]

 They come as... setters off of thy graces.

Whitlock.
6. (Pottery) A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure.
 Set"ter, v. t. To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.]

 Set"ter*wort' (?), n. (Bot.) The bear's-foot (Helleborus fœtidus); -- so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots.
 Dr. Prior.
 Set"ting (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as, the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current.

2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also, hunting with a setter. Boyle.
3. Something set in, or inserted.

 Thou shalt set in it settings of stones.

Ex. xxviii. 17.
4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as, the gold setting of a jeweled pin.

Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. -- Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. -- Setting pole, a pole, often ironpointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. -- Setting rule. (Print.)
 A composing rule.

 Set"tle (?), n. [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. √154. See Sit.] 1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.]
 "Upon the settle of his majesty" Hampole.
2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back.

3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part.

 And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit.

Ezek. xliii. 14.
Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.]

 Set"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Settling (?).] [OE. setlen, AS. setlan.
 √154. See Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like.

 And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed.

2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.)
 The father thought the time drew on Of setting in the world his only son.

Dryden.
2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. [U. S.]

3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose.

 God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake.

Chapman.
 Hoping that sleep might settle his brains.

Bunyan.
4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; -- said of a liquid; as, to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee.

5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; -- said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as, clear weather settles the roads.

6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also, to render close or compact; as, to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it.

7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as, to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance.

 It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful.

Swift.
8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as, to settle a quarrel.

9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as, to settle an account.

10. Hence, to pay; as, to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott.
11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as, the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620.

To settle on or upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. "I... have settled upon him a good annuity." Addison.
 -- To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it.

Syn. -- To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide.

 Set"tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one's self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state.

 The wind came about and settled in the west.

Bacon.
 Chyle... runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red.

Arbuthnot.
2. To fix one's residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as, the Saxons who settled in Britain.

3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder.

 As people marry now and settle.

Prior.
4. To be established in an employment or profession; as, to settle in the practice of law.

5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as, the roads settled late in the spring.

6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as, the weather settled; wine settles by standing.

 A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles.

Addison.
7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir.

8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc.

9. To become calm; to cease from agitation.

 Till the fury of his highness settle, Come not before him.

Shak.
10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as, he has settled with his creditors.

11. To make a jointure for a wife.

 He sighs with most success that settles well.

Garth.
 Set"tled*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall.
 Set"tle*ment (?), n. 1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: -- (a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor.

 Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world.

L'Estrange.
(b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as, the settlement of a new country.

 (c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as,


"er*ie, Squi"er*y }, (&?;), n. [OF. escuiere. See Esquire.] A company of squires; the whole body of squires.

 This word is found in Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, but is not in the modern editions.

 Squig"gle (?), v. i. [Cf. Prov. E. swiggle to drink greedily, to shake liquor in a close vessel, and E. sqig.] To shake and wash a fluid about in the mouth with the lips closed. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.
 Squig"gle, v. i. [Cf. Squirm, Wiggle.] To move about like an eel; to squirm. [Low, U.S.] Bartlett.
 Squil"gee (?), n. Formerly, a small swab for drying a vessel's deck; now, a kind of scraper having a blade or edge of rubber or of leather, -- used for removing superfluous, water or other liquids, as from a vessel's deck after washing, from window panes, photographer's plates, etc. [Written also squillgee, squillagee, squeegee.]

 Squill (?), n. [F. squille (also scille a squill, in sense 1), L. squilla, scilla, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Bot.)
(a) A European bulbous liliaceous plant (Urginea, formerly Scilla, maritima), of acrid, expectorant, diuretic, and emetic properties used in medicine. Called also sea onion. (b) Any bulbous plant of the genus Scilla; as, the bluebell squill (S. mutans).

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A squilla. (b) A mantis.

 ||Squil"la (?), n.; pl. E. Squillas (#), L. Squillæ (#). [L., a sea onion, also, a prawn or shrimp. See Squill.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of numerous stomapod crustaceans of the genus Squilla and allied genera. They make burrows in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. Called also mantis shrimp. See Illust. under Stomapoda.

 Squill*it"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to squills. [R.] "Squillitic vinegar." Holland.
 { Squin"ance (?), Squin"an*cy (?) }, n. [F. esquinancie, OF.
 squinance, esquinance. See Quinsy.] 1. (Med.)
 The quinsy. See Quinsy. [Obs.]

2. (Bot.) A European perennial herb (Asperula cynanchica) with narrowly linear whorled leaves; -- formerly thought to cure the quinsy. Also called quincewort.

Squinancy berries, black currants; -- so called because used to cure the quinsy. Dr. Prior.
 Squinch (?), n. [Corrupted fr. sconce.] (Arch.) A small arch thrown across the corner of a square room to support a superimposed mass, as where an octagonal spire or drum rests upon a square tower; -- called also sconce, and sconcheon.

 Squin"sy (?), n. (Med.) See Quinsy. [Obs.]

 Squint (?), a. [Cf. D. schuinte a slope, schuin, schuinisch, sloping, oblique, schuins slopingly. Cf. Askant, Askance, Asquint.]
 1. Looking obliquely. Specifically (Med.), not having the optic axes coincident; -- said of the eyes. See Squint, n., 2.

2. Fig.: Looking askance. "Squint suspicion." Milton.
 Squint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squinting.] 1. To see or look obliquely, asquint, or awry, or with a furtive glance.

 Some can squint when they will.

Bacon.
2. (Med.) To have the axes of the eyes not coincident; -- to be cross-eyed.

3. To deviate from a true line; to run obliquely.

 Squint, v. t. 1. To turn to an oblique position; to direct obliquely; as, to squint an eye.

2. To cause to look with noncoincident optic axes.

 He... squints the eye, and makes the harelid.

Shak.
 Squint, n. 1. The act or habit of squinting.

2. (Med.) A want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes; strabismus.

3. (Arch.) Same as Hagioscope.

 Squint"er (?), n. One who squints.

 Squint"-eye' (?), n. An eye that squints. Spenser.
 Squint"-eyed' (?), a. 1. Having eyes that quint; having eyes with axes not coincident; cross-eyed.

2. Looking obliquely, or asquint; malignant; as, squint-eyed praise; squint-eyed jealousy.

 Squint'i*fe"go (?), a. Squinting. [Obs. & R.]

 Squint"ing (?), a. & n. from Squint, v. -- Squint"ing*ly, adv.
 Squin"y (?), v. i. To squint. [Obs.] Shak.
 Squin"zey (?), n. (Med.) See Quinsy. [Obs.]

 Squir (skwr), v. t. To throw with a jerk; to throw edge foremost.
 [Obs.] [Written also squirr.] Addison.
 Squir"al*ty (?), n. Same as Squirarchy.

 That such weight and influence be put thereby into the hands of the squiralty of my kingdom.

Sterne.
 Squir"arch (?), n. [Squire + - arch.] One who belongs to the squirarchy. -- Squir"arch*al (#), a. Squir"arch*y (?), n. [Squire + -archy.] The gentlemen, or gentry, of a country, collectively. [Written also squirearchy.]

 Squire (?), n. [OF. esquierre, F. équerre. See Square, n.] A square; a measure; a rule. [Obs.] "With golden squire."
 Spenser.
 Squire, n. [Aphetic form of esquire.] 1. A shield-bearer or armorbearer who attended a knight.

2. A title of dignity next in degree below knight, and above gentleman. See Esquire. [Eng.] "His privy knights and squires."
 Chaucer.
3. A male attendant on a great personage; also (Colloq.), a devoted attendant or follower of a lady; a beau.

4. A title of office and courtesy. See under Esquire.

 Squire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. squired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. squiring.] 1. To attend as a squire. Chaucer.
2. To attend as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protection; as, to squire a lady. [Colloq.] Goldsmith.
 Squir*een" (?), n. One who is half squire and half farmer; -- used humorously. [Eng.] C. Kingsley.
 Squire"hood (?), n. The rank or state of a squire; squireship. Swift.
 squire"ling (?), n. A petty squire. Tennyson.
 Squire"ly, a. & adv. Becoming a squire; like a squire.

 squire"ship, n. Squirehood.

 Squirm (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squirmed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Squirming.] [Cf. Swarm to climb a tree.] To twist about briskly with contor&?;ions like an eel or a worm; to wriggle; to writhe.

 Squirr (?), v. t. See S


difficult respiration, and cough, and with exudation into the pleural cavity.

Pleurisy root. (Bot.) (a) The large tuberous root of a kind of milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) which is used as a remedy for pleuritic and other diseases. (b) The plant itself, which has deep orange-colored flowers; -- called also butterfly weed.

 Pleu"rite (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pleuron.

 { Pleu*rit"ic (?), Pleu*rit"ic*al (?), } a. [L. pleuriticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. pleurétique.] (Med.) (a) Of or pertaining to pleurisy; as, pleuritic symptoms. (b) Suffering from pleurisy.

 ||Pleu*ri"tis (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Pleurisy.

 Pleu"ro- (?). [See Pleura.] A combining form denoting relation to a side; specif., connection with, or situation in or near, the pleura; as, pleuroperitoneum.

 ||Pleu'ro*brach"i*a (?), n. [NL. See Pleuro-, and Brachium.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of ctenophores having an ovate body and two long plumose tentacles.

 Pleu"ro*branch (?), n. [See Pleuro-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of the gills of a crustacean that is attached to the side of the thorax.

 ||Pleu'ro*bran"chi*a (?), n.; pl. Pleuroeranchiæ (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pleurobranch.

 Pleu"ro*carp (?), n. [Pleuro- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.)
 Any pleurocarpic moss.

 { Pleu'ro*car"pic (?), Pleu'ro*car"pous (?), } a. (Bot.)
 Side-fruited; -- said of those true mosses in which the pedicels or the capsules are from lateral archegonia; -- opposed to acrocarpous.

 ||Pleu'ro*cen"trum (?), n. [NL. see Pleuro-, and Centrum.] (Anat.)
 One of the lateral elements in the centra of the vertebræ in some fossil batrachians.

 ||Pleu*rod"e*res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the side + &?; the neck.] (Zoöl.) A group of fresh-water turtles in which the neck can not be retracted, but is bent to one side, for protection. The matamata is an example.

 Pleu"ro*dont (?), a. [Pleuro- + Gr. &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Anat.) Having the teeth consolidated with the inner edge of the jaw, as in some lizards.

 Pleu"ro*dont, n. (Zoöl.) Any lizard having pleurodont teeth.

 ||Pleu'ro*dyn"i*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; side + &?; pain.] (Med.) A painful affection of the side, simulating pleurisy, usually due to rheumatism.

 ||Pleu"ron (?), n.; pl. Pleura (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; a rib.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the sides of an animal. (b) One of the lateral pieces of a somite of an insect. (c) One of lateral processes of a somite of a crustacean.

 Pleu'ro*nec"toid (?), a. [NL. Pleuronectes, name of a genus (fr. Gr. &?; rib + &?; a swimmer) + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Pertaining to the Pleuronectidæ, or Flounder family.

 Pleu'ro*per'i*car"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pleura and pericardium.

 Pleu'ro*per'ip*neu"mo*ny (?), n. [Pleuro- + peripneumony.]
 (Med.) Pleuropneumonia.

 Pleu'ro*per'i*to*ne"al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pleural and peritoneal membranes or cavities, or to the pleuroperitoneum.

 Pleu'ro*per'i*to*ne"um (?), n. [Pleuro- + peritoneum.]
 (Anat.) The pleural and peritoneal membranes, or the membrane lining the body cavity and covering the surface of the inclosed viscera; the peritoneum; -- used especially in the case of those animals in which the body cavity is not divided.

Peritoneum is now often used in the sense of pleuroperitoneum, the pleuræ being regarded as a part of the peritoneum, when the body cavity is undivided.

 Pleu'ro*pneu*mo"ni*a (?), n. [Pleuro- + pneumonia.]
 (Med.) Inflammation of the pleura and lungs; a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia, esp. a kind of contagions and fatal lung plague of cattle.

 ||Pleu*rop"te*ra (?), n. pl [NL., fr. Gr. &?; side + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of Isectivora, including the colugo.

 ||Pleu'ro*sig"ma (?), n. [NL. See Pleuro-, and Sigma.] (Bot.)
 A genus of diatoms of elongated elliptical shape, but having the sides slightly curved in the form of a letter S. Pleurosigma angulatum has very fine striations, and is a favorite object for testing the high powers of microscopes.

 ||Pleu*ros"te*on (?), n.; pl. L. Pleurostea (#), E.
 -ons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a rib + &?; a bone.] (Anat.)
 The anterolateral piece which articulates the sternum of birds.

 ||Pleu'ro*thot"o*nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pleyro'qen from the side + to'nos a stretching.] (Med.) A species of tetanus, in which the body is curved laterally. Quain. Dunglison.
 ||Pleu*rot"o*ma (?), n.; pl. L. Pleurotomæ (#), E. Pleurotomas (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the side + tomh' a cut.]
 (Zoöl.) Any marine gastropod belonging to Pleurotoma, and ether allied genera of the family Pleurotmidæ. The species are very numerous, especially in tropical seas. The outer lip has usually a posterior notch or slit.

 Plev"in (?), n. [OF. plevine. See Replevin.] A warrant or assurance. [Obs.]

 Plex"i*form (?), a. [Plexus + -form: cf. F. Plexiforme.]
 Like network; complicated. Quincy.
 Plex*im"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; stroke, percussion (from &?; to strike) + -meter.] (Med.) A small, hard, elastic plate, as of ivory, bone, or rubber, placed in contact with body to receive the blow, in examination by mediate percussion. [Written also plexometer.]

 Plex"ure (?), n. [See Plexus.] The act or process of weaving together, or interweaving; that which is woven together. H. Brooke.
 Plex"us (?),


1. The act or process of making fixed.

2. That which is fixed; a fixture.

3. pl. Arrangements; embellishments; trimmings; accompaniments. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Fix"i*ty (-*t), n. [Cf. F. fixité.] 1.
 Fixedness; as, fixity of tenure; also, that which is fixed.

2. Coherence of parts. Sir I. Newton.
 Fix"ture (fks"tr; 135), n. [Cf. Fixure.] 1. That which is fixed or attached to something as a permanent appendage; as, the fixtures of a pump; the fixtures of a farm or of a dwelling, that is, the articles which a tenant may not take away.

2. State of being fixed; fixedness.

 The firm fixture of thy foot.

Shak.
3. (Law) Anything of an accessory character annexed to houses and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. This term is, however, quite frequently used in the peculiar sense of personal chattels annexed to lands and tenements, but removable by the person annexing them, or his personal representatives. In this latter sense, the same things may be fixtures under some circumstances, and not fixtures under others. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier.
 This word is frequently substituted for fixure (formerly the word in common use) in new editions of old works.

 Fix"ure (-r), n. [L. fixura a fastening, fr. figere to fix. See Fix, and cf. Fixture.] Fixed position; stable condition; firmness. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fiz"gig' (fz"gg), n. A fishgig. [Obs.] Sandys.
 Fiz"gig', n. [Fizz + gig whirling thing.] A firework, made of damp powder, which makes a fizzing or hissing noise when it explodes.

 Fiz"gig', n. [See Gig a flirt.] A gadding, flirting girl. Gosson.
 Fizz (fz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzed (fzd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fizzing.] [Cf. Icel. fsa to break wind, Dan. fise to foist, fizzle, OSw. fisa, G. fisten, feisten. Cf.
 Foist.] To make a hissing sound, as a burning fuse.

 Fizz, n. A hissing sound; as, the fizz of a fly.

 Fiz"zle (fz"z'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzled (-z'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzling (-zlng).] [See Fizz.] 1. To make a hissing sound.

 It is the easiest thing, sir, to be done, As plain as fizzling.

B. Jonson.
2. To make a ridiculous failure in an undertaking. [Colloq. or Low] To fizzle out, to burn with a hissing noise and then go out, like wet gunpowder; hence, to fail completely and ridiculously; to prove a failure. [Colloq.]

 Fiz"zle, n. A failure or abortive effort. [Colloq.]

 ||Fjord (fyôrd), n. See Fiord.

 Flab"ber*gast (?), v. t. [Cf. Flap, and Aghast.] To astonish; to strike with wonder, esp. by extraordinary statements. [Jocular] Beaconsfield.
 Flab'ber*gas*ta"tion (?), n. The state of being flabbergasted.
 [Jocular] London Punch.
 Flab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a flabby manner.

 Flab"bi*ness, n. Quality or state of being flabby.

 Flab"by (?), a. [See Flap.] Yielding to the touch, and easily moved or shaken; hanging loose by its own weight; wanting firmness; flaccid; as, flabby flesh.

 Fla"bel (?), n. [L. flabellum a fan, dim. of flabrum a breeze, fr. flare to blow.] A fan. [Obs.] Huloet.
 Fla*bel"late (?), a. [L. flabellatus, p. p. of flabellare to fan, fr. flabellum. See Flabbel.] (Bot.) Flabelliform.

 Flab'el*la"tion (?), n. The act of keeping fractured limbs cool by the use of a fan or some other contrivance. Dunglison.
 Fla*bel"li*form (?), a. [L. flabellum a fan + -form: cf. F. flabeliforme.] Having the form of a fan; fan-shaped; flabellate.

 Fla*bel"li*nerved' (?), a. [L. flabellum a fan + E. nerve.]
 (Bot.) Having many nerves diverging radiately from the base; -- said of a leaf.

 ||Fla*bel"lum (?), n. [L. See Flabel.] (Eccl.) A fan; especially, the fan carried before the pope on state occasions, made in ostrich and peacock feathers. Shipley.
 Flab"ile (?), a. [L. flabilis.] Liable to be blown about. Bailey.
 Flac"cid (?), a. [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flabby: cf. OF. flaccide.] Yielding to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness; soft and weak; limber; lax; drooping; flabby; as, a flaccid muscle; flaccid flesh.

 Religious profession... has become flacced.

I. Taylor.
 -- Flac"cid*ly (#), adv. -- Flac"cid*ness, n. Flac*cid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. flaccidité.] The state of being flaccid.

 Flack"er (?), v. i. [OE. flakeren, fr. flacken to move quickly to and fro; cf. icel. flakka to rove about, AS. flacor fluttering, flying, G. flackern to flare, flicker.] To flutter, as a bird. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.
 Flack"et (?), n. [OF. flasquet little flask, dim. of flasque a flask.] A barrel-shaped bottle; a flagon.

 Flag (flg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flagged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flagging (?).] [Cf. Icel. flaka to droop, hang loosely. Cf. Flacker, Flag an ensign.] 1. To hang loose without stiffness; to bend down, as flexible bodies; to be loose, yielding, limp.

 As loose it [the sail] flagged around the mast.

T. Moore.
2. To droop; to grow spiritless; to lose vigor; to languish; as, the spirits flag; the streugth flags.

 The pleasures of the town begin to flag.

Swift.
Syn. -- To droop; decline; fail; languish; pine.

 Flag (flg), v. t. 1. To let droop; to suffer to fall, or let fall, into feebleness; as, to flag the wings. prior.
2. To enervate; to exhaust the vigor or elasticity of.

 Nothing so flags the spirits.

Echard.
 Flag, n. [Cf. LG. & G. flagge, Sw. flagg, Dan. flag, D. vlag. See Flag to hang loose.] 1. That which flags or hangs down loosely.

2. A cloth usually bearing a device or devices and used to indicate nationality, party, etc., or


of, something else; a responsive action.

 Great the slaughter is Here made by the Roman; great the answer be Britons must take. Shak.
4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation; as, the answer to a problem.

5. (Law) A counter-statement of facts in a course of pleadings; a confutation of what the other party has alleged; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense to the complainant's charges in his bill. Bouvier.
Syn. -- Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply.

 An"swer*a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Obliged to answer; liable to be called to account; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good; accountable; amenable; responsible; as, an agent is answerable to his principal; to be answerable for a debt, or for damages.

 Will any man argue that... he can not be justly punished, but is answerable only to God? Swift.
2. Capable of being answered or refuted; admitting a satisfactory answer.

 The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable. Johnson.
3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable.

 What wit and policy of man is answerable to their discreet and orderly course? Holland.
 This revelation... was answerable to that of the apostle to the Thessalonians. Milton.
4. Proportionate; commensurate; suitable; as, an achievement answerable to the preparation for it.

5. Equal; equivalent; adequate. [Archaic] Had the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain. Milton.
 An"swer*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent.

 An"swer*a*bly (&?;), adv. In an answerable manner; in due proportion or correspondence; suitably.

 An"swer*er (&?;), n. One who answers.

 An"swer*less (&?;), a. Having no answer, or impossible to be answered. Byron.
 An 't (&?;). An it, that is, and it or if it. See An, conj. [Obs.]

 An't (&?;). A contraction for are and am not; also used for is not; -- now usually written ain't. [Colloq. & illiterate speech.]

 Ant-. See Anti-, prefix.
 -ant. [F. -ant, fr. L. -antem or -entem, the pr. p. ending; also sometimes directly from L. -antem.] A suffix sometimes marking the agent for action; as, merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant, etc. Cf. - ent.

 Ant (&?;), n. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS.
 æmete akin to G. ameise. Cf. Emmet.] (Zoöl.)
 A hymenopterous insect of the Linnæan genus Formica, which is now made a family of several genera; an emmet; a pismire.

 Among ants, as among bees, there are neuter or working ants, besides the males and females; the former are without wings. Ants live together in swarms, usually raising hillocks of earth, variously chambered within, where they maintain a perfect system of order, store their provisions, and nurture their young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, foraging ants, amazon ants, etc. The white ants or Termites belong to the Neuroptera.

Ant bird (Zoöl.), one of a very extensive group of South American birds (Formicariidæ), which live on ants. The family includes many species, some of which are called ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant wrens. -- Ant rice (Bot.), a species of grass (Aristida oligantha) cultivated by the agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed.

 ||An"ta (&?;), n.; pl. Antæ (&?;). [L.]
 (Arch.) A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base.

 Porches, when columns stand between two antæ, are called in Latin in antis.

 Ant*ac"id (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + acid.]
 (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. -- a. Counteractive of acidity.

 Ant*ac"rid (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + acrid.]
 Corrective of acrimony of the humors.

 An*tæ"an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to Antæus, a giant athlete slain by Hercules.

 An*tag"o*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to struggle against; &?; against + &?; to contend or struggle, &?; contest: cf. F. antagonisme. See Agony.] Opposition of action; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles.

 We speak of antagonism between two things, to or against a thing, and sometimes with a thing.

 An*tag"o*nist (&?;), n. [L. antagonista, Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; combatant, champion, fr. &?;: cf. F. antagoniste.
 See Antagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent.

Antagonist of Heaven's Almigthy King. Milton.
 Our antagonists in these controversies. Hooker.
2. (Anat.) A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it.

3. (Med.) A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues.

Syn. -- Adversary; enemy; opponent; toe; competitor. See Adversary.

 An*tag"o*nist, a. Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as, antagonist schools of philosophy.

 { An*tag'o*nis"tic (&?;), An*tag'o*nis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Opposing in combat, combating; contending or acting against; as, antagonistic forces. -- An*tag'o*nis"tic*al*ly, adv.
 They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic. Milman.
 An*tag"o*nize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antagonized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonozing.] [Gr. &?;. See Antagonism.] To contend with; to oppose actively; to counteract.

 An*tag"o*nize, v. i. To act in opposition.

 An*tag"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; contest: cf. F. (16th century) antagonie. See Antagonism.] Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.]

Antagony that is between Christ and Belial. Milton.
 An*tal"gic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; pain: cf. F. antalgique.] (Med.) Alleviating pain. -- n. A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. [R.]

 Ant*al"ka*li (?; 277), Ant*al"ka*line (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + alkali.] Anything that neutralizes, or that counteracts an alkaline tendency in the system. Hooper.
 Ant*al"


, and these people should not take any during a water fast unless they develop symptoms of mineral deficiencies (usually a pre-existing condition) such as leg cramps and tremors, these symptoms necessitate powdered or well-chewed-up mineral supplement. Minerals don't taste too bad to chew, just chalky.
 The same suggestions regarding dosage of supplements for a water fast are also true for a juice fast or vegetable broth fast. On a raw food cleansing diet the full dose of supplements should be taken with meals.
 There exists an enormous body of data about vitamins; books and magazine articles are always touting some new product or explaining the uses of an old one. If you want to know more about using ordinary vitamins you'll find leads in the bibliography to guide your reading. However, there is one "old" vitamin and a few newer and relatively unknown life extending substances that are so useful and important to handling illness that I would like to tell you more about them.
 Vitamin C is not a newly discovered vitamin, but was one of the first ever identified. If you are one of those people that just hate taking vitamins, and you were for some reason willing to take only one, vitamin C would be your best choice. Vitamin C would be the clear winner because it helps enormously with any infection and in invaluable in tissue healing and rebuilding collagen. If I was going on a long trip and didn't want to pack a lot of weight, my first choice would be to insure three to six grams of vitamin C for daily use when I was healthy (I'd take the optimum dose--ten grams a day--if weight were no limitation). I'd also carry enough extra C to really beef up my intake when dealing with an unexpected acute illness or accident.
 When traveling to far away places, exposed to a whole new batch of organisms, frequently having difficulty finding healthy foods, going through time zones, losing nights of sleep, it is easy to become enervated enough to catch a local cold or flu. If I have brought lots of extra vitamin C with me I know that my immune system will be able to conquer just about anything--as long as I also stop eating and can take an enema. I also like to have vitamin C as a part of my first aid kit because if I experience a laceration, a sprain, broken bone, or a burn, I can increase my internal intake as well as apply it liberally directly on the damaged skin surface. Vitamin C can be put directly in the eye in a dilute solution with distilled water for infections and injuries, in the ear for ear infections, and in the nose for sinus infections. If you are using the acid form of C (ascorbic acid) and it smarts too much, make a more dilute solution, or switch to the alkaline form of C (calcium ascorbate) which can be used as a much more concentrated solution without a stinging sensation. Applied directly on the skin C in solution makes a very effective substitute for sun screen. It doesn't filter out ultraviolet, it beefs up the skin to better deal with the insult.
 I believe vitamin C can deal with a raging infection such as pneumonia as well or better than antibiotics. But to do that, C is going to have to be administered at the maximum dose the body can process. This is easily discoverable by a 'bowel tolerance test' which basically means you keep taking two or three grams of C each hour, (preferably in the powdered, most rapidly assimilable form) until you get a runny stool (the trots). The loose stool happens when there is so much C entering the small intestine that it is not all absorbed, but is instead, passed through to the large intestine. At that point cut back just enough that the stool is only a little loose, not runny. At this dose, your blood stream will be as saturated by vitamin C as you can achieve by oral ingestion.
 It can make an important difference which type of vitamin C is taken because many people are unable to tolerate the acid form of C beyond 8 or 10 grams a day, but they can achieve a therapeutic dose without discomfort with the alkaline (buffered) vitamin C products such as calcium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate, or magnesium-potassium ascorbates.
 Vitamin C also speeds up the healing of internal tissues and damaged connective tissue. Damaged internal tissues might include stomach ulcers (use the alkaline form of vitamin C only), bladder and kidney infections (acid form usually best), arthritic disorders with damage to joints and connective tissue (alkaline form usually best). Sports injuries heal up a lot faster with a therapeutic dose of vitamin C. As medicine, vitamin C should be taken at the rate of one or two grams every two hours (depending on the severity of the condition), spaced out to avoid unnecessary losses in the urine which happens if it were taken ten grams at a time.
If you regularly use the acid form of vitamin C powder, which is the cheapest, be sure to use a straw and dissolve it in water or juice so that the acid does not dissolve the enamel on your teeth over time.
 And this is as good a point as any to mention that just like broccoli is not broccoli, a vitamin is not necessarily a vitamin. Vitamins are made by chemical and pharmaceutical companies. To make this confusion even more interesting, the business names that appear on vitamin bottles are not the real manufacturers.
Bronson's Pharmaceuticals is a distributor and marketer, not a manufacturer. The same is true of every vitamin company I know of. These companies buy bulk product by the barrel or sack; then encapsulate, blend and roll pills, bottle and label, advertise and make profit. The point of all this is that some actual vitamin manufacturers produce very high quality products and others shortcut. Vitamin distributors must make ethical (or unethical) choices about their suppliers.
 It is beyond the scope of this book to be a manual for going into the vitamin business. However, there are big differences in how effective vitamins with the same chemical name are and the differences hinge on who actually brewed them up.
 For example, there are at least two quality levels of vitamin C on the market right now. The pharmaceutical grade is made by Roche or BASF. Another form, it could be called "the bargain barrel brew," is made in China. Top quality vitamin C is quite a bit more costly; as I write this, the price differential is about 40 percent between the cheap stuff and the best. This can make a big difference in bottle price and profit. Most of the discount retail vitamin companies use the Chinese product.
 There's more than a price difference. The vitamin C from China contains measurable levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, iron and other toxic metals. The FDA allows this slightly contaminated product to be sold in the US because the Recommended Daily Allowance for vitamin C is a mere 60 milligrams per day. Taken at that level, the toxic metals would, as the FDA sees it, do no harm. However, many users of vitamin C take 100 -200 times the RDA. The cheap form of C would expose them to potentially toxic levels of heavy metal poisons. The highly refined top-quality product removes impurities to a virtually undetectable level.
 I buy my C from Bronson who ethically gives me the quality stuff. I know for a fact that the vitamin C sold by Prolongevity is also top quality.
I've had clients who bought cheaper C than Bronson's and discovered it was not quite like Bronson's in appearance or taste. More importantly, it did not seem to have the same therapeutic effect.
 The distributors I've mentioned so far, Bronson, NOW, Cooper, Prolongevity and Vitamin Research Products are all knowledgeable about differences between actual manufacturers and are ethical, buying and reselling only high quality products. Other distributors I believe to be reputable include Twin Labs, Schiff and Plus. I know there are many other distributors with high ethic levels but I can not evaluate all their product lines. And as I've mentioned earlier, businesses come and go rather quickly, but I hope my book will be read for decades. I do know that I would be very reluctant to buy my vitamins at a discount department store or supermarket; when experimenting with new suppliers I have at times been severely disappointed.
 Co-enzyme Q-10. This substance is normally manufactured in the human body and is also found in minuscule amounts in almost every cell on Earth. For that reason it is also called "ubiquinone." But this vitamin has been only recently discovered, so as I write this book Co-enzyme Q-10 is not


considered a table delicacy, and immense numbers are killed for the markets. Other well-known European species are the crested, or tufted, lark (Alauda cristata), and the wood lark (A. arborea). The pipits, or titlarks, of the genus Anthus (family Motacillidæ) are often called larks. See Pipit. The American meadow larks, of the genus Sturnella, are allied to the starlings. See Meadow Lark. The Australian bush lark is Mirafra Horsfieldii. See Shore lark.

Lark bunting (Zoöl.), a fringilline bird (Calamospiza melanocorys) found on the plains of the Western United States. -- Lark sparrow (Zoöl.), a sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), found in the Mississippi Valley and the Western United States.

 Lark, v. i. To catch larks; as, to go larking.

 Lark"-col'ored (?), a. Having the sandy brown color of the European larks.

 Lark"er (?), n. [See 3d Lark, for sense 1, and 1st Lark, for sense 2.] 1. A catcher of larks.

2. One who indulges in a lark or frolic. [Colloq.]

 Lark's"-heel' (?), n. (Bot.) Indian cress.

 Lark"spur (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Delphinium), having showy flowers, and a spurred calyx. They are natives of the North Temperate zone. The commonest larkspur of the gardens is D. Consolida.
 The flower of the bee larkspur (D. elatum) has two petals bearded with yellow hairs, and looks not unlike a bee.

 Lar"mi*er (?), n. [F., fr. larme tear, drop, L. lacrima.
 See Lachrymose.] (Anat.) See Tearpit.

 La"roid (?), a. [Larus + - oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like or belonging to the Gull family (Laridæ).

 Lar"rup (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larruped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Larruping.] [Perh, a corrupt. of lee rope, used by sailors in beating the boys; but cf. D. larpen to thresh, larp a whip, blow.] To beat or flog soundly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.
 Lar"ry (?), n. Same as Lorry, or Lorrie.

 Lar"um (?), n. See Alarum, and Alarm.

 Lar"va (lär"v), n.; pl. L. Larvæ (-væ), E. Larvas (-vz). [L. larva ghost, specter, mask.] 1.
(Zoöl.) Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvæ of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvæ are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape.

 Lar"val (-val), a. [L. larvalis ghostly. See Larva.]
 (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a larva.

 ||Lar*va"li*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Larval.] (Zoöl.) An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; -- so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life.
 Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia.

 Lar"va*ted (?), a. [L. larvatus bewitched. See Larva.]
 Masked; clothed as with a mask.

 Larve (lärv), n.; pl. Larves (lärvz). [F.]
 A larva.

 Lar"vi*form (?), a. [Larva + -form.] (Zoöl.)
 Having the form or structure of a larva.

 Lar*vip"a*rous (?), a. [Larva + L. parete to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) Depositing living larvæ, instead of eggs; -- said of certain insects.

 La"ry (l"r), n. [Cf. F. lare sea gull, L. larus a sort of sea bird, Gr. la'ros.] A guillemot; -- called also lavy.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 Lar'yn*ge"al (?), a. [From Larynx.] Of or pertaining to the larynx; adapted to operations on the larynx; as, laryngeal forceps.

 Lar'yn*ge"an (?), a. See Laryngeal.

 ||Lar'yn*gis"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. laryggismo's a croaking. See Larynx.] (Med.) A spasmodic state of the glottis, giving rise to contraction or closure of the opening.

 ||Lar'yn*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Larynx, and -tis.] (Med.)
 Inflammation of the larynx.

 La*ryn'go*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to laryngology.

 Lar'yn*gol"o*gist (?), n. One who applies himself to laryngology.

 Lar'yn*gol"o*gy (?), n. [Larynx + -logy.]
 Systematized knowledge of the action and functions of the larynx; in pathology, the department which treats of the diseases of the larynx.

 Lar'yn*goph"o*ny (?), n. [Larynx + Gr. (&?;) voice.] The sound of the voice as heard through a stethoscope when the latter is placed upon the larynx.

 La*ryn"go*scope (?), n. [Larynx + -scope.] (Surg.)
 An instrument, consisting of an arrangement of two mirrors, for reflecting light upon the larynx, and for examining its image.

 La*ryn'go*scop"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the inspection of the larynx.

 Lar'yn*gos"co*pist (?), n. One skilled in laryngoscopy.

 Lar'yn*gos"co*py (?), n. The art of using the laryngoscope; investigations made with the laryngoscope.

 La*ryn"go*tome (?), n. (Surg.) An instrument for performing laryngotomy.

 Lar'yn*got"o*my (?), n. [Gr. (&?;); (&?;), (&?;), the larynx + te'mnein to cut: cf. F. laryngotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign bodies.

 La*ryn'go*tra"che*al (?), a. [Larynx + tracheal.] (Anat.)
 Pertaining to both larynx and trachea; as, the laryngotracheal cartilage in the frog.

 La*ryn'go*tra'che*ot"o*my (?), n. [Larynx + tracheotomy.]
 (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the


the young of animals are formed; ovum; germ cell.

3. Anything resembling an egg in form.

Egg is used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as, egg beater or eggbeater, egg case, egg ladle, egg-shaped, etc.

Egg and anchor (Arch.), an egg-shaped ornament, alternating with another in the form of a dart, used to enrich the ovolo; -- called also egg and dart, and egg and tongue. See Anchor, n., 5. Ogilvie. -- Egg cleavage (Biol.), a process of cleavage or segmentation, by which the egg undergoes endogenous division with formation of a mass of nearly similar cells, from the growth and differentiation of which the new organism is ultimately formed. See Segmentation of the ovum, under Segmentation. -- Egg development (Biol.), the process of the development of an egg, by which the embryo is formed.
 -- Egg mite (Zoöl.), any mite which devours the eggs of insects, as Nothrus ovivorus, which destroys those of the canker worm. -- Egg parasite (Zoöl.), any small hymenopterous insect, which, in the larval stage, lives within the eggs of other insects. Many genera and species are known.

 Egg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egged (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Egging (?).] [OE. eggen, Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge. &?;&?;. See Edge.] To urge on; to instigate; to incite&?; Adam and Eve he egged to ill.

Piers Plowman.
 [She] did egg him on to tell How fair she was.

Warner.
 Eg"gar (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Any bombycid moth of the genera Eriogaster and Lasiocampa; as, the oak eggar (L. roboris) of Europe.

 Egg"-bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A species of tern, esp. the sooty tern (Sterna fuliginosa) of the West Indies. In the Bahama Islands the name is applied to the tropic bird, Phaëthon flavirostris.

 Egg"-cup' (?), n. A cup used for holding an egg, at table.

 Eg"ge*ment (?), n. [Egg, v. t. + -ment.] Instigation; incitement. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Egg"er (?), n. [See Egg, n.] One who gathers eggs; an eggler.

 Egg"er, n. [See Egg, v. t.] One who eggs or incites.

 Egg"er*y (?), n. A place where eggs are deposited (as by sea birds) or kept; a nest of eggs. [R.]

 Egg"-glass' (?), n. A small sandglass, running about three minutes, for marking time in boiling eggs; also, a small glass for holding an egg, at table.

 Egg"hot' (?), n. A kind of posset made of eggs, brandy, sugar, and ale. Lamb.
 Egg"ler (?), n. One who gathers, or deals in, eggs.

 Egg'nog" (?), n. A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with sugar, milk, and (usually) wine or spirits.

 Egg"plant' (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Solanum Melongena), of East Indian origin, allied to the tomato, and bearing a large, smooth, edible fruit, shaped somewhat like an egg; mad-apple.

 Egg"-shaped' (?), a. Resembling an egg in form; ovoid.

 Egg"shell' (?), n. 1. The shell or exterior covering of an egg. Also used figuratively for anything resembling an eggshell.

2. (Zoöl.) A smooth, white, marine, gastropod shell of the genus Ovulum, resembling an egg in form.

 Egg" squash' (?). A variety of squash with small egg-shaped fruit.

 E"ghen (?), n. pl. Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Eg'i*lop"ic*al (?), a. [See Ægilops.] (Med.)
 Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with, an ægilops, or tumor in the corner of the eye.

 Eg"i*lops (?), n. See Ægilops.

 { E*glan"du*lose' (?; 135), E*glan"du*lous (?), } a. [Pref. e- + glandulose, glandulosus.] Destitute of glands.

 Eg"lan*tine (?), n. [F. églantine, fr. OF. aiglent brier, hip tree, fr. (assumed) LL. acuculentus, fr. a dim. of L. acus needle; cf. F. aiguille needle. Cf. Aglet.] (Bot.) (a) A species of rose (Rosa Eglanteria), with fragrant foliage and flowers of various colors. (b) The sweetbrier (R. rubiginosa).

 Milton, in the following lines, has applied the name to some twining plant, perhaps the honeysuckle.

 Through the sweetbrier, or the vine, Or the twisted eglantine.

L'Allegro, 47.
 "In our early writers and in Gerarde and the herbalists, it was a shrub with white flowers." Dr. Prior.
 Eg"la*tere (?), n. Eglantine. [Obs. or R.] [Written also eglantere.]
 Tennyson.
 Eg"ling (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European perch when two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

 E*glom"er*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. e- + glomerate.] To unwind, as a thread from a ball. [R.]

 E"go (?), n. [L., I.] (Met.) The conscious and permanent subject of all psychical experiences, whether held to be directly known or the product of reflective thought; -- opposed to non-ego.

 E*go"i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to egoism. [R.]

 E"go*ism (?), n. [F. égoïsme, fr. L. -ego I. See I, and cf. Egotism.] 1. (Philos.) The doctrine of certain extreme adherents or disciples of Descartes and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, which finds all the elements of knowledge in the ego and the relations which it implies or provides for.

2. Excessive love and thought of self; the habit of regarding one's self as the center of every interest; selfishness; -- opposed to altruism.

 E"go*ist, n. [F. égoïste. See Egoism.] 1.
 One given overmuch to egoism or thoughts of self.

 I, dullard egoist, taking no special recognition of such nobleness.

Carlyle.
2. (Philos.) A believer in egoism.

 { E'go*is"tic (?), E'go*is"tic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to egoism; imbued with egoism or excessive thoughts of self; self-loving.

 Ill-natured feeling, or egoistic pleasure in making men miserable.

G. Eliot.
 E'go*is"tic*al*ly, adv. In an egoistic manner.

 E*go"i*ty (?), n. Personality. [R.] Swift.
 E"go*mism (?), n. Egoism. [R.] A. Baxter.
 E'go*phon"ic (?), a. Belonging to, or


the God of the Hanged, and he is represented sitting under a gallows tree. Indeed he is said to have been sacrificed to himself in the ordinary way, as we learn from the weird verses of the Havamal, in which the god describes how he acquired his divine power by learning the magic runes: "I know that I hung on the windy tree For nine whole nights, Wounded with the spear, dedicated to Odin, Myself to myself." The Bagobos of Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands, used annually to sacrifice human victims for the good of the crops in a similar way. Early in December, when the constellation Orion appeared at seven o'clock in the evening, the people knew that the time had come to clear their fields for sowing and to sacrifice a slave. The sacrifice was presented to certain powerful spirits as payment for the good year which the people had enjoyed, and to ensure the favour of the spirits for the coming season. The victim was led to a great tree in the forest; there he was tied with his back to the tree and his arms stretched high above his head, in the attitude in which ancient artists portrayed Marsyas hanging on the fatal tree. While he thus hung by the arms, he was slain by a spear thrust through his body at the level of the armpits. Afterwards the body was cut clean through the middle at the waist, and the upper part was apparently allowed to dangle for a little from the tree, while the under part wallowed in blood on the ground. The two portions were finally cast into a shallow trench beside the tree. Before this was done, anybody who wished might cut off a piece of flesh or a lock of hair from the corpse and carry it to the grave of some relation whose body was being consumed by a ghoul. Attracted by the fresh corpse, the ghoul would leave the mouldering old body in peace. These sacrifices have been offered by men now living.
In Greece the great goddess Artemis herself appears to have been annually hanged in effigy in her sacred grove of Condylea among the Arcadian hills, and there accordingly she went by the name of the Hanged One. Indeed a trace of a similar rite may perhaps be detected even at Ephesus, the most famous of her sanctuaries, in the legend of a woman who hanged herself and was thereupon dressed by the compassionate goddess in her own divine garb and called by the name of Hecate. Similarly, at Melite in Phthia, a story was told of a girl named Aspalis who hanged herself, but who appears to have been merely a form of Artemis. For after her death her body could not be found, but an image of her was discovered standing beside the image of Artemis, and the people bestowed on it the title of Hecaerge or Far-shooter, one of the regular epithets of the goddess. Every year the virgins sacrificed a young goat to the image by hanging it, because Aspalis was said to have hanged herself. The sacrifice may have been a substitute for hanging an image or a human representative of Artemis. Again, in Rhodes the fair Helen was worshipped under the title of Helen of the Tree, because the queen of the island had caused her handmaids, disguised as Furies, to string her up to a bough. That the Asiatic Greeks sacrificed animals in this fashion is proved by coins of Ilium, which represent an ox or cow hanging on a tree and stabbed with a knife by a man, who sits among the branches or on the animal's back. At Hierapolis also the victims were hung on trees before they were burnt. With these Greek and Scandinavian parallels before us we can hardly dismiss as wholly improbable the conjecture that in Phrygia a man-god may have hung year by year on the sacred but fatal tree.
XXXVII. Oriental Religions in the West THE WORSHIP of the Great Mother of the Gods and her lover or son was very popular under the Roman Empire. Inscriptions prove that the two received divine honours, separately or conjointly, not only in Italy, and especially at Rome, but also in the provinces, particularly in Africa, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, and Bulgaria. Their worship survived the establishment of Christianity by Constantine; for Symmachus records the recurrence of the festival of the Great Mother, and in the days of Augustine her effeminate priests still paraded the streets and squares of Carthage with whitened faces, scented hair, and mincing gait, while, like the mendicant friars of the Middle Ages, they begged alms from the passers-by. In Greece, on the other hand, the bloody orgies of the Asiatic goddess and her consort appear to have found little favour. The barbarous and cruel character of the worship, with its frantic excesses, was doubtless repugnant to the good taste and humanity of the Greeks, who seem to have preferred the kindred but gentler rites of Adonis. Yet the same features which shocked and repelled the Greeks may have positively attracted the less refined Romans and barbarians of the West. The ecstatic frenzies, which were mistaken for divine inspiration, the mangling of the body, the theory of a new birth and the remission of sins through the shedding of blood, have all their origin in savagery, and they naturally appealed to peoples in whom the savage instincts were still strong. Their true character was indeed often disguised under a decent veil of allegorical or philosophical interpretation, which probably sufficed to impose upon the rapt and enthusiastic worshippers, reconciling even the more cultivated of them to things which otherwise must have filled them with horror and disgust.
The religion of the Great Mother, with its curious blending of crude savagery with spiritual aspirations, was only one of a multitude of similar Oriental faiths which in the later days of paganism spread over the Roman Empire, and by saturating the European peoples with alien ideals of life gradually undermined the whole fabric of ancient civilisation. Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the supreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in the world to come.
Trained from infancy in this unselfish ideal, the citizens devoted their lives to the public service and were ready to lay them down for the common good; or if they shrank from the supreme sacrifice, it never occurred to them that they acted otherwise than basely in preferring their personal existence to the interests of their country. All this was changed by the spread of Oriental religions which inculcated the communion of the soul with God and its eternal salvation as the only objects worth living for, objects in comparison with which the prosperity and even the existence of the state sank into insignificance. The inevitable result of this selfish and immoral doctrine was to withdraw the devotee more and more from the public service, to concentrate his thoughts on his own spiritual emotions, and to breed in him a contempt for the present life which he regarded merely as a probation for a better and an eternal. The saint and the recluse, disdainful of earth and rapt in ecstatic contemplation of heaven, became in popular opinion the highest ideal of humanity, displacing the old ideal of the patriot and hero who, forgetful of self, lives and is ready to die for the good of his country. The earthly city seemed poor and contemptible to men whose eyes beheld the City of God coming in the clouds of heaven. Thus the centre of gravity, so to say, was shifted from the present to a future life, and however much the other world may have gained, there can be little doubt that this one lost heavily by the change. A general disintegration of the body politic set in. The ties of the state and the family were loosened: the structure of society tended to resolve itself into its individual elements and thereby to relapse into barbarism; for civilisation is only possible through the active co-operation of the citizens and their willingness to subordinate their private interests to the common good. Men refused to defend their country and even to continue their kind. In their anxiety to save their own souls and the souls of others, they were content to leave the material world, which they identified with the principle of evil, to perish around them. This obsession lasted for a thousand


-- Cherry laurel (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Prunus Laurocerasus) common in shrubberies, the poisonous leaves of which have a flavor like that of bitter almonds. -- Cherry pepper (Bot.), a species of Capsicum (C. cerasiforme), with small, scarlet, intensely piquant cherry-shaped fruit. -- Cherry pit. (a) A child's play, in which cherries are thrown into a hole. Shak. (b) A cherry stone. -- Cherry rum, rum in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry sucker (Zoöl.), the European spotted flycatcher (Musicapa grisola); -- called also cherry chopper cherry snipe. -- Cherry tree, a tree that bears cherries. -- Ground cherry, Winter cherry, See Alkekengi.

 Cher"ry (chr"r), a. Like a red cherry in color; ruddy; blooming; as, a cherry lip; cherry cheeks.

 Cher"so*nese (kr"s*ns), n. [Gr. cherso'nhsos; che'rsos land + nh'sos island.] A peninsula; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as, the Cimbric Chersonese, or Jutland; the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea.

 Chert (chrt), n. [Ir. ceart stone, perh. akin to E. crag.]
 (Min.) An impure, massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color.

 Chert"y (?), a. Like chert; containing chert; flinty.

 Cher"ub (?), n.; pl. Cherubs (#); but the Hebrew plural Cherubim (#) is also used. [Heb. kerb.] 1. A mysterious composite being, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty, described in Ezekiel i. and x. I knew that they were the cherubim. Ezek. x. 20.
 He rode upon a cherub and did fly. Ps. xviii. 10.
2. A symbolical winged figure of unknown form used in connection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. Ez. xxv. 18.
3. One of a order of angels, variously represented in art. In European painting the cherubim have been shown as blue, to denote knowledge, as distinguished from the seraphim (see Seraph), and in later art the children's heads with wings are generally called cherubs.

4. A beautiful child; -- so called because artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children.

 { Che*ru"bic (?), Che*ru"bic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to cherubs; angelic. "The cherubic host." Milton.
 Cher"u*bim (?), n. The Hebrew plural of Cherub.. Cf. Seraphim.

Cherubims, in the King James version of the bible, is an incorrect form, made by adding the English plural termination to the Hebrew plural cherubim instead of to the singular cherub.

 Cher"u*bin (?), a. Cherubic; angelic. [Obs.] Shak.
 Cher"u*bin, n. A cherub. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Cher"up (?), v. i. [Prob. fr. chirp.] To make a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to chirp. See Chirrup. "Cheruping birds." Drayton.
 Cher"up, v. t. To excite or urge on by making a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to cherup to. See Chirrup.

 He cherups brisk ear-erecting steed. Cowper.
 Cher"up, n. A short, sharp, cheerful noise; a chirp; a chirrup; as, the cherup of a cricket.

 Cher"vil (?), n. [AS. cerfille, fr. L. caerefolium, chaerephyllum, Gr. &?;; &?; to rejoice + &?; leaf.] (Bot.)
 A plant (Anthriscus cerefolium) with pinnately divided aromatic leaves, of which several curled varieties are used in soups and salads.

 Ches (?), pret. of Chese. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Chese (?), v. t. To choose [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ches"i*ble (?), n. See Chasuble.

 Ches"lip (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wood louse. [Prov. Eng.]

 Chess (?), n. [OE. ches, F. échecs, prop. pl.
 of échec check. See 1st Check.] A game played on a chessboard, by two persons, with two differently colored sets of men, sixteen in each set. Each player has a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight pawns.

 Chess, n. (Bot.) A species of brome grass (Bromus secalinus) which is a troublesome weed in wheat fields, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat; it bears a very slight resemblance to oats, and if reaped and ground up with wheat, so as to be used for food, is said to produce narcotic effects; -- called also cheat and Willard's bromus. [U. S.]

 Other species of brome grass are called upright chess, soft chess, etc.

 Chess"-ap'ple (?), n. The wild service of Europe (Purus torminalis).

 Chess"board' (?), n. The board used in the game of chess, having eight rows of alternate light and dark squares, eight in each row. See Checkerboard.

 The chessboard and the checkerboard are alike.

 Ches"sel (?), n. The wooden mold in which cheese is pressed. Simmonds.
 Chess"es (?), n. pl. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpenty.] (Mil.) The platforms, consisting of two or more planks doweled together, for the flooring of a temporary military bridge. Wilhelm.
 A singular, chess, is sometimes used. "Each chess consists of three planks." Farrow.
 Ches"sil (?), n. [OE. chesil, AS. ceosel gravel, sand.] Gravel or pebbles. Halliwell.
 Chess"man (?), n.; pl. Chessmen (#). A piece used in the game of chess.

 Ches"som (#), n. [Cf. Chisley.] Mellow earth; mold. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Chess"tree' (?), n. [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpentry.] (Naut.) A piece of oak bolted perpendicularly on the side of a vessel, to aid in drawing down and securing the clew of the mainsail.

 Ches'sy" cop"per (?). (Min.) The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallization at Chessy, near Lyons; called also chessylite.

 Chest (chst), n. [OE. chest, chist, AS. cest, cist, cyst, L. cista, fr. Gr. ki'sth. Cf. Cist, Cistern.] 1. A large box of wood, or other material, having, like a trunk, a lid, but no covering of skin, leather, or cloth.

 Heaps of money crowded in the chest. Dryden.
2. A coffin. [Obs.]

 He is now dead and mailed in his cheste. Chaucer.
3. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone; the thorax.

4. (Com.) A case in which certain goods, as tea, opium, etc., are transported; hence, the quantity which such a case contains.

5. (Mech.) A tight receptacle or box, usually


bodies of dissimilar rock. Raymond.
Contact level, a delicate level so pivoted as to tilt when two parts of a measuring apparatus come into contact with each other; -- used in precise determinations of lengths and in the accurate graduation of instruments.

 Con*tac"tion (-tk"shn), n. Act of touching. [Obs.]

 Con*ta"gion (-t"jn), n. [L. contagio: cf. F. contagion.
 See Contact.] 1. (Med.) The transmission of a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact.

 The term has been applied by some to the action of miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable matter, bogs, fens, etc., but in this sense it is now abandoned. Dunglison.
 And will he steal out of his wholesome bed To dare the vile contagion of the night? Shak.
2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit disease; a virus produced by, or exhalation proceeding from, a diseased person, and capable of reproducing the disease.

3. The act or means of communicating any influence to the mind or heart; as, the contagion of enthusiasm. "The contagion of example." Eikon Basilike.
 When lust... Lets in defilement to the inward parts, The soul grows clotted by contagion. Milton.
4. Venom; poison. [Obs.] "I'll touch my point with this contagion."
 Shak.
Syn. -- See Infection.

 Con*ta"gioned (?), a. Affected by contagion.

 Con*ta"gion*ist, n. One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as of yellow fever.

 Con*ta"gious (?), a. [L. contagiosus: cf. F. contagieux.]
 1. (Med.) Communicable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation; catching; as, a contagious disease.

2. Conveying or generating disease; pestilential; poisonous; as, contagious air.

3. Spreading or communicable from one to another; exciting similar emotions or conduct in others.

 His genius rendered his courage more contagious. Wirt.
 The spirit of imitation is contagious. Ames.
Syn. -- Contagious, Infectious. These words have been used in very diverse senses; but, in general, a contagious disease has been considered as one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc.; while an infectious disease supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with disease.
 "This distinction, though not universally admitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning of the words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. Thus we speak of the contagious influence of evil associates; their contagion of bad example, the contagion of fear, etc., when we refer to transmission by proximity or contact. On the other hand, we speak of infection by bad principles, etc., when we consider anything as diffused by some hidden influence.

 Con*ta"gious*ly, adv. In a contagious manner.

 Con*ta"gious*ness, n. Quality of being contagious.

 ||Con*ta"gi*um (?), n. [L.] Contagion; contagious matter. "Contagium of measles." Tyndall.
 Con*tain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Containing.] [OE. contenen, conteinen, F. contenir, fr. L. continere, -tentum; con- + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Countenance.] 1. To hold within fixed limits; to comprise; to include; to inclose; to hold.

 Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens can not contain thee; how much less this house! 2 Chron. vi. 18.
 When that this body did contain a spirit. Shak.
 What thy stores contain bring forth. Milton.
2. To have capacity for; to be able to hold; to hold; to be equivalent to; as, a bushel contains four pecks.

3. To put constraint upon; to restrain; to confine; to keep within bounds. [Obs., exept as used reflexively.]

 The king's person contains the unruly people from evil occasions.
Spenser.
 Fear not, my lord: we can contain ourselves. Shak.
 Con*tain", v. i. To restrain desire; to live in continence or chastity.

 But if they can not contain, let them marry. 1 Cor. vii.
 9.
 Con*tain"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being contained or comprised. Boyle.
 Con*tain"ant (?), n. A container.

 Con*tain"er (?), n. One who, or that which, contains.

 Con*tain"ment (?), n. That which is contained; the extent; the substance. [Obs.]

 The containment of a rich man's estate. Fuller.
 Con*tam"i*na*ble (kn*tm"*n*b'l), a. Capable of being contaminated.

 Con*tam"i*nate (kn*tm"*nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contaminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contaminating (?).] [L. contaminatus, p. p. of contaminare to bring into contact, to contaminate, fr. contamen contagion, for contagmen; con- + root of tangere to touch. See Contact.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; to tarnish; to sully; to taint; to pollute; to defile.

 Shall we now Contaminate our figures with base bribes?
Shak.
 I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.
Goldsmith.
Syn. -- To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish; soil; stain; corrupt.

 Con*tam"i*nate (-nt), a. Contaminated; defiled; polluted; tainted.
 "Contaminate drink." Daniel.
 Con*tam'i*na"tion (kn*tm'*n"shn), n. [L. contaminatio.] The act or process of contaminating; pollution; defilement; taint; also, that which contaminates.

 Con*tam"i*tive (kn*tm"*n*tv), a. Tending or liable to contaminate.

 Con*tan"go (kn*t"g), n.; pl. Contangoes (#). [Prob. a corruption of contingent.] 1. (Stock Exchange) The premium or interest paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer paying for the stock purchased until the next fortnightly settlement day. [Eng.]

2. (Law) The postponement of payment by the buyer of stock on the payment of a premium to the seller. See Backwardation. N. Biddle.
 Con*tec"tion (-tk"shn), n. [L. contegere, -tectum, to cover up.] A covering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Con"tek (kn"tk), n. [OE. conteck, conteke, contake, perh. a corruption either of contact or contest.] 1.
 Quarrel; contention; contest. [Obs.]

Contek with bloody knife. Chaucer.
2. Contumely; reproach. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Con*temn" (kn*tm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contemned (- tmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Contemning (-tm"nng or -tm"ng).] [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise: cf. OF.
 contemner.] To view or treat with contempt, as mean and des


-- called also finger grass. (b) A grass of the genus Eleusine (E. Indica); -- called also dog's-tail grass, wire grass, etc. -- Crab louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Phthirius pubis), sometimes infesting the human body. -- Crab plover (Zoöl.), an Asiatic plover (Dromas ardeola). -- Crab's eyes, or Crab's stones, masses of calcareous matter found, at certain seasons of the year, on either side of the stomach of the European crawfishes, and formerly used in medicine for absorbent and antacid purposes; the gastroliths. -- Crab spider (Zoöl.), one of a group of spiders (Laterigradæ); -- called because they can run backwards or sideways like a crab. -- Crab tree, the tree that bears crab applies. -- Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana, which takes a high polish. McElrath. -- To catch a crab (Naut.), a phrase used of a rower: (a) when he fails to raise his oar clear of the water; (b) when he misses the water altogether in making a stroke.

 Crab (krb), v. t. 1. To make sour or morose; to embitter.
 [Obs.]

 Sickness sours or crabs our nature. Glanvill.
2. To beat with a crabstick. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.
 Crab, v. i. (Naut.)To drift sidewise or to leeward, as a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 Crab, a. [Prob. from the same root as crab, n.] Sour; rough; austere.

 The crab vintage of the neighb'ring coast. Dryden.
 Crab"bed (kr?b"b?d), a. [See Crab,n.] 1.
 Characterized by or manifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness; harsh; cross; cynical; -- applied to feelings, disposition, or manners.

Crabbed age and youth can not live together. Shak.
2. Characterized by harshness or roughness; unpleasant; -- applied to things; as, a crabbed taste.

3. Obscure; difficult; perplexing; trying; as, a crabbed author. "Crabbed eloquence." Chaucer.
 How charming is divine philosophy! Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose. Milton.
4. Cramped; irregular; as, crabbed handwriting.

 -- Crab"bed*ly, adv. -- Crab"bed*ness, n. Crab"ber (kr?b"b?r), n. One who catches crabs.

 Crab"bing, n. 1. The act or art of catching crabs.

2. (Falconry) The fighting of hawks with each other.

3. (Woolen Manuf.) A process of scouring cloth between rolls in a machine.

 Crab"bish (krb"bsh), a. Somewhat sour or cross.

 The whips of the most crabbish Satyristes. Decker.
 Crab"by (-b), a. Crabbed; difficult, or perplexing. "Persius is crabby, because ancient." Marston.
 Crab"eat'er (krb"t'r), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cobia.
 (b) An etheostomoid fish of the southern United States (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). (c) A small European heron (Ardea minuta, and other allied species).

 Cra"ber (kr"br), n. (Zoöl.) The water rat. Walton.
 Crab"faced' (krb"fst'), a. Having a sour, disagreeable countenance.
 Beau. & Fl.
 Crab"si'dle (-s'd'l), v. i. To move sidewise, as a crab. [Jocular].
 Southey.
 Crab"stick' (-stk'), n. A stick, cane, or cudgel, made of the wood of the crab tree.

 Crab" tree (tr'). See under Crab.

 Crab"-yaws' (kr?b"y?z'), n. (Med.) A disease in the West Indies. It is a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with very hard edges. See Yaws. Dunglison.
 Crache (krch), v. To scratch. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Crack (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cracked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] [OE. cracken, craken, to crack, break, boast, AS. cracian, cearcian, to crack; akin to D. kraken, G. krachen; cf. Skr. garj to rattle, or perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crake, Cracknel, Creak.]

1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as, to crack glass; to crack nuts.

2. To rend with grief or pain; to affect deeply with sorrow; hence, to disorder; to distract; to craze.

 O, madam, my old heart is cracked. Shak.
 He thought none poets till their brains were cracked. Roscommon.
3. To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as, to crack a whip.

4. To utter smartly and sententiously; as, to crack a joke.
 B. Jonson.
5. To cry up; to extol; -- followed by up. [Low] To crack a bottle, to open the bottle and drink its contents. -- To crack a crib, to commit burglary. [Slang] -- To crack on, to put on; as, to crack on more sail, or more steam. [Colloq.]

 Crack, v. i. 1. To burst or open in chinks; to break, with or without quite separating into parts.

 By misfortune it cracked in the coling. Boyle.
 The mirror cracked from side to side. Tennyson.
2. To be ruined or impaired; to fail. [Collog.]

 The credit... of exchequers cracks, when little comes in and much goes out. Dryden.
3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound.

 As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak.
4. To utter vain, pompous words; to brag; to boast; -- with of.
 [Archaic.]

 Ethoipes of their sweet complexion crack. Shak.
 Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as, a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass.

2. Rupture; flaw; breach, in a moral sense.

 My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw. Shak.
3. A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as, the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip.

 Will the stretch out to the crack of doom? Shak.
4. The tone of voice when changed at puberty.

 Though now our voices Have got the mannish crack. Shak.
5. Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as, he has a crack.

6. A crazy or crack-brained person. [Obs.]

 I... can not get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector. Addison.
7. A boast; boasting. [Obs.] "Crack and brags." Burton.
 "Vainglorius cracks." Spenser.
8. Breach of chastity. [Obs.] Shak.
9. A boy, generally a pert, lively boy. [Obs.]

Val. 'T is a noble child. Vir. A crack, madam.
Shak.
10. A brief time; an instant; as, to be with one in


Stau"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cross + -lite.] (Min.)
 A mineral of a brown to black color occurring in prismatic crystals, often twinned so as to form groups resembling a cross. It is a silicate of aluminia and iron, and is generally found imbedded in mica schist. Called also granatite, and grenatite.

 Stau'ro*lit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to staurolite; resembling or containing staurolite.

 Stau"ro*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cross + -scope.] (Crystallog.)
 An optical instrument used in determining the position of the planes of light-vibration in sections of crystals.

 Stau"ro*tide (?), n. [F. staurotide, from Gr. &?; cruciform (from Gr. &?; a cross) + &?; form.] (Min.)
 Staurolite.

 Stave (?), n. [From Staff, and corresponding to the pl. staves.
 See Staff.] 1. One of a number of narrow strips of wood, or narrow iron plates, placed edge to edge to form the sides, covering, or lining of a vessel or structure; esp., one of the strips which form the sides of a cask, a pail, etc.

2. One of the cylindrical bars of a lantern wheel; one of the bars or rounds of a rack, a ladder, etc.

3. A metrical portion; a stanza; a staff.

 Let us chant a passing stave In honor of that hero brave.

Wordsworth.
4. (Mus.) The five horizontal and parallel lines on and between which musical notes are written or pointed; the staff. [Obs.]

Stave jointer, a machine for dressing the edges of staves.

 Stave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staved (?) or Stove (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Staving.] [From Stave, n., or Staff, n.]
 1. To break in a stave or the staves of; to break a hole in; to burst; -- often with in; as, to stave a cask; to stave in a boat.

2. To push, as with a staff; -- with off.

 The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance.

South.
3. To delay by force or craft; to drive away; -- usually with off; as, to stave off the execution of a project.

 And answered with such craft as women use, Guilty or guilties, to stave off a chance That breaks upon them perilously.

Tennyson.
4. To suffer, or cause, to be lost by breaking the cask.

 All the wine in the city has been staved.

Sandys.
5. To furnish with staves or rundles. Knolles.
6. To render impervious or solid by driving with a calking iron; as, to stave lead, or the joints of pipes into which lead has been run.

To stave and tail, in bear baiting, (to stave) to interpose with the staff, doubtless to stop the bear; (to tail) to hold back the dog by the tail. Nares.
 Stave, v. i. To burst in pieces by striking against something; to dash into fragments.

 Like a vessel of glass she stove and sank.

Longfellow.
 Staves (?), n.; pl. of Staff. "Banners, scarves and staves."
 R. Browning. Also (stvz), pl. of Stave.

 Staves"a'cre (?), n. [Corrupted from NL. staphis agria, Gr.
 &?; dried grape + &?; wild.] (Bot.) A kind of larkspur (Delphinium Staphysagria), and its seeds, which are violently purgative and emetic. They are used as a parasiticide, and in the East for poisoning fish.

 Stave'wood' (?), n. (Bot.) A tall tree (Simaruba amara) growing in tropical America. It is one of the trees which yields quassia.

 Stav"ing (?), n. A cassing or lining of staves; especially, one encircling a water wheel.

 Staw (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. staae to stand, Sw. stå.
 √163.] To be fixed or set; to stay. [Prov. Eng.]

 Stay (?), n. [AS. stæg, akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. stag; cf. OF. estai, F. étai, of Teutonic origin.] (Naut.) A large, strong rope, employed to support a mast, by being extended from the head of one mast down to some other, or to some part of the vessel. Those which lead forward are called fore-and-aft stays; those which lead to the vessel's side are called backstays.
 See Illust. of Ship.

In stays, or Hove in stays (Naut.), in the act or situation of staying, or going about from one tack to another. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Stay holes (Naut.), openings in the edge of a staysail through which the hanks pass which join it to the stay. -- Stay tackle (Naut.), a tackle attached to a stay and used for hoisting or lowering heavy articles over the side. -- To miss stays (Naut.), to fail in the attempt to go about. Totten. -- Triatic stay (Naut.), a rope secured at the ends to the heads of the foremast and mainmast with thimbles spliced to its bight into which the stay tackles hook.

 Stay (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stayed (?) or Staid (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Staying.] [OF. estayer, F. étayer to prop, fr. OF. estai, F. étai, a prop, probably fr.
 OD. stade, staeye, a prop, akin to E. stead; or cf.
 stay a rope to support a mast. Cf. Staid, a., Stay, v. i.]
 1. To stop from motion or falling; to prop; to fix firmly; to hold up; to support.

 Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side.

Ex. xvii. 12.
 Sallows and reeds... for vineyards useful found To stay thy vines.

Dryden.
2. To support from sinking; to sustain with strength; to satisfy in part or for the time.

 He has devoured a whole loaf of bread and butter, and it has not staid his stomach for a minute.

Sir W. Scott.
3. To bear up under; to endure; to support; to resist successfully.

 She will not stay the siege of loving terms, Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes.

Shak.
4. To hold from proceeding; to withhold; to restrain; to stop; to hold.

 Him backward overthrew and down him stayed With their rude hands grisly grapplement.

Spenser.
 All that may stay their minds from thinking that true which they heartly wish were false.

Hooker.
5. To hinde&?;; to delay; to detain; to keep back.

 Your ships are stayed at Venice.

Shak.
 This business staid me in London almost a week.

Evelyn.
 I was willing to stay my reader on an argument that appeared to me new.

Locke.
6. To remain for the purpose of; to wait for. "I stay dinner there." Shak.
7. To cause to cease; to put an end to.

Stay your strife.

Shak.
 For flattering planets seemed to say This child should ills of ages stay.

Emerson.
8. (Engin.) To fasten or secure with stays; as, to stay a flat sheet in a steam boiler.

9. (Naut.) To tack, as a vessel, so that the other side of the vessel shall


the little auk or sea dove. -- King bird of paradise. (Zoöl.), See Bird of paradise. -- King card, in whist, the best unplayed card of each suit; thus, if the ace and king of a suit have been played, the queen is the king card of the suit. -- King Cole, a legendary king of Britain, who is said to have reigned in the third century. -- King conch (Zoöl.), a large and handsome univalve shell (Cassis cameo), found in the West Indies. It is used for making cameos. See Helmet shell, under Helmet. -- King Cotton, a popular personification of the great staple production of the southern United States. -- King crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus or horseshoe crab. See Limulus. (b) The large European spider crab or thornback (Maia squinado). -- King crow. (Zoöl.)
(a) A black drongo shrike (Buchanga atra) of India; -- so called because, while breeding, they attack and drive away hawks, crows, and other large birds. (b) The Dicrurus macrocercus of India, a crested bird with a long, forked tail. Its color is black, with green and blue reflections. Called also devil bird. -- King duck (Zoöl.), a large and handsome eider duck (Somateria spectabilis), inhabiting the arctic regions of both continents. -- King eagle (Zoöl.), an eagle (Aquila heliaca) found in Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is about as large as the golden eagle.
 Some writers believe it to be the imperial eagle of Rome. -- King hake (Zoöl.), an American hake (Phycis regius), found in deep water along the Atlantic coast. -- King monkey (Zoöl.), an African monkey (Colobus polycomus), inhabiting Sierra Leone. -- King mullet (Zoöl.), a West Indian red mullet (Upeneus maculatus); -- so called on account of its great beauty. Called also goldfish. -- King of terrors, death. -- King parrakeet (Zoöl.), a handsome Australian parrakeet (Platycercys scapulatus), often kept in a cage. Its prevailing color is bright red, with the back and wings bright green, the rump blue, and tail black. -- King penguin (Zoöl.), any large species of penguin of the genus Aptenodytes; esp., A. longirostris, of the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen Land, and A. Patagonica, of Patagonia. -- King rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Rallus elegans), living in freshwater marshes. The upper parts are fulvous brown, striped with black; the breast is deep cinnamon color. -- King salmon (Zoöl.), the quinnat. See Quinnat. -- King's, or Queen's, counsel (Eng.
 Law), barristers learned in the law, who have been called within the bar, and selected to be the king's or queen's counsel. They answer in some measure to the advocates of the revenue (advocati fisci) among the Romans. They can not be employed against the crown without special license. Wharton's Law Dict. -- King's cushion, a temporary seat made by two persons crossing their hands. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 -- The king's English, correct or current language of good speakers; pure English. Shak. -- King's or Queen's, evidence, testimony in favor of the Crown by a witness who confesses his guilt as an accomplice. See under Evidence. [Eng.] -- King's evil, scrofula; -- so called because formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a king.
 -- King snake (Zoöl.), a large, nearly black, harmless snake (Ophiobolus getulus) of the Southern United States; -- so called because it kills and eats other kinds of snakes, including even the rattlesnake. -- King's spear (Bot.), the white asphodel (Asphodelus albus). -- King's yellow, a yellow pigment, consisting essentially of sulphide and oxide of arsenic; -- called also yellow orpiment. -- King tody (Zoöl.), a small fly-catching bird (Eurylaimus serilophus) of tropical America. The head is adorned with a large, spreading, fan-shaped crest, which is bright red, edged with black. -- King vulture (Zoöl.), a large species of vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa), ranging from Mexico to Paraguay, The general color is white. The wings and tail are black, and the naked carunculated head and the neck are briliantly colored with scarlet, yellow, orange, and blue. So called because it drives away other vultures while feeding. -- King wood, a wood from Brazil, called also violet wood, beautifully streaked in violet tints, used in turning and small cabinetwork. The tree is probably a species of Dalbergia.
 See Jacaranda.

 King (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Kinging). ] To supply with a king; to make a king of; to raise to royalty. [R.] Shak.
 Those traitorous captains of Israel who kinged themselves by slaying their masters and reigning in their stead.

South.
 King"bird (-brd), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small American bird (Tyrannus tyrannus, or T. Carolinensis), noted for its courage in attacking larger birds, even hawks and eagles, especially when they approach its nest in the breeding season. It is a typical tyrant flycatcher, taking various insects upon the wing. It is dark ash above, and blackish on the head and tail. The quills and wing coverts are whitish at the edges. It is white beneath, with a white terminal band on the tail.
 The feathers on the head of the adults show a bright orange basal spot when erected. Called also bee bird, and bee martin. Several Southern and Western species of Tyrannus are also called king birds.

2. The king tody. See under King.

 King"bolt' (-blt'), n. A vertical iron bolt, by which the forward axle and wheels of a vehicle or the trucks of a railroad car are connected with the other parts.

 King Charles span"iel (?). (Zoöl.) A variety of small pet dogs, having, drooping ears, a high, dome-shaped forehead, pug nose, large, prominent eyes, and long, wavy hair. The color is usually black and tan.

 King"craft (?), n. The craft of kings; the art of governing as a sovereign; royal policy. Prescott.
 King"cup' (?), n. (Bot.) The common buttercup.

 King"dom (kng"dm), n. [AS. cyningdm. See 2d King, and -dom.]
 1. The rank, quality, state, or attributes of a king; royal authority; sovereign power; rule; dominion; monarchy.

 Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom.

Ps. cxiv. 13.
 When Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself.

2 Chron. xxi. 4.
2. The territory or country subject to a king or queen; the dominion of a monarch; the sphere in which one is king or has control.

 Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.

Shak.
 You're welcome, Most learned reverend sir, into our kingdom.

Shak.
3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by leading or ruling characteristics; a principal division; a department; as, the mineral kingdom. "The animal and vegetable kingdoms." Locke.
Animal kingdom. See under Animal. -- Kingdom of God


of his own words) agglomerative. Coleridge.
 Ag*glu"ti*nant (&?;), a. [L. agglutinans, -antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion. -- n. Any viscous substance which causes bodies or parts to adhere.

 Ag*glu"ti*nate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglutinated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] [L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a thing; ad + glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glue.] To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances.

 Ag*glu"ti*nate (&?;), a. 1. United with glue or as with glue; cemented together.

2. (physiol.) Consisting of root words combined but not materially altered as to form or meaning; as, agglutinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2.

 Ag*glu'ti*na"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. agglutination.] 1.
 The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts.

2. (Physiol.) Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See Agglutinative, 2.

 Ag*glu"ti*na*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. agglutinatif.] 1.
 Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive.

2. (Philol.) Formed or characterized by agglutination, as a language or a compound.

 In agglutinative languages the union of words may be compared to mechanical compounds, in inflective languages to chemical compounds.
R. Morris.
 Cf. man-kind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agglutinative compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul, etc., are agglutinative languages. R. Morris.
Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their roots. Max Müller.
 Ag*grace" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + grace: cf. It.
 aggraziare, LL. aggratiare. See Grace.] To favor; to grace.
 [Obs.] "That knight so much aggraced." Spenser.
 Ag*grace" (&?;), n. Grace; favor. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Ag"gran*di"za*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being aggrandized.

 Ag*gran'di*za"tion (&?;), n. Aggrandizement. [Obs.] Waterhouse.
 Ag"gran*dize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrandized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing (&?;).] [F. agrandir; à (L. ad) + grandir to increase, L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and cf. Finish.] 1. To make great; to enlarge; to increase; as, to aggrandize our conceptions, authority, distress.

2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or wealth; -- applied to persons, countries, etc.

 His scheme for aggrandizing his son. Prescott.
3. To make appear great or greater; to exalt. Lamb.
Syn. -- To augment; exalt; promote; advance.

 Ag"gran*dize, v. i. To increase or become great. [Obs.]

 Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize. J. Hall.
 Ag*gran"dize*ment (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. agrandissement.] The act of aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or exalted in power, rank, honor, or wealth; exaltation; enlargement; as, the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of his own family.

Syn. -- Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; advancement; promotion; preferment.

 Ag"gran*di'zer (&?;), n. One who aggrandizes, or makes great.

 Ag*grate" (&?;), v. t. [It. aggratare, fr. L. ad + gratus pleasing. See Grate, a.] To please. [Obs.]

 Each one sought his lady to aggrate. Spenser.
 Ag"gra*vate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggravated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] [L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aggrieve.] 1. To make heavy or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.] "To aggravate thy store." Shak.
2. To make worse, or more severe; to render less tolerable or less excusable; to make more offensive; to enhance; to intensify. "To aggravate my woes." Pope.
 To aggravate the horrors of the scene. Prescott.
 The defense made by the prisoner's counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime. Addison.
3. To give coloring to in description; to exaggerate; as, to aggravate circumstances. Paley.
4. To exasperate; to provoke; to irritate. [Colloq.]

 If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine. Richardson (Clarissa).
Syn. -- To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify; exaggerate; provoke; irritate; exasperate.

 Ag"gra*va'ting (&?;), a. 1. Making worse or more heinous; as, aggravating circumstances.

2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [Colloq.]

 A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating. J. Ingelow.
 Ag"gra*va'ting*ly, adv. In an aggravating manner.

 Ag'gra*va"tion (&?;), n. [LL. aggravatio: cf. F. aggravation.]
 1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; -- used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences.

2. Exaggerated representation.

 By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the Saracen's head. Addison.
3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity.

4. Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] Dickens.
 Ag"gra*va*tive (&?;), a. Tending to aggravate. -- n. That which aggravates.

 Ag"gre*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggregated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd; ad + gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] 1.
 To bring together; to collect into a mass or sum. "The aggregated soil." Milton.
2. To add or unite, as, a person, to an association.

 It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated. Wollaston.
3. To amount in the aggregate to; as, ten loads, aggregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- To heap up; accumulate; pile


sources with attributions, though they are of course legendary; such are: The "Everlasting Battle" between Hedhin and Hogne, a legend connected with the great Brisinga-men story, and paralleled by the Cordelia-tale among the Britons.

 The story of the "Children preserved" is not very clearly told, and Saxo seems to have euhemerized. It is evidently of the same type as the Lionel-Lancelot story in the Arthurian cycle. Two children, ordered to be killed, are saved by the slaying of other children in their place; and afterwards by their being kept and named as dogs; they come to their own and avenge their wrongs.

 The "Journey to Hell" story is told of Eric, who goes to a far land to fetch a princess back, and is successful. It is apparently an adventure of Swipdag, if everyone had their rights. It is also told of Thorkill, whose adventures are rather of the "True Thomas" type.

 The "Test of Endurance" by sitting between fires, and the relief of the tortured and patient hero by a kindly trick, is a variant of the famous Eddic Lays concerning Agnar.

 The "Robbers of the Island", evidently comes from an Icelandic source (cf.
 The historic "Holmveria Saga" and Icelandic folk-tales of later date), the incident of the hero slaying his slave, that the body might be mistaken for his, is archaic in tone; the powerful horse recalls Grani, Bayard, and even Sleipner; the dog which had once belonged to Unfoot (Ofote), the giant shepherd (cf. its analogues in old Welsh tales), is not quite assimilated or properly used in this story. It seems (as Dr. Rydberg suspects) a mythical story coloured by the Icelandic relater with memory full of the robber-hands of his own land.

 The stratagem of "Starcad", who tried even in death to slay his slayer, seems an integral part of the Starcad story; as much as the doom of three crimes which are to be the price for the threefold life that a triple man or giant should enjoy. The noose story in Starcad (cf. that told of Bicce in the Eormenric story), is also integral.

 SAXO'S MYTHOLOGY.

 No one has commented upon Saxo's mythology with such brilliancy, such minute consideration, and such success as the Swedish scholar, Victor Rydberg. More than occasionally he is over-ingenious and over-anxious to reduce chaos to order; sometimes he almost loses his faithful reader in the maze he treads so easily and confidently, and sometimes he stumbles badly. But he has placed the whole subject on a fresh footing, and much that is to follow will be drawn from his "Teutonic Mythology" (cited here from the English version by Rasmus B. Anderson, London, 1889, as "T.M.").

 Let us take first some of the incontestable results of his investigations that affect Saxo.

 SCIOLD is the father of Gram in Saxo, and the son of Sceaf in other older authorities. Dr. Rydberg (97-101) forms the following equations for the Sciolding patriarchs:— Chief among the mythic tales that concern Saxo are the various portions of the Swipdag-Myth, which Dr. Rydberg has been able to complete with much success. They may be resumed briefly as follows:— Swipdag, helped by the incantations of his dead mother, whom he had raised from the dead to teach him spells of protection, sets forth on his quests.
 He is the Odusseus of the Teutonic mythology. He desires to avenge his father on Halfdan that slew him. To this end he must have a weapon of might against Halfdan's club. The Moon-god tells him of the blade Thiasse has forged. It has been stolen by Mimer, who has gone out into the cold wilderness on the rim of the world. Swipdag achieves the sword, and defeats and slays Halfdan. He now buys a wife, Menglad, of her kinsmen the gods by the gift of the sword, which thus passes into Frey's hands.

 How he established a claim upon Frey, and who Menglad was, is explained in Saxo's story of Eric, where the characters may be identified thus:— Frey and Freya had been carried off by the giants, and Swipdag and his faithful friend resolve to get them back for the Anses, who bewail their absence. They journey to Monster-land, win back the lady, who ultimately is to become the hero's wife, and return her to her kindred; but her brother can only be rescued by his father Niord. It is by wit rather than by force that Swipdag is successful here.

 The third journey of Swipdag is undertaken on Frey's behalf; he goes under the name of Scirner to woo giant Gymer's daughter Gerth for his brother-in-law, buying her with the sword that he himself had paid to Frey as his sister's bride-price. So the sword gets back to the giants again.

 Swipdag's dead foe Halfdan left two young "avengers", Hadding and Guthorm, whom he seeks to slay. But Thor-Brache gives them in charge of two giant brothers. Wainhead took care of Hadding, Hafle of Guthorm. Swipdag made peace with Guthorm, in a way not fully explained to us, but Hadding took up the blood-feud as soon as he was old enough.

 Hadding was befriended by a woman, who took him to the Underworld—the story is only half told in Saxo, unluckily—and by Woden, who took him over-sea wrapt in his mantle as they rode Sleipner over the waves; but here again Saxo either had not the whole story before him, or he wished to abridge it for some reason or prejudice, and the only result of this astonishing pilgrimage is that Woden gives the young hero some useful counsels. He falls into captivity, entrapped by Loke (for what reason again we are left to guess), and is exposed to wild beasts, but he slays the wolf that attacks him, and eating its heart as Woden had bidden him, he gains wisdom and foresight.

 Prepared by these adventures, he gets Guthorm to join him (how or why the peace between him and Swipdag was broken, we know not), and they attack their father's slayer, but are defeated, though Woden sunk Asmund Swipdag's son's ship, Grio, at Hlessey, and Wainhead and Hardgrip his daughter fought for Hadding.

 Hadding wanders off to the East with his foster-sister and mistress and Hardgrip, who is slain protecting him against an angry ghost raised from the Underworld by her spells. However, helped by Heimdal and Woden (who at this time was an exile), Hadding's ultimate success is assured.

 When Woden came back to power, Swipdag, whose violence and pride grew horribly upon him, was exiled, possibly by some device of his foes, and took upon him, whether by will or doom, a sea-monster's shape. His faithful wife follows him over land and sea, but is not able to save him.
 He is met by Hadding and, after a fierce fight, slain. Swipdag's wife cursed the conqueror, and he was obliged to institute an annual sacrifice to Frey (her brother) at Upsale, who annuls the curse. Loke, in seal's guise, tried to steal the necklace of Freya at the Reef of Treasures, where Swipdag was slain, but Haimdal, also in sealskin, fought him, and recovered it for the gods.

 Other myths having reference to the goddesses appear in Saxo. There is the story of "Heimdall and Sol", which Dr. Rydberg has recognised in the tale of Alf and Alfhild. The same tale of how the god won the sun for his wife appears in the mediaeval German King Ruther (in which title Dr. Ryuberg sees Hrutr, a name of the ram-headed god).

 The story of "Othar" (Od