garlic, bay leaves, coriander seeds, pistacchio nuts, veal forcemeat, suet, bacon, herbs, spice.

 Bone a sucking pig, remove all the inside and fill it with a stuffing made of veal forcemeat mixed with a little chopped suet, ham, bacon, herbs, two tablespoonsful of finely chopped pistacchio nuts, a pinch of spice, six coriander seeds, two tablespoonsful of grated Parmesan, cuttings of truffles and mushrooms all bound together with eggs. Sew the pig up and braize it in a big stewpan with bits of bacon, a clove of garlic with two cuts, a bunch of herbs and one bay leaf, for half an hour. Then pour off the gravy, cover the pig with well-buttered paper, and finish cooking it in the oven. Garnish the top with vegetables and truffles cut into shapes, slices of lemon and sprigs of parsley. Serve with a good sauce piquante (No. 229). Do not leave the garlic in for more than ten minutes.

 No. 102. Porcelletto da Latte in Galantina (Sucking Pig) Ingredients: Sucking pig, forcemeat of fowl, bacon, truffles, pistacchio nuts, ham, lemon, veal, bay leaves, salt, carrots, onions, shallots, parsley, stock, Chablis, gravy.

 Bone a sucking pig all except its feet, but be careful not to cut the skin on its back. Lay it out on a napkin and line it inside with a forcemeat of fowl and veal about an inch thick, over this put a layer of bits of marinated bacon, slices of truffle, pistacchio nuts, cooked ham, and some of the flesh of the pig, then another layer of forcemeat until the pig's skin is fairly filled. Keep its shape by sewing it lightly together, then rub it all over with lemon juice and cover it with slices of fat bacon, roll it up and stitch it in a pudding cloth. Then put the bones and cuttings into a stewpan with bits of bacon and veal steak cut up, two bay leaves, salt, a carrot, an onion, a shallot, and a bunch of parsley. Into this put the pig with a bottle of white wine and sufficient stock to cover it, and cook on a slow fire for three hours. Then take it out, and when cold take off the pudding-cloth. Pass the liquor through a hair sieve, and, if necessary, add some stock; reduce and clarify it. Decorate the dish with this jelly and serve cold.

 No. 103. Ateletti alla Sarda Ingredients: Veal or fowl, ox palates, stock, tongue, truffles, butter, mushrooms, sweetbread.

 Soak two ox palates in salted water for four hours, then boil them until the rough skin comes off, and cook them in good stock for six hours, press them between two plates and let them get cold. Roll some forcemeat of veal or fowl in flour, cut it into small pieces about the size of a cork, boil them in salted water, let them get cold and cut them into circular pieces.
 Cut the ox palates also into circular pieces the same size as the bits of forcemeat, then thinner circles of cooked tongue and truffles. String these pieces alternately on small silver skewers. Reduce to half its quantity a pint of Velute sauce (No. 2), and add the cuttings of the truffles, mushroom trimmings, bits of sweetbread, and a squeeze of lemon juice. Let it get cold and then mask the atelets (or skewers with the forcemeat, &c.) with it, and fry them quickly in butter. Fry a large oval crouton of bread, scoop out the centre and fill it with fried slices of cucumber and truffles boiled in a little Chablis. Stick the skewers into the crouton and pour the sauce round it.

 For a maigre dish use fillets of fish, truffles, mushrooms, and Bechamel sauce (No. 3). The cucumber should be boiled for five minutes before it is fried.

 No. 104. Ateletti alla Genovese Ingredients: Veal, sweetbread, calf's brains, ox palates, mushrooms, fonds d'artichauds, cocks' combs, eggs, Parmesan, bread crumbs.

 Cook two ox palates as in the last recipe, then take equal quantities of veal steak, sweetbread, calf's brains, equal quantities of mushrooms, fonds d'artichauds, and cocks' combs. Fry them all in butter except the palates, but be careful to put the veal in first, as it requires longer cooking; the brains should go in last. Then put all these ingredients on a cutting board and add the palates (cooked separately); cut them all into pieces of equal size, either round or square, but keep the ingredients separate, and string them alternately on silver skewers, as in the last recipe. Then pound up all the cuttings and add a little crumb of bread soaked in stock, the yolks of three eggs, the whites of two well beaten up, two dessert-spoonsful of grated Parmesan, salt to taste, and chopped truffles. Mix all this well together and mask the atelets with it; egg and bread crumb them and fry in butter. When they are a good colour, serve with fried parsley.

 No. 105. Testa di Vitello alla Sorrentina (Calf's Head) Ingredients: Calf's head, veal, sweetbread, truffles, mushrooms, pistacchio nuts, eggs, herbs, spice, stock, bacon, ham.

 Boil a half calf's head well, and when it is half cold, bone it and fill it with a stuffing of veal, the calf's brains, sweetbread, truffles, mushrooms, pistacchio nuts, the yolks of two eggs, herbs, and a little spice. Then stitch it up and braize it in good stock, with some slices of bacon, ham, and a bunch of herbs. Serve with brain sauce mixed with cream.

 No. 106. Testa di Vitello con Salsa Napoletana (Calf's Head) Ingredients: Calf's head, calf's liver, bacon, suet, truffles, almonds, olives, calf's brains, capers, spice, coriander seeds, herbs, ham, stock.

 Boil half a calf's head, bone it and fill it with a stuffing made of four ounces of calf's liver, well chopped up and pounded in a mortar; two ounces of bacon, one ounce of suet, three truffles, six almonds, three olives, six coriander seeds, six capers, the calf's brains, a pinch of spice and a teaspoonful of chopped herbs. Roll up the head, tie it up and put it into a stewpan with some bits of bacon, ham, and very good stock, and stew it slowly. Serve with Neapolitan sauce (No.12), or with tomato sauce piquante (No. 10).

 No. 107. Testa di Vitello alla Pompadour (Calf's Head) Ingredients: Calf's head, calf's brains, cream, eggs, truffles, cinnamon, stock, butter, Parmesan.

 Boil and bone half a calf's head and fill it with a stuffing made of the calf's brains, a gill of cream, the yolks of two eggs, two truffles cut up, a little chopped ham, and a tiny pinch of cinnamon. Boil it in good stock, and when it is sufficiently cooked take it out and mask it all over with a mixture of butter, yolk of egg, and a tablespoonful of grated Parmesan, then brown it in the oven and serve hot.

 No. 108. Testa di Vitello alla Sanseverino (Calf's Head) Ingredients: Calf's head, sweetbread, fowl's liver, anchovies, herbs, capers, garlic, bacon, ham, Malmsey or Muscat.

 Boil and bone half a calf's head, and fill it with a stuffing made of half a pound of sweetbread, a fowl's liver


. vi. 3.
 Why dost thou strive against him?

Job xxxiii. 13.
 Now private pity strove with public hate, Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate.

Denham.
3. To vie; to compete; to be a rival. Chaucer.
 [Not] that sweet grove Of Daphne, by Orontes and the inspired Castalian spring, might with this paradise Of Eden strive.

Milton.
Syn. -- To contend; vie; struggle; endeavor; aim.

 Strive, n. 1. An effort; a striving. [R.] Chapman.
2. Strife; contention. [Obs.] Wyclif (luke xxi. 9).
 Strived (?), obs. p. p. of Strive. Striven.

 Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel.

Rom. xv. 20.
 Striv"en (?), p. p. of Strive.

 Striv"er (?), n. One who strives.

 Striv"ing (?), a. & n. from Strive. -- Striv"ing*ly, adv.
 Strix (?), n. [L. strix, strigis.] (Arch.) One of the flutings of a column.

 Stroam (?), v. i. [Prov. E. strome to walk with long strides.] 1. To wander about idly and vacantly. [Obs.]

2. To take long strides in walking. [Prov. Eng.]

 ||Stro*bi"la (?), n.; pl. Strobilæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; anything twisted, a pine cone.] (Zoöl.) (a) A form of the larva of certain Discophora in a state of development succeeding the scyphistoma. The body of the strobila becomes elongated, and subdivides transversely into a series of lobate segments which eventually become ephyræ, or young medusæ. (b) A mature tapeworm.

 Strob'i*la"ceous (?), a. [See Strobila.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a strobile or cone. (b) Producing strobiles.

 Strob'i*la"tion (?), n. (Zoöl.) The act or phenomenon of spontaneously dividing transversely, as do certain species of annelids and helminths; transverse fission. See Illust. under Syllidian.

 Strob"ile (?), n. [L. strobilus a pine cone, Gr. &?;: cf. F. strobole.] [Written also strobil.] 1. (Bot.)
 A scaly multiple fruit resulting from the ripening of an ament in certain plants, as the hop or pine; a cone. See Cone, n., 3.

2. (Biol.) An individual asexually producing sexual individuals differing from itself also in other respects, as the tapeworm, -- one of the forms that occur in metagenesis.

3. (Zoöl.) Same as Strobila.

 Stro*bil"i*form (?), a. Shaped like a strobile.

 Strob"i*line (?), a. Of or pertaining to a strobile; strobilaceous; strobiliform; as, strobiline fruits.

 Strob"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a whirling + -scope.] 1.
 An instrument for studying or observing the successive phases of a periodic or varying motion by means of light which is periodically interrupted.

2. An optical toy similar to the phenakistoscope. See Phenakistoscope.

 Stroc"kle (?), n. (Glass Manuf.) A shovel with a turned-up edge, for frit, sand, etc. [Written also strocal, strocle, strokal.]

 Strode (?), n. See Strude. [Obs.]

 Strode, imp. of Stride.

 Stroke (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Struck.

 Stroke, n. [OE. strok, strook, strak, fr. striken.
 See Strike, v. t.] 1. The act of striking; a blow; a hit; a knock; esp., a violent or hostile attack made with the arm or hand, or with an instrument or weapon.

 His hand fetcheth a stroke with the ax to cut down the tree.

Deut. xix. 5.
 A fool's lips enter into contention and his mouth calleth for strokes.

Prov. xviii. 6.
 He entered and won the whole kingdom of Naples without striking a stroke.

Bacon.
2. The result of effect of a striking; injury or affliction; soreness.

 In the day that Lord bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound.

Isa. xxx. 26.
3. The striking of the clock to tell the hour.

 Well, but what's o'clock? - Upon the stroke of ten. -- Well, let is strike.

Shak.
4. A gentle, caressing touch or movement upon something; a stroking. Dryden.
5. A mark or dash in writing or printing; a line; the touch of a pen or pencil; as, an up stroke; a firm stroke.

 O, lasting as those colors may they shine, Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line.

Pope.
6. Hence, by extension, an addition or amandment to a written composition; a touch; as, to give some finishing strokes to an essay. Addison.
7. A sudden attack of disease; especially, a fatal attack; a severe disaster; any affliction or calamity, especially a sudden one; as, a stroke of apoplexy; the stroke of death.

 At this one stroke the man looked dead in law.

Harte.
8. A throb or beat, as of the heart. Tennyson.
9. One of a series of beats or movements against a resisting medium, by means of which movement through or upon it is accomplished; as, the stroke of a bird's wing in flying, or an oar in rowing, of a skater, swimmer, etc.; also: (Rowing) (a) The rate of succession of stroke; as, a quick stroke. (b) The oar nearest the stern of a boat, by which the other oars are guided; - - called also stroke oar. (c) The rower who pulls the stroke oar; the strokesman.

10. A powerful or sudden effort by which something is done, produced, or accomplished; also, something done or accomplished by such an effort; as, a stroke of genius; a stroke of business; a master stroke of policy.

11. (Mach.) The movement, in either direction, of the piston plunger, piston rod, crosshead, etc., as of a steam engine or a pump, in which these parts have a reciprocating motion; as, the forward stroke of a piston; also, the entire distance passed through, as by a piston, in such a movement; as, the piston is at half stroke.

 The respective strokes are distinguished as up and down strokes, outward and inward strokes, forward and back strokes, the forward stroke in stationary steam engines being toward the crosshead, but in locomotives toward the front of the vehicle.

12. Power; influence. [Obs.] "Where money beareth [hath] all the stroke."
 Robynson (More's Utopia).
 He has a great stroke with the reader.

Dryden.
13. Appetite. [Obs.] Swift.
To keep stroke, to make strokes in unison.

 The oars where silver, Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke.

Shak.
 Stroke (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strokeed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Strokeing.] [OE. stroken, straken, AS. strcian, fr. strcan to go over, pass. See Strike, v. t., and cf.
 Straggle.] 1. To strike. [Obs.]

 Ye mote with the plat sword again Stroken him in the wound, and it will close.

Ch


propitiatio: cf. F. propitiation.]

1. The act of appeasing the wrath and conciliating the favor of an offended person; the act of making propitious.

2. (Theol.) That which propitiates; atonement or atoning sacrifice; specifically, the influence or effects of the death of Christ in appeasing the divine justice, and conciliating the divine favor.

 He [Jesus Christ] is the propitiation for our sins.

1 John ii. 2.
 Pro*pi"ti*a'tor (?), n. [L.] One who propitiates or appeases.

 Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of propitiation.

 Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ry (?), a. [L. propitiatorius: cf. F. propitiatoire.]
 Having the power to make propitious; pertaining to, or employed in, propitiation; expiatory; as, a propitiatory sacrifice. Sharp.
 Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ry, n. [L. propitiatorium.] (Jewish Antiq.) The mercy seat; -- so called because a symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. Bp. Pearson.
 Pro*pi"tious (?), a. [L. propitius, perhaps originally a term of augury meaning, flying forward (pro) or well; cf. Skr. pat to fly, E. petition, feather.]

1. Convenient; auspicious; favorable; kind; as, a propitious season; a propitious breeze.

2. Hence, kind; gracious; merciful; helpful; - - said of a person or a divinity. Milton.
 And now t' assuage the force of this new flame, And make thee [Love] more propitious in my need.

Spenser.
Syn. -- Auspicious; favorable; kind. -- Propitious, Auspicious. Auspicious (from the ancient idea of auspices, or omens) denotes "indicative of success," or "favored by incidental occurrences;" as, an auspicious opening; an auspicious event. Propitious denotes that which efficaciously protect us in some undertaking, speeds our exertions, and decides our success; as, propitious gales; propitious influences.

 -- Pro*pi"tious*ly, adv. -- Pro*pi"tious*ness, n. Pro"plasm (?), n. [L. proplasma, Gr. &?;; &?; before + &?; a thing formed, fr. &?; to mold.] A mold; a matrix. [R.] Woodward.
 Pro*plas"tic (?), a. Forming a mold.

 Pro*plas"tics (?), n. The art of making molds for castings. [R.]

 Prop"leg' (?), n. [So called because it props up or supports the body.] (Zoöl.) Same as Proleg.

 Pro*po"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the propodialia, or the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

 ||Pro*po'di*a"le (?), n.; pl. Propodialia. (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before + &?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, foot.] (Anat.)
 The bone of either the upper arm or the thing, the propodialia being the humerus and femur.

 Prop"o*dite (?), n. [Pref. pro- + Gr. &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) The sixth joint of a typical leg of a crustacean; usually, the penultimate joint.

 ||Pro*po"di*um (?), n.; pl. Propodia (#). [NL. See Propodiale.] (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior portion of the foot of a mollusk. (b) The segment which forms the posterior part of the thorax of a hymenopterous insect. [Written also propodeum.]

 Pro"po*lis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; before + &?; city.] Same as Bee glue, under Bee.

 Pro*pone" (?), v. t. [L. proponere to propose. See Propound.]
 To propose; to bring forward.

 Pro*po"nent (?), a. [L. proponens, p. pr.] Making proposals; proposing.

 Pro*po"nent, n.
1. One who makes a proposal, or lays down a proposition. Dryden.
2. (Law) The propounder of a thing.

 Pro*por"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. proportio; pro before + portio part or share. See Portion.]

1. The relation or adaptation of one portion to another, or to the whole, as respect magnitude, quantity, or degree; comparative relation; ratio; as, the proportion of the parts of a building, or of the body.

 The image of Christ, made after his own proportion.

Ridley.
 Formed in the best proportions of her sex.

Sir W. Scott.
 Documents are authentic and facts are true precisely in proportion to the support which they afford to his theory.

Macaulay.
2. Harmonic relation between parts, or between different things of the same kind; symmetrical arrangement or adjustment; symmetry; as, to be out of proportion. "Let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith." Rom. xii. 6.
3. The portion one receives when a whole is distributed by a rule or principle; equal or proper share; lot.

 Let the women... do the same things in their proportions and capacities.

Jer. Taylor.
4. A part considered comparatively; a share.

5. (Math.) (a) The equality or similarity of ratios, especially of geometrical ratios; or a relation among quantities such that the quotient of the first divided by the second is equal to that of the third divided by the fourth; -- called also geometrical proportion, in distinction from arithmetical proportion, or that in which the difference of the first and second is equal to the difference of the third and fourth.

Proportion in the mathematical sense differs from ratio. Ratio is the relation of two quantities of the same kind, as the ratio of 5 to 10, or the ratio of 8 to 16. Proportion is the sameness or likeness of two such relations. Thus, 5 to 10 as 8 to 16; that is, 5 bears the same relation to 10 as 8 does to 16. Hence, such numbers are said to be in proportion.
 Proportion is expressed by symbols thus: a:b::c:d, or a:b = c:d, or a/b = c/d.

(b) The rule of three, in arithmetic, in which the three given terms, together with the one sought, are proportional.

Continued proportion, Inverse proportion, etc. See under Continued, Inverse, etc. -- Harmonical, or Musical, proportion, a relation of three or four quantities, such that the first is to the last as the difference between the first two is to the difference between the last two; thus, 2, 3, 6, are in harmonical proportion; for 2 is to 6 as 1 to 3. Thus, 24, 16, 12, 9, are harmonical, for 24:9::8:3. -- In proportion, according as; to the degree that. "In proportion as they are metaphysically true, they are morally and politically false." Burke.
 Pro*por"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proportioning.] [Cf. F. proportionner. Cf.
 Proportionate, v.] 1. To adjust in a suitable proportion, as one thing or one part to another; as, to proportion the size of a building to its


a higher place than his; so she pushed his land up, and it is now next below the solid crust on which mortals live in Mangaia. Vatea married a woman from one of the under worlds named Papa, and their children had the regular human form. One child was born either from Papa's head, like Athene from the head of Zeus, or from her armpit, like Dionysus from the thigh of Zeus. Another child may be said, in the language of dog-breeders, to have "thrown back," for he wears the form of a white or black lizard. In the Mangaian system the sky is a solid vault of blue stone. In the beginning of things the sky (like Ouranos in Greece and Rangi in New Zealand) pressed hard on earth, and the god Ru was obliged to thrust the two asunder, or rather he was engaged in this task when Maui tossed both Ru and the sky so high up that they never came down again. Ru is now the Atlas of Mangaia, "the sky-supporting Ru".(1) His lower limbs fell to earth, and became pumice-stone. In these Mangaian myths we discern resemblances to New Zealand fictions, as is natural, and the tearing of the body of "the Very Beginning" has numerous counterparts in European, American and Indian fable. But on the whole, the Mangaian myths are more remarkable for their semi-scientific philosophy than for their coincidences with the fancies of other early peoples.

 (1) Gill, p. 59.

 The Samoans, like the Maoris and Greeks, hold that heaven at first fell down and lay upon earth.(1) The arrowroot and another plant pushed up heaven, and "the heaven-pushing place" is still known and pointed out.
 Others say the god Ti-iti-i pushed up heaven, and his feet made holes six feet deep in the rocks during this exertion. The other Samoan myths chiefly explain the origin of fire, and the causes of the characteristic forms and habits of animals and plants. The Samoans, too, possess a semi-mythical, metaphysical cosmogony, starting from NOTHING, but rapidly becoming the history of rocks, clouds, hills, dew and various animals, who intermarried, and to whom the royal family of Samoa trace their origin through twenty-three generations. So personal are Samoan abstract conceptions, that "SPACE had a long-legged stool," on to which a head fell, and grew into a companion for Space. Yet another myth says that the god Tangaloa existed in space, and made heaven and earth, and sent down his daughter, a snipe. Man he made out of the mussel-fish. So confused are the doctrines of the Samoans.(2) (1) Turner's Samoa, p. 198.

 (2) Turner's Samoa, pp. 1-9.

 Perhaps the cosmogonic myths of the less cultivated races have now been stated in sufficient number. As an example of the ideas which prevailed in an American race of higher culture, we may take the Quiche legend as given in the Popol Vuh, a post-Christian collection of the sacred myths of the nation, written down after the Spanish conquest, and published in French by the Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg.(1) (1) See Popol Vuh in Mr. Max Muller's Chips from a German Workshop, with a discussion of its authenticity. In his Annals of the Cakchiquels, a nation bordering on the Quiches, Dr. Brinton expresses his belief in the genuine character of the text. Compare Bancroft, iii. p. 45. The ancient and original Popol Vuh, the native book in native characters, disappeared during the Spanish conquest.

 The Quiches, like their neighbours the Cakchiquels, were a highly civilised race, possessing well-built towns, roads and the arts of life, and were great agriculturists. Maize, the staple of food among these advanced Americans, was almost as great a god as Soma among the Indo-Aryans. The Quiches were acquainted with a kind of picture-writing, and possessed records in which myth glided into history. The Popol Vuh, or book of the people, gives itself out as a post-Columbian copy of these traditions, and may doubtless contain European ideas. As we see in the Commentarias Reales of the half-blood Inca Garcilasso de la Vega, the conquered people were anxious to prove that their beliefs were by no means so irrational and so "devilish" as to Spanish critics they appeared.
 According to the Popol Vuh, there was in the beginning nothing but water and the feathered serpent, one of their chief divine beings; but there also existed somehow, "they that gave life". Their names mean "shooter of blow-pipe at coyote," "at opossum," and so forth. They said "Earth," and there WAS earth, and plants growing thereon. Animals followed, and the Givers of life said "Speak our names," but the animals could only cluck and croak. Then said the Givers, "Inasmuch as ye cannot praise us, ye shall be killed and eaten". They then made men out of clay; these men were weak and watery, and by water they were destroyed. Next they made men of wood and women of the pith of trees. These puppets married and gave in marriage, and peopled earth with wooden mannikins. This unsatisfactory race was destroyed by a rain of resin and by the wild beasts. The survivors developed into apes. Next came a period occupied by the wildest feats of the magnified non-natural race and of animals. The record is like the description of a supernatural pantomime—the nightmare of a god.
 The Titans upset hills, are turned into stone, and behave like Heitsi Eibib in the Namaqua myths.

 Last of all, men were made of yellow and white maize, and these gave more satisfaction, but their sight was contracted. These, however, survived, and became the parents of the present stock of humanity.

 Here we have the conceptions of creation and of evolution combined. Men are MADE, but only the fittest survive; the rest are either destroyed or permitted to develop into lower species. A similar mixture of the same ideas will be found in one of the Brahmanas among the Aryans of India. It is to be observed that the Quiche myths, as recorded in Popol Vuh, contain not only traces of belief in a creative word and power, but many hymns of a lofty and beautifully devotional character.

 "Hail! O Creator, O Former! Thou that hearest and understandest us, abandon us not, forsake us not! O God, thou that art in heaven and on the earth, O Heart of Heaven, O Heart of Earth, give us descendants and posterity as long as the light endures."

 This is an example of the prayers of the men made out of maize, made especially that they might "call on the name" of the god or gods. Whether we are to attribute this and similar passages to Christian influence (for Popol Vuh, as we have it, is but an attempt to collect the fragments of the lost book that remained in men's minds after the conquest), or whether the purer portions of the myth be due to untaught native reflection and piety, it is not possible to determine. It is improbable that the ideas of a hostile race would be introduced into religious hymns by their victims.
 Here, as elsewhere in the sacred legends of civilised peoples, various strata of mythical and religious thought coexist.

 No American people reached such a pitch of civilisation as the Aztecs of Anahuac, whose capital was the city of Mexico. It is needless here to repeat the story of their grandeur and their fall. Obscure as their history, previous to the Spanish invasion, may be, it is certain that they possessed a highly organised society, fortified towns, established colleges or priesthoods, magnificent temples, an elaborate calendar, great wealth in the precious metals, the art of picture-writing in considerable perfection, and a despotic central government. The higher classes in a society like this could not but develop speculative systems, and it is alleged that shortly before the reign of Montezuma attempts had been made to introduce a pure monotheistic religion. But the ritual of the Aztecs


prefix from the Latin preposition cum, signifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the form combefore b, m, p, and sometimes f, and by assimilation becomes colbefore l, corbefore r, and conbefore any consonant except b, h, l, m, p, r, and w. Before a vowel combecomes co-; also before h, w, and sometimes before other consonants.

 ||Co"ma (k"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kw^ma lethargy, fr. koima^n to put to sleep. See Cemetery.] A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

 ||Co"ma, n. [L., hair, fr. Gr. ko'mh.] 1. (Astron.)
 The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet.

2. (Bot.) A tuft or bunch, -- as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of bracts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds.

Coma Berenices (&?;) [L.] (Astron.), a small constellation north of Virgo; -- called also Berenice's Hair.

 Co*man"ches (? or?), n. pl.; sing. Comanche (? or ?). (Ethnol.) A warlike, savage, and nomadic tribe of the Shoshone family of Indians, inhabiting Mexico and the adjacent parts of the United States; -- called also Paducahs. They are noted for plundering and cruelty.

 Co"mart' (?), n. A covenant. [Obs.] Shak.
 Co"mate (?; 277), a. [L. comatus, fr. comare to clothe with hair, fr. coma hair.] Encompassed with a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair; hairy.

 Co"-mate' (?), n. [Pref. co- + mate.] A companion.
 Shak.
 Co"ma*tose' (? or?; 277), a. [From Coma lethargy.] Relating to, or resembling, coma; drowsy; lethargic; as, comatose sleep; comatose fever.

 Co"ma*tous (?), a. Comatose.

 ||Co*mat"u*la (?; 135), n. [NL., fr. L. comatulus having hair neatly curled, dim. fr. coma hair.] (Zoöl.) A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; -- called also feather stars.

 Co*mat"u*lid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any crinoid of the genus Antedon or allied genera.

 Comb (?; 110), n. [AS. camb; akin to Sw., Dan., & D. kam, Icel. kambr, G. kamm, Gr. &?; a grinder tooth, Skr. jambha tooth.] 1. An instrument with teeth, for straightening, cleansing, and adjusting the hair, or for keeping it in place.

2. An instrument for currying hairy animals, or cleansing and smoothing their coats; a currycomb.

3. (Manuf. & Mech.) (a) A toothed instrument used for separating and cleansing wool, flax, hair, etc. (b) The serrated vibratory doffing knife of a carding machine. (c) A former, commonly cone-shaped, used in hat manufacturing for hardening the soft fiber into a bat. (d) A tool with teeth, used for chasing screws on work in a lathe; a chaser. (e) The notched scale of a wire micrometer. (f) The collector of an electrical machine, usually resembling a comb.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) The naked fleshy crest or caruncle on the upper part of the bill or hood of a cock or other bird. It is usually red. (b) One of a pair of peculiar organs on the base of the abdomen of scorpions.

5. The curling crest of a wave.

6. The waxen framework forming the walls of the cells in which bees store their honey, eggs, etc.; honeycomb. "A comb of honey." Wyclif.
 When the bee doth leave her comb. Shak.
7. The thumbpiece of the hammer of a gunlock, by which it may be cocked.

 Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Combing.] To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, with a comb; to lay smooth and straight with, or as with, a comb; as, to comb hair or wool. See under Combing.

Comb down his hair; look, look! it stands upright. Shak.
 Comb, v. i. [See Comb, n., 5.] (Naut.) To roll over, as the top or crest of a wave; to break with a white foam, as waves.

 { Comb, Combe (? or?), } n. [AS. comb, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwm a dale, valley.] That unwatered portion of a valley which forms its continuation beyond and above the most elevated spring that issues into it. [Written also coombe.] Buckland.
 A gradual rise the shelving combe Displayed. Southey.
 Comb, n. A dry measure. See Coomb.

 Com"bat (? or?; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Combated; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] [F. combattre; pref. com- + battre to beat, fr. L. battuere to strike. See Batter.] To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force; to fight.

 To combat with a blind man I disdain. Milton.
 After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters. Gibbon.
 Com"bat, v. t. To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist.

 When he the ambitious Norway combated. Shak.
 And combated in silence all these reasons. Milton.
 Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled. Goldsmith.
Syn. -- To fight against; resist; oppose; withstand; oppugn; antagonize; repel; resent.

 Com"bat, n. [Cf. F. combat.] 1. A fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy.

 My courage try by combat, if thou dar'st. Shak.
 The noble combat that 'twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina. Shak.
2. (Mil.) An engagement of no great magnitude; or one in which the parties engaged are not armies.

Single combat, one in which a single combatant meets a single opponent, as in the case of David and Goliath; also, a duel.

Syn. -- A battle; engagement; conflict; contest; contention; struggle; fight, strife. See Battle, Contest.

 Com"bat*a*ble (? or?), a. [Cf. F. combattable.] Such as can be, or is liable to be, combated; as, combatable foes, evils, or arguments.

 Com"bat*ant (?), a. [F. combattant, p. pr.] Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson.
 Com"bat*ant, n. [F. combattant.] One who engages in combat.
 "The mighty combatants." Milton.
 A controversy which long survived the original combatants.
Macaulay Com"bat*er (?), n. One who


OLE: He, he, he, he, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: What does the hussy mean by this?

 NICOLE: He, he, he! Oh, how you are got up! He, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: How's that?

 NICOLE: Ah! Ah! Oh Lord! He, he, he, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: What kind of little baggage is this? Are you mocking me?

 NICOLE: Certainly not, sir, I should be very sorry to do so. He, he, he, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: I'll give you a smack on the nose if you go on laughing.

 NICOLE: Sir, I can't help it. He, he, he, he, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: You are not going to stop?

 NICOLE: Sir, I beg pardon. But you are so funny that I couldn't help laughing. He, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: What insolence!

 NICOLE: You're so funny like that. He, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: I'll...

 NICOLE: Please excuse me. He, he, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Listen. If you go on laughing the least bit, I swear I'll give you the biggest slap ever given.

 NICOLE: Alright, sir, it's done, I won't laugh any more.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Take good care not to. Presently you must clean...

 NICOLE: He, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: You must clean...

 NICOLE: He, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: You must, I say, clean the room and...

 NICOLE: He, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Again!

 NICOLE: (Falling down with laughter) Then beat me sir, and let me have my laugh out, it will do me more good. He, he, he, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: I'm furious.

 NICOLE: Have mercy, sir! I beg you to let me laugh. He, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: If I catch you...

 NICOLE: Sir! I shall burst... Oh! if I don't laugh. He, he, he!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: But did anyone ever see such a hussy as that, who laughs in my face instead of receiving my, orders?

 NICOLE: What would you have me do, sir?

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: That you consider getting my house ready for the company that's coming soon, you hussy.

 NICOLE: Ah, by my faith, I don't feel like laughing any more. All your guests make such a disorder here that the word "company" is enough to put me in a bad humor.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Why, should I shut my door to everyone for your sake?

 NICOLE: You should at least shut it to some people.

 SCENE III (Madame Jourdain, Monsieur Jourdain, Nicole, Lackeys) MADAME JOURDAIN: Ah, ah! Here's a new story! What's this, what's this, husband, this outfit you have on there? Don't you care what people think of you when you are got up like that? And do you want yourself laughed at everywhere?

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: None but fools and dolts will laugh at me wife.

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Truly, they haven't waited until now, your antics have long given a laugh to everyone.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Who's everyone, if you please?

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Everyone is everyone who is right and who is wiser than you. For my part, I am scandalized at the life you lead. I no longer recognize our house. One would say it's the beginning of Carnival here, every day; and beginning early in the morning, so it won't be forgotten, one hears nothing but the racket of fiddles and singers which disturbs the whole neighborhood.

 NICOLE: Madame speaks well. I'll never be able to get my housework done properly with that gang you have come here. They have feet that hunt for mud in every part of town to bring it here; and poor Françoise almost has her teeth on the floor, scrubbing the boards that your fine masters come to dirty up every day.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: What, our servant Nicole, you have quite a tongue for a peasant.

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Nicole is right, and she has more sense than you. I'd like to know what you think you're going to do with a Dancing Master, at your age?

 NICOLE: And with a hulking Fencing Master who comes stamping his feet, shaking the whole house and tearing up all the floorboards in our drawing-room.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Be quiet, both servant and wife!

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Is it that you're learning to dance for the time when you'll have no legs to dance on?

 NICOLE: Do you want to kill someone?

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Quiet, I tell you! You are ignorant women, both of you, and you don't know the advantages of all this.

 MADAME JOURDAIN: You should instead be thinking of marrying off your daughter, who is of an age to be provided for.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: I'll think of marrying off my daughter when a suitable match comes along, but I also want to learn about fine things.

 NICOLE: I heard said, Madame, that today he took a Philosophy Master to thicken the soup!

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Very well. I have a wish to have wit and to reason about things with decent people.

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Don't you intend, one of these days, to go to school and have yourself whipped at your age?

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Why not? Would to God I were whipped this minute in front of everyone, if I only knew what they learn at school!

 NICOLE: Yes, my faith! That would get you into better shape.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Without doubt.

 MADAME JOURDAIN: All this is very important to the management of your house.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: Assuredly. You both talk like beasts, and I'm ashamed of your ignorance. For example, do you know what are you speaking just now?

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Yes, I know that what I'm saying is well said and that you ought to be considering living in another way.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: I'm not talking about that. I'm asking if you know what the words are that you are saying here?

 MADAME JOURDAIN: They are words that are very sensible, and your conduct is scarcely so.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN: I'm not talking about that, I tell you. I'm asking you: what is it that I'm speaking to you this minute, what is it?

 MADAME JOURDAIN: Nonsense.

 MONSIEUR JOURDAIN:


ANNAJANSKA, THE BOLSHEVIK EMPRESS By George Bernard Shaw ANNAJANSKA is frankly a bravura piece. The modern variety theatre demands for its "turns" little plays called sketches, to last twenty minutes or so, and to enable some favorite performer to make a brief but dazzling appearance on some barely passable dramatic pretext. Miss Lillah McCarthy and I, as author and actress, have helped to make one another famous on many serious occasions, from Man and Superman to Androcles; and Mr Charles Ricketts has not disdained to snatch moments from his painting and sculpture to design some wonderful dresses for us. We three unbent as Mrs Siddons, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Dr Johnson might have unbent, to devise a turn for the Coliseum variety theatre. Not that we would set down the art of the variety theatre as something to be condescended to, or our own art as elephantine. We should rather crave indulgence as three novices fresh from the awful legitimacy of the highbrow theatre.

 Well, Miss McCarthy and Mr Ricketts justified themselves easily in the glamor of the footlights, to the strains of Tchaikovsky's 1812. I fear I did not. I have received only one compliment on my share; and that was from a friend who said, "It is the only one of your works that is not too long." So I have made it a page or two longer, according to my own precept: EMBRACE YOUR REPROACHES: THEY ARE OFTEN GLORIES IN DISGUISE.

 Annajanska was first performed at the Coliseum Theatre in London on the 21st January, 1918, with Lillah McCarthy as the Grand Duchess, Henry Miller as Schneidekind, and Randle Ayrton as General Strammfest.

 ANNAJANSKA, THE BOLSHEVIK EMPRESS The General's office in a military station on the east front in Beotia.
 An office table with a telephone, writing materials, official papers, etc., is set across the room. At the end of the table, a comfortable chair for the General. Behind the chair, a window. Facing it at the other end of the table, a plain wooden bench. At the side of the table, with its back to the door, a common chair, with a typewriter before it.
 Beside the door, which is opposite the end of the bench, a rack for caps and coats. There is nobody in the room.

 General Strammfest enters, followed by Lieutenant Schneidekind. They hang up their cloaks and caps. Schneidekind takes a little longer than Strammfest, who comes to the table.

 STRAMMFEST. Schneidekind.

 SCHNEIDEKIND. Yes, sir.

 STRAMMFEST. Have you sent my report yet to the government? [He sits down.]

 SCHNEIDEKIND [coming to the table]. Not yet, sir. Which government do you wish it sent to? [He sits down.]

 STRAMMFEST. That depends. What's the latest? Which of them do you think is most likely to be in power tomorrow morning?

 SCHNEIDEKIND. Well, the provisional government was going strong yesterday. But today they say that the Prime Minister has shot himself, and that the extreme left fellow has shot all the others.

 STRAMMFEST. Yes: that's all very well; but these fellows always shoot themselves with blank cartridge.

 SCHNEIDEKIND. Still, even the blank cartridge means backing down. I should send the report to the Maximilianists.

 STRAMMFEST. They're no stronger than the Oppidoshavians; and in my own opinion the Moderate Red Revolutionaries are as likely to come out on top as either of them.

 SCHNEIDEKIND. I can easily put a few carbon sheets in the typewriter and send a copy each to the lot.

 STRAMMFEST. Waste of paper. You might as well send reports to an infant school. [He throws his head on the table with a groan.]

 SCHNEIDEKIND. Tired out, Sir?

 STRAMMFEST. O Schneidekind, Schneidekind, how can you bear to live?

 SCHNEIDEKIND. At my age, sir, I ask myself how can I bear to die?

 STRAMMFEST. You are young, young and heartless. You are excited by the revolution: you are attached to abstract things like liberty. But my family has served the Panjandrums of Beotia faithfully for seven centuries. The Panjandrums have kept our place for us at their courts, honored us, promoted us, shed their glory on us, made us what we are.
 When I hear you young men declaring that you are fighting for civilization, for democracy, for the overthrow of militarism, I ask myself how can a man shed his blood for empty words used by vulgar tradesmen and common laborers: mere wind and stink. [He rises, exalted by his theme.] A king is a splendid reality, a man raised above us like a god. You can see him; you can kiss his hand; you can be cheered by his smile and terrified by his frown. I would have died for my Panjandrum as my father died for his father. Your toiling millions were only too honored to receive the toes of our boots in the proper spot for them when they displeased their betters. And now what is left in life for me?
 [He relapses into his chair discouraged.] My Panjandrum is deposed and transported to herd with convicts. The army, his pride and glory, is paraded to hear seditious speeches from penniless rebels, with the colonel actually forced to take the chair and introduce the speaker. I myself am made Commander-in-Chief by my own solicitor: a Jew, Schneidekind! a Hebrew Jew! It seems only yesterday that these things would have been the ravings of a madman: today they are the commonplaces of the gutter press. I live now for three objects only: to defeat the enemy, to restore the Panjandrum, and to hang my solicitor.

 SCHNEIDEKIND. Be careful, sir: these are dangerous views to utter nowadays. What if I were to betray you?

 STRAMMFEST. What!

 SCHNEIDEKIND. I won't, of course: my own father goes on just like that; but suppose I did?

 STRAMMFEST [chuckling]. I should accuse you of treason to the Revolution, my lad; and they would immediately shoot you, unless you cried and asked to see your mother before you died, when they would probably change their minds and make you a brigadier. Enough. [He rises and expands his chest.] I feel the better for letting myself go. To business. [He takes up a telegram: opens it: and is thunderstruck by its contents.] Great heaven! [He collapses into his chair.] This is the worst blow of all.

 SCHNEIDEKIND. What has happened? Are we beaten?

 STRAMMFEST. Man, do you think that a mere defeat could strike me down as this news does: I, who have been defeated thirteen times since the war began? O, my master, my master, my Panjandrum! [he is convulsed with sobs.]

 SCHNEIDEKIND. They have killed him?

 STRAMMFEST. A dagger has been struck through his heart— SCHNEIDEKIND. Good God!

 STRAMMFEST. —and through mine, through mine.

 SCHNEIDEKIND [relieved]. Oh, a metaphorical dagger! I thought you meant a real one. What has happened?

 STRAMMFEST. His daughter the Grand Duchess Annajanska, she whom the Panjandrina loved beyond all her other children, has—has— [he cannot finish.]

 SCHNEIDEKIND. Committed suicide?

 STRAMMFEST. No. Better if she had. Oh, far far better.

 SCHNEIDEKIND [in hushed tones]. Left the Church?

 STRAM


chaic] "Thou art a proper man." Chaucer.
 Moses... was hid three months of his parents, because they saw he was a proper child.

Heb. xi. 23.
5. Pertaining to one of a species, but not common to the whole; not appellative; -- opposed to common; as, a proper name; Dublin is the proper name of a city.

6. Rightly so called; strictly considered; as, Greece proper; the garden proper.

7. (Her.) Represented in its natural color; -- said of any object used as a charge.

In proper, individually; privately. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Proper flower or corolla (Bot.), one of the single florets, or corollets, in an aggregate or compound flower. -- Proper fraction (Arith.) a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator. -- Proper nectary (Bot.), a nectary separate from the petals and other parts of the flower. -- Proper noun (Gram.), a name belonging to an individual, by which it is distinguished from others of the same class; -- opposed to common noun; as, John, Boston, America. -- Proper perianth or involucre (Bot.), that which incloses only a single flower. -- Proper receptacle (Bot.), a receptacle which supports only a single flower or fructification.

 Prop"er, adv. Properly; hence, to a great degree; very; as, proper good. [Colloq & Vulgar] Prop"er*ate (?), v. t. & i. [L. properatus, p. p. of properare to hasten.] To hasten, or press forward. [Obs.]

 Prop'er*a"tion (?), n. [L. properatio.] The act of hastening; haste. [Obs.] T. Adams.
 Pro*per"i*spome (?), n. (Gr. Gram.) Properispomenon.

 ||Pro*per'i*spom"e*non (?), n.; pl. Properispomena (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to circumflex on the penult; &?; before + &?; to circumflex. See Perispomenon.] (Gr. Gram.) A word which has the circumflex accent on the penult.

 Prop"er*ly (?), adv.
1. In a proper manner; suitably; fitly; strictly; rightly; as, a word properly applied; a dress properly adjusted. Milton.
2. Individually; after one's own manner. [Obs.]

 Now, harkeneth, how I bare me properly.

Chaucer.
 Prop"er*ness, n.
1. The quality of being proper.

2. Tallness; comeliness. [Obs.] Udall.
 Prop"er*tied (?), a. Possessing property; holding real estate, or other investments of money. "The propertied and satisfied classes."
 M. Arnold.
 Prop"er*ty (?), n.; pl. Properties (#). [OE. proprete, OF. propreté property, F. propreté neatness, cleanliness, propriété property, fr. L. proprietas.
 See Proper, a., and cf. Propriety.]

1. That which is proper to anything; a peculiar quality of a thing; that which is inherent in a subject, or naturally essential to it; an attribute; as, sweetness is a property of sugar.

Property is correctly a synonym for peculiar quality; but it is frequently used as coextensive with quality in general.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 In physical science, the properties of matter are distinguished to the three following classes: 1. Physical properties, or those which result from the relations of bodies to the physical agents, light, heat, electricity, gravitation, cohesion, adhesion, etc., and which are exhibited without a change in the composition or kind of matter acted on.
 They are color, luster, opacity, transparency, hardness, sonorousness, density, crystalline form, solubility, capability of osmotic diffusion, vaporization, boiling, fusion, etc. 2. Chemical properties, or those which are conditioned by affinity and composition; thus, combustion, explosion, and certain solutions are reactions occasioned by chemical properties. Chemical properties are identical when there is identity of composition and structure, and change according as the composition changes. 3. Organoleptic properties, or those forming a class which can not be included in either of the other two divisions. They manifest themselves in the contact of substances with the organs of taste, touch, and smell, or otherwise affect the living organism, as in the manner of medicines and poisons.

2. An acquired or artificial quality; that which is given by art, or bestowed by man; as, the poem has the properties which constitute excellence.

3. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing; ownership; title.

 Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity and property of blood.

Shak.
 Shall man assume a property in man?

Wordsworth.
 4. That to which a person has a legal title, whether in his possession or not; thing owned; an estate, whether in lands, goods, or money; as, a man of large property, or small property.

5. pl. All the adjuncts of a play except the scenery and the dresses of the actors; stage requisites.

 I will draw a bill of properties.

Shak.
6. Propriety; correctness. [Obs.] Camden.
Literary property. (Law) See under Literary. -- Property man, one who has charge of the "properties" of a theater.

 Prop"er*ty (?), v. t.
1. To invest which properties, or qualities. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To make a property of; to appropriate. [Obs.]

 They have here propertied me.

Shak.
 Pro*phane" (?), a. & v. t. See Profane. [Obs.]

 ||Proph"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to show beforehand. See Pro-, and Phasis.] (Med.) Foreknowledge of a disease; prognosis.

 Proph"e*cy (?), n.; pl. Prophecies (#), [OE. prophecie, OF. profecie, F. prophétie, L. prophetia, fr.
 Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be an interpreter of the gods, to prophesy, fr. &?; prophet. See Prophet.] 1. A declaration of something to come; a foretelling; a prediction; esp., an inspired foretelling.

 He hearkens after prophecies and dreams.

Shak.
Prophecy came not in old time by the will of man.

2. Pet. i. 21.
2. (Script.) A book of prophecies; a history; as, the prophecy of Ahijah. 2 Chron. ix. 29.
3. Public interpretation of Scripture; preaching; exhortation or instruction.

 Proph"e*si'er (?), n. A prophet. Shak.
 Proph"e*sy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prophesied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prophesying (?).] [See Prophecy.] 1. To foretell; to predict; to prognosticate.

 He doth not prophesy good concerning me.

1 Kings xxii. 8.
 Then I perceive that will be verified Henry the Fifth did sometime prophesy.

Shak.
2. To foreshow; to herald; to prefigure.

 Methought thy very gait did prophesy A royal nobleness; I must embrace thee.

Shak.
 Proph"e*sy, v. i.
1.


[226b] No doubt the original word in these places was sack, as in Chappell's copy—but what would a peasant understand by sack? Dryden's receipt for a sack posset is as follows:— 'From fair Barbadoes, on the western main, Fetch sugar half-a-pound: fetch sack, from Spain, A pint: then fetch, from India's fertile coast, Nutmeg, the glory of the British toast.' Miscellany Poems, v. 138.
[234] Corrupted in modern copies into 'we'll range and we'll rove.' The reading in the text is the old reading. The phrase occurs in several old songs.
[237] We should, probably, read 'he.' [243] Peer—equal.
[247] The road or street.
[249] This is the only instance of this peculiar form in the present version. The miners in the Marienberg invariably said 'for to' wherever the preposition 'to' occurred before a verb.
[250] Three is a favourite number in the nursery rhymes. The following is one of numerous examples:— There was an old woman had three sons, Jerry and James and John: Jerry was hung, James was drowned, John was lost and never was found; And there was an end of her three sons, Jerry, and James, and John!
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT POEMS, BALLADS AND SONGS OF THE PEASANTRY OF ENGLAND***


L. relaxare; pref. rere- + laxare to loose, to slacken, from laxus loose. See Lax, and cf. Relay, n., Release.] 1. To make lax or loose; to make less close, firm, rigid, tense, or the like; to slacken; to loosen; to open; as, to relax a rope or cord; to relax the muscles or sinews.

 Horror... all his joints relaxed.

Milton.
 Nor served it to relax their serried files.

Milton.
2. To make less severe or rigorous; to abate the stringency of; to remit in respect to strenuousness, earnestness, or effort; as, to relax discipline; to relax one's attention or endeavors.

 The statute of mortmain was at several times relaxed by the legislature.

Swift.
3. Hence, to relieve from attention or effort; to ease; to recreate; to divert; as, amusement relaxes the mind.

4. To relieve from constipation; to loosen; to open; as, an aperient relaxes the bowels.

Syn. -- To slacken; loosen; loose; remit; abate; mitigate; ease; unbend; divert.

 Re*lax", v. i. 1. To become lax, weak, or loose; as, to let one's grasp relax.

 His knees relax with toil.

Pope.
2. To abate in severity; to become less rigorous.

 In others she relaxed again, And governed with a looser rein.

Prior.
3. To remit attention or effort; to become less diligent; to unbend; as, to relax in study.

 Re*lax", n. Relaxation. [Obs.] Feltham.
 Re**lax", a. Relaxed; lax; hence, remiss; careless.

 Re*lax"a*ble (-?-b'l), a. Capable of being relaxed.

 Re*lax"ant (r?-l?ks"ant), n. [L. relaxans, p. pr. of relaxare.] (Med.) A medicine that relaxes; a laxative.

 Re'lax*a"tion (r?'l?ks-?"sh?n;277), n. [L. relaxatio; cf. F.
 relaxation.] 1. The act or process of relaxing, or the state of being relaxed; as, relaxation of the muscles; relaxation of a law.

2. Remission from attention and effort; indulgence in recreation, diversion, or amusement. "Hours of careless relaxation." Macaulay.
 Re*lax"a*tive (r?-l?ks"?-t?v), a. Having the quality of relaxing; laxative. -- n. A relaxant. B. Jonson.
 Re*lay" (r?-l?"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relaid (-l?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Relaying.] [Pref. re- + lay, v.] To lay again; to lay a second time; as, to relay a pavement.

 Re*lay" (r?-l?"), n. [F. relais (cf. OF. relais relaxation, discontinuance, It. rilascio release, relief, rilasso relay), fr. OF. relaissier to abandon, release, fr. L. relaxare.
 See Relax.] 1. A supply of anything arranged beforehand for affording relief from time to time, or at successive stages; provision for successive relief. Specifically: (a) A supply of horses placced at stations to be in readiness to relieve others, so that a trveler may proceed without delay. (b) A supply of hunting dogs or horses kept in readiness at certain places to relive the tired dogs or horses, and to continue the pursuit of the game if it comes that way. (c) A number of men who relieve others in carrying on some work.

2. (Elec.) In various forms of telegraphic apparatus, a magnet which receives the circuit current, and is caused by it to bring into into action the power of a local battery for performing the work of making the record; also, a similar device by which the current in one circuit is made to open or close another circuit in which a current is passing.

Relay battery (Elec.), the local battery which is brought into use by the action of the relay magnet, or relay.

 Rel"bun (r?l"b?n), n. The roots of the Chilian plant Calceolaria arachnoidea, -- used for dyeing crimson.

 Re*leas"a*ble (r?-l?s"?-b'l), a. That may be released.

 Re*lease" (r?-l?s"), v. t. [Pref. re + lease to let.]
 To lease again; to grant a new lease of; to let back.

 Re*lease" (r?-l?s"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Released (r?*l?st"); p. pr. & vb. n. Releasing.] [OE. relessen, OF. relassier, to release, to let free. See Relay, n., Relax, and cf. Release to lease again.] 1. To let loose again; to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude; to give liberty to, or to set at liberty; to let go.

 Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever they desired.

Mark xv. 6.
2. To relieve from something that confines, burdens, or oppresses, as from pain, trouble, obligation, penalty.

3. (Law) To let go, as a legal claim; to discharge or relinquish a right to, as lands or tenements, by conveying to another who has some right or estate in possession, as when the person in remainder releases his right to the tenant in possession; to quit.

4. To loosen; to relax; to remove the obligation of; as, to release an ordinance. [Obs.] Hooker.
 A sacred vow that none should aye release.

Spenser.
Syn. -- To free; liberate; loose; discharge; disengage; extricate; let go; quit; acquit.

 Re*lease", n. 1. The act of letting loose or freeing, or the state of being let loose or freed; liberation or discharge from restraint of any kind, as from confinement or bondage. "Who boast'st release from hell." Milton.
2. Relief from care, pain, or any burden.

3. Discharge from obligation or responsibility, as from debt, penalty, or claim of any kind; acquittance.

4. (Law) A giving up or relinquishment of some right or claim; a conveyance of a man's right in lands or tenements to another who has some estate in possession; a quitclaim. Blackstone.
5. (Steam Engine) The act of opening the exhaust port to allow the steam to escape.

Lease and release. (Law) See under Lease. -- Out of release, without cessation. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Syn. -- Liberation; freedom; discharge. See Death.

 Re*leas'ee" (-?"), n. One to whom a release is given.

 Re*lease"ment (r?-l?s"ment), n. The act of releasing, as from confinement or obligation. Milton.
 Re*leas"er (-?r), n. One who releases, or sets free.

 Re*leas"or (-?r), n. One by whom a release is given.

 Rel"e*gate (r?l"?-g?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relegated (-g?'t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Relegating.] [L. relegatus, p. p. of relegare; pref. rere- + legare to send with a commission or charge. See Legate.] To remove, usually to an inferior position; to consign; to transfer; specifically,


.

 { Vul*nif"ic (?), Vul*nif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. vulnificus; vulnus a wound + facere to make.] Causing wounds; inflicting wounds; wounding.

 Vul*nose" (?), a. Having wounds; vulnerose. [R.]

 ||Vul"pes (?), n. [L., a fox.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Carnivora including the foxes.

 Vul"pic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid obtained from a lichen (Cetraria vulpina) as a yellow or red crystalline substance which on decomposition yields pulvinic acid.

 Vul"pi*cide (?), n. [L. vulpes a fox + caedere to kill.] One who kills a fox, except in hunting; also, the act of so killing a fox. [Written also vulpecide.]

 Vul"pine (?; 277), a. [L. vulpinus, from vulpes a fox.] Of or pertaining to the fox; resembling the fox; foxy; cunning; crafty; artful.

Vulpine phalangist (Zoöl.), an Australian carnivorous marsupial (Phalangista, or Trichosurus, vulpina); — called also vulpine phalanger, and vulpine opossum.

 Vul*pin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Same as Vulpic.

 Vul"pin*ism (?), n. The quality of being cunning like the fox; craft; artfulness. [R.]

 He was without guile, and had no vulpinism at all.

Carlyle.
 Vul"pi*nite (?), n. [So called after Vulpino, in Italy.] (Min.)
 A scaly granular variety of anhydrite of a grayish white color, used for ornamental purposes.

 Vul"tern (?), n. (Zoöl.) The brush turkey (Talegallus Lathami) of Australia. See Brush turkey.

 Vul"ture (?; 135), n. [OE. vultur, L. vultur: cf. OF.
 voltour, F. vautour.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of rapacious birds belonging to Vultur, Cathartes, Catharista, and various other genera of the family Vulturidæ.

 In most of the species the head and neck are naked or nearly so. They feed chiefly on carrion. The condor, king vulture, turkey buzzard, and black vulture (Catharista atrata) are well known American species. The griffin, lammergeir, and Pharaoh's chicken, or Egyptian vulture, are common Old World vultures.

 Vul"tur*ine (?; 277), a. [L. vulturinus.] Of or pertaining to a vulture; resembling a vulture in qualities or looks; as, the vulturine sea eagle (Gypohierax Angolensis); vulturine rapacity.

 The vulturine nose, which smells nothing but corruption, is no credit to its possessor.

C. Kingsley.
 Vul"tur*ish, a. Vulturous.

 Vul"tur*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being like a vulture; rapaciousness.

 Vul"tur*ous (?), a. Like a vulture; rapacious.

 Vul"va (?), n. [L. vulva, volva, from volvere to roll.]

1. (Anat.) The external parts of the female genital organs; sometimes, the opening between the projecting parts of the external organs.

2. (Zoöl.) The orifice of the oviduct of an insect or other invertebrate.

 Vul"vi*form (?), a. [L. vulva, volva, a wrapper + -form.]
 (Bot.) Like a cleft with projecting edges.

 ||Vul*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Vulva, and -itis.] (Med.)
 Inflammation of the vulva.

 Vul'vo-u"ter*ine (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the vulva and the uterus.

 Vul'vo*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the vulva and the vagina.

 Vyce (?), n. [Cf. Vise.] (Coopering) A kind of clamp with gimlet points for holding a barrel head while the staves are being closed around it. Knight.
 Vy"ing (?), a. & n. from Vie. — Vy"ing*ly, adv.
 W. W (db"'l ), the twenty-third letter of the English alphabet, is usually a consonant, but sometimes it is a vowel, forming the second element of certain diphthongs, as in few, how. It takes its written form and its name from the repetition of a V, this being the original form of the Roman capital letter which we call U. Etymologically it is most related to v and u. See V, and U. Some of the uneducated classes in England, especially in London, confuse w and v, substituting the one for the other, as weal for veal, and veal for weal; wine for vine, and vine for wine, etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 266-268.

 Waag (wäg), n. (Zoöl.) The grivet.

 Waa*hoo" (wä*h"), n. (Bot.) The burning bush; — said to be called after a quack medicine made from it.

 Wab"ble (wb"b'l), v. i. [Cf. Prov. G. wabbeln to wabble, and E. whap. Cf. Quaver.] To move staggeringly or unsteadily from one side to the other; to vacillate; to move the manner of a rotating disk when the axis of rotation is inclined to that of the disk; — said of a turning or whirling body; as, a top wabbles; a buzz saw wabbles.

 Wab"ble, n. A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel unevenly hung; a staggering to and fro.

 Wab"bly (?), a. Inclined to wabble; wabbling.

 { Wack"e (?), Wack"y (?), } n. [G. wacke, MHG. wacke a large stone, OHG. waggo a pebble.] (Geol.) A soft, earthy, dark-colored rock or clay derived from the alteration of basalt.

 Wad (?), n. [See Woad.] Woad. [Obs.]

 Wad, n. [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. vadd wadding, Dan vat, D. & G. watte. Cf. Wadmol.]

1. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. Holland.
2. Specifically: A little mass of some soft or flexible material, such as hay, straw, tow, paper, or old rope yarn, used for retaining a charge of powder in a gun, or for keeping the powder and shot close; also, to diminish or avoid the effects of windage. Also, by extension, a dusk of felt, pasteboard, etc., serving a similar purpose.

3. A soft mass, especially of some loose, fibrous substance, used for various purposes, as for stopping an aperture, padding a garment, etc.

Wed hook, a rod with a screw or hook at the end, used for removing the wad from a gun.

 Wad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Wadding.]

1. To form into a mass, or wad,


is often required before the successful method is found.

 The facts of Artificial Parthenogenesis, as the chemical fertilisation of the egg is called, have, perhaps, some bearing on the problem of evolution. If we wish to form a mental image of the process of evolution we have to reckon with the possibility that parthenogenetic propagation may have preceded sexual reproduction. This suggests also the possibility that at that period outside forces may have supplied the conditions for the development of the egg which at present the spermatozoon has to supply. For this, if for no other reason, a brief consideration of the means of artificial parthenogenesis may be of interest to the student of evolution.

 It seemed necessary in these experiments to imitate as completely as possible by chemical agencies the effects of the spermatozoon upon the egg. When a spermatozoon enters the egg of a sea-urchin or certain starfish or annelids, the immediate effect is a characteristic change of the surface of the egg, namely the formation of the so-called membrane of fertilisation. The writer found that we can produce this membrane in the unfertilised egg by certain acids, especially the monobasic acids of the fatty series, e.g. formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, etc. Carbon-dioxide is also very efficient in this direction. It was also found that the higher acids are more efficient than the lower ones, and it is possible that the spermatozoon induces membrane-formation by carrying into the egg a higher fatty acid, namely oleic acid or one of its salts or esters.

 The physico-chemical process which underlies the formation of the membrane seems to be the cause of the development of the egg. In all cases in which the unfertilised egg has been treated in such a way as to cause it to form a membrane it begins to develop. For the eggs of certain animals membrane-formation is all that is required to induce a complete development of the unfertilised egg, e.g. in the starfish and certain annelids. For the eggs of other animals a second treatment is necessary, presumably to overcome some of the injurious effects of acid treatment.
 Thus the unfertilised eggs of the sea-urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus of the Californian coast begin to develop when membrane-formation has been induced by treatment with a fatty acid, e.g. butyric acid; but the development soon ceases and the eggs perish in the early stages of segmentation, or after the first nuclear division. But if we treat the same eggs, after membrane-formation, for from 35 to 55 minutes (at 15 deg C.) with sea-water the concentration (osmotic pressure) of which has been raised through the addition of a definite amount of some salt or sugar, the eggs will segment and develop normally, when transferred back to normal sea-water. If care is taken, practically all the eggs can be caused to develop into plutei, the majority of which may be perfectly normal and may live as long as larvae produced from eggs fertilised with sperm.

 It is obvious that the sea-urchin egg is injured in the process of membrane-formation and that the subsequent treatment with a hypertonic solution only acts as a remedy. The nature of this injury became clear when it was discovered that all the agencies which cause haemolysis, i.e.
 the destruction of the red blood corpuscles, also cause membrane-formation in unfertilised eggs, e.g. fatty acids or ether, alcohols or chloroform, etc., or saponin, solanin, digitalin, bile salts and alkali. It thus happens that the phenomena of artificial parthenogenesis are linked together with the phenomena of haemolysis which at present play so important a role in the study of immunity. The difference between cytolysis (or haemolysis) and fertilisation seems to be this, that the latter is caused by a superficial or slight cytolysis of the egg, while if the cytolytic agencies have time to act on the whole egg the latter is completely destroyed. If we put unfertilised eggs of a sea-urchin into sea-water which contains a trace of saponin we notice that, after a few minutes, all the eggs form the typical membrane of fertilisation. If the eggs are then taken out of the saponin solution, freed from all traces of saponin by repeated washing in normal sea-water, and transferred to the hypertonic sea-water for from 35 to 55 minutes, they develop into larvae.
 If, however, they are left in the sea-water containing the saponin they undergo, a few minutes after membrane-formation, the disintegration known in pathology as CYTOLYSIS. Membrane-formation is, therefore, caused by a superficial or incomplete cytolysis. The writer believes that the subsequent treatment of the egg with hypertonic sea-water is needed only to overcome the destructive effects of this partial cytolysis. The full reasons for this belief cannot be given in a short essay.

 Many pathologists assume that haemolysis or cytolysis is due to a liquefaction of certain fatty or fat-like compounds, the so-called lipoids, in the cell. If this view is correct, it would be necessary to ascribe the fertilisation of the egg to the same process.

 The analogy between haemolysis and fertilisation throws, possibly, some light on a curious observation. It is well known that the blood corpuscles, as a rule, undergo cytolysis if injected into the blood of an animal which belongs to a different family. The writer found last year that the blood of mammals, e.g. the rabbit, pig, and cattle, causes the egg of Strongylocentrotus to form a typical fertilisation-membrane. If such eggs are afterwards treated for a short period with hypertonic sea-water they develop into normal larvae (plutei). Some substance contained in the blood causes, presumably, a superficial cytolysis of the egg and thus starts its development.

 We can also cause the development of the sea-urchin egg without membrane-formation. The early experiments of the writer were done in this way and many experimenters still use such methods. It is probable that in this case the mechanism of fertilisation is essentially the same as in the case where the membrane-formation is brought about, with this difference only, that the cytolytic effect is less when no fertilisation-membrane is formed. This inference is corroborated by observations on the fertilisation of the sea-urchin egg with ox blood. It very frequently happens that not all of the eggs form membranes in this process. Those eggs which form membranes begin to develop, but perish if they are not treated with hypertonic sea-water. Some of the other eggs, however, which do not form membranes, develop directly into normal larvae without any treatment with hypertonic sea-water, provided they are exposed to the blood for only a few minutes. Presumably some blood enters the eggs and causes the cytolytic effects in a less degree than is necessary for membrane-formation, but in a sufficient degree to cause their development.
 The slightness of the cytolytic effect allows the egg to develop without treatment with hypertonic sea-water.

 Since the entrance of the spermatozoon causes that degree of cytolysis which leads to membrane-formation, it is probable that, in addition to the cytolytic or membrane-forming substance (presumably a higher fatty acid), it carries another substance into the egg which counteracts the deleterious cytolytic effects underlying membrane-formation.

 The question may be raised whether the larvae produced by artificial parthenogenesis can reach the mature stage. This question may be answered in the affirmative, since Delage has succeeded in raising several parthenogenetic sea-urchin larvae beyond the metamorphosis into the adult stage and since in all the experiments made by the writer the parthenogenetic plutei lived as long as the plutei produced from fertilised eggs.

 (c). ON THE PRODUCTION OF TWINS FROM ONE EGG THROUGH A CHANGE IN THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE SEA-WATER.

 The reader is probably familiar with the fact that there exist two different types of human twins. In the one type the twins differ as much as two children of the same parents born at different periods; they may or may not have the same sex. In the second type the twins have invariably the same sex and resemble each other most closely. Twins of the latter type are


ed, Up:= D = do protocol vi.
[from network protocol programming] To perform an interaction with somebody or something that follows a clearly defined procedure. For example, "Let's do protocol with the check" at a restaurant means to ask for the check, calculate the tip and everybody's share, collect money from everybody, generate change as necessary, and pay the bill. See protocol.
Node:doc, Next:documentation, Previous:do protocol, Up:= D = doc /dok/ n. Common spoken and written shorthand for 'documentation'. Often used in the plural 'docs' and in the construction 'doc file' (i.e., documentation available on-line).
Node:documentation, Next:dodgy, Previous:doc, Up:= D = documentation n. The multiple kilograms of macerated, pounded, steamed, bleached, and pressed trees that accompany most modern software or hardware products (see also tree-killer). Hackers seldom read paper documentation and (too) often resist writing it; they prefer theirs to be terse and on-line. A common comment on this predilection is "You can't grep dead trees". See drool-proof paper, verbiage, treeware.
Node:dodgy, Next:dogcow, Previous:documentation, Up:= D = dodgy adj.
Syn. with flaky. Preferred outside the U.S.
Node:dogcow, Next:dogfood, Previous:dodgy, Up:= D = dogcow /dog'kow/ n. See Moof. The dogcow is a semi-legendary creature that lurks in the depths of the Macintosh Technical Notes Hypercard stack V3.1. The full story of the dogcow is told in technical note #31 (the particular dogcow illustrated is properly named 'Clarus'). Option-shift-click will cause it to emit a characteristic 'Moof!' or '!fooM' sound.
Getting to tech note 31 is the hard part; to discover how to do that, one must needs examine the stack script with a hackerly eye. Clue: rot13 is involved. A dogcow also appears if you choose 'Page Setup...' with a LaserWriter selected and click on the 'Options' button. It also lurks in other Mac printer drivers, notably those for the now-discontinued Style Writers. Sadly, Apple has removed the pages that used to describe the dogcow.
Node:dogfood, Next:dogpile, Previous:dogcow, Up:= D = dogfood n.
[Microsoft, Netscape] Interim software used internally for testing. "To eat one's own dogfood" (from which the slang noun derives) means to use the software one is developing, as part of one's everyday development environment (the phrase is used outside Microsoft and Netscape). The practice is normal in the Linux community and elsewhere, but the term 'dogfood' is seldom used as open-source betas tend to be quite tasty and nourishing.
The idea is that developers who are using their own software will quickly learn what's missing or broken. Dogfood is typically not even of beta quality.
Node:dogpile, Next:dogwash, Previous:dogfood, Up:= D = dogpile v.
[Usenet: prob. fr. mainstream "puppy pile"] When many people post unfriendly responses in short order to a single posting, they are sometimes said to "dogpile" or "dogpile on" the person to whom they're responding. For example, when a religious missionary posts a simplistic appeal to alt.atheism, he can expect to be dogpiled. It has been suggested that this derives from U.S, football slang for a tackle involving three or more people; among hackers, it seems at least as likely do derive from an 'autobiographical' Bugs Bunny cartoon in which a gang of attacking canines actually yells "Dogpile on the rabbit!".
Node:dogwash, Next:domainist, Previous:dogpile, Up:= D = dogwash /dog'wosh/ [From a quip in the 'urgency' field of a very optional software change request, ca. 1982. It was something like "Urgency: Wash your dog first".] 1. n. A project of minimal priority, undertaken as an escape from more serious work. 2. v. To engage in such a project. Many games and much freeware get written this way.
Node:domainist, Next:Don't do that then!, Previous:dogwash, Up:= D = domainist /doh-mayn'ist/ adj.
1. [Usenet, by pointed analogy with "sexist", "racist", etc.]
Someone who judges people by the domain of their email addresses; esp. someone who dismisses anyone who posts from a public internet provider. "What do you expect from an article posted from aol.com?" 2. Said of an Internet address (as opposed to a bang path) because the part to the right of the @ specifies a nested series of 'domains'; for example, _EMAIL_ specifies the machine called snark in the subdomain called thyrsus within the top-level domain called com. See also big-endian, sense 2.
The meaning of this term has drifted. At one time sense 2 was primary. In elder days it was also used of a site, mailer, or routing program which knew how to handle domainist addresses; or of a person (esp. a site admin) who preferred domain addressing, supported a domainist mailer, or proselytized for domainist addressing and disdained bang paths. These senses are now (1996) obsolete, as effectively all sites have converted.
Node:Don't do that then!, Next:dongle, Previous:domainist, Up:= D = Don't do that then! imp.
[from an old doctor's office joke about a patient with a trivial complaint] Stock response to a user complaint. "When I type control-S, the whole system comes to a halt for thirty seconds." "Don't do that, then!" (or "So don't do that!").
Compare RTFM.
Here's a classic example of "Don't do that then!" from Neil Stephenson's "In The Beginning Was The Command Line". A friend of his built a network with a load of Macs and a few high-powered database servers. He found that from time to time the whole network would lock up for no apparent reason. The problem was eventually tracked down to MacOS's cooperative multitasking: when a user held down the mouse button for too long, the network stack wouldn't get a chance to run... Node:dongle, Next:dongle-disk, Previous:Don't do that then!, Up:= D = dongle /dong'gl/ n.
1. [now obs.] A security or copy protection device for proprietary software consisting of a serialized EPROM and some drivers in a D-25 connector shell, which must be connected to an I/O port of the computer while the program is run. Programs that use a dongle query the port at startup and at programmed intervals thereafter, and terminate if it does not respond with the dongle's programmed validation code. Thus, users can make as many copies of the program as they want but must pay for each dongle. The idea was clever, but it was initially a failure, as users disliked tying up a serial port this way. By 1993, dongles would typically pass data through the port and monitor for magic codes (and combinations of status lines) with minimal if any interference with devices further down the line -- this innovation was necessary to allow daisy-chained dongles for multiple pieces of software. These devices have become rare as the industry has moved away from copy-protection schemes in general. 2. By extension, any physical electronic key or transferable ID required for a program to function. Common variations on this theme have used parallel or even joystick ports. See dongle-disk. 3. An adaptor cable mating a special edge-type connector on a PCMCIA or on-board Ethernet card to a standard RJ45 Ethernet jack. This usage seems to have surfaced in 1999 and is now dominant. Laptop owners curse these things because they're notoriously easy to lose and the vendors commonly charge extortionate prices for replacements.
[Note: in early 1992, advertising copy from Rainbow Technologies (a manufacturer of dongles) included a claim that the word derived from "Don Gall", allegedly the inventor of the


points; in other words, two straight lines can never intersect in more than a single point. The axiom with which we are at present concerned is commonly known as the 11th of Euclid, and may be set forth in the following way: We have given a straight line, A B, and a point, P, with another line, C D, passing through it and capable of being turned around on P. Euclid assumes that this line C D will have one position in which it will be parallel to A B, that is, a position such that if the two lines are produced without end, they will never meet. His axiom is that only one such line can be drawn through P. That is to say, if we make the slightest possible change in the direction of the line C D, it will intersect the other line, either in one direction or the other.
The new geometry grew out of the feeling that this proposition ought to be proved rather than taken as an axiom; in fact, that it could in some way be derived from the other axioms. Many demonstrations of it were attempted, but it was always found, on critical examination, that the proposition itself, or its equivalent, had slyly worked itself in as part of the base of the reasoning, so that the very thing to be proved was really taken for granted.
[Illustration with caption: FIG. 1] This suggested another course of inquiry. If this axiom of parallels does not follow from the other axioms, then from these latter we may construct a system of geometry in which the axiom of parallels shall not be true. This was done by Lobatchewsky and Bolyai, the one a Russian the other a Hungarian geometer, about 1830.
To show how a result which looks absurd, and is really inconceivable by us, can be treated as possible in geometry, we must have recourse to analogy. Suppose a world consisting of a boundless flat plane to be inhabited by reasoning beings who can move about at pleasure on the plane, but are not able to turn their heads up or down, or even to see or think of such terms as above them and below them, and things around them can be pushed or pulled about in any direction, but cannot be lifted up. People and things can pass around each other, but cannot step over anything. These dwellers in "flatland" could construct a plane geometry which would be exactly like ours in being based on the axioms of Euclid. Two parallel straight lines would never meet, though continued indefinitely.
But suppose that the surface on which these beings live, instead of being an infinitely extended plane, is really the surface of an immense globe, like the earth on which we live. It needs no knowledge of geometry, but only an examination of any globular object—an apple, for example—to show that if we draw a line as straight as possible on a sphere, and parallel to it draw a small piece of a second line, and continue this in as straight a line as we can, the two lines will meet when we proceed in either direction one-quarter of the way around the sphere. For our "flat-land" people these lines would both be perfectly straight, because the only curvature would be in the direction downward, which they could never either perceive or discover. The lines would also correspond to the definition of straight lines, because any portion of either contained between two of its points would be the shortest distance between those points. And yet, if these people should extend their measures far enough, they would find any two parallel lines to meet in two points in opposite directions. For all small spaces the axioms of their geometry would apparently hold good, but when they came to spaces as immense as the semi-diameter of the earth, they would find the seemingly absurd result that two parallel lines would, in the course of thousands of miles, come together. Another result yet more astonishing would be that, going ahead far enough in a straight line, they would find that although they had been going forward all the time in what seemed to them the same direction, they would at the end of 25,000 miles find themselves once more at their starting-point.
One form of the modern non-Euclidian geometry assumes that a similar theorem is true for the space in which our universe is contained.
Although two straight lines, when continued indefinitely, do not appear to converge even at the immense distances which separate us from the fixed stars, it is possible that there may be a point at which they would eventually meet without either line having deviated from its primitive direction as we understand the case. It would follow that, if we could start out from the earth and fly through space in a perfectly straight line with a velocity perhaps millions of times that of light, we might at length find ourselves approaching the earth from a direction the opposite of that in which we started. Our straight-line circle would be complete.
Another result of the theory is that, if it be true, space, though still unbounded, is not infinite, just as the surface of a sphere, though without any edge or boundary, has only a limited extent of surface. Space would then have only a certain volume—a volume which, though perhaps greater than that of all the atoms in the material universe, would still be capable of being expressed in cubic miles. If we imagine our earth to grow larger and larger in every direction without limit, and with a speed similar to that we have described, so that to-morrow it was large enough to extend to the nearest fixed stars, the day after to yet farther stars, and so on, and we, living upon it, looked out for the result, we should, in time, see the other side of the earth above us, coming down upon us? as it were. The space intervening would grow smaller, at last being filled up. The earth would then be so expanded as to fill all existing space.
This, although to us the most interesting form of the non-Euclidian geometry, is not the only one. The idea which Lobatchewsky worked out was that through a point more than one parallel to a given line could be drawn; that is to say, if through the point P we have already supposed another line were drawn making ever so small an angle with CD, this line also would never meet the line AB. It might approach the latter at first, but would eventually diverge. The two lines AB and CD, starting parallel, would eventually, perhaps at distances greater than that of the fixed stars, gradually diverge from each other. This system does not admit of being shown by analogy so easily as the other, but an idea of it may be had by supposing that the surface of "flat-land," instead of being spherical, is saddle-shaped. Apparently straight parallel lines drawn upon it would then diverge, as supposed by Bolyai.
We cannot, however, imagine such a surface extended indefinitely without losing its properties. The analogy is not so clearly marked as in the other case.
To explain hypergeometry proper we must first set forth what a fourth dimension of space means, and show how natural the way is by which it may be approached. We continue our analogy from "flat-land" In this supposed land let us make a cross—two straight lines intersecting at right angles. The inhabitants of this land understand the cross perfectly, and conceive of it just as we do. But let us ask them to draw a third line, intersecting in the same point, and perpendicular to both the other lines. They would at once pronounce this absurd and impossible. It is equally absurd and impossible to us if we require the third line to be drawn on the paper. But we should reply, "If you allow us to leave the paper or flat surface, then we can solve the problem by simply drawing the third line through the paper perpendicular to its surface."
[Illustration with caption: FIG. 2] Now, to pursue the analogy, suppose that, after we have drawn three mutually perpendicular lines, some being from another sphere proposes to us the drawing of a fourth line through the same point, perpendicular to all three of the lines already there. We should answer him in the same way that the inhabitants of "flat-land" answered us: "The problem is impossible. You cannot draw any such line in space as we understand it." If our visitor conceived of the fourth dimension, he would reply to us as we replied to the "flat-land" people: "The problem is absurd and impossible if you confine your line to space as you understand it. But for me there is a fourth dimension in space


the like; -- so called because the workman marks, or scribes, with the compasses the line that he afterwards cuts.

3. To score or mark with compasses or a scribing iron.

Scribing iron, an iron-pointed instrument for scribing, or marking, casks and logs.

 Scribe, v. i. To make a mark.

 With the separated points of a pair of spring dividers scribe around the edge of the templet.

A. M. Mayer.
 Scrib"er (?), n. A sharp-pointed tool, used by joiners for drawing lines on stuff; a marking awl.

 Scrib"ism (?), n. The character and opinions of a Jewish scribe in the time of Christ. F. W. Robertson.
 Scrid (?), n. A screed; a shred; a fragment. [R.]

 Scrig"gle (?), v. i. To wriggle. [Prov. Eng.]

 Scrim (?), n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, -- used for curtains, etc,; -- called also India scrim.

2. pl. Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc.

 Scri"mer (?), n. [F. escrimeur. See Skirmish.] A fencing master. [Obs.] Shak.
 Scrim"mage (?; 48), n. [A corruption of skirmish. "Sore scrymmishe."
 Ld. Berners.] [Written also scrummage.] 1. Formerly, a skirmish; now, a general row or confused fight or struggle.

2. (Football) The struggle in the rush lines after the ball is put in play.

 Scrimp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrimped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] [Cf. Dan. skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen. Cf. Shrimp, Shrink.] To make too small or short; to limit or straiten; to put on short allowance; to scant; to contract; to shorten; as, to scrimp the pattern of a coat.

 Scrimp, a. Short; scanty; curtailed.

 Scrimp, n. A pinching miser; a niggard. [U.S.]

 Scrimp"ing, a. & n. from Scrimp, v. t. Scrimping bar, a device used in connection with a calico printing machine for stretching the fabric breadthwise so that it may be smooth for printing. Knight.
 Scrimp"ing*ly, adv. In a scrimping manner.

 Scrimp"ness, n. The state of being scrimp.

 Scrimp"tion (?), n. A small portion; a pittance; a little bit.
 [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Scrim"shaw' (?), v. t. To ornament, as shells, ivory, etc., by engraving, and (usually) rubbing pigments into the incised lines.
 [Sailor's cant. U.S.]

 Scrim"shaw', n. A shell, a whale's tooth, or the like, that is scrimshawed. [Sailor's cant, U.S.]

 Scrine (?), n. [L. scrinium a case for books, letters, etc.: cf. OF. escrin, F. écrin. See Shrine.] A chest, bookcase, or other place, where writings or curiosities are deposited; a shrine. [Obs.]

 But laid them up in immortal scrine.

Spenser.
 Scringe (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Scringing (?).] [Cf. Cringe.] To cringe. [Prov. Eng.
 & Local, U.S.]

 Scrip (?), n. [OE. scrippe, probably of Scand. origin; cf.
 Icel. & OSw. skreppa, and also LL. scrippum, OF. esquerpe, escrepe, F. écharpe scarf. Cf. Scrap, Scarf a piece of dress.] A small bag; a wallet; a satchel. [Archaic] Chaucer.
 And in requital ope his leathern scrip.

Milton.
 Scrip, n. [From script.] 1. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece of paper containing a writing.

 Call them generally, man by man, according to the scrip.

Shak.
 Bills of exchange can not pay our debts abroad, till scrips of paper can be made current coin.

Locke.
2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the capital of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a share of other joint property, or a loan, stating the amount of the subscription and the date of the payment of the installments; as, insurance scrip, consol scrip, etc. When all the installments are paid, the scrip is exchanged for a bond share certificate.

3. Paper fractional currency. [Colloq.U.S.]

 Scrip"page (?; 48), n. The contents of a scrip, or wallet. [Obs.]
 Shak.
 Script (?), n. [OE. scrit, L. scriptum something written, fr. scribere, scriptum to write: cf. OF. escript, escrit, F. écrit. See Scribe, and cf. Scrip a writing.] 1. A writing; a written document. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. (Print.) Type made in imitation of handwriting.

3. (Law) An original instrument or document.

4. Written characters; style of writing.

 Scrip*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Scriptoria (#). [LL. See Scriptory.] In an abbey or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying manuscripts; in general, a room devoted to writing.

 Writing rooms, or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature... were copied and illuminated.

J. R. Green.
 Scrip"to*ry (?), a. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere, scriptum to write.] Of or pertaining to writing; expressed in writing; used in writing; as, scriptory wills; a scriptory reed. [R.] Swift.
 Scrip"tur*al (?; 135), a. Contained in the Scriptures; according to the Scriptures, or sacred oracles; biblical; as, a scriptural doctrine.

 Scrip"tur*al*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being scriptural; literal adherence to the Scriptures.

 Scrip"tur*al*ist, n. One who adheres literally to the Scriptures.

 Scrip"tur*al*ly, adv. In a scriptural manner.

 Scrip"tur*al*ness, n. Quality of being scriptural.

 Scrip"ture (?; 135), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write: cf. OF. escripture, escriture, F. écriture. See Scribe.] 1. Anything written; a writing; a document; an inscription.

 I have put it in scripture and in remembrance.

Chaucer.
 Then the Lord of Manny read the scripture on the tomb, the which was in Latin.

Ld. Berners.
2. The books of the Old and the New Testament, or of either of them; the Bible; -- used by way of eminence or distinction, and chiefly in the plural.

 There is not any action a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it.

South.
 Compared with the knowledge which the Scriptures contain, every other subject of human inquiry is vanity.

Buckminster.
3. A passage from the Bible; a text.

 The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.

Shak.
 Hanging by the twined thread of one doubtful Scripture.

Milton.
 Scrip*tu"ri*an (?), n. A Scripturist. [Obs.]

 Scrip"tur*ist (?


fr. flagitium a shameful or disgraceful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of passion, from flagitare to demand hotly, fiercely; cf. flagrare to burn, E. flagrant.] 1. Disgracefully or shamefully criminal; grossly wicked; scandalous; shameful; -- said of acts, crimes, etc.

 Debauched principles and flagitious practices.

I. Taylor.
2. Guilty of enormous crimes; corrupt; profligate; -- said of persons. Pope.
3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices; as, flagitious times. Pope.
Syn. -- Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; profligate; abandoned. See Atrocious.

 -- Fla*gi"tious*ly, adv. -- Fla*gi"tious*ness, n. A sentence so flagitiously unjust.

Macaulay.
 Flag"man (?), n.; pl. Flagmen (&?;). One who makes signals with a flag.

 Flag"on (?), n. [F. flacon, for flascon, fr. OF. flasche, from LL. flasco. See Flask.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors. It is generally larger than a bottle, and of leather or stoneware rather than of glass.

 A trencher of mutton chops, and a flagon of ale.

Macaulay.
 Fla"grance (?), n. Flagrancy. Bp. Hall.
 Fla"gran*cy (?), n.; pl. Flagrancies (#). [L. flagrantia a burning. See Flagrant.] 1. A burning; great heat; inflammation.
 [Obs.]

 Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes.

Bacon.
2. The condition or quality of being flagrant; atrocity; heiniousness; enormity; excess. Steele.
 Fla"grant (?), a. [L. flagrans, -antis, p. pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. &?;: cf. F. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.]
 1. Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent.

 The beadle's lash still flagrant on their back.

Prior.
 A young man yet flagrant from the lash of the executioner or the beadle.

De Quincey.
Flagrant desires and affections.

Hooker.
2. Actually in preparation, execution, or performance; carried on hotly; raging.

 A war the most powerful of the native tribes was flagrant.

Palfrey.
3. Flaming into notice; notorious; enormous; heinous; glaringly wicked.

Syn. -- Atrocious; flagitious; glaring. See Atrocious.

 Fla"grant*ly, adv. In a flagrant manner.

 Fla"grate (?), v. t. [L. flagrare, flagratum, v.i.
 & t., to burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Greenhill.
 Fla*gra"tion (?), n. A conflagration. [Obs.]

 Flag"ship' (?), n. (Naut.) The vessel which carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and flies his distinctive flag or pennant.

 Flag"staff' (?), n.; pl. -staves (&?;) or -staffs (&?;). A staff on which a flag is hoisted.

 Flag"stone' (?), n. A flat stone used in paving, or any rock which will split into such stones. See Flag, a stone.

 Flag"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub found among flags and sedge.

 Flail (?), n. [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a threshing flail: cf. OF. flael, flaiel, F. fléau.
 See Flagellum.] 1. An instrument for threshing or beating grain from the ear by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or club, called a swipe, is so hung as to swing freely.

 His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn.

Milton.
2. An ancient military weapon, like the common flail, often having the striking part armed with rows of spikes, or loaded. Fairholt.
 No citizen thought himself safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail, loaded with lead, to brain the Popish assassins.

Macaulay.
 Flail"y (?), a. Acting like a flail. [Obs.] Vicars.
 Flain (?), obs. p. p. of Flay. Chaucer.
 Flake (flk), n. [Cf. Icel. flaki, fleki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 1. A paling; a hurdle. [prov. Eng.]

2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things.

 You shall also, after they be ripe, neither suffer them to have straw nor fern under them, but lay them either upon some smooth table, boards, or flakes of wands, and they will last the longer.

English Husbandman.
3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over a vessel's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, etc.

 Flake (flk), n. [Cf. Icel. flakna to flake off, split, flagna to flake off, Sw. flaga flaw, flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. Flag a flat stone.] 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of anything; a film; flock; lamina; layer; scale; as, a flake of snow, tallow, or fish. "Lottle flakes of scurf." Addison.
 Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat.

Evelyn.
2. A little particle of lighted or incandescent matter, darted from a fire; a flash.

 With flakes of ruddy fire.

Somerville.
3. (Bot.) A sort of carnation with only two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes.

Flake knife (Archæol.), a cutting instrument used by savage tribes, made of a flake or chip of hard stone. Tylor. -- Flake stand, the cooling tub or vessel of a still worm. Knight. -- Flake white. (Paint.) (a) The purest white lead, in the form of flakes or scales. (b) The trisnitrate of bismuth. Ure.
 Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaking.] To form into flakes. Pope.
 Flake, v. i. To separate in flakes; to peel or scale off.

 Flak"i*ness (?), n. The state of being flaky.

 Flak"y (?), a. Consisting of flakes or of small, loose masses; lying, or cleaving off, in flakes or layers; flakelike.

 What showers of mortal hail, what flaky fires!

Watts.
 A flaky weight of winter's purest snows.

Wordsworth.
 Flam (flm), n. [Cf. AS. fleám, flm, flight. √ 84. Cf.
 Flimflam.] A freak or whim; also, a falsehood; a lie; an illusory pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.]

 A perpetual abuse and flam upon posterity.

South.
 Flam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flammed ; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Flamming.] To deceive with a falsehood. [Obs.]

 God is not to be flammed off with lies.

South.
 Flam"beau (?); n.; pl. Flambeaux (#) or Flambeaus