or characterized by, tautomerism.

 Tau*tom"er*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; part.] (Chem.) The condition, quality, or relation of metameric substances, or their respective derivatives, which are more or less interchangeable, according as one form or the other is the more stable. It is a special case of metamerism; thus, the lactam and the lactim compounds exhibit tautomerism.

 { Tau'to*ou"si*an (?), Tau'to*ou"si*ous (?), } a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; being, essence.] Having the same essence; being identically of the same nature. [R.] Cudworth.
 Tau'to*phon"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, tautophony; repeating the same sound.

 Tau*toph"o*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; voice.] Repetition of the same sound.

 Tau'to*zon"al (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + E. zonal.] (Crystallog.) Belonging to the same zone; as, tautozonal planes.

 Tav"ern (?), n. [OE. taverne, F. taverne, from L. taberna a hut, booth, tavern. Cf. Table, Tabernacle.] A public house where travelers and other transient guests are accomodated with rooms and meals; an inn; a hotel; especially, in modern times, a public house licensed to sell liquor in small quantities.

 Tav"ern*er (?), n. [F. tavernier, L. tabernarius.]
 One who keeps a tavern. Chaucer. Camden.
 Tav"ern*ing, n. A feasting at taverns. [Obs.] "The misrule of our tavernings." Bp. Hall.
 Tav"ern*man (?), n.; pl. Tavernmen (&?;). The keeper of a tavern; also, a tippler. [Obs.]

 Taw (?), n. Tow. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Taw, v. t. [Cf. Tew to tow, Tow, v. t.] To push; to tug; to tow. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Taw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tawing.] [OE. tawen, tewen, AS. twian to prepare; cf. D. touwen, Goth. twa order, taujan to do, and E. tool. √64. Cf. 1st Tew, Tow the coarse part of flax.] 1. To prepare or dress, as hemp, by beating; to tew; hence, to beat; to scourge. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
2. To dress and prepare, as the skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and kids, for gloves, and the like, by imbuing them with alum, salt, and other agents, for softening and bleaching them.

 Taw, n. [Cf. AS. tw instrument.] 1. A large marble to be played with; also, a game at marbles.

2. A line or mark from which the players begin a game of marbles.
 [Colloq. U. S.]

 Taw"dri*ly (?), adv. In a tawdry manner.

 Taw"dri*ness, n. Quality or state of being tawdry.

 A clumsy person makes his ungracefulness more ungraceful by tawdriness of dress.

Richardson.
 Taw"dry (?), a. [Compar. Tawdrier (?); superl.
 Tawdriest.] [Said to be corrupted from Saint Audrey, or Auldrey, meaning Saint Ethelreda, implying therefore, originally, bought at the fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys of all sorts were sold.
 This fair was held in Isle Ely, and probably at other places, on the day of the saint, which was the 17th of October.] 1. Bought at the festival of St. Audrey. [Obs.]

 And gird in your waist, For more fineness, with a tawdry lace.

Spenser.
2. Very fine and showy in colors, without taste or elegance; having an excess of showy ornaments without grace; cheap and gaudy; as, a tawdry dress; tawdry feathers; tawdry colors.

 He rails from morning to night at essenced fops and tawdry courtiers.

Spectator.
 Taw"dry, n.; pl. Tawdries (&?;). A necklace of a rural fashion, bought at St. Audrey's fair; hence, a necklace in general.
 [Obs.]

 Of which the Naiads and the blue Nereids make Them tawdries for their necks.

Drayton.
 Taw"er (?), n. One who taws; a dresser of white leather.

 Taw"er*y (?), n. A place where skins are tawed.

 Taw"ni*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being tawny.

 Taw"ny (?), a. [Compar. Tawnier (?); superl. Tawniest.]
 [F. tanné, p. p. of tanner to tan. See Tan, v. t.
 & n. Cf. Tenné.] Of a dull yellowish brown color, like things tanned, or persons who are sunburnt; as, tawny Moor or Spaniard; the tawny lion. "A leopard's tawny and spotted hide." Longfellow.
 Taws (?), n. [See Taw to beat.] A leather lash, or other instrument of punishment, used by a schoolmaster. [Written also tawes, tawis, and tawse.] [Scot.]

 Never use the taws when a gloom can do the turn.

Ramsay.
 Tax (?), n. [F. taxe, fr. taxer to tax, L. taxare to touch, sharply, to feel, handle, to censure, value, estimate, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch. See Tangent, and cf. Task, Taste.] 1. A charge, especially a pecuniary burden which is imposed by authority.
 Specifically: — (a) A charge or burden laid upon persons or property for the support of a government.

 A farmer of taxes is, of all creditors, proverbially the most rapacious.

Macaulay.
(b) Especially, the sum laid upon specific things, as upon polls, lands, houses, income, etc.; as, a land tax; a window tax; a tax on carriages, and the like. Taxes are annual or perpetual, direct or indirect, etc.

(c) A sum imposed or levied upon the members of a society to defray its expenses.

2. A task exacted from one who is under control; a contribution or service, the rendering of which is imposed upon a subject.

3. A disagreeable or burdensome duty or charge; as, a heavy tax on time or health.

4. Charge; censure. [Obs.] Clarendon.
5. A lesson to be learned; a task. [Obs.] Johnson.
Tax cart, a spring cart subject to a low tax. [Eng.]

Syn. — Impost; tribute; contribution; duty; toll; rate; assessment; exaction; custom; demand.

 Tax (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taxed (?); p. pr


[L. abscessio a separation; fr.
 absedere. See Abscess.] A separating; removal; also, an abscess.
 [Obs.] Gauden. Barrough.
 Ab*scind" (&?;), v. t. [L. absindere; ab + scindere to rend, cut. See Schism.] To cut off. [R.] "Two syllables... abscinded from the rest." Johnson.
 Ab*sci"sion (&?;), n. [L. abscisio.] See Abscission.

 Ab"sciss (&?;), n.; pl. Abscisses (&?;). See Abscissa.

 Ab*scis"sa (&?;), n.; E. pl. Abscissas, L. pl. Abscissæ.
 [L., fem. of abscissus, p. p. of absindere to cut of. See Abscind.] (Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coördinate axes. When referred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the axis of abscissas, or of X, and the other the axis of ordinates, or of Y, the abscissa of the point is the distance cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is referred to three axes having a common intersection, the abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either of them, from the point to the plane of the other two axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken together are called coördinates. -- OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin.

 Ab*scis"sion (&?;), n. [L. abscissio. See Abscind.] 1.
 The act or process of cutting off. "Not to be cured without the abscission of a member." Jer. Taylor.
2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne.
3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech employed when a speaker having begun to say a thing stops abruptly: thus, "He is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such generosity -- but I need say no more."

 Ab*scond" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] [L. abscondere to hide; ab, abs + condere to lay up; con + dre (only in comp.) to put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed.

 The marmot absconds all winter. Ray.
2. To depart clandestinely; to steal off and secrete one's self; -- used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal process; as, an absconding debtor.

 That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so many recruits to abscond. Macaulay.
 Ab*scond", v. t. To hide; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley.
 Ab*scond"ence (&?;), n. Fugitive concealment; secret retirement; hiding. [R.] Phillips.
 Ab*scond"er (&?;), n. One who absconds.

 Ab"sence (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. absentia. See Absent.] 1.
 A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship; -- opposed to presence.

 Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence.
Phil. ii. 12.
2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. "In the absence of conventional law." Kent.
3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind); as, absence of mind. "Reflecting on the little absences and distractions of mankind." Addison.
 To conquer that abstraction which is called absence. Landor.
 Ab"sent (&?;), a. [F., fr. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away from; ab + esse to be. Cf.
 Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place; withdrawn from a place; not present. "Expecting absent friends." Shak.
2. Not existing; lacking; as, the part was rudimental or absent.

3. Inattentive to what is passing; absent-minded; preoccupied; as, an absent air.

 What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either a very weak or a very affected man. Chesterfield.
Syn. -- Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak of a man as absent when his thoughts wander unconsciously from present scenes or topics of discourse; we speak of him as abstracted when his mind (usually for a brief period) is drawn off from present things by some weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usually the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction commonly arises either from engrossing interests and cares, or from unfortunate habits of association.

 Ab*sent" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented; p. pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take or withdraw (one's self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse; -- used with the reflexive pronoun.

 If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to be fined. Addison.
2. To withhold from being present. [Obs.] "Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more." Milton.
 Ab'sen*ta"ne*ous (&?;), a. [LL. absentaneus. See absent] Pertaining to absence. [Obs.]

 Ab'sen*ta"tion (&?;), n. The act of absenting one's self. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Ab'sen*tee" (&?;), n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty; especially, a landholder who lives in another country or district than that where his estate is situated; as, an Irish absentee. Macaulay.
 Ab'sen*tee"ism (&?;), n. The state or practice of an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one's self from the country or district where one's estate is situated.

 Ab*sent"er (&?;), n. One who absents one's self.

 Ab"sent*ly (&?;), adv. In an absent or abstracted manner.

 Ab*sent"ment (b*snt"ment), n. The state of being absent; withdrawal. [R.] Barrow.
 Ab'sent-mind"ed(&?;), a. Absent in mind; abstracted; preoccupied. -- Ab'sent-mind"ed*ness, n. -- Ab'sent-mind"ed*ly, adv.
 Ab"sent*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being absent-minded. H. Miller.
 Ab"sey-book'(&?;), n. An A-B-C book; a primer. [Obs.] Shak.
 { Ab"sinth', Ab"sinthe' } (&?;), n. [F. absinthe. See Absinthium.] 1. The plant absinthium or common wormwood.

2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol.

 Ab"sin"thate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical.

 Ab*sin"thi*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to wormwood; absinthian.

 Ab*sin"thi*an (&?;), n. Of the nature of wormwood. "Absinthian bitterness." T. Randolph.
 Ab"sin


Dryden.
Poet laureate. See under Laureate.

 Po"et*as'ter (?), n. An inferior rhymer, or writer of verses; a dabbler in poetic art.

 The talk of forgotten poetasters.

Macaulay.
 Po"et*as'try (?), n. The works of a poetaster. [R.]

 Po"et*ess, n. [Cf. F. poétesse.] A female poet.

 { Po*et"ic (?), Po*et"ic*al (?), } a. [L. poëticus, Gr.
 &?;: cf. F. poétiquee.] 1. Of or pertaining to poetry; suitable for poetry, or for writing poetry; as, poetic talent, theme, work, sentiments. Shak.
2. Expressed in metrical form; exhibiting the imaginative or the rhythmical quality of poetry; as, a poetical composition; poetical prose.

Poetic license. See License, n., 4.

 Po*et"ic*al*ly, adv. In a poetic manner.

 Po*et"ics (?), n. [Cf. F. poétique, L. poëtica, poëtice, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;.] The principles and rules of the art of poetry. J. Warton.
 Po*et"i*cule (?), n. A poetaster. Swinburne.
 Po"et*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Poetized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Poetizing.] [Cf. F. poétiser.] To write as a poet; to compose verse; to idealize.

 I versify the truth, not poetize.

Donne.
 Po"et*ry (?), n. [OF. poeterie. See Poet.] 1. The art of apprehending and interpreting ideas by the faculty of imagination; the art of idealizing in thought and in expression.

 For poetry is the blossom and the fragrance of all human knowledge, human thoughts, human passions, emotions, language.

Coleridge.
2. Imaginative language or composition, whether expressed rhythmically or in prose. Specifically: Metrical composition; verse; rhyme; poems collectively; as, heroic poetry; dramatic poetry; lyric or Pindaric poetry. "The planetlike music of poetry."
 Sir P. Sidney.
 She taketh most delight In music, instruments, and poetry.

Shak.
 Po"et*ship, n. The state or personality of a poet. [R.]

 Pog"gy (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Porgy. (b) A small whale.

 Po"gy (?), n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden.

Pogy is often confounded with porgy, and therefore incorrectly applied to various fishes.

 Poh (?), interj. An exclamation expressing contempt or disgust; bah !

 Po*ha"gen, n. (Zoöl.) See Pauhaugen.

 Po"i (?), n. A national food of the Hawaiians, made by baking and pounding the kalo (or taro) root, and reducing it to a thin paste, which is allowed to ferment.

 { Poi"ci*le (?), or Pœ"ci*le (?) }, n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;); cf. L. poecile.] The frescoed porch or gallery in Athens where Zeno taught. R. Browning.
 Poign"an*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being poignant; as, the poignancy of satire; the poignancy of grief. Swift.
 Poign"ant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of poindre to sting, fr. L. pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. Pricking; piercing; sharp; pungent. "His poignant spear." Spenser. "Poynaunt sauce." Chaucer.
2. Fig.: Pointed; keen; satirical.

 His wit... became more lively and poignant.

Sir W. Scott.
 Poign"ant*ly, adv. In a poignant manner.

 Poi'ki*lit"ic (?), a. (Geol.) See Pœcilitic.

 Poi"ki*lo*cyte (poi"k*l*st), n. [Gr. poiki'los diversified, changeable + ky'tos hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) An irregular form of corpuscle found in the blood in cases of profound anæmia, probably a degenerated red blood corpuscle.

 { Poi'ki*lo*ther"mal (-thr"mal), Poi'ki*lo*ther"mic (-thr"mk), } a.
 [Gr. poiki'los changeable + E. thermal, thermic.] (Physiol.)
 Having a varying body temperature. See Homoiothermal.

 Poi'ki*lo*ther"mous (-ms), a. (Physiol.) Poikilothermal.

 ||Poin'ci*a"na (?), n. [NL. Named after M. de Poinci, a governor of the French West Indies.] (Bot.) A prickly tropical shrub (Cæsalpinia, formerly Poinciana, pulcherrima), with bipinnate leaves, and racemes of showy orange-red flowers with long crimson filaments.

 The genus Poinciana is kept up for three trees of Eastern Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and India.

 Poind (poind), v. t. [See Pound to confine.] 1. To impound, as cattle. [Obs. or Scot.] Flavel.
2. To distrain. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Poind"er (-r), n. 1. The keeper of a cattle pound; a pinder.
 [Obs. or Scot.] T. Adams.
2. One who distrains property. [Scot.] Jamieson.
 ||Poin*set"ti*a (poin*st"t*), n. [NL. Named after Joel R. Poinsett of South Carolina.] (Bot.) A Mexican shrub (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with very large and conspicuous vermilion bracts below the yellowish flowers.

 Point (point), v. t. & i. To appoint. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Point, n. [F. point, and probably also pointe, L. punctum, puncta, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See Pungent, and cf. Puncto, Puncture.] 1. That which pricks or pierces; the sharp end of anything, esp. the sharp end of a piercing instrument, as a needle or a pin.

2. An instrument which pricks or pierces, as a sort of needle used by engravers, etchers, lace workers, and others; also, a pointed cutting tool, as a stone cutter's point; -- called also pointer.

3. Anything which tapers to a sharp, welldefined termination.
 Specifically: A small promontory or cape; a tract of land extending into the water beyond the common shore line.

4. The mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instrument, as a needle; a prick.

5. An indefinitely small space; a mere spot indicated or supposed.
 Specifically: (Geom.) That which has neither parts nor magnitude; that which has position, but has neither length, breadth, nor thickness, -- sometimes conceived of as the limit of a line; that by the motion of which a line is conceived to be produced.

6. An indivisible portion of time; a moment; an instant; hence, the verge.

 When time's first point begun Made he all souls.

Sir J. Davies.
7. A mark of punctuation; a character used to mark the divisions of a composition, or the pauses to be observed in reading, or to point off groups of figures, etc.;


service and worship of an established church; especially, one who disputes the authority or tenets of the Church of England; a nonconformist.

Dissenters from the establishment of their several countries.

Burke.
 Robert Brown is said to have the first formal dissenter.

Shipley.
 "The word is commonly applied only to Protestants. The Roman Catholics are generally referred to as a distinct class." Brande & C. Dis*sent"er*ism (?), n. The spirit or principles of dissenters. Ed.
 Rev.
 Dis*sen"ti*ate (?), v. t. To throw into a state of dissent. [R.] Feltham.
 Dis*sen"tient (?), a. [L. dissentiens, p. pr. of dissentire.
 See Dissent, v. i.] Disagreeing; declaring dissent; dissenting. -- n. One who dissents. Macaulay.
 Dis*sen"tious (?), a. Marked by dissensions; apt to breed discord; quarrelsome; contentious; factious. -- Dis*sen"tious*ly, adv.
 Dis*sent"ive (?), a. Disagreeing; inconsistent. [Obs.] Feltham.
 Dis*sep"i*ment (?), n. [L. dissaepimentum, fr. dissaepire; dis- + saepire to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A separating tissue; a partition; a septum.

2. (Bot.) One of the partitions which divide a compound ovary into cells.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the transverse, calcareous partitions between the radiating septa of a coral.

 Dis*sert" (?), v. i. [L. dissertus, p. p. of disserere; dis- + serere to join, connect: cf. F. disserter. See Series.] To discourse or dispute; to discuss. [R.]

 We have disserted upon it a little longer than was necessary.

Jeffrey.
 Dis"ser*tate (?), v. i. [L. dissertatus, p. p. of dissertare to discuss, intents, fr. disserere. See Dissert.] To deal in dissertation; to write dissertations; to discourse. [R.] J. Foster.
 Dis'ser*ta"tion (?), n. [L. dissertatio: cf. F. dissertation.]
 A formal or elaborate argumentative discourse, oral or written; a disquisition; an essay; a discussion; as, Dissertations on the Prophecies.

 Dis'ser*ta"tion*al (?), a. Relating to dissertations; resembling a dissertation.

 Dis'ser*ta"tion*ist, n. A writer of dissertations.

 Dis"ser*ta'tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. dissertateur.] One who writers a dissertation; one who discourses. Boyle.
 Dis*sert"ly (?), adv. See Disertly. [Obs.]

 Dis*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Di&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disserving.] [Pref. dis- + serve: cf. F. desservir.] To fail to serve; to do injury or mischief to; to damage; to hurt; to harm.

 Have neither served nor disserved the interests of any party.

Jer. Taylor.
 Dis*serv"ice (?), n. [Pref. dis- + service: cf. F. desservice.]
 Injury; mischief.

 We shall rather perform good offices unto truth than any disservice unto their relators.

Sir T. Browne.
 Dis*serv"ice*a*ble (?), a. Calculated to do disservice or harm; not serviceable; injurious; harmful; unserviceable. Shaftesbury. -- Dis*serv"ice*a*ble*ness, n. Norris. -- Dis*serv"ice*a*bly, adv.
 Dis*set"tle (?), v. t. To unsettle. [Obs.]

 Dis*set"tle*ment (?), n. The act of unsettling, or the state of being unsettled. Marvell.
 Dis*sev"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissevered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dissevering.] [OE. dessevrer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + sevrer to sever, F. sevrer to wean, L. separate to separate. In this word the prefix is intensive. See Dis-, and Sever.]
 To part in two; to sever thoroughly; to sunder; to disunite; to separate; to disperse.

 The storm so dissevered the company... that most of therm never met again.

Sir P. Sidney.
 States disserved, discordant, belligerent.

D. Webster.
 Dis*sev"er, v. i. To part; to separate. Chaucer.
 Dis*sev"er*ance (?), n. [OF. dessevrance.] The act of disserving; separation.

 Dis*sev'er*a"tion (?), n. The act of disserving; disseverance.
 [Obs.]

 Dis*sev"er*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. dessevrement.]
 Disseverance. Sir W. Scott.
 Dis*shad"ow (?), v. t. To free from shadow or shade. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.
 Dis*sheathe" (?), v. i. To become unsheathed. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
 Dis*ship" (?), v. t. To dismiss from service on board ship. [Obs.]
 Hakluyt.
 Dis*shiv"er (?), v. t. & i. To shiver or break in pieces. [Obs.]

 Dis"si*dence (?), n. [L. dissidentia: cf. F. dissidence.
 See Dissident, a.] Disagreement; dissent; separation from the established religion. I. Taylor.
 It is the dissidence of dissent.

Burke.
 Dis"si*dent (?), a. [L. dissidens, -entis, p. pr. of dissidere to sit apart, to disagree; dis- + sedere to sit: cf. F. dissident. See Sit.] No agreeing; dissenting; discordant; different.

 Our life and manners be dissident from theirs.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
 Dis"si*dent, n. (Eccl.) One who disagrees or dissents; one who separates from the established religion.

 The dissident, habituated and taught to think of his dissidenc&?; as a laudable and necessary opposition to ecclesiastical usurpation.

I. Taylor.
 Dis"si*dent*ly, adv. In a dissident manner.

 { Dis*sil"i*ence (?; 106), Dis*sil"i*en*cy (?), } n. The act of leaping or starting asunder. Johnson.
 Dis*sil"i*ent (?), a. [L. dissiliens, -entis, p. pr.
 of dissilire to leap asunder: dis- + salire to leap.]
 Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic force; dehiscing explosively; as, a dissilient pericarp.

 Dis'si*li"tion (?), n. The act of bursting or springing apart. [R.]
 Boyle.
 Dis*sim"i*lar (?), a. [Pref. dis- + similar: cf. F.
 dissimilaire.] Not similar; unlike; heterogeneous; as, the tempers of men are as dissimilar as their features.

 This part very dissimilar to any other.

Boyle.
 Dis*sim'i*lar"i*ty (?), n. Want of resemblance; unlikeness;


. (Naut) (a) To run a middle seam through, as the cloth of a sail. (b) To trace on a chart, as a ship's course.

11. (Far.) (a) To drive a nail into (a horse's foot), so as to cause lameness. (b) To nick.

 Prick, v. i. 1. To be punctured; to suffer or feel a sharp pain, as by puncture; as, a sore finger pricks.

2. To spur onward; to ride on horseback. Milton.
 A gentle knight was pricking on the plain.

Spenser.
3. To become sharp or acid; to turn sour, as wine.

4. To aim at a point or mark. Hawkins.
 Prick"-eared' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having erect, pointed ears; -- said of certain dogs.

 Thou prick-eared cur of Iceland.

Shak.
 Prick"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, pricks; a pointed instrument; a sharp point; a prickle.

2. One who spurs forward; a light horseman.

 The prickers, who rode foremost,... halted.

Sir W. Scott.
3. A priming wire; a priming needle, -- used in blasting and gunnery. Knight.
4. (Naut.) A small marline spike having generally a wooden handle, -- used in sailmaking. R. H. Dana, Ir.
 Prick"et (?), n. [Perhaps so called from the state of his horns.
 See Prick, and cf. Brocket.] (Zoöl.) A buck in his second year. See Note under 3d Buck. Shak.
 Prick"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or puncturing with a sharp point. "There is that speaketh like the prickings of a sword." Prov. xii. 18 [1583].
2. (Far.) (a) The driving of a nail into a horse's foot so as to produce lameness. (b) Same as Nicking.

3. A sensation of being pricked. Shak.
4. The mark or trace left by a hare's foot; a prick; also, the act of tracing a hare by its footmarks. [Obs.]

5. Dressing one's self for show; prinking. [Obs.]

 Prick"ing-up (?), n. (Arch.) The first coating of plaster in work of three coats upon laths. Its surface is scratched once to form a better key for the next coat. In the United States called scratch coat.
 Brande & C. Pric"kle (?), n. [AS. pricele, pricle; akin to LG. prickel, D. prikkel. See Prick, n.] 1. A little prick; a small, sharp point; a fine, sharp process or projection, as from the skin of an animal, the bark of a plant, etc.; a spine. Bacon.
2. A kind of willow basket; -- a term still used in some branches of trade. B. Jonson.
3. A sieve of filberts, -- about fifty pounds. [Eng.]

 Pric"kle, v. t. To prick slightly, as with prickles, or fine, sharp points.

 Felt a horror over me creep, Prickle skin, and catch my breath.

Tennyson.
 { Pric"kle*back' (?), Pric"kle*fish' (?), } n. (Zoöl.)
 The stickleback.

 Prick"li*ness (?), n. [From Prickly.] The quality of being prickly, or of having many prickles.

 Prick"ling (?), a. Prickly. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Prick"louse' (?), n. A tailor; -- so called in contempt. [Old slang] L'Estrange.
 Prick"ly, a. Full of sharp points or prickles; armed or covered with prickles; as, a prickly shrub.

Prickly ash (Bot.), a prickly shrub (Xanthoxylum Americanum) with yellowish flowers appearing with the leaves. All parts of the plant are pungent and aromatic. The southern species is X. Carolinianum. Gray. -- Prickly heat (Med.), a noncontagious cutaneous eruption of red pimples, attended with intense itching and tingling of the parts affected. It is due to inflammation of the sweat glands, and is often brought on by overheating the skin in hot weather. -- Prickly pear (Bot.), a name given to several plants of the cactaceous genus Opuntia, American plants consisting of fleshy, leafless, usually flattened, and often prickly joints inserted upon each other. The sessile flowers have many petals and numerous stamens. The edible fruit is a large pear-shaped berry containing many flattish seeds. The common species of the Northern Atlantic States is Opuntia vulgaris. In the South and West are many others, and in tropical America more than a hundred more. O. vulgaris, O. Ficus-Indica, and O. Tuna are abundantly introduced in the Mediterranean region, and O. Dillenii has become common in India. -- Prickly pole (Bot.), a West Indian palm (Bactris Plumierana), the slender trunk of which bears many rings of long black prickles. -- Prickly withe (Bot.), a West Indian cactaceous plant (Cereus triangularis) having prickly, slender, climbing, triangular stems. -- Prickly rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of South American burrowing rodents belonging to Ctenomys and allied genera. The hair is usually intermingled with sharp spines.

 Prick"mad'am (?), n. [F. triquemadame. Cf. Tripmadam.] (Bot.)
 A name given to several species of stonecrop, used as ingredients of vermifuge medicines. See Stonecrop.

 Prick"punch' (?), n. A pointed steel punch, to prick a mark on metal.

 Prick"shaft' (?), n. An arrow. [Obs.]

 Prick"song' (?; 115), n. [See Prick, v. t., 4.] Music written, or noted, with dots or points; -- so called from the points or dots with which it is noted down. [Obs.]

 He fights as you sing pricksong.

Shak.
 Prick"wood' (?), n. (Bot.) A shrub (Euonymus Europæus); -- so named from the use of its wood for goads, skewers, and shoe pegs.
 Called also spindle tree.

 Prick"y (?), a. Stiff and sharp; prickly. Holland.
 Pride (?), n. [Cf. AS. lamprede, LL. lampreda, E. lamprey.]
 (Zoöl.) A small European lamprey (Petromyzon branchialis); -- called also prid, and sandpiper.

 Pride, n. [AS. prte; akin to Icel. prði honor, ornament, pr&?;&?;a to adorn, Dan. pryde, Sw. pryda; cf. W. prydus comely. See Proud.] 1. The quality or state of being proud; inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, rank, etc., which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others.

 Those that walk in pride he is able to abase.

Dan. iv. 37.
Pride that dines on vanity sups on contempt.

Franklin.
2. A sense of one's own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one; lofty self-respect; noble selfesteem; elevation of character; dignified bearing; proud delight; -- in a good sense.

 Thus to relieve the


the gods by additions, of which the foreign origin is, at any rate, "not proven." Among the deities brought into notice by the later Phoenicians are—1. Zephon, an equivalent of the Egyptian Typhon, but probably a god of Phoenician origin (Ex. xiv. 2); 2. Sad or Tsad, sometimes apparently called Tsadam; 3. Sakon or Askun, a name which forms perhaps the first element in Sanchon-iathon (= Sakon-yithan); 4. Elat, a goddess, a female form of El, perhaps equivalent to the Arabian Alitta (Herod. i. 131) or Alilat (ibid. iii. 8); 5. 'Aziz, a god who was perhaps common to the Phoenicians with the Syrians, since Azizus is said to have been "the Syrian Mars;" and 6. Pa'am {...}, a god otherwise unknown. (See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. i.
 122, 129, 132, 133, 144, 161, 197, 333, 404, &c.)]

 11102 (return) [ Gesenius, Mon.
 Phoen. pp. 96, 110, &c.; Corpus Ins. Semit. Fasc. ii. pp.
 154, 155.]

 11103 (return) [ Ibid. p. 99 and Tab. xl. A.]

 11104 (return) [ Steph. Byz. ad voc.
 {'Amathous}.]

 11105 (return) [ Lucian, De Dea Syra, § 7.]

 11106 (return) [ Plut. De Is. et Osir. § 15, 16; Steph. Byz. l.s.c.; Gesen. Mon. Phoen. pp. 96, 110.]

 11107 (return) [ Gesen. Mon.
 Phoen. Tab. xxi.]

 11108 (return) [ Ibid. pp. 168, 174, 175, 177.]

 11109 (return) [ Ibid. Tab. xxi.]

 11110 (return) [ Ibid. pp. 197, 202, 205.]

 11111 (return) [ Ibid. Tab. xxi. and Tab. xxiii.]

 11112 (return) [ Lucian, De Dea Syria, § 54.]

 11113 (return) [ Clermont-Ganneau, in the Journal Asiatique, Série vii. vol. xi. 232, 444.]

 11114 (return) [ Lucian, § 42.]

 11115 (return) [ Ibid. Compare the 450 prophets of Baal at Samaria (1 Kings xviii. 19).]

 11116 (return) [ Lucian, l.s.c.]

 11117 (return) [ Ibid. Lucian's direct testimony is conined to Hierapolis, but his whole account seems to imply the closest possible connection between the Syrian and Phoenician religious usages.]

 11118 (return) [ Lucian, § 49.]

 11119 (return) [ Lucian, § 50: {'Aeidousi enthea kai ira asmata}.]

 11120 (return) [ Gesenius, Scripturæ Linguæque Phoeniciæ Monumenta, Tab. 6, 9, 10, &c.; Corp. Ins.
 Semit. Tab. ix. 52; xxii. 116, 117; xxiii. 115 A, &c.]

 11121 (return) [ Gesen. Tab. 15, 16, 17, 21, &c.; Corp. Ins. Semit. Tab. xliii. 187, 240; liv. 352, 365, 367, 369, &c.]

 11122 (return) [ Revue Archéologique, 2me Série, xxxvii. 323.]

 11123 (return) [ Jarchi on Jerem.
 vii. 31.]

 11124 (return) [ Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]

 11125 (return) [ 2 Kings iii. 27; xvi. 3; xxi. 6; Micah vi. 7.]

 11126 (return) [ Plutarch, De Superstitione, § 13.]

 11127 (return) [ Döllinger, Judenthum und Heidenthum, i. 427, E. T.]

 11128 (return) [ Judenthum und Heidenthum, book vi. § 4 (i. 428, 429 of N. Darnell's translation).]

 11129 (return) [ Herod. i. 199; Strab. xvi. 1058; Baruch vi. 43.]

 11130 (return) [ De Dea Syra, § 6.]

 11131 (return) [ Judenthum und Heidenthum, l.s.c. p. 429; Engl. Trans.]

 11132 (return) [ Euseb. Vit.
 Constantin. Magni, iii. 55, § 3.]

 11133 (return) [ See 1 Kings xiv.
 24; xv. 12; xxii. 46; 2 Kings xxiii. 7.]

 11134 (return) [ Lucian, De Dea Syra, § 50-52; Corp. Ins. Semit. vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 92; Liv.
 xxix. 10, 14; xxxvi. 36; Juv. vi. 512; Ov. Fast. iv. 237; Mart. Ep.
 iii. 31; xi. 74; Plin. H. N. v. 32; xi. 49; xxxv. 13; Propert. ii.
 18, l. 15; Herodian, § 11.]

 11135 (return) [ Lucian, § 51.]

 11136 (return) [ Ibid. § 50.]

 11137 (return) [ Döllinger, Judenthum und Heidenthum (i. 431; Engl. Tr.). Compare Senec. De Vita Beata, § 27; Lact. § 121.]

 11138 (return) [ Liban. Opera, xi. 456, 555; cxi. 333.]

 11139 (return) [ Compare Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art, iii. 210, 232, 233, 236; Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pp. 66, 67, &c. In the anthropoeid sarcophagi, a hole is generally bored from the cavity of the ear right through the entire thickness of the stone, in order, apparently, that the corpse might hear the prayers addressed to it (Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139).]

 11140 (return) [ One of Esmunazar's curses on those who should disturb his remains is a prayer that they may not be "held in honour among the Manes" (Corps. Ins. Semit. vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 9). A funereal inscription translated by Gesenius (Mon.
 Phoen. p. 147) ends with the words, "After rain the sun shines forth."] 11141 (return) [ Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139.]

 11142 (return) [ Job iii. 11-19.]

 11143 (return) [ The compilers of the Corpus Ins. Smit. edit 256 of these, and then stop, fearing to weary the reader (


p. pr.
 & vb. n. Powdering.] [F. poudrer.] 1. To reduce to fine particles; to pound, grind, or rub into a powder; to comminute; to pulverize; to triturate.

2. To sprinkle with powder, or as with powder; to be sprinkle; as, to powder the hair.

 A circling zone thou seest Powdered with stars.

Milton.
3. To sprinkle with salt; to corn, as meat. [Obs.]

 Pow"der, v. i. 1. To be reduced to powder; to become like powder; as, some salts powder easily.

2. To use powder on the hair or skin; as, she paints and powders.

 Pow"dered (?), a. 1. Reduced to a powder; sprinkled with, or as with, powder.

2. Sprinkled with salt; salted; corned. [Obs.]

Powdered beef, pickled meats.

Harvey.
3. (Her.) Same as Semé. Walpole.
 Pow"der*flask' (?), n. A flask in which gunpowder is carried, having a charging tube at the end.

 Pow"der*horn' (?), n. A horn in which gunpowder is carried.

 Pow"der*ing, a. & n. from Powder, v. t. Powdering tub. (a) A tub or vessel in which meat is corned or salted. (b) A heated tub in which an infected lecher was placed for cure. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pow"der*mill' (?), n. A mill in which gunpowder is made.

 Pow"der-post'ed (?), a. Affected with dry rot; reduced to dust by rot. See Dry rot, under Dry. [U.S.]

 Pow"der*y (?), a. 1. Easily crumbling to pieces; friable; loose; as, a powdery spar.

2. Sprinkled or covered with powder; dusty; as, the powdery bloom on plums.

3. Resembling powder; consisting of powder. "The powdery snow." Wordsworth.
 Pow"dike (?), n. [Scot. pow, pou, a pool, a watery or marshy place, fr. E. pool.] A dike a marsh or fen. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Pow"dry (?), a. See Powdery.

 Pow"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Poor, the fish.

 Pow"er, n. [OE. pouer, poer, OF. poeir, pooir, F. pouvoir, n. & v., fr. LL. potere, for L. posse, potesse, to be able, to have power. See Possible, Potent, and cf.
 Posse comitatus.] 1. Ability to act, regarded as latent or inherent; the faculty of doing or performing something; capacity for action or performance; capability of producing an effect, whether physical or moral: potency; might; as, a man of great power; the power of capillary attraction; money gives power. "One next himself in power, and next in crime." Milton.
2. Ability, regarded as put forth or exerted; strength, force, or energy in action; as, the power of steam in moving an engine; the power of truth, or of argument, in producing conviction; the power of enthusiasm. "The power of fancy." Shak.
3. Capacity of undergoing or suffering; fitness to be acted upon; susceptibility; -- called also passive power; as, great power of endurance.

Power, then, is active and passive; faculty is active power or capacity; capacity is passive power.

Sir W. Hamilton.
4. The exercise of a faculty; the employment of strength; the exercise of any kind of control; influence; dominion; sway; command; government.

Power is no blessing in itself but when it is employed to protect the innocent.

Swift.
5. The agent exercising an ability to act; an individual invested with authority; an institution, or government, which exercises control; as, the great powers of Europe; hence, often, a superhuman agent; a spirit; a divinity. "The powers of darkness." Milton.
 And the powers of the heavens shall be shaken.

Matt. xxiv. 29.
6. A military or naval force; an army or navy; a great host. Spenser.
 Never such a power... Was levied in the body of a land.

Shak.
 7. A large quantity; a great number; as, a power o&?; good things. [Colloq.] Richardson.
8. (Mech.) (a) The rate at which mechanical energy is exerted or mechanical work performed, as by an engine or other machine, or an animal, working continuously; as, an engine of twenty horse power.

 The English unit of power used most commonly is the horse power.
 See Horse power.

(b) A mechanical agent; that from which useful mechanical energy is derived; as, water power; steam power; hand power, etc. (c) Applied force; force producing motion or pressure; as, the power applied at one and of a lever to lift a weight at the other end.

 This use in mechanics, of power as a synonym for force, is improper and is becoming obsolete.

(d) A machine acted upon by an animal, and serving as a motor to drive other machinery; as, a dog power.

Power is used adjectively, denoting, driven, or adapted to be driven, by machinery, and not actuated directly by the hand or foot; as, a power lathe; a power loom; a power press.

9. (Math.) The product arising from the multiplication of a number into itself; as, a square is the second power, and a cube is third power, of a number.

10. (Metaph.) Mental or moral ability to act; one of the faculties which are possessed by the mind or soul; as, the power of thinking, reasoning, judging, willing, fearing, hoping, etc. I. Watts.
 The guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise of my powers, drove the grossness... into a received belief.

Shak.
11. (Optics) The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instrument, magnifies; in the telescope, and usually in the microscope, the number of times it multiplies, or augments, the apparent diameter of an object; sometimes, in microscopes, the number of times it multiplies the apparent surface.

12. (Law) An authority enabling a person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself or in another person; ownership by appointment. Wharton.
13. Hence, vested authority to act in a given case; as, the business was referred to a committee with power.

Power may be predicated of inanimate agents, like the winds and waves, electricity and magnetism, gravitation, etc., or of animal and intelligent beings; and when predicated of these beings, it may indicate physical, mental, or moral ability or capacity.

Mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. -- Power loom, or Power press. See Def. 8 (d), note. -- Power of attorney.
 See under Attorney. -- Power of a point (relative to a given curve) (Geom.), the result of substituting the coördinates of any point in that expression which being put equal to zero forms the equation of the curve; as, x2 + y2 - 100 is the power of the point x, y, relative to the circle x2 + y2 - 100 = 0.

 Pow"er*a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being effected or accomplished by the application of power; possible. [R.] J. Young.
2. Capable of exerting power; powerful. Camden.
 Pow"er*ful (?), a. 1. Full of


London with hatred.

Macaulay.
 Tar"tan, n. [F. tartane, or Sp., Pg., or It. tartana; all perhaps of Arabic origin.] (Naut.) A small coasting vessel, used in the Mediterranean, having one mast carrying large leteen sail, and a bowsprit with staysail or jib.

 Tar"tar (?), n. [F. tartre (cf. Pr. tartari, Sp., Pg., & It. tartaro, LL. tartarum, LGr. &?;); perhaps of Arabic origin.] 1. (Chem.) A reddish crust or sediment in wine casks, consisting essentially of crude cream of tartar, and used in marking pure cream of tartar, tartaric acid, potassium carbonate, black flux, etc., and, in dyeing, as a mordant for woolen goods; — called also argol, wine stone, etc.

2. A correction which often incrusts the teeth, consisting of salivary mucus, animal matter, and phosphate of lime.

Cream of tartar. (Chem.) See under Cream. — Tartar emetic (Med. Chem.), a double tartrate of potassium and basic antimony. It is a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweetish metallic taste, and used in medicine as a sudorific and emetic.

 Tar"tar (?), n. 1. [Per. Ttr, of Tartar origin.] A native or inhabitant of Tartary in Asia; a member of any one of numerous tribes, chiefly Moslem, of Turkish origin, inhabiting the Russian Europe; — written also, more correctly but less usually, Tatar.

2. A person of a keen, irritable temper.

To catch a tartar, to lay hold of, or encounter, a person who proves too strong for the assailant. [Colloq.]

 Tar"tar, a. Of or pertaining to Tartary in Asia, or the Tartars.

 Tar"tar, n. [Cf. F. tartare.] See Tartarus. Shak.
 Tar"tar*a'ted (?), a. (Chem.) Tartrated.

 { Tar*ta"re*an (?), Tar*ta"re*ous (?), } a. [L. tartareus: cf. F. tartaréen.] Of or pertaining to Tartarus; hellish.

 Tar*ta"re*ous, a. [Cf. 1st Tartarous.] 1. Consisting of tartar; of the nature of tartar.

2. (Bot.) Having the surface rough and crumbling; as, many lichens are tartareous.

 { Tar*ta"ri*an (?), Tar*tar"ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Tartary in Asia, or the Tartars.

Tartarian lamb (Bot.), Scythian lamb. See Barometz.

 Tar*ta"ri*an (?), n. (Bot.) The name of some kinds of cherries, as the Black Tartarian, or the White Tartarian.

 Tar*tar"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tartar; derived from, or resembling, tartar.

Tartaric acid. (a) An acid widely diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom, as in grapes, mountain-ash berries, etc., and obtained from tartar as a white crystalline substance, C2H2(OH)2.(CO2H)2, having a strong pure acid taste. It is used in medicine, in dyeing, calico printing, photography, etc., and also as a substitute for lemon juice.
 Called also dextro-tartaric acid. (b) By extension, any one of the series of isomeric acids (racemic acid, levotartaric acid, inactive tartaric acid) of which tartaric acid proper is the type.

 Tar"tar*ine (?), n. (Old Chem.) Potassium carbonate, obtained by the incineration of tartar. [Obs.]

 Tar"tar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tartarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tartarizing (?).] [Cf. F. tartariser.] (Chem.)
 To impregnate with, or subject to the action of, tartar. [R.]

Tartarized antimony (Med. Chem.), tartar emetic.

 Tar"tar*ize (?), v. t. To cause to resemble the Tartars and their civilization, as by conquest.

 Tar"tar*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. tartareux.] Containing tartar; consisting of tartar, or partaking of its qualities; tartareous.

 Tar"tar*ous (?), a. Resembling, or characteristic of, a Tartar; ill-natured; irritable.

 The Tartarous moods of common men.

B. Jonson.
 Tar"ta*rum (?), n. (Chem.) See 1st Tartar.

 Tar"ta*rus (tär"t*rs), n. [L., from Gr. Ta'rtaros.] (Class.
 Myth.) The infernal regions, described in the Iliad as situated as far below Hades as heaven is above the earth, and by later writers as the place of punishment for the spirits of the wicked. By the later poets, also, the name is often used synonymously with Hades, or the Lower World in general.

 Tar"ta*ry (?), n. Tartarus. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Tar*ti"ni's tones' (?). [From Tartini, an Italian violinist, who discovered them in 1754.] See the Note under Tone.

 Tart"ish (?), a. Somewhat tart.

 Tart"let (?), n. A small tart. V. Knox.
 Tart"ly, adv. In a tart manner; with acidity.

 Tart"ness, n. The quality or state of being tart.

Syn. — Acrimony; sourness; keenness; poignancy; severity; asperity; acerbity; harshness. See Acrimony.

 Tar*tral"ic (?), a. [From Tartar the chemical compound.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a white amorphous deliquescent substance, C8H10O11; — called also ditartaric, tartrilic, or tartrylic acid.

 Tar*tram"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of tartramic acid.

 Tar*tram"ic (?), a. [Tarto- + amic.] (Chem.)
 Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is the primary acid amide derivative of tartaric acid.

 Tar*tram"ide (?), n. [Tarto- + amide.] (Chem.)
 An acid amide derivative of tartaric acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

 Tar"trate (?), n. [Cf. F. tartrate.] (Chem.) A salt of tartaric acid.

 Tar"tra'ted (?), a. (Med. Chem.) Containing, or derived from, tartar; combined with tartaric acid.

 Tar"tra*zine (?), n. [Tartaric + hydrazine.] (Chem.)
 An artificial dyestuff obtained as an orange-yellow powder, and regarded as a phenyl hydrazine derivative of tartaric and sulphonic acids.

 Tar*trel"ic (?), a. [From Tartar the chemical compound.] (Chem.)
 Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anhydride, C4H4O5, of tartaric acid, obtained as a white crystalline deliquescent substance.

 Tar"tro-. A combining form (also used adjectively) used in chemistry to denote the presence of tartar or of some of its compounds or derivatives.

 Tar"tro*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt


to mean "facing south," and Ch'en Hao "facing east."
Cf. infra, §§ 11, 13.
Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
["In order to tempt the enemy to cross after you," according to Ts'ao Kung, and also, says Chang Yu, "in order not to be impeded in your evolutions."
The T'ung Tien reads, "If the enemy crosses a river," etc. But in view of the next sentence, this is almost certainly an interpolation.]
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.
[Li Ch'uan alludes to the great victory won by Han Hsin over Lung Chu at the Wei River. Turning to the Ch'ien Han Shu, ch. 34, fol. 6 verso, we find the battle described as follows: "The two armies were drawn up on opposite sides of the river. In the night, Han Hsin ordered his men to take some ten thousand sacks filled with sand and construct a dam higher up. Then, leading half his army across, he attacked Lung Chu; but after a time, pretending to have failed in his attempt, he hastily withdrew to the other bank. Lung Chu was much elated by this unlooked-for success, and exclaiming: "I felt sure that Han Hsin was really a coward!" he pursued him and began crossing the river in his turn. Han Hsin now sent a party to cut open the sandbags, thus releasing a great volume of water, which swept down and prevented the greater portion of Lung Chu's army from getting across. He then turned upon the force which had been cut off, and annihilated it, Lung Chu himself being amongst the slain. The rest of the army, on the further bank, also scattered and fled in all directions.]
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
[For fear of preventing his crossing.]
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun.
[See supra, § 2. The repetition of these words in connection with water is very awkward. Chang Yu has the note: "Said either of troops marshalled on the river-bank, or of boats anchored in the stream itself; in either case it is essential to be higher than the enemy and facing the sun." The other commentators are not at all explicit.]
Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.
[Tu Mu says: "As water flows downwards, we must not pitch our camp on the lower reaches of a river, for fear the enemy should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood. Chu-ko Wu-hou has remarked that 'in river warfare we must not advance against the stream,' which is as much as to say that our fleet must not be anchored below that of the enemy, for then they would be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of us." There is also the danger, noted by other commentators, that the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to us.]
So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
[Because of the lack of fresh water, the poor quality of the herbage, and last but not least, because they are low, flat, and exposed to attack.]
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees.
[Li Ch'uan remarks that the ground is less likely to be treacherous where there are trees, while Tu Mu says that they will serve to protect the rear.]
So much for operations in salt-marshes.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, [Tu Mu quotes T'ai Kung as saying: "An army should have a stream or a marsh on its left, and a hill or tumulus on its right."]
so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge [Those, namely, concerned with (1) mountains, (2) rivers, (3) marshes, and (4) plains. Compare Napoleon's "Military Maxims," no. 1.]
which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
[Regarding the "Yellow Emperor": Mei Yao-ch'en asks, with some plausibility, whether there is an error in the text as nothing is known of Huang Ti having conquered four other Emperors. The Shih Chi (ch. 1 ad init.)
speaks only of his victories over Yen Ti and Ch'ih Yu. In the Liu T'ao it is mentioned that he "fought seventy battles and pacified the Empire." Ts'ao Kung's explanation is, that the Yellow Emperor was the first to institute the feudal system of vassals princes, each of whom (to the number of four) originally bore the title of Emperor. Li Ch'uan tells us that the art of war originated under Huang Ti, who received it from his Minister Feng Hou.]
11. All armies prefer high ground to low, ["High Ground," says Mei Yao-ch'en, "is not only more agreeable and salubrious, but more convenient from a military point of view; low ground is not only damp and unhealthy, but also disadvantageous for fighting."]
and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, [Ts'ao Kung says: "Make for fresh water and pasture, where you can turn out your animals to graze."]
and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, [Chang Yu says: "The dryness of the climate will prevent the outbreak of illness."]
and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, The latter defined as "places enclosed on every side by steep banks, with pools of water at the bottom."]
confined places, [Defined as "natural pens or prisons" or "places surrounded by precipices on three sides—easy to get into, but hard to get out of."]
tangled thickets, [Defined as "places covered with such dense undergrowth that spears cannot be used."]
quagmires [Defined as "low-lying places, so heavy with mud as to be impassable for chariots and horsemen."]
and crevasses, [Defined by Mei Yao-ch'en as "a narrow difficult way between beetling cliffs." Tu Mu's note is "ground covered with trees and rocks, and intersected by numerous ravines and pitfalls." This is very vague, but Chia Lin explains it clearly enough as a defile or narrow pass, and Chang Yu takes much the same view. On the whole, the weight of the commentators certainly inclines to the rendering "defile." But the ordinary meaning of the Chinese in one place is "a crack or fissure" and the fact that the meaning of the Chinese elsewhere in the sentence indicates something in the nature of a defile, make me think that Sun Tzŭ is here speaking of crevasses.]
should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
[Chang Yu has the note: "We must also be on our guard against traitors who may


houses standing in cities or towns. [Eng.]

 Win"dow (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Windowed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Windowing.]

1. To furnish with windows.

2. To place at or in a window. [R.]

 Wouldst thou be windowed in great Rome and see Thy master thus with pleach'd arms, bending down His corrigible neck?

Shak.
 Win"dowed (?), a. Having windows or openings. [R.] "Looped and windowed raggedness." Shak.
 Win"dow*less, a. Destitute of a window. Carlyle.
 Win"dow*pane' (?), n. 1. (Arch.) See Pane, n., (3) b. [In this sense, written also window pane.]

2. (Zoöl.) A thin, spotted American turbot (Pleuronectes maculatus) remarkable for its translucency. It is not valued as a food fish. Called also spotted turbot, daylight, spotted sand flounder, and water flounder.

 Win"dow*y (?), a. Having little crossings or openings like the sashes of a window. [R.] Donne.
 Wind"pipe' (?), n. (Anat.) The passage for the breath from the larynx to the lungs; the trachea; the weasand. See Illust.
 under Lung.

 Wind"-plant' (?), n. (Bot.) A windflower.

 Wind"-rode' (?), a. (Naut.) Caused to ride or drive by the wind in opposition to the course of the tide; — said of a vessel lying at anchor, with wind and tide opposed to each other. Totten.
 Wind"row' (?), n. [Wind + row.]

1. A row or line of hay raked together for the purpose of being rolled into cocks or heaps.

2. Sheaves of grain set up in a row, one against another, that the wind may blow between them. [Eng.]

3. The green border of a field, dug up in order to carry the earth on other land to mend it. [Eng.]

 Wind"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Windrowed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Windrowing.] To arrange in lines or windrows, as hay when newly made. Forby.
 Wind"sor (?), n. A town in Berkshire, England.

Windsor bean. (Bot.) See under Bean. — Windsor chair, a kind of strong, plain, polished, wooden chair. Simmonds. — Windsor soap, a scented soap well known for its excellence.

 Wind"storm (?), n. A storm characterized by high wind with little or no rain.

 Wind"-suck'er (?), n. 1. (Far.) A horse given to wind-sucking Law.
2. (Zoöl.) The kestrel. B. Jonson.
 Wind"-suck'ing, n. (Far.) A vicious habit of a horse, consisting in the swallowing of air; — usually associated with crib-biting, or cribbing. See Cribbing, 4.

 Wind"tight' (?), a. So tight as to prevent the passing through of wind. Bp. Hall.
 Wind"ward (?), n. The point or side from which the wind blows; as, to ply to the windward; — opposed to leeward.

To lay an anchor to the windward, a figurative expression, signifying to adopt precautionary or anticipatory measures for success or security.

 Wind"ward, a. Situated toward the point from which the wind blows; as, the Windward Islands.

 Wind"ward, adv. Toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows.

 Wind"y (?), a. [Compar. Windier (?); superl. Windiest.]
 [AS. windig.]

1. Consisting of wind; accompanied or characterized by wind; exposed to wind. "The windy hill." M. Arnold.
 Blown with the windy tempest of my heart.

Shak.
2. Next the wind; windward.

 It keeps on the windy side of care.

Shak.
3. Tempestuous; boisterous; as, windy weather.

4. Serving to occasion wind or gas in the intestines; flatulent; as, windy food.

5. Attended or caused by wind, or gas, in the intestines. "A windy colic." Arbuthnot.
6. Fig.: Empty; airy. "Windy joy." Milton.
 Here's that windy applause, that poor, transitory pleasure, for which I was dishonored.

South.
 Wine (?), n. [OE. win, AS. win, fr. L. vinum (cf. Icel. vn; all from the Latin); akin to Gr. o'i^nos, &?;, and E. withy. Cf. Vine, Vineyard, Vinous, Withy.]

1. The expressed juice of grapes, esp. when fermented; a beverage or liquor prepared from grapes by squeezing out their juice, and (usually) allowing it to ferment. "Red wine of Gascoigne." Piers Plowman.
Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.

Prov. xx. 1.
 Bacchus, that first from out the purple grape Crushed the sweet poison of misused wine.

Milton.
 Wine is essentially a dilute solution of ethyl alcohol, containing also certain small quantities of ethers and ethereal salts which give character and bouquet. According to their color, strength, taste, etc., wines are called red, white, spirituous, dry, light, still, etc.

2. A liquor or beverage prepared from the juice of any fruit or plant by a process similar to that for grape wine; as, currant wine; gooseberry wine; palm wine.

3. The effect of drinking wine in excess; intoxication.

 Noah awoke from his wine.

Gen. ix. 24.
Birch wine, Cape wine, etc. See under Birch, Cape, etc. — Spirit of wine. See under Spirit. — To have drunk wine of ape or wine ape, to be so drunk as to be foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 — Wine acid. (Chem.) See Tartaric acid, under Tartaric. [Colloq.] — Wine apple (Bot.), a large red apple, with firm flesh and a rich, vinous flavor. — Wine bag, a wine skin. — Wine biscuit, a kind of sweet biscuit served with wine. — Wine cask, a cask for holding wine, or which holds, or has held, wine. — Wine cellar, a cellar adapted or used for storing wine. — Wine cooler, a vessel of porous earthenware used to cool wine by the evaporation of water; also, a stand for wine bottles, containing ice.
 — Wine fly (Zoöl.), small two-winged fly of the genus Piophila, whose larva lives in wine, cider, and other fermented liquors. — Wine grower, one who cultivates a vineyard and makes wine. — Wine measure, the measure by which wines and other spirits are sold, smaller than beer measure. — Wine merchant, a merchant who deals in wines. — Wine of opium (Pharm.), a solution of opium in aromatized sherry wine, having the same strength as ordinary laudanum; — also Sydenham's laudanum. — Wine press, a machine or apparatus in which grapes are pressed to extract their juice.
 — Wine skin, a bottle or bag of skin, used, in various countries, for carrying wine. — Wine stone, a kind of crust deposited in wine casks. See 1st Tartar, 1. — Wine vault. (a) A vault where wine is stored. (b) A place where wine is served at the bar, or at tables


Masculine Kumbo BROTHER AND SISTER Feminine, Bootha The children of Kubbootha will be Masculine Murree BROTHER AND SISTER Feminine, Matha Thus, you see, they take, if girls, their grandmother's and her sisters' 'class' names in common; if boys, the 'class' name of their grandmother's brothers.
Bootha can only marry Murree, Matha can only marry Kumbo, Hippitha can only marry Kubbee, Kubbootha can only marry Hippi.
Both men and women are often addressed by these names when spoken to.
A PROPOS of names, a child is never called at night by the same name as in the daytime, lest the 'devils' hear it and entice him away.
Names are made for the newly born according to circumstances; a girl born under a Dheal tree, for example, was called Dheala. Any incident happening at the time of birth may gain a child a name, such as a particular lizard passing. Two of my black maids were called after lizards in that way: Barahgurree and Bogginbinnia.
Nimmaylee is a porcupine with the spines coming; such an one having been brought to the camp just as a girl was born, she became Nimmaylee.
The mothers, with native politeness, ask you to give their children English names, but much mote often use in familiar conversation either the Kumbo Bootha names, or others derived from place of birth, from some circumstance connected with it, a child's mispronunciation of a word, some peculiarity noticed in the child, or still more often they call each other by the name proclaiming the degree of relationship.
For example, a girl calls the daughters of her mother and of her aunts alike sisters.
So relationships are always kept in their memories by being daily used as names. There are other general names, too, such as— Another list of names used ordinarily is— Those of the same totem are reckoned as brothers and sisters, so cannot intermarry. 'Boyjerh' relations, as those on the father's side are called, are not so important as on the mother's side, but are still recognised.
Now for the great Dhe, or totem system, by some called Mah, but Dhe, is the more correct.
Dinewan, or emu, is a totem, and has amongst its multiplex totems' or 'sub-totems'— Bohrah, the kangaroo, is another totem, and is considered somewhat akin to Dinewan. For example, in a quarrel between, say, the Bohrah totem and the Beewee, the Dinewan would take the part of the former rather than the latter.
Amongst the multiplex totems of Bohrah are— All clouds, lightning, thunder, and rain that is not blown up by the wind of another totem, belong to Bohrah.
Beewee, brown and yellow Iguana, numerically a very powerful totem, has for multiplex totems— Those with whom the Beewee shares the winds he counts as relations. It is the Beewees of the Gwaimudthen, or dark blood, who own Yarragerh (spring wind); the light-blooded own Mudderwurderh (west wind).
Another totem is Gouyou, or Bandicoot. The animal has disappeared from the Narran district, but the totem tribe is still strong, though not so numerous as either the Beewees or Dinewans.
Multiplex totems of Gouyou— Next we take Doolungaiyah, or Bilber, commonly known as Bilby, a large species of rat the size of a small rabbit, like which it burrows; almost died out now. The totem clan are very few here too, so it is difficult to learn much as to their multiplex totems, amongst which, however, are— Douyou, black snake, totem claims— Moodai, or opossum, another totem, claims— Maira, a paddy melon, claims as multiplex totems— It is said a Maira will never be drowned, for the rivers are a sub-totem of theirs; but I notice they nevertheless learn to swim.
Yubbah, carpet snake, as a kin has almost disappeared, only a few members remaining to claim Burrahwahn, a big sandhill rat, now extinct here, claims— Buckandee, native cat kin, claim— Amongst other totems were once the Bralgah, Native Companion, and Dibbee, a sort of sandpiper, but their kins are quite extinct as far as our blacks are concerned; the birds themselves are still plentiful. The Bralgah birds have a Boorah ground at the back of our old horse-paddock, a smooth, well-beaten circle, where they dance the grotesque dances peculiar to them, which are really most amusing to watch, somewhat like a set of kitchen lancers into which some dignified dames have got by mistake, and a curious mixture is the dance of dignity and romping.
The totem kins numerically strongest with us were the Dinewans, Beewees, Bohrahs, and Gouyous. Further back in the country, they tell me, the crow, the eaglehawk, and the bees were original totems, not multiplex ones, as with us.
It may be as well for those interested in the marriage law puzzles to state that Dinewans, Bohrahs, Douyous, and Doolungayers are always That Moodai, Gouyou, Beewee, Maira, Yubbah are always Our blacks may and do eat their hereditary totems, if so desirous, with no ill effects to themselves, either real or imaginary; their totem names they take from their mothers. They may, in fact, in any way use their totems, but never abuse them. A Beewee, for example, may kill, or see another kill, and eat or use a Beewee, or one of its multiplex totems, and show no sign of sorrow or anger, but should any one speak evil of the Beewee, or of any of its multiplex totems, there will be a quarrel.
There will likewise be a quarrel if any one dares to mimic a totem, either by drawing one, except at Boorahs, or imitating it in any way.
There are members of the tribes, principally wizards, or men intended to be such, who are given an individual totem called Yunbeai. This they must never eat or they will die. Any injury to his yunbeai hurts the man himself In danger he has the power to assume the shape of his yunbeai, which of course is a great assistance to him, especially in legendary lore; but, on the other hand, a yunbeai is almost a Heel of Achilles to a wirreenun (see the chapter on Medicine and Magic).
Women are given a yunbeai too, sometimes. One girl had a yunbeai given her as a child, and she was to be brought up as a witch, but she caught rheumatic fever which left her with St. Vitus's dance. The yunbeai during one of her bad attacks jumped out of her, and she lost her chance of witchery. One old fellow told me once that when he was going to a public-house he took a miniature form of his yunbeai, which was the Kurrea—crocodile—out of himself and put it safety in a bottle of water, in case by any chance he got drunk, and an enemy, knowing his yunbeai, coaxed it away. I wanted to see that yunbeai in a bottle, but never succeeded.
The differences between the hereditary totem or Dhe, inherited from the mother, and the individual totem or yunbeai, acquired by chance, are these: Food restrictions do not affect the totem, but marriage restrictions do; the yunbeai has no marriage restrictions; a man having an opossum for yunbeai may marry a woman having the same either as her yunbeai or her


Jerusalem, (310, 311, 312.) These laws were enacted as late as the year 1350, in the kingdom of Cyprus. In the same century, in the reign of Edward I., I understand, from a late publication, (of his Book of Account,) that the price of a war-horse was not less exorbitant in England.]


before stated. The incident ray and the reflected ray form, together, what is called the passage of reflection, and this will therefore make the actual distance of an image to appear as far again from the eye as it really is. Any object which reflects light is called a radiant. The point behind a reflecting surface, from which they appear to diverge, is called the virtual focus.
Rays of light being reflected at the same angle at which they fall upon a mirror, two persons can stand in such a position that each can see the image of the other without seeing his own. Again; you may see your whole figure in a mirror half your length, but if you stand before one a few inches shorter the whole cannot be reflected, as the incident ray which passes from your feet into the mirror in the former case, will in the latter fall under it. Images are always reversed in mirrors.
Convex mirrors reflect light from a rounded surface and disperse the rays in every direction, causing parallel rays to diverge, diverging rays to diverge more, and converging rays to converge less--they represent objects smaller than they really are--because the angle formed by the reflected ray is rendered more acute by a convex than by a plane surface, and it is the diminishing of the visual angle, by causing rays of light to be farther extended before they meet in a point, which produces the image of convex mirrors. The greater the convexity of a mirror, the more will the images of the objects be diminished, and the nearer will they appear to the surface. These mirrors furnish science with many curious and pleasing facts.
Concave mirrors are the reverse of convex; the latter being rounded outwards, the former hollowed inwards--they render rays of light more converging--collect rays instead of dispersing them, and magnify objects while the convex diminishes them.
Rays of light may be collected in the focus of a mirror to such intensity as to melt metals. The ordinary burning glass is an illustration of this fact; although the rays of light are refracted, or passed through the glass and concentrated into a focus beneath.
When incident rays are parallel, the reflected rays converge to a focus, but when the incident rays proceed from a focus, or are divergent, they are reflected parallel. It is only when an object is nearer to a concave mirror than its centre of concavity, that its image is magnified; for when the object is farther from the mirror, this centre will appear less than the object, and in an inverted position.
The centre of concavity in a concave mirror, is an imaginary point placed in the centre of a circle formed by continuing the boundary of the concavity of the mirror from any one point of the edge to another parallel to and beneath it.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT:--I now pass to the consideration of the passage of light through bodies.
A ray of light failing perpendicularly through the air upon a surface of glass or water passes on in a straight line through the body; but if it, in passing from one medium to another of different density, fall obliquely, it is bent from its direct course and recedes from it, either towards the right or left, and this bending is called refraction; (see Fig. 3, b.) If a ray of light passes from a rarer into a denser medium it is refracted towards a perpendicular in that medium; but if it passes from a denser into rarer it is bent further from a perpendicular in that medium. Owing to this bending of the rays of light the angles of refraction and incidence are never equal.
Transparent bodies differ in their power of bending light--as a general rule, the refractive power is proportioned to the density--but the chemical constitution of bodies as well as their density, is found to effect their refracting power. Inflammable bodies possess this power to a great degree.
The sines of the angle of incidence and refraction (that is, the perpendicular drawn from the extremity of an arc to the diameter of a circle,) are always in the same ratio; viz: from air into water, the sine of the angle of refraction is nearly as four to three, whatever be the position of the ray with respect to the refracting surface. From air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of refraction is as two to one--therefore the rays of light cannot be refracted whenever the sine of the angle of refraction becomes equal to the radius* of a circle, and light falling very obliquely upon a transparent medium ceases to be refracted; this is termed total reflection.
* The RADIUS of a circle is a straight line passing from the centre to the circumference.
Since the brightness of a reflected image depends upon the quantity of light, it is quite evident that those images which arise from total reflection are by far the most vivid, as in ordinary cases of reflection a portion of light is absorbed.
I should be pleased to enter more fully into this branch of the science of optics, but the bounds to which I am necessarily limited in a work of this kind will not admit of it. In the next chapter, however, I shall give a synopsis of Mr. Hunt's treatise on the "Influence of the Solar Rays on Compound Bodies, with especial reference to their Photographic application"--a work which should be in the hands of every Daguerreotypist, and which I hope soon to see republished in this country. I will conclude this chapter with a brief statement of the principles upon which the Photographic art is founded.
SOLAR and Stellar light contains three kinds of rays, viz: 1. Colorific, or rays of color.
2. Calorific, or rays of heat.
3. Chemical rays, or those which produce chemical effects.
On the first and third the Photographic principle depends. In explaining this principle the accompanying wood cuts, (figs. 3 and 4) will render it more intelligible.
If a pencil of the sun's rays fall upon a prism, it is bent in passing through the transparent medium; and some rays being more refracted than others, we procure an elongated image of the luminous beam, exhibiting three distinct colors, red, yellow and blue, which are to be regarded as primitives--and from their interblending, seven, as recorded by Newton, and shown in the accompanying wood cut. These rays being absorbed, or reflected differently by various bodies, give to nature the charm of color. Thus to the eve is given the pleasure we derive in looking upon the green fields and forests, the enumerable varieties of flowers, the glowing ruby, jasper, topaz, amethist, and emerald, the brilliant diamond, and all the rich and varied hues of nature, both animate and inanimate.
Fig. 3 (HIPHO_3.GIF) Now, if we allow this prismatic spectrum (b. Fig. 3.) to fall upon any surface (as at c.) prepared with a sensitive photographic compound, we shall find that the chemical effect produced bears no relation to the intensity of the light of any particular colored ray, but that, on the contrary, it is dispersed over the largest portion of the spectrum, being most energetic in the least luminous rays, and ever active over an extensive space, where no traces of light can be detected. Fig. 4, will give the student a better idea of this principle. It is a copy of the kind of impression which the spectrum, spoken of, would make on a piece of paper covered with a very sensitive photographic preparation.
The white space a. corresponds with the most luminous, or yellow ray, (5, Fig. 3) over limits of which all chemical change is prevented. A similar action is also produced by the lower end of the red ray c; but in the upper portion, however we find a decided change (as at d). The most active chemical change, you will perceive, is produced by the rays above the yellow a; viz. 4, 3, 2 and 1 (as at b) the green (4) being the least active, and the blue (3) and violet (1) rays the most so, the action still continuing far beyond the point b which is the end of the luminous image.
Fig. 4 (HIPHO_4.GIF) Suppose we wish to copy by the Daguerreotype, or Calotype process, any objects highly colored--


self-explaining; as, proud-crested, proud-minded, proud-swelling.

Proud flesh (Med.), a fungous growth or excrescence of granulations resembling flesh, in a wound or ulcer.

 Proud"ish (?), a. Somewhat proud. Ash.
 Proud"ling, n. A proud or haughty person. Sylvester.
 Proud"ly, adv. In a proud manner; with lofty airs or mien; haughtily; arrogantly; boastfully.

Proudly he marches on, and void of fear.

Addison.
 Proud"ness, n. The quality of being proud; pride.

 Set aside all arrogancy and proudness.

Latimer.
 Proust"ite (?), n. [From the French chemist, J. L. Proust.]
 (Min.) A sulphide of arsenic and silver of a beautiful cochineal-red color, occurring in rhombohedral crystals, and also massive; ruby silver.

 Prov"a*ble (?), a. [See Prove, and cf. Probable.] Capable of being proved; demonstrable. -- Prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Prov"a*bly, adv.
 { Prov"and (?), Pro"ant (?), } n. [See Provender.] Provender or food. [Obs.]

 One pease was a soldier's provant a whole day.

Beau. & Fl.
 Pro*vant" (?), v. t. To supply with provender or provisions; to provide for. [Obs.] Nash.
 Prov"ant (?), a. Provided for common or general use, as in an army; hence, common in quality; inferior. "A poor provant rapier." B. Jonson.
 Prove (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proved (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Proving.] [OE. prover, F. prouver, fr. L. probare to try, approve, prove, fr. probus good, proper. Cf.
 Probable, Proof, Probe.] 1. To try or to ascertain by an experiment, or by a test or standard; to test; as, to prove the strength of gunpowder or of ordnance; to prove the contents of a vessel by a standard measure.

 Thou hast proved mine heart.

Ps. xvii. 3.
2. To evince, establish, or ascertain, as truth, reality, or fact, by argument, testimony, or other evidence.

 They have inferred much from slender premises, and conjectured when they could not prove.

J. H. Newman.
3. To ascertain or establish the genuineness or validity of; to verify; as, to prove a will.

4. To gain experience of the good or evil of; to know by trial; to experience; to suffer.

 Where she, captived long, great woes did prove.

Spenser.
5. (Arith.) To test, evince, ascertain, or verify, as the correctness of any operation or result; thus, in subtraction, if the difference between two numbers, added to the lesser number, makes a sum equal to the greater, the correctness of the subtraction is proved.

6. (Printing) To take a trial impression of; to take a proof of; as, to prove a page.

Syn. -- To try; verify; justify; confirm; establish; evince; manifest; show; demonstrate.

 Prove, v. i. 1. To make trial; to essay.

2. To be found by experience, trial, or result; to turn out to be; as, a medicine proves salutary; the report proves false.
 "The case proves mortal." Arbuthnot.
 So life a winter's morn may prove.

Keble.
3. To succeed; to turn out as expected. [Obs.] "The experiment proved not." Bacon.
 Pro*vect" (?), a. [L. provectus, p. p. of provehere to carry forward.] Carried forward; advanced. [Obs.] "Provect in years." Sir T. Flyot.
 Pro*vec"tion (?), n. [L. provectio an advancement.] (Philol.)
 A carrying forward, as of a final letter, to a following word; as, for example, a nickname for an ekename.

 Pro*ved"i*tor (?), n. [It. proveditore, provveditore, fr. provedere, L. providere. See Provide, and cf. Purveyor, Provedore.] One employed to procure supplies, as for an army, a steamer, etc.; a purveyor; one who provides for another. Jer. Taylor.
 Prov"e*dore (?), n. [Cf. Sp. proveedor. See Proveditor.] A proveditor; a purveyor.

 Busied with the duties of a provedore.

W. Irving.
 Prov"en (?), p. p. or a. Proved. "Accusations firmly proven in his mind." Thackeray.
 Of this which was the principal charge, and was generally believed to beproven, he was acquitted.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
Not proven (Scots Law), a verdict of a jury that the guilt of the accused is not made out, though not disproved. Mozley & W.
 ||Pro'ven'çal" (?), a. [F., fr. Provence, fr. L. provincia province. See Provincial.] Of or pertaining to Provence or its inhabitants.

 ||Pro'ven'çal", n. [F.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Provence in France.

2. The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc.

 Prov"ence rose' (?). [Provence the place + rose.] (a) The cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia). (b) A name of many kinds of roses which are hybrids of Rosa centifolia and R. Gallica.

 Pro*ven"cial (?), a. [See Provençal.] Of or pertaining to Provence in France.

 Prov"end (?), n. See Provand. [Obs.]

 Prov"en*der (?), n. [OE. provende, F. provende, provisions, provender, fr. LL. praebenda (prae and pro being confused), a daily allowance of provisions, a prebend. See Prebend.]
 1. Dry food for domestic animals, as hay, straw, corn, oats, or a mixture of ground grain; feed. "Hay or other provender." Mortimer.
 Good provender laboring horses would have.

Tusser.
2. Food or provisions. [R or Obs.]

 Prov"ent (?), n. See Provand. [Obs.]

 Pro*ven"tri*cle (?), n. (Anat.) Proventriculus.

 ||Pro'ven*tri"u*lus (?), n. [NL. See Pro-, and Ventricle.] (Anat.)
 The glandular stomach of birds, situated just above the crop.

 Prov"er (?), n. One who, or that which, proves.

 Prov"erb (?), n. [OE. proverbe, F. proverbe, from L. proverbium; pro before, for + verbum a word. See Verb.]
 1. An old and common saying; a phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some practical truth, or the result of experience and observation; a maxim; a saw; an adage. Chaucer. Bacon.
2. A striking or paradoxical assertion; an obscure saying; an enigma; a parable.

 His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb.

John xvi. 29.
3. A familiar illustration; a subject of contemptuous reference.

 Thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a by word, among all nations.

Deut. xxviii. 37.
4. A drama


Fairest Maid On Devon Banks Glossary


The Black Death, and The Dancing Mania, by Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker Transcribed from the 1888 Cassell & Company edition by Jane Duff, proofed by David Price, email _EMAIL_.
The Black Death and The Dancing Mania.
from the german of J. F. C. HECKER.
translated by B. G. BABINGTON.
CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: london, paris, new york & melbourne.
1888.
INTRODUCTION Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker was one of three generations of distinguished professors of medicine. His father, August Friedrich Hecker, a most industrious writer, first practised as a physician in Frankenhausen, and in 1790 was appointed Professor of Medicine at the University of Erfurt. In 1805 he was called to the like professorship at the University of Berlin. He died at Berlin in 1811.
Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker was born at Erfurt in January, 1795. He went, of course—being then ten years old—with his father to Berlin in 1805, studied at Berlin in the Gymnasium and University, but interrupted his studies at the age of eighteen to fight as a volunteer in the war for a renunciation of Napoleon and all his works. After Waterloo he went back to his studies, took his doctor's degree in 1817 with a treatise on the "Antiquities of Hydrocephalus," and became privat-docent in the Medical Faculty of the Berlin University. His inclination was strong from the first towards the historical side of inquiries into Medicine. This caused him to undertake a "History of Medicine," of which the first volume appeared in 1822. It obtained rank for him at Berlin as Extraordinary Professor of the History of Medicine. This office was changed into an Ordinary professorship of the same study in 1834, and Hecker held that office until his death in 1850.
The office was created for a man who had a special genius for this form of study. It was delightful to himself, and he made it delightful to others. He is regarded as the founder of historical pathology. He studied disease in relation to the history of man, made his study yield to men outside his own profession an important chapter in the history of civilisation, and even took into account physical phenomena upon the surface of the globe as often affecting the movement and character of epidemics.
The account of "The Black Death" here translated by Dr. Babington was Hecker's first important work of this kind. It was published in 1832, and was followed in the same year by his account of "The Dancing Mania." The books here given are the two that first gave Hecker a wide reputation. Many other such treatises followed, among them, in 1865, a treatise on the "Great Epidemics of the Middle Ages." Besides his "History of Medicine," which, in its second volume, reached into the fourteenth century, and all his smaller treatises, Hecker wrote a large number of articles in Encyclopædias and Medical Journals. Professor J.F.K.
Hecker was, in a more interesting way, as busy as Professor A.F.
Hecker, his father, had been. He transmitted the family energies to an only son, Karl von Hecker, born in 1827, who distinguished himself greatly as a Professor of Midwifery, and died in 1882.
Benjamin Guy Babington, the translator of these books of Hecker's, belonged also to a family in which the study of Medicine has passed from father to son, and both have been writers. B.G. Babington was the son of Dr. William Babington, who was physician to Guy's Hospital for some years before 1811, when the extent of his private practice caused him to retire. He died in 1833. His son, Benjamin Guy Babington, was educated at the Charterhouse, saw service as a midshipman, served for seven years in India, returned to England, graduated as physician at Cambridge in 1831. He distinguished himself by inquiries into the cholera epidemic in 1832, and translated these pieces of Hecker's in 1833, for publication by the Sydenham Society. He afterwards translated Hecker's other treatises on epidemics of the Middle Ages. Dr. B.G. Babington was Physician to Guy's Hospital from 1840 to 1855, and was a member of the Medical Council of the General Board of Health. He died on the 8th of April, 1866.
H.M.
THE BLACK DEATH CHAPTER I—GENERAL OBSERVATIONS That Omnipotence which has called the world with all its living creatures into one animated being, especially reveals Himself in the desolation of great pestilences. The powers of creation come into violent collision; the sultry dryness of the atmosphere; the subterraneous thunders; the mist of overflowing waters, are the harbingers of destruction.
Nature is not satisfied with the ordinary alternations of life and death, and the destroying angel waves over man and beast his flaming sword.
These revolutions are performed in vast cycles, which the spirit of man, limited, as it is, to a narrow circle of perception, is unable to explore. They are, however, greater terrestrial events than any of those which proceed from the discord, the distress, or the passions of nations. By annihilations they awaken new life; and when the tumult above and below the earth is past, nature is renovated, and the mind awakens from torpor and depression to the consciousness of an intellectual existence.
Were it in any degree within the power of human research to draw up, in a vivid and connected form, an historical sketch of such mighty events, after the manner of the historians of wars and battles, and the migrations of nations, we might then arrive at clear views with respect to the mental development of the human race, and the ways of Providence would be more plainly discernible. It would then be demonstrable, that the mind of nations is deeply affected by the destructive conflict of the powers of nature, and that great disasters lead to striking changes in general civilisation. For all that exists in man, whether good or evil, is rendered conspicuous by the presence of great danger. His inmost feelings are roused—the thought of self-preservation masters his spirit—self-denial is put to severe proof, and wherever darkness and barbarism prevail, there the affrighted mortal flies to the idols of his superstition, and all laws, human and divine, are criminally violated.
In conformity with a general law of nature, such a state of excitement brings about a change, beneficial or detrimental, according to circumstances, so that nations either attain a higher degree of moral worth, or sink deeper in ignorance and vice. All this, however, takes place upon a much grander scale than through the ordinary vicissitudes of war and peace, or the rise and fall of empires, because the powers of nature themselves produce plagues, and subjugate the human will, which, in the contentions of nations, alone predominates.
CHAPTER II—THE DISEASE The most memorable example of what has been advanced is afforded by a great pestilence of the fourteenth century, which desolated Asia, Europe, and Africa, and of which the people yet preserve the remembrance in gloomy traditions. It was an oriental plague, marked by inflammatory boils and tumours of the glands, such as break out in no other febrile disease. On account of these inflammatory boils, and from the black spots, indicatory of a putrid decomposition, which appeared upon the skin, it was called in Germany and in the northern kingdoms of Europe the Black Death, and in Italy, la mortalega grande, the Great Mortality.
Few testimonies are presented to us respecting its symptoms and its course, yet these are sufficient to throw light upon the form of the malady, and they are worthy of credence, from their coincidence with the signs of the same disease in modern times.
The imperial writer, Kantakusenos, whose own son, Andronikus, died of this plague in Constantinople, notices great imposthumes of the thighs and arms of those affected, which, when opened, afforded relief by the discharge of an offensive matter.
Buboes, which are the infallible signs of the oriental plague, are thus plainly indicated, for he makes separate mention of smaller boils on the arms and in the face, as also in other parts of the body, and clearly distinguishes these from the blisters, which are no less produced by plague in all its forms. In many cases, black spots broke out all over the body, either single, or united and confluent.
These symptoms were not


MEMOIRS OF CARDINAL DE RETZ MEMOIRS OF JEAN FRANCOIS PAUL de GONDI, CARDINAL DE RETZ Written by Himself Being Historic Court Memoirs of the Great Events during the Minority of Louis XIV. and the Administration of Cardinal Mazarin.

cover.jpg (125K) titlepage.jpg (73K) CONTENTS BOOK I. BOOK II.
BOOK III. BOOK IV.
BOOK V. ILLUSTRATIONS Cardinal de Retz——Photogravure from an Old Painting Turenne——Photogravure from an Old Painting Richelieu——Engraving by Lubin Anne of Austria——Original Etching by Mercier Louis XIII——Painting in the Louvre Conde——Painting in Versailles Gallery ORIGINAL PREFACE.

 Our Author, John Francis Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, Sovereign of Commercy, Prince of Euville, second Archbishop of Paris, Abbot of Saint Denis in France, was born at Montmirail, in Brie, in October, 1614.

 His father was Philippe Emanuel de Gondi, Comte, de Joigni, General of the Galleys of France and Knight of the King's Orders; and his mother was Frances Marguerite, daughter of the Comte de Rochepot, Knight of the King's Orders, and of Marie de Lannoy, sovereign of Commercy and Euville.

 Pierre de Gondi, Duc de Retz, was his brother, whose daughter was the Duchesse de Lesdiguieres.

 His grandfather was Albert de Gondi, Duc de Retz, Marquis de Belle Isle, a Peer of France, Marshal and General of the Galleys, Colonel of the French Horse, First Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and Great Chamberlain to the Kings Charles IX. and Henri III.

 This history was first printed in Paris in 1705, at the expense of the Duchesse de Lesdiguieres, the last of this noble family, whose estate fell after her decease to that of Villeroy.

 His preceptor was the famous Vincent de Paul, Almoner to Queen Anne of Austria.

 In 1627 he was made a Canon of the Cathedral of Paris by his uncle, Jean Francois de Gondi, first archbishop of that city, and was not long after created a Doctor of the Sorbonne.

 In 1643 he was appointed Coadjutor of the archbishopric of Paris, with the title of Archbishop of Corinth, during which, such was his pastoral vigilance that the most important affairs of the Church were committed to his care.

 As to his general character, if we take it from his own Memoirs, he had such presence of mind, and so dexterously improved all opportunities which fortune presented to him, that it seemed as if he had foreseen or desired them. He knew how to put a good gloss upon his failings, and oftentimes verily believed he was really the man which he affected to be only in appearance. He was a man of bright parts, but no conduct, being violent and inconstant in his intrigues of love as well as those of politics, and so indiscreet as to boast of his successful amours with certain ladies whom he ought not to have named. He affected pomp and splendour, though his profession demanded simplicity and humility. He was continually shifting parties, being a loyal subject one day and the next a rebel, one time a sworn enemy to the Prime Minister, and by and by his zealous friend; always aiming to make himself formidable or necessary. As a pastor he had engrossed the love and confidence of the people, and as a statesman he artfully played them off against their sovereign. He studied characters thoroughly, and no man painted them in truer colours more to his own purpose. Sometimes he confesses his weaknesses, and at other times betrays his self-flattery.

 It being his fate to be imprisoned by Mazarin, first at Vincennes and then at Nantes, he made his escape to Rome, and in 1656 retired to Franche Comte, where Cardinal Mazarin gave orders for his being arrested; upon which he posted to Switzerland, and thence to Constance, Strasburg, Ulm, Augsburg, Frankfort, and Cologne, to which latter place Mazarin sent men to take him dead or alive; whereupon he retired to Holland, and made a trip from one town to another till 1661, when, Cardinal Mazarin dying, our Cardinal went as far as Valenciennes on his way to Paris, but was not suffered to come further; for the King and Queen-mother would not be satisfied without his resignation of the archbishopric of Paris, to which he at last submitted upon advantageous terms for himself and an amnesty for all his adherents. But still the Court carried it so severely to the Cardinal that they would not let him go and pay his last devoirs to his father when on his dying bed. At length, however, after abundance of solicitation, he had leave to go and wait upon the King and Queen, who, on the death of Pope Alexander VII., sent him to Rome to assist at the election of his successor.

 No wonder that King Charles II. of England promised to intercede for the Cardinal's reestablishment; for when the royal family were starving, as it were, in their exile at Paris, De Retz did more for them than all the French Court put together; and, upon the King's promise to take the Roman Catholics of England under his protection after his restoration, he sent an abbot to Rome to solicit the Pope to lend him money, and to dispose the English Catholics in his favour.

 He would fain have returned his hat to the new Pope, but his Holiness, at the solicitation of Louis XIV., ordered him to keep it. After this he chose a total retirement, lived with exemplary piety, considerably retrenched his expenses, and hardly allowed himself common necessaries, in order to save money to pay off a debt of three millions, which he had the happiness to discharge, and to balance all accounts with the world before his death, which happened at Paris on the 24th of August, 1679, in the 65th year of his age.

retz.jpg (112K) HISTORIC COURT MEMOIRS.

 CARDINAL DE RETZ.

 BOOK I. MADAME:—Though I have a natural aversion to give you the history of my own life, which has been chequered with such a variety of different adventures, yet I had rather sacrifice my reputation to the commands of a lady for whom I have so peculiar a regard than not disclose the most secret springs of my actions and the inmost recesses of my soul.

 By the caprice of fortune many mistakes of mine have turned to my credit, and I very much doubt whether it would be prudent in me to remove the veil with which some of them are covered. But as I am resolved to give you a naked, impartial account of even the most minute passages of my life ever since I have been capable of reflection, so I most humbly beg you not to be surprised at the little art, or, rather, great disorder, with which I write my narrative, but to consider that, though the diversity of incidents may sometimes break the thread of the history, yet I will tell you nothing but with all that sincerity which the regard I have for you demands. And to convince you further that I will neither add to nor diminish from the plain truth, I shall set my name in the front of the work.

 False glory and false modesty are the two rocks on which men who have written their own lives have generally split, but which Thuanus among