great degree inseparable, even from the popular meaning of a farm, as they are entirely so from the legal sense. Burrill.
5. A district of country leased (or farmed) out for the collection of the revenues of government.

 The province was devided into twelve farms.

Burke.
6. (O. Eng. Law) A lease of the imposts on particular goods; as, the sugar farm, the silk farm.

 Whereas G. H. held the farm of sugars upon a rent of 10,000 marks per annum.

State Trials (1196).
 Farm (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farmed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Farming.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds.

 We are enforced to farm our royal realm.

Shak.
2. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; as, to farm the taxes.

 To farm their subjects and their duties toward these.

Burke.
3. To take at a certain rent or rate.

4. To devote (land) to agriculture; to cultivate, as land; to till, as a farm.

To farm let, To let to farm, to lease on rent.

 Farm, v. i. To engage in the business of tilling the soil; to labor as a farmer.

 Farm"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being farmed.

 Farm"er (?), n. [Cf. F. fermier.] One who farms; as: (a) One who hires and cultivates a farm; a cultivator of leased ground; a tenant. Smart. (b) One who is devoted to the tillage of the soil; one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; a husbandman. (c) One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect, either paying a fixed annuual rent for the privilege; as, a farmer of the revenues. (d) (Mining) The lord of the field, or one who farms the lot and cope of the crown.

Farmer-general [F. fermier-general], one to whom the right of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was farmed out, under the former French monarchy, for a given sum paid down. -- Farmers' satin, a light material of cotton and worsted, used for coat linings.
 McElrath. -- The king's farmer (O. Eng. Law), one to whom the collection of a royal revenue was farmed out. Burrill.
 Farm"er*ess, n. A woman who farms.

 Farm"er*ship, n. Skill in farming.

 Farm"er*y (?), n. The buildings and yards necessary for the business of a farm; a homestead. [Eng.]

 Farm"house', n. A dwelling house on a farm; a farmer's residence.

 Farm"ing, a. Pertaining to agriculture; devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farming; as, farming tools; farming land; a farming community.

 Farm"ing, n. The business of cultivating land.

 Far"most' (?), a. Most distant; farthest.

 A spacious cave within its farmost part.

Dryden.
 Farm"stead (?), n. A farm with the building upon it; a homestead on a farm. Tennyson.
 With its pleasant groves and farmsteads.

Carlyle.
 Farm"stead*ing, n. A farmstead. [Scot.] Black.
 Farm"yard' (?), n. The yard or inclosure attached to a barn, or the space inclosed by the farm buildings.

 Far"ness (?), n. [From Far, a.] The state of being far off; distance; remoteness. [R.] Grew.
 Far"o (?), n. [Said to be so called because the Egyptian king Pharaoh was formerly represented upon one of the cards.] A gambling game at cards, in which all the other players play against the dealer or banker, staking their money upon the order in which the cards will lie and be dealt from the pack.

Faro bank, the capital which the proprietor of a faro table ventures in the game; also, the place where a game of faro is played. Hoyle.
 Fa'ro*ese' (?), n. sing. & pl. An inhabitant, or, collectively, inhabitants, of the Faroe islands.

 Far"-off' (?), a. Remote; as, the far-off distance. Cf. Far-off, under Far, adv.

 Far*rag*i*nous (?), a. [See Farrago.] Formed of various materials; mixed; as, a farraginous mountain. [R.] Kirwan.
 A farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes, and ages.

Sir T. Browne.
 ||Far*ra"go (?), n. [L. farrago, -aginis, mixed fodder for cattle, mash, medley, fr. far a sort of grain. See Farina.] A mass composed of various materials confusedly mixed; a medley; a mixture.

 A confounded farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, wishes, and all the flimsy furniture of a country miss's brain.

Sheridan.
 Far"rand (?), n. [OE. farand beautiful; cf. Gael. farranta neat, stout, stately; or perh. akin to E. fare.] Manner; custom; fashion; humor. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also farand.] Grose.
 Far're*a"tion (?), n. [L. farreatio.] Same as Confarreation.

 Far"ri*er (?), n. [OE. farrour, ferrer, OF. ferreor, ferrier, LL. Ferrator, ferrarius equorum, from ferrare to shoe a horse, ferrum a horseshoe, fr. L. ferrum iron. Cf.
 Ferreous.] 1. A shoer of horses; a veterinary surgeon.

 Far"ri*er, v. i. To practice as a farrier; to carry on the trade of a farrier. [Obs.] Mortimer.
 Far"ri*er*y (?), n. 1. The art of shoeing horses.

2. The art of preventing, curing, or mitigating diseases of horses and cattle; the veterinary art.

3. The place where a smith shoes horses.

 Far"row (fr"r), n. [AS. fearh a little pig; a akin to OHG.
 farh, farah, pig, dim. farheli little pig, G. fercel, D. varken pig, Lith. parszas OIr. orc, L. porcus, Gr. po'rkos. Cf. Pork.] A litter of pigs. Shak.
 Far"row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Farrowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Farrowing.] To bring forth (young); -- said only of swine. Tusser.
 Far"row, a. [Cf. Scot. ferry cow a cow that is not with calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, heifer, G. färse, AS.
 fearr bull, G. farre. Cf. Heifer.] Not producing young in a given season or year; - - said only of cows.

 If a cow has had a calf, but fails in a subsequent year, she is said to be farrow, or to go farrow.

 Far"ry (?), n. A farrow. [Obs.] Perry.
 Farse (?), n. [See Farce, n.] (Eccl.) An addition to, or a paraphrase of, some part of the Latin service in the vernacular; -- common in English before the Re


as 9 + x and x + 9 are said to be equivalent because they mean the same thing, but the second one is in 'canonical form' because it is written in the usual way, with the highest power of x first. Usually there are fixed rules you can use to decide whether something is in canonical form. The jargon meaning, a relaxation of the technical meaning, acquired its present loading in computer-science culture largely through its prominence in Alonzo Church's work in computation theory and mathematical logic (see Knights of the Lambda Calculus). Compare vanilla.
Non-technical academics do not use the adjective 'canonical' in any of the senses defined above with any regularity; they do however use the nouns 'canon' and 'canonicity' (not **canonicalness or **canonicality). The 'canon' of a given author is the complete body of authentic works by that author (this usage is familiar to Sherlock Holmes fans as well as to literary scholars). 'The canon' is the body of works in a given field (e.g., works of literature, or of art, or of music) deemed worthwhile for students to study and for scholars to investigate.
The word 'canon' has an interesting history. It derives ultimately from the Greek 'kanon' (akin to the English 'cane') referring to a reed. Reeds were used for measurement, and in Latin and later Greek the word 'canon' meant a rule or a standard. The establishment of a canon of scriptures within Christianity was meant to define a standard or a rule for the religion. The above non-techspeak academic usages stem from this instance of a defined and accepted body of work. Alongside this usage was the promulgation of 'canons' ('rules') for the government of the Catholic Church. The techspeak usages ("according to religious law") derive from this use of the Latin 'canon'.
Hackers invest this term with a playfulness that makes an ironic contrast with its historical meaning. A true story: One Bob Sjoberg, new at the MIT AI Lab, expressed some annoyance at the incessant use of jargon. Over his loud objections, GLS and RMS made a point of using as much of it as possible in his presence, and eventually it began to sink in. Finally, in one conversation, he used the word 'canonical' in jargon-like fashion without thinking. Steele: "Aha! We've finally got you talking jargon too!" Stallman: "What did he say?" Steele: "Bob just used 'canonical' in the canonical way."
Of course, canonicality depends on context, but it is implicitly defined as the way hackers normally expect things to be. Thus, a hacker may claim with a straight face that 'according to religious law' is not the canonical meaning of 'canonical'.
Node:card walloper, Next:careware, Previous:canonical, Up:= C = card walloper n. An EDP programmer who grinds out batch programs that do stupid things like print people's paychecks. Compare code grinder. See also punched card, eighty-column mind.
Node:careware, Next:cargo cult programming, Previous:card walloper, Up:= C = careware /keir'weir/ n. A variety of shareware for which either the author suggests that some payment be made to a nominated charity or a levy directed to charity is included on top of the distribution charge. Syn. charityware; compare crippleware, sense 2.
Node:cargo cult programming, Next:cascade, Previous:careware, Up:= C = cargo cult programming n. A style of (incompetent) programming dominated by ritual inclusion of code or program structures that serve no real purpose. A cargo cult programmer will usually explain the extra code as a way of working around some bug encountered in the past, but usually neither the bug nor the reason the code apparently avoided the bug was ever fully understood (compare shotgun debugging, voodoo programming).
The term 'cargo cult' is a reference to aboriginal religions that grew up in the South Pacific after World War II. The practices of these cults center on building elaborate mockups of airplanes and military style landing strips in the hope of bringing the return of the god-like airplanes that brought such marvelous cargo during the war. Hackish usage probably derives from Richard Feynman's characterization of certain practices as "cargo cult science" in his book "Surely You're Joking, Mr.
Feynman!" (W. W. Norton & Co, New York 1985, ISBN 0-393-01921-7).
Node:cascade, Next:case and paste, Previous:cargo cult programming, Up:= C = cascade n.
1. A huge volume of spurious error-message output produced by a compiler with poor error recovery. Too frequently, one trivial syntax error (such as a missing ')' or '}') throws the parser out of synch so that much of the remaining program text is interpreted as garbaged or ill-formed. 2. A chain of Usenet followups, each adding some trivial variation or riposte to the text of the previous one, all of which is reproduced in the new message; an include war in which the object is to create a sort of communal graffito.
Node:case and paste, Next:casters-up mode, Previous:cascade, Up:= C = case and paste n.
[from 'cut and paste'] 1. The addition of a new feature to an existing system by selecting the code from an existing feature and pasting it in with minor changes. Common in telephony circles because most operations in a telephone switch are selected using case statements.
Leads to software bloat.
In some circles of EMACS users this is called 'programming by Meta-W', because Meta-W is the EMACS command for copying a block of text to a kill buffer in preparation to pasting it in elsewhere. The term is condescending, implying that the programmer is acting mindlessly rather than thinking carefully about what is required to integrate the code for two similar cases.
At DEC (now Compaq), this is sometimes called 'clone-and-hack' coding.
Node:casters-up mode, Next:casting the runes, Previous:case and paste, Up:= C = casters-up mode n.
[IBM, prob. fr. slang belly up] Yet another synonym for 'broken' or 'down'. Usually connotes a major failure. A system (hardware or software) which is 'down' may be already being restarted before the failure is noticed, whereas one which is 'casters up' is usually a good excuse to take the rest of the day off (as long as you're not responsible for fixing it).
Node:casting the runes, Next:cat, Previous:casters-up mode, Up:= C = casting the runes n. What a guru does when you ask him or her to run a particular program and type at it because it never works for anyone else; esp. used when nobody can ever see what the guru is doing different from what J. Random Luser does.
Compare incantation, runes, examining the entrails; also see the AI koan about Tom Knight in "Some AI Koans" (Appendix A).
A correspondent from England tells us that one of ICL's most talented systems designers used to be called out occasionally to service machines which the field circus had given up on. Since he knew the design inside out, he could often find faults simply by listening to a quick outline of the symptoms. He used to play on this by going to some site where the field circus had just spent the last two weeks solid trying to find a fault, and spreading a diagram of the system out on a table top. He'd then shake some chicken bones and cast them over the diagram, peer at the bones intently for a minute, and then tell them that a certain module needed replacing. The system would start working again immediately upon the replacement.
Node:cat, Next:catatonic, Previous:casting the runes, Up:= C = cat [from 'catenate' via Unix cat(1)] vt.
1. [techspeak] To spew an entire file to the screen or some other output sink without pause (syn. blast). 2. By extension, to dump large amounts of data at an unprepared target or with no intention of browsing it carefully. Usage: considered silly. Rare outside Unix sites.
See also dd, BLT.
Among Unix


(b) The knob or protuberant part of a saddlebow. (c) The top (of the head). Chaucer.
(d) A knob forming the finial of a turret or pavilion.

 Pom"mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pommeled (?) or Pommelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pommeling or Pommelling.] To beat soundly, as with the pommel of a sword, or with something knoblike; hence, to beat with the fists. [Written also pummel.]

 Pom*mel"ion (?), n. [See Pommel: cf. LL. pomilio pygmy.] (Mil.)
 The cascabel, or hindmost knob, of a cannon. [R.]

 ||Pom'met'té" (?), a. [F.] Having two balls or protuberances at each end; -- said of a cross.

 Po'mo*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. pomologique.] Of or pertaining to pomology.

 Po*mol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in pomology; one who culticvates fruit trees.

 Po*mol"o*gy (?), n. [L. pomum fruit + -logy: cf. F.
 pomologie.] The science of fruits; a treatise on fruits; the cultivation of fruits and fruit trees.

 Po*mo"na (?), n. [L., from pomum fruit.] (Class. Myth.)
 The goddess of fruits and fruit trees.

 Pomp (?), n. [OE. pompe, F. pompe, L. pompa, fr. Gr. &?; a sending, a solemn procession, pomp, fr. &?; to send.
 Cf. Pump a shoe.] 1. A procession distinguished by ostentation and splendor; a pageant. "All the pomps of a Roman triumph." Addison.
2. Show of magnificence; parade; display; power.

Syn. -- Display; parade; pageant; pageantry; splendor; state; magnificence; ostentation; grandeur; pride.

 Pomp (?), v. i. To make a pompons display; to conduct. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Pom"pa*dour (?), n. A crimson or pink color; also, a style of dress cut low and square in the neck; also, a mode of dressing the hair by drawing it straight back from the forehead over a roll; -- so called after the Marchioness de Pompadour of France. Also much used adjectively.

 Pom"pa*no (?), n. [Sp. pámpano.] [Written also pampano.]
 (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of several species of marine fishes of the genus Trachynotus, of which four species are found on the Atlantic coast of the United States; -- called also palometa.

 They have a brilliant silvery or golden luster, and are highly esteemed as food fishes. The round pompano (T. thomboides) and the Carolina pompano (T. Carolinus) are the most common. Other species occur on the Pacific coast.

2. A California harvest fish (Stromateus simillimus), highly valued as a food fish.

Pompano shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Donax; -- so called because eaten by the pompano. [Florida] Pom*pat"ic (?), a. [L. pompaticus.] Pompous. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Pom"pel*mous (?), n.; pl. Pompelmouses (#). [D. pompelmoes; cf. G. pompelmuse, F. pamplemousse, and F. pompoléon.]
 (Bot.) A shaddock, esp. one of large size.

 Pom"pet (?), n. [OF. pompette.] (Print.) The ball formerly used to ink the type.

 Pom"pho*lyx (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a bubble, the slag on the surface of smelted ore, from &?; a blister.] 1. (Old Chem.)
 Impure zinc oxide.

2. (Med.) A skin disease in which there is an eruption of bullæ, without inflammation or fever.

 Pom*pil"lion (?), n. An ointment or pomatum made of black poplar buds. [Obs.] Cotgrave.
 Pom"pi*on (?), n. [OF. pompon. See Pumpkin.] See Pumpion.

 Pom"pire (?), n. [L. pomum a fruit, LL. also, an apple + pirum a pear.] A pearmain. [Obs.]

 Pom*po"le*on (?), n. (Bot.) See Pompelmous.

 Pom"pon (?), n. [F.] 1. Any trifling ornament for a woman's dress or bonnet.

2. (Mil.) A tuft or ball of wool, or the like, sometimes worn by soldiers on the front of the hat, instead of a feather.

 Pom*pos"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Pomposities (&?;). The quality or state of being pompous; pompousness. Thackeray.
 ||Pom*po"so (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Grand and dignified; in grand style.

 Pomp"ous (?), a. [F. pompeux, L. pomposus. See Pomp.]
 1. Displaying pomp; stately; showy with grandeur; magnificent; as, a pompous procession.

2. Ostentatious; pretentious; boastful; vainlorious; as, pompous manners; a pompous style. "Pompous in high presumption." Chaucer.
 he pompous vanity of the old schoolmistress.

Thackeray.
 -- Pom"ous*ly, adv. -- Pomp"ous*ness, n. Pomp"tine (?), a. See Pontine.

 Pom"wa'ter (?), n. Same as Pomewater.

 Pon"cho (?), n.; pl. Ponchos (&?;). [Sp.] 1.
 A kind of cloak worn by the Spanish Americans, having the form of a blanket, with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through. A kind of poncho made of rubber or painted cloth is used by the mounted troops in the United States service.

2. A trade name for camlets, or stout worsteds.

 Pond (?), n. [Probably originally, an inclosed body of water, and the same word as pound. See Pound an inclosure.] A body of water, naturally or artificially confined, and usually of less extent than a lake. "Through pond or pool." Milton.
Pond hen (Zoöl.), the American coot. See Coot (a).
 -- Pond lily (Bot.), the water lily. See under Water, and Illust.
 under Nymphæa. -- Pond snail (Zoöl.), any gastropod living in fresh-water ponds or lakes. The most common kinds are airbreathing snails (Pulmonifera) belonging to Limnæa, Physa, Planorbis, and allied genera. The operculated species are pectinibranchs, belonging to Melantho, Valvata, and various other genera. -- Pond spice (Bot.), an American shrub (Tetranthera geniculata) of the Laurel family, with small oval leaves, and axillary clusters of little yellow flowers. The whole plant is spicy. It grows in ponds and swamps from Virginia to Florida. -- Pond tortoise, Pond turtle (Zoöl.), any freshwater tortoise of the family Emydidæ.
 Numerous species are found in North America.

 Pond (?), v. t. To make into a pond; to collect, as water, in a pond by damming.

 Pond, v. t. [


has been able to find is in the Hundred Rolls (Edw. I, 1273), where Richard Pepis and John Pepes are registered as holding lands in the county of Cambridge. In the next century the name of William Pepis is found in deeds relating to lands in the parish of Cottenham, co. Cambridge, dated 1329 and 1340 respectively (Cole MSS., British Museum, vol. i., p. 56; vol. xlii., p. 44).
According to the Court Roll of the manor of Pelhams, in the parish of Cottenham, Thomas Pepys was "bayliffe of the Abbot of Crowland in 1434," but in spite of these references, as well as others to persons of the same name at Braintree, Essex, Depedale, Norfolk, &c., the first ancestor of the existing branches of the family from whom Mr. Walter Pepys is able to trace an undoubted descent, is "William Pepis the elder, of Cottenham, co. Cambridge," whose will is dated 20th March, 1519.
In 1852 a curious manuscript volume, bound in vellum, and entitled "Liber Talboti Pepys de instrumentis ad Feoda pertinentibus exemplificatis," was discovered in an old chest in the parish church of Bolney, Sussex, by the vicar, the Rev. John Dale, who delivered it to Henry Pepys, Bishop of Worcester, and the book is still in the possession of the family. This volume contains various genealogical entries, and among them are references to the Thomas Pepys of 1434 mentioned above, and to the later William Pepys. The reference to the latter runs thus:— In illustration of this entry we may refer to the Diary of June 12th, 1667, where it is written that Roger Pepys told Samuel that "we did certainly come out of Scotland with the Abbot of Crowland." The references to various members of the family settled in Cottenham and elsewhere, at an early date already alluded to, seem to show that there is little foundation for this very positive statement.
With regard to the standing of the family, Mr. Walter Pepys writes:— There is a very general notion that Samuel Pepys was of plebeian birth because his father followed the trade of a tailor, and his own remark, "But I believe indeed our family were never considerable,"—[February 10th, 1661-62.] has been brought forward in corroboration of this view, but nothing can possibly be more erroneous, and there can be no doubt that the Diarist was really proud of his descent. This may be seen from the inscription on one of his book-plates, where he is stated to be:— Many members of the family have greatly distinguished themselves since the Diarist's day, and of them Mr. Foss wrote ("Judges of England," vol.
vi., p. 467):— The William Pepys of Cottenham who commences the pedigree had three sons and three daughters; from the eldest son (Thomas) descended the first Norfolk branch, from the second son (John Pepys of Southcreeke) descended the second Norfolk branch, and from the third son (William) descended the Impington branch. The latter William had four sons and two daughters; two of these sons were named Thomas, and as they were both living at the same time one was distinguished as "the black" and the other as "the red." Thomas the red had four sons and four daughters.
John, born 1601, was the third son, and he became the father of Samuel the Diarist. Little is known of John Pepys, but we learn when the Diary opens that he was settled in London as a tailor. He does not appear to have been a successful man, and his son on August 26th, 1661, found that there was only L45 owing to him, and that he owed about the same sum.
He was a citizen of London in 1650, when his son Samuel was admitted to Magdalene College, but at an earlier period he appears to have had business relations with Holland.
In August, 1661, John Pepys retired to a small property at Brampton (worth about L80 per annum), which had been left to him by his eldest brother, Robert Pepys, where he died in 1680.
The following is a copy of John Pepys's will: His wife Margaret, whose maiden name has not been discovered, died on the 25th March, 1667, also at Brampton. The family of these two consisted of six sons and five daughters: John (born 1632, died 1640), Samuel (born 1633, died 1703), Thomas (born 1634, died 1664), Jacob (born 1637, died young), Robert (born 1638, died young), and John (born 1641, died 1677); Mary (born 1627), Paulina (born 1628), Esther (born 1630), Sarah (born 1635; these four girls all died young), and Paulina (born 1640, died 1680), who married John Jackson of Brampton, and had two sons, Samuel and John. The latter was made his heir by Samuel Pepys.
Samuel Pepys was born on the 23rd February, 1632-3, but the place of birth is not known with certainty. Samuel Knight, D.D., author of the "Life of Colet," who was a connection of the family (having married Hannah Pepys, daughter of Talbot Pepys of Impington), says positively that it was at Brampton. His statement cannot be corroborated by the registers of Brampton church, as these records do not commence until the year 1654.
Samuel's early youth appears to have been spent pretty equally between town and country. When he and his brother Tom were children they lived with a nurse (Goody Lawrence) at Kingsland, and in after life Samuel refers to his habit of shooting with bow and arrow in the fields around that place. He then went to school at Huntingdon, from which he was transferred to St. Paul's School in London. He remained at the latter place until 1650, early in which year his name was entered as a sizar on the boards of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was admitted on the 21st June, but subsequently he transferred his allegiance to Magdalene College, where he was admitted a sizar on the 1st October of this same year.
He did not enter into residence until March 5th, 1650-51, but in the following month he was elected to one of Mr. Spendluffe's scholarships, and two years later (October 14th, 1653) he was preferred to one on Dr.
John Smith's foundation.
Little or nothing is known of Pepys's career at college, but soon after obtaining the Smith scholarship he got into trouble, and, with a companion, was admonished for being drunk.
His time, however, was not wasted, and there is evidence that he carried into his busy life a fair stock of classical learning and a true love of letters. Throughout his life he looked back with pleasure to the time he spent at the University, and his college was remembered in his will when he bequeathed his valuable library. In this same year, 1653, he graduated B.A. On the 1st of December, 1655, when he was still without any settled means of support, he married Elizabeth St. Michel, a beautiful and portionless girl of fifteen. Her father, Alexander Marchant, Sieur de St. Michel, was of a good family in Anjou, and son of the High Sheriff of Bauge (in Anjou). Having turned Huguenot at the age of twenty-one, when in the German service, his father disinherited him, and he also lost the reversion of some L20,000 sterling which his uncle, a rich French canon, intended to bequeath to him before he left the Roman Catholic church. He came over to England in the retinue of Henrietta Maria on her marriage with Charles I, but the queen dismissed him on finding that he was a Protestant and did not attend mass. Being a handsome man, with courtly manners, he found favour in the sight of the widow of an Irish squire (daughter of Sir Francis Kingsmill), who married him against the wishes of her family. After the marriage


; a setting forth; an offering; bestowal.

 Prayers are sometimes a presentation of mere desires.

Hooker.
2. Hence, exhibition; representation; display; appearance; semblance; show.

 Under the presentation of the shoots his wit.

Shak.
3. That which is presented or given; a present; a gift, as, the picture was a presentation. [R.]

4. (Eccl.) The act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice; the right of presenting a clergyman.

 If the bishop admits the patron's presentation, the clerk so admitted is next to be instituted by him.

Blackstone.
5. (Med.) The particular position of the child during labor relatively to the passage though which it is to be brought forth; -- specifically designated by the part which first appears at the mouth of the uterus; as, a breech presentation.

Presentation copy, a copy of a book, engraving, etc., presented to some one by the author or artist, as a token of regard.

 Pre*sent"a*tive (?), a. 1. (Eccl.) Having the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman to the bishop for institution; as, advowsons are presentative, collative, or donative. Blackstone.
2. Admitting the presentation of a clergyman; as, a presentative parsonage. Spelman.
3. (Metaph.) Capable of being directly known by, or presented to, the mind; intuitive; directly apprehensible, as objects; capable of apprehending, as faculties.

 The latter term, presentative faculty, I use... in contrast and correlation to a "representative faculty."

Sir W. Hamilton.
 Pres'en*tee" (?), n. [F. présenté, p. p. See Present, v. t. ] One to whom something is presented; also, one who is presented; specifically (Eccl.), one presented to benefice. Ayliffe.
 Pre*sent"er (?), n. One who presents.

 Pre*sen"tial (?), a. [LL. praesentialis.] Implying actual presence; present, immediate. [Obs.]

 God's mercy is made presential to us.

Jer. Taylor.
 -- Pre*sen"tial*ly, adv. [Obs.]

 Pre*sen'ti*al"i*ty (?), n. State of being actually present. [Obs.]
 South.
 Pre*sen"ti*ate (?), v. t. To make present. [Obs.]

 Pre*sen"tient (?), a. [L. praesentiens, p. pr. of praesentire to perceive beforehand; prae before + sentire to feel.]
 Feeling or perceiving beforehand.

 Pres'en*tif"ic (?), a. [L. praesens, -entis, present + facere to make.] Making present. [Obs.]

 -- Pres'en*tif"ic*ly, adv. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Pres'en*tif"ic*al (?), a. Presentific. [Obs.]

 Pre*sen"ti*ment (?), n. [Pref. pre- + sentiment: cf.
 F. pressentiment. See Presentient.] Previous sentiment, conception, or opinion; previous apprehension; especially, an antecedent impression or conviction of something unpleasant, distressing, or calamitous, about to happen; anticipation of evil; foreboding.

 Pre*sen'ti*men"tal (?), a. Of nature of a presentiment; foreboding.
 [R.] Coleridge.
 Pre*sen"tion (?), n. See Presension. [Obs.]

 Pre*sent"ive (?), a. (Philol.) Bringing a conception or notion directly before the mind; presenting an object to the memory of imagination; -- distinguished from symbolic.

 How greatly the word "will" is felt to have lost presentive power in the last three centuries.

Earle.
 -- Pre*sent"ive*ly, adv. -- Pre*sent"ive*ness, n. Pres"ent*ly (?), adv. 1. At present; at this time; now.
 [Obs.]

 The towns and forts you presently have.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. At once; without delay; forthwith; also, less definitely, soon; shortly; before long; after a little while; by and by. Shak.
 And presently the fig tree withered away.

Matt. xxi. 19.
3. With actual presence; actually. [Obs.]

 His precious body and blood presently three.

Bp. Gardiner.
 Pre*sent"ment (?), n. 1. The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; presentation. " Upon the heels of my presentment."
 Shak.
2. Setting forth to view; delineation; appearance; representation; exhibition.

 Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion, And give it false presentment.

Milton.
3. (Law) (a) The notice taken by a grand jury of any offence from their own knowledge or observation, without any bill of indictment laid before them, as, the presentment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like; also, an inquisition of office and indictment by a grand jury; an official accusation presented to a tribunal by the grand jury in an indictment, or the act of offering an indictment; also, the indictment itself. (b) The official notice (formerly required to be given in court) of the surrender of a copyhold estate. Blackstone.
Presentment of a bill of exchange, the offering of a bill to the drawee for acceptance, or to the acceptor for payment. See Bill of exchange, under Bill.

 Mozley & W. Pres"ent*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being present; presence. [Obs.] "Presentness of mind in danger." Clarendon.
 Pres'en*toir" (?), n. [Formed after analogy of French.] An ornamental tray, dish, or the like, used as a salver.

 Pre*serv"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being preserved; admitting of preservation.

 Pres'er*va"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. préservation.] The act or process of preserving, or keeping safe; the state of being preserved, or kept from injury, destruction, or decay; security; safety; as, preservation of life, fruit, game, etc.; a picture in good preservation.

 Give us particulars of thy preservation.

Shak.
 Pre*serv"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. préservatif.] Having the power or quality of preserving; tending to preserve, or to keep from injury, decay, etc.

 Pre*serv"a*tive, n. That which preserves, or has the power of preserving; a presevative agent.

 To wear tablets as preservatives against the plague.

Bacon.
 Pre*serv"a*to*ry (?), a. Preservative. Bp. Hall.
 Pre*serv"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Preservatories (&?;).
 1. A preservative. [Obs.] Whitlock.
2. A room, or apparatus, in which perishable things, as fruit, vegetables, etc., can be preserved without decay.

 Pre*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preserved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Preserving.] [F. préserver, from L. prae before + servare to save, preserve; cf. L. praeservare to observe beforehand. See Serve.] 1. To keep or save from injury or destruction; to guard or defend from evil, harm, danger, etc.; to protect.

 O Lord, thou preserved man and beast.

Ps. xxxvi. 6.
 Now,


much used by the Scottish Highlander.

Dirk knife, a clasp knife having a large, dirklike blade.

 Dirk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dirking.] To stab with a dirk. Sir W. Scott.
 Dirk, a. [See Dark, a.] Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dirk, v. t. To darken. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Dirk"ness, n. Darkness. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dirl (?), v. i. & t. [Cf. Drill, Thrill.] To thrill; to vibrate; to penetrate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Dirt (?), n. [OE. drit; kin to Icel. drit excrement, drta to dung, OD. drijten to dung, AS. gedrtan.] 1.
 Any foul of filthy substance, as excrement, mud, dust, etc.; whatever, adhering to anything, renders it foul or unclean; earth; as, a wagonload of dirt.

 Whose waters cast up mire and dirt.

Is. lvii. 20.
2. Meanness; sordidness.

 Honors... thrown away upon dirt and infamy.

Melmoth.
3. In placer mining, earth, gravel, etc., before washing.

Dirt bed (Geom.), a layer of clayey earth forming a stratum in a geological formation. Dirt beds are common among the coal measures.
 -- Dirt eating. (a) The use of certain kinds of clay for food, existing among some tribes of Indians; geophagism. Humboldt.
(b) (Med.) Same as Chthonophagia. -- Dirt pie, clay or mud molded by children in imitation of pastry. Otway (1684). -- To eat dirt, to submit in a meanly humble manner to insults; to eat humble pie.

 Dirt, v. t. To make foul of filthy; to dirty. Swift.
 Dirt"i*ly (?), adv. In a dirty manner; foully; nastily; filthily; meanly; sordidly.

 Dirt"i*ness, n. The state of being dirty; filthiness; foulness; nastiness; baseness; sordidness.

 Dirt"y (?), a. [Compar. Dirtier (?); superl. Dirtiest.]
 1. Defiled with dirt; foul; nasty; filthy; not clean or pure; serving to defile; as, dirty hands; dirty water; a dirty white. Spenser.
2. Sullied; clouded; -- applied to color. Locke.
3. Sordid; base; groveling; as, a dirty fellow.

 The creature's at his dirty work again.

Pope.
4. Sleety; gusty; stormy; as, dirty weather.

 Storms of wind, clouds of dust, an angry, dirty sea.

M. Arnold.
Syn. -- Nasty; filthy; foul. See Nasty.

 Dirt"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirtied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dirtying.] 1. To foul; to make filthy; to soil; as, to dirty the clothes or hands.

2. To tarnish; to sully; to scandalize; -- said of reputation, character, etc.

 Di*rup"tion (?), n. [L. diruptio, fr. dirumpere. See Disrupt, a.] Disruption.

 Dis- (?; 258). 1. A prefix from the Latin, whence F. dés, or sometimes dé-, dis-. The Latin dis-appears as di-before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, becomes dif-before f, and either dis-or dibefore j. It is from the same root as bis twice, and duo, E. two. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Di-, Dia-. Disdenotes separation, a parting from, as in distribute, disconnect; hence it often has the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, disoblige, disagree. Also intensive, as in dissever.

 Walker's rule of pronouncing this prefix is, that the s ought always to be pronounced like z, when the next syllable is accented and begins with "a flat mute [b, d, v, g, z], a liquid [l, m, n, r], or a vowel; as, disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismiss, dismount, disnatured, disrank, disrelish, disrobe." Dr. Webster's example in disapproving of Walker's rule and pronouncing dis-as diz in only one (disease) of the above words, is followed by recent orthoëpists. See Disable, Disgrace, and the other words, beginning with dis-, in this Dictionary.

2. A prefix from Gr. di's- twice. See Di-.

 ||Dis (?), n. [L.] The god Pluto. Shak.
 Dis'a*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Disabilities (&?;).
 1. State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like.

 Grossest faults, or disabilities to perform what was covenanted.

Milton.
 Chatham refused to see him, pleading his disability.

Bancroft.
2. Want of legal qualification to do a thing; legal incapacity or incompetency.

 The disabilities of idiocy, infancy, and coverture.

Abbott.
Syn. -- Weakness; inability; incompetence; impotence; incapacity; incompetency; disqualification. -- Disability, Inability. Inability is an inherent want of power to perform the thing in question; disability arises from some deprivation or loss of the needed competency. One who becomes deranged is under a disability of holding his estate; and one who is made a judge, of deciding in his own case. A man may decline an office on account of his inability to discharge its duties; he may refuse to accept a trust or employment on account of some disability prevents him from entering into such engagements.

 Dis*a"ble (?), a. Lacking ability; unable. [Obs.] "Our disable and unactive force." Daniel.
 Dis*a"ble (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disabling (?).] 1. To render unable or incapable; to destroy the force, vigor, or power of action of; to deprive of competent physical or intellectual power; to incapacitate; to disqualify; to make incompetent or unfit for service; to impair.

 A Christian's life is a perpetual exercise, a wrestling and warfare, for which sensual pleasure disables him.

Jer. Taylor.
 And had performed it, if my known offense Had not disabled me.

Milton.
 I have disabled mine estate.

Shak.
2. (Law) To deprive of legal right or qualification; to render legally incapable.

 An attainder of the ancestor corrupts the blood, and disables his children to inherit.

Blackstone.
3. To deprive of that which gives value or estimation; to declare lacking in competency; to disparage; to undervalue. [Obs.] "He disabled my judgment." Shak.
Syn. -- To weaken; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate.

 Dis*a"ble*ment (?), n. Deprivation of ability; incapacity. Bacon.
 Dis'a*buse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disabusing.] [Pref. dis- + abuse; cf.
 F. désabuser.] To set free from mistakes; to unde


required in gathering. See Gather, v. t., 7.

 Gath"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being gathered or collected; deducible from premises. [R.] Godwin.
 Gath"er*er (?), n. 1. One who gathers or collects.

2. (Sewing Machine) An attachment for making gathers in the cloth.

 Gath"er*ing, n. 1. The act of collecting or bringing together.

2. That which is gathered, collected, or brought together; as: (a) A crowd; an assembly; a congregation. (b) A charitable contribution; a collection. (c) A tumor or boil suppurated or maturated; an abscess.

 Gath"er*ing, a. Assembling; collecting; used for gathering or concentrating.

Gathering board (Bookbinding), a table or board on which signatures are gathered or assembled, to form a book. Knight. -- Gathering coal, a lighted coal left smothered in embers over night, about which kindling wood is gathered in the morning. -- Gathering hoop, a hoop used by coopers to draw together the ends of barrel staves, to allow the hoops to be slipped over them. -- Gathering peat. (a) A piece of peat used as a gathering coal, to preserve a fire. (b) In Scotland, a fiery peat which was sent round by the Borderers as an alarm signal, as the fiery cross was by the Highlanders.

 Gat"ling gun' (&?;). [From the inventor, R.J. Gatling.] An American machine gun, consisting of a cluster of barrels which, being revolved by a crank, are automatically loaded and fired.

 The improved Gatling gun can be fired at the rate of 1,200 shots per minute. Farrow.
 Gat"ten tree' (?). [Cf. Prov. E. gatter bush.] (Bot.) A name given to the small trees called guelderrose (Viburnum Opulus), cornel (Cornus sanguinea), and spindle tree (Euonymus Europæus).

 Gat"-toothed' (?), a. [OE. gat goat + tooth. See Goat the animal.] Goat-toothed; having a lickerish tooth; lustful; wanton.
 [Obs.]

 ||Gauche (gsh), n. [F.] 1. Left handed; hence, awkward; clumsy.

2. (Geom.) Winding; twisted; warped; - - applied to curves and surfaces.

 ||Gauche'rie" (?), n. [F.] An awkward action; clumsiness; boorishness.

 ||Gau"cho (gou"ch), n., pl. Gauchos (-chz) [Sp.] One of the native inhabitants of the pampas, of Spanish-American descent. They live mostly by rearing cattle.

 Gaud (?), n. [OE. gaude jest, trick, gaudi bead of a rosary, fr. L. gaudium joy, gladness. See Joy.] 1. Trick; jest; sport. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. Deceit; fraud; artifice; device. [Obs.] Chaucer.
3. An ornament; a piece of worthless finery; a trinket. "An idle gaud."
 Shak.
 Gaud, v. i. [Cf. F. se gaudir to rejoice, fr. L. gaudere.
 See Gaud, n.] To sport or keep festival. [Obs.] "Gauding with his familiars. " [Obs.] Sir T. North.
 Gaud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Gauding.] To bedeck gaudily; to decorate with gauds or showy trinkets or colors; to paint. [Obs.] "Nicely gauded cheeks." Shak.
 Gaud"-day' (?), n. See Gaudy, a feast.

 Gaud"er*y (?), n. Finery; ornaments; ostentatious display. [R.]
 "Tarnished gaudery." Dryden.
 Gaud"ful (?), a. Joyful; showy. [Obs.]

 Gaud"i*ly (?), adv. In a gaudy manner. Guthrie.
 Gaud"i*ness, n. The quality of being gaudy. Whitlock.
 Gaud"ish, a. Gaudy. "Gaudish ceremonies." Bale.
 Gaud"less, a. Destitute of ornament. [R.]

 Gaud"y (?), a. [Compar. Gaudier (?); superl.
 Gauidiest.] 1. Ostentatiously fine; showy; gay, but tawdry or meretricious.

 Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy.

Shak.
2. Gay; merry; festal. Tennyson.
 Let's have one other gaudy night.

Shak.
 Gaud"y, n.; pl. Gaudies (#) [See Gaud, n.] One of the large beads in the rosary at which the paternoster is recited.
 [Obs.] Gower.
 Gaud"y, n. A feast or festival; -- called also gaud-day and gaudy day. [Oxford Univ.] Conybeare.
 Gaud"y*green' (?), a. or n. [OE. gaude grene.] Light green.
 [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.
 Gauf"fer (?), v. t. [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet, and other stuffs, fr. gaufre honeycomb, waffle; of German origin. See Waffle, Wafer, and cf. Goffer, Gopher an animal.] To plait, crimp, or flute; to goffer, as lace. See Goffer.

 Gauf"fer*ing (?), n. A mode of plaiting or fluting.

Gauffering iron, a kind of fluting iron for fabrics. -- Gauffering press (Flower Manuf.), a press for crimping the leaves and petals into shape.

 ||Gauf"fre (?), n. [See Gopher.] (Zoöl.) A gopher, esp.
 the pocket gopher.

 Gauge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gauging (?)] [OF. gaugier, F. jauger, cf.
 OF. gauge gauge, measuring rod, F. jauge; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an assumed L. qualificare to determine the qualities of a thing (see Qualify); but cf. also F. jalon a measuring stake in surveying, and E. gallon.] [Written also gage.]

1. To measure or determine with a gauge.

2. To measure or to ascertain the contents or the capacity of, as of a pipe, barrel, or keg.

3. (Mech.) To measure the dimensions of, or to test the accuracy of the form of, as of a part of a gunlock.

 The vanes nicely gauged on each side.

Derham.
4. To draw into equidistant gathers by running a thread through it, as cloth or a garment.

5. To measure the capacity, character, or ability of; to estimate; to judge of.

 You shall not gauge me By what we do to-night.

Shak.
 Gauge, n. [Written also gage.] 1. A measure; a standard of measure; an instrument to determine dimensions, distance, or capacity; a standard.

 This plate must be a gauge to file your worm and groove to equal breadth by.

Moxon.
 There is not in our hands any fixed gauge of minds.

I. Taylor.
2. Measure; dimensions; estimate.

 The gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt.

Burke


. F. enrôlement.] [Written also enrolment.] 1. The act of enrolling; registration. Holland.
2. A writing in which anything is enrolled; a register; a record.
 Sir J. Davies.
 En*root" (?), v. t. To fix by the root; to fix fast; to implant deep. Shak.
 En*round" (?), v. t. To surround. [Obs.] Shak.
 ||En' route" (?). [F.] On the way or road.

 ||Ens (?), n. [L., ens, entis, a thing. See Entity.]
 1. (Metaph.) Entity, being, or existence; an actually existing being; also, God, as the Being of Beings.

2. (Chem.) Something supposed to condense within itself all the virtues and qualities of a substance from which it is extracted; essence. [Obs.]

 En*safe" (n*sf"), v. t. To make safe. [Obs.] Hall.
 En*sam"ple (?), n. [OF. ensample, essample, F. exemple.
 See Example.] An example; a pattern or model for imitation. [Obs.] Tyndale.
 Being ensamples to the flock.

1 Pet. v. 3.
 En*sam"ple (?), v. t. To exemplify, to show by example. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*san"guine (?), v. t. To stain or cover with blood; to make bloody, or of a blood-red color; as, an ensanguined hue. "The ensanguined field." Milton.
 En"sate (?), a. [NL. ensatus, fr. L. ensis sword.] (Bot.
 & Zoöl.) Having sword-shaped leaves, or appendages; ensiform.

 En*scale" (?), v. t. To cover with scales.

 En*sched"ule (?; 135), v. t. To insert in a schedule. See Schedule.
 [R.] Shak.
 En*sconce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensconced (?); imp.
 & p. p. Ensconcing (?).] To cover or shelter, as with a sconce or fort; to place or hide securely; to conceal.

 She shall not see me: I will ensconce me behind the arras.

Shak.
 En*seal" (n*sl"), v. t. To impress with a seal; to mark as with a seal; hence, to ratify. [Obs.]

 This deed I do enseal.

Piers Plowman.
 En*seam" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + seam suture. Cf.
 Inseam.] To sew up; to inclose by a seam; hence, to include; to contain.
 Camden.
 En*seam", v. t. [Pref. en- + seam grease.] To cover with grease; to defile; to pollute. [Obs.]

 In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed.

Shak.
 En*sear" (?), v. t. To sear; to dry up. [Obs.]

Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb.

Shak.
 En*search" (?), v. i. [OF. encerchier. See Search.] To make search; to try to find something. [Obs.] -- v. t. To search for.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.
 En*seel" (n*sl"), v. t. To close eyes of; to seel; -- said in reference to a hawk. [Obs.]

 En*seint" (n*snt"), a. (Law) With child; pregnant. See Enceinte. [Obs.]

 ||En'sem"ble (?), n. [F.] The whole; all the parts taken together.

 ||En'sem"ble, adv. [F.] All at once; together.

 En*shel"ter (?), v. t. To shelter. [Obs.]

 En*shield" (?), v. t. To defend, as with a shield; to shield.
 [Archaic] Shak.
 En*shield", a. Shielded; enshielded. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*shrine" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enshrined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enshrining.] To inclose in a shrine or chest; hence, to preserve or cherish as something sacred; as, to enshrine something in memory.

 We will enshrine it as holy relic.

Massinger.
 En*shroud" (?), v. t. To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to shroud. Churchill.
 En*sif"er*ous (?), a. [L. ensifer; ensis sword + ferre to bear: cf. F. ensifère.] Bearing a sword.

 En"si*form (?), a. [L. ensis sword + -form: cf. F. ensiforme.]
 Having the form of a sword blade; sword-shaped; as, an ensiform leaf.

Ensiform cartilage, ∧ Ensiform process. (Anat.)
 See Xiphisternum.

 En"sign (?), n. [L. enseigne, L. insignia, pl. of insigne a distinctive mark, badge, flag; in + signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Insignia, 3d Ancient.] 1. A flag; a banner; a standard; esp., the national flag, or a banner indicating nationality, carried by a ship or a body of soldiers; -- as distinguished from flags indicating divisions of the army, rank of naval officers, or private signals, and the like.

 Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still.

Shak.
2. A signal displayed like a standard, to give notice.

 He will lift an ensign to the nations from far.

Is. v. 26.
3. Sign; badge of office, rank, or power; symbol.

 The ensigns of our power about we bear.

Waller.
4. (a) Formerly, a commissioned officer of the army who carried the ensign or flag of a company or regiment. (b) A commissioned officer of the lowest grade in the navy, corresponding to the grade of second lieutenant in the army. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 In the British army the rank of ensign was abolished in 1871. In the United States army the rank is not recognized; the regimental flags being carried by a sergeant called the color sergeant.

Ensign bearer, one who carries a flag; an ensign.

 En"sign, v. t. 1. To designate as by an ensign. [Obs.]

 Henry but joined the roses that ensigned Particular families.

B. Jonson.
2. To distinguish by a mark or ornament; esp. (Her.), by a crown; thus, any charge which has a crown immediately above or upon it, is said to be ensigned.

 En"sign*cy (?; 277), n.; pl. Ensigncies (&?;).
 The rank or office of an ensign.

 En"sign*ship, n. The state or rank of an ensign.

 En"si*lage (?), n. [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + silo.
 See Silo.] 1. The process of preserving fodder (such as cornstalks, rye, oats, millet, etc.) by compressing it while green and fresh in a pit or vat called a silo, where it is kept covered from the air; as, the ensilage of fodder.

2. The fodder preserved in a silo.

 En"si*lage (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensilaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ensilaging (?).] To preserve in a silo; as, to ensilage cornstalks.

 En*sky" (?), v. t. To place in the sky or in heaven.


KANSAS WOMEN IN LITERATURE By Nettie Garmer Barker CONTENTS KANSAS WOMEN IN LITERATURE.
 EFFIE GRAHAM.
 ESTHER M. CLARK.
 MARY VANCE HUMPHREY.
 KATE A. APLINGTON.
 EMMA UPTON VAUGHN.
 JESSIE WRIGHT WHITECOMB.
 MYRA WILLIAMS JARRELL.
 ELLEN PALMER ALLERTON.
 EMMA TANNER WOOD.
 CORNELIA M. STOCKTON.
 MARGARET HILL McCARTER.
 BESSIE MAY BELLMAN. and JUNE BELLMAN HENTHORNE.
 AMANDA T. JONES.
 CHARLOTTE F. WILDER.
 ANNA L. JANUARY.
 HATTIE HORNER LOUTHAN.
 EVA MORLEY MURPHY.
 SALLIE F. TOLER.
 ANNA E. ARNOLD.
 INDEX.

 KANSAS WOMEN IN LITERATURE.

 EFFIE GRAHAM.

 The last place one would expect to find romance is in arithmetic and yet—Miss Effie Graham, the head of the Department of Mathematics in the Topeka High School, has found it there and better still, in her lecture "Living Arithmetic" she has shown others the way to find it there. Miss Graham is one of the most talented women of the state. Ex-Gov. Hoch has called her "one of the most gifted women in the state noted for its brilliant women.
 Her heart and life are as pure as her mind is bright."

 She was born and reared in Ohio, the daughter of a family of Ohio pioneers, a descendant of a Revolutionary soldier and also, of a warrior of 1812. As a student of the Ohio Northern University and later as a post-graduate worker at the University of California, Chicago University, and Harvard Summer School, she has as she says, "graduated sometimes and has a degree but never 'finished' her education."

 Desiring to get the school out into the world as well as the world back to the school, she has spoken and written on "Moving Into The King Row," "Other Peoples' Children," "Spirit of the Younger Generation," "Vine Versus Oak," and "The Larger Service."

 "Pictures Eight Hundred Children Selected," "Speaking of Automobiles," "The Unusual Thing," "The High Cost of Learning," and "Wanted—A Funeral of Algebraic Phraseology;" also, some verse, "The Twentieth Regiment Knight" and "Back to God's Country" are magazine work that never came back. School Science & Mathematics, a magazine to which she contributes and of which she is an associate editor, gives hers as the only woman's name on its staff of fifty editors.

 Her book, "The Passin' On Party," raises the author to the rank of a classic. To quote a critic: it is "a little like 'Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch,' a little like 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' but not just like either of them. She reaches right down into human breasts and grips the heart strings."

 It is the busy people who find time to do things and the mother-heart of Miss Graham finds expression in her household in West Lawn, a suburb of Topeka. Among the members of her family are a niece and nephew whose High School and College education she directs.

 ESTHER M. CLARK.

 Every Kansan, homesick in a foreign land, knows the call of Kansas and every Kansan book lover knows Esther Clark's "Call of Kansas."

 Miss Clark was born in Neosho Co., Kansas, about twelve miles southeast of Chanute, on a farm. At seven years of age, the family moved to Chanute and her school days were spent at the old Pioneer Building, where her mother went to school before her. In 1894, she graduated here, later entering the University of Kansas for work in English.

 In 1906, "Verses by a Commonplace Person" was published. "The Call of Kansas and Other Verse" came out in 1909. This volume contained "My Dear" and "Good Night" which were set to music, and "Rose O' My Heart."

 "My Dear" was written for her baby brother, during an absence from home, and is Miss Clark's favorite.

 She is in the office of the Extension Department at the University of Kansas, and has exclusive charge of club programs and does some work in package libraries.

 Just now she is contributing prose to some of the newspapers and doing some splendid feature work.

 MARY VANCE HUMPHREY.

 Mary Vance Humphrey of Junction City, Kansas, has written a series of short stories on the property rights of women in Kansas, a subject that was and is, still, of vital importance to the women of the state. "The Legal Status of Mrs. O'Rourke" and "King Lear in Kansas" are two of the series.

 When young in heart and experience, Mrs. Humphrey wrote a number of poems.
 Her work in later years has been only prose. Her novel, "The Squatter Sovereign" is an historical romance of pioneer days, the settlement of Kansas in the fifties.

 Mrs. Humphrey is one of the founders of the Kansas State Social Science Club and the Woman's Kansas Day Club and the founder of the Reading Club of Junction City. She has served as President of the State Federation and as Director of the General Federation of Women's Clubs and President of the Woman's Kansas Day Club. Her work as member of the Board of Education has done much for Junction City and her interest in libraries has done equally as much for the State of Kansas.

 Of her record as an official, Margaret Hill McCarter has written: "Her whole soul is in her work. She is the genuine metal, shirking nothing, cheapening nothing, and withal happy in the enjoyment of her obligation.
 She stands for patriotism, progress and peace. Something of the message of the shepherds heard out beyond Bethlehem that Christmas morning long ago sounds in the chords she strikes."

 As the wife of the late Judge James Humphrey, she proved herself the able companion of such a worthy man.

 KATE A. APLINGTON.

 The Kansas State Traveling Art Gallery owes its birth and much of its success to Kate A. Aplington, the author of that typical western story, "Pilgrims of the Plains." Since Feb., 1907, the Art Gallery has been a recognized state institution, and as its Vice-President and Superintendent and as the writer of the art lectures that accompany the work, Mrs.
 Aplington's broad-minded, artistic temperament and student's persistency have made the gallery truly a work of art.

 At present, the Aplingtons are living at Miami, Florida, but for a quarter of a century, Council Grove, the most famous spot on the Santa Fe Trail, was their home. Special investigations and researches on the subject of the old Santa Fe Trail days and lecturers on educational and literary topics resulted from years spent in that historic place.

 "Pilgrims of the Plains," which came out in Feb., 1913, is worthy of a place in the front rank of western stories. In July of this year, Grossett and Dunlap will bring it out in their "Popular Edition" of novels.

 Mrs. Aplington is now working on a book on "Art-Museums of America" and judging from the comments of prominent Museum Directors, this will be as great a success as her novel. "Florida of the Reclamation," a character story with scenes laid in and around Miami, Florida, is also in preparation.

 EMMA UPTON VAUGHN.

 The author of that versatile little book of short stories, "The Lower Bureau Drawer" is Emma Upton Vaughn, a Kansas City, Kansas teacher. These heart stories, showing keen insight of human nature—especially woman nature—deal with every day life, each one a fascinating revelation, of character and soul.

 Mrs. Vaughn was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Her early life was spent in Kansas. She is a graduate of the Kansas University, and has taught in the public schools of


.
And now, as they are taking a closing meal at Panama, ready to return to the United States, we will take leave of Tom Swift and his friends.


ward.

 East, v. i. To move toward the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east; to orientate.

 Eas"ter (?), n. [AS. eáster, eástran, paschal feast, Easter; akin to G. ostern; fr. AS. Eástre, a goddess of light or spring, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated in April; whence this month was called in AS. Eástermnað.
 From the root of E. east. See East.] 1. An annual church festival commemorating Christ's resurrection, and occurring on Sunday, the second day after Good Friday. It corresponds to the pascha or passover of the Jews, and most nations still give it this name under the various forms of pascha, pasque, pâque, or pask.

2. The day on which the festival is observed; Easter day.

Easter is used either adjectively or as the first element of a compound; as, Easter day or Easter-day, Easter Sunday, Easter week, Easter gifts.

 Sundays by thee more glorious break, An Easter day in every week.

Keble.
Easter day, on which the rest of the movable feasts depend, is always the first Sunday after the fourteenth day of the calendar moon which (fourteenth day) falls on, or next after, the 21st of March, according to the rules laid down for the construction of the calendar; so that if the fourteenth day happen on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. Eng. Cyc.
Easter dues (Ch. of Eng.), money due to the clergy at Easter, formerly paid in communication of the tithe for personal labor and subject to exaction. For Easter dues, Easter offerings, voluntary gifts, have been substituted. -- Easter egg. (a) A painted or colored egg used as a present at Easter. (b) An imitation of an egg, in sugar or some fine material, sometimes made to serve as a box for jewelry or the like, used as an Easter present.

 East"er (?), v. i. (Naut.) To veer to the east; -- said of the wind. Russell.
 East"er*ling (?), n. [Cf. Sterling.] 1. A native of a country eastward of another; -- used, by the English, of traders or others from the coasts of the Baltic.

 Merchants of Norway, Denmark,... called... Easterlings because they lie east in respect of us.

Holinshed.
2. A piece of money coined in the east by Richard II. of England.
 Crabb.
3. (Zoöl.) The smew.

 East"er*ling, a. Relating to the money of the Easterlings, or Baltic traders. See Sterling.

 East"er*ly, a. 1. Coming from the east; as, it was easterly wind.

2. Situated, directed, or moving toward the east; as, the easterly side of a lake; an easterly course or voyage.

 East"er*ly, adv. Toward, or in the direction of, the east.

 East"ern (?), a. [AS. eástern.] 1. Situated or dwelling in the east; oriental; as, an eastern gate; Eastern countries.

Eastern churches first did Christ embrace.

Stirling.
2. Going toward the east, or in the direction of east; as, an eastern voyage.

Eastern Church. See Greek Church, under Greek.

 East"ern*most' (?), a. Most eastern.

 East" In"di*an (?; see Indian). Belonging to, or relating to, the East Indies. -- n. A native of, or a dweller in, the East Indies.

 East"ing, n. (Naut. & Surv.) The distance measured toward the east between two meridians drawn through the extremities of a course; distance of departure eastward made by a vessel.

 East'-in"su*lar (?), a. Relating to the Eastern Islands; East Indian. [R.] Ogilvie.
 { East"ward (?), East"wards (?), } adv. Toward the east; in the direction of east from some point or place; as, New Haven lies eastward from New York.

 Eas"y (z"), a. [Compar. Easier (-*r); superl.
 Easiest.] [OF. aisié, F. aisé, prop. p. p. of OF. aisier. See Ease, v. t.] 1. At ease; free from pain, trouble, or constraint; as: (a) Free from pain, distress, toil, exertion, and the like; quiet; as, the patient is easy. (b) Free from care, responsibility, discontent, and the like; not anxious; tranquil; as, an easy mind. (c) Free from constraint, harshness, or formality; unconstrained; smooth; as, easy manners; an easy style. "The easy vigor of a line." Pope.
2. Not causing, or attended with, pain or disquiet, or much exertion; affording ease or rest; as, an easy carriage; a ship having an easy motion; easy movements, as in dancing. "Easy ways to die." Shak.
3. Not difficult; requiring little labor or effort; slight; inconsiderable; as, an easy task; an easy victory.

 It were an easy leap.

Shak.
4. Causing ease; giving freedom from care or labor; furnishing comfort; commodious; as, easy circumstances; an easy chair or cushion.

5. Not making resistance or showing unwillingness; tractable; yielding; complying; ready.

 He gained their easy hearts.

Dryden.
 He is too tyrannical to be an easy monarch.

Sir W. Scott.
6. Moderate; sparing; frugal. [Obs.] Chaucer.
7. (Com.) Not straitened as to money matters; as, the market is easy; -- opposed to tight.

Honors are easy (Card Playing), said when each side has an equal number of honors, in which case they are not counted as points.

Syn. -- Quiet; comfortable; manageable; tranquil; calm; facile; unconcerned.

 Eas"y-chair' (z"*châr'), n. An armchair for ease or repose.
 "Laugh... in Rabelais' easy-chair." Pope.
 Eas"y-go'ing (-g'ng), a. Moving easily; hence, mild-tempered; ease-loving; inactive.

 Eat (t), v. t. [imp. Ate (t; 277), Obsolescent & Colloq.
 Eat (t); p. p. Eaten (t"'n), Obs. or Colloq. Eat (t); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Eating.] [OE. eten, AS. etan; akin to OS.
 etan, OFries. eta, D. eten, OHG. ezzan, G. essen, Icel. eta, Sw. äta, Dan. æde, Goth. itan, Ir. & Gael. ith, W. ysu, L. edere, Gr. 'e'dein, Skr. ad. √6. Cf. Etch, Fret to rub, Edible.] 1. To chew and swallow as food; to devour; -- said especially of food not liquid; as, to eat bread. "To eat grass as oxen." Dan.
 iv. 25.
 They... ate the sacrifices of the dead.

Ps. cvi. 28.
 The lean... did eat up the first seven fat kine.

Gen. xli. 20.
 The lion had not eaten the carcass.

1 Kings xiii. 28.
 With stories told of many a feat, How fairy Mab the junkets eat.

Milton.
 The island princes overbold Have


of a rotating axle, especially a railway axle.

 In railway construction, the axle guard, or pedestal, with the superincumbent weight, rests on the top of the box (usually with a spring intervening), and holds it in place by flanges. The box rests upon the journal bearing and key, which intervene between the inner top of the box and the axle.

 Ax"led (&?;), a. Having an axle; -- used in composition.

 Merlin's agate-axled car. T. Warton.
 Ax"le guard' (&?;). The part of the framing of a railway car or truck, by which an axle box is held laterally, and in which it may move vertically; -- also called a jaw in the United States, and a housing in England.

 Ax"le*tree' (&?;), n. [Cf. Icel. öxultr&?;.] 1.
 A bar or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve.

2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [Obs.]

 Ax"man (&?;), n.; pl. Axmen (&?;). One who wields an ax.

 Ax"min'ster (&?;), n. An Axminster carpet, an imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and soft pile; -- so called from Axminster, Eng.

 ||Ax"o*lotl (&?;), n. [The native name.] (Zoöl.) An amphibian of the salamander tribe found in the elevated lakes of Mexico; the siredon.

 When it breeds in captivity the young develop into true salamanders of the genus Amblystoma. This also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its native localities; although it commonly lives and breeds in a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon.

 Ax"stone' (&?;), n. (Min.) A variety of jade. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets.

 Ax"tree (&?;), n. Axle or axletree. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Ax"unge (&?;), n. [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis wheel + ungere to grease.] Fat; grease; esp. the fat of pigs or geese; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medical use.

 Ay (&?;), interj. Ah! alas! "Ay me! I fondly dream 'Had ye been there.'" Milton.
 Ay (&?;), adv. Same as Aye.

 ||A"yah (&?;), n. [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a governess, ayo a tutor.] A native nurse for children; also, a lady's maid. [India] { Aye, Ay } (&?;), adv. [Perh. a modification of yea, or from the interjection of admiration or astonishment, OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Cf. MHG. & G. ei, Dan. ej.
 Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Yes; yea; -- a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legislative bodies, etc.

 This word is written I in the early editions of Shakespeare and other old writers.

 Aye (&?;), n. An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, "To call for the ayes and noes;" "The ayes have it."

 { Aye, Ay } (&?;), adv. [Icel. ei, ey; akin to AS., wa, always, Goth. aiws an age, Icel. æfi, OHG, &?;wa, L. aevum, Gr. &?; an age, &?;, &?;, ever, always, G. je, Skr. &?;va course. &?;, &?;.
 Cf. Age, v., Either, a., Or, conj.] Always; ever; continually; for an indefinite time.

 For his mercies aye endure. Milton.
For aye, always; forever; eternally.

 Aye"-aye' (&?;), n. [From the native name, prob. from its cry.]
 (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal quadruped, allied to the lemurs, found in Madagascar (Cheiromys Madagascariensis), remarkable for its long fingers, sharp nails, and rodent-like incisor teeth.

 Aye"green' (&?;), n. [Aye ever + green.] (Bot.)
 The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum). Halliwell.
 { A*yen", A*yein" (&?;), A*yeins" (&?;) }, adv. & prep.
 [OE. &?;, &?;. See Again.] Again; back against. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 A*yen"ward (&?;), adv. Backward. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ayle (&?;), n. [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. aïeul, a dim. of L. avus grandfather.]
 A grandfather. [Obs.]

Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land of which his grandfather died seized.

 Ay"me' (&?;), n. [Cf. F. ahi interj.] The utterance of the ejaculation "Ay me!" [Obs.] See Ay, interj. "Aymees and hearty heigh-hoes." J. Fletcher.
 A*yond" (&?;), prep. & adv. Beyond. [North of Eng.]

 A*yont" (&?;), prep. & adv. Beyond. [Scot.]

 { A"y*rie, A"y*ry } (&?;), n. See Aerie. Drayton.
 Ayr"shire (&?;), n. (Agric.) One of a superior breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are notable for the quantity and quality of their milk.

 ||A*yun'ta*mi*en"to (&?;), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. ayuntar to join.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns, corresponding to mayor and aldermen.

 A*za"le*a (?; 97), n.; pl. Azaleas (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; dry, -- so called because supposed to grow best in dry ground.] (Bot.) A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron.

 Az"a*role (&?;), n. [F. azerole, the name of the fruit, fr. Ar. az-zo'r&?;r: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.]
 (Bot.) The Neapolitan medlar (Cratægus azarolus), a shrub of southern Europe; also, its fruit.

 A*zed"a*rach (&?;), n. [F. azédarac, Sp. acederaque, Pers. zddirakht noble tree.] 1. (Bot.) A handsome Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States; -- called also, Pride of India, Pride of China, and Bead tree.

2. (Med.) The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used as a cathartic and emetic.

 Az"i*muth (&?;), n. [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr.
 Ar. as-sum&?;t, pl. of


the steel away.

Dryden.
 To force the tyrant from his seat by war.

Sahk.
 Ethelbert ordered that none should be forced into religion.

Fuller.
6. To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce. [Obs.]

 What can the church force more?

J. Webster.
7. To exert to the utmost; to urge; hence, to strain; to urge to excessive, unnatural, or untimely action; to produce by unnatural effort; as, to force a conceit or metaphor; to force a laugh; to force fruits.

 High on a mounting wave my head I bore, Forcing my strength, and gathering to the shore.

Dryden.
8. (Whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit of which he has none.

9. To provide with forces; to reënforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison. [Obs.] Shak.
10. To allow the force of; to value; to care for. [Obs.]

 For me, I force not argument a straw.

Shak.
Syn. -- To compel; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce; drive; press; impel.

 Force, v. i. [Obs. in all the senses.] 1. To use violence; to make violent effort; to strive; to endeavor.

Forcing with gifts to win his wanton heart.

Spenser.
2. To make a difficult matter of anything; to labor; to hesitate; hence, to force of, to make much account of; to regard.

 Your oath once broke, you force not to forswear.

Shak.
 I force not of such fooleries.

Camden.
3. To be of force, importance, or weight; to matter.

 It is not sufficient to have attained the name and dignity of a shepherd, not forcing how.

Udall.
 Forced (?), a. Done or produced with force or great labor, or by extraordinary exertion; hurried; strained; produced by unnatural effort or pressure; as, a forced style; a forced laugh.

Forced draught. See under Draught. -- Forced march (Mil.), a march of one or more days made with all possible speed.

 -- For"ced*ly (#), adv. -- For"ced*ness, n. Force"ful (?), a. Full of or processing force; exerting force; mighty. -- Force"ful*ly, adv.
 Against the steed he threw His forceful spear.

Dryden.
 Force"less, a. Having little or no force; feeble.

 These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me.

Shak.
 Force"meat' (?), n. [Corrupt. for farce-meat, fr. F. farce stuffing. See Farce, n.] (Cookery) Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, either served up alone, or used as a stuffing. [Written also forced meat.]

 Force"ment (?), n. The act of forcing; compulsion. [Obs.]

 It was imposed upon us by constraint; And will you count such forcement treachery?

J. Webster.
 For"ceps (?), n. [L. forceps, -cipis, from the root of formus Hot + capere to take; akin to E. heave. Cf.
 Furnace.] 1. A pair of pinchers, or tongs; an instrument for grasping, holding firmly, or exerting traction upon, bodies which it would be inconvenient or impracticable to seize with the fingers, especially one for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, surgeons, accoucheurs, dentists, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) The caudal forcepsshaped appendage of earwigs and some other insects. See Earwig.

Dressing forceps. See under Dressing.

 Force" pump' (?). (Mach.) (a) A pump having a solid piston, or plunger, for drawing and forcing a liquid, as water, through the valves; in distinction from a pump having a bucket, or valved piston. (b) A pump adapted for delivering water at a considerable height above the pump, or under a considerable pressure; in distinction from one which lifts the water only to the top of the pump or delivers it through a spout. See Illust. of Plunger pump, under Plunger.

 For"cer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, forces or drives.

2. (Mech.) (a) The solid piston of a force pump; the instrument by which water is forced in a pump. (b) A small hand pump for sinking pits, draining cellars, etc.

 For"ci*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. forcible forcible, forceable that may be forced.] 1. Possessing force; characterized by force, efficiency, or energy; powerful; efficacious; impressive; influential.

 How forcible are right words!

Job. vi. 2&?;.
 Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances, when broken.

Bacon.
 But I have reasons strong and forcible.

Shak.
 That punishment which hath been sometimes forcible to bridle sin.

Hooker.
 He is at once elegant and sublime, forcible and ornamented.

Lowth (Transl. )
2. Violent; impetuous.

 Like mingled streams, more forcible when joined.

Prior.
3. Using force against opposition or resistance; obtained by compulsion; effected by force; as, forcible entry or abduction.

 In embraces of King James... forcible and unjust.

Swift.
Forcible entry and detainer (Law), the entering upon and taking and withholding of land and tenements by actual force and violence, and with a strong hand, to the hindrance of the person having the right to enter.

Syn. -- Violent; powerful; strong; energetic; mighty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent; influential.

 For"ci*ble-fee'ble (?), a. [From Feeble, a character in the Second Part of Shakespeare's "King Henry IV.," to whom Falstaff derisively applies the epithet "forcible."] Seemingly vigorous, but really weak or insipid.

 He [Prof. Ayton] would purge his book of much offensive matter, if he struck out epithets which are in the bad taste of the forcible-feeble school.

N. Brit. Review.
 For"ci*ble*ness, n. The quality of being forcible.

 For"ci*bly, adv. In a forcible manner.

 For"cing (?), n. 1. The accomplishing of any purpose violently, precipitately, prematurely, or with unusual expedition.

2. (Gardening) The art of raising plants, flowers, and fruits at an earlier season than the natural one, as in a hitbed or by the use of artificial heat.

Forcing bed or pit, a plant bed having an under layer of fermenting manure, the fermentation yielding bottom heat for forcing plants; a hotbed. -- Forcing engine, a fire engine. -- Forcing fit (Mech.), a tight fit, as of one part into a hole in another part, which makes it necessary to use considerable force in putting the two parts together. -- Forcing house, a greenhouse for the forcing of plants, fruit trees, etc. -- Forcing machine, a powerful press for putting together or separating two parts that are fitted tightly one into another, as for forcing a crank on a shaft, or for drawing off a car wheel from the axle. -- Forcing pump. See Force pump (b).

 For"ci*pal (?), a. Forked or branched like a pair of forceps; constructed so as to open and shut like a pair of forceps. Sir T. Browne.


. Example: the propeller shaft.

 NATURE OF WOOD UNDER STRESS.—Wood, for its weight, takes the stress of compression far better than any other stress. For instance: a walking-stick of less than 1 lb. in weight will, if kept perfectly straight, probably stand up to a compression stress of a ton or more before crushing; whereas, if the same stick is put under a bending stress, it will probably collapse to a stress of not more than about 50 lb. That is a very great difference, and, since weight is of the greatest importance, the design of an aeroplane is always such as to, as far as possible, keep the various wooden parts of its construction in direct compression. Weight being of such vital importance, and designers all trying to outdo each other in saving weight, it follows that the factor of safety is rather low in an aeroplane. The parts in direct compression will, however, take the stresses safely provided the following conditions are carefully observed.

 CONDITIONS TO BE OBSERVED: 1. All the spars and struts must be perfectly straight.

 The above sketch illustrates a section through an interplane strut. If the strut is to be kept straight, i.e., prevented from bending, then the stress of compression must be equally disposed about the centre of strength. If it is not straight, then there will be more compression on one side of the centre of strength than on the other side. That is a step towards getting compression on one side and tension on the other side, in which case it may be forced to take a bending stress for which it is not designed. Even if it does not collapse it will, in effect, become shorter, and thus throw out of adjustment the gap and all the wires attached to the top and bottom of the strut, with the result that the flight efficiency of the aeroplane will be spoiled.

 The only exception to the above condition is what is known as the Arch.
 For instance, in the case of the Maurice Farman, the spars of the centre-section plane, which have to take the weight of the nacelle, are arched upwards. If this was not done, it is possible that rough landings might result in the weight causing the spars to become slightly distorted downwards. That would produce a dangerous bending stress, but, as long as the wood is arched, or, at any rate, kept from bending downwards, it will remain in direct compression and no danger can result.

 2. Struts and spars must be symmetrical. By that I mean that the cross-sectional dimensions must be correct, as otherwise there will be bulging places on the outside, with the result that the stress will not be evenly disposed about the centre of strength, and a bending stress may be produced.

 3. Struts, spars, etc., must be undamaged. Remember that, from what I have already explained about bending stresses, the outside fibres of the wood are doing by far the most work. If these get bruised or scored, then the strut or spar suffers in strength much more than one might think at first sight; and, if it ever gets a tendency to bend, it is likely to collapse at that point.

 4. The wood must have a good, clear grain with no cross-grain, knots, or shakes. Such blemishes produce weak places and, if a tendency to bend appears, then it may collapse at such a point.

 5. The struts, spars, etc., must be properly bedded into their sockets or fittings. To begin with, they must be of good pushing or gentle tapping fit. They must never be driven in with a heavy hammer. Then again, a strut must bed well down all over its cross-sectional area as illustrated above; otherwise the stress of compression will not be evenly disposed about the centre of strength, and that may produce a bending stress. The bottom of the strut or spar should be covered with some sort of paint, bedded into the socket or fitting, and then withdrawn to see if the paint has stuck all over the bed.

 6. The atmosphere is sometimes much damper than at other times, and this causes wood to expand and contract appreciably. This would not matter but for the fact that it does not expand and contract uniformly, but becomes unsymmetrical, i.e., distorted. I have already explained the danger of that in condition 2. This should be minimized by WELL VARNISHING THE WOOD to keep the moisture out of it.

 FUNCTION OF INTERPLANE STRUTS.—These struts have to keep the lifting surfaces or "planes" apart, but this is only part of their work. They must keep the planes apart, so that the latter are in their correct attitude.
 That is only so when the spars of the bottom plane are parallel with those of the top plane. Also, the chord of the top plane must be parallel with the chord of the bottom plane. If that is not so, then one plane will not have the same angle of incidence as the other one. At first sight one might think that all that is necessary is to cut all the struts to be the same length, but that is not the case.

 Sometimes, as illustrated above, the rear spar is not so thick as the main spar, and it is then necessary to make up for that difference by making the rear struts correspondingly longer. If that is not done, then the top and bottom chords will not be parallel, and the top and bottom planes will have different angles of incidence. Also, the sockets or fittings, or even the spars upon which they are placed, sometimes vary in thickness owing to faulty manufacture. This must be offset by altering the length of the struts. The best way to proceed is to measure the distance between the top and bottom spars by the side of each strut, and if that distance, or "gap" as it is called, is not as stated in the aeroplane's specifications, then make it correct by changing the length of the strut. This applies to both front and rear interplane struts. When measuring the gap, always be careful to measure from the centre of the spar, as it may be set at an angle, and the rear of it may be considerably lower than its front.

 BORING HOLES IN WOOD.—It should be a strict rule that no spar be used which has an unnecessary hole in it. Before boring a hole, its position should be confirmed by whoever is in charge of the workshop. A bolt-hole should be of a size to enable the bolt to be pushed in, or, at any rate, not more than gently tapped in. Bolts should not be hammered in, as that may split the spar. On the other hand, a bolt should not be slack in its hole, as, in such a case, it may work sideways and split the spar, not to speak of throwing out of adjustment the wires leading from the lug or socket under the bolt-head.

 WASHERS.—Under the bolt-head, and also under the nut, a washer must be placed—a very large washer compared with the size which would be used in all-metal construction. This is to disperse the stress over a large area; otherwise the washer may be pulled into the wood and weaken it, besides possibly throwing out of adjustment the wires attached to the bolt or the fitting it is holding to the spar.

 LOCKING.—Now as regards locking the bolts. If split pins are used, be sure to see that they are used in such a way that the nut cannot possibly unscrew at all. The split pin should be passed through the bolt as near as possible to the nut. It should not be passed through both nut and bolt.

 If it is locked by burring over the edge of the bolt, do not use a heavy hammer and try to spread the whole head of the bolt. That might damage the woodwork inside the fabric-covered surface. Use a small, light hammer, and gently tap round the edge of the bolt until it is burred over.

 TURNBUCKLES.—A turnbuckle is


says of it; but if all is true, why is it not fatal?
Salt Throughout the year the pueblo of Mayinit produces salt from a number of brackish hot springs occupying about an acre of ground at the north end of the pueblo.
Mayinit has a population of about 1,000 souls, probably half of whom are directly interested in salt production. It is probable that the pueblo owes its location to the salt springs, although adjoining it to the south is an arable valley now filled with rice sementeras, which may first have drawn the people.
The hot springs slowly raise their water to the surface, where it flows along in shallow streams. Over these streams, or rather sheets of sluggish water, the Igorot have built 152 salt houses, usually about 12 feet wide and from 12 to 25 feet long. The houses, well shown in Pl. CXV, are simply grass-covered roofs extending to the earth.
There is no ownership in the springs to-day—just as there is no ownership in springs which furnish irrigating water—one owns the water that passes into his salt house, but has no claim on that which passes through it and flows out below. So each person has ownership of all and only all the water he can use within his plant, and the people claim there are no disputes between owners of houses—as they look at it, each owner of a salt house has an equal chance to gather salt.
The ground space of the salt house is closely paved with cobblestones from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. The water passes among the bases of these stones, and the salt is deposited in a thin crust over their surface.
(See Pl. CXVI.)
These houses are inherited, and, as a consequence, several persons may Page 146ultimately have proprietary interest in one house. In such a case the ground space is divided, often resulting in many twig-separated patches, as is shown in fig. 7.
About once each month the salt is gathered. The women of the family work naked in the stream-filled house, washing the crust of salt from the stones into a large wooden trough, called "ko-long′-ko." Each stone is thoroughly washed and then replaced in the pavement. The saturated brine is preserved in a gourd until sufficient is gathered for evaporation.
Figure 7.
Ground plan of Mayinit salt house.
Ground plan of Mayinit salt house.
Two or more families frequently join in evaporating their salt. The brine is boiled in the large, shallow iron boilers, and from half a day to a day is necessary to effect the evaporation. Evaporation is discontinued when the salt is reduced to a thick paste.
The evaporated salt is spread in a half-inch layer on a piece of banana leaf cut about 5 inches square. The leaf of paste is supported by two sticks on, but free from, a piece of curved broken pottery which is the baking pan. The salt thus prepared for baking is set near a fire in the dwelling where it is baked thirty or forty minutes. It is then ready for use at home or for commerce, and is preserved in the square, flat cakes called "luk′-sa." Page 147 Analyses have been made of Mayinit salt as prepared by the crude method of the Igorot. The showing is excellent when the processes are considered, the finished salt having 86.02 per cent of sodium chloride as against 90.68 per cent for Michigan common salt and 95.35 for Onondaga common salt.
Table of salt composition Constituent elements Mayinit salt9 Common fine— Saturated brine Evaporated salt Baked salt Michigan salt10 Onondaga salt.
Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Calcium sulphate 0.73 1.50 0.46 0.805 1.355 Sodium sulphate .92 6.28 10.03 — — Sodium chloride 7.95 72.19 86.02 90.682 95.353 Insoluble matter 2.14 .16 .45 — — Water 88.03 19.19 1.78 6.752 3.000 Undetermined .23 .68 .1.26 — — Calcium chloride — — — .974 .155 Magnesium chloride — — — .781 .136 Total 100 100 100 99.994 99.999 One house produces from six to thirty cakes of salt at each baking. A cake is valued at an equivalent of 5 cents, thus making an average salt house, producing, say, fifteen cakes per month, worth 9 pesos per year. Salt houses are seldom sold, but when they are they claim they sell for only 3 or 4 pesos.
Sugar In October and November the Bontoc Igorot make sugar from cane. The stalks are gathered, cut in lengths of about 20 inches, tied in bundles a foot in diameter, and stored away until the time for expressing the juice.
The sugar-cane crusher, shown in Pl. CXVIII, consists of two sometimes of three, vertical, solid, hard-wood cylinders set securely to revolve in two horizontal timbers, which, in turn, are held in place by two uprights. One of the cylinders projects above the upper horizontal timber and has fitted over it, as a key, a long double-end sweep. This main cylinder conveys its power to the others by means of wooden cogs which are set firmly in the wood and play into sockets dug from the other cylinder. Boys commonly furnish the power used to crush the cane, and there is much song and sport during the hours of labor.
Two people, usually boys, sitting on both sides of the crusher, feed the cane back and forth. Three or four stalks are put through at a time, Page 148and they are run through thirty or forty times, or until they break into pieces of pulp not over three or four inches in length.
The juice runs down a slide into a jar set in the ground beneath the crusher.
The boiling is done in large shallow iron boilers over an open fire under a roof. I have known the Igorot to operate the crusher until midnight, and to boil down the juice throughout the night. Sugar-boiling time is known as a-su-fal′-i-wis.
A delicious brown cake sugar is made, which, in some parts of the area, is poured to cool and is preserved in bamboo tubes, in other parts it is cooked and preserved in flat cakes an inch in thickness.
There is not much sugar made in the area, and a large part of the product is purchased by the Ilokano. The Igorot cares very little for sweets; even the children frequently throw away candy after tasting it.
Meals and mealtime The man of the family arises about 3.30 or 4 o'clock in the morning. He builds the fires and prepares to cook the family breakfast and the food for the pigs. A labor generally performed each morning is the paring of camotes. In about half an hour after the man arises the camotes and rice are put over to cook. The daughters come home from the olag, and the boys from their sleeping quarters shortly before breakfast. Breakfast, called "mang-an′," meaning simply "to eat," is taken by all members of the family together, usually between 5 and 6 o'clock. For this meal all the family, sitting on their haunches, gather around three or four wooden dishes filled with steaming hot food setting on the earth. They eat almost exclusively from their hands, and seldom drink anything at breakfast, but they usually drink water after the meal.
The members of the family who are to work away from the dwelling leave about 7 or 7.30 o'clock—but earlier, if there is a rush of work. If the times are busy in the fields, the laborers carry their dinner with them; if not, all members assemble at the dwelling and eat their dinner together about 1 o'clock. This midday meal is often a cold meal, even when partaken in the house.
Field laborers return home about 6.30, at which time it is too dark to work longer, but during the rush seasons of transplanting and harvesting palay the Igorot generally works until 7 or 7.30 during moonlight nights. All members of the family assemble for supper, and this meal is always a warm one. It is generally cooked by the man, unless there is a boy or girl in the family large enough to do it, and who is not at work in the fields. It is usually eaten about 7 or 7.30 o'clock, on the earth floor, as is the breakfast. A light is


to believe he would be very heavy and developed great strength. He could lift 500 pounds with ease and could kick seven feet high while standing on one leg. In 1793 he weighed 448 pounds; at this time he became sensitive as to his appearance. In June, 1809, he weighed 52 stone 11 pounds (739 pounds), and measured over 3 yards around the body and over 1 yard around the leg. He had many visitors, and it is said that once, when the dwarf Borwilaski came to see him, he asked the little man how much cloth he needed for a suit. When told about 3/4 of a yard, he replied that one of his sleeves would be ample. Another famous fat man was Edward Bright, sometimes called "the fat man of Essex." He weighed 616 pounds. In the same journal that records Bright's weight is an account of a man exhibited in Holland who weighed 503 pounds.
Wadd, a physician, himself an enormous man, wrote a treatise on obesity and used his own portrait for a frontispiece. He speaks of Doctor Beddoes, who was so uncomfortably fat that a lady of Clifton called him a "walking feather bed." He mentions Doctor Stafford, who was so enormous that this epitaph was ascribed to him:— "Take heed, O good traveler! and do not tread hard, For here lies Dr.
Stafford, in all this churchyard."
Wadd has gathered some instances, a few of which will be cited. At Staunton, January 2, 1816, there died Samuel Sugars, Gent., who weighed with a single wood coffin 50 stone (700 pounds). Jacob Powell died in 1764, weighing 660 pounds. It took 16 men to carry him to his grave.
Mr. Baker of Worcester, supposed to be larger than Bright, was interred in a coffin that was larger than an ordinary hearse. In 1797 there was buried Philip Hayes, a professor of music, who was as heavy as Bright (616 pounds).
Mr. Spooner, an eminent farmer of Warwickshire, who died in 1775, aged fifty-seven, weighed 569 pounds and measured over 4 feet across the shoulders. The two brothers Stoneclift of Halifax, Yorkshire, together weighed 980 pounds.
Keysler in his travels speaks of a corpulent Englishman who in passing through Savoy had to use 12 chairmen; he says that the man weighed 550 pounds. It is recorded on the tombstone of James Parsons, a fat man of Teddington, who died March 7, 1743, that he had often eaten a whole shoulder of mutton and a peck of hasty pudding. Keysler mentions a young Englishman living in Lincoln who was accustomed to eat 18 pounds of meat daily. He died in 1724 at the age of twenty-eight, weighing 530 pounds. In 1815 there died in Trenaw, in Cornwall, a person known as "Giant Chillcot." He measured at the breast 6 feet 9 inches and weighed 460 pounds. One of his stockings held 6 gallons of wheat. In 1822 there was reported to be a Cambridge student who could not go out in the daytime without exciting astonishment. The fat of his legs overhung his shoes like the fat in the legs of Lambert and Bright. Dr. Short mentions a lady who died of corpulency in her twenty-fifth year weighing over 50 stone (700 pounds). Catesby speaks of a man who weighed 500 pounds, and Coe mentions another who weighed 584 pounds.
Fabricius and Godart speak of obesity so excessive as to cause death.
There is a case reported from the French of a person who weighed 800 pounds. Smetius speaks of George Fredericus, an office-holder in Brandenburgh, who weighed 427 pounds.
Dupuytren gives the history of Marie Francoise-Clay, who attained such celebrity for her obesity. She was born in poverty, reached puberty at thirteen, and married at twenty-five, at which age she was already the stoutest woman of her neighborhood notwithstanding her infirmity. She followed her husband, who was an old-clothes dealer, afoot from town to town. She bore six children, in whom nothing extraordinary was noticed.
The last one was born when she was thirty-five years old. Neither the births, her travels, nor her poverty, which sometimes forced her to beg at church doors, arrested the progress of the obesity. At the age of forty she was 5 feet 1 inch high and one inch greater about the waist.
Her head was small and her neck was entirely obliterated. Her breasts were over a yard in circumference and hung as low as the umbilicus. Her arms were elevated and kept from her body by the fat in her axillae.
Her belly was enormous and was augmented by six pregnancies. Her thighs and haunches were in proportion to her general contour. At forty she ceased to menstruate and soon became afflicted with organic heart diseases.
Fournier quotes an instance of a woman in Paris who at twenty-four, the time of her death, weighed 486 pounds. Not being able to mount any conveyance or carriage in the city, she walked from place to place, finding difficulty not in progression, but in keeping her equilibrium.
Roger Byrne, who lived in Rosenalis, Queen's County, Ireland, died of excessive fatness at the age of fifty-four, weighing 52 stone. Percy and Laurent speak of a young German of twenty who weighed 450 pounds.
At birth he weighed 13 pounds, at six months 42, and at four years 150 pounds. He was 5 feet 5 inches tall and the same in circumference.
William Campbell, the landlord of the Duke of Wellington in Newcastle-on-Tyne, was 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed 728 pounds. He measured 96 inches around the shoulders, 85 inches around the waist, and 35 inches around the calf. He was born at Glasgow in 1856, and was not quite twenty-two when last measured. To illustrate the rate of augmentation, he weighed 4 stone at nine months and at ten years 18 stone. He was one of a family of seven children. His appetite was not more than the average, and he was moderate as regards the use of liquors, but a great smoker Notwithstanding his corpulency, he was intelligent and affable.
Miss Conley, a member of an American traveling circus, who weighed 479 pounds, was smothered in bed by rolling over on her face; she was unable to turn on her back without assistance.
There was a girl who died at Plaisance near Paris in 1890 who weighed 470 pounds or more. In 1889 an impresario undertook to exhibit her; but eight men could not move her from her room, and as she could not pass through the door the idea was abandoned.
There was a colored woman who died near Baltimore who weighed 850 pounds, exceeding the great Daniel Lambert by 120 pounds. The journal reporting this case quotes the Medical Record as saying that there was a man in North Carolina, who was born in 1798, who was 7 feet 8 inches tall and weighed over 1000 pounds, probably the largest man that ever lived. Hutchison says that he Saw in the Infirmary at Kensington, under Porter's care, a remarkable example of obesity. The woman was only just able to walk about and presented a close resemblance to Daniel Lambert.
Obesity forced her to leave her occupation. The accumulation of fat on the abdomen, back, and thighs was enormous.
According to a recent number of La Liberte, a young woman of Pennsylvania, although only sixteen years old, weighs 450 pounds. Her waist measures 61 inches in circumference and her neck 22 inches. The same paper says that on one of the quays of Paris may be seen a wine-shop keeper with whom this Pennsylvania girl could not compare. It is said that this curiosity of the Notre-Dame quarter uses three large chairs while sitting behind her specially constructed bar. There is another Paris report of a man living in Switzerland who weighs more than 40 stone (560 pounds) and eats five times as much as an ordinary person. When traveling he finds the greatest difficulty in entering an ordinary railway carriage, and as a rule contents himself in the luggage van. Figure 171 represents an extremely fat woman with a well-developed beard. To end this list of obese individuals, we mention an old gentleman living in San Francisco who, having previously been thin, gained