This was a belief with which some of her elder matron friends had inspired her, and which she held as a hindrance to marriage.
Leichtenstern, who has collected 70 cases of polymazia in females and 22 in males, thinks that accessory breasts or nipples are due to atavism, and that our most remote inferiorly organized ancestors had many breasts, but that by constantly bearing but one child, from being polymastic, females have gradually become bimastic. Some of the older philosophers contended that by the presence of two breasts woman was originally intended to bear two children.
Hirst says: "Supernumerary breasts and nipples are more common than is generally supposed. Bruce found 60 instances in 3956 persons examined (1.56 per cent). Leichtenstern places the frequency at one in 500. Both observers declare that men present the anomaly about twice as frequently as women. It is impossible to account for the accessory glands on the theory of reversion, as they occur with no regularity in situation, but may develop at odd places on the body. The most frequent position is on the pectoral surface below the true mammae and somewhat nearer the middle line, but an accessory gland has been observed on the left shoulder over the prominence of the deltoid, on the abdominal surface below the costal cartilages, above the umbilicus, in the axilla, in the groin, on the dorsal surface, on the labium majus, and on the outer aspect of the left thigh. Ahlfeld explains the presence of mammae on odd parts of the body by the theory that portions of the embryonal material entering into the composition of the mammary gland are carried to and implanted upon any portion of the exterior of the body by means of the amnion."
Possibly the greatest number of accessory mammae reported is that of Neugebauer in 1886, who found ten in one person. Peuch in 1876 collected 77 cases, and since then Hamy, Quinqusud, Whiteford, Engstrom, and Mitchell Bruce have collected cases. Polymazia must have been known in the olden times, and we still have before us the old images of Diana, in which this goddess is portrayed with numerous breasts, indicating her ability to look after the growing child. Figure 145 shows an ancient Oriental statue of Artemisia or Diana now at Naples.
Bartholinus has observed a Danish woman with three mammae, two ordinarily formed and a third forming a triangle with the others and resembling the breasts of a fat man. In the village of Phullendorf in Germany early in this century there was an old woman who sought alms from place to place, exhibiting to the curious four symmetrical breasts, arranged parallel. She was extremely ugly, and when on all fours, with her breasts pendulous, she resembled a beast. The authors have seen a man with six distinct nipples, arranged as regularly as those of a bitch or sow. The two lower were quite small. This man's body was covered with heavy, long hair, making him a very conspicuous object when seen naked during bathing. The hair was absent for a space of nearly an inch about the nipples. Borellus speaks of a woman with three mammae, two as ordinarily, the third to the left side, which gave milk, but not the same quantity as the others. Gardiner describes a mulatto woman who had four mammae, two of which were near the axillae, about four inches in circumference, with proportionate sized nipples.
She became a mother at fourteen, and gave milk from all her breasts. In his "Dictionnaire Philosophique" Voltaire gives the history of a woman with four well-formed and symmetrically arranged breasts; she also exhibited an excrescence, covered with a nap-like hair, looking like a cow-tail. Percy thought the excrescence a prolongation of the coccyx, and said that similar instances were seen in savage men of Borneo.
Percy says that among some prisoners taken in Austria was found a woman of Valachia, near Roumania, exceedingly fatigued, and suffering intensely from the cold. It was January, and the ground was covered with three feet of snow. She had been exposed with her two infants, who had been born twenty days, to this freezing temperature, and died on the next day. An examination of her body revealed five mammae, of which four projected as ordinarily, while the fifth was about the size of that of a girl at puberty.
They all had an intense dark ring about them; the fifth was situated about five inches above the umbilicus. Percy injected the subject and dissected and described the mammary blood-supply. Hirst mentions a negress of nineteen who had nine mammae, all told, and as many nipples.
The two normal glands were very large. Two accessory glands and nipples below them were small and did not excrete milk. All the other glands and nipples gave milk in large quantities. There were five nipples on the left and four on the right side. The patient's mother had an accessory mamma on the abdomen that secreted milk during the period of lactation.
Charpentier has observed in his clinic a woman with two supplementary axillary mammae with nipples. They gave milk as the ordinary mammae.
Robert saw a woman who nourished an infant by a mamma on the thigh.
Until the time of pregnancy this mamma was taken for an ordinary nevus, but with pregnancy it began to develop and acquired the size of a citron. Figure 147 is from an old wood-cut showing a child suckling at a supernumerary mamma on its mother's thigh while its brother is at the natural breast. Jenner speaks of a breast on the outer side of the thigh four inches below the great trochanter. Hare describes a woman of thirty-seven who secreted normal milk from her axillae. Lee mentions a woman of thirty-five with four mammae and four nipples; she suckled with the pectoral and not the axillary breasts. McGillicudy describes a pair of rudimentary abdominal mammae, and there is another similar case recorded. Hartung mentions a woman of thirty who while suckling had a mamma on the left labium majus. It was excised, and microscopic examination showed its structure to be that of a rudimentary nipple and mammary gland. Leichtenstern cites a case of a mamma on the left shoulder nearly under the insertion of the deltoid, and Klob speaks of an acromial accessory mamma situated on the shoulder over the greatest prominence of the deltoid. Hall reports the case of a functionally active supernumerary mamma over the costal cartilage of the 8th rib.
Jussieu speaks of a woman who had three breasts, one of which was situated on the groin and with which she occasionally suckled; her mother had three breasts, but they were all situated on the chest.
Saunois details an account of a female who had two supernumerary breasts on the back. Bartholinus (quoted by Meckel) and Manget also mention mammae on the back, but Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire questions their existence. Martin gives a very clear illustration of a woman with a supernumerary breast below the natural organ. Sneddon, who has collected quite a number of cases of polymazia, quotes the case of a woman who had two swellings in each axilla in which gland-structure was made out, but with no external openings, and which had no anatomic connection with the mammary glands proper. Shortly after birth they varied in size and proportion, as the breasts were full or empty, and in five weeks all traces of them were lost. Her only married sister had similar enlargements at her third confinement.
Polymazia sometimes seems to be hereditary. Robert saw a daughter whose mother was polymastic, and Woodman saw a mother and eldest daughter who each had three nipples. Lousier mentions a woman wanting a mamma who transmitted this vice of conformation to her daughter. Handyside says he knew two brothers in both of whom breasts were wanting.
Supernumerary nipples alone are also seen, as many as five having been found on the same breast. Neugebauer reports eight supernumerary nipples in one case. Hollerus has seen a woman who had two nipples on the same breast which gave milk with the same regularity and the same abundance as the single nipple. The Ephemerides contains a description of a triple nipple. Barth describes "mamma erratica" on the


a church, or church property.

 At the Reformation the abbey was secularized.

W. Coxe.
3. To make worldly or unspiritual. Bp. Horsley.
 Sec"u*lar*ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner.

 Sec"u*lar*ness, n. The quality or state of being secular; worldliness; worldly-mindedness.

 Se"cund (?), a. [L. secundus following the course or current of wind or water. See Second, a.] (Bot.) Arranged on one side only, as flowers or leaves on a stalk. Gray.
 Se*cun"date (?), v. t. [L. secundatus, p. p. of secundare to direct favorably.] To make prosperous. [R.]

 Sec'un*da"tion (?), n. Prosperity. [R.]

 Sec"un*dine (?), n. [Cf. F. secondine.] 1. (Bot.)
 The second coat, or integument, of an ovule, lying within the primine.

 In the ripened seed the primine and secundine are usually united to form the testa, or outer seed coat. When they remain distinct the secundine becomes the mesosperm, as in the castor bean.

2. [Cf. F. secondines.] The afterbirth, or placenta and membranes; -- generally used in the plural.

 Se*cun'do-gen"i*ture (?), n. [L. secundus second + genitura a begetting, generation.] A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited.

 The kingdom of Naples... was constituted a secundo-geniture of Spain.

Bancroft.
 Se*cur"a*ble (?), a. That may be secured.

 Se*cure" (?), a. [L. securus; pref. sewithout + cura care. See Cure care, and cf. Sure, a.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety; easy in mind; not feeling suspicion or distrust; confident.

 But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes.

Dryden.
2. Overconfident; incautious; careless; -- in a bad sense. Macaulay.
3. Confident in opinion; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt; certain; sure; -- commonly with of; as, secure of a welcome.

 Confidence then bore thee on, secure Either to meet no danger, or to find Matter of glorious trial.

Milton.
4. Not exposed to danger; safe; -- applied to persons and things, and followed by against or from. "Secure from fortune's blows." Dryden.
Syn. -- Safe; undisturbed; easy; sure; certain; assured; confident; careless; heedless; inattentive.

 Se*cure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe; to relieve from apprehensions of, or exposure to, danger; to guard; to protect.

 I spread a cloud before the victor's sight, Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight.

Dryden.
2. To put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving; to make certain; to assure; to insure; -- frequently with against or from, rarely with of; as, to secure a creditor against loss; to secure a debt by a mortgage.

 It secures its possessor of eternal happiness.

T. Dick.
3. To make fast; to close or confine effectually; to render incapable of getting loose or escaping; as, to secure a prisoner; to secure a door, or the hatches of a ship.

4. To get possession of; to make one's self secure of; to acquire certainly; as, to secure an estate.

Secure arms (Mil.), a command and a position in the manual of arms, used in wet weather, the object being to guard the firearm from becoming wet. The piece is turned with the barrel to the front and grasped by the right hand at the lower band, the muzzle is dropped to the front, and the piece held with the guard under the right arm, the hand supported against the hip, and the thumb on the rammer.

 Se*cure"ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or apprehension; without danger; safely.

 His daring foe... securely him defied.

Milton.
 Se*cure"ment (?), n. The act of securing; protection. [R.]

 Society condemns the securement in all cases of perpetual protection by means of perpetual imprisonment.

C. A. Ives.
 Se*cure"ness, n. The condition or quality of being secure; exemption from fear; want of vigilance; security.

 Se*cur"er (?), n. One who, or that which, secures.

 ||Sec'u*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. securis an ax + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Serrifera.

 Se*cu"ri*form (?), a. [L. securis an ax or hatchet + -form: cf. F. sécuriforme.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet.

 Se*cu"ri*palp (?), n. [L. securis ax, hatchet + E. palp.]
 (Zoöl.) One of a family of beetles having the maxillary palpi terminating in a hatchetshaped joint.

 Se*cu"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Securities (#). [L. securitas: cf. F. sécurité. See Secure, and cf. Surety.] 1.
 The condition or quality of being secure; secureness. Specifically: (a) Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; confidence of power or safety; hence, assurance; certainty.

 His trembling hand had lost the ease, Which marks security to please.

Sir W. Scott.
(b) Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness.

 He means, my lord, that we are too remiss, Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security, Grows strong and great in substance and in power.

Shak.
(c) Freedom from risk; safety.

 Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard, From firm security.

Shak.
 Some... alleged that we should have no security for our trade.

Swift.
2. That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense.
 Specifically: (a) Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge.

 Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.

Macaulay.
(b) One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another's obligation.

3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as, government securities.

Syn. -- Protection; defense; guard; shelter; safety; certainty; ease; assurance; carelessness; confidence; surety; pledge; bail.

 Se*dan" (?), n. [Said to be named from Sedan, in France, where it was first made, and whence it was introduced into England in the time of King Charles I.] A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, -- usually borne on poles by two men. Called also sedan chair.

 Se*date" (?), a. [L. sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, to allay, calm, causative of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Undisturbed by passion or caprice; calm; tranquil; serene; not passionate or giddy; composed; staid; as, a sedate soul, mind, or temper.

 Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and sedate temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth.

I. Watts.
 Whatsoever we feel and know Too sedate for outward show.

Wordsworth.
Syn. -- Settled; composed; calm; quiet; tranquil; still; serene


Gal. iii. 18.
2. (Law) An engagement by one person to another, either in words or in writing, but properly not under seal, for the performance or nonperformance of some particular thing. The word promise is used to denote the mere engagement of a person, without regard to the consideration for it, or the corresponding duty of the party to whom it is made. Chitty. Parsons. Burrill.
3. That which causes hope, expectation, or assurance; especially, that which affords expectation of future distinction; as, a youth of great promise. Shak.
 My native country was full of youthful promise.

W. Irving.
4. Bestowal, fulfillment, or grant of what is promised.

 He... commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father.

Acts i. 4.
 Prom"ise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promised (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Promising.]

1. To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like; to covenant; to engage; as, to promise a visit; to promise a cessation of hostilities; to promise the payment of money. "To promise aid." Shak.
2. To afford reason to expect; to cause hope or assurance of; as, the clouds promise rain. Milton.
3. To make declaration of or give assurance of, as some benefit to be conferred; to pledge or engage to bestow; as, the proprietors promised large tracts of land; the city promised a reward.

Promised land. See Land of promise, under Land. -- To promise one's self. (a) To resolve; to determine; to vow. (b) To be assured; to have strong confidence.

 I dare promise myself you will attest the truth of all I have advanced.

Rambler.
 Prom"ise, v. i.
1. To give assurance by a promise, or binding declaration.

2. To afford hopes or expectation; to give ground to expect good; rarely, to give reason to expect evil.

 Will not the ladies be afeard of the lion? I fear it, I promise you.

Shak.
 Prom'is*ee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a promise is made.

 Prom"is*er (?), n. One who promises.

 Prom"is*ing, a. Making a promise or promises; affording hope or assurance; as, promising person; a promising day. -- Prom"is*ing*ly, adv.
 Prom"is*or (?), n. (Law) One who engages or undertakes; a promiser. Burrill.
 Pro*mis"sive (?), a. Making a promise; implying a promise; promising. [R.]

 Prom"is*so*ri*ly (?), adv. In a promissory manner. Sir T. Browne.
 Prom"is*so*ry (?), a. Containing a promise or binding declaration of something to be done or forborne.

Promissory note (Law), a written promise to pay to some person named, and at a time specified therein, or on demand, or at sight, a certain sum of money, absolutely and at all events; -- frequently called a note of hand. Kent. Byles. Story.
 Prom"ont (?), n. Promontory. [R.] Drayton.
 Prom"on*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Promontories (#). [ L. promonturium, promunturium; pro before + mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. promontoire. See Mount, n.]

1. (Phys. Geog.) A high point of land or rock projecting into the sea beyond the line of coast; a headland; a high cape.

 Like one that stands upon a promontory.

Shak.
2. (Anat.) A projecting part. Especially: (a) The projecting angle of the ventral side of the sacrum where it joins the last lumbar vertebra. (b) A prominence on the inner wall of the tympanum of the ear.

 Pro*mor'pho*log"ic*al (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to promorphology; as, a promorphological conception.

 Pro'mor*phol"o*gist (?), n. (Biol.) One versed in the science of promorphology.

 Pro'mor*phol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. pro- + morphology.]
 (Biol.) Crystallography of organic forms; -- a division of morphology created by Haeckel. It is essentially stereometric, and relates to a mathematical conception of organic forms. See Tectology.

 Pro*mote" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promoted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Promoting.] [L. promotus, p. p. of promovere to move forward, to promote; pro forward + movere to move.
 See Move.]

1. To contribute to the growth, enlargement, or prosperity of (any process or thing that is in course); to forward; to further; to encourage; to advance; to excite; as, to promote learning; to promote disorder; to promote a business venture. "Born to promote all truth." Milton.
2. To exalt in station, rank, or honor; to elevate; to raise; to prefer; to advance; as, to promote an officer.

 I will promote thee unto very great honor.

Num. xxii. 17.
 Exalt her, and she shall promote thee.

Prov. iv. 18.
Syn. -- To forward; advance; further; patronize; help; exalt; prefer; elevate; dignify.

 Pro*mote", v. i. To urge on or incite another, as to strife; also, to inform against a person. [Obs.]

 Pro*mot"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, forwards, advances, or promotes; an encourager; as, a promoter of charity or philosophy. Boyle.
2. Specifically, one who sets on foot, and takes the preliminary steps in, a scheme for the organization of a corporation, a joint-stock company, or the like.

3. One who excites; as, a promoter of sedition.

4. An informer; a makebate. [Obs.] Tusser.
 Pro*mo"tion (-m"shn), n. [L. promotio: cf. F. promotion.]
 The act of promoting, advancing, or encouraging; the act of exalting in rank or honor; also, the condition of being advanced, encouraged, or exalted in honor; preferment. Milton.
Promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the south.

Ps. lxxv. 6.
 Pro*mo"tive (?), a. Tending to advance, promote, or encourage. Hume.
 Pro*move" (?), v. t. [See Promote.] To move forward; to advance; to promote. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.
 Pro*mov"er (?), n. A promoter. [Obs.]

 Prompt (prmt; 215), a. [Compar. Prompter (?); superl.
 Promptest.] [F. prompt, L. promptus, properly, brought forth (to light or view), hence, visible, evident, at hand, ready, quick, -- p. p. of promere to take or bring forth; pro forth + emere to take. See Redeem. ]

1. Ready and quick to act as occasion demands; meeting requirements readily; not slow, dilatory, or hesitating in decision or action; responding on the instant; immediate; as, prompt in obedience or compliance; -- said of persons.

 Very discerning and prompt in giving orders.

Clarendon.


the murderer, divided into nine degrees; his brother paying the greatest, and the ninth in affinity the least.
This fine was distributed in the same way among the relatives of the victim. A person past the ninth descent formed a new family. Every family was represented by its elder; and these elders from every family were delegates to the national council.—Owen.
[184] The naviculæ mentioned by Giraldus bear the modern name of coracles, and are much used on the Welsh rivers for the taking of salmon. Their name is derived probably from the Celtic word corawg, which signifies a ship. They are mentioned by the ancient writers.
[197] By the city of Legions Chester is here meant, not Caerleon.
[198] Of the stones inscribed "HIC VICTOR FUIT HAROLDUS"—"HERE HAROLD CONQUERED," no original, I believe, remains extant; but at the village of Trelech, in Monmouthshire, there is a modern pedestal bearing the above inscription.—See the description and engraving in Coxe's Monmouthshire, p.
234.
[203] In one MS. of Giraldus in the British Museum, this name is written Ovidius.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DESCRIPTION OF WALES***


wrath." Shak.
 For what is glory but the blaze of fame? Milton.
4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.] A white spot on the forehead of a horse.

5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor's mark.

 Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indicating a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighborhood road.
Carlton.
In a blaze, on fire; burning with a flame; filled with, giving, or reflecting light; excited or exasperated. -- Like blazes, furiously; rapidly. [Low] "The horses did along like blazes tear."
 Poem in Essex dialect.
 In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently used of something extreme or excessive, especially of something very bad; as, blue as blazes. Neal.
Syn. -- Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a flame are both produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rapidly evolved is prominent, with or without heat; as, the blaze of the sun or of a meteor. Flame includes a stronger notion of heat; as, he perished in the flames.

 Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blazed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Blazing.] 1. To shine with flame; to glow with flame; as, the fire blazes.

2. To send forth or reflect glowing or brilliant light; to show a blaze.

 And far and wide the icy summit blazed. Wordsworth.
3. To be resplendent. Macaulay.
To blaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue firing; -- said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of soldiers. Also used (fig.)
 of speech or action. [Colloq.]

 Blaze, v. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a piece of the bark.

 I found my way by the blazed trees. Hoffman.
2. To designate by blazing; to mark out, as by blazed trees; as, to blaze a line or path.

 Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than blaze out the road to be traveled by others. Nott.
 Blaze, v. t. [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i., and see Blast.] 1. To make public far and wide; to make known; to render conspicuous.

 On charitable lists he blazed his name. Pollok.
 To blaze those virtues which the good would hide. Pope.
2. (Her.) To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham.
 Blaz"er (&?;), n. One who spreads reports or blazes matters abroad. "Blazers of crime." Spenser.
 Blaz"ing, a. Burning with a blaze; as, a blazing fire; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott.
Blazing star. (a) A comet. [Obs.] (b) A brilliant center of attraction. (c) (Bot.) A name given to several plants; as, to Chamælirium luteum of the Lily family; Liatris squarrosa; and Aletris farinosa, called also colicroot and star grass.

 Bla"zon (&?;), n. [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr. F. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS. blæse blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. blas torch See Blaze, n.] 1. A shield. [Obs.]

2. An heraldic shield; a coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of arms; armorial bearings.

 Their blazon o'er his towers displayed. Sir W. Scott.
3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham.
4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other means; publication; show; description; record.

 Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon the company. Collier.
 Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit, Do give thee fivefold blazon. Shak.
 Bla"zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blazoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blazoning (&?;).] [From blazon, n.; confused with 4th blaze: cf. F. blasonner.] 1. To depict in colors; to display; to exhibit conspicuously; to publish or make public far and wide.

 Thyself thou blazon'st. Shak.
 There pride sits blazoned on th' unmeaning brow. Trumbull.
 To blazon his own worthless name. Cowper.
2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn.

 She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form. Garth.
3. (Her.) To describe in proper terms (the figures of heraldic devices); also, to delineate (armorial bearings); to emblazon.

 The coat of, arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison.
 Bla"zon, v. i. To shine; to be conspicuous. [R.]

 Bla"zon*er (&?;), n. One who gives publicity, proclaims, or blazons; esp., one who blazons coats of arms; a herald. Burke.
 Bla"zon*ment (bl"z'n*ment), n. The act of blazoning; blazoning; emblazonment.

 Bla"zon*ry, n. 1. Same as Blazon, 3.

 The principles of blazonry. Peacham.
2. A coat of arms; an armorial bearing or bearings.

 The blazonry of Argyle. Lord Dufferin.
3. Artistic representation or display.

 Blea (&?;), n. The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

 Blea"ber*ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Blaeberry.

 Bleach (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] [OE. blakien, blechen, v. t. & v. i., AS. blcian, bl&?;can, to grow pale; akin to Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, AS. blc pale. See Bleak, a.] To make white, or whiter; to remove the color, or stains, from; to blanch; to whiten.

 The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and light, of chlorine, or of sulphurous acid. Ure.
 Immortal liberty, whose look sublime Hath bleached the tyrant's cheek in every varying clime. Smollett.
 Bleach, v. i. To grow white or lose color; to whiten.

 Bleached (&?;), a. Whitened; make white.

 Let their bleached bones, and blood's unbleaching stain, Long mark the battlefield with hideous awe. Byron.
 Bleach"er (&?;), n. One who whitens, or whose occupation is to whiten, by bleaching.

 Bleach"er*y (&?;), n.; pl. Bleacheries (&?;).
 A place or an establishment where bleaching is done.

 Bleach"ing, n. The act or process of whitening, by removing color or stains; esp. the process of whitening fabrics by chemical agents. Ure.
Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of chloride of


her on her way to mass, with her book in her hand, and could not help thinking that she prayed to God to take her out of the world." LES JARDIES, July 1837.

 ADDENDUM The following personages appear in other stories of the Human Comedy.

 Note: The Old Maid is a companion piece to The Collection of Antiquities.
 In other Addendum appearances they are combined under the title of The Jealousies of a Country Town.


dwells in the same house with another.
 R. Browning.
 House"room' (?), n. Room or place in a house; as, to give any one houseroom.

 House"warm'ing (?), n. A feast or merry-making made by or for a family or business firm on taking possession of a new house or premises.
 Johnson.
 House"wife' (?), n. [House + wife. Cf. Hussy.] 1.
 The wife of a householder; the mistress of a family; the female head of a household. Shak.
 He a good husband, a good housewife she.

Dryden.
2. (Usually pronounced &?;.) [See Hussy, in this sense.] A little case or bag for materials used in sewing, and for other articles of female work; -- called also hussy. [Written also huswife.]
 P. Skelton.
3. A hussy. [R.] [Usually written huswife.] Shak.
Sailor's housewife, a ditty-bag.

 { House"wife' (?), House"wive' (?), } v. t. To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife or other female manager; to economize.

 Conferred those moneys on the nuns, which since they have well housewived.

Fuller.
 House"wife'ly (?), a. Pertaining or appropriate to a housewife; domestic; economical; prudent.

 A good sort of woman, ladylike and housewifely.

Sir W. Scott.
 House"wif'er*y (?), n. The business of the mistress of a family; female management of domestic concerns.

 House"work' (?), n. The work belonging to housekeeping; especially, kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, and the like.

 House"wright' (?), n. A builder of houses.

 Hous"ing (?), n. [From House. In some of its senses this word has been confused with the following word.] 1. The act of putting or receiving under shelter; the state of dwelling in a habitation.

2. That which shelters or covers; houses, taken collectively. Fabyan.
3. (Arch.) (a) The space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. (b) A niche for a statue.

4. (Mach.) A frame or support for holding something in place, as journal boxes, etc.

5. (Naut.) (a) That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel. (b) A covering or protection, as an awning over the deck of a ship when laid up. (c) A houseline. See Houseline.

 Hous"ing, n. [From Houss.] 1. A cover or cloth for a horse's saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings.

2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness.

 Hous"ling (?), a. [See Housel.] Sacramental; as, housling fire. [R.] Spenser.
 Houss (?), n. [F. housse, LL. hulcia, fr. OHG. hulst; akin to E. holster. See Holster, and cf. 2d Housing.] A saddlecloth; a housing. [Obs.] Dryden.
 ||Hou"tou (?), n. [From its note.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful South American motmot. Waterton.
 Houve (?), n. [AS. hfe.] A head covering of various kinds; a hood; a coif; a cap. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hou*yhnhnm" (?), n. One of the race of horses described by Swift in his imaginary travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The Houyhnhnms were endowed with reason and noble qualities; subject to them were Yahoos, a race of brutes having the form and all the worst vices of men.

 Hove (?), imp. & p. p. of Heave.

Hove short, Hove to. See To heave a cable short, To heave a ship to, etc., under Heave.

 Hove, v. i. & t. To rise; to swell; to heave; to cause to swell. [Obs. or Scot.] Holland. Burns.
 Hove, v. i. [OE. hoven. See Hover.] To hover around; to loiter; to lurk. [Obs.] Gower.
 Hov"el (?), n. [OE. hovel, hovil, prob. a dim. fr.
 AS. hof house; akin to D. & G. hof court, yard, Icel. hof temple; cf. Prov. E. hove to take shelter, heuf shelter, home.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, or protecting produce, etc., from the weather. Brande & C.
2. A poor cottage; a small, mean house; a hut.

3. (Porcelain Manuf.) A large conical brick structure around which the firing kilns are grouped. Knight.
 Hov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled (?) or Hovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoveling or Hovelling.] To put in a hovel; to shelter.

 To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlon.

Shak.
 The poor are hoveled and hustled together.

Tennyson.
 Hov"el*er (?), n. One who assists in saving life and property from a wreck; a coast boatman. [Written also hoveller.] [Prov. Eng.] G. P. R. James.
 Hov"el*ing, n. A method of securing a good draught in chimneys by covering the top, leaving openings in the sides, or by carrying up two of the sides higher than the other two. [Written also hovelling.]

 Ho"ven (?), obs. or archaic p. p. of Heave.

 Ho"ven (?), a. Affected with the disease called hoove; as, hoven cattle.

 Hov"er (?), n. [Etymol. doubtful.] A cover; a shelter; a protection. [Archaic] Carew. C. Kingsley.
 Hov"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hovered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hovering.] [OE. hoveren, and hoven, prob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. hof house; cf. OFries. hovia to receive into one's house. See Hovel.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain in flight or floating about or over a place or object; to be suspended in the air above something.

 Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and settling on it.

Addison.
 A hovering mist came swimming o'er his sight.

Dryden.
2. To hang about; to move to and fro near a place, threateningly, watchfully, or irresolutely.

 Agricola having sent his navy to hover on the coast.

Milton.
Hovering o'er the paper with her quill.

Shak.
 Hov"er*er (?), n. A device in an incubator for protecting the young chickens and keeping them warm.

 Hov"er-hawk' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kestrel.

 Hov"er*ing*ly, adv. In a hovering manner.

 How (?), adv. [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h&?;, from the same root as hw, hwæt, who, what, pron. interrog.; akin to OS. hww, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how,


A term collectively applied to the changes or conditions preceding fecundation, especially to the changes which the ovum undergoes before fecundation.

 Pre'fe*cun"da*to*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to prefecundation.

 Pre*fer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preferred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Preferring.] [F. préférer, L. praeferre; prae before + ferre to bear or carry. See 1st Bear.] 1.
 To carry or bring (something) forward, or before one; hence, to bring for consideration, acceptance, judgment, etc.; to offer; to present; to proffer; to address; -- said especially of a request, prayer, petition, claim, charge, etc.

 He spake, and to her hand preferred the bowl.

Pope.
 Presently prefer his suit to Cæsar.

Shak.
 Three tongues prefer strange orisons on high.

Byron.
2. To go before, or be before, in estimation; to outrank; to surpass. [Obs.] "Though maidenhood prefer bigamy." Chaucer.
3. To cause to go before; hence, to advance before others, as to an office or dignity; to raise; to exalt; to promote; as, to prefer an officer to the rank of general.

 I would prefer him to a better place.

Shak.
4. To set above or before something else in estimation, favor, or liking; to regard or honor before another; to hold in greater favor; to choose rather; -- often followed by to, before, or above.

 If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy.

Ps. cxxxvii. 6.
Preferred an infamous peace before a most just war.

Knolles.
Preferred stock, stock which takes a dividend before other capital stock; -- called also preference stock and preferential stock.

Syn. -- To choose; elect. See Choose.

 Pref'er*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being preferable; preferableness. J. S. Mill.
 Pref"er*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. préférable.]
 Worthy to be preferred or chosen before something else; more desirable; as, a preferable scheme. Addison.
 Pref"er*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being preferable.

 Pref"er*a*bly, adv. In preference; by choice.

 To choose Plautus preferably to Terence.

Dennis.
 Pref"er*ence (?), n. [Cf. F. préférence.] 1.
 The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.

 Leave the critics on either side to contend about the preference due to this or that sort of poetry.

Dryden.
 Knowledge of things alone gives a value to our reasonings, and preference of one man's knowledge over another's.

Locke.
2. That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?

 Pref'er*en"tial (?), a. Giving, indicating, or having a preference or precedence; as, a preferential claim; preferential shares.

 Pre*fer"ment (?), n. 1. The act of choosing, or the state of being chosen; preference. [R.]

 Natural preferment of the one... before the other.

Sir T. Browne.
2. The act of preferring, or advancing in dignity or office; the state of being advanced; promotion.

 Neither royal blandishments nor promises of valuable preferment had been spared.

Macaulay.
3. A position or office of honor or profit; as, the preferments of the church.

 Pre*fer"rer (?), n. One who prefers.

 Pref"i*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being prefident.
 [Obs.] Baxter.
 Pref"i*dent (?), a. [Cf. L. praefidens overconfident. See Pre-, and Confident.] Trusting beforehand; hence, overconfident. [Obs.] Baxter.
 Pre*fig"u*rate (?), v. t. [L. praefiguratus, p. p. See Prefigure.] To prefigure. [R.] Grafton.
 Pre*fig'u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. praefiguratio.] The act of prefiguring, or the state of being prefigured.

 A variety of prophecies and prefigurations.

Norris.
 Pre*fig"ur*a*tive (?), a. Showing by prefiguration. "The prefigurative atonement." Bp. Horne.
 Pre*fig"ure (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefigured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prefiguring.] [F. préfigurer, or L. praefigurare, praefiguratum; prae before + figurare to figure. See Figure, and cf. Prefigurate.] To show, suggest, or announce, by antecedent types and similitudes; to foreshadow. "Whom all the various types prefigured." South.
 Pre*fig"ure*ment (?), n. The act of prefiguring; prefiguration; also, that which is prefigured. Carlyle.
 Pre*fine" (?), v. t. [L. praefinire; prae before + finire to limit, determine: cf. F. préfiner.] To limit beforehand.
 [Obs.] Knolles.
 Pre*fi"nite (?), a. [L. praefinitus, p. p.] Prearranged.
 [Obs.] " Set and prefinite time." Holland.
 Pref'i*ni"tion (?), n. [L. praefinitio.] Previous limitation. [Obs.] Fotherby.
 Pre*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prefixing.] [L. praefixus, p. p. of praefigere to fix or fasten before; prae before + figere to fix: cf. F. préfix fixed beforehand, determined, préfixer to prefix. See Fix.]

1. To put or fix before, or at the beginning of, another thing; as, to prefix a syllable to a word, or a condition to an agreement.

2. To set or appoint beforehand; to settle or establish antecedently. [Obs.] " Prefixed bounds. " Locke.
 And now he hath to her prefixt a day.

Spenser.
 Pre"fix (?), n. [Cf. F. préfixe.] That which is prefixed; esp., one or more letters or syllables combined or united with the beginning of a word to modify its signification; as, prein prefix, conin conjure.

 Pre*fix"ion (?), n. [Cf. OF. prefixion.] The act of prefixing. [R.] Bailey.
 Pre'flo*ra"tion (?), n. [Pref. pre- + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Æstivation.

 Pre*fo'li*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. pre- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Vernation.

 Pre*form" (&?;), v. t. [L. praeformare. See Pre-, and Form.] To form beforehand, or for special ends. "Their natures and preformed faculties. " Shak.
 Pre'for*ma"tion (?), n. (Biol.) An old theory of the preë


(1) This myth is found in Popol Vuh. A Chinook myth of the same sort, Bancroft, v. 95.

 (2) ii. 5, 11; Muir, 2nd edit., i. 70.

 The common myth which derives the world from a great egg—the myth perhaps most familiar in its Finnish shape—is found in the Satapatha Brahmana.(1) "In the beginning this universe was waters, nothing but waters. The waters desired: 'How can we be reproduced?' So saying, they toiled, they performed austerity. While they were performing austerity, a golden egg came into existence. It then became a year.... From it in a year a man came into existence, who was Prajapati.... He conceived progeny in himself; with his mouth he created the gods." According to another text,(2) "Prajapati took the form of a tortoise". The tortoise is the same as Aditya.(3) (1) xi. 1, 6, 1; Muir, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1863.

 (2) Satapatha Brahmana, vii. 4, 3, 5.

 (3) Aitareya Brahmana, iii. 34 (11, 219), a very discreditable origin of species.

 It is now time to examine the Aryan shape of the widely spread myth about the marriage of heaven and earth, and the fortunes of their children. We have already seen that in New Zealand heaven and earth were regarded as real persons, of bodily parts and passions, united in a secular embrace.
 We shall apply the same explanation to the Greek myth of Gaea and of the mutilation of Cronus. In India, Dyaus (heaven) answers to the Greek Uranus and the Maori Rangi, while Prithivi (earth) is the Greek Gaea, the Maori Papa. In the Veda, heaven and earth are constantly styled "parents";(1) but this we might regard as a mere metaphorical expression, still common in poetry. A passage of the Aitareya Brahmana, however, retains the old conception, in which there was nothing metaphorical at all.(2) These two worlds, heaven and earth, were once joined. Subsequently they were separated (according to one account, by Indra, who thus plays the part of Cronus and of Tane Mahuta). "Heaven and earth," says Dr. Muir, "are regarded as the parents not only of men, but of the gods also, as appears from the various texts where they are designated by the epithet Devapatre, 'having gods for their children'." By men in an early stage of thought this myth was accepted along with others in which heaven and earth were regarded as objects created by one of their own children, as by Indra,(3) who "stretched them out like a hide," who, like Atlas, "sustains and upholds them"(4) or, again, Tvashtri, the divine smith, wrought them by his craft; or, once more, heaven and earth sprung from the head and feet of Purusha. In short, if any one wished to give an example of that recklessness of orthodoxy or consistency which is the mark of early myth, he could find no better example than the Indian legends of the origin of things. Perhaps there is not one of the myths current among the lower races which has not its counterpart in the Indian Brahmanas. It has been enough for us to give a selection of examples.

 (1) Muir, v. 22.

 (2) iv. 27; Haug, ii. 308.

 (3) Rig-Veda, viii. 6, 5.

 (4) Ibid., iii. 32, 8.

 CHAPTER IX. GREEK MYTHS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD AND MAN.

 The Greeks practically civilised when we first meet them in Homer—Their mythology, however, is full of repulsive features—The hypothesis that many of these are savage survivals—Are there other examples of such survival in Greek life and institutions?—Greek opinion was constant that the race had been savage—Illustrations of savage survival from Greek law of homicide, from magic, religion, human sacrifice, religious art, traces of totemism, and from the mysteries—Conclusion: that savage survival may also be expected in Greek myths.

 The Greeks, when we first make their acquaintance in the Homeric poems, were a cultivated people, dwelling, under the government of royal families, in small city states. This social condition they must have attained by 1000 B.C., and probably much earlier. They had already a long settled past behind them, and had no recollection of any national migration from the "cradle of the Aryan race". On the other hand, many tribes thought themselves earth-born from the soil of the place where they were settled. The Maori traditions prove that memories of a national migration may persist for several hundred years among men ignorant of writing. Greek legend, among a far more civilised race, only spoke of occasional foreign settlers from Sidon, Lydia, or Egypt. The Homeric Greeks were well acquainted with almost all the arts of life, though it is not absolutely certain that they could write, and certainly they were not addicted to reading. In war they fought from chariots, like the Egyptians and Assyrians; they were bold seafarers, being accustomed to harry the shores even of Egypt, and they had large commercial dealings with the people of Tyre and Sidon. In the matter of religion they were comparatively free and unrestrained. Their deities, though, in myth, capricious in character, might be regarded in many ways as "making for righteousness". They protected the stranger and the suppliant; they sanctioned the oath, they frowned on the use of poisoned arrows; marriage and domestic life were guarded by their good-will; they dispensed good and evil fortune, to be accepted with humility and resignation among mortals.

 The patriarchal head of each family performed the sacrifices for his household, the king for the state, the ruler of Mycenae, Agamemnon, for the whole Achaean host encamped before the walls of Troy. At the same time, prophets, like Calchas, possessed considerable influence, due partly to an hereditary gift of second-sight, as in the case of Theoclymenus,(1) partly to acquired professional skill in observing omens, partly to the direct inspiration of the gods. The oracle at Delphi, or, as it is called by Homer, Pytho, was already famous, and religion recognised, in various degrees, all the gods familiar to the later cult of Hellas. In a people so advanced, so much in contact with foreign races and foreign ideas, and so wonderfully gifted by nature with keen intellect and perfect taste, it is natural to expect, if anywhere, a mythology almost free from repulsive elements, and almost purged of all that we regard as survivals from the condition of savagery. But while Greek mythology is richer far than any other in beautiful legend, and is thronged with lovely and majestic forms of gods and goddesses, nymphs and oreads ideally fair, none the less a very large proportion of its legends is practically on a level with the myths of Maoris, Thlinkeets, Cahrocs and Bushmen.

 (1) Odyssey, xx. 354.

 This is the part of Greek mythology which has at all times excited most curiosity, and has been made the subject of many systems of interpretation. The Greeks themselves, from almost the earliest historical ages, were deeply concerned either to veil or explain away the blasphemous horrors of their own "sacred chapters," poetic traditions and temple legends. We endeavour to account for these as relics of an age of barbarism lying very far behind the time of Homer—an age when the ancestors of the Greeks either borrowed, or more probably developed for themselves, the kind of myths by which savage peoples endeavour to explain the nature and origin of the world and all phenomena.

 The correctness of this explanation, resting as it does on the belief that the Greeks were at one time in the savage status, might be demonstrated from the fact that not only myths, but Greek life in general, and especially Greek ritual, teemed with surviving examples of institutions and of manners which are found everywhere among the most backward and


Trans*par"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Transparencies (#). [Cf.
 F. transparence.] 1. The quality or condition of being transparent; transparence.

2. That which is transparent; especially, a picture painted on thin cloth or glass, or impressed on porcelain, or the like, to be viewed by natural or artificial light, which shines through it. Fairholt.
 Trans*par"ent (?), a. [F., from LL. transparens, -entis, p. pr. of transparere to be transparent; L. trans across, through + parere to appear. See Appear.] 1. Having the property of transmitting rays of light, so that bodies can be distinctly seen through; pervious to light; diaphanous; pellucid; as, transparent glass; a transparent diamond; — opposed to opaque. "Transparent elemental air." Milton.
2. Admitting the passage of light; open; porous; as, a transparent veil. Dryden.
Syn. — Translucent; pellucid; clear; bright; limpid; lucid; diaphanous. See Translucent.

 — Trans*par"ent*ly, adv. — Trans*par"ent*ness, n. Trans*pass" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + pass: cf. LL.
 transpassare. Cf. Trespass.] To pass over; as, Alexander transpassed the river. [Obs.] J. Gregory.
 Trans*pass", v. i. To pass by; to pass away. [Obs.]

 Trans*pass"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being transpassed, or crossed over. [Obs.]

 Trans*pat"ron*ize (?), v. t. [Trans- + patronize.] To transfer the patronage of. [Obs.] Warner.
 Tran*spe"ci*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + L. species form.] To change from one species to another; to transform. [Obs.]

 Power to transpeciate a man into a horse.

Sir T. Browne.
 Tran*spic"u*ous (?), a. [L. transpicere to see or look through + specere, spicere, to see. Cf. Conspicuous.]
 Transparent; pervious to the sight. [R.] "The wide, transpicuous air." Milton.
 Trans*pierce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transpierced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transpiercing (?).] [Pref. trans- + pierce: cf. F. transpercer.] To pierce through; to penetrate; to permeate; to pass through.

 The sides transpierced return a rattling sound.

Dryden.
 Tran*spir"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transpirable.] Capable of being transpired, or of transpiring.

 Tran'spi*ra"tion (?), n. [F. transpiration.] 1. (Physiol.)
 The act or process of transpiring or excreting in the form of vapor; exhalation, as through the skin or other membranes of the body; as, pulmonary transpiration, or the excretion of aqueous vapor from the lungs. Perspiration is a form of transpiration. Cudworth.
2. (bot.) The evaporation of water, or exhalation of aqueous vapor, from cells and masses of tissue.

3. (Physics) The passing of gases through fine tubes, porous substances, or the like; as, transpiration through membranes.

 Tran*spir"a*to*ry (?), a. Of or relating to transpiration.

 Tran*spire" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transpired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transpiring.] [F. transpirer; L. trans across, through + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.)
 To pass off in the form of vapor or insensible perspiration; to exhale.

2. (Bot.) To evaporate from living cells.

3. To escape from secrecy; to become public; as, the proceedings of the council soon transpired.

 The story of Paulina's and Maximilian's mutual attachment had transpired through many of the travelers.

De Quincey.
4. To happen or come to pass; to occur.

 This sense of the word, which is of comparatively recent introduction, is common in the United States, especially in the language of conversation and of newspaper writers, and is used to some extent in England. Its use, however, is censured by critics of both countries.

 Tran*spire", v. t. 1. (Physiol.) To excrete through the skin; to give off in the form of vapor; to exhale; to perspire.

2. (Bot.) To evaporate (moisture) from living cells.

 Trans*place" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transplaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transplacing (?).] [Pref. trans- + place.]
 To remove across some space; to put in an opposite or another place. [R.]

 It [an obelisk] was transplaced... from the left side of the Vatican into a more eminent place.

Bp. Wilkins.
 Trans*plant" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transplanting.] [F. transplanter, L. transplantare; trans across, over + plantare to plant. See Plant.] 1.
 To remove, and plant in another place; as, to transplant trees. Dryden.
2. To remove, and settle or establish for residence in another place; as, to transplant inhabitants.

 Being transplanted out of his cold, barren diocese of St. David into a warmer climate.

Clarendon.
 Trans'plan*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. transplantation.] 1.
 The act of transplanting, or the state of being transplanted; also, removal.

 The transplantation of Ulysses to Sparta.

Broome.
2. (Surg.) The removal of tissues from a healthy part, and the insertion of them in another place where there is a lesion; as, the transplantation of tissues in autoplasty.

 Trans*plant"er (?), n. One who transplants; also, a machine for transplanting trees.

 Tran*splen"den*cy (?), n. Quality or state of being transplendent.
 [R.] Dr. H. More.
 Tran*splen"dent (?), a. [Trans- + splendent.]
 Resplendent in the highest degree. [R.] — Tran*splen"dent*ly, adv.
 [R.]

 Trans*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transported; p. pr. & vb. n. Transporting.] [F. transporter, L. transportare; trans across + portare to carry. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To carry or bear from one place to another; to remove; to convey; as, to transport goods; to transport troops. Hakluyt.
2. To carry, or cause to be carried, into banishment, as a criminal; to banish.

3. To carry away with vehement emotion, as joy, sorrow, complacency, anger, etc.; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy; as, music transports the soul.

 [They] laugh as if transported with some fit Of passion.

Milton.
 We shall then be transported with a nobler... wonder.

South.
 Trans"port (?), n. [F. See Transport, v.] 1.
 Transportation; carriage; conveyance.

 The Romans... stipulated with the Carthaginians to furnish them with ships for transport and war.

Arbuthnot


THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS By Bernard Shaw CONTENTS THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS PREFACE TO THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS How the Play came to be Written Thomas Tyler Frank Harris Harris "durch Mitleid wissend" "Sidney's Sister: Pembroke's Mother" Shakespear's Social Standing This Side Idolatry Shakespear's Pessimism Gaiety of Genius Jupiter and Semele The Idol of the Bardolaters Shakespear's alleged Sycophancy and Perversion Shakespear and Democracy Shakespear and the British Public THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS 1910 PREFACE TO THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS How the Play came to be Written I had better explain why, in this little piece d'occasion, written for a performance in aid of the funds of the project for establishing a National Theatre as a memorial to Shakespear, I have identified the Dark Lady with Mistress Mary Fitton. First, let me say that I do not contend that the Dark Lady was Mary Fitton, because when the case in Mary's favor (or against her, if you please to consider that the Dark Lady was no better than she ought to have been) was complete, a portrait of Mary came to light and turned out to be that of a fair lady, not of a dark one. That settles the question, if the portrait is authentic, which I see no reason to doubt, and the lady's hair undyed, which is perhaps less certain.
 Shakespear rubbed in the lady's complexion in his sonnets mercilessly; for in his day black hair was as unpopular as red hair was in the early days of Queen Victoria. Any tinge lighter than raven black must be held fatal to the strongest claim to be the Dark Lady. And so, unless it can be shewn that Shakespear's sonnets exasperated Mary Fitton into dyeing her hair and getting painted in false colors, I must give up all pretence that my play is historical. The later suggestion of Mr Acheson that the Dark Lady, far from being a maid of honor, kept a tavern in Oxford and was the mother of Davenant the poet, is the one I should have adopted had I wished to be up to date. Why, then, did I introduce the Dark Lady as Mistress Fitton?

 Well, I had two reasons. The play was not to have been written by me at all, but by Mrs Alfred Lyttelton; and it was she who suggested a scene of jealousy between Queen Elizabeth and the Dark Lady at the expense of the unfortunate Bard. Now this, if the Dark Lady was a maid of honor, was quite easy. If she were a tavern landlady, it would have strained all probability. So I stuck to Mary Fitton. But I had another and more personal reason. I was, in a manner, present at the birth of the Fitton theory. Its parent and I had become acquainted; and he used to consult me on obscure passages in the sonnets, on which, as far as I can remember, I never succeeded in throwing the faintest light, at a time when nobody else thought my opinion, on that or any other subject, of the slightest importance. I thought it would be friendly to immortalize him, as the silly literary saying is, much as Shakespear immortalized Mr W. H., as he said he would, simply by writing about him.

 Let me tell the story formally.

 Thomas Tyler Throughout the eighties at least, and probably for some years before, the British Museum reading room was used daily by a gentleman of such astonishing and crushing ugliness that no one who had once seen him could ever thereafter forget him. He was of fair complexion, rather golden red than sandy; aged between forty-five and sixty; and dressed in frock coat and tall hat of presentable but never new appearance. His figure was rectangular, waistless, neckless, ankleless, of middle height, looking shortish because, though he was not particularly stout, there was nothing slender about him. His ugliness was not unamiable; it was accidental, external, excrescential. Attached to his face from the left ear to the point of his chin was a monstrous goitre, which hung down to his collar bone, and was very inadequately balanced by a smaller one on his right eyelid. Nature's malice was so overdone in his case that it somehow failed to produce the effect of repulsion it seemed to have aimed at. When you first met Thomas Tyler you could think of nothing else but whether surgery could really do nothing for him. But after a very brief acquaintance you never thought of his disfigurements at all, and talked to him as you might to Romeo or Lovelace; only, so many people, especially women, would not risk the preliminary ordeal, that he remained a man apart and a bachelor all his days. I am not to be frightened or prejudiced by a tumor; and I struck up a cordial acquaintance with him, in the course of which he kept me pretty closely on the track of his work at the Museum, in which I was then, like himself, a daily reader.

 He was by profession a man of letters of an uncommercial kind. He was a specialist in pessimism; had made a translation of Ecclesiastes of which eight copies a year were sold; and followed up the pessimism of Shakespear and Swift with keen interest. He delighted in a hideous conception which he called the theory of the cycles, according to which the history of mankind and the universe keeps eternally repeating itself without the slightest variation throughout all eternity; so that he had lived and died and had his goitre before and would live and die and have it again and again and again. He liked to believe that nothing that happened to him was completely novel: he was persuaded that he often had some recollection of its previous occurrence in the last cycle. He hunted out allusions to this favorite theory in his three favorite pessimists. He tried his hand occasionally at deciphering ancient inscriptions, reading them as people seem to read the stars, by discovering bears and bulls and swords and goats where, as it seems to me, no sane human being can see anything but stars higgledy-piggledy. Next to the translation of Ecclesiastes, his magnum opus was his work on Shakespear's Sonnets, in which he accepted a previous identification of Mr W. H., the "onlie begetter" of the sonnets, with the Earl of Pembroke (William Herbert), and promulgated his own identification of Mistress Mary Fitton with the Dark Lady. Whether he was right or wrong about the Dark Lady did not matter urgently to me: she might have been Maria Tompkins for all I cared. But Tyler would have it that she was Mary Fitton; and he tracked Mary down from the first of her marriages in her teens to her tomb in Cheshire, whither he made a pilgrimage and whence returned in triumph with a picture of her statue, and the news that he was convinced she was a dark lady by traces of paint still discernible.

 In due course he published his edition of the Sonnets, with the evidence he had collected. He lent me a copy of the book, which I never returned.
 But I reviewed it in the Pall Mall Gazette on the 7th of January 1886, and thereby let loose the Fitton theory in a wider circle of readers than the book could reach. Then Tyler died, sinking unnoted like a stone in the sea. I observed that Mr Acheson, Mrs Davenant's champion, calls him Reverend. It may very well be that he got his knowledge of Hebrew in reading for the Church; and there was always something of the clergyman or the schoolmaster in his dress and air. Possibly he may actually have been ordained. But he never told me that or anything else about his affairs; and his


thom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; chest + -meter.] (Physiol.)
 An apparatus for measuring the external movements of a given point of the chest wall, during respiration; -- also called thoracometer.

 Steth"o*scope (stth"*skp), n. [Gr. sth^qos the breast + - scope: cf. F. stéthoscope.] (Med.) An instrument used in auscultation for examining the organs of the chest, as the heart and lungs, by conveying to the ear of the examiner the sounds produced in the thorax.

 Steth"o*scope, v. t. To auscultate, or examine, with a stethoscope.
 M. W. Savage.
 { Steth'o*scop"ic (?), Steth'o*scop"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. stéthoscopique.]
 Of or pertaining to a stethoscope; obtained or made by means of a stethoscope. -- Steth'o*scop"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ste*thos"co*pist (?), n. One skilled in the use of the stethoscope.

 Ste*thos"co*py (?), n. The art or process of examination by the stethoscope.

 Steve (?), v. t. [See Stevedore.] To pack or stow, as cargo in a ship's hold. See Steeve.

 Ste"ve*dore' (?), n. [Sp. estivador a packer, a stower, fr.
 estivar to pack, to stow, L. stipare to press, compress, probably akin to E. stiff. See Stiff, Stive to stuff.] One whose occupation is to load and unload vessels in port; one who stows a cargo in a hold.

 Ste"ven (?), n. [AS. stefn, stemn, voice; akin to D. stem, G. stimme, Goth. stibna.] 1. Voice; speech; language. [Obs. or Scot.]

 Ye have as merry a steven As any angel hath that is in heaven.

Chaucer.
2. An outcry; a loud call; a clamor. [Obs.] Spenser.
To set steven, to make an appointment. [Obs.]

 They setten steven for to meet To playen at the dice.

Chaucer.
 Stew (?), n. [Cf. Stow.] 1. A small pond or pool where fish are kept for the table; a vivarium. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.
 Evelyn.
2. An artificial bed of oysters. [Local, U.S.]

 Stew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stewing.] [OE. stuven, OF. estuver, F. étuver, fr. OF. estuve, F. étuve, a sweating house, a room heated for a bath; probably of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stove.
 See Stove, and cf. Stive to stew.] To boil slowly, or with the simmering or moderate heat; to seethe; to cook in a little liquid, over a gentle fire, without boiling; as, to stew meat; to stew oysters; to stew apples.

 Stew (?), v. i. To be seethed or cooked in a slow, gentle manner, or in heat and moisture.

 Stew, n. [OE. stue, stuwe, OF. estuve. See Stew, v. t.] 1. A place of stewing or seething; a place where hot bathes are furnished; a hothouse. [Obs.]

 As burning Ætna from his boiling stew Doth belch out flames.

Spenser.
 The Lydians were inhibited by Cyrus to use any armor, and give themselves to baths and stews.

Abp. Abbot.
2. A brothel; -- usually in the plural. Bacon. South.
 There be that hate harlots, and never were at the stews.

Aschman.
3. A prostitute. [Obs.] Sir A. Weldon.
4. A dish prepared by stewing; as, a stewof pigeons.

5. A state of agitating excitement; a state of worry; confusion; as, to be in a stew. [Colloq.]

 Stew"ard (?), n. [OE. stiward, AS. stweard, stigweard, literally, a sty ward; stigu sty + weard warden, guardian, -- his first duty having been probably to attend to the domestic animals.
 √164. See Sty pen for swine, Ward.] 1. A man employed in a large family, or on a large estate, to manage the domestic concerns, supervise other servants, collect the rents or income, keep accounts, and the like.

 Worthy to be stewards of rent and land.

Chaucer.
 They came near to the steward of Joseph's house.

Gen. xliii. 19.
 As good stewards of the manifold grace of God.

1 Pet. iv. 10.
2. A person employed in a hotel, or a club, or on board a ship, to provide for the table, superintend the culinary affairs, etc. In naval vessels, the captain's steward, wardroom steward, steerage steward, warrant officers steward, etc., are petty officers who provide for the messes under their charge.

3. A fiscal agent of certain bodies; as, a steward in a Methodist church.

4. In some colleges, an officer who provides food for the students and superintends the kitchen; also, an officer who attends to the accounts of the students.

5. In Scotland, a magistrate appointed by the crown to exercise jurisdiction over royal lands. Erskine.
Lord high steward, formerly, the first officer of the crown; afterward, an officer occasionally appointed, as for a coronation, or upon the trial of a peer. [Eng.]

 Stew"ard, v. t. To manage as a steward. [Obs.]

 Stew"ard*ess, n. A female steward; specifically, a woman employed in passenger vessels to attend to the wants of female passengers.

 Stew"ard*ly, adv. In a manner, or with the care, of a steward. [R.]

 To be stewardly dispensed, not wastefully spent.

Tooker.
 Stew"ard*ship, n. The office of a steward. Shak.
 Stew"art*ry (?), n. 1. An overseer or superintendent. [R.]
 "The stewartry of provisions." Tooke.
2. The office of a steward; stewardship. [R.] Byron.
3. In Scotland, the jurisdiction of a steward; also, the lands under such jurisdiction.

 Stew"ish, a. Suiting a stew, or brothel. Bp. Hall.
 Stew"pan' (?), n. A pan used for stewing.

 Stew"pot' (?), n. A pot used for stewing.

 Stey (?), n. See Stee.

 Sthen"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; strength: cf. F. sthénique.]
 (Med.) Strong; active; -- said especially of morbid states attended with excessive action of the heart and blood vessels, and characterized by strength and activity of the muscular and nervous system; as, a sthenic fever.

Sthenic theory. See Stimulism (a).

 ||Sti*ac*cia"to (?), n. [It., crushed, flattened.] (Sculp.)
 The lowest relief, -- often used in Italian sculpture of the 15th and 16th centuries.

 Sti"an (?), n. A sty on the eye. See Styan.

 Stib"born (?), a. Stubborn. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stib"i*al (?), a. [See Stibium.] Like, or having the qualities of, antimony; antimonial.

 Stib"i*al*ism (?), n. (Med.) Antimonial intoxication or poisoning.


left off being allowed any holidays after Mr. and Mrs. Orange tried the experiment; and the children (that would be in other countries) kept them at school as long as ever they lived, and made them do whatever they were told.
FOOTNOTES [251] Aged eight.
[258] Aged seven.
[266] Aged nine.
[274] Aged half-past six.


BEAUTY AND THE BEAST AND TALES OF HOME By Bayard Taylor.

CONTENTS BEAUTY AND THE BEAST.
 I. II.
 III.
 IV.
 V. VI.
 VII.
 VIII.
 IX.
 X. XI.
 XII.

 TALES OF HOME.
 THE STRANGE FRIEND.
 JACOB FLINT'S JOURNEY.
 CAN A LIFE HIDE ITSELF?
 TWIN-LOVE.
 THE EXPERIENCES OF THE A. C. FRIEND ELI'S DAUGHTER.
 I. II.
 III.
 IV.
 V. MISS BARTRAM'S TROUBLE.
 I. II.
 III.
 MRS. STRONGITHARM'S REPORT.

 BEAUTY AND THE BEAST.

 A STORY OF OLD RUSSIA.

 I. We are about to relate a story of mingled fact and fancy. The facts are borrowed from the Russian author, Petjerski; the fancy is our own. Our task will chiefly be to soften the outlines of incidents almost too sharp and rugged for literary use, to supply them with the necessary coloring and sentiment, and to give a coherent and proportioned shape to the irregular fragments of an old chronicle. We know something, from other sources, of the customs described, something of the character of the people from personal observation, and may therefore the more freely take such liberties as we choose with the rude, vigorous sketches of the Russian original. One who happens to have read the work of Villebois can easily comprehend the existence of a state of society, on the banks of the Volga, a hundred years ago, which is now impossible, and will soon become incredible. What is strangest in our narrative has been declared to be true.

 II.

 We are in Kinesma, a small town on the Volga, between Kostroma and Nijni-Novgorod. The time is about the middle of the last century, and the month October.

 There was trouble one day, in the palace of Prince Alexis, of Kinesma.
 This edifice, with its massive white walls, and its pyramidal roofs of green copper, stood upon a gentle mound to the eastward of the town, overlooking it, a broad stretch of the Volga, and the opposite shore. On a similar hill, to the westward, stood the church, glittering with its dozen bulging, golden domes. These two establishments divided the sovereignty of Kinesma between them.

 Prince Alexis owned the bodies of the inhabitants, (with the exception of a few merchants and tradesmen,) and the Archimandrite Sergius owned their souls. But the shadow of the former stretched also over other villages, far beyond the ring of the wooded horizon. The number of his serfs was ten thousand, and his rule over them was even less disputed than theirs over their domestic animals.

 The inhabitants of the place had noticed with dismay that the slumber-flag had not been hoisted on the castle, although it was half an hour after the usual time. So rare a circumstance betokened sudden wrath or disaster, on the part of Prince Alexis. Long experience had prepared the people for anything that might happen, and they were consequently not astonished at the singular event which presently transpired.

 The fact is, that in the first place, the dinner had been prolonged full ten minutes beyond its accustomed limit, owing to a discussion between the Prince, his wife, the Princess Martha, and their son Prince Boris. The last was to leave for St. Petersburg in a fortnight, and wished to have his departure preceded by a festival at the castle. The Princess Martha was always ready to second the desires of her only child. Between the two they had pressed some twenty or thirty thousand rubles out of the old Prince, for the winter diversions of the young one. The festival, to be sure, would have been a slight expenditure for a noble of such immense wealth as Prince Alexis; but he never liked his wife, and he took a stubborn pleasure in thwarting her wishes. It was no satisfaction that Boris resembled her in character. That weak successor to the sovereignty of Kinesma preferred a game of cards to a bear hunt, and could never drink more than a quart of vodki without becoming dizzy and sick.

 "Ugh!" Prince Alexis would cry, with a shudder of disgust, "the whelp barks after the dam!" A state dinner he might give; but a festival, with dances, dramatic representations, burning tar-barrels, and cannon,—no! He knitted his heavy brows and drank deeply, and his fiery gray eyes shot such incessant glances from side to side that Boris and the Princess Martha could not exchange a single wink of silent advice. The pet bear, Mishka, plied with strong wines, which Prince Alexis poured out for him into a golden basin, became at last comically drunk, and in endeavoring to execute a dance, lost his balance, and fell at full length on his back.

 The Prince burst into a yelling, shrieking fit of laughter. Instantly the yellow-haired serfs in waiting, the Calmucks at the hall-door, and the half-witted dwarf who crawled around the table in his tow shirt, began laughing in chorus, as violently as they could. The Princess Martha and Prince Boris laughed also; and while the old man's eyes were dimmed with streaming tears of mirth, quickly exchanged nods. The sound extended all over the castle, and was heard outside of the walls.

 "Father!" said Boris, "let us have the festival, and Mishka shall perform again. Prince Paul of Kostroma would strangle, if he could see him." "Good, by St. Vladimir!" exclaimed Prince Alexis. "Thou shalt have it, my Borka! 1 Where's Simon Petrovitch? May the Devil scorch that vagabond, if he doesn't do better than the last time! Sasha!" A broad-shouldered serf stepped forward and stood with bowed head.

 "Lock up Simon Petrovitch in the southwestern tower. Send the tailor and the girls to him, to learn their parts. Search every one of them before they go in, and if any one dares to carry vodki to the beast, twenty-five lashes on the back!" Sasha bowed again and departed. Simon Petrovitch was the court-poet of Kinesma. He had a mechanical knack of preparing allegorical diversions which suited the conventional taste of society at that time; but he had also a failing,—he was rarely sober enough to write. Prince Alexis, therefore, was in the habit of locking him up and placing a guard over him, until the inspiration had done its work. The most comely young serfs of both sexes were selected to perform the parts, and the court-tailor arranged for them the appropriate dresses. It depended very much upon accident—that is to say, the mood of Prince Alexis—whether Simon Petrovitch was rewarded with stripes or rubles.

 The matter thus settled, the Prince rose from the table and walked out upon an overhanging balcony, where an immense reclining arm-chair of stuffed leather was ready for his siesta. He preferred this indulgence in the open air; and although the weather was rapidly growing cold, a pelisse of sables enabled him to slumber sweetly in the face of the north wind. An attendant stood with the pelisse outspread; another held the halyards to which was attached the great red slumber-flag, ready to run it up and announce to all Kinesma that the noises of the town must cease; a few seconds more, and all things would have been fixed in their regular daily courses


Zoöl.) A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids.

 Co"noid (k"noid), n. [Gr. kwnoeidh's conical; kw^nos cone + e'i^dos form: cf. F. conoïde.] 1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone.

2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as, a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; -- more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict.
 Co"noid a. Resembling a cone; conoidal.

 Co*noid"al (#), a. [Cf. F. conoïdal.] Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley.
 { Co*noid"ic (?), Co*noid"ic*al (?) }, a. Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid.

 Co*nom'i*nee" (?), n. One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby.
 Con*quad"rate (?), v. t. [L. conquadratus, p. p. of conquadrare.]
 To bring into a square. [R.] Ash.
 Con*quas"sate (?), v. t. [L. conquassatus, p. p. of conquassare.]
 To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey.
 -- Con'quas*sa"tion (#), n. [Obs.]

 Con"quer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conquered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conquering.] [OF. conquerre, F. conquérir, fr. L. conquirere, - quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek.
 See Quest.] 1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. "If thou conquer Rome." Shak.
 If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us. Shak.
 We conquered France, but felt our captive's charms. Pope.
2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as, to conquer difficulties, temptation, etc.

 By winning words to conquer hearts, And make persuasion do the work of fear. Milton.
3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as, to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace.

Syn. -- To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. -- To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome.
 These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, -- that of bringing under one's power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as, his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions.

 Con"quer (?), v. i. To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail.

 He went forth conquering and to conquer. Rev. vi.
 2.
 The champions resolved to conquer or to die. Waller.
 Con*quer*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being conquered or subdued. South.
 -- Con"quer*a*ble*ness, n. Con"quer*ess, n. A woman who conquers. Fairfax.
 Con"quer*or (?), n. [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,] One who conquers.

The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (_PHONE_) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066.

 Con"quest (?), n. [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquête, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p. p. from L. conquirere.
 See Conquer.] 1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory.

In joys of conquest he resigns his breath. Addison.
 Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country. Prescott.
2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral.

 Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home? Shak.
3. (Feudal Law) The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone.
4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful struggle; as, the conquest of liberty or peace.

The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066.

Syn. -- Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection.

 Con'san*guin"e*al (?), a. Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne.
 Con*san"guined (?), a. Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson.
 Con'san*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.] Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak.
 Con'san*guin"i*ty (?), n. [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintité.]
 The relation of persons by blood, in distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as, lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity.

 Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity. Prescott.
 Con*sar'ci*na"tion (?), n. [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.] A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Con"science (?), n. [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.] 1. Knowledge of one's own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.]

 The sweetest cordial we receive, at last, Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham.
2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one's own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against


n. (Plant Physiol.) The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyer's theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic. -- Pho'to*syn*thet"ic (#), a. -- Pho'to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly (#), adv.
 { ||Pho'to*tax"is (?), Pho"to*tax'y (?) }, n. [NL. phototaxis; photo- + Gr. &?; an arranging.] (Biol.) The influence of light on the movements of low organisms, as various infusorians, the zoöspores of certain algæ, etc.; also, the tendency to follow definite directions of motion or assume definite positions under such influence. If the migration is toward the source of light, it is termed positive phototaxis; if away from the light, negative phototaxis. -- Pho'to*tac"tic (#), a. -- Pho'to*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Pho'to*te*leg"ra*phy (?), n. Telegraphy by means of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone. Also, less properly, telephotography. -- Pho'to*tel"e*graph (#), n. -- Pho'to*tel'e*graph"ic (#), a. Pho'to*tel"e*scope (?), n. (Astron.) A telescope adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies.

 Pho'to*the*od"o*lite (?), n. An arrangement of two photographic cameras, the plates of which may be brought into exactly the same plane, used in surveying and map making. From the differences between two pictures taken at the same moment, measurements in all dimensions of the region may be obtained.

 Pho'to*ther"a*py (?), n. (Med.) The application of light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of the skin. -- Pho'to*the*rap"ic (#), Pho'to*ther'a*peu"tic (#), a. Pho'to*ther"mic (?), a. Of or pertaining to both light and heat.

 Pho*tot"o*nus (?), n. (Physiol.) An irritable condition of protoplasm, resulting in movement, due to a certain intensity of light. -- Pho'to*ton"ic (#), a. Pho'to*to*pog"ra*phy (?), n. Photogrammetry. -- Pho'to*top'o*graph"ic (#), Pho'to*top'o*graph"ic*al (#), a. Pho'to*tri'chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Photo- + tri- + chromatic.]
 Designating a photomechanical process for making reproductions in natural colors by three printings.

 Pho*tot"ro*pism (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) The tendency of growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence of light. In ordinary use the term is practically synonymous with heliotropism.

 Pho'to*vis"u*al (?), a. (Optics) Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays.

 Phryg"i*an cap' (?). A close-fitting cap represented in Greek art as worn by Orientals, assumed to have been conical in shape. It has been adopted in modern art as the so-called liberty cap, or cap of liberty.

 ||Phy'co*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL.; Gr. &?; seaweed + mycetes.]
 (Bot.) A large, important class of parasitic or saprophytic fungi, the algal or algalike fungi. The plant body ranges from an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm to a well-developed and much-branched mycelium. Reproduction is mainly sexual, by the formation of conidia or sporangia; but the group shows every form of transition from this method through simple conjugation to perfect sexual reproduction by egg and sperm in the higher forms. -- Phy'co*my*ce"tous (#), a.
 ||Phy"lum, n. (Biol.) A series of animals or plants genetically connected.

 Phys'i*og"ra*phy (?), n. The descriptive part of a natural science as distinguished from the explanatory or theoretic part; as, mineral physiography.

 Pi (p), n. [Gr. pi^.] 1. A Greek letter (, π) corresponding to the Roman letter P.

2. Specif.: (Math.) The letter, π, as used to denote the number or quotient approximately expressing the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter; also, the quotient or the ratio itself. The value of the quotient pi, to eight decimal places, is 3._PHONE_.
 The quotient pi cannot be expressed as a root of an algebraic equation; and from this fact follows the impossibility of the quadrature of the circle by purely algebraic processes, or by the aid of a ruler and compass.

 Pick"-me-up', n. A stimulant, restorative, or tonic; a bracer.
 [Colloq.]

 { Pick"-up, or Pick"up' }, n. [Colloq., Cant. or Slang] 1.
 Act of picking up, as, in various games, the fielding or hitting of a ball just after it strikes the ground.

2. That which picks up; specif.: (Elec.) = Brush b.

3. One that is picked up, as a meal hastily got up for the occasion, a chance acquaintance, an informal game, etc.

 ||Pi'cot" (?), n. [F.] One of many small loops, as of thread, forming an ornamental border, as on a ribbon.

 Pic"ture (?), n. -- Animated picture, a moving picture.

 ||Pierre'-per'du" (?), n. [F. pierre perdue lost stone.]
 Blocks of stone or concrete heaped loosely in the water to make a foundation (as for a sea wall), a mole, etc.

 Pif"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piffled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Piffling (?).] To be sequeamish or delicate; hence, to act or talk triflingly or ineffectively; to twaddle; piddle. [Dial. or Slang] Pif"fle, n. Act of piffling; trifling talk or action; piddling; twaddle. [Dial. or Slang] "Futile piffle." Kipling.

 Pi"geon*wing' (?), n. 1. A wing of a pigeon, or a wing like it.

2. An old mode of dressing men's side hair in a form likened to


of goodwill to the Pretender.

 "Admiral Hosier's Ghost" was written by Richard Glover in 1740 to rouse national feeling. Vice-Admiral Vernon with only six men-of-war had taken the town of Portobello, and levelled its fortifications. The place has so dangerous a climate that it is now almost deserted. Admiral Hosier in 1726 had been, in the same port, with twenty ships, restrained from attack, while he and his men were dying of fever. He was to blockade the Spanish ports in the West Indies and capture any Spanish galleons that came out.
 He left Porto Bello for Carthagena, where he cruised about while his men were being swept away by disease. His ships were made powerless through death of his best officers and men. He himself at last died, it was said, of a broken heart. Dyer's ballad pointed the contrast as a reproach to the Government for half-hearted support of the war, and was meant for suggestion of the success that would reward vigorous action.

 "Jemmy Dawson" was a ballad written by William Shenstone on a young officer of Manchester volunteers who was hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1746 on Kennington Common for having served the Pretender. He was engaged to a young lady, who came to the execution, and when it was over fell back dead in her coach.

 "William and Margaret," by David Mallet, published in 1727, is another example of the tendency to the revival of the ballad in the eighteenth century.

 "Elfinland Wood," by the Scottish poet William Motherwell, who died in 1835, aged thirty-seven, is a modern imitation of the ancient Scottish ballad. Mrs. Hemans, who wrote "Casabianca," died also in 1835. But the last ballad in this bundle, Lady Anne Barnard's "Auld Robin Gray," was written in 1771, and owes its place to a desire that this volume, which begins with the best of the old ballads, should end with the best of the new. Lady Anne, eldest daughter of the fifth Earl of Balcarres, married Sir Andrew Barnard, librarian to George III., and survived her husband eighteen years. While the authorship of the piece remained a secret there were some who attributed it to Rizzio, the favourite of Mary Queen of Scots. Lady Anne Barnard acknowledged the authorship to Walter Scott in 1823, and told how she came to write it to an old air of which she was passionately fond, "Bridegroom grat when the sun gaed down." When she had heaped many troubles on her heroine, and called to a little sister to suggest another, the suggestion came promptly, "Steal the cow, sister Anne." And the cow was stolen.

 H. M. CHEVY CHASE SECOND FYTTE.

 CHEVY CHASE (the later version.)

 THE NUT-BROWN MAID ADAM BELL, CLYM OF THE CLOUGH, AND WILLIAM OF CLOUDESLIE.

 THE SECOND FYTTE.

 THE THIRD FYTTE.

 BINNORIE.

 KING COPHETUA AND THE BEGGAR-MAID.

 TAKE THY OLD CLOAK ABOUT THEE.

 WILLOW, WILLOW, WILLOW.

 PART THE SECOND.

 THE LITTLE WEE MAN.

 THE SPANISH LADY'S LOVE. AFTER THE TAKING OF CADIZ.

 EDWARD, EDWARD.

 ROBIN HOOD.

 THE SECONDE FYTTE.

 THE THYRDE FYTTE.

 THE FOURTH FYTTE.

 THE FIFTH FYTTE.

 THE SIXTH FYTTE.

 THE SEVENTH FYTTE.

 THE EIGHTH FYTTE.

 KING EDWARD IV. AND THE TANNER OF TAMWORTH.

 SIR PATRICK SPENS.

 EDOM O' GORDON.

 THE CHILDREN IN THE WOOD.

 THE BEGGAR'S DAUGHTER OF BETHNAL GREEN.

 THE SECOND FYTTE.

 THE BAILIFF'S DAUGHTER OF ISLINGTON.

 BARBARA ALLEN'S CRUELTY.

 SWEET WILLIAM'S GHOST.

 THE BRAES O' YARROW.

 KEMP OWYNE.

 O'ER THE WATER TO CHARLIE.

 ADMIRAL HOSIER'S GHOST.

 JEMMY DAWSON.

 WILLIAM AND MARGARET.

 ELFINLAND WOOD.

 CASABIANCA.

 AULD ROBIN GRAY.

 SECOND PART.

 GLOSSARY.


2. To set apart to a sacred office; as, to consecrate a bishop.

 Thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons. Ex. xxix. 9.
3. To canonize; to exalt to the rank of a saint; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor.

4. To render venerable or revered; to hallow; to dignify; as, rules or principles consecrated by time. Burke.
Syn. -- See Addict.

 Con"se*cra'ter (?), n. Consecrator.

 Con'se*cra"tion (?), n. [L. consecratio: cf. F. consécration.]
 The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication.

 Until the days of your consecration be at an end. Lev.
 viii. 33.
Consecration makes not a place sacred, but only solemnly declares it so. South.
 Con"se*cra'tor (?), n. [L.] One who consecrates; one who performs the rites by which a person or thing is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. [Written also consecrater.]

 Con"se*cra*to*ry (? or?), a. Of or pertaining to the act of consecration; dedicatory.

 The consecratory prayer. Bp. Burnet.
 Con'sec*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. consectaneus.] Following as a matter of course. Blount.
 Con"sec*ta*ry (?), a. [L. consectarius, fr. consectari to follow after eagerly; con- + sectari to follow eagerly, fr. sequi to follow.] Following by consequence; consequent; deducible. [R.] "Consectary impieties." Sir T. Browne.
 Con"sec*ta*ry, n. That which follows by consequence or is logically deducible; deduction from premises; corollary. [R.] Milton.
 Con"se*cute (?), v. t. To follow closely; to endeavor to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.
 Con'se*cu"tion (?), n. [L. consecutio. See Consequent.] 1.
 A following, or sequel; actual or logical dependence. Sir M. Hale.
2. A succession or series of any kind. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.
Month of consecution (Astron.), a month as reckoned from one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another.

 Con*sec"u*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. consécutif. See Consequent.] 1. Following in a train; succeeding one another in a regular order; successive; uninterrupted in course or succession; with no interval or break; as, fifty consecutive years.

2. Following as a consequence or result; actually or logically dependent; consequential; succeeding.

 The actions of a man consecutive to volition. Locke.
3. (Mus.) Having similarity of sequence; -- said of certain parallel progressions of two parts in a piece of harmony; as, consecutive fifths, or consecutive octaves, which are forbidden.

Consecutive chords (Mus.), chords of the same kind succeeding one another without interruption.

 Con*sec"u*tive*ly, adv. In a consecutive manner; by way of sequence; successively.

 Con*sec"u*tive*ness, n. The state or quality of being consecutive.

 Con*sen"sion (?), n. [L. consensio.] Agreement; accord. Bentley.
 Con*sen"su*al (?), a. [See Consent, v. i., and cf. Sensual.]
 1. (Law) Existing, or made, by the mutual consent of two or more parties.

2. (Physiol.) Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition; as, consensual motions.

Consensual contract (Law), a contract formed merely by consent, as a marriage contract.

 Con*sen"sus (?), n. [L. See Consent.] Agreement; accord; consent.

 That traditional consensus of society which we call public opinion. Tylor.
 Con*sent" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consented; p. pr.
 & vb. n Consenting.] [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, -sensum, to feel together, agree; con- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to be of the same mind; to accord; to concur.

 And Saul was consenting unto his death. Acts. viii. 1.
 Flourishing many years before Wyclif, and much consenting with him in jugdment. Fuller.
2. To indicate or express a willingness; to yield to guidance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent or approval; to comply.

 My poverty, but not my will, consents. Shak.
 And whispering "I will ne'er consent," -- consented. Byron.
Syn. -- To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce.

 Con*sent", v. t. To grant; to allow; to assent to; to admit. [Obs.]

 Interpreters... will not consent it to be a true story.
Milton.
 Con*sent", n. [Cf. OF. consent.] 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; the being of one mind; accord.

 All with one consent began to make excuse. Luke xiv. 18.
 They fell together all, as by consent. Shak.
2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; agreement; harmony; coherence.

 The melodious consent of the birds. Holland.
 Such is the world's great harmony that springs From union, order, full consent of things. Pope.
3. Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another; acquiescence; compliance; approval; permission.

 Thou wert possessed of David's throne By free consent of all. Milton.
4. (Law) Capable, deliberate, and voluntary assent or agreement to, or concurrence in, some act or purpose, implying physical and mental power and free action.

5. (Physiol.) Sympathy. See Sympathy, 4.

Syn. -- Assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agreement; approval; permission. See Assent.

Age of consent (Law), an age, fixed by statute and varying in different jurisdictions, at which one is competent to give consent.
 Sexual intercourse with a female child under the age of consent is punishable as rape.

 Con*sen'ta*ne"i*ty (?), n. Mutual agreement. [R.]

 Con'sen*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. consentaneus.] Consistent; agreeable; suitable; accordant to; harmonious; concurrent.

 A good law and consentaneous to reason. Howell.
 -- Con'sen*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Con'sen*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. Con*sent"ant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of consentir.] Consenting.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Con*sent"er (?), a. One who consents.

 Con*sen"tient (?), a. [L. consentients, p. pr. See Consent.]
 Agreeing in mind; accordant.

 The consentient judgment of the church. Bp. Pearson.
 Con*sent"ing*ly (?), adv. With consent; in a compliant manner. Jer.
 Taylor.
 Con"se*quence (?), n. [L., consequentia: cf. F. conséquence.
 See Consequent.] 1. That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result.

 Shun to taste, And shun the bitter consequence. Milton.
2. (Logic) A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous