcareous strata, or beds of limestone, filled with corals and marine shells, each bed distinguishable from another by certain fossils, or by the abundance of particular species of shells or zoophytes.
This alternation of different kinds of rock produces the most distinct stratification; and we often find beds of limestone and marl, conglomerate and sandstone, sand and clay, recurring again and again, in nearly regular order, throughout a series of many hundred strata. The causes which may produce these phenomena are various, and have been fully discussed in my treatise on the modern changes of the earth's surface.[4] It is there seen that rivers flowing into lakes and seas are charged with sediment, varying in quantity, composition, colour, and grain according to the seasons; the waters are sometimes flooded and rapid, at other periods low and feeble; different tributaries, also, draining peculiar countries and soils, and therefore charged with peculiar sediment, are swollen at distinct periods. It was also shown that the waves of the sea and currents undermine the cliffs during wintry storms, and sweep away the materials into the deep, after which a season of tranquillity succeeds, when nothing but the finest mud is spread by the movements of the ocean over the same submarine area.
It is not the object of the present work to give a description of these operations, repeated as they are, year after year, and century after century; but I may suggest an explanation of the manner in which some micaceous sandstones have originated, namely, those in which we see innumerable thin layers of mica dividing layers of fine quartzose sand. I observed the same arrangement of materials in recent mud deposited in the estuary of Laroche St.
Bernard in Brittany, at the mouth of the Loire. The surrounding rocks are of gneiss, which, by its waste, supplies the mud: when this dries at low water, it is found to consist of brown laminated clay, divided by thin seams of mica. The separation of the mica in this case, or in that of micaceous sandstones, may be thus understood. If we take a handful of quartzose sand, mixed with mica, and throw it into a clear running stream, we see the materials immediately sorted by the water, the grains of quartz falling almost directly to the bottom, while the plates of mica take a much longer time to reach the bottom, and are carried farther down the stream. At the first instant the water is turbid, but immediately after the flat surfaces of the plates of mica are seen all alone, reflecting a silvery light, as they descend slowly, to form a distinct micaceous lamina. The mica is the heavier mineral of the two; but it remains a longer time suspended in the fluid, owing to its greater extent of surface. It is easy, therefore, to perceive that where such mud is acted upon by a river or tidal current, the thin plates of mica will be carried farther, and not deposited in the same places as the grains of quartz; and since the force and velocity of the stream varies from time to time, layers of mica or of sand will be thrown down successively on the same area.
Original Horizontality.—It is said generally that the upper and under surfaces of strata, or the "planes of stratification," are parallel. Although this is not strictly true, they make an approach to parallelism, for the same reason that sediment is usually deposited at first in nearly horizontal layers. Such an arrangement can by no means be attributed to an original evenness or horizontality in the bed of the sea: for it is ascertained that in those places where no matter has been recently deposited, the bottom of the ocean is often as uneven as that of the dry land, having in like manner its hills, valleys, and ravines. Yet if the sea should go down, or be removed from near the mouth of a large river where a delta has been forming, we should see extensive plains of mud and sand laid dry, which, to the eye, would appear perfectly level, although, in reality, they would slope gently from the land towards the sea.
This tendency in newly-formed strata to assume a horizontal position arises principally from the motion of the water, which forces along particles of sand or mud at the bottom, and causes them to settle in hollows or depressions where they are less exposed to the force of a current than when they are resting on elevated points. The velocity of the current and the motion of the superficial waves diminish from the surface downward, and are least in those depressions where the water is deepest.
A good illustration of the principle here alluded to may be sometimes seen in the neighbourhood of a volcano, when a section, whether natural or artificial, has laid open to view a succession of various-coloured layers of sand and ashes, which have fallen in showers upon uneven ground. Thus let A B (Fig. 1) be two ridges, with an intervening valley. These original inequalities of the surface have been gradually effaced by beds of sand and ashes c, d, e, the surface at e being quite level. It will be seen that, although the materials of the first layers have accommodated themselves in a great degree to the shape of the ground A B, yet each bed is thickest at the bottom. At first a great many particles would be carried by their own gravity down the steep sides of A and B, and others would afterwards be blown by the wind as they fell off the ridges, and would settle in the hollow, which would thus become more and more effaced as the strata accumulated from c to e. Now, water in motion can exert this levelling power on similar materials more easily than air, for almost all stones lose in water more than a third of the weight which they have in


, as the antennæ of certain insects.

 In'cras*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. incrassation.]

1. The act or process of thickening or making thick; the process of becoming thick or thicker.

2. The state of being incrassated or made thick; inspissation. Sir T. Browne.
 In*cras"sa*tive (?), a. Having the quality of thickening; tending to thicken. Harvey.
 In*cras"sa*tive, n. A substance which has the power to thicken; formerly, a medicine supposed to thicken the humors. Harvey.
 In*creas"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being increased. Sherwood.
 -- In*creas"a*ble*ness, n. An indefinite increasableness of some of our ideas.

Bp. Law.
 In*crease" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Increased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Increasing.] [OE. incresen, encresen, enrescen, OF. encreistre, fr. L. increscere; pref. inin + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Decrease.]

1. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; -- opposed to decrease.

 The waters increased and bare up the ark.

Gen. vii. 17.
 He must increase, but I must decrease.

John iii. 30.
 The heavens forbid But that our loves and comforts should increase, Even as our days do grow!

Shak.
2. To multiply by the production of young; to be fertile, fruitful, or prolific.

 Fishes are more numerous or increasing than beasts or birds, as appears by their numerous spawn.

Sir M. Hale.
3. (Astron.) To become more nearly full; to show more of the surface; to wax; as, the moon increases.

Increasing function (Math.), a function whose value increases when that of the variable increases, and decreases when the latter is diminished.

Syn. -- To enlarge; extend; multiply; expand; develop; heighten; amplify; raise; enhance; spread; aggravate; magnify; augment; advance. -- To Increase, Enlarge, Extend. Enlarge implies to make larger or broader in size. Extend marks the progress of enlargement so as to have wider boundaries. Increase denotes enlargement by growth and internal vitality, as in the case of plants. A kingdom is enlarged by the addition of new territories; the mind is enlarged by knowledge. A kingdom is extended when its boundaries are carried to a greater distance from the center. A man's riches, honors, knowledge, etc., are increased by accessions which are made from time to time.

 In*crease" (?), v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, extent, value, or amount, etc.; to add to; to extend; to lengthen; to enhance; to aggravate; as, to increase one's possessions, influence.

 I will increase the famine.

Ezek. v. 16.
 Make denials Increase your services.

Shak.
 In"crease (?; 277), n. [OE. encres, encresse. See Increase, v. i.]

1. Addition or enlargement in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance, etc.; augmentation; growth.

 As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed on.

Shak.
 For things of tender kind for pleasure made Shoot up with swift increase, and sudden are decay'd.

Dryden.
2. That which is added to the original stock by augmentation or growth; produce; profit; interest.

 Take thou no usury of him, or increase.

Lev. xxv. 36.
 Let them not live to taste this land's increase.

Shak.
3. Progeny; issue; offspring.

 All the increase of thy house shall die in the flower of their age.

1 Sam. ii. 33.
4. Generation. [Obs.] "Organs of increase." Shak.
5. (Astron.) The period of increasing light, or luminous phase; the waxing; -- said of the moon.

 Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest if set or cut in the increase of the moon.

Bacon.
Increase twist, the twixt of a rifle groove in which the angle of twist increases from the breech to the muzzle.

Syn. -- Enlargement; extension; growth; development; increment; addition; accession; production.

 In*crease"ful (?), a. Full of increase; abundant in produce. "Increaseful crops." [R.] Shak.
 In*crease"ment (?), n. Increase. [R.] Bacon.
 In*creas"er (?), n. One who, or that, increases.

 In*creas"ing*ly, adv. More and more.

 In'cre*ate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Increated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Increating.] [Pref. inin + create.]
 To create within. [R.]

 { In"cre*ate (?), In"cre*a'ted (?), } a. [L. increatus. See Innot, and Create.] Uncreated; self-existent. [R.]

 Bright effluence of bright essence increate.

Milton.
 In*cred'i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. incredibilitas: cf. F. incrédibilité.]

1. The quality or state of being incredible; incredibleness. Dryden.
2. That which is incredible. Johnson.
 In*cred"i*ble (?), a. [L. incredibilis: cf. OF. incredible.
 See Innot, and Credible.] Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous.

 Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead?

Acts xxvi. 8.
 In*cred"i*ble*ness, n. Incredibility.

 In*cred"i*bly, adv. In an incredible manner.

 In*cred"it*ed (?), a. Uncredited. [Obs.]

 In'cre*du"li*ty (?), n. [L. incredulitas: cf. F. incrédulité.]
 The state or quality of being incredulous; a withholding or refusal of belief; skepticism; unbelief; disbelief.

 Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is the most irrational.

Buckminster.
 In*cred"u*lous (?; 135), a. [L. incredulus. See Innot, and Credulous.]

1. Not credulous; indisposed to admit or accept that which is related as true, skeptical; unbelieving. Bacon.
 A fantastical incredulous fool.

Bp. Wilkins.
2. Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or incredulity. "An incredulous smile." Longfellow.
3. Incredible; not easy to be believed. [R.] Shak.
 In*cred"u*lous*ly, adv. In an incredulous manner; with incredulity.

 In*cred"u*lous*ness, n. Incredulity.

 In*crem"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. innot + L. cremabilis combustible, fr. cremare to burn.] Incapable of being burnt; incombustibe. Sir T. Browne.
 In"cre*mate (?), v. t. [Pref. inin + cremate.] To consume or reduce to ashes by burning, as a dead body; to cremate.

 In'cre


The Categories By Aristotle Translated by E. M. Edghill CONTENTS Section 1 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Section 2 Part 7 Part 8 Section 3 Part 9 Part 10 Part 11 Part 12 Part 13 Part 14 Part 15 Section 1 Part 1 Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.
On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named, inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.
Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous man from the word 'courage'.
Part 2 Forms of speech are either simple or composite. Examples of the latter are such expressions as 'the man runs', 'the man wins'; of the former 'man', 'ox', 'runs', 'wins'.
Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are never present in a subject. Thus'man' is predicable of the individual man, and is never present in a subject.
By being 'present in a subject' I do not mean present as parts are present in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from the said subject.
Some things, again, are present in a subject, but are never predicable of a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in the mind, but is not predicable of any subject; or again, a certain whiteness may be present in the body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it is never predicable of anything.
Other things, again, are both predicable of a subject and present in a subject. Thus while knowledge is present in the human mind, it is predicable of grammar.
There is, lastly, a class of things which are neither present in a subject nor predicable of a subject, such as the individual man or the individual horse. But, to speak more generally, that which is individual and has the character of a unit is never predicable of a subject. Yet in some cases there is nothing to prevent such being present in a subject. Thus a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in a subject.
Part 3 When one thing is predicated of another, all that which is predicable of the predicate will be predicable also of the subject. Thus,'man' is predicated of the individual man; but 'animal' is predicated of'man'; it will, therefore, be predicable of the individual man also: for the individual man is both'man' and 'animal'.
If genera are different and co-ordinate, their differentiae are themselves different in kind. Take as an instance the genus 'animal' and the genus 'knowledge'. 'With feet', 'two-footed', 'winged', 'aquatic', are differentiae of 'animal'; the species of knowledge are not distinguished by the same differentiae. One species of knowledge does not differ from another in being 'two-footed'.
But where one genus is subordinate to another, there is nothing to prevent their having the same differentiae: for the greater class is predicated of the lesser, so that all the differentiae of the predicate will be differentiae also of the subject.
Part 4 Expressions which are in no way composite signify substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action, or affection.
To sketch my meaning roughly, examples of substance are'man' or 'the horse', of quantity, such terms as 'two cubits long' or 'three cubits long', of quality, such attributes as 'white', 'grammatical'. 'Double', 'half', 'greater', fall under the category of relation; 'in the market place', 'in the Lyceum', under that of place; 'yesterday', 'last year', under that of time. 'Lying','sitting', are terms indicating position,'shod', 'armed', state; 'to lance', 'to cauterize', action; 'to be lanced', 'to be cauterized', affection.
No one of these terms, in and by itself, involves an affirmation; it is by the combination of such terms that positive or negative statements arise. For every assertion must, as is admitted, be either true or false, whereas expressions which are not in any way composite such as 'man', 'white', 'runs', 'wins', cannot be either true or false.
Part 5 Substance, in the truest and primary and most definite sense of the word, is that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present in a subject; for instance, the individual man or horse. But in a secondary sense those things are called substances within which, as species, the primary substances are included; also those which, as genera, include the species. For instance, the individual man is included in the species'man', and the genus to which the species belongs is 'animal'; these, therefore—that is to say, the species'man' and the genus 'animal,-are termed secondary substances.
It is plain from what has been said that both the name and the definition of the predicate must be predicable of the subject. For instance,'man' is predicated of the individual man. Now in this case the name of the species'man' is applied to the individual, for we use the term'man' in describing the individual; and the definition of 'man' will also be predicated of the individual man, for the individual man is both man and animal. Thus, both the name and the definition of the species are predicable of the individual.
With regard, on the other hand, to those things which are present in a subject, it is generally the case that neither their name nor their definition is predicable of that in which they are present. Though, however, the definition is never predicable, there is nothing in certain cases to prevent the name being used. For instance, 'white' being present in a body is predicated of that in which it is present, for a body is called white: the definition, however, of the colour 'white' is never predicable of the body.
Everything except primary substances is either predicable of a primary substance or present in a primary substance. This becomes evident by reference to particular instances which occur. 'Animal' is predicated of the species'man', therefore of the individual man, for if there were no individual man of whom it could be predicated, it could not be predicated of the species'man' at all. Again, colour is present in body, therefore in individual bodies, for if there were no individual body in which it was present, it could not be present in body at all.
Thus everything except primary substances is either predicated of primary substances, or is present in them, and if these last did not exist, it would be impossible for anything else to exist.
Of secondary substances, the species is more truly substance than the genus, being more nearly related to primary substance. For if any one should render an account of what a primary substance is, he would render a more instructive account, and one more proper to the subject,


Miscellaneous Poems, by George Crabbe Transcribed by Mark Sherwood, e-mail: _EMAIL_ MISCELLANEOUS POEMS Contents Sir Eustace Grey The Hall of Justice Woman The Birth of Flattery Reflections "SIR EUSTACE GREY".
Scene: - A MADHOUSE.
Persons: - VISITOR, PHYSICIAN, AND PATIENT.
"Veris miscens falsa." SENECA.
 ------------------- VISITOR.
I'll know no more; - the heart is torn By views of woe we cannot heal; Long shall I see these things forlorn, And oft again their griefs shall feel, As each upon the mind shall steal; That wan projector's mystic style, That lumpish idiot leering by, That peevish idler's ceaseless wile, And that poor maiden's half-form'd smile, While struggling for the full-drawn sigh! - I'll know no more.
 PHYSICIAN.
Yes, turn again; Then speed to happier scenes thy way, When thou hast view'd, what yet remain, The ruins of Sir Eustace Grey, The sport of madness, misery's prey: But he will no historian need, His cares, his crimes, will he display, And show (as one from frenzy freed) The proud lost mind, the rash-done deed.
That cell to him is Greyling Hall: - Approach; he'll bid thee welcome there; Will sometimes for his servant call, And sometimes point the vacant chair: He can, with free and easy air, Appear attentive and polite; Can veil his woes in manners fair, And pity with respect excite.
 PATIENT.
Who comes? - Approach! - 'tis kindly done: - My learn'd physician, and a friend, Their pleasures quit, to visit one Who cannot to their ease attend, Nor joys bestow, nor comforts lend, As when I lived so blest, so well, And dreamt not I must soon contend With those malignant powers of hell.
 PHYSICIAN.
"Less warmth, Sir Eustace, or we go." PATIENT.
See! I am calm as infant love, A very child, but one of woe, Whom you should pity, not reprove: - But men at ease, who never strove With passions wild, will calmly show How soon we may their ills remove, And masters of their madness grow.
Some twenty years, I think, are gone, - (Time flies I know not how, away,) The sun upon no happier shone, Nor prouder man, than Eustace Grey.
Ask where you would, and all would say, The man admired and praised of all, By rich and poor, by grave and gay, Was the young lord of Greyling Hall.
Yes! I had youth and rosy health; Was nobly form'd, as man might be; For sickness, then, of all my wealth, I never gave a single fee: The ladies fair, the maidens free, Were all accustom'd then to say, Who would a handsome figure see Should look upon Sir Eustace Grey.
He had a frank and pleasant look, A cheerful eye and accent bland; His very speech and manner spoke The generous heart, the open hand; About him all was gay or grand, He had the praise of great and small; He bought, improved, projected, plann'd, And reign'd a prince at Greyling Hall.
My lady! - she was all we love; All praise (to speak her worth) is faint; Her manners show'd the yielding dove, Her morals, the seraphic saint: She never breath'd nor look'd complaint; No equal upon earth had she - Now, what is this fair thing I paint?
Alas! as all that live shall be.
There was, beside, a gallant youth, And him my bosom's friend I had; - Oh! I was rich in very truth, It made me proud - it made me mad! - Yes, I was lost - but there was cause! - Where stood my tale? - I cannot find - But I had all mankind's applause, And all the smiles of womankind.
There were two cherub-things beside, A gracious girl, a glorious boy; Yet more to swell my full-blown pride, To varnish higher my fading joy, Pleasures were ours without alloy, Nay, Paradise, - till my frail Eve Our bliss was tempted to destroy - Deceived and fated to deceive.
But I deserved; - for all that time, When I was loved, admired, caress'd,.
There was within, each secret crime, Unfelt, uncancell'd, unconfess'd: I never then my God address'd, In grateful praise or humble prayer; And if His Word was not my jest - (Dread thought!) it never was my care.
I doubted: - fool I was to doubt!
If that all-piercing eye could see, - If He who looks all worlds throughout, Would so minute and careful be As to perceive and punish me: - With man I would be great and high, But with my God so lost, that He, In His large view should pass me by.
Thus blest with children, friend, and wife, Blest far beyond the vulgar lot; Of all that gladdens human life, Where was the good that I had not?
But my vile heart had sinful spot, And Heaven beheld its deep'ning stain; Eternal justice I forgot, And mercy sought not to obtain.
Come near, - I'll softly speak the rest! - Alas! 'tis known to all the crowd, Her guilty love was all confess'd; And his, who so much truth avow'd, My faithless friend's. - In pleasure proud I sat, when these cursed tidings came; Their guilt, their flight was told aloud, And Envy smiled to hear my shame!
I call'd on Vengeance; at the word She came: - Can I the deed forget?
I held the sword - the accursed sword The blood of his false heart made wet; And that fair victim paid her debt, She pined, she died, she loath'd to live; - I saw her dying - see her yet: Fair fallen thing! my rage forgive!
Those cherubs still, my life to bless, Were left; could I my fears remove, Sad fears that check'd each fond caress, And poison'd all parental love?
Yet that with jealous feelings strove, And would at last have won my will, Had I not, wretch! been doom'd to prove Th' extremes of mortal good and ill.
In youth! health! joy! in beauty's pride!
They droop'd - as flowers when blighted bow; The dire infection came: - they died, And I was cursed - as I am now; - Nay, frown not, angry friend, - allow That I was deeply, sorely tried; Hear then, and you must wonder how I could such storms and strifes abide.
Storms! - not that clouds embattled make, When they afflict this earthly globe; But such as with their terrors shake Man's breast, and to the bottom probe; They make the hypocrite disrobe, They try us all, if false or true; For this one Devil had power on Job; And I was long the slave of two.
 PHYSICIAN.
Peace, peace, my friend; these subjects fly; Collect thy thoughts - go calmly on. - PATIENT.
And shall I then the fact deny?
I was - thou know'st - I was begone, Like him who fill'd the eastern throne, To whom the Watcher cried aloud; That royal wretch of Babylon, Who was so guilty and so proud.
Like him, with haughty, stubborn mind, I, in my state, my comforts sought; Delight and praise I hoped to find, In what I builded, planted! bought!
Oh! arrogance! by misery taught - Soon came a voice! I felt it come; "Full be his cup, with evil fraught, Demons his guides, and death his doom!" Then was I cast from out my state; Two fiends of darkness led my way; They waked me early, watch'd me late, My dread by night, my plague by day!
Oh! I was made their sport, their play, Through many a stormy troubled year; And how they used their passive prey Is sad to tell: - but you shall hear.
And first before they sent me forth.
Through this unpitying world to run


atitude of Greenwich for each month of the four years specified.
There appeared a very slight indication of a maximum belonging to the set of months, March, 51.
Feb. 52.
Dec. 52.
Nov. 53.
Sept. 54.
This result, however, is to be regarded as very doubtful, as there did not appear to be evidence for any variation exceeding half a second of space, and more observations would be required to establish the existence of so small a variation at all.
I therefore conclude that the earth has been for a long time revolving about an axis very near to the axis of figure, if not coinciding with it. The cause of this near coincidence is either the original softness of the earth, or the present fluidity of its interior. The axes of the earth are so nearly equal, that a considerable elevation of a tract of country might produce a deviation of the principal axis within the limits of observation, and the only cause which would restore the uniform motion, would be the action of a fluid which would gradually diminish the oscillations of latitude. The permanence of latitude essentially depends on the inequality of the earth's axes, for if they had been all equal, any alteration of the crust of the earth would have produced new principal axes, and the axis of rotation would travel about those axes, altering the latitudes of all places, and yet not in the least altering the position of the axis of rotation among the stars.
Perhaps by a more extensive search and analysis of the observations of different observatories, the nature of the periodic variation of latitude, if it exist, may be determined. I am not aware of any calculations having been made to prove its non-existence, although, on dynamical grounds, we have every reason to look for some very small variation having the periodic time of 325.6 days nearly, a period which is clearly distinguished from any other astronomical cycle, and therefore easily recognised.
Note: Dimensions and Weights of the parts of the Dynamical Top.
Part Weight lb.
oz.
I. Body of the top-- Mean diameter of ring, 4 inches.

Section of ring, $\frac{1}{3}$ inch square.

The conical portion rises from the upper and inner edge of the ring, a height of $1\frac{1}{2}$ inches from the base.

The whole body of the top weighs 1 7 Each of the nine adjusting screws has its screw 1 inch long, and the screw and head together weigh 1 ounce.
 The whole weigh 9 II. Axle, &c.-- Length of axle 5 inches, of which $\frac{1}{2}$ inch at the bottom is occupied by the steel point, $3\frac{1}{2}$ inches are brass with a good screw turned on it, and the remaining inch is of steel, with a sharp point at the top. The whole weighs $1\frac{1}{2}$ The bob $B$ has a diameter of 1.4 inches, and a thickness of.4. It weighs $2\frac{3}{4}$ The nuts $b$ and $c$, for clamping the bob and the body of the top on the axle, each weigh $\frac{1}{2}$ oz.

1 Weight of whole top 2 $5\frac{1}{4}$ The best arrangement, for general observations, is to have the disc of card divided into four quadrants, coloured with vermilion, chrome yellow, emerald green, and ultramarine. These are bright colours, and, if the vermilion is good, they combine into a grayish tint when the rotation is about the axle, and burst into brilliant colours when the axis is disturbed. It is useful to have some concentric circles, drawn with ink, over the colours, and about 12 radii drawn in strong pencil lines. It is easy to distinguish the ink from the pencil lines, as they cross the invariable axis, by their want of lustre. In this way, the path of the invariable axis may be identified with great accuracy, and compared with theory.
 * 7th May 1857. The paragraphs marked thus have been rewritten since the paper was read.


And in another place: "Vilkodlaci, incubi, sive invidi, ab inviando passim cum animalibus, unde et incubi dicuntur ab incubando homines, i. e. stuprando, quos Romani faunos ficarios dicunt." That the same belief in lycanthropy exists in Armenia is evident from the following story told by Haxthausen, in his Trans-Caucasia (Leipzig, i.
322):—"A man once saw a wolf, which had carried off a child, dash past him. He pursued it hastily, but was unable to overtake it. At last he came upon the hands and feet of a child, and a little further on he found a cave, in which lay a wolf-skin. This he cast into a fire, and immediately a woman appeared, who howled and tried to rescue the skin from the flames. The man, however, resisted, and, as soon as the hide was consumed, the woman had vanished in the smoke." In India, on account of the prevalence of the doctrine of metempsychosis, the belief in transformation is widely diffused. Traces of genuine lycanthropy are abundant in all regions whither Buddism has reached. In Ceylon, in Thibet, and in China, we find it still forming a portion of the national creed.
In the Pantschatantra is a story of an enchanted Brahmin's son, who by day was a serpent, by night a man.
Vikramâditya's father, the son of Indra, was condemned to be an ass by day and a man by night.
A modern Indian tale is to this effect:—A prince marries a female ape, but his brothers wed handsome princesses. At a feast given by the queen to her stepdaughters, there appears an exquisitely beautiful lady in gorgeous robes.
This is none other than the she-ape, who has laid aside her skin for the occasion: the prince slips out of the room and burns the skin, so that his wife is prevented from resuming her favourite appearance.
Nathaniel Pierce[5] gives an account of an Abyssinian superstition very similar to that prevalent in Europe.
 [5] Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pierce, written by himself during a residence in Abyssinia from 1810-19. London, 1831.
He says that in Abyssinia the gold. and silversmiths are highly regarded, but that the ironworkers are looked upon with contempt, as an inferior grade of beings. Their kinsmen even ascribe to them the power of transforming themselves into hyænas, or other savage beasts. All convulsions and hysterical disorders are attributed to the effect of their evil eye. The Amhara call them Buda, the Tigré, Tebbib. There are also Mahomedan and Jewish Budas. It is difficult to explain the origin of this strange superstition.
These Budas are distinguished from other people by wearing gold ear-rings, and Coffin declares that he has often found hyænas with these rings in their ears, even among the beasts which he has shot or speared himself. But how the rings got into their ears is more than Coffin was able to ascertain.
Beside their power to transform themselves into hyænas or other wild beasts, all sorts of other strange things are ascribed to them; and the Abyssinians are firmly persuaded that they rob the graves by midnight, and no one would venture to touch what is called quanter, or dried meat in their houses, though they would not object to partake of fresh meat, if they had seen the animal, from which it came, killed before them. Coffin relates, as eye-witness of the fact, the following story:— Among his servants was a Buda, who, one evening, whilst it was still light, came to his master and asked leave of absence till the following morning. He obtained the required leave and departed; but scarcely had Coffin turned his head, when one of his men exclaimed,—"Look! there he is, changing himself into hyæna," pointing in the direction taken by the Buda. Coffin turned to look, and although he did not witness the process of transformation, the young man had vanished from the spot on which he had been standing, not a hundred paces distant, and in his place was a hyæna running away. The place was a plain without either bush or tree to impede the view. Next morning the young man returned, and was charged by his companions with the transformation: this he rather acknowledged than denied, for he excused himself on the plea that it was the habit of his class. This statement of Pierce is corroborated by a note contributed by Sir Gardner Wilkinson to Rawlinson's Herodotus (book iv. chap. 105). "A class of people in Abyssinia are believed to change themselves into hyænas when they like. On my appearing to discredit it, I was told by one who lived for years there, that no well-informed person doubted it, and that he was once walking with one of them, when he happened to look away for a moment, and on turning again towards his companion, he saw him trotting off in the shape of a hyæna. He met him afterwards in his old form.
These worthies are blacksmiths.—G. W." A precisely similar superstition seems to have existed in America, for Joseph Acosta (Hist. Nat. des Indes) relates that the ruler of a city in Mexico, who was sent for by the predecessor of Montezuma, transformed himself, before the eyes of those who were sent to seize him, into an eagle, a tiger, and an enormous serpent. He yielded at last, and was condemned to death. No longer in his own house, he was unable to work miracles so as to save his life.
The Bishop of Chiapa, a province of Guatemala, in a writing published in 1702, ascribes the same power to the Naguals, or national priests, who laboured to bring back to the religion of their ancestors, the children brought up as Christians by the government. After various ceremonies, when the child instructed advanced to embrace him, the Nagual suddenly assumed a frightful aspect, and under the form of a lion or tiger, appeared chained to the young Christian convert.—(Recueil de Voyages, tom. ii. 187.)
Among the North American Indians, the belief in transformation is very prevalent. The following story closely resembles one very prevalent all over the world.
"One Indian fixed his residence on the borders of the Great Bear lake, taking with him only a dog big with young. In due time, this dog brought forth eight pups. Whenever the Indian went out to fish, he tied up the pups, to prevent the straying of the litter. Several times, as he approached his tent, he heard noises proceeding from it, which sounded like the talking, the laughing, the crying, the wail, and the merriment of children; but, on entering it, he only perceived the pups tied up as usual. His curiosity being excited by the noises he had heard, he determined to watch and learn whence these sounds proceeded, and what they were. One day he pretended to go out to fish, but, instead of doing so, he concealed himself in a convenient place. In a short time he again heard -voices, and, rushing suddenly into the tent, beheld some beautiful children sporting and laughing, with the dog-skins lying by their side. He threw the dog-skins into the fire, and the children, retaining their proper forms, grew up, and were the ancestors of the dog-rib nation."—(Traditions of the North American Indians, by T. A. Jones, 1830, Vol. ii. p. 18.)
In the same work is a curious story entitled The Mother of the World, which bears a close analogy to another world-wide myth: a woman marries a dog, by night the dog lays aside its skin, and appears as a man. This may be compared with the tale of Björn and Bera already given.
I shall close this chapter with a Slovakian household tale given by T. T. Hanush in the third volume of Zeitschrift für Deutsche Mythologie.
The Daughter of the Vlkolak.
"There was once a father, who had nine daughters, and they were all marriageable, but the youngest was the most beautiful. The father was a were-wolf. One day it came into his head: 'What is the


.

French sash, a casement swinging on hinges; - - in distinction from a vertical sash sliding up and down.

 Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sashing.] To furnish with a sash or sashes; as, to sash a door or a window.

 Sash"er*y (?), n. [From 1st Sash.] A collection of sashes; ornamentation by means of sashes. [R.]

 Distinguished by their sasheries and insignia.

Carlyle.
 Sash"oon (?), n. [Etymology uncertain.] A kind of pad worn on the leg under the boot. [Obs.] Nares.
 Sa"sin (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Indian antelope (Antilope bezoartica, or cervicapra), noted for its beauty and swiftness. It has long, spiral, divergent horns.

 { Sas"sa*by (?), Sas"sa*bye (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus lunata), similar to the hartbeest, but having its horns regularly curved.

 Sas"sa*fras (?), n. [F. sassafras (cf. It. sassafrasso, sassafras, Sp. sasafras, salsafras, salsifrax, salsifragia, saxifragia), fr. L. saxifraga saxifrage.
 See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) An American tree of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale); also, the bark of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste.

Australian sassafras, a lofty tree (Doryophora Sassafras) with aromatic bark and leaves. -- Chilian sassafras, an aromatic tree (Laurelia sempervirens). -- New Zealand sassafras, a similar tree (Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ). - - Sassafras nut. See Pichurim bean. -- Swamp sassafras, the sweet bay (Magnolia glauca). See Magnolia.

 Sas"sa*nage (?), n. [See Sarse a sieve.] Stones left after sifting.
 Smart.
 Sas'sa*ra"ra (?), n. [Perh. a corruption of certiorari, the name of a writ.] A word used to emphasize a statement. [Obs.]

 Out she shall pack, with a sassarara.

Goldsmith.
 Sasse (?), n. [D. sas, fr. F. sas the basin of a waterfall.] A sluice or lock, as in a river, to make it more navigable.
 [Obs.] Pepys.
 Sas"sen*ach (?), n. [Gael. sasunnach.] A Saxon; an Englishman; a Lowlander. [Celtic] Sir W. Scott.
 { Sas"so*lin (?), Sas"so*line (?) }, n. [From Sasso, a town in Italy: cf. F. sassolin.] (Min.) Native boric acid, found in saline incrustations on the borders of hot springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence.

 { Sas"so*rol (?), Sas'so*rol"la (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon.

 Sas"sy bark' (?). (Bot.) The bark of a West African leguminous tree (Erythrophlæum Guineense, used by the natives as an ordeal poison, and also medicinally; -- called also mancona bark.

 ||Sas"tra (?), n. Same as Shaster.

 Sat (?), imp. of Sit. [Written also sate.]

 Sa"tan (?), n. [Heb. stn an adversary, fr. stan to be adverse, to persecute: cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, L. Satan, Satanas.]
 The grand adversary of man; the Devil, or Prince of darkness; the chief of the fallen angels; the archfiend.

 I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.

Luke x. 18.
 { Sa*tan"ic (?), Sa*tan"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. satanique, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Satan; having the qualities of Satan; resembling Satan; extremely malicious or wicked; devilish; infernal. "Satanic strength." "Satanic host." Milton.
 Detest the slander which, with a Satanic smile, exults over the character it has ruined.

Dr. T. Dwight.
 -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ness, n. Sa"tan*ism (?), n. The evil and malicious disposition of Satan; a diabolical spirit. [R.]

 Sa"tan*ist, n. A very wicked person. [R.] Granger.
 Sa'tan*oph"a*ny (?), n. [Satan + Gr. &?; to appear.] An incarnation of Satan; a being possessed by a demon. [R.] O. A. Brownson.
 Satch"el (?) n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim.
 of saccus. See Sack a bag.] A little sack or bag for carrying papers, books, or small articles of wearing apparel; a hand bag. [Spelled also sachel.]

 The whining schoolboy with his satchel.

Shak.
 Sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Sating.] [Probably shortened fr. satiate: cf. L. satur full. See Satiate.] To satisfy the desire or appetite of; to satiate; to glut; to surfeit.

 Crowds of wanderers sated with the business and pleasure of great cities.

Macaulay.
 Sate (?), imp. of Sit.

 But sate an equal guest at every board.

Lowell.
 Sat*een" (?), n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of dress goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface resembling satin.

 Sate"less (?), a. Insatiable. [R.] Young.
 Sat"el*lite (?), n. [F., fr. L. satelles, -itis, an attendant.] 1. An attendant attached to a prince or other powerful person; hence, an obsequious dependent. "The satellites of power."
 I. Disraeli.
2. (Astron.) A secondary planet which revolves about another planet; as, the moon is a satellite of the earth. See Solar system, under Solar.

Satellite moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth (Scopelosoma satellitia).

 Sat"el*lite, a. (Anat.) Situated near; accompanying; as, the satellite veins, those which accompany the arteries.

 Sat'el*li"tious (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, satellites. [R.] Cheyne.
 Sath"an*as (?), n. [L. Satanas. See Satan] Satan. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wyclif.
 Sa"ti*ate (?), a. [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, from sat, satis, enough. See Sad, a., and cf. Sate.] Filled to satiety; glutted; sated; -- followed by with or of. "Satiate of applause." Pope.
 Sa"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of; to feed to the full; to furnish enjoyment to, to the extent of desire; to sate; as, to satiate appetite or sense.

 These [smells] rather woo the sense than satiate it.

Bacon.
 I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they should be satiated with my blood.

Eikon Basilike.


of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe.

 In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis.

Center of an army, the body or troops occupying the place in the line between the wings. -- Center of a curve or surface (Geom.)
(a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates.
 -- Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. -- Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. -- Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. -- Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardation. -- Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. -- Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. -- Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. -- Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. -- Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid.

 { Cen"ter, Cen"tre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.] 1.
 To be placed in a center; to be central.

2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center.

 Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men's fancies. Dr. H. More.
 Our hopes must center in ourselves alone. Dryden.
 { Cen"ter, Cen"tre } (?), v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton.
2. To collect to a point; to concentrate.

 Thy joys are centered all in me alone. Prior.
3. (Mech.) To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center.

 { Cen"ter*bit', Cen"tre*bit', } n. An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3.

 { Cen"ter*board', Cen"tre*board, } (?), n. (Naut.) A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States Cen"ter*fire' car"tridge. See under Cartridge.

 Cen"ter*ing, n. (Arch.) Same as Center, n., 6.
 [Written also centring.]

 { Cen"ter*piece', Cen"tre*piece' } (?), n. An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure.

 Cen*tes"i*mal (?), a. [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centésimal.] Hundredth. -- n. A hundredth part.

 The neglect of a few centesimals. Arbuthnot.
 Cen*tes'i*ma"tion (?), n. [L. centesimore to take out or select every hundredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.)
 The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny.

 Cen*tes"i*mo (sn"ts"*m), n.; pl. -mi (- m). [It.
 & Sp.] A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime.

 Cen"tesm (sn"tz'm), n. [L. centesima.] Hundredth.

 Cen"ti*are' (?), n. [F. See Centare.] See centare.

 Cen'ti*cip"i*tous (?), a. [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.] Hundred-headed.

 Cen*tif"i*dous (?), a. [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.] Divided into a hundred parts.

 Cen'ti*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.] Having a hundred leaves.

 Cen"ti*grade (?), a. [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the centigrade thermometer; as, 10° centigrade (or 10° C.).

Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale.

 { Cen"ti*gram (?), Cen"ti*gramme (?), } n. [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.] The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to.15432 of a grain. See Gram.

 { Cen"ti*li'ter, Cen"ti*li'tre } (?), n. [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.] The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce.

 Cen*til"o*quy (?), n. [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.] A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton.
 ||Cen'time" (?), n. [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.]
 (F. Coinage) The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account.

 { Cen"ti*me'ter, Cen"ti*me'tre } (?), n. [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.] The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter.

 Cen"ti*nel (?), n. Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville.
 Cen*tin"o*dy (?), n. [L. centum a


n. [NL. So named from Philippe Plantamour, of Geneva, Switzerland.] (Chem.) A rare and doubtful metallic element said to have been discovered in the mineral samarskite.

 Phil"ip*pize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philippized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philippizing.] [Gr. &?; to be on Philip's side.] 1. To support or advocate the cause of Philip of Macedon.

2. [See Philippic.] To write or speak in the style of a philippic.

 Phi*lis"ter (?), n. [G.] A Philistine; -- a cant name given to townsmen by students in German universities.

 Phi*lis"tine (?), n. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Phlishth, pl. Phlishthm.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient Philistia, a coast region of southern Palestine.

2. A bailiff. [Cant, Eng.] [Obs.] Swift.
3. A person deficient in liberal culture and refinement; one without appreciation of the nobler aspirations and sentiments of humanity; one whose scope is limited to selfish and material interests. [Recent] M. Arnold.
 Phi*lis"tine, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Philistines.

2. Uncultured; commonplace.

 Phi*lis"tin*ism (?), n. The condition, character, aims, and habits of the class called Philistines. See Philistine, 3. [Recent] Carlyle.
 On the side of beauty and taste, vulgarity; on the side of morals and feeling, coarseness; on the side of mind and spirit, unintelligence, -- this is Philistinism.

M. Arnold.
 Phil"lips*ite (?), n. [So named after John Phillips, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) (a) A hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda, a zeolitic mineral commonly occurring in complex twin crystals, often cruciform in shape; -- called also christianite.

 Phil*lyg"e*nin (?), n. [Phillyrin + -gen + -in.]
 (Chem.) A pearly crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phillyrin.

 ||Phil*lyr"e*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Bot.)
 A genus of evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and breading a fruit resembling that of the olive.

 Phil"ly*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from Phillyrea as a bitter white crystalline substance. It is sometimes used as a febrifuge.

 Philo-. A combining form from Gr. fi'los loving, fond of, attached to; as, philosophy, philotechnic.

 Phi*log"y*nist (?), n. [See Philogyny.] A lover or friend of women; one who esteems woman as the higher type of humanity; -- opposed to misogynist.

 Phi*log"y*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; woman.]
 Fondness for women; uxoriousness; -- opposed to misogyny. [R.] Byron.
 Phil'o*hel*le"ni*an (?), n. A philhellenist.

 Phi*lol"o*ger (?), n. [Cf. L. philologus a man of letters, Gr. &?;, originally, fond of talking; hence, fond of learning and literature; &?; loving + &?; speech, discourse.] A philologist. Burton.
 Phil'o*lo"gi*an (?), n. A philologist. [R.]

 { Phil'o*log"ic*al (?), Phil'o*log"ic (?), } a. [Cf. F. philologique.]
 Of or pertaining to philology. -- Phil'o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Phi*lol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in philology.

 Phi*lol"o*gize (?), v. i. To study, or make critical comments on, language. Evelyn.
 Phil"o*logue (?), n. [Cf. F. philologue.] A philologist.
 [R.] Carlyle.
 Phi*lol"o*gy (?), n. [L. philologia love of learning, interpretation, philology, Gr. &?;: cf. F. philologie. See Philologer.] 1. Criticism; grammatical learning. [R.] Johnson.
2. The study of language, especially in a philosophical manner and as a science; the investigation of the laws of human speech, the relation of different tongues to one another, and historical development of languages; linguistic science.

Philology comprehends a knowledge of the etymology, or origin and combination of words; grammar, the construction of sentences, or use of words in language; criticism, the interpretation of authors, the affinities of different languages, and whatever relates to the history or present state of languages. It sometimes includes rhetoric, poetry, history, and antiquities.

3. A treatise on the science of language.

 Phil"o*math (?), n. [Gr. &?;; fi'los loving, a friend + ma'qh learning, fr. &?;, &?;, to learn.] A lover of learning; a scholar.
 Chesterfield.
 Phil'o*math'e*mat"ic (?), n. A philomath.

 Phil'o*math"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. philomathique.] 1. Of or pertaining to philomathy.

2. Having love of learning or letters.

 Phi*lom"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;.] The love of learning or letters.

 Phil"o*mel (?), n. Same as Philomela, the nightingale. [Poetic] Milton.
 Cowper.
 Phil'o*me"la (?), n. [L. philomela, Gr. &?;, according to the legend, from &?; Philomela (daughter of Pandion, king of Athens), who was changed into a nightingale.] 1. The nightingale; philomel. Shak.
2. (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the nightingales.

 Phil"o*mene (?), n. The nightingale. [Obs.]

 Phil"o*mot (?), a. [See Filemot.] Of the color of a dead leaf.
 [Obs.] Addison.
 Phil'o*mu"sic*al (?), a. [Philo- + musical.] Loving music. [R.]Busby.

 Phil'o*pe"na (?), n. [Probably a corruption fr. G. vielliebchen, LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, literally, much loved; but influenced by Gr. &?; a friend, and L. poena penalty, from an idea that the gift was a penalty of friendship or love.]
 A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself. [Written also fillipeen and phillippine.]

 One of the ways may be stated as follows: A person finding a nut with two kernels eats one, and gives the other to a person of the opposite sex, and then whichever says philopena first at the next meeting wins the present. The name is also applied to the kernels eaten.

 { Phil'o*po*lem"ic (?), Phil'o*po*lem"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; fond of war, warlike; &?; loving + &?; war.] Fond of polemics or controversy. [R.]

 Phil'o*pro*gen"i*tive (?), a. Having the love of offspring; fond of children.


ir, L. impartire, impertire; pref. imin + partire to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, part, share. See Part, n. ] 1.
 To bestow a share or portion of; to give, grant, or communicate; to allow another to partake in; as, to impart food to the poor; the sun imparts warmth.

 Well may he then to you his cares impart.

Dryden.
2. To obtain a share of; to partake of. [R.] Munday.
3. To communicate the knowledge of; to make known; to show by words or tokens; to tell; to disclose.

 Gentle lady, When I did first impart my love to you.

Shak.
Syn. -- To share; yield; confer; convey; grant; give; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate.

 Im*part" (?), v. i. 1. To give a part or share.

 He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none.

Luke iii. 11.
2. To hold a conference or consultation. Blackstone.
 Im*part"ance (?), n. Impartation.

 Im'par*ta"tion (?), n. The act of imparting, or the thing imparted.

 The necessity of this impartation.

I. Taylor.
 Im*part"er (?), n. One who imparts.

 Im*par"tial (?), a. [Pref. imnot + partial: cf. F.
 impartial.] Not partial; not favoring one more than another; treating all alike; unprejudiced; unbiased; disinterested; equitable; fair; just. Shak.
 Jove is impartial, and to both the same.

Dryden.
 A comprehensive and impartial view.

Macaulay.
 Im*par"tial*ist, n. One who is impartial. [R.] Boyle.
 Im*par'ti*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impartialité.] The quality of being impartial; freedom from bias or favoritism; disinterestedness; equitableness; fairness; as, impartiality of judgment, of treatment, etc.

Impartiality strips the mind of prejudice and passion.

South.
 Im*par"tial*ly (?), a. In an impartial manner.

 Im*par"tial*ness, n. Impartiality. Sir W. Temple.
 Im*part'i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being impartible; communicability. Blackstone.
 Im*part'i*bil"i*ty, n. [Cf. F. impartibilité.] The quality of being incapable of division into parts; indivisibility. Holland.
 Im*part"i*ble (?), a. [From Impart.] Capable of being imparted or communicated.

 Im*part"i*ble, a. [Pref. imnot + partible: cf. F.
 impartible.] Not partible; not subject to partition; indivisible; as, an impartible estate. Blackstone.
 Im*part"ment (?), n. The act of imparting, or that which is imparted, communicated, or disclosed. [R.]

 It beckons you to go away with it, As if it some impartment did desire To you alone.

Shak.
 Im*pass"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. Unpassable.] Incapable of being passed; not admitting a passage; as, an impassable road, mountain, or gulf.
 Milton. -- Im*pass"a*ble*ness, n. - - Im*pass"a*bly, adv.
 Im*pas'si*bil"i*ty (?), a. [L. impassibilitas: cf. F. impassibilité.]
 The quality or condition of being impassible; insusceptibility of injury from external things.

 Im*pas"si*ble (?), a. [L. impassibilis; pref. imnot + passibilis passable: cf. F. impassible. See Passible.]
 Incapable of suffering; inaccessible to harm or pain; not to be touched or moved to passion or sympathy; unfeeling, or not showing feeling; without sensation. "Impassible to the critic." Sir W. Scott.
 Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart Though naked, and impassible depart.

Dryden.
 Im*pas"si*ble*ness, n. Impassibility.

 Im*pas"sion (?), v. t. [Pref. imin + passion. Cf.
 Empassion, Impassionate, v.] To move or affect strongly with passion. [Archaic] Chapman.
 Im*pas"sion*a*ble (?), a. Excitable; susceptible of strong emotion.

 Im*pas"sion*ate (?), a. Strongly affected. Smart.
 Im*pas"sion*ate (?), v. t. To affect powerfully; to arouse the passions of. Dr. H. More.
 Im*pas"sion*ate (?), a. [Pref. imnot + passionate.]
 Without passion or feeling. Burton.
 Im*pas"sioned (?), p. p. & a. Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as, an impassioned orator or discourse.

 Im*pas"sive (?), a. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; apathetic; impassible; unmoved.

Impassive as the marble in the quarry.

De Quincey.
 On the impassive ice the lightings play.

Pope.
 -- Im*pas"sive*ly, adv. -- Im*pas"sive*ness, n. Im'pas*siv"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being insusceptible of feeling, pain, or suffering; impassiveness.

 Im'pas*ta"tion (?), n. [F. See Impaste.] The act of making into paste; that which is formed into a paste or mixture; specifically, a combination of different substances by means of cements.

 Im*paste" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impasted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Impasting.] [Pref. imin + paste: cf. It.
 impastare, OF. empaster, F. empâter. See 1st Inand Paste.] 1. To knead; to make into paste; to concrete.
 "Blood... baked and impasted." Shak.
2. (Paint.) To lay color on canvas by uniting them skillfully together. [R.] Cf. Impasto.

 Im*past"ing, (Paint.) The laying on of colors to produce impasto.

 Im*pas"to (?), n. [It. See Impaste.] (Paint.) The thickness of the layer or body of pigment applied by the painter to his canvas with especial reference to the juxtaposition of different colors and tints in forming a harmonious whole. Fairholt.
 Im*pas"ture (?), v. t. To place in a pasture; to foster. [R.] T. Adams.
 Im*pat"i*ble (?), a. [L. impatibilis; pref. imnot + patibilis supportable. See Patible.] 1. Not capable of being borne; impassible.

 A spirit, and so impatible of material fire.

Fuller.
 Im*pa"tience (?) n. [OE. impacience, F. impatience, fr. L. impatientia.] The quality of being impatient; want of endurance of pain, suffering, opposition, or delay; eagerness for change, or for something expected; restlessness; chafing of spirit; fretfulness; passion; as, the impatience of a child or an invalid.

 I then,... Out of my grief and my impatience, Answered neglectingly.

Shak.
 With huge impat


THE NATUREWOMAN By Upton Sinclair Contents CHARACTERS THE NATUREWOMAN ACT I ACT II ACT III ACT IV CHARACTERS THE NATUREWOMAN ACT I [Scene shows a luxuriously furnished drawing-room. Double doors, centre, opening to hall and stairway. Grand piano at right, fireplace next to it, with large easy-chair in front. Centre table; windows left, and chairs.]

 [At rise: ETHEL standing by table; a beautiful but rather frail girl of sixteen; opening a package containing photograph in frame.]

 ETHEL. Oceana! Oceana! [She gazes at it in rapture.] Oh, I wonder if she'll be as good as she is beautiful! She must be! Oceana! [To REMSON, an old, white-haired family servant, who enters with flowers in vase.]
 No message from my brother yet?

 REMSON. Nothing, Miss Ethel.

 ETHEL. Look at this, Remson.

 REMSON. [Takes photograph.] Is that your cousin, Miss Ethel?

 ETHEL. That's she. Isn't she lovely?

 REMSON. Yes, miss. Is that the way they dress in those parts?

 ETHEL. The natives don't even wear that much, Remson.

 REMSON. It must be right warm there, I fancy.

 ETHEL. Oh, yes... they never know what cold weather is.

 REMSON. What is the name of it, Miss Ethel?

 ETHEL. Maukuri—it's in the South Seas.

 REMSON. It seems like I've heard of cannibals in those parts, somewhere.

 ETHEL, Yes, in some of the groups. But this is just one little island by itself... nothing else for a hundred miles and more.

 REMSON. And she's lived there all this time, Miss Ethel?

 ETHEL. Fifteen years, Remson.

 REMSON. And no folks at all there?

 ETHEL. Not since her father died.

 REMSON. [Shakes his head.] Humph! She'd ought to be glad to get home, Miss Ethel.

 ETHEL. She didn't seem to feel that way. [Takes book and seats herself by fireplace.] But we'll try to make her change her mind. Just think of it... she's been forty-six days on the steamer!

 REMSON. Can it be possible, miss?

 ETHEL. Wasn't that the street door just now, Remson?

 REMSON. I thought so, Miss Ethel. [Moves to door.] Oh! Mrs. Masterson.

 MRS. MASTERSON. [In doorway; a Boston Brahman, aged fifty, wearing street costume, black.] Any news yet, Remson?

 REMSON. None, madam.

 MRS. MASTERSON. Master Frederick is at the dock?

 REMSON. Yes, madam.

 DR. MASTERSON. [Enters; slightly younger than his wife, a dapper little man, bald and henpecked.] No news from the steamer, my dear?

 MRS. MASTERSON. None.

 REMSON. Anything further, madam?

 MRS. MASTERSON. Nothing.

 [Exit REMSON.]

 DR. MASTERSON. It'll be too bad if Oceana has to spend this evening on the steamer.

 MRS. MASTERSON. Have you taken to calling her by that ridiculous name also?

 DR. MASTERSON. Surely she has a right to select her name!

 MRS. MASTERSON. I was present when she was christened; and so were you, Quincy. For ME she will remain Anna Talbot until the day she dies.

 DR. MASTERSON. Anna or Oceana... there's not much difference, it seems.
 [Takes paper and sits by window; they do not see ETHEL.] Weren't Letitia and Henry to be here?

 MRS. MASTERSON. Letitia was... but she's never on time. There's the bell now. [Looks at photograph.] Humph! So Ethel's had it framed! I declare... people ought not to be shown a photograph like that... it's not decent.

 DR. MASTERSON. My dear! It's the South Sea Islands!

 MRS. MASTERSON. [Severely.] This is Back Bay. Oh! Letitia!

 LETITIA. [Enters; aged about twenty-eight, prim and decorous, Patterned after her mother; black street costume, with furs.] No news from the steamer, it seems! Dear me, such weather!

 MRS. MASTERSON. You didn't walk, I hope?

 LETITIA. No, but even getting into the stores! I'm exhausted.

 DR. MASTERSON. [Looking from paper.] Henry coming?

 LETITIA. He said he might drop in. He's curious to see the lady.

 DR. MASTERSON. Humph! No doubt!

 LETITIA. Mother, I wish you'd try to do something with Henry. He's so restless and discontented... he's getting to be simply impossible.

 MRS. MASTERSON. I'm going to talk to him to-day, my dear.

 LETITIA. Fancy my going out and burying myself in the country! And he means it... he's at me all the time about it!

 MRS. MASTERSON. Well, don't go, my dear!

 LETITIA. Don't worry yourself... I've not the least intention of going.
 Such things as we modern women have to endure! Only fancy, he's got an idea he wants to be where he can work with his hands!

 MRS. MASTERSON. Henry ought to have discovered these yearnings before he married one of the Mastersons. As my daughter, you have certain social obligations to fill... your friends have a claim upon you, quite as much as your husband.

 LETITIA. He says he wants to take the bungalow and make it over... wants to plan it and work at it himself. And with me and the children sitting out on the mountain-top in the snow until he finishes, I suppose!

 MRS. MASTERSON. Quincy, do you know anything about this whim of Henry's for a day-laborer's life?

 DR. MASTERSON. My dear, Henry's a big, active man, and he wants something to do.

 MRS. MASTERSON. But hasn't he his business?

 DR. MASTERSON. I dare say there are things more thrilling to a man than commercial law-cases. And Henry's been thinking for himself... he says the law's a cheat.

 MRS. MASTERSON. Yes, I know... I've heard all that. And here we are, just at this critical moment, when the girl is coming, and when he ought to be advising us about that will.

 DR. MASTERSON. It seems to me, my dear, you've managed to choose your course without his aid. [A pause.] I hope we shan't have to get into any quarrel with Oceana.

 MRS. MASTERSON. We shall not if I can help it, Quincy.

 LETITIA. We simply intend to be firm, father.

 MRS. MASTERSON. We intend to make it clear that we are going to stand by our legal rights. With no hard feelings for her personally... ETHEL. [Rising from chair.] Mother!

 MRS. MASTERSON. Ethel!

 ETHEL. Mother, this has gone just as far as it can go! I've felt all along that something like this was preparing.

 MRS. MASTERSON. My dear... ETHEL. Mother, this concerns me as much as it concerns any one of you.
 And I tell you,


; to import; to denote; to betoken.

 He bade her tell him what it signified.

Chaucer.
 A tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.

Shak.
Signify is often used impersonally; as, it signifies nothing, it does not signify, that is, it is of no importance.

Syn. -- To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; betoken; denote; imply; mean.

 Sign"ior (?), n. Sir; Mr. The English form and pronunciation for the Italian Signor and the Spanish Señor.

 Sign"ior*ize (?), v. t. [See Seigniorize.] To exercise dominion over; to lord it over. [Obs.] Shelton.
 Sign"ior*ize (sn"yr*z), v. i. To exercise dominion; to seigniorize.
 [Obs.] Hewyt.
 Sign"ior*ship, n. State or position of a signior.

 Sign"ior*y (-), n. Same as Seigniory.

 { ||Si*gnor" (?), ||Si*gno"re (?) }, n. [It. See Seignior.] Sir; Mr.; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians. Before a noun the form is Signor.

 ||Si*gno"ra (?), n. [It.] Madam; Mrs; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians.

 ||Si'gno*ri"na (?), n. [It.] Miss; -- a title of address among the Italians.

 Sign"post' (?), n. A post on which a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give public notice of anything.

 { Sik (?), Sike (?), } a. Such. See Such. [Obs.] "Sike fancies weren foolerie." Spenser.
 Sike (?), n. [AS. sc. Cf. Sig.] A gutter; a stream, such as is usually dry in summer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Sike, n. [See Sick.] A sick person. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sike, v. i. To sigh. [Obs.]

 That for his wife weepeth and siketh sore.

Chaucer.
 Sike, n. A sigh. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Sik"er (?), a. & adv., Sik"er*ly, adv., Sik"er*ness, n., etc.} See 2d Sicker, Sickerly, etc. [Obs.]

 Sikhs (?), n. pl.; sing. Sikh (&?;). [Hind. Sikh, properly, a disciple.] A religious sect noted for warlike traits, founded in the Punjab at the end of the 15th century.

 Si"lage (?), n. & v. Short for Ensilage.

 Sile (?), v. t. [Akin to Sw. sila to strain, sil sieve, G. sielen to draw away or lead off water. √151a.
 See Silt.] To strain, as fresh milk. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sile, v. i. To drop; to flow; to fall. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sile, n. 1. A sieve with fine meshes. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Filth; sediment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Sile, n. [Icel. sld herring; akin to Sw. sill, Dan.
 sild. Cf. Sill the young of a herring.] (Zoöl.) A young or small herring. [Eng.] Pennant.
 Si"lence (?), n. [F., fr. L. silentium. See Silent.]

1. The state of being silent; entire absence of sound or noise; absolute stillness.

 I saw and heared; for such a numerous host Fled not in silence through the frighted deep.

Milton.
2. Forbearance from, or absence of, speech; taciturnity; muteness.

3. Secrecy; as, these things were transacted in silence.

 The administration itself keeps a profound silence.

D. Webster.
4. The cessation of rage, agitation, or tumilt; calmness; quiest; as, the elements were reduced to silence.

5. Absence of mention; oblivion.

 And what most merits fame, in silence hid.

Milton.
 Si"lence, interj. Be silent; -- used elliptically for let there be silence, or keep silence. Shak.
 Si"lence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silenced (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Silencing (?).] 1. To compel to silence; to cause to be still; to still; to hush.

Silence that dreadful bell; it frights the isle.

Shak.
2. To put to rest; to quiet.

 This would silence all further opposition.

Clarendon.
 These would have silenced their scruples.

Rogers.
3. To restrain from the exercise of any function, privilege of instruction, or the like, especially from the act of preaching; as, to silence a minister of the gospel.

 The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Chelmsford, in Essex, was silenced for nonconformity.

B. Trumbull.
4. To cause to cease firing, as by a vigorous cannonade; as, to silence the batteries of an enemy.

 Si*le"ne (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Silenus, the attendant of Bacchus.] (Bot.) A genus of caryophyllaceous plants, usually covered with a viscid secretion by which insects are caught; catchfly.

Bon Silène. See Silène, in the Vocabulary.

 Si"lent (?), a. [L. silens, - entis, p. pr. of silere to be silent; akin to Goth. anasilan.] 1. Free from sound or noise; absolutely still; perfectly quiet.

 How silent is this town!

Shak.
2. Not speaking; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; taciturn; not loquacious; not talkative.

 Ulysses, adds he, was the most eloquent and most silent of men.

Broome.
 This new-created world, whereof in hell Fame is not silent.

Milton.
3. Keeping at rest; inactive; calm; undisturbed; as, the wind is silent.
 Parnell. Sir W. Raleigh.
4. (Pron.) Not pronounced; having no sound; quiescent; as, e is silent in "fable."

5. Having no effect; not operating; inefficient. [R.]

 Cause... silent, virtueless, and dead.

Sir W. Raleigh.
Silent partner. See Dormant partner, under Dormant.

Syn. -- Mute; taciturn; dumb; speechless; quiet; still. See Mute, and Taciturn.

 Si"lent, n. That which is silent; a time of silence. [R.] "The silent of the night." Shak.
 Si*len"ti*a*ry (s*ln"sh**r), n. [L. silentiarius: cf. F. silenciaire.
 See Silence.] One appointed to keep silence and order in court; also, one sworn not to divulge secrets of state.

 Si*len"tious (?), a. [L. silentiosus: cf. F. silencieux.]
 Habitually silent; taciturn; reticent. [R.]

 Si"lent*ly (?), adv. In a silent manner.

 Si"lent*ness, n. State of being silent; silence.

 Si*le"nus (?), n. [L. Silenus the tutor and attendant of Bacchus.] (Zoöl.) See Wanderoo.

 Si*le"si*a (?), n. 1. A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia.

2. A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings.

 Si*le"si*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Silesia. -- n. A native


'mo*gen"i*tive, n. Primogeniture. [Obs.]

 The primogenitive and due of birth.

Shak.
 Pri'mo*gen"i*tor (?), n. [LL., fr. L. primus first + genitor a begetter.] The first ancestor; a forefather.

 Pri'mo*gen"i*ture (?; 135), n. [LL., fr. L. primus first + genitura a begetting, birth, generation, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. primogéniture, L. primogenitus firstborn. See Prime, a., and Genus, Kin.] 1. The state of being the firstborn of the same parents; seniority by birth among children of the same family.

2. (Eng. Law) The exclusive right of inheritance which belongs to the eldest son. Thus in England the right of inheriting the estate of the father belongs to the eldest son, and in the royal family the eldest son of the sovereign is entitled to the throne by primogeniture.
 In exceptional cases, among the female children, the crown descends by right of primogeniture to the eldest daughter only and her issue.
 Blackstone.
 Pri'mo*gen"i*ture*ship (?), n. The state or privileges of the firstborn. Burke.
 Pri*mor"di*al (?), a. [L. primordialis, from primordium the first beginning; primus first + ordiri to begin a web, to begin: cf. F. primordial.] 1. First in order; primary; original; of earliest origin; as, primordial condition. "The primordial facts of our intelligent nature." Sir W. Hamilton.
2. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest beds of the Silurian age, corresponding to the Acadian and Potsdam periods in American geology. It is called also Cambrian, and by many geologists is separated from the Silurian.

3. (Biol.) Originally or earliest formed in the growth of an individual or organ; as, a primordial leaf; a primordial cell.

Primordial utricle (Bot.), the interior lining of a young vegetable cell.

 Pri*mor"di*al, n. A first principle or element.

 Pri*mor"di*al*ism (?), n. Devotion to, or persistence in, conditions of the primordial state. H. Spencer.
 Pri*mor"di*al*ly, adv. At the beginning; under the first order of things; originally.

 Pri*mor"di*an (?), n. [L. primordius first of all, fr. primordium.]
 (Bot.) A name given to several kinds of plums; as, red primordian, amber primordian, etc.

 Pri*mor"di*ate (?), a. Primordial. [R.] Boyle.
 Primp (?), v. i. & t. [Cf. Prim, a.] To be formal or affected in dress or manners; -- often with up. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.
 Prim"rose' (?), n. [OE. primerole, F. primerole, a derivative fr. LL. primula, from L. primus first. See Prime, a.] (Bot.) (a) An early flowering plant of the genus Primula (P. vulgaris) closely allied to the cowslip. There are several varieties, as the white-, the red-, the yellow-flowered, etc.
 Formerly called also primerole, primerolles. (b) Any plant of the genus Primula.

Evening primrose, an erect biennial herb (Enothera biennis), with yellow vespertine flowers, common in the United States. The name is sometimes extended to other species of the same genus. -- Primrose peerless, the two-flowered Narcissus (N. biflorus). [Obs.]

 Prim"rose', a. Of or pertaining to the primrose; of the color of a primrose; -- hence, flowery; gay. "The primrose path of dalliance."
 Shak.
 ||Prim"u*la (?), n. [LL. See Primrose.] (Bot.) The genus of plants including the primrose (Primula vera).

 Prim'u*la"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of herbaceous plants (Primulaceæ), of which the primrose is the type, and the pimpernel, the cyclamen, and the water violet are other examples.

 ||Pri"mum mob"i*le (?). [L., first cause of motion.] (Astron.) In the Ptolemaic system, the outermost of the revolving concentric spheres constituting the universe, the motion of which was supposed to carry with it all the inclosed spheres with their planets in a daily revolution from east to west. See Crystalline heavens, under Crystalline.

 The motions of the greatest persons in a government ought to be, as the motions of the planets, under primum mobile.

Bacon.
 ||Pri"mus (?), n. [L., the first.] One of the bishops of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, who presides at the meetings of the bishops, and has certain privileges but no metropolitan authority. Internat.
 Cyc.
 Prim"y (?), a. [From Prime, a.] Being in its prime. [Obs.]
 "The youth of primy nature." Shak.
 Prince (?), n. [F., from L. princeps, -cipis, the first, chief; primus first + capere to take. See Prime, a., and Capacious.] 1. The one of highest rank; one holding the highest place and authority; a sovereign; a monarch; - - originally applied to either sex, but now rarely applied to a female. Wyclif (Rev. i. 5).
 Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince.

Milton.
 Queen Elizabeth, a prince admirable above her sex.

Camden.
2. The son of a king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family; as, princes of the blood. Shak.
3. A title belonging to persons of high rank, differing in different countries. In England it belongs to dukes, marquises, and earls, but is given to members of the royal family only. In Italy a prince is inferior to a duke as a member of a particular order of nobility; in Spain he is always one of the royal family.

4. The chief of any body of men; one at the head of a class or profession; one who is preëminent; as, a merchant prince; a prince of players. "The prince of learning." Peacham.
Prince-Albert coat, a long double-breasted frock coat for men. -- Prince of the blood, Prince consort, Prince of darkness.
 See under Blood, Consort, and Darkness. -- Prince of Wales, the oldest son of the English sovereign. -- Prince's feather (Bot.), a name given to two annual herbs (Amarantus caudatus and Polygonum orientale), with apetalous reddish flowers arranged in long recurved panicled spikes. -- Prince's metal, Prince Rupert's metal.
 See under Metal. Prince's pine. (Bot.) See Pipsissewa.

 Prince, v. i. To play the prince. [R.] Shak.
 Prince"dom (?), n. The jurisdiction, sovereignty, rank, or estate of a prince.

 Thrones, princedoms, powers, dominions, I reduce.

Milton.
 Prince"hood (?), n. Princeliness. [Obs.] E. Hall.
 Prince"kin (?), n. A petty prince; a princeling.

 The princekins of private life.

Thackeray.
 Prince"less, a. Without a prince. Fuller.
 Prince"let (?), n. A petty prince. [R.]

 Prince"like' (?), a. Princely. Shak.
 Prince


purpose of obtaining sugar from them; -- called also, sometimes, sugar bush. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Sugar pine (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree (Pinus Lambertiana) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a substitute for sugar. -- Sugar squirrel (Zoöl.), an Australian flying phalanger (Belideus sciureus), having a long bushy tail and a large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See Illust.
 under Phlanger. -- Sugar tongs, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl. -- Sugar tree.
 (Bot.) See Sugar maple, above.

 Sug"ar (?), v. i. In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off.
 [Local, U.S.]

 Sug"ar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sugared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with. "When I sugar my liquor." G. Eliot.
2. To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof.

 With devotion's visage And pious action we do sugar o'er The devil himself.

Shak.
 Sug"ared (?), a. Sweetened. "The sugared liquor." Spenser.
 Also used figuratively; as, sugared kisses.

 Sug"ar-house' (?), n. A building in which sugar is made or refined; a sugar manufactory.

 Sug"ar*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sugary, or sweet.

 Sug"ar*ing, n. 1. The act of covering or sweetening with sugar; also, the sugar thus used.

2. The act or process of making sugar.

 Sug"ar*less, a. Without sugar; free from sugar.

 Sug"ar*plum' (?), n. A kind of candy or sweetneat made up in small balls or disks.

 Sug"ar*y (?), a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar; tasting of sugar; sweet. Spenser.
2. Fond of sugar or sweet things; as, a sugary palate.

 Su*ges"cent (?), a. [L. sugere to suck.] Of or pertaining to sucking. [R.] Paley.
 Sug*gest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suggested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] [L. suggestus, p. p. of suggerere to put under, furnish, suggest; sub under + gerere to carry, to bring. See Jest.] 1. To introduce indirectly to the thoughts; to cause to be thought of, usually by the agency of other objects.

 Some ideas... are suggested to the mind by all the ways of sensation and reflection.

Locke.
2. To propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate; as, to suggest a difficulty.

3. To seduce; to prompt to evil; to tempt. [Obs.]

 Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested.

Shak.
4. To inform secretly. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To hint; allude to; refer to; insinuate.

 Sug*gest", v. i. To make suggestions; to tempt. [Obs.]

 And ever weaker grows through acted crime, Or seeming-genial, venial fault, Recurring and suggesting still.

Tennyson.
 Sug*gest"er (?), n. One who suggests. Beau. & Fl.
 Sug*ges"tion (?), n. [F. suggestion, L. suggestio.]
 1. The act of suggesting; presentation of an idea.

2. That which is suggested; an intimation; an insinuation; a hint; a different proposal or mention; also, formerly, a secret incitement; temptation.

 Why do I yield to that suggestion?

Shak.
3. Charge; complaint; accusation. [Obs.] "A false suggestion."
 Chaucer.
4. (Law) Information without oath; an entry of a material fact or circumstance on the record for the information of the court, at the death or insolvency of a party.

5. (Physiol. & Metaph.) The act or power of originating or recalling ideas or relations, distinguished as original and relative; -- a term much used by Scottish metaphysicians from Hutcherson to Thomas Brown.

Syn. -- Hint; allusion; intimation; insinuation. -- Suggestion, Hint. A hint is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of something before the mind for consideration, an indirect or guarded mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usually something slight or covert, and may by merely negative in its character. A suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us with some practical assistance or direction. "He gave me a hint of my danger, and added some suggestions as to the means of avoiding it."

 Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.

Pope.
 Arthur, whom they say is killed to-night On your suggestion.

Shak.
 Sug*gest"ive (?), a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation.
 -- Sug*gest"ive*ly, adv. -- Sug*gest"ive*ness, n. Sug*gest"ment (?), n. Suggestion. [R.]

 They fancy that every thought must needs have an immediate outward suggestment.

Hare.
 Sug*gest"ress (?), n. A woman who suggests. "The suggestress of suicides." De Quincey.
 Sug"gil (?), v. t. [L. suggillare, sugillare, suggillatum, sugillatum, literally, to beat black and blue.] To defame. [Obs.]
 Abp. Parker.
 Sug"gil*late (?), v. t. [See Suggil.] To beat livid, or black and blue. Wiseman.
 Sug'gil*la"tion (?), n. [L. suggillatio: cf. F. suggillation.]
 A livid, or black and blue, mark; a blow; a bruise.

 Su"i*ci'dal (?), a. Partaking of, or of the nature of, the crime or suicide. -- Su"i*ci'dal*ly, adv.
 Su"i*cide (?), n. [L. sui of one's self (akin to suus one's own) + caedere to slay, to kill. Cf. So, adv., Homicide.] 1. The act of taking one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind.

2. One guilty of self-murder; a felo-dese.

3. Ruin of one's own interests. "Intestine war, which may be justly called political suicide." V. Knox.
 Su'i*cid"i*cal (?), a. Suicidal. [Obs.]

 Su"i*ci*dism (?), n. The quality or state of being suicidal, or self-murdering. [R.]

 Su"i*cism (?), n. [L. suus one's own.] Selfishness; egoism.
 [R.] Whitlock.
 ||Su"i gen"e*ris (?). [L.] Of his or its own kind.

 Su"il*lage (?), n. [OF. souillage, soillage, fr. souiller, soiller. See Soil to stain, and cf. Sullage.] A drain or collection of filth. [Obs.] [Written also sulliage, and sullage.]