[Illustration] Roget's Thesaurus of English words and phrases classified and arranged so as to facilitate the expression of ideas and assist in literary composition by Peter Mark Roget An electronic thesaurus derived from the version of Roget's Thesaurus published in 1911.
MICRA, Inc. makes no representation that the original 1911 printed work on which this is based is now in the public domain in any particular country.
However, MICRA, Inc. makes no proprietary claims regarding this electronic version of the 1911 thesaurus. If the 1911 work is currently public domain, this electronic version can also be treated as public domain.
Note that this version of Thesaurus-1911 has been supplemented with over 1,000 words not present in the original 1911 edition, but many modern words are still missing. About 1500 verbs (out of 6500) which can be found in an 80,000-word spell-checker are absent from this work. The deficiency of nouns is probably much worse, especially on technical topics. Of 40,000 unique words contained in the original text, 12,000 are not recognized by a spell-checker. Most of these are foreign words (primarily Latin), and many are obsolete. In this version, these words are marked as such by comments in square brackets. Although this version has been proof-read, there are doubtless numerous residual transcription errors, some of which may be obvious even without reference to the original text. We will be grateful if any of these are brought to our attention; the corrections will appear in subsequent versions.
The original arrangement has also been modified slightly in several places, in particular by splitting one entry into two. A version of the 1911 thesaurus which is almost identical to the original (only a small number of additions to the original work) has also been prepared by MICRA, Inc., and also carries no restrictions from MICRA. Copies of that version or this one may be purchased for $40.00 from MICRA, Inc., or from the Austin Code Works, Austin Texas.
Occasional references to numbers starting with "@" are the embryonic beginnings of a reorganized version, mentioned below. A few comments are also included within curly brackets {}.
The following additional differences will be noted between this version and the original edition of the printed 1911 thesaurus: (1) the space-saving abbreviations in the original, using hyphens to represent common words, prefixes or suffixes, have been expanded into the full words or phrases.
(2) the side-by-side format for words and their opposites has been abandoned.
Words are listed in order of their entry number.
(3) each main entry (1035 entries) has a pound sign "#" in front of the number to facilitate computerized search.
(4) Greek words and phrases are transliterated and included between brackets in the format .
(5) where italics occurred in the original, italics are used in the Microsoft Word format file. In the plain ASCII file, this formatting is lost.
(6) in the original book, words which were obsolete (in 1911) were marked with a dagger. In this version, those words are marked with a vertical bar ("|").
Some of the words which were still current in 1911, but are no longer found in a current college-size dictionary (presently obsolete words), or which are no longer used in the specific indicated sense, have been marked with a bar followed by an exclamation point "|!". However, this marking process has just commenced, and only a small portion of the words which are now obsolete have been thus marked. Most though not all of the foreign-language phrases are now obsolete. The "obsolete" notation [obs3] indicates that the previous word (or some word in the previous phrase) is not recognized by the word processor's spelling checker, and also is either NOT in a modern college-sized dictionary, or is noted there as being "ARCHAIC".
(7) This file contains only the main body of the thesaurus. Neither outline nor index are contained here. The outline with an overview of the organization of the concepts is contained in a separate file, "outline.doc", on the distribution disk.
This first edition of this supplemented 1911 thesaurus (June 1991) is very much less complete than the latest editions of commercial thesauri, and is probably not suitable for use as an adjunct to word-processing programs, but it has no proprietary claims attached to it by MICRA, Inc., and does not contain any material published commercially after 1911.
Future (copyrighted) versions of this thesaurus are planned, which will be reorganized in a hierarchical fashion to maximize the ability to take advantage of inheritance of semantic characteristics from higher categories. The objective is to create a database of words organized by semantic categories, suitable for use in natural-language understanding programs. This is a very small-scale project, which will not be competitive with large academic or commercial efforts such as the CYC project, but is intended to provide a convenient resource for experimentation in natural-language processing for individuals or small groups. Anyone who is currently engaged in or contemplating a similar thesaurus or dictionary project, who would be willing to collaborate on this project, is encouraged to contact us, so that unnecessary duplication of effort can be avoided. We would also appreciate being notified of typos, errors, or omissions in any version. Send inquiries or comments to: Patrick Cassidy MICRA Inc.
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[Illustration: P.M. Roget] Tabular Synopsis of Categories CLASS I. EXISTENCE I. EXISTENCE II. RELATION III. QUANTITY IV. ORDER V. NUMBER VI. TIME VII. CHANGE VIII. CAUSATION CLASS II. SPACE I. SPACE IN GENERAL II. DIMENSIONS III. FORM IV. MOTION CLASS III. MATTER I. MATTER IN GENERAL II. INORGANIC MATTER III. ORGANIC MATTER CLASS IV. INTELLECT (Division (I). FORMATION OF IDEAS I. OPERATIONS OF INTELECT IN GENERAL II. PRECURSORY CONDITIONS AND OPERATIONS III. MATERIALS FOR REASONING IV. REASONING PROCESSES V. RESULTS OF REASONING VI. EXTENSION OF THOUGHT VII. CREATIVE THOUGHT (Division (II). COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS I. NATURE OF IDEAS COMMUNICATED II. MODES OF COMMUNICATION III. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION CLASS V. VOLITION (Division (I). INDIVIDUAL VOLITION I. VOLITION IN GENERAL II. PROSPECTIVE VOLITION III. ACTION IV. ANTOGONISM V. RESULTS OF ACTION (Division (II). INTERSOCIAL VOLITION I. GENERAL II. SPECIAL III. CONDITIONAL IV. POSSESSIVE RELATIONS CLASS VI. AFFECTIONS I. AFFECTIONS GENERALLY II. PERSONAL III. SYMPATHETIC IV. MORAL V. RELIGIOUS ROGET'S THESAURUSOFENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES CLASS I WORDS EXPRESSING ABSTRACT RELATIONS SECTION I. EXISTENCE 1. BEING, IN THE ABSTRACT #1. Existence.—N. existence, being, entity, ens, esse, subsistence.
 reality, actuality; positiveness &c. adj.; fact, matter of fact, sober reality; truth &c. 494; actual existence.
 presence &c. (existence in space) 186; coexistence &c. 120. stubborn fact,


of the Aryan domain. The word oesc meant, in Anglo-Saxon, indifferently "ash-tree," or "spear"; and the same is, or has been, true of the French fresne and the Greek melia. The root of oesc appears in the Sanskrit as, "to throw" or "lance," whence asa, "a bow," and asana, "an arrow." See Pictet, Origines Indo-Europeennes, I. 222.]

 49 (return) [ Compare Spenser's story of Sir Guyon, in the "Faery Queen," where, however, the knight fares better than this poor priest. Usually these lightning-caverns were like Ixion's treasure-house, into which none might look and live. This conception is the foundation of part of the story of Blue-Beard and of the Arabian tale of the third one-eyed Calender] 50 (return) [ Cox, Mythology of the Aryan Nations, Vol. 1. p. 161.]

 51 (return) [ Kelly, Indo-European Folk-Lore, pp. 147, 183, 186, 193.]

 52 (return) [ Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 151.]

 53 (return) [ Callaway, Zulu Nursery Tales, I. 173, Note 12.]

 54 (return) [ Tylor, Early History of Mankind, p. 238; Primitive Culture, Vol. II. p. 254; Darwin, Naturalist's Voyage, p. 409.]

 55 (return) [ The production of fire by the drill is often called churning, e. g. "He took the uvati [chark], and sat down and churned it, and kindled a fire." Callaway, Zulu Nursery Tales, I. 174.]

 56 (return) [ Kelly, Indo-European Folk-Lore, p. 39. Burnouf, Bhagavata Purana, VIII. 6, 32.]

 57 (return) [ Baring-Gould, Curious Myths, p. 149.]

 58 (return) [ It is also the regenerating water of baptism, and the "holy water" of the Roman Catholic.]

 59 (return) [ In the Vedas the rain-god Soma, originally the personification of the sacrificial ambrosia, is the deity who imparts to men life, knowledge, and happiness. See Breal, Hercule et Cacus, p. 85. Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. II. p. 277.]

 60 (return) [ We may, perhaps, see here the reason for making the Greek fire-god Hephaistos the husband of Aphrodite.]

 61 (return) [ "Our country maidens are well aware that triple leaves plucked at hazard from the common ash are worn in the breast, for the purpose of causing prophetic dreams respecting a dilatory lover. The leaves of the yellow trefoil are supposed to possess similar virtues."—Harland and Wilkinson, Lancashire Folk-Lore, p.
 20.]

 62 (return) [ In Peru, a mighty and far-worshipped deity was Catequil, the thunder-god,.... "he who in thunder-flash and clap hurls from his sling the small, round, smooth thunder-stones, treasured in the villages as fire-fetishes and charms to kindle the flames of love."—Tylor, op. cit. Vol. II. p. 239] 63 (return) [ In Polynesia, "the great deity Maui adds a new complication to his enigmatic solar-celestial character by appearing as a wind-god."—Tylor, op. cit. Vol. II. p.
 242.]

 64 (return) [ Compare Plato, Republic, VIII. 15.]

 65 (return) [ Were-wolf = man-wolf, wer meaning "man." Garou is a Gallic corruption of werewolf, so that loup-garou is a tautological expression.]

 66 (return) [ Meyer, in Bunsen's Philosophy of Universal History, Vol. I. p. 151.]

 67 (return) [ Aimoin, De Gestis Francorum, II. 5.]

 68 (return) [ Taylor, Words and Places, p. 393.]

 69 (return) [ Very similar to this is the etymological confusion upon which is based the myth of the "confusion of tongues" in the eleventh chapter of Genesis. The name "Babel" is really Bab-Il, or "the gate of God"; but the Hebrew writer erroneously derives the word from the root balal, "to confuse"; and hence arises the mythical explanation,—that Babel was a place where human speech became confused. See Rawlinson, in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. I. p.
 149; Renan, Histoire des Langues Semitiques, Vol. I. p. 32; Donaldson, New Cratylus, p. 74, note; Colenso on the Pentateuch, Vol. IV. p. 268.]

 70 (return) [ Vilg. AEn. VIII. 322.
 With Latium compare plat?s, Skr. prath (to spread out), Eng. flat. Ferrar, Comparative Grammar of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit, Vol. I. p. 31.]

 71 (return) [ M'Lennan, "The Worship of Animals and Plants," Fortnightly Review, N. S. Vol. VI. pp. 407-427, 562-582, Vol. VII. pp 194-216; Spencer, "The Origin of Animal Worship," Id. Vol. VII. pp. 535-550, reprinted in his Recent Discussions in Science, etc., pp. 31-56.]

 72 (return) [ Thus is explained the singular conduct of the Hindu, who slays himself before his enemy's door, in order to acquire greater power of injuring him. "A certain Brahman, on whose lands a Kshatriya raja had built a house, ripped himself up in revenge, and became a demon of the kind called Brahmadasyu, who has been ever since the terror of the whole country, and is the most common village-deity in Kharakpur. Toward the close of the last century there were two Brahmans, out of whose house a man had wrongfully, as they thought, taken forty rupees; whereupon one of the Brahmans proceeded to cut off his own mother's head, with the professed view, entertained by both mother and son, that her spirit, excited by the beating of a large drum during forty days might haunt, torment, and pursue to death the taker of their money and those concerned with him." Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. II. p. 103.]

 73 (return) [ Hence, in many parts of Europe, it is still customary to open the windows when a person dies, in order that the soul may not be hindered in joining the mystic cavalcade.]

 74 (return) [ The story of little Red Riding-Hood is "mutilated in the English version, but known more perfectly by old wives in Germany, who can tell that the lovely little maid in her shining red satin cloak was swallowed with her grandmother by the wolf, till they both came out safe and sound when the hunter cut open the sleeping beast." Tylor, Primitive Culture, I. 307, where also see the kindred Russian story of Vasilissa the Beautiful. Compare the case of Tom Thumb, who "was swallowed by the cow and came out unhurt"; the story of Saktideva swallowed by the fish and cut out again, in Somadeva Bhatta, II.
 118-184; and the story of Jonah swallowed by the whale, in the Old Testament. All these are different versions of the same myth, and refer to the alternate swallowing up and casting forth of Day by Night, which is commonly


means or agency; as, the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms.

Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument.

 In'stru*men"tal*ist, n. One who plays upon an instrument of music, as distinguished from a vocalist.

 In'stru*men*tal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Instrumentalities (&?;).
 The quality or condition of being instrumental; that which is instrumental; anything used as a means; medium; agency.

 The instrumentality of faith in justification.

Bp. Burnet.
 The discovery of gunpowder developed the science of attack and defense in a new instrumentality.

J. H. Newman.
 In'stru*men"tal*ly (?), adv. 1. By means of an instrument or agency; as means to an end. South.
 They will argue that the end being essentially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so.

Burke.
2. With instruments of music; as, a song instrumentally accompanied. Mason.
 In'stru*men"tal*ness, n. Usefulness or agency, as means to an end; instrumentality. [R.] Hammond.
 In'stru*men"ta*ry (?), a. Instrumental. [R.]

 In'stru*men*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments; means; agency.

 Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our human use or handling of so great a fact.

H. Bushnell.
2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; orchestration; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band. (b) The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance; as, his instrumentation is perfect.

 In"stru*men'tist (?), n. A performer on a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

 In*style" (?), v. t. To style. [Obs.] Crashaw.
 In*suav"i*ty (?), n. [L. insuavitas: cf. F. insuavité.
 See Innot, and Suavity.] Want of suavity; unpleasantness. [Obs.] Burton.
 In'sub*jec"tion (?), n. Want of subjection or obedience; a state of disobedience, as to government.

 In'sub*mer"gi*ble (?), a. Not capable of being submerged; buoyant.
 [R.]

 In'sub*mis"sion (?), n. Want of submission; disobedience; noncompliance.

 In'sub*or"di*nate (?), a. Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous.

 In'sub*or'di*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. insubordination.] The quality of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority.

 In'sub*stan"tial (?), a. Unsubstantial; not real or strong. "Insubstantial pageant." [R.] Shak.
 In'sub*stan'ti*al"i*ty (?), n. Unsubstantiality; unreality. [R.]

 In'suc*ca"tion (?), n. [L. insucare, insucatum, to soak in; pref. in- + succus, sucus, sap.] The act of soaking or moistening; maceration; solution in the juice of herbs. [Obs.]
 Coxe.
 The medicating and insuccation of seeds.

Evelyn.
 In'suc*cess" (?), n. Want of success. [R.] Feltham.
 In*sue" (?), v. i. See Ensue, v. i. In"sue*tude (?), n. [L. insuetudo, from insuetus unaccustomed; pref. innot + suetus, p. p. of suescere to be accustomed.] The state or quality of being unaccustomed; absence of use or habit.

 Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom or insuetude.

Landor.
 In*suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as, insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Locke.
2. Offensive beyond endurance; detestable.

 A multitude of scribblers who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff.

Dryden.
 In*suf"fer*a*bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree beyond endurance; intolerably; as, a blaze insufferably bright; a person insufferably proud.

 In'suf*fi"cience (?), n. Insufficiency. Shak.
 In'suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. [L. insufficientia: cf. F. insuffisance, whence OE. insuffisance. See Insufficient.]

1. The quality or state of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as, the insufficiency of provisions, of an excuse, etc.

 The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of Scripture,... fully supplied.

Hooker.
2. Want of power or skill; inability; incapacity; incompetency; as, the insufficiency of a man for an office.

 In'suf*fi"cient (?), a. [L. insufficiens, -entis. See Innot, and Sufficient.]

1. Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as, the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. "Insufficient for His praise." Cowper.
2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as, a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office.

Syn. -- Inadequate; scanty; incommensurate; unequal; unfit; incompetent; incapable; inefficient.

 In'suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. In an insufficient manner or degree; unadequately.

 In'suf*fla"tion (?), n. [L. insuffatio: cf. F. insuffation.
 See Inin, and Sufflation.] The act of breathing on or into anything; especially: (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration of a new spiritual life. (b) (Med.) The act of blowing (a gas, powder, or vapor) into any cavity of the body.

 In*suit"a*ble (?), a. Unsuitable. [Obs.] -- In*suit'a*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.]

 In"su*lar (?), a. [L. insularis, fr. insula island: cf. F. insulaire. See Isle.]

1. Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as, an insular climate, fauna, etc.

2. Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as, insular habits, opinions, or prejudices.

 The penury of insular conversation.

Johnson.
 In"su*lar, n. An islander. [R.] Berkeley.
 In'su*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insularité.]

1. The state or quality of being an island or consisting of islands; insulation.

 The insularity of Britain


inch wide by 3 inches long, and having a maximum thickness of a little more than 1/8 inch. The positive or nickel plate (Fig. 6) is seen to consist of two rows of round rods or pencils, thirty in number, held in a vertical position by a steel support-frame.
 The pencils have flat flanges at the ends (formed by closing in the metal case), by which they are supported and electrical connection is made. The frame is slit at the inner horizontal edges, and then folded in such a way as to make individual clamping-jaws for each end-flange. The clamping-in is done at great pressure, and the resultant plate has great rigidity and strength.

 "The perforated tubes into which the nickel active material is loaded are made of nickel-plated steel of high quality. They are put together with a double-lapped spiral seam to give expansion-resisting qualities, and as an additional precaution small metal rings are slipped on the outside. Each tube is 1/4 inch in diameter by 4 1/8 inches long, add has eight of the reinforcing rings.

 "It will be seen that the 'A' positive plate has been given the theoretically best design to prevent expansion and overcome trouble from that cause. Actual tests, long continued under very severe conditions, have shown that the construction is right, and fulfils the most sanguine expectations."

 Mr. Holland in his article then goes on to explain the development of the nickel flakes as the conducting factor in the positive element, but as this has already been described in Chapter XXII, we shall pass on to a later point, where he says: "An idea of the conditions inside a loaded tube can best be had by microscopic examination. Fig. 7 shows a magnified section of a regularly loaded tube which has been sawed lengthwise. The vertical bounding walls are edges of the perforated metal containing tube; the dark horizontal lines are layers of nickel flake, while the light-colored thicker layers represent the nickel hydrate. It should be noted that the layers of flake nickel extend practically unbroken across the tube and make contact with the metal wall at both sides. These metal layers conduct current to or from the active nickel hydrate in all parts of the tube very efficiently.
 There are about three hundred and fifty layers of each kind of material in a 4 1/8-inch tube, each layer of nickel hydrate being about 0.01 inch thick; so it will be seen that the current does not have to penetrate very far into the nickel hydrate—one-half a layer's thickness being the maximum distance. The perforations of the containing tube, through which the electrolyte reaches the active material, are also shown in Fig. 7."

 In conclusion, the article enumerates the chief characteristics of the Edison storage battery which fit it preeminently for transportation service, as follows: 1. No loss of active material, hence no sediment short-circuits. 2. No jar breakage. 3. Possibility of quick disconnection or replacement of any cell without employment of skilled labor. 4.
 Impossibility of "buckling" and harmlessness of a dead short-circuit. 5.
 Simplicity of care required. 6. Durability of materials and construction.
 7. Impossibility of "sulphation." 8. Entire absence of corrosive fumes. 9.
 Commercial advantages of light weight. 10. Duration on account of its dependability. 11. Its high practical efficiency.

 XIX. EDISON'S POURED CEMENT HOUSE THE inventions that have been thus far described fall into two classes—first, those that were fundamental in the great arts and industries which have been founded and established upon them, and, second, those that have entered into and enlarged other arts that were previously in existence. On coming to consider the subject now under discussion, however, we find ourselves, at this writing, on the threshold of an entirely new and undeveloped art of such boundless possibilities that its ultimate extent can only be a matter of conjecture.

 Edison's concrete house, however, involves two main considerations, first of which was the conception or creation of the IDEA—vast and comprehensive—of providing imperishable and sanitary homes for the wage-earner by molding an entire house in one piece in a single operation, so to speak, and so simply that extensive groups of such dwellings could be constructed rapidly and at very reasonable cost. With this idea suggested, one might suppose that it would be a simple matter to make molds and pour in a concrete mixture. Not so, however. And here the second consideration presents itself. An ordinary cement mixture is composed of crushed stone, sand, cement, and water. If such a mixture be poured into deep molds the heavy stone and sand settle to the bottom. Should the mixture be poured into a horizontal mold, like the floor of a house, the stone and sand settle, forming an ununiform mass. It was at this point that invention commenced, in order to produce a concrete mixture which would overcome this crucial difficulty. Edison, with characteristic thoroughness, took up a line of investigation, and after a prolonged series of experiments succeeded in inventing a mixture that upon hardening remained uniform throughout its mass. In the beginning of his experimentation he had made the conditions of test very severe by the construction of forms similar to that shown in the sketch below.

 This consisted of a hollow wooden form of the dimensions indicated. The mixture was to be poured into the hopper until the entire form was filled, such mixture flowing down and along the horizontal legs and up the vertical members. It was to be left until the mixture was hard, and the requirement of the test was that there should be absolute uniformity of mixture and mass throughout. This was finally accomplished, and further invention then proceeded along engineering lines looking toward the devising of a system of molds with which practicable dwellings might be cast.

 Edison's boldness and breadth of conception are well illustrated in his idea of a poured house, in which he displays his accustomed tendency to reverse accepted methods. In fact, it is this very reversal of usual procedure that renders it difficult for the average mind to instantly grasp the full significance of the principles involved and the results attained.

 Up to this time we have been accustomed to see the erection of a house begun at the foundation and built up slowly, piece by piece, of solid materials: first the outer frame, then the floors and inner walls, followed by the stairways, and so on up to the putting on of the roof.
 Hence, it requires a complete rearrangement of mental conceptions to appreciate Edison's proposal to build a house FROM THE TOP DOWNWARD, in a few hours, with a freely flowing material poured into molds, and in a few days to take away the molds and find a complete indestructible sanitary house, including foundation, frame, floors, walls, stairways, chimneys, sanitary arrangements, and roof, with artistic ornamentation inside and out, all in one solid piece, as if it were graven or bored out of a rock.

 To bring about the accomplishment of a project so extraordinarily broad involves engineering and mechanical conceptions of a high order, and, as we have seen, these have been brought to bear on the subject by Edison, together with an intimate knowledge of compounded materials.

 The main features of this invention are easily comprehensible with the aid of the following diagrammatic sectional sketch: It should be first understood that the above sketch is in broad outline, without elaboration, merely to illustrate the working principle; and while the upright structure on the right is intended to represent a set of molds in position to form a three-story house, with cellar, no regular details of such a building (such as windows, doors, stairways, etc.) are here shown, as they would only tend to complicate an explanation.

 It will be noted that there are really two sets of molds, an inside and an outside set, leaving a space between them throughout. Although not shown in the sketch, there is in practice a number of bolts passing through these two sets of molds at various places to hold them together in their relative positions. In the open space between the molds there are placed steel rods for the purpose of reinforcement; while all through the entire structure provision is made for water and steam pipes, gas-pipes and electric-light wires being placed in appropriate positions as the molds are assembled.

 At the centre of the roof there will be noted a funnel-shaped opening


hole soon fills with a sap that is not exactly nectar but can be drunk in an emergency. Men who have been in danger of perishing from thirst on the desert have sometimes been saved by this unique method of well digging.
Greasewood, or creasote bush as it is sometimes called on account of its pungent odor, grows freely on the desert, but has little or no value and cattle will not touch it. Like many other desert plants it is resinous and if thrown into the fire, the green leaves spit and sputter while they burn like hot grease in a frying pan.
The mesquite tree is peculiarly adapted to the desert and is the most valuable tree that grows in the southwest. As found growing on the dry mesas of Arizona, it is only a small bush, but on the moist land of a river bottom it becomes a large forest tree. A mesquite forest stands in the Santa Cruz valley south of Tucson that is a fair sample of its growth under favorable conditions.
Its wood is hard and fine grained and polishes beautifully. It is very durable and is valuable for lumber, fence posts and firewood. On the dry mesas it seems to go mostly to root that is out of all proportion to the size of the tree. The amount of firewood that is sometimes obtained by digging up the root of a small mesquite bush is astonishing.
It makes a handsome and ornamental shade tree, having graceful branches, feathery leaves and fragrant flowers, and could be cultivated to advantage for yard and park purposes.
Its principal value, however, lies in its seed pods, which grow in clusters and look like string beans. The mesquite bean furnishes a superior article of food and feeds about everything that either walks or flies on the desert. The Indians make meal of the seed and bake it into bread. Cattle that feed on the open range will leave good grass to browse on a mesquite bush. Even as carnivorous a creature as the coyote will make a full meal on a mess of mesquite beans and seem to be satisfied. The tree exudes a gum that is equal to the gum arabic of commerce.
The palo verde is a tree without leaves and is a true child of the desert. No matter how hot and dry the weather the palo verde is always green and flourishing. At a distance it resembles a weeping willow tree stripped of its leaves. Its numerous long, slender, drooping branches gracefully criss-cross and interlace in an intricate figure of filigree work. It has no commercial value, but if it could be successfully transplanted and transported it would make a desirable addition to green-house collections in the higher latitudes.
The romantic mistletoe that is world renowned for its magic influence in love affairs, grows to perfection in southern Arizona. There are several varieties of this parasitic plant that are very unlike in appearance. Each kind partakes more or less of the characteristics of the tree upon which it grows, but all have the glossy leaf and waxen berry.
CHAPTER IX HOOKER'S HOT SPRINGS Arizona has several hot springs within her borders but, perhaps, none are more valuable nor picturesquely located than Hooker's hot springs.
These springs are located in the foothills on the western slope of the Galiura mountains in southeastern Arizona, thirty-five miles west of Willcox on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The spot is beautifully situated, commanding an extended view of valley and mountain scenery.
There are a dozen springs, big and little, in the group and are scattered over several acres of hillside. The temperature of the water is 130 degrees Fahrenheit and too hot to drink but, if sipped slowly, it makes an admirable hot-water draught. The springs evidently have their source deep down in the earth and the flow of water never varies.
When the water from the different springs is all united it forms a good sized brook. The water is conducted through pipes into the bath house, where it supplies a row of bath-tubs with water of any desired temperature. The surplus water flows into a large earthern tank or artificial lake and is used for irrigating a small farm that produces grain, fruits and vegetables.
The water from these springs is in great demand and is not only sought by the human biped, but is also in favor with the equine quadruped.
Every morning after the stable doors are thrown open and the horses turned loose they invariably, of their own accord, proceed to the lake, wade out into shallow water and take a bath. They lie down and splash the water about like a lot of schoolboys taking a swim.
The water from all the springs is perfectly soft and pure. It cannot be called a mineral water, as an analysis shows that it contains only a trace of any kind of mineral matter. This peculiarity of the water is no damage to the springs, since purity is the best recommendation that any water can have. Water that is heavily mineralized may be medicinal, but is not necessarily remedial, or even wholesome, notwithstanding the popular belief to the contrary. Water that is charged with much mineral is spoiled for drinking. Moderately hard water need not be injurious to anybody, but is especially beneficial to children. The assimilative function in the child appropriates mineral water tardily and sometimes absorbs it altogether too slowly for the child's good. Its absence in the system causes a disease called rickets, in which, from all lack of lime, the bones of the child become soft and yielding. The bones of a rickety child will bend rather than break. It is slow to walk and inclines to become bow-legged.
It is entirely different in old age. As the years multiply the system absorbs an abnormal and ever increasing amount of calcareous matter.
The bones become unduly hard and brittle and are easily broken. Bony matter is liable to be deposited in and about the joints, when they become stiff and painful. It also lodges in the various soft tissues of the body, and ossification of the valves of the heart and walls of the arteries sometimes happens. It weakens the blood vessels so that they easily rupture, which causes apoplexy, paralysis and death.
Calcareous concretions in the kidneys and bladder, also, come from the same cause, and are called gravel. Such deposits are not only annoying and painful to the patient, but in time may prove fatal if not removed by surgery.
Middle-aged and elderly people should never drink anything but soft water. If a natural supply of soft water cannot be obtained distilled water should be substituted. If neither natural soft water nor distilled water are available, and there is doubt as to the purity of the water that is being used, it should be boiled and then let stand to cool and settle. Boiling not only destroys and renders harmless any organic germs that may be present, but also precipitates and eliminates much of its inorganic salts.
A few drops of a weak solution of nitrate of silver added to a glass of water will quickly determine its quality. If the water that is being tested is free from mineral matter no change is produced, but if it contains mineral it turns the water opaque or milky.
The value of mineral water as a healthful or necessary drink has been greatly exaggerated. While it may do good in some instances, it is not nearly as beneficial as is commonly supposed. Instead of it always doing good the contrary is often true.
If a mineral water is desired there is no necessity of visiting a mineral spring to obtain it, as it can be made artificially at home or at the nearest pharmacy in any quantity or of any quality desired, with the additional advantage of having it contain exactly the ingredients wanted. There are nearly as many mineral waters on the market as there are patent medicines, and both are about equally misrepresented and deceiving. All classes of people would undoubtedly be greatly benefited in health, strength and longevity if more attention was given to the quality of our domestic water supply. Any one who needs a change, other things being equal, should seek a resort that furnishes pure, soft water rather than choose a spring that only boasts of its mineral properties. Not all of the benefit that is derived from a course at watering place is due to the virtues of the water, be it ever so potent. The change of environment, climate, diet, bathing, etc., are each factors that contribute something towards a cure.
Next


loq.]

6. A sick person; an invalid. [Obs.]

 Thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater. Burton.
Crank axle (Mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. -- Crank pin (Mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. -- Crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. -- Crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached.

 Crank (kr?nk), a. [AS. cranc weak ; akin to Icel. krangr, D. & G. krank sick, weak (cf. D. krengen to careen). Cf.
 Crank, n.] 1. Sick; infirm. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail.

3. Full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated.

 He who was, a little before, bedrid,... was now crank and lusty. Udall.
 If you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it. Mrs. Stowe.
 Crank, v. i. [See Crank, n.] To run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn.

 See how this river comes me cranking in. Shak.
 Crank"bird' (-b?rd'), n. (Zoöl.) A small European woodpecker (Picus minor).

 Cranked (kr?nkt), a. Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as, a cranked axle.

 Crank"i*ness (kr?nk"?-n?s), n. Crankness. Lowell.
 Cran"kle (kr?n"k'l), v. t. [Cf. Crinkle.] To break into bends, turns, or angles; to crinkle.

 Old Veg's stream... drew her humid train aslope, Crankling her banks. J. Philips.
 Cran"kle, v. i. To bend, turn, or wind.

 Along the crankling path. Drayton.
 Cran"kle, n. A bend or turn; a twist; a crinkle.

 Crank"ness (kr?nk"n?s), n. 1. (Naut.) Liability to be overset; - - said of a ship or other vessel.

2. Sprightliness; vigor; health.

 Crank"y (-?), a. 1. Full of spirit; crank.

2. Addicted to crotchets and whims; unreasonable in opinions; crotchety. [Colloq.]

3. Unsteady; easy to upset; crank.

 Cran"nied (kr?n"n?d), a. Having crannies, chinks, or fissures; as, a crannied wall. Tennyson.
 { Cran"nog (kr?n"n?g), Cran"noge (kr?n"n?j) }, n. [From Celtic; cf.
 Gael. crann a tree.] One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient times were numerous in the lakes of both countries. They may be regarded as the very latest class of prehistoric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Ages. See also Lake dwellings, under Lake. Encyc. Brit.
 Cran"ny (krn"n), n.; pl. Crannies (- nz). [F. cran notch, prob. from L. crena (a doubful word).] 1. A small, narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall, or other substance.

 In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone fitted to the crannies. Dryden.
 He peeped into every cranny. Arbuthnot.
2. (Glass Making) A tool for forming the necks of bottles, etc.

 Cran"ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crannied (-n?d); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Crannying.] 1. To crack into, or become full of, crannies. [R.]

 The ground did cranny everywhere. Golding.
2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies.

 All tenantless, save to the crannying wind. Byron.
 Cran"ny, a. [Perh. for cranky. See Crank, a. ] Quick; giddy; thoughtless. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Cran*ta"ra (kr?n-t?"r? or -t?"r?), n. [Gael. cranntara.] The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

 Crants (krnts), n. [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.] A garland carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.]

 Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maiden strewments.
Shak.
 Crap"au*dine (kr?p"?-d?n), a. [F., n.] (Arch.)
 Turning on pivots at the top and bottom; -- said of a door.

 Crap"au*dine, n. [F.] (Far.) An ulcer on the coronet of a horse. Bailey.
 Crape (krp), n. [F. crêpe, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped. See Crisp.] A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. Black crape is much used for mourning garments, also for the dress of some clergymen.

 A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn. Pope.
Crape myrtle (Bot.), a very ornamental shrub (Lagerströmia Indica) from the East Indies, often planted in the Southern United States. Its foliage is like that of the myrtle, and the flower has wavy crisped petals. -- Oriental crape. See Canton crape.

 Crape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craped (krpt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Craping.] [F. crêper, fr. L. crispare to curl, crisp, fr. crispus. See Crape, n.] To form into ringlets; to curl; to crimp; to friz; as, to crape the hair; to crape silk.

 The hour for curling and craping the hair. Mad. D'Arblay.
 Crape"fish' (kr?p"f?sh'), n. Salted codfish hardened by pressure.
 Kane.
 Crap"nel (kr?p"nel), n. A hook or drag; a grapnel.

 Crap"pie (kr?p"p?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass of the genus Pomoxys, found in the rivers of the Southern United States and Mississippi valley. There are several species. [Written also croppie.]

 Crap"ple (kr?p"p'l), n. [See Graple.] A claw. [Obs.]

 Craps (kr?ps), n. A gambling game with dice. [Local, U.S.]

 { ||Crap"u*la (kr?p"?-l?), Crap"ule (kr?p"?l), } n. [L. crapula intoxication.] Same as Crapulence.

 Crap"u*lence (-?-lens), n. The sickness occasioned by intemperance; surfeit. Bailey.
 { Crap"


promote. [R.]

Succeed my wish and second my design.

Dryden.
 Suc*ceed", v. i. 1. To come in the place of another person, thing, or event; to come next in the usual, natural, or prescribed course of things; to follow; hence, to come next in the possession of anything; -- often with to.

 If the father left only daughters, they equally succeeded to him in copartnership.

Sir M. Hale.
 Enjoy till I return Short pleasures; for long woes are to succeed!

Milton.
2. Specifically: To ascend the throne after the removal the death of the occupant.

 No woman shall succeed in Salique land.

Shak.
3. To descend, as an estate or an heirloom, in the same family; to devolve. Shak.
4. To obtain the object desired; to accomplish what is attempted or intended; to have a prosperous issue or termination; to be successful; as, he succeeded in his plans; his plans succeeded.

 It is almost impossible for poets to succeed without ambition.

Dryden.
 Spenser endeavored it in Shepherd's Kalendar; but neither will it succeed in English.

Dryden.
5. To go under cover. [A latinism. Obs.]

 Will you to the cooler cave succeed!

Dryden.
Syn. -- To follow; pursue. See Follow.

 Suc*ceed"ant (?), a. (Her.) Succeeding one another; following.

 Suc*ceed"er (?), n. A successor. Shak. Tennyson.
 Suc*ceed"ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, succeeds; also, that which succeeds, or follows after; consequence. Shak.
 Suc"cen*tor (?), n. [LL., an accompanier in singing, fr. succinere to sing, to accompany; sub under, after + canere to sing.]
 (Eccl.) A subchanter.

 Suc*cess" (?), n. [L. successus: cf. F. succès.
 See Succeed.] 1. Act of succeeding; succession. [Obs.]

 Then all the sons of these five brethren reigned By due success.

Spenser.
2. That which comes after; hence, consequence, issue, or result, of an endeavor or undertaking, whether good or bad; the outcome of effort.

 Men... that are like to do that, that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success.

Bacon.
 Perplexed and troubled at his bad success The tempter stood.

Milton.
3. The favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; the attainment of a proposed object; prosperous issue.

 Dream of success and happy victory!

Shak.
 Or teach with more success her son The vices of the time to shun.

Waller.
 Military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a people.

Atterbury.
4. That which meets with, or one who accomplishes, favorable results, as a play or a player. [Colloq.]

 Suc"ces*sa*ry (?), n. Succession. [Obs.]

 My peculiar honors, not derived From successary, but purchased with my blood.

Beau. & Fl.
 Suc*cess"ful (?), a. Resulting in success; assuring, or promotive of, success; accomplishing what was proposed; having the desired effect; hence, prosperous; fortunate; happy; as, a successful use of medicine; a successful experiment; a successful enterprise.

 Welcome, nephews, from successful wars.

Shak.
Syn. -- Happy; prosperous; fortunate; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate.

 -- Suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"ful*ness, n. Suc*ces"sion (?), n. [L. successio: cf. F. succession.
 See Succeed.] 1. The act of succeeding, or following after; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; as, a succession of good crops; a succession of disasters.

2. A series of persons or things according to some established rule of precedence; as, a succession of kings, or of bishops; a succession of events in chronology.

 He was in the succession to an earldom.

Macaulay.
3. An order or series of descendants; lineage; race; descent. "A long succession must ensue." Milton.
4. The power or right of succeeding to the station or title of a father or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the office, rank, position, etc., held ny another; also, the entrance into the office, station, or rank of a predecessor; specifically, the succeeding, or right of succeeding, to a throne.

 You have the voice of the king himself for your succession in Denmark.

Shak.
 The animosity of these factions did not really arise from the dispute about the succession.

Macaulay.
5. The right to enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or one preceding in an established order.

6. The person succeeding to rank or office; a successor or heir.
 [R.] Milton.
Apostolical succession. (Theol.) See under Apostolical. -- Succession duty, a tax imposed on every succession to property, according to its value and the relation of the person who succeeds to the previous owner. [Eng.] -- Succession of crops. (Agric.) See Rotation of crops, under Rotation.

 Suc*ces"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a succession; existing in a regular order; consecutive. "Successional teeth." Flower.
 -- Suc*ces"sion*al*ly, adv.
 Suc*ces"sion*ist, n. A person who insists on the importance of a regular succession of events, offices, etc.; especially (Eccl.), one who insists that apostolic succession alone is valid.

 Suc*ces"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. successif. See Succeed.] 1.
 Following in order or in uninterrupted course; coming after without interruption or interval; following one after another in a line or series; consecutive; as, the successive revolution of years; the successive kings of Egypt; successive strokes of a hammer.

 Send the successive ills through ages down.

Prior.
2. Having or giving the right of succeeding to an inheritance; inherited by succession; hereditary; as, a successive title; a successive empire. [Obs.] Shak.
Successive induction. (Math.) See Induction, 5.

 Suc*ces"sive*ly, adv. In a successive manner.

 The whiteness, at length, changed successively into blue, indigo, and violet.

Sir I. Newton.
 Suc*ces"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being successive.

 Suc*cess"less (?), a. Having no success.

Successless all her soft caresses prove.

Pope.
 -- Suc*cess"less*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"less*ness, n. Suc*ces"sor (?), n. [OE. successour, OF. successur, successor, F. successeur, L. successor. See Succeed.]
 One who succeeds or follows; one who takes the place which another has left, and sustains the like part or character; -- correlative to predecessor; as, the successor of a deceased king. Chaucer.
 A gift to a corporation, either of lands or of chattels, without naming their successors, vests an absolute property in them so lond as the corporation subsists.

Blackstone.
 Suc*cid"u*ous (?), a. [L. succiduus, fr. succidere to fall under.] Ready to fall; falling. [R.]

 Suc*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. succus, sucus, juice, sap + -ferous.] Producing or conveying sap.

 Suc'cin*am"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of succinamic acid.

 Suc'cin*am


cover Steep Trails by John Muir California • Utah • Nevada • Washington Oregon • The Grand Cañon Contents EDITOR'S NOTE Steep Trails I. Wild Wool II. A Geologist's Winter Walk III. Summer Days at Mount Shasta IV. A Perilous Night on Shasta's Summit V. Shasta Rambles and Modoc Memories VI. The City of the Saints VII. A Great Storm in Utah VIII. Bathing in Salt Lake IX. Mormon Lilies X. The San Gabriel Valley XI. The San Gabriel Mountains XII. Nevada Farms XIII. Nevada Forests XIV. Nevada's Timber Belt XV. Glacial Phenomena in Nevada XVI. Nevada's Dead Towns XVII. Puget Sound XVIII. The Forests of Washington XIX. People and Towns of Puget Sound XX. An Ascent of Mount Rainier XXI. The Physical and Climatic Characteristics of Oregon XXII. The Forests of Oregon and their Inhabitants XXIII. The Rivers of Oregon XXIV. The Grand Cañon of the Colorado Footnotes: mountain_sheep Mountain Sheep (Ovis nelsoni) From a drawing by Allan Brooks Illustrations Mountain Sheep (Ovis nelsoni) TISSIACK FROM GLACIER POINT: TENAYA CAÑON ON THE LEFT MOUNT SHASTA AFTER A SNOWSTORM AT SHASTA SODA SPRINGS IN THE WAHSATCH MOUNTAINS SEGO LILIES (Calochortus Nuttallii) SAN GABRIEL VALLEY THE SAGE LEVELS OF THE NEVADA DESERT MOUNT RAINIER FROM THE SODA SPRINGS THE OREGON SEA-BLUFFS CAPE HORN, COLUMBIA RIVER THE GRAND CAÑON AT O'NEILL'S POINT EDITOR'S NOTE The papers brought together in this volume have, in a general way, been arranged in chronological sequence. They span a period of twenty-nine years of Muir's life, during which they appeared as letters and articles, for the most part in publications of limited and local circulation. The Utah and Nevada sketches, and the two San Gabriel papers, were contributed, in the form of letters, to the San Francisco Evening Bulletin toward the end of the seventies. Written in the field, they preserve the freshness of the author's first impressions of those regions. Much of the material in the chapters on Mount Shasta first took similar shape in 1874. Subsequently it was rewritten and much expanded for inclusion in Picturesque California, and the Region West of the Rocky Mountains, which Muir began to edit in 1888. In the same work appeared the description of Washington and Oregon. The charming little essay "Wild Wool" was written for the Overland Monthly in 1875. "A Geologist's Winter Walk" is an extract from a letter to a friend, who, appreciating its fine literary quality, took the responsibility of sending it to the Overland Monthly without the author's knowledge. The concluding chapter on "The Grand Cañon of the Colorado" was published in the Century Magazine in 1902, and exhibits Muir's powers of description at their maturity.
Some of these papers were revised by the author during the later years of his life, and these revisions are a part of the form in which they now appear. The chapters on Mount Shasta, Oregon, and Washington will be found to contain occasional sentences and a few paragraphs that were included, more or less verbatim, in The Mountains of California and Our National Parks.
Being an important part of their present context, these paragraphs could not be omitted without impairing the unity of the author's descriptions.
The editor feels confident that this volume will meet, in every way, the high expectations of Muir's readers. The recital of his experiences during a stormy night on the summit of Mount Shasta will take rank among the most thrilling of his records of adventure. His observations on the dead towns of Nevada, and on the Indians gathering their harvest of pine nuts, recall a phase of Western life that has left few traces in American literature. Many, too, will read with pensive interest the author's glowing description of what was one time called the New Northwest. Almost inconceivably great have been the changes wrought in that region during the past generation. Henceforth the landscapes that Muir saw there will live in good part only in his writings, for fire, axe, plough, and gunpowder have made away with the supposedly boundless forest wildernesses and their teeming life.
WILLIAM FREDERIC BADÈ Berkeley, California May, 1918 STEEP TRAILS I. Wild Wool Moral improvers have calls to preach. I have a friend who has a call to plough, and woe to the daisy sod or azalea thicket that falls under the savage redemption of his keen steel shares. Not content with the so-called subjugation of every terrestrial bog, rock, and moorland, he would fain discover some method of reclamation applicable to the ocean and the sky, that in due calendar time they might be brought to bud and blossom as the rose. Our efforts are of no avail when we seek to turn his attention to wild roses, or to the fact that both ocean and sky are already about as rosy as possible—the one with stars, the other with dulse, and foam, and wild light. The practical developments of his culture are orchards and clover-fields wearing a smiling, benevolent aspect, truly excellent in their way, though a near view discloses something barbarous in them all. Wildness charms not my friend, charm it never so wisely: and whatsoever may be the character of his heaven, his earth seems only a chaos of agricultural possibilities calling for grubbing-hoes and manures.
Sometimes I venture to approach him with a plea for wildness, when he good-naturedly shakes a big mellow apple in my face, reiterating his favorite aphorism, "Culture is an orchard apple; Nature is a crab." Not all culture, however, is equally destructive and inappreciative. Azure skies and crystal waters find loving recognition, and few there be who would welcome the axe among mountain pines, or would care to apply any correction to the tones and costumes of mountain waterfalls. Nevertheless, the barbarous notion is almost universally entertained by civilized man, that there is in all the manufactures of Nature something essentially coarse which can and must be eradicated by human culture. I was, therefore, delighted in finding that the wild wool growing upon mountain sheep in the neighborhood of Mount Shasta was much finer than the average grades of cultivated wool. This FINE discovery was made some three months ago[1], while hunting among the Shasta sheep between Shasta and Lower Klamath Lake. Three fleeces were obtained—one that belonged to a large ram about four years old, another to a ewe about the same age, and another to a yearling lamb. After parting their beautiful wool on the side and many places along the back, shoulders, and hips, and examining it closely with my lens, I shouted: "Well done for wildness! Wild wool is finer than tame!" My companions stooped down and examined the fleeces for themselves, pulling out tufts and ringlets, spinning them between their fingers, and measuring the length of the staple, each in turn paying tribute to wildness. It WAS finer, and no mistake; finer than Spanish Merino. Wild wool IS finer than tame.
"Here," said I, "is an argument for fine wildness that needs no explanation. Not that such arguments are by any means rare, for all wildness is finer than tameness, but because fine wool is appreciable by everybody alike—from the most speculative president of national wool-growers' associations all the way down to the gude-wife spinning by her ingleside." Nature is a good mother, and sees well to the clothing of her many


time. [Obs.] Donne.
 Crotch"et*ed, a. Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).
 Crotch"et*i*ness (kr?ch"?t-?-n?s), n. The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical.

 This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness. J. Grote.
 Crotch"et*y (kr?ch"?t-?), a. Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as, a crotchety man.

 Cro"ton (kr?"t?n), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, prop., a tick, which the seed of the croton resembles.] (Bot.) A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries.

Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

 Cro"ton bug' (b?g'). [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.)
 A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

 Cro*ton"ic (kr?-t?n"?k), a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil.

Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. Also, any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper.

 The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

 Cro"ton*ine (kr?"t?n-?n), n. (Chem.) A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.
 Cro*ton"y*lene (kr?-t?n"?-l?n), n. [Crotonic + acet-ylene.]
 (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

 Crot"tles (kr?t"t'lz), n. pl. [Gael. crotal.] A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

 Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.] 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear.

 Now crouch like a cur. Beau. & Fl.
2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. "A crouching purpose." Wordsworth.
 Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humor? Shak.
 Crouch, v. t. [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.] 1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear.

 She folded her arms across her chest, And crouched her head upon her breast. Colerige.
 Crouched (kroucht), a. Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.]

Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

 Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.) See Crowd, a violin.

 Crouke (krouk), n. A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.
 Croup (kr??p), n. [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr.
 Cf. Crop.] The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle.

 So light to the croup the fair lady he swung, So light to the saddle before her he sprung. Sir W. Scott.
 Croup (kr??p), n. [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

 Crou*pade" (kr??-p?d"), n. [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.]
 (Man.) A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

 Croup"al (kr??p"al), a. Croupy.

 Croup"er (kr??p"?r), n. See Crupper.

 Crou"pi*er (kr&?;&?;"p&?;-&?;r), n. [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.] 1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes.

2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

 Croup"ous (kr??p"?s), a. (Med.) Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrane like that found in membranous croup; as, croupous laryngitis.

Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

 Croup"y (kr??p"?), a. Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as, a croupy cough.

 Crouse (kr??s), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.
 ||Crou'stade" (kr??'st?d"), n. [F., fr. cro&?;te a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery) Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.
 Crout (krout), n. [G. kraut.] See Sourkrout.

 ||Crou'ton" (kr??'t?n"), n. [F. cro&?;ton, fr. cro&?;te a crust.] (Cookery) Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

 Crow (kr), v. i. [imp. Crew (kr) or Crowed (krd); p. p. Crowed (Crown (krn), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] [AS. cr


iome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A self-evident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as, "The whole is greater than a part;" "A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be."

2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as, the axioms of political economy.

Syn. -- Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a self-evident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long-established authority and of universal application.

 { Ax'i*o*mat"ic (&?;), Ax'i*o*mat"ic*al, } a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; self-evident; characterized by axioms. "Axiomatical truth." Johnson.
 The stores of axiomatic wisdom. I. Taylor.
 Ax'i*o*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom.

 ||Ax"is (&?;), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name).

 Ax"is (&?;), n.; pl. Axes (&?;). [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged.

2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center.

3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray.
4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon.

5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded.

6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line of any design.

Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. -- Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. -- Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; -- called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. -- Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. -- Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the transverse axis and the conjugate axis.
 -- Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. -- Axis of a telescope or microscope, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. -- Axes of coördinates in a plane, two straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. -- Axes of coördinates in space, the three straight lines in which the coördinate planes intersect each other. -- Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns. -- Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. -- Axis of polarization, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. Brewster. -- Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. -- Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. -- Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hutton. -- Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. - - Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. - - Optic axis of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. -- Optic axis, Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. -- Radical axis of two circles (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. -- Spiral axis (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. - - Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa.

 Ax"le (ks"'l), n. [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS. eaxl; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder, axle, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr. 'a'xwn, Skr. aksha, L. axilla shoulder joint: cf. F. essieu, axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. √205. Cf. 2d Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel.

2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage; an axletree.

3. An axis; as, the sun's axle.

 Had from her axle torn The steadfast earth. Milton.
 Railway axles are called leading and trailing from their position in the front or in the rear of a car or truck respectively.

 Ax"le box' (&?;). 1. A bushing in the hub of a wheel, through which the axle passes.

2. The journal box


MASSACRE AT PARIS By Christopher Marlowe CONTENTS Table of Contents with inital stage directions DRAMATIS PERSONAE THE MASSACRE AT PARIS.
 [Scene i] [Scene ii] [Scene iii] [Scene iv] [Scene v] [Scene vi] [Scene vii] [Scene viii] [Scene ix] [Scene x] [Scene xi] [Scene xii] [Scene xiii] [Scene xiv] [Scene xv] [Scene xvi] [Scene xvii] [Scene xviii] [Scene xix] [Scene xx] [Scene xxi] [Scene xxii] Table of Contents with inital stage directions: DRAMATIS PERSONAE THE MASSACRE AT PARIS.

 With the Death of the Duke of Guise.

 [Scene i] [Scene ii] [Scene iii] [Scene iv] [Scene v] [Scene vi] [Scene vii] [Scene viii] [Scene ix] [Scene x] [Scene xi] [Scene xii] [Scene xiii] [Scene xiv] [Scene xv] [Scene xvi] [Scene xvii] [Scene xviii] [Scene xix] [Scene xx] [Scene xxi] [Scene xxii]


[L. copulatio: cf. F. copulation.]
 1. The act of coupling or joining; union; conjunction.

 Wit, you know, is the unexpected copulation of ideas. Johnson.
2. The coming together of male and female in the act of generation; sexual union; coition.

 Cop"u*la"tive (?), a. [L. copulativus: cf. F. copulatif.]
 Serving to couple, unite, or connect; as, a copulative conjunction like "and".

 Cop"u*la*tive, n. 1. Connection. [Obs.] Rycaut.
2. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction.

 Cop"u*la"tive*ly, adv. In a copulative manner.

 Cop"u*la*to*ry (kp"*l*t*r), a. 1. Pertaining to copulation; tending or serving to unite; copulative.

2. (Zoöl.) Used in sexual union; as, the copulatory organs of insects.

 Cop"y (kp"), n.; pl. Copies (-z). [F. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, number, LL. also, a transcript; co- + the root of opes riches. See Opulent, and cf. Copious.] 1.
 An abundance or plenty of anything. [Obs.]

 She was blessed with no more copy of wit, but to serve his humor thus. B. Jonson.
2. An imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work; as, a copy of a letter, an engraving, a painting, or a statue.

 I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the original.
Denham.
3. An individual book, or a single set of books containing the works of an author; as, a copy of the Bible; a copy of the works of Addison.

4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, or reproduced; a pattern, model, or example; as, his virtues are an excellent copy for imitation.

 Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters.
Holder.
5. (print.) Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type; as, the printers are calling for more copy.

6. A writing paper of a particular size. Same as Bastard. See under Paper.

7. Copyhold; tenure; lease. [Obs.] Shak.
Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. -- Examined copies (Law), those which have been compared with the originals. -- Exemplified copies, those which are attested under seal of a court. -- Certified or Office copies, those which are made or attested by officers having charge of the originals, and authorized to give copies officially. Abbot.
Syn. -- Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit.

 Cop"y (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Copied (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Copying.] [Cf. F. copir, fr. LL. copiare.
 See Copy, n.] 1. To make a copy or copies of; to write; print, engrave, or paint after an original; to duplicate; to reproduce; to transcribe; as, to copy a manuscript, inscription, design, painting, etc.; -- often with out, sometimes with off.

 I like the work well; ere it be demanded (As like enough it will), I'd have it copied. Shak.
 Let this be copied out, And keep it safe for our remembrance. Shak.
2. To imitate; to attempt to resemble, as in manners or course of life.

 We copy instinctively the voices of our companions, their accents, and their modes of pronunciation. Stewart.
 Cop"y, v. i. 1. To make a copy or copies; to imitate.

2. To yield a duplicate or transcript; as, the letter did not copy well.

 Some... never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good things. Dryden.
 Cop"y*er (?), n. See Copier.

 Cop"y*graph (?), n. A contrivance for producing manifold copies of a writing or drawing.

 The writing or drawing is made with aniline ink on paper, and a reverse copy transfered by pressure to a slab of gelatin softened with glycerin. A large number of transcripts can be taken while the ink is fresh.

 Various names have been given to the process [the gelatin copying process], some of them acceptable and others absurd; hectograph, polygraph, copygraph, lithogram, etc. Knight.
 Cop"y*hold' (?), n. (Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord's court. Blackstone.
(b) Land held in copyhold. Milton.
Copyholds do not exist in the United States.

 Cop"y*hold'er (?), n. 1. (Eng. Law) One possessed of land in copyhold.

2. (print.) (a) A device for holding copy for a compositor. (b) One who reads copy to a proof reader.

 Cop"y*ing, a. & n. From Copy, v. Copying ink. See under Ink. -- Copying paper, thin unsized paper used for taking copies of letters, etc., in a copying press. -- Copying press, a machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of letters, etc., written in copying ink.

 Cop"y*ist, n. A copier; a transcriber; an imitator; a plagiarist.

 Cop"y*right (?), n. The right of an author or his assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. This right may be had in maps, charts, engravings, plays, and musical compositions, as well as in books.

 In the United States a copyright runs for the term of twenty-eight years, with right of renewal for fourteen years on certain conditions.

International copyright, an author's right in his productions as secured by treaty between nations.

 Cop"y*right', v. t. To secure a copyright on.

 ||Coque"li*cot' (?), n. [F.] 1. (Bot.) The wild poppy, or red corn rose.

2. The color of the wild poppy; a color nearly red, like orange mixed with scarlet.

 Co*quet" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coquetted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Coquetting.] To attempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of; to treat with a show of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint.

 You are coquetting a maid of honor. Swift.
 Co*quet", v. i. To trifle in love; to stimulate affection or interest; to play the coquette; to deal playfully instead of seriously; to play (with); as, we have coquetted with political crime.

 Co*quet"ry (?), n.; pl. Coquetries (#). [F. coquetterie.]
 Attempts to attract admiration, notice, or love, for the mere gratification of vanity; trifling in love. "Little affectations of coquetry."
 Addison.
 Co*quette" (?), n. [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a cock.
 Cf. Cock, Cocket, Cocky, Cockade.] 1. A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to attract admiration from a desire to gratify vanity; a flirt; -- formerly sometimes applied also to men.

2. (Zoöl.) A tropical humming bird of the genus Lophornis, with very elegant neck


SHINY BROOK HILLS ADVENTURE FAIRIES HUMMING-BIRD BLUE GRASS ENVOY


The lumpfish.

 Lump"y (?), a. [Compar. Lumpier (?); superl. Lumpiest.]
 Full of lumps, or small compact masses.

 ||Lu"na (?), n. [L.; akin to lucere to shine. See Light, n., and cf. Lune.] 1. The moon.

2. (Alchemy) Silver.

Luna cornea (Old Chem.), horn silver, or fused silver chloride, a tough, brown, translucent mass; -- so called from its resemblance to horn. -- Luna moth (Zoöl.), a very large and beautiful American moth (Actias luna). Its wings are delicate light green, with a stripe of purple along the front edge of the anterior wings, the other margins being edged with pale yellow. Each wing has a lunate spot surrounded by rings of light yellow, blue, and black. The caterpillar commonly feeds on the hickory, sassafras, and maple.

 Lu"na*cy (?), n.; pl. Lunacies (#). [See Lunatic.] 1.
 Insanity or madness; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken by intervals of reason, -- formerly supposed to be influenced by the changes of the moon; any form of unsoundness of mind, except idiocy; mental derangement or alienation. Brande. Burrill.
 Your kindred shuns your house As beaten hence by your strange lunacy.

Shak.
2. A morbid suspension of good sense or judgment, as through fanaticism. Dr. H. More.
Syn. -- Derangement; craziness; mania. See Insanity.

 Lu"nar (l"nr), a. [L. lunaris, fr. luna the moon. See Luna, and cf. Lunary.] 1. Of or pertaining to the moon; as, lunar observations.

2. Resembling the moon; orbed. Dryden.
3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon; as, a lunar month.

4. Influenced by the moon, as in growth, character, or properties; as, lunar herbs. Bacon.
Lunar caustic (Med. Chem.), silver nitrate prepared to be used as a cautery; -- so named because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists. -- Lunar cycle. Same as Metonic cycle.
 See under Cycle. -- Lunar distance, the angular distance of the moon from the sun, a star, or a planet, employed for determining longitude by the lunar method. - - Lunar method, the method of finding a ship's longitude by comparing the local time of taking (by means of a sextant or circle) a given lunar distance, with the Greenwich time corresponding to the same distance as ascertained from a nautical almanac, the difference of these times being the longitude. -- Lunar month.
 See Month. -- Lunar observation, an observation of a lunar distance by means of a sextant or circle, with the altitudes of the bodies, and the time, for the purpose of computing the longitude. -- Lunar tables.
 (a) (Astron.) Tables of the moon's motions, arranged for computing the moon's true place at any time past or future. (b) (Navigation) Tables for correcting an observed lunar distance on account of refraction and parallax. -- Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.38 seconds.

 Lu"nar, n. 1. (Astron.) A lunar distance.

2. (Anat.) The middle bone of the proximal series of the carpus; -- called also semilunar, and intermedium.

 Lu*na"ri*an (?), n. [See Lunar, Luna.] An inhabitant of the moon.

 Lu"na*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. lunaire. See Lunar.] Lunar. [Obs.]
 Fuller.
 Lu"na*ry, n. [Cf. F. lunaire.] (Bot.) (a) The herb moonwort or "honesty". (b) A low fleshy fern (Botrychium Lunaria) with lunate segments of the leaf or frond.

 { Lu"nate (?), Lu"na*ted (?), } a. [L. lunatus crescent-shaped, p. p. of lunare to bend like a crescent, fr. luna the moon.] Crescent-shaped; as, a lunate leaf; a lunate beak; a lunated cross. Gray.
 Lu"na*tic (?), a. [F. lunatique, L. lunaticus, fr. luna the moon. See Lunar.] 1. Affected by lunacy; insane; mad.

 Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic.

Wyclif (Matt. xvii. 15).
2. Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, an insane person; evincing lunacy; as, lunatic gibberish; a lunatic asylum.

 Lu"na*tic, n. A person affected by lunacy; an insane person, esp.
 one who has lucid intervals; a madman; a person of unsound mind.

 The lunatic, the lover, and the poet, Are of imagination all compact.

Shak.
 Lu*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. Lunated.] The period of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next; varying in length, at different times, from about 29¼ to 29 days, the average length being 29 d., 12h., 44m., 2.9s.

 Lunch (?), n. [Of uncertain etymol. Cf. Prov. Eng. nunc a lump.] A luncheon; specifically, a light repast between breakfast and dinner.

 Lunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lunching.] To take luncheon. Smart.
 Lunch"eon (?), n. [Prov. E. luncheon, lunchion, lunshin, a large lump of food, fr. lunch. See Lunch.]

1. A lump of food. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A portion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal; an informal or light repast, as between breakfast and dinner.

 Lunch"eon, v. i. To take luncheon. Beaconsfield.
 Lune (?), n. [L. luna moon: cf. F. lune. See Luna.]
 1. Anything in the shape of a half moon. [R.]

2. (Geom.) A figure in the form of a crescent, bounded by two intersecting arcs of circles.

3. A fit of lunacy or madness; a period of frenzy; a crazy or unreasonable freak. [Obs.]

 These dangerous, unsafe lunes i' the king.

Shak.
 Lu"net (?), n. [See Lunette.] A little moon or satellite. [Obs.] Bp.
 Hall.
 Lu*nette" (?), n. [F., dim. of lune moon, L. luna.
 See Lune a crescent.] 1. (Fort.) A fieldwork consisting of two faces, forming a salient angle, and two parallel flanks. See Bastion.

2. (Far.) A half horseshoe, which wants the sponge.

3. A kind of watch crystal which is more than ordinarily flattened in the center; also, a species of convexoconcave lens for spectacles.

4. A piece of felt to cover the eye of a vicious horse.

5. (Arch.) Any surface of semicircular or segmental form; especially, the piece of wall between the curves of a vault and its springing line.

6. An iron shoe at the end of the stock of a gun carriage.

Lunette window (Arch.), a window which fills or partly fills a lunette.

 Lung (lng), n. [OE. lunge, AS. lunge, pl. lungen; akin to D. long, G. lunge, Icel.


either of such matters alone would be a sufficient bar to the action. Stephen. -- Double point (Geom.), a point of a curve at which two branches cross each other. Conjugate or isolated points of a curve are called double points, since they possess most of the properties of double points (see Conjugate).
 They are also called acnodes, and those points where the branches of the curve really cross are called crunodes. The extremity of a cusp is also a double point. -- Double quarrel. (Eccl.
 Law) See Duplex querela, under Duplex. -- Double refraction.
 (Opt.) See Refraction. -- Double salt. (Chem.) (a) A mixed salt of any polybasic acid which has been saturated by different bases or basic radicals, as the double carbonate of sodium and potassium, NaKCO3.6H2O. (b) A molecular combination of two distinct salts, as common alum, which consists of the sulphate of aluminium, and the sulphate of potassium or ammonium. -- Double shuffle, a low, noisy dance. -- Double standard (Polit.
 Econ.), a double standard of monetary values; i. e., a gold standard and a silver standard, both of which are made legal tender. -- Double star (Astron.), two stars so near to each other as to be seen separate only by means of a telescope. Such stars may be only optically near to each other, or may be physically connected so that they revolve round their common center of gravity, and in the latter case are called also binary stars. -- Double time (Mil.). Same as Double-quick. -- Double window, a window having two sets of glazed sashes with an air space between them.

 Dou"ble (?), adv. Twice; doubly.

 I was double their age.

Swift.
 Dou"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doubled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Doubling (?).] [OE. doblen, dublen, doublen, F. doubler, fr. L. duplare, fr. duplus. See Double, a.] 1. To increase by adding an equal number, quantity, length, value, or the like; multiply by two; as, to double a sum of money; to double a number, or length.

Double six thousand, and then treble that.

Shak.
2. To make of two thicknesses or folds by turning or bending together in the middle; to fold one part upon another part of; as, to double the leaf of a book, and the like; to clinch, as the fist; -- often followed by up; as, to double up a sheet of paper or cloth.
 Prior.
 Then the old man Was wroth, and doubled up his hands.

Tennyson.
3. To be the double of; to exceed by twofold; to contain or be worth twice as much as.

 Thus reënforced, against the adverse fleet, Still doubling ours, brave Rupert leads the way.

Dryden.
4. To pass around or by; to march or sail round, so as to reverse the direction of motion.

 Sailing along the coast, the doubled the promontory of Carthage.

Knolles.
5. (Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one from each two.

 Dou"ble, v. i. 1. To be increased to twice the sum, number, quantity, length, or value; to increase or grow to twice as much.

 'T is observed in particular nations, that within the space of three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties, the number of men doubles.

T. Burnet.
2. To return upon one's track; to turn and go back over the same ground, or in an opposite direction.

Doubling and turning like a hunted hare.

Dryden.
Doubling and doubling with laborious walk.

Wordsworth.
3. To play tricks; to use sleights; to play false.

 What penalty and danger you accrue, If you be found to double.

J. Webster.
4. (Print.) To set up a word or words a second time by mistake; to make a doublet.

To double upon (Mil.), to inclose between two fires.

 Dou"ble, n. 1. Twice as much; twice the number, sum, quantity, length, value, and the like.

 If the thief be found, let him pay double.

Ex. xxii. 7.
2. Among compositors, a doublet (see Doublet, 2.); among pressmen, a sheet that is twice pulled, and blurred.

3. That which is doubled over or together; a doubling; a plait; a fold.

 Rolled up in sevenfold double Of plagues.

Marston.
4. A turn or circuit in running to escape pursues; hence, a trick; a shift; an artifice.

 These men are too well acquainted with the chase to be flung off by any false steps or doubles.

Addison.
5. Something precisely equal or counterpart to another; a counterpart. Hence, a wraith.

 My charming friend... has, I am almost sure, a double, who preaches his afternoon sermons for him.

Atlantic Monthly.
6. A player or singer who prepares to take the part of another player in his absence; a substitute.

7. Double beer; strong beer.

8. (Eccl.) A feast in which the antiphon is doubled, hat is, said twice, before and after the Psalms, instead of only half being said, as in simple feasts. Shipley.
9. (Lawn Tennis) A game between two pairs of players; as, a first prize for doubles.

10. (Mus.) An old term for a variation, as in Bach's Suites.

 Dou"ble-act'ing (?), a. Acting or operating in two directions or with both motions; producing a twofold result; as, a double-acting engine or pump.

 Dou"ble-bank" (?), v. t. (Naut.) To row by rowers sitting side by side in twos on a bank or thwart.

To double-bank an oar, to set two men to pulling one oar.

 Dou"ble-banked' (?), a. Applied to a kind of rowing in which the rowers sit side by side in twos, a pair of oars being worked from each bank or thwart.

 { Dou"ble-bar'reled (?), or -bar'relled }, a. Having two barrels; -- applied to a gun.

 Dou"ble-beat' valve" (?). See under Valve.

 Dou"ble-breast'ed (?), a. Folding or lapping over on the breast, with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each side; as, a double-breasted coat.

 Dou"ble-charge' (?), v. t. 1. To load with a double charge, as of gunpowder.

2. To overcharge. Shak.
 Dou"ble deal"er (?). One who practices double dealing; a deceitful, trickish person. L'Estrange.
 Dou"ble deal"ing (?). False or deceitful dealing. See Double dealing, under Dealing. Shak.
 Dou"ble-deck"er (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A man-of-war having two gun decks.

2. A public conveyance, as a street car, with seats on the roof.
 [Colloq.]

 Dou"ble-dye' (?), v. t. To dye again or twice over.

 To double-dye their robes in scarlet.

J. Webster.
 Dou"ble-dyed' (?), a. Dyed twice; thoroughly or intensely colored; hence; firmly fixed in opinions or habits; as, a double-dyed villain.

 Dou"ble-end"er (?), n. (a) (


box." Dickens.
10. (Baseball) The square in which the pitcher stands.

11. (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue.

Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox.

Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. -- Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents.
 -- Box chronometer, a ship's chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. -- Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. -- Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. -- Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. -- Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. -- Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. -- Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another.
 R. W. Raymond. -- Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. -- Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the right and the left. -- Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; -- so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. Also, humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. -- In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) -- In the wrong box, out of one's place; out of one's element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554) Box, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Boxing.]

1. To inclose in a box.

2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel.

3. (Arch.) To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form.

To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. -- To box off, to divide into tight compartments. -- To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as, he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as, to be boxed up in narrow quarters.

 Box, n. [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf.
 Pash.] A blow on the head or ear with the hand.

 A good-humored box on the ear. W. Irving.
 Box, v. i. To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar.

 Box, v. t. To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.

 Box, v. t. [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.] To boxhaul.

To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. -- To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order.

 Box"ber'ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) The wintergreen. (Gaultheria procumbens). [Local, U.S.]

 Box"en (bks"'n), a. Made of boxwood; pertaining to, or resembling, the box (Buxus). [R.]

 The faded hue of sapless boxen leaves. Dryden.
 Box"er (bks"r), n. One who packs boxes.

 Box"er, n. One who boxes; a pugilist.

 Box"fish' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The trunkfish.

 Box"haul' (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled (&?;).]
 (Naut.) To put (a vessel) on the other tack by veering her short round on her heel; -- so called from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. e., sharp aback, on the wind). Totten.
 Box"haul'ing, n. (Naut.) A method of going from one tack to another. See Boxhaul.

 Box"ing, n. 1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation.

2. Material used in making boxes or casings.

3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing.

4. (Arch.) The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form.

 Box"ing, n. The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring. Blackstone.
Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement.

 Box"-i'ron (&?;), n. A hollow smoothing iron containing a heater within.

 Box"keep'er (&?;), n. An attendant at a theater who has charge of the boxes.

 Box"thorn' (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycium, esp. Lycium barbarum.

 Box"wood' (&?;), n. The wood of the box (Buxus).

 Boy (&?;), n. [Cf. D. boef, Fries. boi, boy; akin to G. bube, Icel. bofi rouge.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; hence, a son.

 My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee. Sir W. Scott.
Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used colloquially of members of an associaton, fraternity, or party.

Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in old Christian sports, and invested with robes and other insignia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremonies in which the bishop usually officiated. -- The Old Boy, the Devil. [Slang] -- Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, Eng.] -- Boy's love, a popular English name of Southernwood (Artemisia abrotonum); -- called also lad's love.
 -- Boy's play, childish amusements; anything trifling.

 Boy, v. t. To act as a boy; -- in allusion to the former practice of boys acting women's parts on the stage.

 I shall see Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness.
Shak.
 { Bo*yar" (&?;), Bo*yard" (&?;), } n. [Russ. boiárin'.]
 A member of a Russian aristocratic order abolished by Peter the Great.
 Also, one of a privileged class in Roumania.

 English writers sometimes call Russian landed proprietors boyars.

 ||Boy"au (&?;), n.; pl. Boyaux or Boyaus (&?;).
 [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow place, and (of trenches) a branch.
 See Bowel.] (Fort.) A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communication from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc.

 Boy"cott' (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting


Japanese Fairy Tales COMPILED BY by Yei Theodora Ozaki Profusely Illustrated by Japanese Artists Contents PREFACE JAPANESE FAIRY TALES MY LORD BAG OF RICE THE TONGUE-CUT SPARROW THE STORY OF URASHIMA TARO, THE FISHER LAD THE FARMER AND THE BADGER THE "SHINANSHA," OR THE SOUTH POINTING CARRIAGE THE ADVENTURES OF KINTARO, THE GOLDEN BOY THE STORY OF PRINCESS HASE. A STORY OF OLD JAPAN THE STORY OF THE MAN WHO DID NOT WISH TO DIE THE BAMBOO-CUTTER AND THE MOON-CHILD THE MIRROR OF MATSUYAMA A STORY OF OLD JAPAN THE GOBLIN OF ADACHIGAHARA THE SAGACIOUS MONKEY AND THE BOAR THE HAPPY HUNTER AND THE SKILLFUL FISHER THE STORY OF THE OLD MAN WHO MADE WITHERED TREES TO FLOWER THE JELLY FISH AND THE MONKEY THE QUARREL OF THE MONKEY AND THE CRAB THE WHITE HARE AND THE CROCODILES THE STORY OF PRINCE YAMATO TAKE MOMOTARO, OR THE STORY OF THE SON OF A PEACH THE OGRE OF RASHOMON HOW AN OLD MAN LOST HIS WEN THE STONES OF FIVE COLORS AND THE EMPRESS JOKWA. AN OLD CHINESE STORY TO ELEANOR MARION-CRAWFORD.
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO YOU AND TO THE SWEET CHILD-FRIENDSHIP THAT YOU GAVE ME IN THE DAYS SPENT WITH YOU BY THE SOUTHERN SEA, WHEN YOU USED TO LISTEN WITH UNFEIGNED PLEASURE TO THESE FAIRY STORIES FROM FAR JAPAN. MAY THEY NOW REMIND YOU OF MY CHANGELESS LOVE AND REMEMBRANCE.
Y. T. O. Tokio, 1908.
PREFACE This collection of Japanese fairy tales is the outcome of a suggestion made to me indirectly through a friend by Mr. Andrew Lang. They have been translated from the modern version written by Sadanami Sanjin. These stories are not literal translations, and though the Japanese story and all quaint Japanese expressions have been faithfully preserved, they have been told more with the view to interest young readers of the West than the technical student of folk-lore.
Grateful acknowledgment is due to Mr. Y. Yasuoka, Miss Fusa Okamoto, my brother Nobumori Ozaki, Dr. Yoshihiro Takaki, and Miss Kameko Yamao, who have helped me with translations.
The story which I have named "The Story of the Man who did not Wish to Die" is taken from a little book written a hundred years ago by one Shinsui Tamenaga. It is named Chosei Furo, or "Longevity." "The Bamboo-cutter and the Moon-child" is taken from the classic "Taketari Monogatari," and is NOT classed by the Japanese among their fairy tales, though it really belongs to this class of literature.
The pictures were drawn by Mr. Kakuzo Fujiyama, a Tokio artist.
In telling these stories in English I have followed my fancy in adding such touches of local color or description as they seemed to need or as pleased me, and in one or two instances I have gathered in an incident from another version. At all times, among my friends, both young and old, English or American, I have always found eager listeners to the beautiful legends and fairy tales of Japan, and in telling them I have also found that they were still unknown to the vast majority, and this has encouraged me to write them for the children of the West.
Y. T. O. Tokio, 1908.
JAPANESE FAIRY TALES MY LORD BAG OF RICE Long, long ago there lived, in Japan a brave warrior known to all as Tawara Toda, or "My Lord Bag of Rice." His true name was Fujiwara Hidesato, and there is a very interesting story of how he came to change his name.
One day he sallied forth in search of adventures, for he had the nature of a warrior and could not bear to be idle. So he buckled on his two swords, took his huge bow, much taller than himself, in his hand, and slinging his quiver on his back started out. He had not gone far when he came to the bridge of Seta-no-Karashi spanning one end of the beautiful Lake Biwa. No sooner had he set foot on the bridge than he saw lying right across his path a huge serpent-dragon. Its body was so big that it looked like the trunk of a large pine tree and it took up the whole width of the bridge. One of its huge claws rested on the parapet of one side of the bridge, while its tail lay right against the other. The monster seemed to be asleep, and as it breathed, fire and smoke came out of its nostrils.
At first Hidesato could not help feeling alarmed at the sight of this horrible reptile lying in his path, for he must either turn back or walk right over its body. He was a brave man, however, and putting aside all fear went forward dauntlessly. Crunch, crunch! he stepped now on the dragon's body, now between its coils, and without even one glance backward he went on his way.
He had only gone a few steps when he heard some one calling him from behind. On turning back he was much surprised to see that the monster dragon had entirely disappeared and in its place was a strange-looking man, who was bowing most ceremoniously to the ground. His red hair streamed over his shoulders and was surmounted by a crown in the shape of a dragon's head, and his sea-green dress was patterned with shells. Hidesato knew at once that this was no ordinary mortal and he wondered much at the strange occurrence. Where had the dragon gone in such a short space of time? Or had it transformed itself into this man, and what did the whole thing mean? While these thoughts passed through his mind he had come up to the man on the bridge and now addressed him: "Was it you that called me just now?" "Yes, it was I," answered the man: "I have an earnest request to make to you. Do you think you can grant it to me?" "If it is in my power to do so I will," answered Hidesato, "but first tell me who you are?" "I am the Dragon King of the Lake, and my home is in these waters just under this bridge." "And what is it you have to ask of me?" said Hidesato.
"I want you to kill my mortal enemy the centipede, who lives on the mountain beyond," and the Dragon King pointed to a high peak on the opposite shore of the lake.
"I have lived now for many years in this lake and I have a large family of children and grand-children. For some time past we have lived in terror, for a monster centipede has discovered our home, and night after night it comes and carries off one of my family. I am powerless to save them. If it goes on much longer like this, not only shall I lose all my children, but I myself must fall a victim to the monster. I am, therefore, very unhappy, and in my extremity I determined to ask the help of a human being. For many days with this intention I have waited on the bridge in the shape of the horrible serpent-dragon that you saw, in the hope that some strong brave man would come along. But all who came this way, as soon as they saw me were terrified and ran away as fast as they could. You are the first man I have found able to look at me without fear, so I knew at once that you were a man of great courage. I beg you to have pity upon me. Will you not help me and kill my enemy the centipede?" Hidesato felt very sorry for the Dragon King on hearing his story, and readily promised to do what he could to help him. The warrior asked where the