in style" as Pater phrases it, primarily determines not only clearness, but also such qualities of style as reserve, refinement, and simple Doric beauty. Since, however, structure is more obviously associated with the larger groups, and style with the smaller, the questions have been arranged according to this division.

 I. Suggestions for the Study of Subject-Matter.

 1. To whom does Huxley address the essay?

 2. Can you see any adaptation of his material to his audience?

 3. How would A Piece of Chalk be differently presented if given before a science club?

 4. Does Huxley make his subject interesting? If so, how does he accomplish this?

 5. Is the personality of Huxley suggested by the essays? See Life and Letters, vol. ii, p. 293.

 II. Suggestions for the Study of Structure.

 A. Analysis of the whole composition.

 1. State in one complete sentence the theme of the essay.

 2. Analyze the essay for the logical development of the thought.

 a. Questions on the Introduction.

 In the introduction, how does the author approach his material?

 Does he give the main points of the essay?

 Does he give his reasons for writing?

 Does he narrow his subject to one point of view?

 Is the introduction a digression?

 b. Questions on the Body.

 Can you find large groups of thought?

 Are these groups closely related to the theme and to each other?

 Do you find any digressions?

 Is the method used in developing the groups inductive or deductive?

 Is the method different in different groups?

 Are the groups arranged for good emphasis in the whole composition?

 c. Questions on the Conclusion.

 How does the author conclude the essay?

 Does the conclusion sum up the points of the essay?

 Are any new points suggested?

 Is the thought of the whole essay stated?

 Do you consider it a strong conclusion?

 3. Make out an outline which shall picture the skeleton of the essay studied. In making the outline express the topics in the form of complete statements, phrase the thought for clear sequence, and be careful about such matters as spacing and punctuation.

 B. Analysis of paragraph structure.

 1. Can a paragraph be analyzed in the same manner as the whole composition?

 2. Can you express the thought of each paragraph in a complete sentence?

 3. Can you find different points presented in the paragraph developing the paragraph topic, as the large groups of the whole composition develop the theme?

 4. Are the paragraphs closely related, and how are they bound together?

 5. Can any of the paragraphs be combined to advantage?

 6. Read from Barrett Wendell's English Composition the chapter on paragraphs. Are Huxley's paragraphs constructed in accordance with the principles given in this chapter?

 7. Is the paragraph type varied? For paragraph types, see Scott and Denny's Paragraph Writing.

 C. Comparative study of the structure of the essay.

 1. Do you find any difference between Huxley's earlier and later essays as regards the structure of the whole, or the structure of the paragraph?

 2. Which essay seems to you to be most successful in structure?

 3. Has the character of the audience any influence upon the structure of the essays?

 4. Compare the structure of one of Huxley's essays with that of some other essay recently studied.

 5. Has the nature of the material any influence upon the structure of the essay?

 III. Suggestions for the Study of Style.

 A. Exactly what do you mean by style?

 B. Questions on sentence structure.

 1. From any given essay, group together sentences which are long, short, loose, periodic, balanced, simple, compound; note those peculiar, for any reason, to Huxley.

 2. Stevenson says, "The one rule is to be infinitely various; to interest, to disappoint, to surprise and still to gratify; to be ever changing, as it were, the stitch, and yet still to give the effect of ingenious neatness."

 Do Huxley's sentences conform to Stevenson's rule? Compare Huxley's sentences with Stevenson's for variety in form. Is there any reason for the difference between the form of the two writers?

 3. Does this quotation from Pater's essay on Style describe Huxley's sentences? "The blithe, crisp sentence, decisive as a child's expression of its needs, may alternate with the long-contending, victoriously intricate sentence; the sentence, born with the integrity of a single word, relieving the sort of sentence in which, if you look closely, you can see contrivance, much adjustment, to bring a highly qualified matter into compass at one view."

 4. How do Huxley's sentences compare with those of Ruskin, or with those of any author recently studied?

 5. Are Huxley's sentences musical? How does an author make his sentences musical?

 C. Questions on words.

 1. Do you find evidence of exactness, a quality which Huxley said he labored for?

 2. Are the words general or specific in character?

 3. How does Huxley make his subject-matter attractive?

 4. From what sources does Huxley derive his words? Are they every-day words, or more scholarly in character?

 5. Do you find any figures? Are these mainly ornamental or do they re-enforce the thought?

 8. Are there many allusions and quotations? Can you easily recognize the source?

 7. Pater says in his essay on Style that the literary artist "begets a vocabulary faithful to the colouring of his own spirit, and in the strictest sense original." Do you find that Huxley's vocabulary suggests the man?

 8. Does Huxley seem to search for "the smooth, or winsome, or forcible word, as such, or quite simply and honestly, for the word's adjustment to its meaning"?

 9. Make out a list of the words and proper names in any given essay which are not familiar to you; write out the explanation of these in the form of notes giving any information which is interesting and relevant.

 D. General questions on style.

 1. How is Huxley's style adapted to the subject-matter?

 2. Can you explain the difference in style of the different essays by the difference in purpose?

 3. Compare Huxley's way of saying things with some other author's way of saying things.

 4. Huxley says of his essays to workingmen, "I only wish I had had the sense to anticipate the run these have had here and abroad, and I would have revised them properly. As they stand they are terribly in the rough, from a literary point of view."

 Do you find evidences of roughness?

 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY — AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1 And when I consider, in one view, the many things... which I have upon my hands, I feel the burlesque of being employed in this manner at my time of life. But, in another view, and taking in all circumstances, these things, as trifling as they may appear, no less than things of greater importance, seem to be put upon me to do.—Bishop Butler to the Duchess of Somerset.

 The "many things" to which the Duchess's correspondent here refers are the repairs and improvements of the episcopal seat at Auckland. I doubt if the great apologist, greater in nothing than in the simple dignity of his character, would have considered the writing an account of himself as a thing which could be put upon him to do whatever circumstances might be taken in. But the good bishop lived in an age when a man might write books and yet be permitted to keep his private existence to himself; in the pre-Boswellian 2 epoch, when the germ of the photographer lay concealed in the distant future, and the interviewer who pervades our age was an unforeseen, indeed unimaginable, birth of time.

 At present, the most convinced believer in the aphorism "Bene qui latuit, bene vixit,"3 is not always able to act up to it. An importunate person informs him that his portrait is about to be published and will


Kalevala THE EPIC POEM OF FINLAND INTO ENGLISH BY JOHN MARTIN CRAWFORD [1888] TO DR. J.D. BUCK, AN ENCOURAGING AND UNSELFISH FRIEND, AND TO HIS AFFECTIONATE FAMILY, THESE PAGES ARE GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.
Contents PREFACE PROEM RUNE I. Birth of Wainamoinen RUNE II. Wainamoinen's Sowing RUNE III. Wainamoinen and Youkahainen RUNE IV. The Fate of Aino RUNE V. Wainamoinen's Lamentation RUNE VI. Wainamoinen's Hapless Journey RUNE VII. Wainamoinen's Rescue RUNE VIII. Maiden of the Rainbow RUNE IX. Origin of Iron RUNE X. Ilmarinen forges the Sampo RUNE XI. Lemminkainen's Lament RUNE XII. Kyllikki's Broken Vow RUNE XIII. Lemminkainen's Second Wooing RUNE XIV. Death of Lemminkainen RUNE XV. Lemminkainen's Restoration RUNE XVI. Wainainoinen's Boat-building RUNE XVII. Wainamoinen finds the Lost Word RUNE XVIII. The Rival Suitors.
 RUNE XIX. Ilmarinen's Wooing RUNE XX. The Brewing of Beer RUNE XXI. Ilmarinen's Wedding-feast RUNE XXII. The Bride's Farewell RUNE XXIII. Osmotar, the Bride-adviser RUNE XXIV. The Bride's Farewell RUNE XXV. Wainamoinen's Wedding-songs RUNE XXVI. Origin of the Serpent RUNE XXVII. The Unwelcome Guest RUNE XXVIII. The Mother's Counsel RUNE XXIX. The Isle of Refuge RUNE XXX. The Frost-fiend RUNE XXXI. Kullerwoinen, Son of Evil RUNE XXXII. Kullervo as a Shepherd RUNE XXXIII. Kullervo and the Cheat-cake RUNE XXXIV. Kullervo finds his Tribe-folk RUNE XXXV. Kullervo's Evil Deeds RUNE XXXVI. Kullerwoinen's Victory and Death RUNE XXXVII. Ilmarinen's Bride of Gold RUNE XXXVIII. Ilmarinen's Fruitless Wooing RUNE XXXIX. Wainamoinen's Sailing RUNE XL. Birth of the Harp RUNE XLI. Wainamoinen's Harp-songs RUNE XLII. Capture of the Sampo RUNE XLIII. The Sampo lost in the Sea RUNE XLIV. Birth of the Second Harp RUNE XLV. Birth of the Nine Diseases RUNE XLVI. Otso the Honey-eater RUNE XLVII. Louhi steals Sun, Moon, and Fire RUNE XLVIII. Capture of the Fire-fish RUNE XLIX. Restoration of the Sun and Moon RUNE L. Mariatta—Wainamoinen's Departure EPILOGUE GLOSSARY PREFACE The following translation was undertaken from a desire to lay before the English-speaking people the full treasury of epical beauty, folklore, and mythology comprised in The Kalevala, the national epic of the Finns. A brief description of this peculiar people, and of their ethical, linguistic, social, and religious life, seems to be called for here in order that the following poem may be the better understood.
Finland (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa, the swampy region, of which Finland, or Fen-land is said to be a Swedish translation,) is at present a Grand-Duchy in the north-western part of the Russian empire, bordering on Olenetz, Archangel, Sweden, Norway, and the Baltic Sea, its area being more than 144,000 square miles, and inhabited by some 2,000,000 of people, the last remnants of a race driven back from the East, at a very early day, by advancing tribes. The Finlanders live in a land of marshes and mountains, lakes and rivers, seas, gulfs, islands, and inlets, and they call themselves Suomilainen, Fen-dwellers.
The climate is more severe than that of Sweden. The mean yearly temperature in the north is about 27°F., and about 38°F., at Helsingfors, the capital of Finland. In the southern districts the winter is seven months long, and in the northern provinces the sun disappears entirely during the months of December and January.
The inhabitants are strong and hardy, with bright, intelligent faces, high cheek-bones, yellow hair in early life, and with brown hair in mature age. With regard to their social habits, morals, and manners, all travellers are unanimous in speaking well of them. Their temper is universally mild; they are slow to anger, and when angry they keep silence. They are happy-hearted, affectionate to one another, and honorable and honest in their dealings with strangers. They are a cleanly people, being much given to the use of vapor-baths. This trait is a conspicuous note of their character from their earliest history to the present day. Often in the runes of The Kalevala reference is made to the "cleansing and healing virtues of the vapors of the heated bathroom." The skull of the Finn belongs to the brachycephalic (short-headed) class of Retzius. Indeed the Finn-organization has generally been regarded as Mongol, though Mongol of a modified type. His color is swarthy, and his eyes are gray.
He is not inhospitable, but not over-easy of access; nor is he a friend of new fashions. Steady, careful, laborious, he is valuable in the mine, valuable in the field, valuable oil shipboard, and, withal, a brave soldier on land.
The Finns are a very ancient people. It is claimed, too, that they began earlier than any other European nation to collect and preserve their ancient folk-lore. Tacitus, writing in the very beginning of the second century of the Christian era, mentions the Fenni, as he calls them, in the 46th chapter of his De Moribus Germanoram. He says of them: "The Finns are extremely wild, and live in abject poverty. They have no arms, no horses, no dwellings; they live on herbs, they clothe themselves in skins, and they sleep on the ground.
Their only resources are their arrows, which for the lack of iron are tipped with bone." Strabo and the great geographer, Ptolemy, also mention this curious people. There is evidence that at one time they were spread over large portions of Europe and western Asia.
Perhaps it should be stated here that the copper, so often mentioned in The Kalevala, when taken literally, was probably bronze, or "hardened copper," the amount and quality of the alloy used being not now known.
The prehistoric races of Europe were acquainted with bronze implements.
It may be interesting to note in this connection that Canon Isaac Taylor, and Professor Sayce have but very recently awakened great interest in this question, in Europe especially, by the reading of papers before the British Philological Association, in which they argue in favor of the Finnic origin of the Aryans. For this new theory these scholars present exceedingly strong evidence, and they conclude that the time of the separation of the Aryan from the Finnic stock must have been more than five thousand years ago.
The Finnish nation has one of the most sonorous and flexible of languages. Of the cultivated tongues of Europe, the Magyar, or Hungarian, bears the most positive signs of a deep-rooted similarity to the Finnish. Both belong to the Ugrian stock of agglutinative languages, i.e., those which preserve the root most carefully, and effect all changes of grammar by suffixes attached to


n. Serpenting.] To wind like a serpent; to crook about; to meander. [R.] "The serpenting of the Thames." Evelyn.
 Ser"pent, v. t. To wind; to encircle. [R.] Evelyn.
 ||Ser'pen*ta"ri*a (?), a.[L. (sc. herba), fr. serpens serpent.] (Med.) The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria).

 ||Ser'pen*ta"ri*us (?), n.[NL., fr. L. serpens serpent.] (Astron.)
 A constellation on the equator, lying between Scorpio and Hercules; -- called also Ophiuchus.

 Ser*pen"ti*form (?), a. [L. serpens a serpent + -form.]
 Having the form of a serpent.

 Ser'pen*tig"e*nous (?), a. [L. serpens, -entis, a serpent + -genous: cf. L. serpentigena.] Bred of a serpent.

 Ser"pen*tine (?), a. [L. serpentinus: cf. F. serpentin.]
 Resembling a serpent; having the shape or qualities of a serpent; subtle; winding or turning one way and the other, like a moving serpent; anfractuous; meandering; sinuous; zigzag; as, serpentine braid.

 Thy shape Like his, and color serpentine.

Milton.
 Ser"pen*tine, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. serpentine, (for sense 2) serpentin.] 1. (Min.) A mineral or rock consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia. It is usually of an obscure green color, often with a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a serpent's skin. Precious, or noble, serpentine is translucent and of a rich oil-green color.

 Serpentine has been largely produced by the alteration of other minerals, especially of chrysolite.

2. (Ordnance) A kind of ancient cannon.

 Ser"pen*tine, v. i. To serpentize. [R.] Lyttleton.
 Ser"pen*tine*ly, adv. In a serpentine manner.

 Ser'pen*tin"i*an (?), n. (Eccl.) See 2d Ophite.

 Ser"pen*tin*ize (?), v. t. (Min.) To convert (a magnesian silicate) into serpentine. -- Ser'pen*tin'i*za"tion (#), n. Ser"pen*ti'nous (?), a. Relating to, or like, serpentine; as, a rock serpentinous in character.

 Ser"pent*ize (?), v. i. To turn or bend like a serpent, first in one direction and then in the opposite; to meander; to wind; to serpentine. [R.]

 The river runs before the door, and serpentizes more than you can conceive.

Walpole.
 Ser"pent*ry (?), n. 1. A winding like a serpent's.

2. A place inhabited or infested by serpents.

 Ser"pent-tongued' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a forked tongue, like a serpent.

 Ser"pet (?), n. [L. sirpus, scirpus, a rush, bulrush.] A basket. [Obs.] Ainsworth.
 ||Ser*pette" (?), n. [F.] A pruning knife with a curved blade. Knight.
 Ser*pig"i*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. serpigineux.] (Med.)
 Creeping; -- said of lesions which heal over one portion while continuing to advance at another.

 ||Ser*pi"go (?), n. [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] (Med.)
 A dry, scaly eruption on the skin; especially, a ringworm.

 Ser"po*let (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Wild thyme.

 ||Ser"pu*la (?), n.; pl. Serpulæ (#), E. Serpulas (#). [L., a little snake. See Serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidæ. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts.

 { Ser*pu"li*an (?), Ser*pu"li*dan (?), } n. (Zoöl.) A serpula.

 Ser"pu*lite (?), n. A fossil serpula shell.

 Serr (?), v. t. [F. serrer. See Serry.] To crowd, press, or drive together. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ser*ra"noid (?), n. [NL. Serranus, a typical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Serranidæ, which includes the striped bass, the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. -- a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Serranidæ.

 { Ser"rate (?), Ser"ra*ted (?), } a. [L. serratus, fr. serra a saw; perhaps akin to secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument. Cf. Sierra.] 1. Notched on the edge, like a saw.

2. (Bot.) Beset with teeth pointing forwards or upwards; as, serrate leaves.

Doubly serrate, having small serratures upon the large ones, as the leaves of the elm. -- Serrateciliate, having fine hairs, like the eyelashes, on the serratures; -- said of a leaf. -- Serratedentate, having the serratures toothed.

 Ser*ra"tion (?), n. 1. Condition of being serrate; formation in the shape of a saw.

2. One of the teeth in a serrate or serrulate margin.

 Ser*ra'ti*ros"tral (?), a. [Serrate + rostral.] (Zoöl.)
 Having a toothed bill, like that of a toucan.

 Ser*ra"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The ivory gull (Larus eburneus).

 Ser"ra*ture (?), n. [L. serratura a sawing, fr. serrare to saw.] 1. A notching, like that between the teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. Martyn.
2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge; a serration.

 Ser"ri*ca'ted (?), a. [See Sericeous.] Covered with fine silky down.

 Ser"ri*corn (?), a. [L. serra saw + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.)
 Having serrated antenn&?;.

 Ser"ri*corn, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of a numerous tribe of beetles (Serricornia). The joints of the antennæ are prominent, thus producing a serrate appearance. See Illust. under Antenna.

 Ser"ried (?), a. [See Serry.] Crowded; compact; dense; pressed together.

 Nor seemed it to relax their serried files.

Milton.
 ||Ser*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. serra saw + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies.

 ||Ser'ri*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL. fr. L. serra saw + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellirostres.

 Ser"rous (?), a. [L. serra a saw.] Like the teeth off a saw; jagged. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ser"ru*la (?), n


cover THIS SIDE OF PARADISE By F. Scott Fitzgerald CONTENTS BOOK ONE—The Romantic Egotist CHAPTER 1. Amory, Son of Beatrice CHAPTER 2. Spires and Gargoyles CHAPTER 3. The Egotist Considers CHAPTER 4. Narcissus Off Duty INTERLUDE BOOK TWO—The Education of a Personage CHAPTER 1. The Debutante CHAPTER 2. Experiments in Convalescence CHAPTER 3. Young Irony CHAPTER 4. The Supercilious Sacrifice CHAPTER 5. The Egotist Becomes a Personage BOOK ONE—The Romantic Egotist CHAPTER 1. Amory, Son of Beatrice Amory Blaine inherited from his mother every trait, except the stray inexpressible few, that made him worth while. His father, an ineffectual, inarticulate man with a taste for Byron and a habit of drowsing over the Encyclopedia Britannica, grew wealthy at thirty through the death of two elder brothers, successful Chicago brokers, and in the first flush of feeling that the world was his, went to Bar Harbor and met Beatrice O'Hara. In consequence, Stephen Blaine handed down to posterity his height of just under six feet and his tendency to waver at crucial moments, these two abstractions appearing in his son Amory. For many years he hovered in the background of his family's life, an unassertive figure with a face half-obliterated by lifeless, silky hair, continually occupied in "taking care" of his wife, continually harassed by the idea that he didn't and couldn't understand her.

 But Beatrice Blaine! There was a woman! Early pictures taken on her father's estate at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, or in Rome at the Sacred Heart Convent—an educational extravagance that in her youth was only for the daughters of the exceptionally wealthy—showed the exquisite delicacy of her features, the consummate art and simplicity of her clothes. A brilliant education she had—her youth passed in renaissance glory, she was versed in the latest gossip of the Older Roman Families; known by name as a fabulously wealthy American girl to Cardinal Vitori and Queen Margherita and more subtle celebrities that one must have had some culture even to have heard of. She learned in England to prefer whiskey and soda to wine, and her small talk was broadened in two senses during a winter in Vienna. All in all Beatrice O'Hara absorbed the sort of education that will be quite impossible ever again; a tutelage measured by the number of things and people one could be contemptuous of and charming about; a culture rich in all arts and traditions, barren of all ideas, in the last of those days when the great gardener clipped the inferior roses to produce one perfect bud.

 In her less important moments she returned to America, met Stephen Blaine and married him—this almost entirely because she was a little bit weary, a little bit sad. Her only child was carried through a tiresome season and brought into the world on a spring day in ninety-six.

 When Amory was five he was already a delightful companion for her. He was an auburn-haired boy, with great, handsome eyes which he would grow up to in time, a facile imaginative mind and a taste for fancy dress. From his fourth to his tenth year he did the country with his mother in her father's private car, from Coronado, where his mother became so bored that she had a nervous breakdown in a fashionable hotel, down to Mexico City, where she took a mild, almost epidemic consumption. This trouble pleased her, and later she made use of it as an intrinsic part of her atmosphere—especially after several astounding bracers.

 So, while more or less fortunate little rich boys were defying governesses on the beach at Newport, or being spanked or tutored or read to from "Do and Dare," or "Frank on the Mississippi," Amory was biting acquiescent bell-boys in the Waldorf, outgrowing a natural repugnance to chamber music and symphonies, and deriving a highly specialized education from his mother.

 "Amory." "Yes, Beatrice." (Such a quaint name for his mother; she encouraged it.)

 "Dear, don't think of getting out of bed yet. I've always suspected that early rising in early life makes one nervous. Clothilde is having your breakfast brought up." "All right." "I am feeling very old to-day, Amory," she would sigh, her face a rare cameo of pathos, her voice exquisitely modulated, her hands as facile as Bernhardt's. "My nerves are on edge—on edge. We must leave this terrifying place to-morrow and go searching for sunshine." Amory's penetrating green eyes would look out through tangled hair at his mother. Even at this age he had no illusions about her.

 "Amory." "Oh, yes." "I want you to take a red-hot bath as hot as you can bear it, and just relax your nerves. You can read in the tub if you wish." She fed him sections of the "Fetes Galantes" before he was ten; at eleven he could talk glibly, if rather reminiscently, of Brahms and Mozart and Beethoven. One afternoon, when left alone in the hotel at Hot Springs, he sampled his mother's apricot cordial, and as the taste pleased him, he became quite tipsy. This was fun for a while, but he essayed a cigarette in his exaltation, and succumbed to a vulgar, plebeian reaction. Though this incident horrified Beatrice, it also secretly amused her and became part of what in a later generation would have been termed her "line." "This son of mine," he heard her tell a room full of awestruck, admiring women one day, "is entirely sophisticated and quite charming—but delicate—we're all delicate; here, you know." Her hand was radiantly outlined against her beautiful bosom; then sinking her voice to a whisper, she told them of the apricot cordial. They rejoiced, for she was a brave raconteuse, but many were the keys turned in sideboard locks that night against the possible defection of little Bobby or Barbara.... These domestic pilgrimages were invariably in state; two maids, the private car, or Mr. Blaine when available, and very often a physician.
 When Amory had the whooping-cough four disgusted specialists glared at each other hunched around his bed; when he took scarlet fever the number of attendants, including physicians and nurses, totalled fourteen.
 However, blood being thicker than broth, he was pulled through.

 The Blaines were attached to no city. They were the Blaines of Lake Geneva; they had quite enough relatives to serve in place of friends, and an enviable standing from Pasadena to Cape Cod. But Beatrice grew more and more prone to like only new acquaintances, as there were certain stories, such as the history of her constitution and its many amendments, memories of her years abroad, that it was necessary for her to repeat at regular intervals. Like Freudian dreams, they must be thrown off, else they would sweep in and lay siege to her nerves. But Beatrice was critical about American women, especially the floating population of ex-Westerners.

 "They have accents, my dear," she told Amory, "not Southern accents or Boston accents, not an accent attached to any locality, just an accent"—she became dreamy. "They pick


To utter predictions; to make declaration of events to come. Matt.
 xv. 7.
2. To give instruction in religious matters; to interpret or explain Scripture or religious subjects; to preach; to exhort; to expound.
 Ezek. xxxvii. 7.
 Proph"et (?), n. [F. prophète, L. propheta, fr. Gr. &?;, literally, one who speaks for another, especially, one who speaks for a god an interprets his will to man, fr. &?; to say beforehand; &?; for, before + &?; to say or speak. See Fame. ]

1. One who prophesies, or foretells events; a predicter; a foreteller.

2. One inspired or instructed by God to speak in his name, or announce future events, as, Moses, Elijah, etc.

3. An interpreter; a spokesman. [R.] Ex. vii. 1.
4. (Zoöl.) A mantis.

School of the prophets (Anc. Jewish Hist.), a school or college in which young men were educated and trained for public teachers or members of the prophetic order. These students were called sons of the prophets.

 Proph"et*ess, n. [Cf. F. prophétesse, L. prophetissa.]
 A female prophet.

 { Pro*phet"ic (?), Pro*phet"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. propheticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. prophétique.] Containing, or pertaining to, prophecy; foretelling events; as, prophetic writings; prophetic dreams; -- used with of before the thing foretold.

 And fears are oft prophetic of the event.

Dryden.
 Pro*phet'ic*al"i*ty (?), n. Propheticalness.

 Pro*phet"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a prophetical manner; by way of prediction.

 Pro*phet"ic*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being prophetical; power or capacity to foretell.

 Proph"et*ize (?), v. i. [L. prophetizare, Gr. &?;: cf.
 F. prophétiser. Cf. Prophesy.] To give predictions; to foreshow events; to prophesy. [R.] "Prophetizing dreams." Daniel.
 Pro*phor"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; utterance.]
 Enunciative. [R.]

 ||Pro*phrag"ma (?), n.; pl. Prophragmata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before + &?;, &?;, fence, screen. ] (Zoöl.)
 An internal dorsal chitinous process between the first two divisions of the thorax of insects.

 Proph'y*lac"tic (?), n. [Cf. F. prophylactique.] (Med.)
 A medicine which preserves or defends against disease; a preventive.

 { Proph'y*lac"tic (?), Proph'y*lac"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to guard against; &?; before + &?; to guard: cf. F. prophylactique.]
 (Med.) Defending or preserving from disease; preventive. Coxe.
 ||Proph'y*lax"is (?), n. [NL. See Prophylactic.] (Med.) The art of preserving from, or of preventing, disease; the observance of the rules necessary for the preservation of health; preservative or preventive treatment.

 Pro*pice" (?), a. [OE., fr. F. propice, See Propitious.]
 Fit; propitious. [Obs.] E. Hall.
 Pro"pi*dene (?), n. [Propyl + ethylidene.] (Chem.)
 The unsymmetrical hypothetical hydrocarbon radical, CH3.CH2.CH, analogous to ethylidene, and regarded as the type of certain derivatives of propane; -- called also propylidene.

 Prop'i*na"tion (?), n. [L. propinatio. See Propine.] The act of pledging, or drinking first, and then offering the cup to another.
 [Obs.] Abp. Potter.
 Pro*pine" (?), v. t. [L. propinare, Gr. &?;; &?; before + &?; to drink.]

1. To pledge; to offer as a toast or a health in the manner of drinking, that is, by drinking first and passing the cup. [Obs.]

 The lovely sorceress mixed, and to the prince Health, peace, and joy propined.

C. Smart.
2. Hence, to give in token of friendship. [Obs.]

3. To give, or deliver; to subject. [Obs.] Fotherby.
 Pro*pine" (?), n.
1. A pledge. [Obs. or Scot.]

2. A gift; esp., drink money. [Obs or Scot.]

 Pro"pine (?), n. [Propyl + ethine.] (Chem.)
 Same as Allylene.

 Pro*pin"qui*ty (?), n. [L. propinquitas, from propinquus near, neighboring, from prope near.]

1. Nearness in place; neighborhood; proximity.

2. Nearness in time. Sir T. Browne.
3. Nearness of blood; kindred; affinity. Shak.
 Pro"pi*nyl (?), n. [Propine + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical regarded as an essential residue of propine and allied compounds.

 Pro"pi*o*late (?), n. A salt of propiolic acid.

 Pro'pi*ol"ic (?), a. [Propionic + tetrolic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also propargylic acid) of the acetylene or tetrolic series, analogous to propionic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance.

 Pro"pi*o*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of propionic acid.

 Pro"pi*one (?), n. (Chem.) The ketone of propionic acid, obtained as a colorless fragrant liquid.

 Pro'pi*on"ic (?), a. [Proto- + Gr. pi'wn fat.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an organic acid which is produced in the distillation of wood, in the fermentation of various organic substances, as glycerin, calcium lactate, etc., and is obtained as a colorless liquid having a sharp, pungent odor. Propionic acid is so called because it is the first or lowest member of the fatty acid series whose salts have a fatty feel.

 Pro"pi*o*nyl (?), n. (Chem.) The hypothetical radical C3H5O, regarded as the essential residue of propionic acid and certain related compounds.

 ||Prop'i*the"cus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before, for + &?; ape.] (Zoöl.) A genus including the long-tailed, or diadem, indris. See Indris.

 Pro*pi"ti*a*ble (?), a. [L. propitiabilis.] Capable of being propitiated.

 Pro*pi"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propitiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Propitiating.] [L. propitiatus, p. p. of propitiare to propitiate, fr. propitius favorable. See Propitious.] To appease to render favorable; to make propitious; to conciliate.

 Let fierce Achilles, dreadful in his rage, The god propitiate, and the pest assuage.

Pope.
 Pro*pi"ti*ate, v. i. To make propitiation; to atone.

 Pro*pi'ti*a"tion (?), n. [L.


Spinifex and Sand by David W. Carnegie In _PHONE_, the Hon. David Wynford Carnegie, born in 1871, youngest son of the Earl of Southesk, led one of the last great expeditions in the exploration of Australia. His route from Lake Darlôt to Halls Creek and return, took thirteen months and covered over three thousand miles. Carnegie financed his expedition from the results of a successful gold strike at Lake Darlôt.
David Carnegie returned to England in 1898, was awarded a medal by the Royal Geographic Society and in 1899 was appointed Assistant Resident and Magistrate in Northern Nigeria. On November 27, 1900 while on an expedition to capture a brigand he was shot in the thigh with a poisoned arrow and died minutes later. He is buried at Lokaja, Nigeria and a memorial to his memory is in St. George's Cathedral, Perth.
SPINIFEX AND SAND A Narrative of Five Years' Pioneering and Exploration in Western Ausralia By The HON. DAVID W CARNEGIE (_PHONE_) Illustration 1: David W. Carnegie.
To MY MOTHER CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART I - EARLY DAYS IN COOLGARDIE Early Days In The Colony "Hard Up" A Miner On Bayley's PART II - FIRST PROSPECTING EXPEDITION The Rush To Kurnalpi—We Reach Queen Victoria Spring In Unknown Country From Mount Shenton To Mount Margaret PART III - SECOND PROSPECTING EXPEDITION The Joys Of Portable Condensers Granite Rocks, "Namma Holes," And "Soaks" A Fresh Start A Camel Fight Gold At Lake Darlôt Alone In The Bush Sale Of Mine PART IV - MINING Quartz Reefing And Dry-Blowing PART V - THE OUTWARD JOURNEY Previous Explorers In The Interior Of Western Australia Members And Equipment Of Expedition The Journey Begins We Enter The Desert Water At Last Woodhouse Lagoon The Great Undulating Desert Of Gravel A Desert Tribe Dr. Leichardt's Lost Expedition The Desert Of Parallel Sand-Ridges From Family Well To Helena Spring Helena Spring From Helena Spring To The Southesk Tablelands Death Of Stansmore Wells Exploring Expedition Kimberley Aboriginals At Hall's Creek Preparations For The Return Journey Appendix To Part V PART VI - THE JOURNEY HOME Return Journey Begins Sturt Creek And "Gregory's Salt Sea" Our Camp On The "Salt Sea" Desert Once More Stansmore Range To Lake MacDonald Lake MacDonald To The Deep Rock-Holes The Last Of The Ridges Of Drift Sand Woodhouse Lagoon Revisited Across Lake Wells To Lake Darlôt The End Of The Expedition APPENDIX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (47 illustrations appeared in the original text, published in 1898.
A number have not been reproduced in the html version of the etext.)
Hon. D. W. Carnegie Jarrah Forest, West Australia General store And Post-office, Coolgardie, 1892 The first hotel at Coolgardie The "Gold Escort" Grass trees, near Perth Death of "Tommy" Fresh meat at last Bayley Street, Coolgardie, 1894 Condensing water on a salt lake Fever-stricken and alone Miner's Right Typical sandstone gorge Crossing a salt lake Entrance to Empress Spring At work in the cave, Empress Spring Alexander Spring Woodhouse Lagoon A buck and his gins in camp at Family Well Cresting a sand-ridge Helena Spring The only specimen of desert architecture The Mad Buck Southesk Tablelands A native hunting party Plan of sand-ridges Exaggerated section of the sand-ridges Charles W. Stansmore Native preparing for the emu dance Spears Woomera Iron Tomahawks Stone Tomahawks Boomerangs Clubs and throwing-sticks Shields Quartz knife Ceremonial sticks Rain-making boards Message sticks Group Of Explorers Just in time A wild escort of nearly one hundred men Establishing friendly relations The tail-end of a miserable caravan A karri timber train A pearl shell station, Broome, N.W. Australia INTRODUCTION "An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told." The following pages profess to be no more than a faithful narrative of five years spent on the goldfields and in the far interior of Western Australia. Any one looking for stirring adventures, hairbreadth escapes from wild animals and men, will be disappointed. In the Australian Bush the traveller has only Nature to war against—over him hangs always the chance of death from thirst, and sometimes from the attacks of hostile aboriginals; he has no spice of adventure, no record heads of rare game, no exciting escapades with dangerous beasts, to spur him on; no beautiful scenery, broad lakes, or winding rivers to make life pleasant for him.
The unbroken monotony of an arid, uninteresting country has to be faced.
Nature everywhere demands his toil. Unless he has within him impulses that give him courage to go on, he will soon return; for he will find nothing in his surroundings to act as an incentive to tempt him further.
I trust my readers will be able to glean a little knowledge of the hardships and dangers that beset the paths of Australian pioneers, and will learn something of the trials and difficulties encountered by a prospector, recognising that he is often inspired by some higher feeling than the mere "lust of gold." Wherever possible, I have endeavoured to add interest to my own experiences by recounting those of other travellers; and, by studying the few books that touch upon such matters to explain any points in connection with the aboriginals that from my own knowledge I am unable to do. I owe several interesting details to the Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia, and to Ethnological Studies among the North-West Central Queensland Aboriginals, by Walter E. Roth.
For the identification of the few geological specimens brought in by me, I am indebted to the Government Geologist of the Mines Department, Perth, W.A., and to Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, through the courtesy of the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, for the identification of the plants.
I also owe many thanks to my friend Mr. J. F. Cornish, who has taken so much trouble in correcting the proofs of my MSS.
PART I EARLY DAYS IN COOLGARDIE CHAPTER I Early Days In The Colony In the month of September, 1892, Lord Percy Douglas (now Lord Douglas of Hawick) and I, found ourselves steaming into King George's Sound—that magnificent harbour on the south-west coast of Western Australia—building castles in the air, discussing our prospects, and making rapid and vast imaginary fortunes in the gold-mines of that newly-discovered land of Ophir. Coolgardie, a district then unnamed, had been discovered, and Arthur Bayley, a persevering and lucky prospector, had returned to civilised parts from the "bush," his packhorses loaded with golden specimens from the famous mine which bears his name. I suppose the fortunate find of Bayley and his mate, Ford, has turned the course of events in the lives of many tens of thousands of people, and yet, as he jogged along the track from Gnarlbine Rock to Southern Cross, I daresay his thoughts reverted to his own life, and the good time before him, rather than to moralising on the probable effect of his discovery on others.
We spent as little time as possible at Albany, or, I should say, made our stay as short as was permitted, for in those days the convenience of the passenger was thought little of, in comparison with the encouragement of local industries, so that mails and travellers alike were forced to remain at least one night in Albany by the arrangement of the train service, greatly to the benefit of the hotel-keepers.
We were somewhat surprised to see the landlord's daughters waiting at table. They were such tremendously smart and icy young ladies that at first we were likely to mistake them for guests; and even when sure of their identity we were too nervous to ask for anything so vulgar as a pot of beer, or to expect them to change our plates.
Between Albany and Perth the country is not at all interesting being for the most part flat, scrubby, and sandy, though here and there are rich farming and agricultural districts. Arrived at Perth we found ourselves a source of great


The foregoing account is conformed to the designations made use of by American type founders, but is substantially correct for England. Agate, however, is called ruby, in England, where, also, a size intermediate between nonpareil and minion is employed, called emerald.

Point system of type bodies (Type Founding), a system adopted by the type founders of the United States by which the various sizes of type have been so modified and changed that each size bears an exact proportional relation to every other size. The system is a modification of a French system, and is based on the pica body. This pica body is divided into twelfths, which are termed "points," and every type body consist of a given number of these points. Many of the type founders indicate the new sizes of type by the number of points, and the old names are gradually being done away with. By the point system type founders cast type of a uniform size and height, whereas formerly fonts of pica or other type made by different founders would often vary slightly so that they could not be used together. There are no type in actual use corresponding to the smaller theoretical sizes of the point system. In some cases, as in that of ruby, the term used designates a different size from that heretofore so called.

Type founder, one who casts or manufacture type. — Type foundry, Type foundery, a place for the manufacture of type. — Type metal, an alloy used in making type, stereotype plates, etc., and in backing up electrotype plates. It consists essentially of lead and antimony, often with a little tin, nickel, or copper. — Type wheel, a wheel having raised letters or characters on its periphery, and used in typewriters, printing telegraphs, etc. — Unity of type (Biol.), that fundamental agreement in structure which is seen in organic beings of the same class, and is quite independent of their habits of life. Darwin.
 Type (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Typed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Typing.] 1. To represent by a type, model, or symbol beforehand; to prefigure. [R.] White (Johnson).
2. To furnish an expression or copy of; to represent; to typify.
 [R.]

 Let us type them now in our own lives.

Tennyson.
 Type"set'ter (?), n. One who, or that which, sets type; a compositor; a machine for setting type.

 Type"set'ting, n. The act or art of setting type.

 Type"write' (?), v. t. & i. To write with a typewriter. [Recent] Type"writ'er (?), n. 1. An instrument for writing by means of type, a typewheel, or the like, in which the operator makes use of a sort of keyboard, in order to obtain printed impressions of the characters upon paper.

2. One who uses such an instrument.

 Type"writ'ing, n. The act or art of using a typewriter; also, a print made with a typewriter.

 ||Typh*li"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; blind, closed (as applied to the cæcum) + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cæcum.

 Typh"lo*sole (?), n. [Gr. &?; blind + &?; channel.] (Zoöl.)
 A fold of the wall which projects into the cavity of the intestine in bivalve mollusks, certain annelids, starfishes, and some other animals.

 Ty*pho"ë*an (?), a. [L. Typhoius, from Typhoeus, Gr. &?;, &?;.] Of or pertaining to Typhoeus (t*f"s), the fabled giant of Greek mythology, having a hundred heads; resembling Typhoeus.

 Sometimes incorrectly written and pronounced Typhœ\'b6an (&?;), or Ty-phe\'b6 an.
 Ty"phoid (?), a. [Typhus + - oid: cf. F. typhoïde, Gr. &?;. See Typhus.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to typhus; resembling typhus; of a low grade like typhus; as, typhoid symptoms.

Typhoid fever, a disease formerly confounded with typhus, but essentially different from the latter. It is characterized by fever, lasting usually three or more weeks, diarrhæa with evacuations resembling pea soup in appearance, and prostration and muscular debility, gradually increasing and often becoming profound at the acme of the disease. Its local lesions are a scanty eruption of spots, resembling flea bites, on the belly, enlargement of the spleen, and ulceration of the intestines over the areas occupied by Peyer's glands. The virus, or contagion, of this fever is supposed to be a microscopic vegetable organism, or bacterium. Called also enteric fever. See Peyer's glands. — Typhoid state, a condition common to many diseases, characterized by profound prostration and other symptoms resembling those of typhus.


stratus speak of pygmy people descended from Pygmaeus, son of Dorus. In the seventeenth century van Helmont supposed that there were pygmies in the Canary Islands, and Abyssinia, Brazil, and Japan in the older times were repeatedly said to contain pygmy races. Relics of what must have been a pygmy race have been found in the Hebrides, and in this country in Kentucky and Tennessee.
Dr. Schweinfurth, the distinguished African traveler, confirms the statements of Homer, Herodotus, and Aristotle that there was a race of pygmies near the source of the Nile. Schweinfurth says that they live south of the country occupied by the Niam-Niam, and that their stature varies from 4 feet to 4 feet 10 inches. These people are called the Akkas, and wonderful tales are told of their agility and cunning, characteristics that seem to compensate for their small stature.
In 1860 Paul DuChaillu speaks of the existence of an African people called the Obongos, inhabiting the country of the Ashangos, a little to the south of the equator, who were about 1.4 meters in height. There have been people found in the Esquimaux region of very diminutive stature. Battel discovered another pygmy people near the Obongo who are called the Dongos. Kolle describes the Kenkobs, who are but 3 to 4 feet high, and another tribe called the Reebas, who vary from 3 to 5 feet in height. The Portuguese speak of a race of dwarfs whom they call the Bakka-bakka, and of the Yogas, who inhabit territory as far as the Loango. Nubia has a tribe of dwarfs called the Sukus, but little is known of them. Throughout India there are stories of dwarf tribes descended from the monkey-God, or Hoonuman of the mythologic poems.
In the works of Humboldt and Burgoa there is allusion to the tradition of a race of pygmies in the unexplored region of Chiapas near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Central America. There is an expedition of anthropologists now on the way to discover this people. Professor Starr of Chicago on his return from this region reported many colonies of undersized people, but did not discover any pygmy tribes answering to the older legendary descriptions. Figure 160 represents two dwarf Cottas measuring 3 feet 6 inches in height.
The African pygmies who were sent to the King of Italy and shown in Rome resembled the pygmy travelers of Akka that Schweinfurth saw at the court of King Munza at Monbuttu. These two pygmies at Rome were found in Central Africa and were respectively about ten and fifteen years old. They spoke a dialect of their own and different from any known African tongue; they were partly understood by an Egyptian sergeant, a native of Soudan, who accompanied them as the sole survivor of the escort with which their donor, Miani, penetrated Monbuttu. Miani, like Livingstone, lost his life in African travel. These dwarfs had grown rapidly in recent years and at the time of report, measured 1.15 and 1.02 meters. In 1874 they were under the care of the Royal Geographical Society of Italy. They were intelligent in their manner, but resented being lionized too much, and were prone to scratch ladies who attempted to kiss them.
The "Aztec Children" in 1851, at the ages of seven and six years, another pair of alleged indigenous pygmies, measured 33 3/4 and 29 1/2 inches in height and weighed 20 3/4 and 17 pounds respectively. The circumference of their heads did not equal that of an ordinary infant at birth.
It is known that at one time the ancients artificially produced dwarfs by giving them an insufficient alimentation when very young. They soon became rachitic from their deprivation of lime-salts and a great number perished, but those who survived were very highly prized by the Roman Emperors for their grotesque appearance. There were various recipes for dwarfing children. One of the most efficient in the olden times was said to have been anointing the backbone with the grease of bats, moles, dormice, and such animals; it was also said that puppies were dwarfed by frequently washing the feet and backbone, as the consequent drying and hardening of the parts were alleged to hinder their extension. To-day the growth of boys intended to be jockeys is kept down by excessive sweating.
Ancient Popularity of Dwarfs.—At one time a dwarf was a necessary appendage of every noble family. The Roman Emperors all had their dwarfs. Julia, the niece of Augustus, had a couple of dwarfs, Conopas and Andromeda, each of whom was 2 feet 4 inches in height. It was the fashion at one time to have dwarfs noted for their wit and wisdom.
Philos of Cos, tutor of Ptolemy Philadelphus, was a dwarf, as were Carachus, the friend of Saladin; Alypius of Alexandria, who was only 2 feet high; Lucinus Calvus, who was only 3 feet high, and aesop, the famous Greek fabulist. Later in the Middle Ages and even to the last century dwarfs were seen at every Court. Lady Montagu describes the dwarfs at the Viennese Court as "devils bedaubed with diamonds." They had succeeded the Court Jester and exercised some parts of this ancient office. At this time the English ladies kept monkeys for their amusement. The Court dwarfs were allowed unlimited freedom of speech, and in order to get at truths other men were afraid to utter one of the Kings of Denmark made one of his dwarfs Prime Minister.
Charles IX in 1572 had nine dwarfs, of which four had been given to him by King Sigismund-Augustus of Poland and three by Maximilian II of Germany. Catherine de Medicis had three couples of dwarfs at one time, and in 1579 she had still five pygmies, named Merlin, Mandricart, Pelavine, Rodomont, and Majoski. Probably the last dwarf in the Court of France was Balthazar Simon, who died in 1662.
Sometimes many dwarfs were present at great and noble gatherings. In Rome in 1566 the Cardinal Vitelli gave a sumptuous banquet at which the table-attendants were 34 dwarfs. Peter the Great of Russia had a passion for dwarfs, and in 1710 gave a great celebration in honor of the marriage of his favorite, Valakoff, with the dwarf of the Princess Prescovie Theodorovna. There were 72 dwarfs of both sexes present to form the bridal party. Subsequently, on account of dangerous and difficult labor, such marriages were forbidden in Russia.
In England and in Spain the nobles had the portraits of their dwarfs painted by the celebrated artists of the day. Velasquez has represented Don Antonio el Ingles, a dwarf of fine appearance, with a large dog, probably to bring out the dwarf's inferior height. This artist also painted a great number of other dwarfs at the Court of Spain, and in one of his paintings he portrays the Infanta Marguerite accompanied by her male and female dwarfs. Reproductions of these portraits have been given by Garnier. In the pictures of Raphael, Paul Veronese, and Dominiquin, and in the "Triumph of Caesar" by Mantegna, representations of dwarfs are found, as well as in other earlier pictures representing Court events. At the present time only Russia and Turkey seem to have popular sympathy for dwarfs, and this in a limited degree.
Intellectual Dwarfs.—It must be remarked, however, that many of the dwarfs before the public have been men of extraordinary-intelligence, possibly augmented by comparison. In a postmortem discussed at a meeting of the Natural History Society at Bonn in 1868 it was demonstrated by Schaufhausen that in a dwarf subject the brain weighed 1/19 of the body, in contradistinction to the average proportion of adults, from 1 to 30 to 1 to 44. The subject was a dwarf of sixty-one who died in Coblentz, and was said to have grown


P = PETSCII /pet'skee/ n. obs.
[abbreviation of PET ASCII] The variation (many would say perversion) of the ASCII character set used by the Commodore Business Machines PET series of personal computers and the later Commodore C64, C16, C128, and VIC20 machines. The PETSCII set used left-arrow and up-arrow (as in old-style ASCII) instead of underscore and caret, placed the unshifted alphabet at positions 65-90, put the shifted alphabet at positions 193-218, and added graphics characters.
Node:PFY, Next:phage, Previous:PETSCII, Up:= P = PFY n.
[Usenet; common] Abbreviation for 'Pimply-Faced Youth'. A BOFH in training, esp. one apprenticed to an elder BOFH aged in evil.
Node:phage, Next:phase, Previous:PFY, Up:= P = phage n. A program that modifies other programs or databases in unauthorized ways; esp. one that propagates a virus or Trojan horse. See also worm, mockingbird. The analogy, of course, is with phage viruses in biology.
Node:phase, Next:phase of the moon, Previous:phage, Up:= P = phase 1. n. The offset of one's waking-sleeping schedule with respect to the standard 24-hour cycle; a useful concept among people who often work at night and/or according to no fixed schedule. It is not uncommon to change one's phase by as much as 6 hours per day on a regular basis. "What's your phase?" "I've been getting in about 8 P.M. lately, but I'm going to wrap around to the day schedule by Friday." A person who is roughly 12 hours out of phase is sometimes said to be in 'night mode'. (The term 'day mode' is also (but less frequently) used, meaning you're working 9 to 5 (or, more likely, 10 to 6).) The act of altering one's cycle is called 'changing phase'; 'phase shifting' has also been recently reported from Caltech. 2. 'change phase the hard way': To stay awake for a very long time in order to get into a different phase. 3. 'change phase the easy way': To stay asleep, etc. However, some claim that either staying awake longer or sleeping longer is easy, and that it is shortening your day or night that is really hard (see wrap around). The 'jet lag' that afflicts travelers who cross many time-zone boundaries may be attributed to two distinct causes: the strain of travel per se, and the strain of changing phase. Hackers who suddenly find that they must change phase drastically in a short period of time, particularly the hard way, experience something very like jet lag without traveling.
Node:phase of the moon, Next:phase-wrapping, Previous:phase, Up:= P = phase of the moon n. Used humorously as a random parameter on which something is said to depend. Sometimes implies unreliability of whatever is dependent, or that reliability seems to be dependent on conditions nobody has been able to determine. "This feature depends on having the channel open in mumble mode, having the foo switch set, and on the phase of the moon." See also heisenbug.
True story: Once upon a time there was a program bug that really did depend on the phase of the moon. There was a little subroutine that had traditionally been used in various programs at MIT to calculate an approximation to the moon's true phase.
GLS incorporated this routine into a LISP program that, when it wrote out a file, would print a timestamp line almost 80 characters long. Very occasionally the first line of the message would be too long and would overflow onto the next line, and when the file was later read back in the program would barf. The length of the first line depended on both the precise date and time and the length of the phase specification when the timestamp was printed, and so the bug literally depended on the phase of the moon!
The first paper edition of the Jargon File (Steele-1983) included an example of one of the timestamp lines that exhibited this bug, but the typesetter 'corrected' it. This has since been described as the phase-of-the-moon-bug bug.
However, beware of assumptions. A few years ago, engineers of CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research) were baffled by some errors in experiments conducted with the LEP particle accelerator. As the formidable amount of data generated by such devices is heavily processed by computers before being seen by humans, many people suggested the software was somehow sensitive to the phase of the moon. A few desperate engineers discovered the truth; the error turned out to be the result of a tiny change in the geometry of the 27km circumference ring, physically caused by the deformation of the Earth by the passage of the Moon! This story has entered physics folklore as a Newtonian vengeance on particle physics and as an example of the relevance of the simplest and oldest physical laws to the most modern science.
Node:phase-wrapping, Next:PHB, Previous:phase of the moon, Up:= P = phase-wrapping n.
[MIT] Syn. wrap around, sense 2.
Node:PHB, Next:phreaker, Previous:phase-wrapping, Up:= P = PHB /P-H-B/ [Usenet; common; rarely spoken] Abbreviation, "Pointy-Haired Boss". From the Dilbert character, the archetypal halfwitted middle-management type. See also pointy-haired.
Node:phreaker, Next:phreaking, Previous:PHB, Up:= P = phreaker /freek'r/ n. One who engages in phreaking.
See also blue box.
Node:phreaking, Next:pico-, Previous:phreaker, Up:= P = phreaking /freek'ing/ n.
[from 'phone phreak'] 1. The art and science of cracking the phone network (so as, for example, to make free long-distance calls). 2. By extension, security-cracking in any other context (especially, but not exclusively, on communications networks) (see cracking).
At one time phreaking was a semi-respectable activity among hackers; there was a gentleman's agreement that phreaking as an intellectual game and a form of exploration was OK, but serious theft of services was taboo. There was significant crossover between the hacker community and the hard-core phone phreaks who ran semi-underground networks of their own through such media as the legendary "TAP Newsletter". This ethos began to break down in the mid-1980s as wider dissemination of the techniques put them in the hands of less responsible phreaks. Around the same time, changes in the phone network made old-style technical ingenuity less effective as a way of hacking it, so phreaking came to depend more on overtly criminal acts such as stealing phone-card numbers. The crimes and punishments of gangs like the '414 group' turned that game very ugly. A few old-time hackers still phreak casually just to keep their hand in, but most these days have hardly even heard of 'blue boxes' or any of the other paraphernalia of the great phreaks of yore.
Node:pico-, Next:pig-tail, Previous:phreaking, Up:= P = picopref.
[SI: a quantifier meaning * 10^-12] Smaller than nano-; used in the same rather loose connotative way as nanoand micro-. This usage is not yet common in the way nanoand microare, but should be instantly recognizable to any hacker. See also quantifiers, micro-.
Node:pig-tail, Next:pilot error, Previous:pico-, Up:= P = pig-tail [radio hams] A short piece of cable with two connectors on each end for converting between one connector type and another.
Common pig-tails are 9-to-25-pin serial-port converters and cables to connect PCMCIA network cards to an RJ-45 network cable.
Node:pilot error, Next:ping, Previous:pig-tail, Up:= P = pilot error n.
[Sun: from aviation] A user's misconfiguration or misuse of a piece of software, producing apparently buglike results (compare UBD). "Joe Luser reported


a wing, as the bat.

 Al"i*quant (&?;), a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate; alius other + quantus how great: cf. F. aliquante.] (Math.)
 An aliquant part of a number or quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed to aliquot.

 Al"i*quot (&?;), a. [L. aliquot some, several; alius other + quot how many: cf. F. aliquote.] (Math.) An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will divide it without a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15. Opposed to aliquant.

 Al'i*sep"tal (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + E. septal.]
 (Anat.) Relating to expansions of the nasal septum.

 Al"ish (&?;), a. Like ale; as, an alish taste.

 { Al'i*sphe"noid (&?;), Al'i*sphe*noid"al (&?;), } a. [L. ala wing + E. sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid; relating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid; as, alisphenoid bone; alisphenoid canal.

 Al'i*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) The alisphenoid bone.

 Al"i*trunk (&?;), n. [L. ala wing + truncus trunk.] (Zoöl.) The segment of the body of an insect to which the wings are attached; the thorax. Kirby.
 Al'i*tur"gic*al (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + liturgical.]
 (Eccl.) Applied to those days when the holy sacrifice is not offered. Shipley.
 ||A'li*un"de (&?;), adv. & a. [L.] (Law) From another source; from elsewhere; as, a case proved aliunde; evidence aliunde.

 A*live" (&?;), a. [OE. on live, AS. on lfe in life; lfe being dat. of lf life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.]
 1. Having life, in opposition to dead; living; being in a state in which the organs perform their functions; as, an animal or a plant which is alive.

2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unextinguished; unexpired; existent; as, to keep the fire alive; to keep the affections alive.

3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living beings; swarming; thronged.

 The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets and green boughs. Macaulay.
4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson.
5. Having susceptibility; easily impressed; having lively feelings, as opposed to apathy; sensitive.

 Tremblingly alive to nature's laws. Falconer.
6. Of all living (by way of emphasis).

 Northumberland was the proudest man alive. Clarendon.
 Used colloquially as an intensive; as, man alive!
Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies.

 ||A'li*za"ri (&?;), n. [Perh. fr. Ar. 'açrah juice extracted from a plant, fr. 'açara to press.] (Com.)
 The madder of the Levant. Brande & C. A*liz"a*rin (&?;), n. [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.]
 (Chem.) A coloring principle, C14H6O2(OH)2, found in madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene. It produces the Turkish reds.

 Al"ka*hest (&?;), n. [LL. alchahest, F. alcahest, a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled "universal solvent" of the alchemists; a menstruum capable of dissolving all bodies. -- Al'ka*hes"tic (&?;), a. Al'kal*am"ide (&?;), n. [Alkali + amide.] (Chem.)
 One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and another part by acid, atoms or radicals.

 { Al'ka*les'cence (&?;), Al'ka*les"cen*cy (&?;), } n. A tendency to become alkaline; or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to predominant. Ure.
 Al'ka*les"cent (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alcalescent.] Tending to the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline.

 Al"ka*li (?; 277), n.; pl. Alkalis or Alkalies (&?;). [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqal ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc.

2. (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammonia, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue.

Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. -- Vegetable alkalies. Same as Alkaloids. -- Volatile alkali, ammonia, so called in distinction from the fixed alkalies.

 Al"ka*li*fi'a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alcalifiable.]
 Capable of being alkalified, or converted into an alkali.

 Al"ka*li*fy (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalifying.] [Alkali + -fly: cf.
 F. alcalifier.] To convert into an alkali; to give alkaline properties to.

 Al"ka*li*fy, v. i. To become changed into an alkali.

 Al'ka*lim"e*ter (&?;), n. [Alkali + -meter. cf.
 F. alcalimètre.] An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture.

 { Al'ka*li*met"ric (&?;), Al'ka*li*met"ric*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to alkalimetry.

 Al'ka*lim"e*try (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcalimètrie.]
 (Chem.) The art or process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures.

 Al"ka*line (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. alcalin.] Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies; having the properties of an alkali.

Alkaline earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta, strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities of alkalies. -- Alkaline metals, potassium, sodium, cæsium, lithium, rubidium. -- Alkaline reaction, a reaction indicating alkalinity, as by the action on limits, turmeric, etc.

 Al'ka*lin"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality which constitutes an alkali; alkaline property. Thomson.
 Al*ka"li*ous (&?;), a


FIFTY FAMOUS FABLES BY LIDA BROWN McMURRY PRIMARY CRITIC TEACHER STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, DE KALB, ILLINOIS B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY PREFACE The fifty fables in this book have been selected for second grade reading because they are easily comprehended by pupils of that grade, and because they teach lessons which every child should learn.
It is not wise to tell the class the moral application of the fables.
It is better to have each pupil make his own application without any suggestion from the teacher.
In adapting the stories the conversational form has been largely used; this form not only gives much pleasure to the children, but it also affords excellent opportunities for voice culture.
Most of the stories have been successfully used for several years with classes of children in the State Normal School at DeKalb.
CONTENTS DESIRABILITY OF SELF-CONTROL 1. THE TORTOISE AND THE DUCKS RESULTS OF A MEAN JOKE 2. THE MOUSE AND THE FROG 3. THE BOYS AND THE FROGS 4. THE SHEPHERD BOY AND THE WOLF FOLLY OF QUARRELING 5. THE TWO GOATS 6. THE STRIKE OF THE MILL FEEDERS 7. THE FARMER AND HIS SONS 8. THE FOUR OXEN AND THE LION DEEDS BETTER THAN WORDS 9. THE HUNTER AND THE FARMER 10. THE FOX IN THE WELL 11. THE MICE IN COUNCIL FOLLY OF PRIDE 12. THE FOX AND THE CROW 13. THE VAIN CROW 14. THE HORSE AND THE LOADED DONKEY 15. THE LEAVES AND THE ROOTS 16. THE BULL AND THE GNAT WISDOM OF HEEDING GOOD ADVICE 17. THE FARMER AND HIS THREE SONS 18. THE YOUNG FOX 19. VISIT OF THE MOUSE TO THE COUNTRY 20. THE TWO DOVES BASENESS OF DECEIT 21. THE HORSE AND THE WOLF 22. THE BIRDS, THE BEASTS, AND THE BAT 23. THE BEES, THE DRONES, AND THE WASP 24. THE WOODMAN AND HIS AXE 25. THE FOX WITH HIS TAIL CUT OFF 26. THE BLACKBIRD AND THE DOVE RESULTS OF GREEDINESS 27. THE GREEDY DOG 28. THE GOOSE THAT LAID GOLD EGGS DESIRABILITY OF CONTENTMENT 29. THE DONKEY AND HIS MASTERS 30. THE COBBLER AND THE RICH MAN VALUE OF THINKING FOR ONESELF 31. THE ICE KING 32. THE WOLF, THE GOAT, AND THE KID 33. THE WISE GOAT 34. THE SHEPHERD AND THE DOGS 35. THE BOY AND THE NUTS 36. THE CROW AND THE PITCHER 37. THE GROCER AND HIS DONKEY 38. THE THREE FISH WISDOM OF SELF-RELIANCE 39. THE WAGONER 40. THE LARK AND THE FARMER KINDNESS AND ITS RESULTS 41. THE LION AND THE MOUSE 42. THE ANT AND THE DOVE 43. THE HAPPY FAMILY 44. THE TYRANT WHO BECAME A JUST RULER MISCELLANEOUS WISDOM OF PERSEVERANCE 45. THE HARE AND THE TORTOISE FOLLY OF TRYING TO PLEASE EVERYBODY 46. THE MILLER, HIS SON, AND THEIR DONKEY APPEARANCES SOMETIMES DECEITFUL 47. THE PUG DOG AND HIS SHADOW PUNISHMENT OF TREACHERY 48. THE PARTRIDGE IN THE NET GENTLENESS BETTER THAN HARSHNESS 49. THE NORTH WIND AND THE SUN MEANNESS OF SELFISHNESS 50. THE CAMEL AND HIS MASTER FIFTY FAMOUS FABLES THE TORTOISE AND THE DUCKS "Take me with you, please," called a tortoise to a gray duck and a white duck that were flying over.
The ducks heard the tortoise and flew down toward him.
"Do you really wish to go with us?" asked the ducks as they came to the ground near the tortoise.
"I surely do," replied the tortoise. "Will you please take me?"
"Why, yes, I think we can do so," said the white duck slowly.
The two ducks talked together in low tones for a few minutes. Then they flew to the woods. They soon brought back a strong twig and dropped it in front of the tortoise.
"Now," said the ducks, "if we take you off to see the world, you must promise us one thing."
"What is that?" asked the tortoise. "I will promise almost anything if you will let me go."
"You must promise not to say one word while you are in the air, NOT ONE WORD," replied the ducks.
"All right, I promise," said the tortoise. "Sometimes I do not say a word for a whole day because there is no one to listen to me."
"Well, take firm hold of the middle of the twig; we are ready to start," said the gray duck.
"If you value your life, you must hold on tightly," said the white duck.
The tortoise took hold of the middle of the twig and each duck took hold of one end.
Then they flew up! up! up! while the tortoise swung from the middle of the twig. How he enjoyed it! He had never had such a ride.
They had gone a long way safely when they came to a hayfield. The haymakers looked up and saw the ducks and the tortoise.
"Ho! ho! the tortoise has stolen some wings," called one of the haymakers.
"What a queer carriage he has!" laughed another in a loud voice.
"I pity his horses," said another.
This made the tortoise so angry that he cried out, "You—" but no one knows what he was going to say, for he fell to the ground and was killed.
[Footnote: Adapted from The Tortoise and the Geese, in a book of the same name published by Houghton, Mifflin Co.]
THE MOUSE AND THE FROG A frog, while out walking one day, saw a mouse coming toward him.
"There is that foolish mouse," said he. "I will play a good joke on him," and he grinned as he thought how much fun he would have.
As they met, the frog said, "Good morning, Sir Mouse; I hope I find you well to-day."
"Very well," replied the mouse. "How are you?"
"My health is not very good, so I have taken a holiday. If you are not busy, what do you say to our spending the day together?"
"Good!" answered the mouse. "I have little to do and nothing would suit me better." So they started off together.
They had not gone far when the frog said, "Let me tie one of your front feet to one of my hind legs, so that I may not lose you."
"All right," replied the mouse. "We shall surely be fast friends then."
So the frog took a blade of grass and fastened one of the mouse's front feet to one of his hind legs. When the frog leaped, the mouse tumbled after. Then they stopped and had a big laugh; it was very funny.
They first went to an oat field, where the frog found many insects, and the mouse plenty of grain.
Beyond this field there was a pond. The frog had been going toward this pond all of the time, but the mouse had not noticed it. They were soon


Able to breathe life into a stone. Shak.
 And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Gen. ii. 7.
3. To emit or utter by the breath; to utter softly; to whisper; as, to breathe a vow.

 He softly breathed thy name. Dryden.
 Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse, A mother's curse, on her revolting son. Shak.
4. To exhale; to emit, as breath; as, the flowers breathe odors or perfumes.

5. To express; to manifest; to give forth.

 Others articles breathe the same severe spirit. Milner.
6. To act upon by the breath; to cause to sound by breathing. "They breathe the flute." Prior.
7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise.

 And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon thee. Shak.
8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing; to rest; as, to breathe a horse.

 A moment breathed his panting steed. Sir W. Scott.
9. To put out of breath; to exhaust.

 Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret room, a little breathed by the journey up. Dickens.
10. (Phonetics) To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants.

 The same sound may be pronounces either breathed, voiced, or whispered. H. Sweet.
Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged [in whispering]. H. Sweet.
To breathe again, to take breath; to feel a sense of relief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business. -- To breathe one's last, to die; to expire. -- To breathe a vein, to open a vein; to let blood. Dryden.
 Breath"er (&?;), n. 1. One who breathes. Hence: (a) One who lives.(b) One who utters. (c) One who animates or inspires.

2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exercise. [Colloq.]

 Breath"ful (&?;), a. Full of breath; full of odor; fragrant.
 [Obs.]

 Breath"ing (&?;), n. 1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air.

 Subject to a difficulty of breathing. Melmoth.
2. Air in gentle motion.

3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as, the breathings of the Spirit.

4. Aspiration; secret prayer. "Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state." Tillotson.
5. Exercising; promotion of respiration.

 Here is a lady that wants breathing too; And I have heard, you knights of Tyre Are excellent in making ladies trip. Shak.
6. Utterance; communication or publicity by words.

 I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose. Shak.
7. Breathing place; vent. Dryden.
8. Stop; pause; delay.

 You shake the head at so long a breathing. Shak.
9. Also, in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h.

 10. (Gr. Gram.) A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below.

Breathing place. (a) A pause. "That cæsura, or breathing place, in the midst of the verse." Sir P. Sidney. (b) A vent. -- Breathing time, pause; relaxation. Bp. Hall. -- Breathing while, time sufficient for drawing breath; a short time. Shak.
 -- Rough breathing (spiritus asper) (). See 2d Asper, n.
 -- Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a mark (') indicating the absence of the sound of h, as in 'ie'nai (ienai).
 Breath"less (brth"ls), a. 1. Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath.

2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of fear, expectation, or intense interest; attended with a holding of the breath; as, breathless attention.

 But breathless, as we grow when feeling most. Byron.
3. Dead; as, a breathless body.

 Breath"less*ly, adv. In a breathless manner.

 Breath"less*ness, n. The state of being breathless or out of breath.

 ||Brec"cia (&?;), n. [It., breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. brèche; of German origin. See Breach.] (Geol.)
 A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors.

Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. -- Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins.

 Brec"ci*a'ted (&?;), a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together; resembling breccia in appearance.

 The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites].
H. A. Newton.
 Bred (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Breed.

Bred out, degenerated. "The strain of man's bred out into baboon and monkey." Shak. -- Bred to arms. See under Arms.
 -- Well bred. (a) Of a good family; having a good pedigree.
 "A gentleman well bred and of good name." Shak. [Obs., except as applied to domestic animals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good manners; cultivated; refined; polite.

 { Brede, or Breede } (&?;), n. Breadth. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Brede (&?;), n. [See Braid woven cord.] A braid. [R.]

 Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede. Tennyson.
 Breech (&?;), n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of the body behind; the buttocks.

2. Breeches. [Obs.] Shak.
3. The hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or other firearm, behind the chamber.

4. (Naut.) The external angle of knee timber, the inside of which is called the throat.

 Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching (&?;).] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches.

 A great man... anxious to know whether the blacksmith's youngest boy was breeched. Macaulay.
2. To cover as with breeches. [Poetic] Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore. Shak.
3. To fit or furnish with a breech; as, to breech a gun.

4. To whip on the breech. [Obs.]

 Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would have breeched me. Old Play.
5. To fasten with breeching.

 Breech"block (&?;), n. The movable piece which closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before the gun is fired.

 Breech"cloth' (&?;), n. A cloth worn around the breech.

 Breech"es (&?;), n. pl. [OE. brech, brek, AS. brk, pl. of brc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brk breeches, ODan. brog, D


pooneer is striking the whale!"
 —NANTUCKET SONG.
 "Oh, the rare old Whale, mid storm and gale In his ocean home will be A giant in might, where might is right, And King of the boundless sea."
 —WHALE SONG.


. -- Safety pin, a pin made in the form of a clasp, with a guard covering its point so that it will not prick the wearer. -- Safety plug. See Fusible plug, under Fusible. -- Safety switch. See Switch. -- Safety touchdown (Football), the act or result of a player's touching to the ground behind his own goal line a ball which received its last impulse from a man on his own side; -- distinguished from touchback. See Touchdown. -- Safety tube (Chem.), a tube to prevent explosion, or to control delivery of gases by an automatic valvular connection with the outer air; especially, a bent funnel tube with bulbs for adding those reagents which produce unpleasant fumes or violent effervescence. -- Safety valve, a valve which is held shut by a spring or weight and opens automatically to permit the escape of steam, or confined gas, water, etc., from a boiler, or other vessel, when the pressure becomes too great for safety; also, sometimes, a similar valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, to prevent collapse.

 Saf"flow (?), n. (Bot.) The safflower. [Obs.]

 Saf"flow'er (?), n. [F. safleur, saflor, for safran, influenced by fleur flower. See Saffron, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.)
 An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge; bastard, or false, saffron.

2. The dried flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius.

3. A dyestuff from these flowers. See Safranin (b).

Oil of safflower, a purgative oil expressed from the seeds of the safflower.

 Saf"fron (?; 277), n. [OE. saffran, F. safran; cf.
 It. zafferano, Sp. azafran, Pg. açafrão; all fr. Ar. & Per. za' farn.] 1. (Bot.) A bulbous iridaceous plant (Crocus sativus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas. See Crocus.

2. The aromatic, pungent, dried stigmas, usually with part of the stile, of the Crocus sativus. Saffron is used in cookery, and in coloring confectionery, liquors, varnishes, etc., and was formerly much used in medicine.

3. An orange or deep yellow color, like that of the stigmas of the Crocus sativus.

Bastard saffron, Dyer's saffron. (Bot.) See Safflower.
 -- Meadow saffron (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Colchichum autumnale) of Europe, resembling saffron. -- Saffron wood (Bot.), the yellowish wood of a South African tree (Elæodendron croceum); also, the tree itself. -- Saffron yellow, a shade of yellow like that obtained from the stigmas of the true saffron (Crocus sativus).

 Saf"fron (?; 277), a. Having the color of the stigmas of saffron flowers; deep orange-yellow; as, a saffron face; a saffron streamer.

 Saf"fron, v. t. To give color and flavor to, as by means of saffron; to spice. [Obs.]

 And in Latyn I speak a wordes few, To saffron with my predication.

Chaucer.
 Saf"fron*y (?), a. Having a color somewhat like saffron; yellowish.
 Lord (1630).
 Saf"ra*nin (?), n. (Chem.) (a) An orange-red dyestuff extracted from the saffron. [R.] (b) A red dyestuff extracted from the safflower, and formerly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton pink and scarlet; -- called also Spanish red, China lake, and carthamin.
 (c) An orange-red dyestuff prepared from certain nitro compounds of creosol, and used as a substitute for the safflower dye.

 Saf"ra*nine (? or?), n. [So called because used as a substitute for safranin.] (Chem.) An orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificially by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool; also, any one of the series of which safranine proper is the type.

 Sag (sg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sagging (?).] [Akin to Sw. sacka to settle, sink down, LG. sacken, D. zakken. Cf. Sink, v. i.] 1.
 To sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane; as, a line or cable supported by its ends sags, though tightly drawn; the floor of a room sags; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical position; as, a building may sag one way or another; a door sags on its hinges.

2. Fig.: To lose firmness or elasticity; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced. [R.]

 The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear, Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.

Shak.
3. To loiter in walking; to idle along; to drag or droop heavily.

To sag to leeward (Naut.), to make much leeway by reason of the wind, sea, or current; to drift to leeward; -- said of a vessel. Totten.
 Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way; to load.

 Sag, n. State of sinking or bending; sagging.

 Sa"ga (s"g), n.; pl. Sagas (-gz). [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.] A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time.

 And then the blue-eyed Norseman told A saga of the days of old.

Longfellow.
 Sa*ga"cious (?), a. [L. sagax, sagacis, akin to sagire to perceive quickly or keenly, and probably to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Presage.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions; keen-scented; skilled in following a trail.

Sagacious of his quarry from so far.

Milton.
2. Hence, of quick intellectual perceptions; of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; knowing; far-sighted; shrewd; sage; wise; as, a sagacious man; a sagacious remark.

 Instinct... makes them, many times, sagacious above our apprehension.

Dr. H. More.
 Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce them into general propositions.

Locke.
Syn. -- See Shrewd.

 -- Sa*ga"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa*ga"cious*ness, n. Sa*gac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sagacitas. See Sagacious.] The quality of being sagacious; quickness or acuteness of sense perceptions; keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness.

 Some [brutes] show that nice sagacity of smell.

Cowper.
 Natural sagacity improved by generous education.

V. Knox.
Syn. -- Penetration; shrewdness; judiciousness. -- Sagacity, Penetration. Penetration enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against the designs of others, and to turn everything to the best possible advantage.

 Sag"a*more (?


Dys*te'le*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. dys- + teleology.]
 (Biol.) The doctrine of purposelessness; a term applied by Haeckel to that branch of physiology which treats of rudimentary organs, in view of their being useless to the life of the organism.

 To the doctrine of dysteleology, or the denial of final causes, a proof of the real existence of such a thing as instinct must necessarily be fatal.

Word (Dynamic Sociology).
 ||Dys*to"ci*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; dysill, hard + to'kos delivery.] (Med.) Difficult delivery pr parturition.

 Dys"tome (?), a. [Gr. dysill, hard + tomo's cutting, diate'mnein to cut.] (Min.) Cleaving with difficulty.

 Datolite was called dystome spar by Mohs.

 { ||Dys*u"ri*a (?), Dys"u*ry (?), } n. [L. dysuria, Gr.
 &?;; dys- + &?; urine: cf. F. dysurie.] (Med.)
 Difficult or painful discharge of urine.

 Dys*u"ric (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. dysurique.]
 Pertaining to, or afflicted with, dysury.

 { Dze"ren (?), Dze"ron (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The Chinese yellow antelope (Procapra gutturosa), a remarkably swift-footed animal, inhabiting the deserts of Central Asia, Thibet, and China.

 Dzig"ge*tai (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kiang, a wild horse or wild ass of Thibet (Asinus hemionus).

 The name is sometimes applied also to the koulan or onager. See Koulan.

 E. E (). 1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet. It derives its form, name, and value from the Latin, the form and value being further derived from the Greek, into which it came from the Phœnician, and ultimately, probably, from the Egyptian. Its etymological relations are closest with the vowels i, a, and o, as illustrated by to fall, to fell; man, pl. men; drink, drank, drench; dint, dent; doom, deem; goose, pl. geese; beef, OF. boef, L. bos; and E. cheer, OF. chiere, LL. cara.

 The letter e has in English several vowel sounds, the two principal being its long or name sound, as in eve, me, and the short, as in end, best. Usually at the end of words it is silent, but serves to indicate that the preceding vowel has its long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in mne, cne, mte, which without the final e would be pronounced mn, cn, mt. After c and g, the final e indicates that these letters are to be pronounced as s and j; respectively, as in lace, rage.

 See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 74-97.

2. (Mus.) E is the third tone of the model diatonic scale. E (E flat) is a tone which is intermediate between D and E. E-. A Latin prefix meaning out, out of, from; also, without. See Ex-.

 Each (ch), a. or a. pron. [OE. eche, ælc, elk, ilk, AS. ælc; always + gelc like; akin to OD. iegelik, OHG. ogilh, MHG. iegelch, G. jeglich.
 √209. See 3d Aye, Like, and cf. Either, Every, Ilk.] 1. Every one of the two or more individuals composing a number of objects, considered separately from the rest. It is used either with or without a following noun; as, each of you or each one of you. "Each of the combatants." Fielding.
 To each corresponds other. "Let each esteem other better than himself." Each other, used elliptically for each the other. It is our duty to assist each other; that is, it is our duty, each to assist the other, each being in the nominative and other in the objective case.

 It is a bad thing that men should hate each other; but it is far worse that they should contract the habit of cutting one another's throats without hatred.

Macaulay.
 Let each His adamantine coat gird well.

Milton.
 In each cheek appears a pretty dimple.

Shak.
 Then draw we nearer day by day, Each to his brethren, all to God.

Keble.
 The oak and the elm have each a distinct character.

Gilpin.
2. Every; -- sometimes used interchangeably with every. Shak.
 I know each lane and every alley green.

Milton.
 In short each man's happiness depends upon himself.

Sterne.
 This use of each for every, though common in Scotland and in America, is now un-English. Fitzed. Hall.
Syn. -- See Every.

 Each"where' (?), adv. Everywhere. [Obs.]

 The sky eachwhere did show full bright and fair.

Spenser.
 Ead"ish (?), n. See Eddish.

 Ea"ger (?), a. [OE. egre sharp, sour, eager, OF. agre, aigre, F. aigre, fr. L. acer sharp, sour, spirited, zealous; akin to Gr. &?; highest, extreme, Skr. a&?;ra point; fr. a root signifying to be sharp. Cf. Acrid, Edge.] 1.
 Sharp; sour; acid. [Obs.] "Like eager droppings into milk." Shak.
2. Sharp; keen; bitter; severe. [Obs.] "A nipping and an eager air." "Eager words." Shak.
3. Excited by desire in the pursuit of any object; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain; keenly desirous; hotly longing; earnest; zealous; impetuous; vehement; as, the hounds were eager in the chase.

 And gazed for tidings in my eager eyes.

Shak.
 How eagerly ye follow my disgraces!

Shak.
 When to her eager lips is brought Her infant's thrilling kiss.

Keble.
 A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys.

Hawthorne.
 Conceit and grief an eager combat fight.

Shak.
4. Brittle; inflexible; not ductile. [Obs.]

 Gold will be sometimes so eager, as artists call it, that it will as little endure the hammer as glass itself.

Locke.
Syn. -- Earnest; ardent; vehement; hot; impetuous; fervent; intense; impassioned; zealous; forward. See Earnest. -- Eager, Earnest. Eager marks an excited state of desire or passion; thus, a child is eager for a plaything, a hungry man is eager for food, a covetous man is eager for gain. Eagerness is liable to frequent abuses, and is good or bad, as the case may be. It relates to what is praiseworthy or the contrary. Earnest denotes a permanent state of mind, feeling, or sentiment. It is always taken in a good sense; as, a preacher is earnest in his appeals to the conscience; an agent is earnest in his solicitations.

 Ea"ger, n. Same as Eagre.

 Ea"ger*ly, adv. In an eager manner.

 Ea"ger*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being eager; ardent desire. "The eagerness of love." Addison.
2. Tartness; sourness. [Obs.]


diff: optical grep: optimism: Oracle the: Orange Book: oriental food: orphan: orphaned i-node: orthogonal: OS: OS/2: OSS: OSU: OTOH: out-of-band: overclock: overflow bit: overflow pdl: overrun: overrun screw: Node:Ob-, Next:Obfuscated C Contest, Previous:nyetwork, Up:= O = Ob- /ob/ pref.
Obligatory. A piece of netiquette acknowledging that the author has been straying from the newsgroup's charter topic. For example, if a posting in alt.sex is a response to a part of someone else's posting that has nothing particularly to do with sex, the author may append 'ObSex' (or 'Obsex') and toss off a question or vignette about some unusual erotic act. It is considered a sign of great winnitude when one's Obs are more interesting than other people's whole postings.
Node:Obfuscated C Contest, Next:obi-wan error, Previous:Ob-, Up:= O = Obfuscated C Contest n.
(in full, the 'International Obfuscated C Code Contest', or IOCCC) An annual contest run since 1984 over Usenet by Landon Curt Noll and friends. The overall winner is whoever produces the most unreadable, creative, and bizarre (but working) C program; various other prizes are awarded at the judges' whim. C's terse syntax and macro-preprocessor facilities give contestants a lot of maneuvering room. The winning programs often manage to be simultaneously (a) funny, (b) breathtaking works of art, and (c) horrible examples of how not to code in C. This relatively short and sweet entry might help convey the flavor of obfuscated C: Here's another good one: Note that this program works by computing its own area. For more digits, write a bigger program. See also hello world.
The IOCCC has an official home page at _URL_.
Node:obi-wan error, Next:Objectionable-C, Previous:Obfuscated C Contest, Up:= O = obi-wan error /oh'bee-won' er'*r/ n.
[RPI, from 'off-by-one' and the Obi-Wan Kenobi character in "Star Wars"] A loop of some sort in which the index is off by 1.
Common when the index should have started from 0 but instead started from 1. A kind of off-by-one error. See also zeroth.
Node:Objectionable-C, Next:obscure, Previous:obi-wan error, Up:= O = Objectionable-C n. Hackish take on "Objective-C", the name of an object-oriented dialect of C in competition with the better-known C++ (it is used to write native applications on the NeXT machine).
Objectionable-C uses a Smalltalk-like syntax, but lacks the flexibility of Smalltalk method calls, and (like many such efforts) comes frustratingly close to attaining the Right Thing without actually doing so.
Node:obscure, Next:octal forty, Previous:Objectionable-C, Up:= O = obscure adj.
Used in an exaggeration of its normal meaning, to imply total incomprehensibility. "The reason for that last crash is obscure."
"The find(1) command's syntax is obscure!" The phrase 'moderately obscure' implies that something could be figured out but probably isn't worth the trouble. The construction 'obscure in the extreme' is the preferred emphatic form.
Node:octal forty, Next:off the trolley, Previous:obscure, Up:= O = octal forty /ok'tl for'tee/ n. Hackish way of saying "I'm drawing a blank." Octal 40 is the ASCII space character, _PHONE_; by an odd coincidence, hex 40 (01000000) is the EBCDIC space character. See wall.
Node:off the trolley, Next:off-by-one error, Previous:octal forty, Up:= O = off the trolley adj.
Describes the behavior of a program that malfunctions and goes catatonic, but doesn't actually crash or abort. See glitch, bug, deep space, wedged.
This term is much older than computing, and is (uncommon) slang elsewhere. A trolley is the small wheel that trolls, or runs against, the heavy wire that carries the current to run a streetcar. It's at the end of the long pole (the trolley pole) that reaches from the roof of the streetcar to the overhead line.
When the trolley stops making contact with the wire (from passing through a switch, going over bumpy track, or whatever), the streetcar comes to a halt, (usually) without crashing. The streetcar is then said to be off the trolley, or off the wire.
Later on, trolley came to mean the streetcar itself. Since streetcars became common in the 1890s, the term is more than 100 years old. Nowadays, trolleys are only seen on historic streetcars, since modern streetcars use pantographs to contact the wire.
Node:off-by-one error, Next:offline, Previous:off the trolley, Up:= O = off-by-one error n.
[common] Exceedingly common error induced in many ways, such as by starting at 0 when you should have started at 1 or vice-versa, or by writing < N instead of <= N or vice-versa. Also applied to giving something to the person next to the one who should have gotten it. Often confounded with fencepost error, which is properly a particular subtype of it.
Node:offline, Next:ogg, Previous:off-by-one error, Up:= O = offline adv.
Not now or not here. "Let's take this discussion offline."
Specifically used on Usenet to suggest that a discussion be moved off a public newsgroup to email.
Node:ogg, Next:-oid, Previous:offline, Up:= O = ogg /og/ v.
[CMU] 1. In the multi-player space combat game Netrek, to execute kamikaze attacks against enemy ships which are carrying armies or occupying strategic positions. Named during a game in which one of the players repeatedly used the tactic while playing Orion ship G, showing up in the player list as "Og". This trick has been roundly denounced by those who would return to the good old days when the tactic of dogfighting was dominant, but as Sun Tzu wrote, "What is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy, not his tactics." However, the traditional answer to the newbie question "What does ogg mean?" is just "Pick up some armies and I'll show you." 2. In other games, to forcefully attack an opponent with the expectation that the resources expended will be renewed faster than the opponent will be able to regain his previous advantage. Taken more seriously as a tactic since it has gained a simple name. 3. To do anything forcefully, possibly without consideration of the drain on future resources. "I guess I'd better go ogg the problem set that's due tomorrow." "Whoops! I looked down at the map for a sec and almost ogged that oncoming car."
Node:-oid, Next:old fart, Previous:ogg, Up:= O = -oid suff.
[from Greek suffix -oid = 'in the image of'] 1. Used as in mainstream slang English to indicate a poor imitation, a counterfeit, or some otherwise slightly bogus resemblance.
Hackers will happily use it with all sorts of non-Greco/Latin stem words that wouldn't keep company with it in mainstream English. For example, "He's a nerdoid" means that he superficially resembles a nerd but can't make the grade; a 'modemoid' might be a 300-baud box (Real Modems run at 28.8 or up); a 'computeroid' might be any bitty box. The word 'keyboid' could be used to describe a chiclet keyboard, but would have to be written; spoken, it would confuse the listener as to the speaker's city of origin. 2. More specifically, an indicator for 'resembling an android' which in the past has been confined to science-fiction fans and hackers. It too has recently (in 1991) started to go mainstream (most