ish, turnip, etc.

 Cru"ci*fi'er (kr?"s?-f?'?r), n. One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial.

 Cru"ci*fix (kr?"s?-f?ks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-&?;z).
 [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf.
 Crucify.] 1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions.

 The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix. Milman.
 And kissing oft her crucifix, Unto the block she drew.
Warner.
2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor.
 Cru'ci*fix"ion (kr?'s?-f?k"sh?n), n. 1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment.

2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross.

3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial.

 Do ye prove What crucifixions are in love? Herrick.
 Cru"ci*form (kr?"s?-f?rm), a. [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.] Cross-shaped; (Bot.)
 having four parts arranged in the form of a cross.

 Cru"ci*fy (-f?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-f?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Crucifying.] [F. crucifier, fr.
 (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending -figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr.
 L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.] 1.
 To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet.

 They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him. Luke xxiii. 21.
2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify.

 They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts. Gal. v. 24.
3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL.
 Cru*cig"er*ous (kr?-s?j"?r-?s), a. [L. crux, cricis, cross + -gerous.] Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne.
 Crud (kr?d), n. See Curd. [Obs.]

 Crud"dle (-d'l), v. i. To curdle. [Obs.]

 See how thy blood cruddles at this. Bea&?; & FL.
 Crude (krd), a. [Compar. Cruder (-r); superl. Crudest.]
 [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.] 1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as, crude flesh.
 "Common crude salt." Boyle.
 Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials. I. Taylor.
2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature.

 I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton.
3. Not reduced to order or form; unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. "Crude projects." Macaulay.
Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition. De Quincey.
 The originals of Nature in their crude Conception. Milton.
4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. "Crude and inconcoct." Bacon.
5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profundity; as, a crude reasoner.

6. (Paint.) Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art.

 Crude"ly, adv. In a crude, immature manner.

 Crude"ness, n. A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as, the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans.

 Cru"di*ty (kr"d*t), n.; pl. Crudities (- tz). [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudité. See Crude.] 1. The condition of being crude; rawness.

2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. "Crudities in the stomach." Arbuthnot.
 Cru"dle (-d'l), v. i. See Cruddle.

 Crud"y (kr?d"?), a. [From Crud.] Coagulated. [Obs.]

 His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed. Spenser.
 Cru"dy (kr?"d?), a. [From Crude.] Characterized by crudeness; raw.
 [Obs.]

 The foolish and dull and crudy vapors. Shak.
 Cru"el (kr"l), n. See Crewel.

 Cru"el (kr"l), a. [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus.
 See Crude.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless.

 Behold a people cometh from the north country;... they are cruel and have no mercy. Jer. vi. 22,23.
2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery.

Cruel wars, wasting the earth. Milton.
 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel.
Gen. xlix. 7.
3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh.

 You have seen cruel proof of this man's strength. Shak.
 Cru"el*ly, adv. 1. In a cruel manner.

2. Extremely; very. [Colloq.] Spectator.
 Cru"el*ness, n.Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Cru"els (kr"lz), n. pl. [Corrupt. fr. F. écrouelles scrofula.] Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck.

 Cru"el*ty (-t), n.; pl. Cruelties (-tz). [OF. cruelté, F. cruauté, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis.
 See Cruel.]

 1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity.

 Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty. Shak.
2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain.

Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition.

 Macaulay.

 Cru"en*tate (kr?"?n-t?t), a. [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody


it. An' that's the rason why I think it id be better for the likes iv me to be remimbered in tradition than to be written in history.'

 Finley has now been dead nearly eleven years, and his fame has not prospered by the tactics which he pursued, for his reputation, so far from being magnified, has been wholly obliterated by the mists of obscurity.

 With no small difficulty, and no inconsiderable manoeuvring, I succeeded in procuring, at an expense of trouble and conscience which you will no doubt think but poorly rewarded, an accurate'report' of one of his most popular recitations. It celebrates one of the many daring exploits of the once famous Phaudhrig Crohoore (in prosaic English, Patrick Connor). I have witnessed powerful effects produced upon large assemblies by Finley's recitation of this poem which he was wont, upon pressing invitation, to deliver at weddings, wakes, and the like; of course the power of the narrative was greatly enhanced by the fact that many of his auditors had seen and well knew the chief actors in the drama.

 'PHAUDHRIG CROHOORE.

 It is due to the memory of Finley to say that the foregoing ballad, though bearing throughout a strong resemblance to Sir Walter Scott's 'Lochinvar,' was nevertheless composed long before that spirited production had seen the light.


); p. pr. & vb. n. Gloving.] To cover with, or as with, a glove.

 Glov"er (?), n. One whose trade it is to make or sell gloves.

Glover's suture or stitch, a kind of stitch used in sewing up wounds, in which the thread is drawn alternately through each side from within outward.

 Glow (gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowed (gld); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Glowing.] [AS. glwan; akin to D. gloeijen, OHG. gluoen, G. glühen, Icel. gla, Dan. gloende glowing. √94. Cf. Gloom.]

1. To shine with an intense or white heat; to give forth vivid light and heat; to be incandescent.

Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees.

Pope.
2. To exhibit a strong, bright color; to be brilliant, as if with heat; to be bright or red with heat or animation, with blushes, etc.

 Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays.

Dryden.
 And glow with shame of your proceedings.

Shak.
3. To feel hot; to have a burning sensation, as of the skin, from friction, exercise, etc.; to burn.

 Did not his temples glow In the same sultry winds and acrching heats?

Addison.
 The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands.

Gay.
4. To feel the heat of passion; to be animated, as by intense love, zeal, anger, etc.; to rage, as passior; as, the heart glows with love, zeal, or patriotism.

 With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows.

Dryden.
 Burns with one love, with one resentment glows.

Pope.
 Glow, v. t. To make hot; to flush. [Poetic] Fans, whose wind did seem To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool.

Shak.
 Glow, n. 1. White or red heat; incandscence.

2. Brightness or warmth of color; redness; a rosy flush; as, the glow of health in the cheeks.

3. Intense excitement or earnestness; vehemence or heat of passion; ardor.

 The red glow of scorn.

Shak.
4. Heat of body; a sensation of warmth, as that produced by exercise, etc.

 Glow"bard (?), n. [See Globard.] The glowworm. [Obs.]

 Glow"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Glowering.] [Cf. Gloar.] to look intently; to stare angrily or with a scowl. Thackeray.
 Glow"ing*ly (?), adv. In a glowing manner; with ardent heat or passion.

 Glow"lamp' (?), n. 1. (Chem.) An aphlogistic lamp.
 See Aphlogistic.

2. (Elect.) An incandescent lamp. See Incandescent, a. Glow"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A coleopterous insect of the genus Lampyris; esp., the wingless females and larvæ of the two European species (L. noctiluca, and L. splendidula), which emit light from some of the abdominal segments.

 Like a glowworm in the night, The which hath fire in darkness, none in light.

Shak.
 The male is winged, and is supposed to be attracted by the light of the female. In America, the luminous larvæ of several species of fireflies and fire beetles are called glowworms. Both sexes of these are winged when mature. See Firefly.

 ||Glox*in"i*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell-shaped blossoms; -- named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist.

 Gloze (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glozed(?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Glozing.] [OE. glosen, F. gloser. See gloss explanation.]

1. To flatter; to wheedle; to fawn; to talk smoothly. Chaucer.
 A false, glozing parasite.

South.
 So glozed the tempter, and his proem tuned.

Milton.
2. To give a specious or false meaning; to ministerpret. Shak.
 Gloze, v. t. To smooth over; to palliate.

 By glozing the evil that is in the world.

I. Taylor.
 Gloze, n. 1. Flattery; adulation; smooth speech.

 Now to plain dealing; lay these glozes by.

Shak.
2. Specious show; gloss. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
 Gloz"er (?), n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Gifford (1580).
 Glu"cic (?), a. [Gr. &?; sweet.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar; as, glucic acid.

 Glu*ci"na (?), n. [Cf. F. glycine, glucine. So called because it forms sweet salts. See Glucinum.] (Chem.) A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; -- formerly called glucine.

 Glu*cin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, glucinum; as, glucinic oxide.

 Glu*ci"num (?), n. [Cf. F. glucinium, glycium, fr.
 Gr. &?;, sweet. Cf. Glycerin.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of a silver white color, and low specific gravity (2.1), resembling magnesium. It never occurs naturally in the free state, but is always combined, usually with silica or alumina, or both; as in the minerals phenacite, chrysoberyl, beryl or emerald, euclase, and danalite. It was named from its oxide glucina, which was known long before the element was isolated. Symbol Gl. Atomic weight 9.1. Called also beryllium.
 [Formerly written also glucinium.]

 Glu"co*gen (?), n. [R.] See Glycogen.

 Glu'co*gen"e*sis (?), n. Glycogenesis. [R.]

 Glu*con"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, glucose.

Gluconic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained as a colorless, sirupy liquid, by the oxidation of glucose; -- called also maltonic acid, and dextronic acid.

 Glu"cose' (?), n. [Gr. &?; sweet. Cf. Glycerin.]

1. A variety of sugar occurring in nature very abundantly, as in ripe grapes, and in honey, and produced in great quantities from starch, etc., by the action of heat and acids. It is only about half as sweet as cane sugar. Called also dextrose, grape sugar, diabetic sugar, and starch sugar. See Dextrose.

2. (Chem.) Any one of a large class of sugars, isometric with glucose proper, and including levulose, galactose, etc.

3. The trade name of a sirup, obtained as an uncrystallizable reside in the manufacture of glucose proper, and containing, in addition to some dextrose or glucose, also maltose, dextrin, etc. It is used as a cheap adulterant of sirups, beers, etc.

 Glu"co*side (?), n. [See Glucose.] (Chem.) One of a large series of amorphous or crystalline substances, occurring very widely distributed in


. [imp. & p. p. Garnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [OE. garnischen, garnissen, OF. garnir to provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn, F. garnir to provide, furnish, garnish, -- of German origin; cf. OHG. warnn to provide, equip; akin to G. wahren to watch, E. aware, ware, wary, and cf. also E. warn. See Wary, -ish, and cf. Garment, Garrison.] 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to set off; to adorn; to embellish.

 All within with flowers was garnished.

Spenser.
2. (Cookery) To ornament, as a dish, with something laid about it; as, a dish garnished with parsley.

3. To furnish; to supply.

4. To fit with fetters. [Cant] Johnson.
5. (Law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to; to garnishee. See Garnishee, v. t. Cowell.
 Gar"nish, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; decoration; ornament; also, dress; garments, especially such as are showy or decorated.

 So are you, sweet, Even in the lovely garnish of a boy.

Shak.
 Matter and figure they produce; For garnish this, and that for use.

Prior.
2. (Cookery) Something set round or upon a dish as an embellishment. See Garnish, v. t., 2. Smart.
3. Fetters. [Cant] 4. A fee; specifically, in English jails, formerly an unauthorized fee demanded by the old prisoners of a newcomer. [Cant] Fielding.
Garnish bolt (Carp.), a bolt with a chamfered or faceted head. Knight.
 Gar'nish*ee" (?), n. (Law) One who is garnished; a person upon whom garnishment has been served in a suit by a creditor against a debtor, such person holding property belonging to the debtor, or owing him money.

 The order by which warning is made is called a garnishee order.

 Gar'nish*ee", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-d); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To make (a person) a garnishee; to warn by garnishment; to garnish. (b) To attach (the fund or property sought to be secured by garnishment); to trustee.

 Gar"nish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, garnishes.

 Gar"nish*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. garnissement protection, guarantee, warning.] 1. Ornament; embellishment; decoration. Sir H. Wotton.
2. (Law) (a) Warning, or legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the court on any matter. (b) Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods to the defendant, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee.

3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4.

 Gar"ni*ture (?), n. [F. garniture. See Garnish, v. t.]
 That which garnishes; ornamental appendage; embellishment; furniture; dress.

 The pomp of groves and garniture of fields.

Beattie.
 ||Ga*roo"kuh (?), n. A small fishing vessel met with in the Persian Gulf.

 Ga"rous (?), a. [From Garum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, garum.
 Sir T. Browne.
 Gar" pike' or Gar"pike'. (Zoöl.) See under Gar.

 Gar"ran (?), n. [Gael. garrán, gearrán, gelding, work horse, hack.] (Zoöl.) See Galloway. [Scot. garron or gerron. Jamieson.]

 Gar"ret (?), n. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guérite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. garir to preserve, save, defend, F. guérir to cure; of German origin; cf. OHG. werian to protect, defend, hinder, G. wehren, akin to Goth. warjan to hinder, and akin to E. weir, or perhaps to wary. See Weir, and cf. Guerite.] 1. A turret; a watchtower. [Obs.]

 He saw men go up and down on the garrets of the gates and walls.

Ld. Berners.
2. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under or within the roof; an attic.

 The tottering garrets which overhung the streets of Rome.

Macaulay.
 Gar"ret*ed, a. Protected by turrets. [Obs.] R. Carew.
 Gar'ret*eer" (?), n. One who lives in a garret; a poor author; a literary hack. Macaulay.
 Gar"ret*ing (?), n. Small splinters of stone inserted into the joints of coarse masonry. Weale.
 Gar"ri*son (?), n. [OE. garnisoun, F. garnison garrison, in OF. & OE. also, provision, munitions, from garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town. (b) A fortified place, in which troops are quartered for its security.

In garrison, in the condition of a garrison; doing duty in a fort or as one of a garrison.

 Gar"ri*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a) To place troops in, as a fortification, for its defense; to furnish with soldiers; as, to garrison a fort or town. (b) To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops; as, to garrison a conquered territory.

 Gar"ron (?), n. Same as Garran. [Scot.]

 Gar"rot (?), n. [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) A stick or small wooden cylinder used for tightening a bandage, in order to compress the arteries of a limb.

 Gar"rot, n. (Zoöl.) The European golden-eye.

 Gar*rote" (?), n. [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, talon, of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. & W. gar leg, ham, shank.
 Cf. Garrot stick, Garter.] A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw until life become extinct; also, the instrument by means of which the punishment is inflicted.

 Gar*rote", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted; p. pr. & vb. n. Garroting.] To strangle with the garrote; hence, to seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle and rob.

 Gar*rot"er (?), n. One who seizes a person by the throat from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him.

 Gar*ru"li*ty (?), n. [L. garrulitas: cf. F. garrulité.]
 Talkativeness; loquacity.

 Gar"ru*lous (?), a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to chatter, talk; cf. Gr. &?; voice, &?; to speak, sing. Cf


once made a computer called 'system-10'), but contrary to popular lore there was never a 'PDP-20'; the only difference between a 10 and a 20 was the operating system and the color of the paint. Most (but not all) machines sold to run TOPS-10 were painted 'Basil Blue', whereas most TOPS-20 machines were painted 'Chinese Red' (often mistakenly called orange).
Node:PEBKAC, Next:peek, Previous:PDP-20, Up:= P = PEBKAC /peb'kak/ [Abbrev., "Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair"] Used by support people, particularly at call centers and help desks. Not used with the public. Denotes pilot error as the cause of the crash, especially stupid errors that even a luser could figure out. Very derogatory. Usage: "Did you ever figure out why that guy couldn't print?" "Yeah, he kept cancelling the operation before it could finish.
PEBKAC."
Node:peek, Next:pencil and paper, Previous:PEBKAC, Up:= P = peek n.,vt.
(and poke) The commands in most microcomputer BASICs for directly accessing memory contents at an absolute address; often extended to mean the corresponding constructs in any HLL (peek reads memory, poke modifies it). Much hacking on small, non-MMU micros used to consist of 'peek'ing around memory, more or less at random, to find the location where the system keeps interesting stuff. Long (and variably accurate) lists of such addresses for various computers circulated (see interrupt list). The results of 'poke's at these addresses may be highly useful, mildly amusing, useless but neat, or (most likely) total lossage (see killer poke).
Since a real operating system provides useful, higher-level services for the tasks commonly performed with peeks and pokes on micros, and real languages tend not to encourage low-level memory groveling, a question like "How do I do a peek in C?" is diagnostic of the newbie. (Of course, OS kernels often have to do exactly this; a real kernel hacker would unhesitatingly, if unportably, assign an absolute address to a pointer variable and indirect through it.)
Node:pencil and paper, Next:Pentagram Pro, Previous:peek, Up:= P = pencil and paper n. An archaic information storage and transmission device that works by depositing smears of graphite on bleached wood pulp.
More recent developments in paper-based technology include improved 'write-once' update devices which use tiny rolling heads similar to mouse balls to deposit colored pigment. All these devices require an operator skilled at so-called 'handwriting' technique. These technologies are ubiquitous outside hackerdom, but nearly forgotten inside it. Most hackers had terrible handwriting to begin with, and years of keyboarding tend to have encouraged it to degrade further. Perhaps for this reason, hackers deprecate pencil-and-paper technology and often resist using it in any but the most trivial contexts.
Node:Pentagram Pro, Next:Pentium, Previous:pencil and paper, Up:= P = Pentagram Pro n. A humorous corruption of "Pentium Pro", with a Satanic reference, implying that the chip is inherently evil. Often used with "666 MHz"; there is a T-shirt. See Pentium Node:Pentium, Next:peon, Previous:Pentagram Pro, Up:= P = Pentium n. The name given to Intel's P5 chip, the successor to the 80486.
The name was chosen because of difficulties Intel had in trademarking a number. It suggests the number five (implying 586) while (according to Intel) conveying a meaning of strength "like titanium". Among hackers, the plural is frequently 'pentia'. See also Pentagram Pro.
Intel did not stick to this convention when naming its P6 processor the Pentium Pro; many believe this is due to difficulties in selling a chip with "sex" in its name. Successor chips have been called 'Pentium II' and 'Pentium III'.
Node:peon, Next:percent-S, Previous:Pentium, Up:= P = peon n. A person with no special (root or wheel) privileges on a computer system. "I can't create an account on foovax for you; I'm only a peon there."
Node:percent-S, Next:perf, Previous:peon, Up:= P = percent-S /per-sent' es'/ n.
[From the code in C's printf(3) library function used to insert an arbitrary string argument] An unspecified person or object. "I was just talking to some percent-s in administration." Compare random.
Node:perf, Next:perfect programmer syndrome, Previous:percent-S, Up:= P = perf /perf/ n. Syn. chad (sense 1). The term 'perfory' /per'f*-ree/ is also heard. The term perf may also refer to the perforations themselves, rather than the chad they produce when torn (philatelists use it this way).
Node:perfect programmer syndrome, Next:Perl, Previous:perf, Up:= P = perfect programmer syndrome n. Arrogance; the egotistical conviction that one is above normal human error. Most frequently found among programmers of some native ability but relatively little experience (especially new graduates; their perceptions may be distorted by a history of excellent performance at solving toy problems). "Of course my program is correct, there is no need to test it." "Yes, I can see there may be a problem here, but I'll never type rm -r / while in root mode."
Node:Perl, Next:person of no account, Previous:perfect programmer syndrome, Up:= P = Perl /perl/ n.
[Practical Extraction and Report Language, a.k.a. Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister] An interpreted language developed by Larry Wall (author of patch(1) and rn(1)) and distributed over Usenet.
Superficially resembles awk, but is much hairier, including many facilities reminiscent of sed(1) and shells and a comprehensive Unix system-call interface. Unix sysadmins, who are almost always incorrigible hackers, generally consider it one of the languages of choice, and it is by far the most widely used tool for making 'live' web pages via CGI. Perl has been described, in a parody of a famous remark about lex(1), as the "Swiss-Army chainsaw" of Unix programming. Though Perl is very useful, it would be a stretch to describe it as pretty or elegant; people who like clean, spare design generally prefer Python. See also Camel Book, TMTOWTDI.
Node:person of no account, Next:pessimal, Previous:Perl, Up:= P = person of no account n.
[University of California at Santa Cruz] Used when referring to a person with no network address, frequently to forestall confusion. Most often as part of an introduction: "This is Bill, a person of no account, but he used to be _EMAIL_". Compare return from the dead.
Node:pessimal, Next:pessimizing compiler, Previous:person of no account, Up:= P = pessimal /pes'im-l/ adj.
[Latin-based antonym for 'optimal'] Maximally bad. "This is a pessimal situation." Also 'pessimize' vt. To make as bad as possible. These words are the obvious Latin-based antonyms for 'optimal' and 'optimize', but for some reason they do not appear in most English dictionaries, although 'pessimize' is listed in the OED.
Node:pessimizing compiler, Next:peta-, Previous:pessimal, Up:= P = pessimizing compiler /pes'*-mi:z'ing k*m-pi:l'r/ n. A compiler that produces object [antonym of techspeak 'optimizing compiler'] code that is worse than the straightforward or obvious hand translation. The implication is that the compiler is actually trying to optimize the program, but through excessive cleverness is doing the opposite. A few pessimizing compilers have been written on purpose, however, as pranks or burlesques.
Node:peta-, Next:PETSCII, Previous:pessimizing compiler, Up:= P = peta- /pe't*/ pref [SI] See quantifiers.
Node:PETSCII, Next:PFY, Previous:peta-, Up:=


, or brown lark, is Anthus Pensilvanicus. The Western species (A. Spraguei) is called the American skylark, on account of its musical powers.

 Pip"kin, n.[Dim. of Pipe.] A small earthen boiler.

 Pip"pin (?), n. [Probably fr. OE. pippin a seed, as being raised from the seed. See Pip a seed.] (Bot.) (a) An apple from a tree raised from the seed and not grafted; a seedling apple. (b) A name given to apples of several different kinds, as Newtown pippin, summer pippin, fall pippin, golden pippin.

 We will eat a last year's pippin.

Shak.
Normandy pippins, sun-dried apples for winter use.

 Pip"pul tree' (?). Same as Peepul tree.

 Pi"pra (?), n.; pl. Pipras (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small clamatorial birds belonging to Pipra and allied genera, of the family Pipridæ. The male is usually glossy black, varied with scarlet, yellow, or sky blue. They chiefly inhabit South America.

 Pi"prine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the pipras, or the family Pipridæ.

 Pip*sis"se*wa (?), n. [From American Indian.] (Bot.) A low evergreen plant (Chimaphila umbellata), with narrow, wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of pretty nodding fragrant blossoms.
 It has been used in nephritic diseases. Called also prince's pine.

 Pip"y (?), a. Like a pipe; hollowstemmed. Keats.
 Pi"quan*cy (?), n. [See Piquant.] The quality or state of being piquant.

 Pi"quant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of piquer to prick or sting.
 See Pike.] Stimulating to the taste; giving zest; tart; sharp; pungent; as, a piquant anecdote. "As piquant to the tongue as salt."
 Addison. "Piquant railleries." Gov. of Tongue.
 Pi"quant*ly, adv. In a piquant manner.

 ||Pi'qué" (?), n. [F., p. p. of piquer to prick.] A cotton fabric, figured in the loom, -- used as a dress goods for women and children, and for vestings, etc.

 Pique (?), n. (Zoöl.) The jigger. See Jigger.

 Pique (?), n. [F., fr. piquer. See Pike.] 1. A feeling of hurt, vexation, or resentment, awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation of the feelings, as through wounded pride; stinging vexation.

 Men take up piques and displeasures.

Dr. H. More.
 Wars had arisen... upon a personal pique.

De Quincey.
2. Keenly felt desire; a longing.

 Though it have the pique, and long, 'Tis still for something in the wrong.

Hudibras.
3. (Card Playing) In piquet, the right of the elder hand to count thirty in hand, or to play before the adversary counts one.

Syn. -- Displeasure; irritation; grudge; spite. Pique, Spite, Grudge. Pique denotes a quick and often transient sense of resentment for some supposed neglect or injury, but it is not marked by malevolence. Spite is a stronger term, denoting settled ill will or malice, with a desire to injure, as the result of extreme irritation. Grudge goes still further, denoting cherished and secret enmity, with an unforgiving spirit. A pique is usually of recent date; a grudge is that which has long subsisted; spite implies a disposition to cross or vex others.

 Pique, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piqued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piquing (?).] [F. piquer. See Pike.] 1. To wound the pride of; to sting; to nettle; to irritate; to fret; to offend; to excite to anger.

Pique her, and soothe in turn.

Byron.
2. To excite to action by causing resentment or jealousy; to stimulate; to prick; as, to pique ambition, or curiosity. Prior.
3. To pride or value; -- used reflexively.

 Men... pique themselves upon their skill.

Locke.
Syn. -- To offend; displease; irritate; provoke; fret; nettle; sting; goad; stimulate.

 Pique, v. i. To cause annoyance or irritation. "Every &?;erse hath something in it that piques." Tatler.
 Pi*queer" (?), v. i. See Pickeer. [R.]

 Pi*queer"er (?), n. See Pickeerer. [R.]

 Piqu"et (?), n. See Picket. [R.]

 Pi*quet" (?), n. [F., prob. fr. pique. See Pique, Pike, and Picket.] A game at cards played between two persons, with thirty-two cards, all the deuces, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, being set aside.
 [Written also picket and picquet.]

 Pi"ra*cy (?), n.; pl. Piracies (#). [Cf. LL. piratia, Gr. &?;. See Pirate.] 1. The act or crime of a pirate.

2. (Common Law) Robbery on the high seas; the taking of property from others on the open sea by open violence; without lawful authority, and with intent to steal; -- a crime answering to robbery on land.

 By statute law several other offenses committed on the seas (as trading with known pirates, or engaging in the slave trade) have been made piracy.

3. "Sometimes used, in a quasifigurative sense, of violation of copyright; but for this, infringement is the correct and preferable term." Abbott.
 Pi*ra"gua (?), n. See Pirogue.

 Pi*rai" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Piraya.

 Pi*ram"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; trial + -meter.] A dynamometer for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads.

 Pi'ra*ru"cu (?), n. [From the native South American name.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Arapaima.

 Pi"rate (?), n. [L. pirata, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to attempt, undertake, from making attempts or attacks on ships, &?; an attempt, trial; akin to E. peril: cf. F. pirate. See Peril.]
 1. A robber on the high seas; one who by open violence takes the property of another on the high seas; especially, one who makes it his business to cruise for robbery or plunder; a freebooter on the seas; also, one who steals in a harbor.

2. An armed ship or vessel which sails without a legal commission, for the purpose of plundering other vessels on the high seas.

3. One who infringes the law of copyright, or publishes the work of an author without permission.

Pirate perch (Zoöl.), a freshwater percoid fish of the United States (Aphredoderus Sayanus). It is of a dark olive color, speckled with blackish spots.

 Pi"rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirated (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pirating.] [Cf. F. pirater.] To play the pirate; to practice robbery


a homogeneous, uniform (and, to conspiracy theorists, sinister) juggernaut it once was.
Return Scavenger Economies, Predator Economies The national economies of the world can be divided to the scavenger and the predator types. The former are parasitic economies, which feed off the latter. The relationship is often not that of symbiosis, where two parties maintain a mutually beneficial co-existence. Here, one economy feeds off others in a way, which is harmful, even detrimental to the hosts. But this interaction - however undesirable - is the region's only hope.
The typology of scavenger economies reveals their sources of sustenance: Conjunctural - These economies feed off historical or economic conjunctures or crises. They position themselves as a bridge between warring or conflicting parties. Switzerland rendered this service to Nazi Germany (_PHONE_), Macedonia and Greece to Serbia (1992 to the present), Cyprus aided and abetted Russia (1987 to the present), Jordan for Iraq (1991 to the present), and now, Montenegro acts the part for both Serbia and Kosovo. These economies consist of smuggling, siege breaking, contraband, arms trade and illegal immigration. They benefit economically by violating both international and domestic laws and by providing international outcasts and rogues with alternative routes of supply, and with goods and services.
Criminal - These economies are infiltrated by criminal gangs or suffused with criminal behaviour. Such infiltration is two phased: the properly criminal phase and the money laundering one. In the first phase, criminal activities yield income and result in wealth accumulation. In the second one, the money thus generated is laundered and legitimised. It is invested in legal, above-board activities. The economy of the USA during the 19th century and in the years of prohibition was partly criminal. It is reminiscent of the Russian economy in the 1990s, permeated by criminal conduct as it is. Russians often compare their stage of capitalist evolution to the American "Wild West".
Piggyback Service economies - These are economies, which provide predator economies with services. These services are aimed at re-establishing economic equilibrium in the host (predator) economies. Tax shelters are a fine example of this variety. In many countries taxes are way too high and result in the misallocation of economic resources. Tax shelters offer a way of re-establishing the economic balance and re-instating a regime of efficient allocation of resources. These economies could be regarded as external appendages, shock absorbers and regulators of their host economies. They feed off market failures, market imbalances, arbitrage opportunities, shortages and inefficiencies.
Many post-Communist countries have either made the provision of such services a part of their economic life or are about to do so.
Free zones, off shore havens, off shore banking and transhipment ports proliferate, from Macedonia to Archangelsk.
Aid economies - Economies that derive most of their vitality from aid granted them by donor countries, multilateral aid agencies and NGOs. Many of the economies in transition belong to this class. Up to 15% of their GDP is in the form of handouts, soft loans and technical assistance. Rescheduling is another species of financial subsidy and virtually all CEE countries have benefited from it. The dependence thus formed can easily deteriorate into addiction. The economic players in such economies engage mostly in lobbying and in political manoeuvring - rather than in production.
Derivative or Satellite economies - These are economies, which are absolutely dependent upon or very closely correlated with other economies. This is either because they conduct most of their trade with these economies, or because they are a (marginal) member of a powerful regional club (or aspire to become one), or because they are under the economic (or geopolitical or military) umbrella of a regional power or a superpower. Another variant is the single-commodity or single-goods or single-service economies. Many countries in Africa and many members of the OPEC oil cartel rely on a single product for their livelihood. Russia, for instance, is heavily dependent on proceeds from the sale of its energy products. Most Montenegrins derive their livelihood, directly or indirectly, from smuggling, bootlegging and illegal immigration. Drugs are a major "export" earner in Macedonia and Albania.
Copycat economies - These are economies that are based on legal or (more often) illegal copying and emulation of intellectual property: patents, brand names, designs, industrial processes, other forms of innovation, copyrighted material, etc.
The prime example is Japan, which constructed its whole mega-economy on these bases. Both Bulgaria and Russia are Meccas of piracy. Though prosperous for a time, these economies are dependent on and subject to the vicissitudes of business cycles. They are capital sensitive, inherently unstable and with no real long term prospects if they fail to generate their own intellectual property.
They reflect the volatility of the markets for their goods and are overly exposed to trade risks, international legislation and imports. Usually, they specialize in narrow segments of manufacturing which only increases the precariousness of their situation.
The Predator Economies can also be classified: Generators of Intellectual Property - These are economies that encourage and emphasize innovation and progress.
They reward innovators, entrepreneurs, non-conformism and conflict.
They spew out patents, designs, brands, copyrighted material and other forms of packaged human creativity. They derive most of their income from licensing and royalties and constitute one of the engines driving globalisation. Still, these economies are too poor to support the complementary manufacturing and marketing activities. Their natural counterparts are the "Industrial Bases".
Within the former Eastern Bloc, Russia, Poland, Hungary and Slovenia are, to a limited extent, such generators. Israel is such an economy in the Middle East.
Industrial Bases - These are economies that make use of the intellectual property generated by the former type within industrial processes. They do not copy the intellectual property as it is. Rather, they add to it important elements of adaptation to niche markets, image creation, market positioning, packaging, technical literature, combining it with other products or services, designing and implementing the whole production process, market (demand) creation, improvement upon the originals and value added services. These contributions are so extensive that the end products, or services can no longer to be identified with the originals, which serve as mere triggers. Again, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia (and to a lesser extent, Croatia) come to mind.
Consumer Oriented economies - These are Third Wave (Alvin Toffler's term), services, information and knowledge driven economies. The over-riding set of values is consumer oriented.
Wealth formation and accumulation are secondary. The primary activities are concerned with fostering markets and maintaining them. These "weightless" economies concentrate on intangibles: advertising, packaging, marketing, sales promotion, education, entertainment, servicing, dissemination of information, knowledge formation, trading, trading in symbolic assets (mainly financial), spiritual pursuits, and other economic activities which enhance the consumer's welfare (pharmaceuticals, for instance). These economies are also likely to sport a largish public sector, most of it service oriented. No national economy in CEE qualifies as "Consumer Oriented", though there are pockets of consumer-oriented entrepreneurship within each one.
The Trader economies - These economies are equivalent to the cardiovascular system. They provide the channels through which goods and services are exchanged. They do this by trading or assuming risks, by providing physical transportation and telecommunications, and by maintaining an appropriately educated manpower to support all these activities. These economies are highly dependent on the general health of international trade. Many of the CEE economies are Trader economies. The openness ratio (trade divided by GDP) of most CEE countries is higher than the G7 countries'. Macedonia, for instance, has a GDP of 3.6 Billion US dollars and exports and imports of c. 2 billion US dollars. These are the official figures. Probably, another 0.5 billion US dollars in trade go unreported. Additionally, it has one of the lowest weighted customs rate in the world. Openness to trade is an official policy, actively pursued.
These economies are predatory in the sense that they engage in zero-sum games. A contract gained by a Slovenian company - is a contract lost by a Croatian one. Luckily, in this last decade, the economic cake tended to grow and the sum of zero sum games was more welfare to all involved. These vibrant economies - the hope of


THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS By Charles Darwin With Photographic And Other Illustrations New York D. Appleton And Company 1899 CONTENTS DETAILED CONTENTS.
 ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS.
 INTRODUCTION.
 CHAPTER I. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.
 CHAPTER II. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—continued.
 CHAPTER III. — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION—concluded.
 CHAPTER IV. — MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS.
 CHAPTER V. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS.
 CHAPTER VI. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING.
 CHAPTER VII. — LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR.
 CHAPTER VIII. — JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION.
 CHAPTER IX. — REFLECTION—MEDITATION-ILL-TEMPER—SULKINESS—DETERMINATION.
 CHAPTER X. — HATRED AND ANGER.
 CHAPTER XI. — DISDAIN—CONTEMPT—DISGUST-GUILT—PRIDE, ETC.
 CHAPTER XII. — SURPRISE—ASTONISHMENT—FEAR—HORROR.
 CHAPTER XIII. — SELF-ATTENTION—SHAME—SHYNESS—MODESTY: BLUSHING.
 CHAPTER XIV. — CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY.
 FOOTNOTES ILLUSTRATIONS Muscles of the Human Face. Fig 1-2 Muscles of the Human Face. Fig 3 Small Dog Watching a Cat on A Table. Figure 4 Dog in a Hostile Frame of Mind. Fig. 5 Dog in a humble and Affectionate Frame of Mind.
Fig. 6 Dog in a Hostile Frame of Mind. Fig. 7 Dog Carressing his Master. Fig. 8 Cat, Savage, and Prepared to Fight. Fig. 9 Cat in an Affectionate Frame of Mind. Fig. 10 Sound Producing Quills from Tail of a Porcupine. Fig. 11 Hen Driving Away a Dog from Her Chickens. Fig.
12 Swan Driving Away an Intruder. Fig 13 Head of Snarling Dog. Fig 14 Cat Terrified at a Dog. Fig.15 Cynopithecus Niger, Pleased by Being Caressed.
Fig.17 Chimpanzee Disappointed and Sulky. Fig. 18 Screaming Infants. Plate I. Obliquity of the Eyebrows. Plate II Moderate Laughter and Smiling. Plate III Ill-temper. Plate IV Anger and Indignation. Plate VI Scorn and Disdain. Plate V Gestures of the Body. Plate VII Photograph of an Insane Woman. Fig. 19 Terror. Fig. 20 Horror and Agony. Fig. 21 N.B.—Several of the figures in these seven Heliotype Plates have been reproduced from photographs, instead of from the original negatives; and they are in consequence somewhat indistinct.
Nevertheless they are faithful copies, and are much superior for my purpose to any drawing, however carefully executed.
DETAILED CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION CHAP. I—GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.
The three chief principles stated—The first principle—Serviceable actions become habitual in association with certain states of the mind, and are performed whether or not of service in each particular case—The force of habit—Inheritance—Associated habitual movements in man—Reflex actions—Passage of habits into reflex actions—Associated habitual movements in the lower animals—Concluding remarks CHAP. II—GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.—continued.
The Principle of Antithesis—Instances in the dog and cat—Origin of the principle—Conventional signs—The principle of antithesis has not arisen from opposite actions being consciously performed under opposite impulses CHAP. III—GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.—concluded.
The principle of the direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will and in part of habit—Change of colour in the hair—Trembling of the muscles—Modified secretions—Perspiration—Expression of extreme pain—Of rage, great joy, and terror—Contrast between the emotions which cause and do not cause expressive movements—Exciting and depressing states of the mind—Summary CHAP. IV—MEANS OF EXPRESSION. IN ANIMALS.
The emission of sounds—Vocal sounds—Sounds otherwise produced—Erection of the dermal appendages, hairs, feathers, &c., under the emotions of anger and terror—The drawing back of the ears as a preparation for fighting, and as an expression of anger—Erection of the ears and raising the head, a sign of attention CHAP. V.—SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS.
The Dog, various expressive movements of—Cats—Horses—Ruminants—Monkeys, their expression of joy and affection—Of pain—Anger Astonishment and Terror CHAP. VI.—SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING.
The screaming and weeping of infants—Form of features—Age at which weeping commences—The effects of habitual restraint on weeping—Sobbing—Cause of the contraction of the muscles round the eyes during screaming—Cause of the secretion of tears CHAP. VII.—LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR.
General effect of grief on the system—Obliquity of the eyebrows under suffering—On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows—On the depression of the corners of the mouth CHAP. VIII.—JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION.
Laughter primarily the expression of joy—Ludicrous ideas—Movements of the features during laughter—Nature of the sound produced—The secretion of tears during loud laughter—Gradation from loud laughter to gentle smiling—High spirits—The expression of love—Tender feelings—Devotion CHAP. IX.—REFLECTION—MEDITATION—ILL—TEMPER—SULKINESS DETERMINATION.
The act of frowning—Reflection with an effort or with the perception of something difficult or disagreeable—Abstracted meditation—Ill-temper—Moroseness—Obstinacy—Sulkiness and pouting—Decision or determination—The firm closure of the mouth CHAP. X.—HATRED AND ANGER.
Hatred—Rage, effects of on the system—Uncovering of the teeth—Rage in the insane—Anger and indignation—As expressed by the various races of man—Sneering and defiance—The uncovering of the canine teeth on one side of the face CHAP. XI.—DISDAIN—CONTEMPT—DISGUST—GUILT—PRIDE, ETC.—HELPLESSNESS—PATIENCE—AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION.
Contempt, scorn and disdain, variously expressed—Derisive Smile—Gestures expressive of contempt—Disgust—Guilt, deceit, pride, etc.—Helplessness or impotence—Patience—Obstinacy—Shrugging the shoulders common to most of the races of man—Signs of affirmation and negation CHAP. XII.—SURPRISE—ASTONISHMENT—FEAR—HORROR.
Surprise, astonishment—Elevation of the eyebrows—Opening the mouth—Protrusion of the lips—Gestures accompanying surprise—Admiration Fear—Terror—Erection of the hair—Contraction of the platysma muscle—Dilatation of the pupils—horror—Conclusion.
CHAP. XIII.—SELF-ATTENTION—SHAME—SHYNESS—MODESTY: BLUSHING.
Nature of a blush—Inheritance—The parts of the body most affected—Blushing in the various races


great God or Tien is a Unity which comprehends three, and their human triad—a triplicated being who is the parent of the human race—is a lower expression of the same power, and to him has finally been ascribed the office of Creator.

 The Kosmogony of the Japanese begins with the opening of the sacred egg from which all things were produced. This egg is identical with the ark, and from it the diluvian patriarch was born. He was "Baal-Peor or the lord of opening; and, from an idea that the Ark was an universal mother, he was considered as the masculine principle of generation, and was adored by his apostate descendants with all the abominations of phallic worship."

 In the Theogony of Hesiod, Uranus is represented as being the parent of three sons, and the same legend repeated in the story of Cronus portrays him also as a triplicated deity. According to the Peruvian Kosmogony all things sprang from Viracocha who is said to be identical with the Greek Aphrodite. Besides this superior God they venerated a triad which was closely connected with the sun. These gods were called Chuquilla, Catuilla, and Intyllapa. They say that as their ancestors journeyed from a remote country to the Northwest they bore the image of their god in a coifer or box made of reeds. To the four priests who had charge of this box or ark he communicated his oracles and directions. He not only gave them laws but taught them the ceremonies and sacrifices which they were to observe. "And even as the pillar of cloud and fire conducted the Israelites in their passage through the wilderness, so this Spanish devil gave them notice when to advance forward, and when to stay."(94) According to Marsden, the New Zealanders believe that three gods created the first man, and that the first woman was made from one of his ribs.

 Among the Otaheitans and various tribes of Indians, the belief prevails that all created things have proceeded from a triplicated deity who was saved from the ravages of a flood in an ark or ship.

 The fact is observed that the Theogonies and Kosmogonies of all peoples have reference to a flood or to the renewal of life after the destruction of the world, and that the Great Father who is preserved, and who comes forth from an ark or ship with the seeds of a former world, represents the beginning of a new era. Adam with his three sons, Cain, Abel, and Seth, Noah with his triad, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, Menu and his triple offspring, and so on, all mean exactly the same thing, namely, the renewal of life at the close of a cycle, or manwantara.

 From the traditions extant in nearly every quarter of the globe, it would seem that, prior to the so-called flood in the time of Noah, man, as a Creator, had not to any extent been worshipped, but, on the contrary, that the great universal dual principle which pervades Nature and which is back of matter and force, for instance Tien among the Chinese, Iav among the Hebrews, and Aum among the Hindoos, had been the Deity adored; but with the decline of virtue and knowledge, this God was gradually abandoned for a lesser one, a deity better suited to the comprehension of "fallen" man.

 In the Elohistic narrative of creation which appears in the first chapter of Genesis, a dual or triune God, female and male, says, Let us make man in our own image, and accordingly a male and a female are created. In the Jehovistic account, however, in the second chapter of the same book, a document of much later date, man is made first and afterward woman. In fact, in the latter narrative she appears as an afterthought and is created simply for his use; she is taken from his side and is wholly dependent upon him for existence. This fact is recognized by Bishop Colenso in the following words: "Thus in the second account of creation, the man is APPARENTLY created first, and the woman is CERTAINLY created the last, of all living creatures; whereas, in the older story the man and woman are created last of all, as the crowning work of Elohim, and are created together—'and Elohim created man in His own image, in the image of Elohim created He him; male and female created He them.' This ancient Elohistic narrative, then, the Jehovist had before him; and he enlarged and enlivened it by introducing a number of passages recording additional incidents in the lives of the patriarchs before and after the flood, and especially by inserting the second account of the creation, ii., 4-25."

 Colenso observes that verse four of chapter second belongs to the Elohist, and that it was removed from its original position at the beginning of Gen. i., in order to form the commencement of the Jehovistic account of the creation.(95) Quoting from Bishop Browne in the New Bible Commentary, the same writer remarks that in the Elohistic account of the creation "we have that which was probably the ancient primeval record of the formation of the world."(96) The oldest or Elohistic portion of Genesis is, at the present time, seen to conceal great wisdom and a knowledge of Nature far surpassing that of later times.

 According to Higgins, the first verse of the first chapter of Genesis, if properly translated, would not declare that in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, but that Wisdom "formed" the earth and the planets. In none of the ancient Kosmogonies can there be a word found regarding the creation of matter. From the facts which have come down to us respecting the speculations of the ancients, it is plain that the original conception was, that within the primeval beginnings described in their Kosmogonies, in chaos or unorganized matter, was contained primeval force; no attempt, however, was made by them to account for the creation of either motion or matter.

 As soon as human beings began to speculate on the attributes of their Deity; when the two principles composing it began to separate, and the idea was gaining ground that the male was the only important factor in reproduction, the sun became male, the earth and sea female. Still, even then the doctrine seems not to have been questioned, that the creative agency had proceeded from matter, or that it was developed in and through it. The belief that something can be made from nothing was reserved for a later age.

 In the oldest Semitic Kosmogonies, we are assured that the self-conscious God who is manifested in the order of the universe, proceeded out of the great abyss, and out of unorganized, dark, primeval matter. During the earlier historic period, however, by both Jew and Gentile, the belief was entertained that spirit is material. It is the essence of fire—a substance akin to the galvanic or electric fluid. This masculine element, the manifestation of which is desire, or heat, and which was finally set up as an eternal, self-existent, creative force, or God, was originally regarded as a manifestation of matter, and as having no independent existence. In an earlier age, this so-called creative agency is associated with a force far superior to itself, namely, Light or Wisdom. Minerva, who is the first emanation from the Deity, "formed" all things. She it is who discriminates all things and gives laws to the universe. "She represented to the Greeks that spiritual element which lifts knowledge into wisdom, and talent into genius."(97) But with the importance which began to be assumed by man when he began to regard himself as a creator, and when through ignorance and sensuality the principles of a more enlightened race were forgotten, desire, or heat, was separated from matter and came to be regarded as an independent entity, which itself had created matter out of nothing. Thus is noticed the extent to which the god-idea has been developed in accordance with the relative positions of the sexes.

 According to the Grecian mythology, much of which was a comparatively late development, mortal woman was the handiwork of Vulcan the Firegod, who, being commissioned by Jove to execute "a snare for gods and man," moulded the beauteous form of woman


the Nágas, or human-bodied and snake-tailed gods, who were zealously worshipped for ages through Kashmír.
[Contents] Márttand.
Of all the existing remains of Kashmirian grandeur, the most striking in size and situation is the noble ruin of Márttand.
This majestic temple stands at the northern end of the elevated table-land of "Matan," about three miles to the eastward of Islámabád.
This is undoubtedly the finest position in Kashmír. The temple itself is not now (1848) more than forty feet in height, but its solid walls and bold outlines towering [356]over the fluted pillars of the surrounding colonnade give it a most imposing appearance.
There are no petty confused details; but all are distinct and massive, and most admirably suited to the general character of the building.
Many vain speculations have been hazarded regarding the date of the erection of this temple and the worship to which it was appropriated.
It is usually called the "House of the Pandús" by the Brahmins, and by the people "Mattan." The true appellation appears to be preserved in the latter, Matan being only a corruption of the Sanscrit Márttand मार्त्तण्ड, or the sun, to which the temple was dedicated.
The true date of the erection of this temple—the wonder of Kashmír—is a disputed point of chronology; but the period of its foundation can be determined within the limits of one century, or between A.D. 370 and 500.
The mass of building now known by the name of Matan, or Márttand, consists of one lofty central edifice, with a small detached wing on each side of the entrance, the whole standing on a large quadrangle surrounded by a colonnade of fluted pillars, with intervening trefoil-headed recesses. The central building is sixty-three feet in length, by thirty-six in width.
As the main building is at present entirely uncovered, the original form of the roof can only be determined by a reference to other temples, and to the general form and character of the various parts of the Márttand temple itself.
The angle of the roof in the Temple of Pándrethán, and in other instances, is obtained by making the sides of the pyramid which forms it parallel to the sides of the [357]doorway pediment, and in restoring the Temples of Patrun and Márttand I have followed the same rule.
The height of the Pándrethán temple—of the cloistered recesses, porch pediments, and niches of Márttand itself—were all just double their respective widths. This agreement in the relative proportions of my restored roof of Márttand with those deduced from other examples, is a presumptive proof of the correctness of my restoration. The entrance-chamber and the wings I suppose to have been also covered by similar pyramidal roofs. There would thus have been four distinct pyramids, of which that over the inner chamber must have been the loftiest, the height of its pinnacle above the ground being about seventy-five feet.
The interior must have been as imposing as the exterior. On ascending the flight of steps—now covered by ruins—the votary of the sun entered a highly-decorated chamber, with a doorway on each side covered by a pediment, with a trefoil-headed niche containing a bust of the Hindú triad, and on the flanks of the main entrance, as well as on those of the side doorways, were pointed and trefoil niches, each of which held a statue of a Hindú divinity.
The interior decorations of the roof can only be conjecturally determined, as I was unable to discover any ornamented stones that could with certainty be assigned to it. Baron Hugel doubts that Márttand ever had a roof; but, as the walls of the temple are still standing, the numerous heaps of large stones that are scattered about on all sides can only have belonged to the roof.
I can almost fancy that the erection of this sun-temple was suggested by the magnificent sunny prospect which its position commands. It overlooks the finest view in Kashmír, and perhaps in the known world, Beneath it [358]lies the paradise of the East, with its sacred streams and cedarn glens, its brown orchards and green fields, surrounded on all sides by vast snowy mountains, whose lofty peaks seem to smile upon the beautiful valley below. The vast extent of the scene makes it sublime; for this magnificent view of Kashmír is no petty peep into a half-mile glen, but the full display of a valley sixty miles in breadth and upwards of a hundred miles in length, the whole of which lies beneath "the ken of the wonderful Márttand." The principal buildings that still exist in Kashmír are entirely composed of a blue limestone, which is capable of taking the highest polish—a property to which I mainly attribute the beautiful state of preservation in which some of them at present exist.
Even at first sight one is immediately struck by the strong resemblance which the Kashmirian colonnades bear to the classic peristyles of Greece. Even the temples themselves, with their porches and pediments, remind one more of Greece than of India; and it is difficult to believe that a style of architecture which differs so much from all Indian examples, and which has so much in common with those of Greece, could have been indebted to chance alone for this striking resemblance.
One great similarity between the Kashmirian architecture and that of the various Greek orders is its stereotyped style, which, during the long flourishing period of several centuries, remained unchanged. In this respect it is so widely different from the ever-varying forms and plastic vagaries of the Hindú architecture that it is impossible to conceive their evolution from a common origin.
I feel convinced myself that several of the Kashmirian forms, and many of the details, were borrowed from the temples of the Kabúlian Greeks, while the arrangements [359]of the interior and the relative proportions of the different parts were of Hindú origin. Such, in fact, must necessarily have been the case with imitations by Indian workmen, which would naturally have been engrafted upon the indigenous architecture.
The general arrangements would still remain Indian, while many of the details, and even some of the larger forms, might be of foreign origin.
As a whole, I think that the Kashmirian architecture, with its noble fluted pillars, its vast colonnades, its lofty pediments, and its elegant trefoiled arches, is fully entitled to be classed as a distinct style. I have therefore ventured to call it the Arian order—a name to which it has a double right; first, because it was the style of the Aryas, or Arians, of Kashmír; and, secondly, because its intercolumniations are always of four diameters—an interval which the Greeks called Araiostyle.
[Contents] Extract from Vigne's "Travels in Kashmír." The Hindú temple of Márttand is commonly called the House of the Pandús. Of the Pandús it is only necessary to say that they are the Cyclopes of the East. Every old building, of whose origin the poorer class of Hindús in general have no information, is believed to have been the work of the Pandús. As an isolated ruin, this deserves, on account of its solitary and massive grandeur, to be ranked not only as the first ruin of the kind in Kashmír, but as one of the noblest among the architectural relics of antiquity that are to be seen in any country. Its noble and exposed situation at the foot of the hills reminded [360]me of that of the Escurial. It has no forest of cork-trees and evergreen-oaks before it, nor is it to be compared, in point of size, with that stupendous building; but it is visible from as great a distance. And the Spanish sierra cannot for a moment be placed in competition with the verdant magnificence of the mountain-scenery of Kashmír.
Few of the Kashmirian temples, if any, I should say, were Buddhist. Those in or upon the edge of the water were rather, I should suppose, referable to the worship of the Nágas, or snake-gods. The figures in all the temples are almost always in an erect position, and I have never been able to discover any inscription in those now remaining.
I had been struck with the great general resemblance which the temple bore to the recorded disposition of the Ark and its surrounding curtains, in imitation of


fr. fovere to warm or keep warm; perh. akin to Gr. &?; to roast, and E. bake.] 1. To apply a warm lotion to; to bathe with a cloth or sponge wet with warm water or medicated liquid.

2. To cherish with heat; to foster. [Obs.]

 Which these soft fires... foment and warm.

Milton.
3. To nurse to life or activity; to cherish and promote by excitements; to encourage; to abet; to instigate; -- used often in a bad sense; as, to foment ill humors. Locke.
 But quench the choler you foment in vain.

Dryden.
 Exciting and fomenting a religious rebellion.

Southey.
 Fo'men*ta"tion (?), n. [&?;. fomentatio: cf. F. fomentation.]
 1. (Med.) (a) The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain, by relaxing the skin, or of discussing tumors. (b) The lotion applied to a diseased part.

2. Excitation; instigation; encouragement.

 Dishonest fomentation of your pride.

Young.
 Fo*ment"er (?), n. One who foments; one who encourages or instigates; as, a fomenter of sedition.

 ||Fo"mes (f"mz), n.; pl. Fomites (fm"*tz). [L. fomes, -itis, touch-wood, tinder.] (Med.) Any substance supposed to be capable of absorbing, retaining, and transporting contagious or infectious germs; as, woolen clothes are said to be active fomites.

 Fon (fn), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fni silly, fna to act silly, Sw. fåne fool. Cf. Fond, a.] A fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fond (?), obs. imp. of Find. Found. Chaucer.
 Fond, a. [Compar. Fonder (?); superl. Fondest.] [For fonned, p. p. of OE. fonnen to be foolish. See Fon.] 1.
 Foolish; silly; simple; weak. [Archaic] Grant I may never prove so fond To trust man on his oath or bond.

Shak.
2. Foolishly tender and loving; weakly indulgent; over-affectionate.

3. Affectionate; loving; tender; -- in a good sense; as, a fond mother or wife. Addison.
4. Loving; much pleased; affectionately regardful, indulgent, or desirous; longing or yearning; -- followed by of (formerly also by on).

 More fond on her than she upon her love.

Shak.
 You are as fond of grief as of your child.

Shak.
 A great traveler, and fond of telling his adventures.

Irving.
5. Doted on; regarded with affection. [R.]

 Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer.

Byron.
6. Trifling; valued by folly; trivial. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fond, v. t. To caress; to fondle. [Obs.]

 The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast.

Dryden.
 Fond, v. i. To be fond; to dote. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fond"e (?), v. t. & i. [AS. fandian to try.] To endeavor; to strive; to try. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fon"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fondled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fondling (?).] [From Fond, v.] To treat or handle with tenderness or in a loving manner; to caress; as, a nurse fondles a child.

Syn. -- See Caress.

 Fon"dler (?), n. One who fondles. Johnson.
 Fon"dling (?), n. [From Fondle.] The act of caressing; manifestation of tenderness.

 Cyrus made no... amorous fondling To fan her pride, or melt her guardless heart.

Mickle.
 Fond"ling (?), n. [Fond + - ling.] 1. A person or thing fondled or caressed; one treated with foolish or doting affection.

Fondlings are in danger to be made fools.

L'Estrange.
2. A fool; a simpleton; a ninny. [Obs.] Chapman.
 Fond"ly (?), adv. 1. Foolishly. [Archaic] Verstegan (1673).
 Make him speak fondly like a frantic man.

Shak.
2. In a fond manner; affectionately; tenderly.

 My heart, untraveled, fondly turns to thee.

Goldsmith.
 Fond"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fond; foolishness. [Obs.]

Fondness it were for any, being free, To covet fetters, though they golden be.

Spenser.
2. Doting affection; tender liking; strong appetite, propensity, or relish; as, he had a fondness for truffles.

 My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee.

Addison.
Syn. -- Attachment; affection; love; kindness.

 Fon"don (?), n. [Cf. F. fondant flux.] (Metal.) A large copper vessel used for hot amalgamation.

 ||Fon'dus" (?), n. [F. fondu, prop. p. p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] A style of printing calico, paper hangings, etc., in which the colors are in bands and graduated into each other. Ure.
 Fone (?), n.; pl. of Foe. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Fong"e (?), v. t. [See Fang, v. t.] To take; to receive.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fon"ly (?), adv. [See Fon.] Foolishly; fondly. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Fon"ne (?), n. A fon. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Font (?), n. [F. fonte, fr. fondre to melt or cast.
 See Found to cast, and cf. Fount a font.] (Print.) A complete assortment of printing type of one size, including a due proportion of all the letters in the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and whatever else is necessary for printing with that variety of types; a fount.

 Font, n. [AS. font, fant, fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, fountain; cf. OF. font, funt, F. fonts, fonts baptismaux, pl. See Fount.] 1. A fountain; a spring; a source.

 Bathing forever in the font of bliss.

Young.
2. A basin or stone vessel in which water is contained for baptizing.

 That name was given me at the font.

Shak.
 Font"al (?), a. Pertaining to a font, fountain, source, or origin; original; primitive. [R.]

 From the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw intellectual power.

Coleridge.
 Fon"ta*nel' (?), n. [F. fontanelle, prop., a little fountain, fr. fontaine fountain. See Fountain.] 1. (Med.)
 An issue or artificial ulcer for the discharge of humors from the body.[Obs.]
 Wiseman.
2. (Anat.) One of the membranous intervals between the incompleted angles of the parietal and neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull; -- so called because it exhibits a rhythmical pulsation.

 In the human fetus there are six fontanels, of which the anterior, or bregmatic,


forgive me?" "There is nothing to forgive—" "Then will you shake hands for good-by?" She felt his hand in hers: it was nerveless, reluctant.

 "Good-by," she repeated. "I understand now." She opened the door and passed out into the hall. As she did so, Arment took an impulsive step forward; but just then the footman, who was evidently alive to his obligations, advanced from the background to let her out. She heard Arment fall back. The footman threw open the door, and she found herself outside in the darkness.

 The End of The Reckoning VERSE BOTTICELLI'S MADONNA IN THE LOUVRE.

 THE TOMB OF ILARIA GIUNIGI.

 THE SONNET.

 TWO BACKGROUNDS.

 EXPERIENCE.

 CHARTRES.

 LIFE.

 AN AUTUMN SUNSET


, OF. resoner, F. résonner, from L. resonare; pref. rere- + sonare to sound, sonus sound. See Sound to make a noise.] 1.
 To sound loudly; as, his voice resounded far.

2. To be filled with sound; to ring; as, the woods resound with song.

3. To be echoed; to be sent back, as sound. "Common fame... resounds back to them again." South.
4. To be mentioned much and loudly. Milton.
5. To echo or reverberate; to be resonant; as, the earth resounded with his praise.

 Re*sound", v. t. 1. To throw back, or return, the sound of; to echo; to reverberate.

 Albion's cliffs resound the rur&?;&?;ay.

Pope.
2. To praise or celebrate with the voice, or the sound of instruments; to extol with sounds; to spread the fame of.

 The man for wisdom's various arts renowned, Long exercised in woes, O muse, resound.

Pope.
Syn. -- To echo; reëcho; reverberate; sound.

 Re*sound", n. Return of sound; echo. Beaumont.
 Re*source" (r?*s?rs"), n. [F. ressource, fr. OF. ressourdre, resourdre, to spring forth or up again; pref. rere- + sourdre to spring forth. See Source.] 1. That to which one resorts orr on which one depends for supply or support; means of overcoming a difficulty; resort; expedient.

 Threat'nings mixed with prayers, his last resource.

Dryden.
2. pl. Pecuniary means; funds; money, or any property that can be converted into supplies; available means or capabilities of any kind.

 Scotland by no means escaped the fate ordained for every country which is connected, but not incorporated, with another country of greater resources.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Expedient; resort; means; contrivance.

 Re*source"ful (-f?l), a. Full of resources.

 Re*source"less, a. Destitute of resources. Burke.
 -- Re*source"less*ness, n. R. Browning.
 Re*sow" (r?*s?"), v. t. To sow again. Bacon.
 Re*sown" (r?*zoun"), v. To resound. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Re*speak" (r?*sp?k"), v. t. 1. To speak or utter again.

2. To answer; to echo. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.
 Re*spect" (r?*sp?kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Respected; p. pr. & vb. n. Respecting.] [L. respectare, v. intens. from respicere, respectum, to look back, respect; pref. rere- + specere, spicere, to look, to view: cf. F. respecter.
 See Spy, and cf. Respite.] 1. To take notice of; to regard with special attention; to regard as worthy of special consideration; hence, to care for; to heed.

 Thou respectest not spilling Edward's blood.

Shak.
 In orchards and gardens, we do not so much respect beauty as variety of ground for fruits, trees, and herbs.

Bacon.
2. To consider worthy of esteem; to regard with honor. "I do respect thee as my soul." Shak.
3. To look toward; to front upon or toward. [Obs.]

 Palladius adviseth the front of his house should so respect the &?;&?;uth.

Sir T. Browne.
4. To regard; to consider; to deem. [Obs.]

 To whom my father gave this name of Gaspar, And as his own respected him to death.

B. Jonson.
5. To have regard to; to have reference to; to relate to; as, the treaty particularly respects our commerce.

As respects, as regards; with regard to; as to. Macaulay. -- To respect the person or persons, to favor a person, or persons on corrupt grounds; to show partiality. "Ye shall not respect persons in judgment." Deut. i. 17.
Syn. -- To regard; esteem; honor; revere; venerate.

 Re*spect", n. [L. respectus: cf. F. respect. See Respect, v., and cf. Respite.] 1. The act of noticing with attention; the giving particular consideration to; hence, care; caution.

 But he it well did ward with wise respect.

Spenser.
2. Esteem; regard; consideration; honor.

 Seen without awe, and served without respect.

Prior.
 The same men treat the Lord's Day with as little respect.

R. Nelson.
3. pl. An expression of respect of deference; regards; as, to send one's respects to another.

4. Reputation; repute. [Obs.]

 Many of the best respect in Rome.

Shak.
5. Relation; reference; regard.

 They believed but one Supreme Deity, which, with respect to the various benefits men received from him, had several titles.

Tillotson.
4. Particular; point regarded; point of view; as, in this respect; in any respect; in all respects.

 Everything which is imperfect, as the world must be acknowledged in many respects.

Tillotson.
 In one respect I'll be thy assistant.

Shak.
7. Consideration; motive; interest. [Obs.] "Whatever secret respects were likely to move them." Hooker.
 To the publik good Private respects must yield.

Milton.
In respect, in comparison. [Obs.] Shak. -- In respect of.
 (a) In comparison with. [Obs.] Shak. (b) As to; in regard to. [Archaic] "Monsters in respect of their bodies." Bp.
 Wilkins. "In respect of these matters." Jowett. (Thucyd.)
 -- In, or With, respect to, in relation to; with regard to; as respects. Tillotson. -- To have respect of persons, to regard persons with partiality or undue bias, especially on account of friendship, power, wealth, etc. "It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment." Prov. xxiv. 23.
Syn. -- Deference; attention; regard; consideration; estimation.
 See Deference.

 Re*spect'a*bil"i*ty (r?*sp?kt'?*b?l"?*t?), n. The state or quality of being respectable; the state or quality which deserves or commands respect.

 Re*spect"a*ble (-&?;-b'l), a. [F. respectable, LL. respectabilis.]
 1. Worthy of respect; fitted to awaken esteem; deserving regard; hence, of good repute; not mean; as, a respectable citizen. "The respectable quarter of Sicca." J. H. Newman.
 No government, any more than an individual, will long be respected, without being truly respectable.

Madison.
2. Moderate in degree of excellence or in number; as, a respectable performance; a respectable audience.

 --Re*spect"a*ble*ness,n. -- Re*spect"a*bly, adv.
 Re*spect"ant (-ant), a. [F., p. pr. of respecter. See Respect.] (Her.) Placed so as to face one another; -- said of animals.

 Re*spect"er (-?r), n. One who respects.

A respecter of persons, one who regards or judges with partiality.

 Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons.

Acts x. 34.
 Re*spect"ful (-f?l), a. Mark


, his representative shall receive it. Blackstone. — Vested remainder (Law), an estate settled, to remain to a determined person, after the particular estate is spent. Blackstone. Kent.
 Ves'ti*a"ri*an (?), a. [See Vestiary.] Of or pertaining to a vestiary or vestments.

 Ves"ti*a*ry (?), n. [L. vestiarium. See Vestry.] A wardrobe; a robing room; a vestry. Fuller.
 Ves"ti*a*ry, a. Pertaining to clothes, or vestments.

 Ves*tib"u*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vestibule; like a vestibule.

 Ves"ti*bule (?), n. [L. vestibulum, of uncertain origin: cf.
 F. vestibule.] The porch or entrance into a house; a hall or antechamber next the entrance; a lobby; a porch; a hall.

Vestibule of the ear. (Anat.) See under Ear. — Vestibule of the vulva (Anat.), a triangular space between the nymphæ, in which the orifice of the urethra is situated. — Vestibule train (Railroads), a train of passenger cars having the space between the end doors of adjacent cars inclosed, so as to admit of leaving the doors open to provide for intercommunication between all the cars.

Syn. — Hall; passage. — Vestibule, Hall, Passage. A vestibule is a small apartment within the doors of a building. A hall is the first large apartment beyond the vestibule, and, in the United States, is often long and narrow, serving as a passage to the several apartments. In England, the hall is generally square or oblong, and a long, narrow space of entrance is called a passage, not a hall, as in America. Vestibule is often used in a figurative sense to denote a place of entrance. "The citizens of Rome placed the images of their ancestors in the vestibules of their houses." Bolingbroke ||Ves*tib"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Vestibula (#). [L., vestibule.] (Zoöl.) A cavity into which, in certain bryozoans, the esophagus and anus open.

 Ves"ti*gate (?), v. t. [L. vestigatus, p. p. of vestigare.
 See Vestige.] To investigate. [Obs.]

 Ves"tige (?), n. [F., from L. vestigium footprint, trace, sign; the last part (-stigium) is probably akin to E. sty, v. i. Cf. Investigate.] The mark of the foot left on the earth; a track or footstep; a trace; a sign; hence, a faint mark or visible sign left by something which is lost, or has perished, or is no longer present; remains; as, the vestiges of ancient magnificence in Palmyra; vestiges of former population.

 What vestiges of liberty or property have they left?

Burke.
 Ridicule has followed the vestiges of Truth, but never usurped her place.

Landor.
Syn. — Trace; mark; sign; token. — Vestige, Trace. These words agree in marking some indications of the past, but differ to some extent in their use and application. Vestige is used chiefly in a figurative sense, for the remains something long passed away; as, the vestiges of ancient times; vestiges of the creation. A trace is literally something drawn out in a line, and may be used in this its primary sense, or figuratively, to denote a sign or evidence left by something that has passed by, or ceased to exist. Vestige usually supposes some definite object of the past to be left behind; while a trace may be a mere indication that something has been present or is present; as, traces of former population; a trace of poison in a given substance.

 Ves*tig"i*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vestige or remnant; like a vestige.

 Vest"ing (?), n. Cloth for vests; a vest pattern.

 Ves"ti*ture (?; 135), n. [See Vesture.] In vestiture. [R.]

 Vest"let (?), n. [Dim. of vest.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of actinians belonging to the genus Cerianthus.
 These animals have a long, smooth body tapering to the base, and two separate circles of tentacles around the mouth. They form a tough, flexible, feltlike tube with a smooth internal lining, in which they dwell, whence the name.

 Vest"ment (?), n. [OE. vestement, vestiment, OF. vestement, vestiment, F. vêtement, fr. L. vestimentum, fr.
 vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment, clothing. See Vest.]
 A covering or garment; some part of clothing or dress; specifically (Eccl.), any priestly garment. "Royal vestiment." Chaucer. "Priests in holy vestments." Shak.
 The sculptor could not give vestments suitable to the quality of the persons represented.

Dryden.
 Ves"try (?), n.; pl. Vestries (#). [OE. vestrye, F. vestiaire, L. vestiarium, fr. vestiarius belonging to clothes, fr. vestis a garment. See Vest, n., and cf.
 Vestiary.] 1. A room appendant to a church, in which sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are sometimes kept, and where meetings for worship or parish business are held; a sacristy; — formerly called revestiary.

 He said unto him that was over the vestry, Bring forth vestments for all the worshipers of Baal.

2 Kings x. 22.
2. (Ch. of Eng.) A parochial assembly; an assembly of persons who manage parochial affairs; — so called because usually held in a vestry.

3. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) A body, composed of wardens and vestrymen, chosen annually by a parish to manage its temporal concerns.

Metropolitan vestry, in the city of London, and certain specified parishes and places in England, a body composed of householders who pay poor rates. Its duties include the repair of churches, care of highways, the appointment of certain officers, etc. — Select vestry, a select number of persons chosen in large and populous English parishes to represent and manage the concerns of the parish for one year. Mozley & W. — Vestry board (Ch. of Eng.), a vestry. See def. 2, above. — Vestry clerk, an officer chosen by the vestry, who keeps a record of its proceedings; also, in England, one who keeps the parish accounts and books. — Vestry meeting, the meeting of a vestry or vestry board; also, a meeting of a parish held in a vestry or other place.

 Ves"try*man (?), n.; pl. Vestrymen (&?;). A member of a vestry; especially (Prot. Epis. Ch.), a member other than a warden. See Vestry.

 Ves"ture (?; 135), n. [OF. vesture, vesteure, F. vêture, LL. vestitura, from L. vestire to clothe, dress. See Vest, v. t., and cf. Vestiture.] 1. A garment or garments; a robe; clothing; dress; apparel; vestment; covering; envelope. Piers Plowman.
 Approach, and kiss her sacred vesture's hem.

Milton.
 Rocks, precipices, and gulfs, appareled with a vesture of plants.

Bentley.
 There polished chests embroidered vestures graced.

Pope.
2. (O. Eng. Law) (a) The corn,


bare or nearly so. The trees are lofty and of great variety; amongst them are colossal examples of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa), and the Pikiá. This latter bears a large eatable fruit, curious in having a hollow chamber between the pulp and the kernel, beset with hard spines which produce serious wounds if they enter the skin. The eatable part appeared to me not much more palatable than a raw potato; but the inhabitants of Santarem are very fond of it, and undertake the most toilsome journeys on foot to gather a basketful. The tree which yields the tonka bean (Dipteryx odorata), used in Europe for scenting snuff, is also of frequent occurrence here. It grows to an immense height, and the fruit, which, although a legume, is of a rounded shape, and has but one seed, can be gathered only when it falls to the ground.
A considerable quantity (from 1000 to 3000 pounds) is exported annually from Santarem, the produce of the whole region of the Tapajos. An endless diversity of trees and shrubs, some beautiful in flower and foliage, others bearing curious fruits, grow in this matted wilderness. It would be tedious to enumerate many of them. I was much struck with the variety of trees with large and diversely-shaped fruits growing out of the trunk and branches, some within a few inches of the ground, like the cacao. Most of them are called by the natives Cupú, and the trees are of inconsiderable height. One of them called Cupú-aï bears a fruit of elliptical shape and of a dingy earthen colour six or seven inches long, the shell of which is woody and thin, and contains a small number of seeds loosely enveloped in a juicy pulp of very pleasant flavour. The fruits hang like clayey ants'-nests from the branches. Another kind more nearly resembles the cacao; this is shaped something like the cucumber, and has a green ribbed husk. It bears the name of Cacao de macaco, or monkey's chocolate, but the seeds are smaller than those of the common cacao. I tried once or twice to make chocolate from them. They contain plenty of oil of similar fragrance to that of the ordinary cacao-nut, and make up very well into paste; but the beverage has a repulsive clayey colour and an inferior flavour.
My excursions to the Irurá had always a picnic character.
A few rude huts are scattered through the valley, but they are tenanted only for a few days in the year, when their owners come to gather and roast the mandioca of their small clearings. We used generally to take with us two boys—one negro, the other Indian—to carry our provisions for the day; a few pounds of beef or dried fish, farinha and bananas, with plates, and a kettle for cooking. José carried the guns, ammunition and game-bags, and I the apparatus for entomologising—the insect net, a large leathern bag with compartments for corked boxes, phials, glass tubes, and so forth. It was our custom to start soon after sunrise, when the walk over the campos was cool and pleasant, the sky without a cloud, and the grass wet with dew. The paths are mere faint tracks; in our early excursions it was difficult to avoid missing our way. We were once completely lost, and wandered about for several hours over the scorching soil without recovering the road. A fine view is obtained of the country from the rising ground about half way across the waste. Thence to the bottom of the valley is a long, gentle, grassy slope, bare of trees. The strangely-shaped hills; the forest at their feet, richly varied with palms; the bay of Mapirí on the right, with the dark waters of the Tapajos and its white glistening shores, are all spread out before one, as if depicted on canvas. The extreme transparency of the atmosphere gives to all parts of the landscape such clearness of outline that the idea of distance is destroyed, and one fancies the whole to be almost within reach of the hand.
Descending into the valley, a small brook has to be crossed, and then half a mile of sandy plain, whose vegetation wears a peculiar aspect, owing to the predominance of a stemless palm, the Curuá (Attalea spectabilis), whose large, beautifully pinnated, rigid leaves rise directly from the soil. The fruit of this species is similar to the coco-nut, containing milk in the interior of the kernel, but it is much inferior to it in size.
Here, and indeed all along the road, we saw, on most days in the wet season, tracks of the jaguar. We never, however, met with the animal, although we sometimes heard his loud "hough" in the night whilst lying in our hammocks at home, in Santarem, and knew he must he lurking somewhere near us.
The Jacuaru (Teius teguexim).
My best hunting ground was a part of the valley sheltered on one side by a steep hill whose declivity, like the swampy valley beneath, was clothed with magnificent forest. We used to make our halt in a small cleared place, tolerably free from ants and close to the water. Here we assembled after our toilsome morning's hunt in different directions through the woods, took our well-earned meal on the ground—two broad leaves of the wild banana serving us for a tablecloth—and rested for a couple of hours during the great heat of the afternoon. The diversity of animal productions was as wonderful as that of the vegetable forms in this rich locality. It was pleasant to lie down during the hottest part of the day, when my people lay asleep, and watch the movements of animals. Sometimes a troop of Anús (Crotophaga), a glossy black-plumaged bird, which lives in small societies in grassy places, would come in from the campos, one by one, calling to each other as they moved from tree to tree. Or a Toucan (Rhamphastos ariel) silently hopped or ran along and up the branches, peeping into chinks and crevices. Notes of solitary birds resounded from a distance through the wilderness. Occasionally a sulky Trogon would be seen, with its brilliant green back and rose-coloured breast, perched for an hour without moving on a low branch. A number of large, fat lizards two feet long, of a kind called by the natives Jacuarú (Teius teguexim) were always observed in the still hours of midday scampering with great clatter over the dead leaves, apparently in chase of each other. The fat of this bulky lizard is much prized by the natives, who apply it as a poultice to draw palm spines or even grains of shot from the flesh.
Other lizards of repulsive aspect, about three feet in length when full grown, splashed about and swam in the water, sometimes emerging to crawl into hollow trees on the banks of the stream, where I once found a female and a nest of eggs. The lazy flapping flight of large blue and black morpho butterflies high in the air, the hum of insects, and many inanimate sounds, contributed their share to the total impression this strange solitude produced. Heavy fruits from the crowns of trees which were mingled together at a giddy height overhead, fell now and then with a startling "plop" into the water. The breeze, not felt below, stirred in the topmost branches, setting the twisted and looped sipós in motion, which creaked and groaned in a great variety of notes. To these noises were added the monotonous ripple of the brook, which had its little cascade at every score or two yards of its course.
We frequently fell in with an old Indian woman, named Cecilia, who had a small clearing in the woods. She had the reputation of being a witch (feiticeira), and I found, on talking with her, that she prided herself on her knowledge of the black art. Her slightly curled hair showed that she was not a pure-blood Indian: I was told her father was a dark mulatto. She was always very civil to our party, showing us the best paths, explaining the virtues and uses of different plants, and so forth. I was much amused at the accounts she gave of the place.


four similar parts, or two pairs of similar parts.

Quadrigeminal bodies (Anat.), two pairs of lobes, or elevations, on the dorsal side of the midbrain of most mammals; the optic lobes. The anterior pair are called the nates, and the posterior the testes.

 Quad'ri*ge*na"ri*ous (?), a. [L. quadrigeni, quadringeni, four hundred each.] Consisting of four hundred.

 Quad*rij"u*gate (?), a. Same as Quadrijugous.

 Quad*rij"u*gous (?), a. [L. quadrijugus of a team of four; quattuor four + jugum yoke.] (Bot.) Pinnate, with four pairs of leaflets; as, a quadrijugous leaf.

 Quad'ri*lat"er*al (?), a. [L. quadrilaterus: cf. F. quadrilatère, quadrilatéral. See Quadriand Lateral.] Having four sides, and consequently four angles; quadrangular.

 Quad'ri*lat"er*al, n. 1. (Geom.) A plane figure having four sides, and consequently four angles; a quadrangular figure; any figure formed by four lines.

2. An area defended by four fortresses supporting each other; as, the Venetian quadrilateral, comprising Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Legnano.

Complete quadrilateral (Geom.), the figure made up of the six straight lines that can be drawn through four points, A, B, C, I, the lines being supposed to be produced indefinitely.

 Quad'ri*lat"er*al*ness, n. The property of being quadrilateral.

 Quad'ri*lit"er*al (?), a. [Quadri- + literal.]
 Consisting of four letters.

 Qua*drille" (?), n. [F. quadrille, n. fem., fr. Sp. cuadrilla meeting of four or more persons or It. quadriglia a band of soldiers, a sort of dance; dim. fr. L. quadra a square, fr. quattuor four. See Quadrate.] 1. A dance having five figures, in common time, four couples of dancers being in each set.

2. The appropriate music for a quadrille.

 Qua*drille", n. [F. quadrille, n. masc., cf. It. quadriglio; or perhaps from the Spanish. See Quadrille a dance.] A game played by four persons with forty cards, being the remainder of an ordinary pack after the tens, nines, and eights are discarded. Hoyle.
 Quad*ril"lion (?), n. [F., fr. L. quater four times, akin to quattuor four, E. four; -- formed like million. See Four, Million.] According to the French notation, which is followed also upon the Continent and in the United States, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.

 { Quad'ri*lo"bate (?), Quad'ri*lobed (?), } a. [Quadri- + lobe: cf. F. quadrilobé.] Having four lobes; as, a quadrilobate leaf.

 Quad'ri*loc"u*lar (?), a. [Quadri- + locular: cf. F.
 quadriloculaire.] Having four cells, or cavities; as, a quadrilocular heart.

 Quad"rin (?), n. [OF., fr. L. quadrini four each, fr. quattuor four.] A small piece of money, in value about a farthing, or a half cent.
 [Obs.]

 Quad'ri*nod"al (?), a. [Quadri- + nodal.] (Math.)
 Possessing four nodes; as, quadrinodal curves.

 Quad'ri*no"mi*al (?), n. [Quadri- + nomial, as in binomial: cf. F. quadrinôme.] (Alg.) A polynomial of four terms connected by the signs plus or minus.

 Quad'ri*nom"ic*al (?), a. Quadrinomial.

 Quad'ri*nom"i*nal (?), a. [Quadri- + nominal.] (Alg.)
 Quadrinomial. Sir W. R. Hamilton.
 Quad*rip"ar*tite (?), a. [L. quadripartitus, p. p. of quadripartire to divide into four parts; quattuor four + partire to divide: cf. F. quadripartite.] Divided into four parts.

 Quad*rip"ar*tite*ly, adv. In four parts.

 Quad'ri*par*ti"tion (?), n. [L. quadripartitio: cf. F. quadripartition.]
 A division or distribution by four, or into four parts; also, a taking the fourth part of any quantity or number.

 Quad'ri*pen"nate (?), a. [Quadri- + pennate.] (Zoöl.)
 Having four wings; -- said of insects.

 Quad*riph"yl*lous (?), a. [Quadri + Gr. &?; leaf.] (Bot.)
 Having four leaves; quadrifoliate.

 Quad"ri*reme (?), n. [L. quadriremis; quattuor four + remus an oar: cf. F. quadrirème.] (Antiq.) A galley with four banks of oars or rowers.

 Quad'ri*sec"tion (?), n. [Quadri- + section.] A subdivision into four parts.

 Quad'ri*sul"cate (?), a. [Quadri + sulcate.] (Zoöl.)
 Having four hoofs; as, a quadrisulcate foot; a quadrisulcate animal.

 { Quad'ri*syl*lab"ic (?), Quad'ri-syl*lab"ic*al (?), }Having four syllables; of or pertaining to quadrisyllables; as, a quadrisyllabic word.

 Quad'ri*syl"la*ble (?), n. [Quadri- + syllable: cf.
 F. quadrisyllabe.] A word consisting of four syllables. De Quincey.
 Quad*riv"a*lence (?), n. (Chem.) The quality or state of being quadrivalent; tetravalence.

 Quad*riv"a*lent (?), a. [Quadri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of four; capable of combining with, being replaced by, or compared with, four monad atoms; tetravalent; -- said of certain atoms and radicals; thus, carbon and silicon are quadrivalent elements.

 Quad"ri*valve (?), a. [Quadri- + valve: cf. F. quadrivalve.]
 (Bot.) Dehiscent into four similar parts; four-valved; as, a quadrivalve pericarp.

 Quad"ri*valve, n. (Arch.) A door, shutter, or the like, having four folds.

 Quad'ri*val"vu*lar (?), a. Having four valves; quadrivalve.

 Quad*riv"i*al (?), a. [L. quadrivium a place where four ways meet; quattuor four + via way.] Having four ways meeting in a point. B. Jonson.
 Quad*riv"i*al, n. One of the four "liberal arts" making up the quadrivium.

 ||Quad*riv"i*um (?), n. [L.] The four "liberal arts," arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- so called by the schoolmen. See Trivium.

 Quad*roon