3. To settle the relative scale, rank, position, amount, value, or quality of; as, to rate a ship; to rate a seaman; to rate a pension.

4. To ratify. [Obs.] "To rate the truce." Chapman.
To rate a chronometer, to ascertain the exact rate of its gain or loss as compared with true time, so as to make an allowance or computation dependent thereon.

Syn. -- To value; appraise; estimate; reckon.

 Rate, v. i. 1. To be set or considered in a class; to have rank; as, the ship rates as a ship of the line.

2. To make an estimate.

 Rate"a*ble (-*b'l), a. See Ratable.

 Ra"tel (r"tl), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) Any carnivore of the genus Mellivora, allied to the weasels and the skunks; -- called also honey badger.

 Several species are known in Africa and India. The Cape ratel (M. Capensis) and the Indian ratel (M. Indica) are the best known.
 The back is gray; the lower parts, face, and tail are black. They are fond of honey, and rob the nests of wild bees.

 Rate"pay'er (-p'r), n. One who pays rates or taxes.

 Rat"er (rt"r), n. One who rates or estimates.

 Rat"er, n. One who rates or scolds.

 Rat"fish' (rt"fsh'), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Rat-tail.

 Rath (rth), n. [Ir. rath.] 1. A hill or mound.
 [Ireland] Spenser.
2. A kind of ancient fortification found in Ireland.

 { Rath, Rathe } (rth), a. [AS. hræð, hræd, quick, akin to OHG. hrad, Icel. hraðr.] Coming before others, or before the usual time; early. [Obs. or Poetic] Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies.

Milton.
 { Rath, Rathe, } adv. Early; soon; betimes. [Obs. or Poetic] Why rise ye up so rathe?

Chaucer.
 Too rathe cut off by practice criminal.

Spenser.
 Rath"er (r"r), a. [Compar. of Rath, a.] Prior; earlier; former. [Obs.]

 Now no man dwelleth at the rather town.

Sir J. Mandeville.
 Rath"er (r"r; 277), adv. [AS. hraðor, compar. of hraðe, hræðe, quickly, immediately. See Rath, a.]

1. Earlier; sooner; before. [Obs.]

 Thou shalt, quod he, be rather false than I. Chaucer.
 A good mean to come the rather to grace.

Foxe.
2. More readily or willingly; preferably.

 My soul chooseth... death rather than my life.

Job vii. 15.
3. On the other hand; to the contrary of what was said or suggested; instead.

 Was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse.

Mark v. 26.
4. Of two alternatives conceived of, this by preference to, or as more likely than, the other; somewhat.

 He sought throughout the world, but sought in vain, And nowhere finding, rather feared her slain.

Dryden.
5. More properly; more correctly speaking.

 This is an art Which does mend nature, change it rather, but The art itself is nature.

Shak.
6. In some degree; somewhat; as, the day is rather warm; the house is rather damp.

The rather, the more so; especially; for better reason; for particular cause.

 You are come to me in happy time, The rather for I have some sport in hand.

Shak.
 -- Had rather, or Would rather, prefer to; prefers to; as, he had, or would, rather go than stay. "I had rather speak five words with my understanding than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue." 1 Cor. xiv. 19. See Had rather, under Had.

 Rath"ripe' (rth"rp'), a. Rareripe, or early ripe. -- n. A rareripe. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Such who delight in rathripe fruits.

Fuller.
 Rat'i*fi*ca"tion (rt'*f*k"shn), n. [Cf. F. ratification.]
 The act of ratifying; the state of being ratified; confirmation; sanction; as, the ratification of a treaty.

 Rat"i*fi'er (rt"*f'r), n. One who, or that which, ratifies; a confirmer. Shak.
 Rat"i*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ratified (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ratifying (- f'ng).] [F. ratifier, fr. L. ratus fixed by calculation, firm, valid + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Rate, n., and -fy.] To approve and sanction; to make valid; to confirm; to establish; to settle; especially, to give sanction to, as something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty, or contract; to ratify a nomination.

 It is impossible for the divine power to set a seal to a lie by ratifying an imposture with such a miracle.

South.
 Rat'i*ha*bi"tion (-h*bsh"n), n. [L. ratihabitio; ratus fixed, valid + habere to hold.] Confirmation or approbation, as of an act or contract. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
 Ra"ti*o (r"sh* or r"sh), n. [L., fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think, judge. See Reason.] 1. (Math.) The relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind.
 It is expressed by the quotient of the division of the first by the second; thus, the ratio of 3 to 6 is expressed by or ½; of a to b by a/b; or (less commonly) the second term is made the dividend; as, a:b = b/a.

 Some writers consider ratio as the quotient itself, making ratio equivalent to a number.

 The term ratio is also sometimes applied to the difference of two quantities as well as to their quotient, in which case the former is called arithmetical ratio, the latter, geometrical ratio. The name ratio is sometimes given to the rule of three in arithmetic. See under Rule.

2. Hence, fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; rate; proportion; as, the ratio of representation in Congress.

Compound ratio, Duplicate ratio, Inverse ratio, etc.
 See under Compound, Duplicate, etc. -- Ratio of a geometrical progression, the constant quantity by which each term is multiplied to produce the succeeding one.

 Ra'ti*oc"i*nate (rsh'*s"*nt), v. i. [L. ratiocinatus, p. p. of ratiocinari, fr. ratio reason. See Ratio.] To reason, esp. deductively; to offer reason or argument.

 Ra'ti*oc'i*na"tion (-n"shn), n. [L. ratiocinatio: cf. F. ratiocination.]
 The process of reasoning, or deducing conclusions from premises; deductive reasoning.

 Ra'ti*oc"i*na*tive (- s"*n*tv), a. [L. ratiocinativus.]
 Characterized by, or addicted to, ratioc


den*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act of indenting or state of being indented.

2. A notch or recess, in the margin or border of anything; as, the indentations of a leaf, of the coast, etc.

3. A recess or sharp depression in any surface.

4. (Print.) (a) The act of beginning a line or series of lines at a little distance within the flush line of the column or page, as in the common way of beginning the first line of a paragraph. (b) The measure of the distance; as, an indentation of one em, or of two ems.

Hanging, or Reverse, indentation, indentation of all the lines of a paragraph except the first, which is a full line.

 In*dent"ed (?), a. 1. Cut in the edge into points or inequalities, like teeth; jagged; notched; stamped in; dented on the surface.

2. Having an uneven, irregular border; sinuous; undulating. Milton.
 Shak.
3. (Her.) Notched like the part of a saw consisting of the teeth; serrated; as, an indented border or ordinary.

4. Bound out by an indenture; apprenticed; indentured; as, an indented servant.

5. (Zoöl.) Notched along the margin with a different color, as the feathers of some birds.

Indented line (Fort.), a line with alternate long and short faces, with salient and receding angles, each face giving a flanking fire along the front of the next.

 In*dent"ed*ly, adv. With indentations.

 In*dent"ing (?), n. Indentation; an impression like that made by a tooth.

 In*den"tion (?), n. (Print.) Same as Indentation, 4.

 In*dent"ment (?), n. Indenture. [Obs.]

 In*den"ture (?; 135), n. [OE. endenture, OF. endenture, LL. indentura a deed in duplicate, with indented edges. See the Note below. See Indent.]

1. The act of indenting, or state of being indented.

2. (Law) A mutual agreement in writing between two or more parties, whereof each party has usually a counterpart or duplicate; sometimes in the pl., a short form for indentures of apprenticeship, the contract by which a youth is bound apprentice to a master.

 The law is the best expositor of the gospel; they are like a pair of indentures: they answer in every part.

C. Leslie.
 Indentures were originally duplicates, laid together and indented by a notched cut or line, or else written on the same piece of parchment and separated by a notched line so that the two papers or parchments corresponded to each other. But indenting has gradually become a mere form, and is often neglected, while the writings or counterparts retain the name of indentures.

 In*den"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indentured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indenturing.]

1. To indent; to make hollows, notches, or wrinkles in; to furrow.

 Though age may creep on, and indenture the brow.

Woty.
2. To bind by indentures or written contract; as, to indenture an apprentice.

 In*den"ture, v. i. To run or wind in and out; to be cut or notched; to indent. Heywood.
 In'de*pend"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. indépendance.]

1. The state or quality of being independent; freedom from dependence; exemption from reliance on, or control by, others; self-subsistence or maintenance; direction of one's own affairs without interference.

 Let fortune do her worst,... as long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our independence.

Pope.
2. Sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood.

Declaration of Independence (Amer. Hist.), the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain.

 In'de*pend"en*cy, n. 1. Independence.

 "Give me," I cried (enough for me), "My bread, and independency!"

Pope.
2. (Eccl.) Doctrine and polity of the Independents.

 In'de*pend"ent (?), a. [Pref. innot + dependent: cf. F. indépendant.]

1. Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as, few men are wholly independent.

 A dry, but independent crust.

Cowper.
2. Affording a comfortable livelihood; as, an independent property.

3. Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequious; self-directing; as, a man of an independent mind.

4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; unconstrained; as, an independent air or manner.

5. Separate from; exclusive; irrespective.

 That obligation in general, under which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, independent of those resources which the law provides for its own enforcement.

R. P. Ward.
6. (Eccl.) Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the doctrines or methods of, the Independents.

7. (Math.) Not dependent upon another quantity in respect to value or rate of variation; -- said of quantities or functions.

8. (U. S. Politics) Not bound by party; exercising a free choice in voting with either or any party.

Independent company (Mil.), one not incorporated in any regiment. -- Independent seconds watch, a stop watch having a second hand driven by a separate set of wheels, springs, etc., for timing to a fraction of a second. -- Independent variable. (Math.)
 See Dependent variable, under Dependent.

Syn. -- Free; uncontrolled; separate; uncoerced; selfreliant; bold; unconstrained; unrestricted.

 In'de*pend"ent (?), n. 1. (Eccl.) One who believes that an organized Christian church is complete in itself, competent to selfgovernment, and independent of all ecclesiastical authority.

 In England the name is often applied (commonly in the pl.) to the Congregationalists.

2. (Politics) One who does not acknowledge an obligation to support a party's candidate under all circumstances; one who exercises liberty in voting.

 In'de*pend"ent*ism (?), n. Independency; the church system of Independents. Bp. Gauden.
 In'de*pend"ent*ly, adv. In an independent manner; without control.

 In'de*pos"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being deposed. [R.]

 Princes indeposable by the pope.

Bp. Stillingfleet.
 In*dep"ra*vate (?), a. [L. indepravatus.] Undepraved. [R.]
 Davies (Holy Roode).
 In*dep"re*ca*ble (?), a. [L. indeprecabilis. See Innot, and Deprecate.] Incapable or undeserving of being deprecated. Cockeram.
 In*dep're*hen"si*ble (?), a. [L. indeprehensibilis. See Innot, and Deprehensible.] Incapable of being found out. Bp. Morton.
 In'de*priv"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being deprived, or of being taken away.

 In'de*scrib"a*ble, a. Incapable of being described. -- In'de*scri


, and Candleberry tree.

 Wax"bill' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of finchlike birds belonging to Estrelda and allied genera, native of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The bill is large, conical, and usually red in color, resembling sealing wax. Several of the species are often kept as cage birds.

 Wax"bird' (?), (Zoöl.) The waxwing.

 Wax"en (?), a. 1. Made of wax. "The female bee, that...
 builds her waxen cells." Milton.
2. Covered with wax; waxed; as, a waxen tablet.

3. Resembling wax; waxy; hence, soft; yielding.

 Men have marble, women waxen, minds.

Shak.
Waxen chatterer (Zoöl.), the Bohemian chatterer.

 Wax"i*ness (?), n. Quality or state of being waxy.

 Wax"wing' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small birds of the genus Ampelis, in which some of the secondary quills are usually tipped with small horny ornaments resembling red sealing wax. The Bohemian waxwing (see under Bohemian) and the cedar bird are examples. Called also waxbird.

 Wax"work' (?), n. 1. Work made of wax; especially, a figure or figures formed or partly of wax, in imitation of real beings.

2. (Bot.) An American climbing shrub (Celastrus scandens).
 It bears a profusion of yellow berrylike pods, which open in the autumn, and display the scarlet coverings of the seeds.

 Wax"work'er (?), n. 1. One who works in wax; one who makes waxwork.

2. A bee that makes or produces wax.

 Wax"y (?), a. Resembling wax in appearance or consistency; viscid; adhesive; soft; hence, yielding; pliable; impressible. "Waxy to persuasion." Bp. Hall.
Waxy degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration. See under Amyloid. — Waxy kidney, Waxy liver, etc. (Med.), a kidney or liver affected by waxy degeneration.

 Way (?), adv. [Aphetic form of away.] Away. [Obs. or Archaic] Chaucer.
To do way, to take away; to remove. [Obs.] "Do way your hands." Chaucer. — To make way with, to make away with. See under Away. [Archaic] Way, n. [OE. wey, way, AS. weg; akin to OS., D., OHG., & G. weg, Icel. vegr, Sw. väg, Dan. vei, Goth. wigs, L. via, and AS. wegan to move, L. vehere to carry, Skr. vah. √136. Cf. Convex, Inveigh, Vehicle, Vex, Via, Voyage, Wag, Wagon, Wee, Weigh.]

1. That by, upon, or along, which one passes or processes; opportunity or room to pass; place of passing; passage; road, street, track, or path of any kind; as, they built a way to the mine. "To find the way to heaven." Shak.
 I shall him seek by way and eke by street.

Chaucer.
 The way seems difficult, and steep to scale.

Milton.
 The season and ways were very improper for his majesty's forces to march so great a distance.

Evelyn.
2. Length of space; distance; interval; as, a great way; a long way.

 And whenever the way seemed long, Or his heart began to fail.

Longfellow.
3. A moving; passage; procession; journey.

 I prythee, now, lead the way.

Shak.
4. Course or direction of motion or process; tendency of action; advance.

 If that way be your walk, you have not far.

Milton.
 And let eternal justice take the way.

Dryden.
5. The means by which anything is reached, or anything is accomplished; scheme; device; plan.

 My best way is to creep under his gaberdine.

Shak.
 By noble ways we conquest will prepare.

Dryden.
 What impious ways my wishes took!

Prior.
6. Manner; method; mode; fashion; style; as, the way of expressing one's ideas.

7. Regular course; habitual method of life or action; plan of conduct; mode of dealing. "Having lost the way of nobleness." Sir.
 P. Sidney.
 Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace.

Prov. iii. 17.
 When men lived in a grander way.

Longfellow.
8. Sphere or scope of observation. Jer. Taylor.
 The public ministers that fell in my way.

Sir W. Temple.
9. Determined course; resolved mode of action or conduct; as, to have one's way.

10. (Naut.) (a) Progress; as, a ship has way.
 (b) pl. The timbers on which a ship is launched.

11. pl. (Mach.) The longitudinal guides, or guiding surfaces, on the bed of a planer, lathe, or the like, along which a table or carriage moves.

12. (Law) Right of way. See below.

By the way, in passing; apropos; aside; apart from, though connected with, the main object or subject of discourse. — By way of, for the purpose of; as being; in character of. — Covert way. (Fort.)
 See Covered way, under Covered. — In the family way. See under Family. — In the way, so as to meet, fall in with, obstruct, hinder, etc. — In the way with, traveling or going with; meeting or being with; in the presence of. — Milky way. (Astron.)
 See Galaxy, 1. — No way, No ways. See Noway, Noways, in the Vocabulary. — On the way, traveling or going; hence, in process; advancing toward completion; as, on the way to this country; on the way to success. — Out of the way. See under Out. — Right of way (Law), a right of private passage over another's ground.
 It may arise either by grant or prescription. It may be attached to a house, entry, gate, well, or city lot, as well as to a country farm. Kent.
 — To be under way, or To have way (Naut.), to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. — To give way. See under Give. — To go one's way, or To come one's way, to go or come; to depart or come along. Shak. — To go the way of all the earth, to die. — To make one's way, to advance in life by one's personal efforts. — To make way. See under Make, v. t.
 — Ways and means. (a) Methods; resources; facilities. (b) (Legislation) Means for raising money; resources for revenue. — Way leave, permission to cross, or a right of way across, land; also, rent paid for such right. [Eng] — Way of the cross (Eccl.), the course taken in visiting in rotation the stations of the cross. See Station, n., 7 (c). — Way of the rounds (Fort.), a space left for the passage of the rounds between a rampart and the wall of a fortified town. — Way pane, a pane for cartage in irrigated land. See Pane, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] — Way passenger, a passenger taken up, or set down, at some intermediate place between the principal stations on a line of travel. — Ways of God, his providential government, or his works. —


2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 18. Motacilla.
3, 4, 5, 15. Hirundo.
8. Cuculus.
12. Charadrius.
13. Columba.
17. Rallus.
19. Caprimulgus.
14. Alauda.
20. Muscicapa.
Most soft-billed birds live on insects, and not on grain and seeds; and therefore at the end of summer they retire: but the following soft-billed birds, though insect-eaters, stay with us the year round: Red-breast, Raii nomina: Rubecula: Wren, Passer troglodytes: These frequent houses; and haunt outbuildings in the winter; eat spiders.
Hedge-sparrow, Curruca: Haunt sinks for crumbs and other sweepings.
White-wagtail, Motacilla alba: Yellow-wagtail, Motacilla flava: Grey-wagtail, Motacilla cinerea: These frequent shallow rivulets near the spring heads, where they never freeze: eat the aureliae of Phryganea. The smallest birds that walk.
Wheat-ear, Oenanthe: Some of these are to be seen with us the winter through.
Whin-chat, OEnanthe secunda: Stone-chatter, OEnanthe tertia: Golden-crowned wren, Regulus cristatus: This is the smallest British bird: haunts the tops of tall trees; stays the winter through.
A List of the Winter Birds of Passage round this neighbourhood, ranged somewhat in the order in which they appear: 1. Ring-ousel, Raii nomina: Merula torquata: This is a new migration which I have lately discovered about Michaelmas week, and again about the fourteenth of March.
2. Redwing, Turdus iliacus: About Michaelmas.
3. Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, Though a percher by day, roosts on the ground.
4. Royston-crew, Cornix cinerea: Most frequent on downs.
5. Wood-cock, Scolopax: Appears about old Michaelmas.
6. Snipe, Gallinago minor: Some snipes constantly breed with us.
7. Jack-snipe, Gallinago minima: 8. Wood-pigeon, OEnas: Seldom appears till late: not in such plenty as formerly.
9. Wild-swan, Cygnus ferus: On some large waters.
10. Wild-goose, Anser ferus: 11. Wild-duck, Anas torquata minor: 12. Pochard, Anas fera fusca: 13. Widgeon, Penelope: 14. Teal, breeds with us in Wolmer-forest, Querquedula: On our lakes and streams.
15. Gross-beak, Coccothraustes: 16. Cross-bill, Loxia: 17. Silk-tail, Garrulus bohemicus: These are only wanderers that appear occasionally, and are not observant of any regular migration.
These birds, as they stand numerically, belong to the following Linnaean genera: 1, 2, 3. Turdus.
4. Corvus.
5, 6, 7. Scolopax.
8. Columba.
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Anas.
15, 16. Loxia.
17. Ampelis.
Birds that sing in the night are but few: Nightingale, Luscinia: 'In shadiest covert hid.'—MILTON.
Woodlark, Alauda arborea: Suspended in mid air.
Less reed-sparrow, Passer arundinaceus minor: Among reeds and willows.
I should now proceed to such birds as continue to sing after Midsummer, but, as they are rather numerous, they would exceed the bounds of this paper: besides, as this is now the season for remarking on that subject, I am willing to repeat my observations on some birds concerning the continuation of whose song I seem at present to have some doubt.
I am, etc.
Letter II To The Honourable Daines Barrington Selborne, Nov. 2, 1769.
Dear Sir, When I did myself the honour to write to you about the end of last June on the subject of natural history, I sent you a list of the summer birds of passage which I have observed in this neighbourhood; and also a list of the winter birds of passage; I mentioned besides those soft-billed birds that stay with us the winter through in the south of England, and those that are remarkable for singing in the night.
According to my proposal, I shall now proceed to such birds (singing birds strictly so called) as continue in full song till after Midsummer; and shall range them somewhat in the order in which they first begin to open as the spring advances.
1. Woodlark, Raii nomina: Alauda arborea: In January, and continues to sing through all the summer and autumn.
2. Song-thrush, Turdus simpliciter dictus: In February and on to August, reassume their song in autumn.
3. Wren, Passer troglodytes: All the year, hard frost excepted.
4. Red-breast, Rubecula: Ditto.
5. Hedge-sparrow, Curruca: Early in February to July the 10th.
6. Yellow-hammer, Emberiza flava: Early in February, and on through July to August the 21st.
7. Skylark, Alauda vulgaris: In February, and on to October.
8. Swallow, Hirundo domestica: From April to September.
9. Black-cap, Atricapilla: Beginning of April to July 13.
10. Titlark, Alauda pratorum: From middle of April to July the 16th.
11. Blackbird, Merula vulgaris: Sometimes in February and March, and so on to July the twenty third; reassumes in autumn.
12. White-throat, Ficedulcae affinis: In April and on to July 23.
13. Goldfinch, Carduelis: April and through to September 16.
14. Greenfinch, Chloris: On to July and August 2.
15. Less reed-sparrow, Passer arundinaceus minor: May, on to beginning of July.
16. Common linnet, Linaria vulgaris: Breeds and whistles on till August; reassumes its note when they begin to congregate in October, and again early before the flock separate.
Birds that cease to be in full song, and are usually silent at or before Midsurnmer: 17. Middle willow-wren, Regulus non cristatus: Middle of June: begins in April.
18. Red-start, Ruticilla: Middle of June: begins in May.
19. Chaffinch, Fringilla: Beginning of June: sings first in February.
20. Nightingale, Luscinia: Middle of June: sings first in April.
Birds that sing for a short tune, and very early in the spring: 21. Missel-bird, Turdus viscivorus: January the 2nd, 1770, in February. Is called in Hampshire and Sussex the storm-cock, because its song is supposed to forebode windy wet weather: is the largest singing bird we have.
22. Great tit-mouse, or ox-eye, Fringillago: In February, March, April: reassumes for a short time in September.
Birds that have somewhat of a note or song, and yet are hardly to be called singing birds: 23. Golden-crowned wren, Regulus cristatus: Its note as minute as its person; frequents the tops of high oaks and firs; the smallest British bird.
24. Marsh titmouse, Parus palustris: Haunts great woods; two harsh sharp notes.
25. Small willow-wren, Regulus non cristatus: Sings in March and on to September.
26. Largest ditto, Ditto: Cantat voce stridula locustae: from end of April to August


act or ceremony of investing a clergyman with the spiritual part of a benefice, by which the care of souls is committed to his charge.
 Blackstone.
2. That which instituted or established; as: (a) Established order, method, or custom; enactment; ordinance; permanent form of law or polity.

 The nature of our people, Our city's institutions.

Shak.
(b) An established or organized society or corporation; an establishment, especially of a public character, or affecting a community; a foundation; as, a literary institution; a charitable institution; also, a building or the buildings occupied or used by such organization; as, the Smithsonian Institution. (c) Anything forming a characteristic and persistent feature in social or national life or habits.

 We ordered a lunch (the most delightful of English institutions, next to dinner) to be ready against our return.

Hawthorne.
3. That which institutes or instructs; a textbook; a system of elements or rules; an institute. [Obs.]

 There is another manuscript, of above three hundred years old,...
 being an institution of physic.

Evelyn.
 In'sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as, institutional legends.

Institutional writers as Rousseau.

J. S. Mill.
2. Instituted by authority.

3. Elementary; rudimental.

 In'sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Relating to an institution, or institutions.

2. Containing the first principles or doctrines; elemental; rudimentary.

 In"sti*tu'tist (?), n. A writer or compiler of, or a commentator on, institutes. [R.] Harvey.
 In"sti*tu'tive (?), a. 1. Tending or intended to institute; having the power to establish. Barrow.
2. Established; depending on, or characterized by, institution or order. "Institutive decency." Milton.
 In"sti*tu'tive*ly adv. In conformity with an institution. Harrington.
 In"sti*tu'tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. instituteur.]

1. One who institutes, founds, ordains, or establishes.

2. One who educates; an instructor. [Obs.] Walker.
3. (Episcopal Church) A presbyter appointed by the bishop to institute a rector or assistant minister over a parish church.

 In*stop" (?), v. t. To stop; to close; to make fast; as, to instop the seams. [Obs.] Dryden.
 In*store" (?), v. t. [See Instaurate, Store.] To store up; to inclose; to contain. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 In*strat"i*fied (?), a. Interstratified.

 In*struct" (?), a. [L. instructus, p. p. of instruere to furnish, provide, construct, instruct; pref. inin, on + struere.
 See Structure.] 1. Arranged; furnished; provided. [Obs.] "He had neither ship instruct with oars, nor men." Chapman.
2. Instructed; taught; enlightened. [Obs.] Milton.
 In*struct" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Instructing.]

1. To put in order; to form; to prepare. [Obs.]

 They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a hearing.

Ayliffe.
2. To form by communication of knowledge; to inform the mind of; to impart knowledge or information to; to enlighten; to teach; to discipline.

 Schoolmasters will I keep within my house, Fit to instruct her youth.

Shak.
3. To furnish with directions; to advise; to direct; to command; as, the judge instructs the jury.

 She, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger.

Matt. xiv. 8.
 Take her in; instruct her what she has to do.

Shak.
Syn. -- To teach; educate; inform; train; discipline; indoctrinate; direct; enjoin.

 In*struct"er (?), n. See Instructor.

 In*struct"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being instructed; teachable; docible. Bacon.
 In*struc"tion (?), n. [L. instructio: cf. F. instruction.]

1. The act of instructing, teaching, or furnishing with knowledge; information.

2. That which instructs, or with which one is instructed; the intelligence or information imparted; as: (a) Precept; information; teachings. (b) Direction; order; command. "If my instructions may be your guide." Shak.
Syn. -- Education; teaching; indoctrination; information; advice; counsel. See Education.

 In*struc"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or promoting, instruction; educational.

 In*struct"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. instructif.] Conveying knowledge; serving to instruct or inform; as, experience furnishes very instructive lessons. Addison.
 In various talk the instructive hours they past.

Pope.
 -- In*struct"ive*ly, adv. -- In*struct"ive*ness, n. The pregnant instructiveness of the Scripture.

Boyle.
 In*struct"or (?), n. [L., a preparer: cf. F. instructeur.]
 [Written also instructer.] One who instructs; one who imparts knowledge to another; a teacher.

 In*struct"ress (?), n. A woman who instructs; a preceptress; a governess. Johnson.
 In"stru*ment (?), n. [F. instrument, L. instrumentum.
 See Instruct.]

1. That by means of which any work is performed, or result is effected; a tool; a utensil; an implement; as, the instruments of a mechanic; astronomical instruments.

 All the lofty instruments of war.

Shak.
2. A contrivance or implement, by which musical sounds are produced; as, a musical instrument.

 Praise him with stringed instruments and organs.

Ps. cl. 4.
 But signs when songs and instruments he hears.

Dryden.
3. (Law) A writing, as the means of giving formal expression to some act; a writing expressive of some act, contract, process, as a deed, contract, writ, etc. Burrill.
4. One who, or that which, is made a means, or is caused to serve a purpose; a medium, means, or agent.

 Or useful serving man and instrument, To any sovereign state.

Shak.
 The bold are but the instruments of the wise.

Dryden.
Syn. -- Tool; implement; utensil; machine; apparatus; channel; agent.

 In"stru*ment (?), v. t. To perform upon an instrument; to prepare for an instrument; as, a sonata instrumented for orchestra.

 In'stru*men"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. instrumental.]

1. Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; contributing to promote; conductive; helpful; serviceable; as, he was instrumental in conducting the business.

 The head is not more native to the heart, The hand more instrumental to the mouth.

Shak.
2. (Mus.) Pertaining to, made by, or prepared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument; as, instrumental music, distinguished from vocal music. "He defended the use of instrumental music in public worship." Macaulay.
 Sweet voices mix'd with instrumental sounds.

Dryden.
3. (Gram.) Applied to a case expressing


also the quotations from Proclus.

 (3) Gylfi's Mocking.

 (4) Aglaophamus, p. 473.

 In process of time Chaos produced an egg, shining and silver white. It is absurd to inquire, according to Lobeck, whether the poet borrowed this widely spread notion of a cosmic egg from Phoenicia, Babylon, Egypt (where the goose-god Seb laid the egg), or whether the Orphic singer originated so obvious an idea. Quaerere ludicrum est. The conception may have been borrowed, but manifestly it is one of the earliest hypotheses that occur to the rude imagination. We have now three primitive generations, time, chaos, the egg, and in the fourth generation the egg gave birth to Phanes, the great hero of the Orphic cosmogony.(1) The earliest and rudest thinkers were puzzled, as many savage cosmogonic myths have demonstrated, to account for the origin of life. The myths frequently hit on the theory of a hermaphroditic being, both male and female, who produces another being out of himself. Prajapati in the Indian stories, and Hrimthursar in Scandinavian legend—"one of his feet got a son on the other"—with Lox in the Algonquin tale are examples of these double-sexed personages.
 In the Orphic poem, Phanes is both male and female. This Phanes held within him "the seed of all the gods,"(2) and his name is confused with the names of Metis and Ericapaeus in a kind of trinity. All this part of the Orphic doctrine is greatly obscured by the allegorical and theosophistic interpretations of the late Platonists long after our era, who, as usual, insisted on finding their own trinitarian ideas, commenta frigidissima, concealed under the mythical narrative.(3) (1) Clemens Alexan., p. 672.

 (2) Damascius, ap. Lobeck, i. 481.

 (3) Aglaoph., i. 483.

 Another description by Hieronymus of the first being, the Orphic Phanes, "as a serpent with bull's and lion's heads, with a human face in the middle and wings on the shoulders," is sufficiently rude and senseless.
 But these physical attributes could easily be explained away as types of anything the Platonist pleased.(1) The Orphic Phanes, too, was almost as many-headed as a giant in a fairy tale, or as Purusha in the Rig-Veda. He had a ram's head, a bull's head, a snake's head and a lion's head, and glanced around with four eyes, presumably human.(2) This remarkable being was also provided with golden wings. The nature of the physical arrangements by which Phanes became capable of originating life in the world is described in a style so savage and crude that the reader must be referred to Suidas for the original text.(3) The tale is worthy of the Swift-like fancy of the Australian Narrinyeri.

 (1) Damascius, 381, ap. Lobeck, i. 484.

 (2) Hermias in Phaedr. ap. Lobeck, i. 493.

 (3) Suidas s. v. Phanes.

 Nothing can be easier or more delusive than to explain all this wild part of the Orphic cosmogony as an allegorical veil of any modern ideas we choose to select. But why the "allegory" should closely imitate the rough guesses of uncivilised peoples, Ahts, Diggers, Zunis, Cahrocs, it is less easy to explain. We can readily imagine African or American tribes who were accustomed to revere bulls, rams, snakes, and so forth, ascribing the heads of all their various animal patrons to the deity of their confederation. We can easily see how such races as practise the savage rites of puberty should attribute to the first being the special organs of Phanes. But on the Neo-Platonic hypothesis that Orpheus was a seer of Neo-Platonic opinions, we do not see why he should have veiled his ideas under so savage an allegory. This part of the Orphic speculation is left in judicious silence by some modern commentators, such as M. Darmesteter in Les Cosmogonies Aryennes.(1) Indeed, if we choose to regard Apollonius Rhodius, an Alexandrine poet writing in a highly civilised age, as the representative of Orphicism, it is easy to mask and pass by the more stern and characteristic fortresses of the Orphic divine. The theriomorphic Phanes is a much less "Aryan" and agreeable object than the glorious golden-winged Eros, the love-god of Apollonius Rhodius and Aristophanes.(2) (1) Essais Orientaux, p. 166.

 (2) Argonautica, 1-12; Aves, 693.

 On the whole, the Orphic fragments appear to contain survivals of savage myths of the origin of things blended with purer speculations. The savage ideas are finally explained by late philosophers as allegorical veils and vestments of philosophy; but the interpretation is arbitrary, and varies with the taste and fancy of each interpreter. Meanwhile the coincidence of the wilder elements with the speculations native to races in the lowest grades of civilisation is undeniable. This opinion is confirmed by the Greek myths of the origin of Man. These, too, coincide with the various absurd conjectures of savages.

 In studying the various Greek local legends of the origin of Man, we encounter the difficulty of separating them from the myths of heroes, which it will be more convenient to treat separately. This difficulty we have already met in our treatment of savage traditions of the beginnings of the race. Thus we saw that among the Melanesians, Qat, and among the Ahts, Quawteaht, were heroic persons, who made men and most other things.
 But it was desirable to keep their performances of this sort separate from their other feats, their introduction of fire, for example, and of various arts. In the same way it will be well, in reviewing Greek legends, to keep Prometheus' share in the making of men apart from the other stories of his exploits as a benefactor of the men whom he made. In Hesiod, Prometheus is the son of the Titan Iapetus, and perhaps his chief exploit is to play upon Zeus a trick of which we find the parallel in various savage myths.
 It seems, however, from Ovid(1) and other texts, that Hesiod somewhere spoke of Prometheus as having made men out of clay, like Pund-jel in the Australian, Qat in the Melanesian and Tiki in the Maori myths. The same story is preserved in Servius's commentary on Virgil.(2) A different legend is preserved in the Etymologicum Magnum (voc. Ikonion). According to this story, after the deluge of Deucalion, "Zeus bade Prometheus and Athene make images of men out of clay, and the winds blew into them the breath of life". In confirmation of this legend, Pausanias was shown in Phocis certain stones of the colour of clay, and "smelling very like human flesh"; and these, according to the Phocians, were "the remains of the clay from which the whole human race was fashioned by Prometheus".(3) (1) Ovid. Metam. i. 82.

 (2) Eclogue, vi. 42.

 (3) Pausanias, x. 4, 3.

 Aristophanes, too, in the Birds (686) talks of men as (Greek text omitted), figures kneaded of clay. Thus there are sufficient traces in Greek tradition of the savage myth that man was made of clay by some superior being, like Pund-jel in the quaint Australian story.

 We saw that among various rude races other theories of the origin of man were current. Men were thought to have come out of a hole in the ground or a bed of reeds, and sometimes the very scene of their first appearance was still known and pointed out to the curious. This myth was current among races who regarded themselves as the only people whose origin needed explanation. Other stories represented man as


sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite.

Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; -- called also Drummond light.

 Cal*civ"o*rous (?), a. [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.] Eroding, or eating into, limestone.

 Cal*cog"ra*pher (?), n. One who practices calcography.

 { Cal'co*graph"ic (?), Cal'co*graph"ic*al, } a. Relating to, or in the style of, calcography.

 Cal*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.] The art of drawing with chalk.

 Calc"-sin'ter (?), n. [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.] See under Calcite.

 Calc"-spar' (?), n. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.]
 Same as Calcite.

 Calc"-tu'fa (?), n. [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.]
 See under Calcite.

 Cal"cu*la*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. calculable.] That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation.

 Cal"cu*la*ry (?), a. [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to calculi.

 Cal"cu*la*ry, n. A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits.

 Cal"cu*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating (?).] [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.] 1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute.

 A calencar exacity calculated than any othe. North.
2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as, to calculate or cast one's nativity.

 A cunning man did calculate my birth. Shak.
3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as, to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people.

 [Religion] is... calculated for our benefit. Abp.
 Tillotson.
4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.]

Syn. -- To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. -- To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as, to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. "Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives" Crabb.
 Cal"cu*late (?), v. i. To make a calculation; to forecast consequences; to estimate; to compute.

 The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate.
F. W. Robertson.
 Cal"cu*la'ted (?), p. p. & a. 1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as, the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball.

2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as, to use arts calculated to deceive the people.

3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited.

 The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society.
Goldsmith.
 The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws . Hawthorne.
 Cal"cu*la'ting (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations.

2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as, a cool calculating disposition.

Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.

 Cal"cu*la'ting, n. The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results.

 Cal'cu*la"tion (-l"shn), n. [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.] 1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. "The calculation of eclipses." Nichol.
 The mountain is not so his calculation makes it. Boyle.
2. An expectation based on circumstances.

 The lazy gossips of the port, Abhorrent of a calculation crost, Began to chafe as at a personal wrong. Tennyson.
 Cal"cu*la*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation.

 Long habits of calculative dealings. Burke.
 Cal"cu*la*tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. calculateur.] One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects.

 Ambition is no exact calculator. Burke.
 Cal"cu*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. calculatorius.] Belonging to calculation. Sherwood.
 Cal"cule (?), n. [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.] Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell.
 Cal"cule, v. i. To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cal"cu*li (?), n. pl. See Calculus.

 Cal"cu*lous (?), a. [L. calculosus.] 1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as, a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne.
2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as, a calculous person.

 Cal"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Calculi (#). [L, calculus.
 See Calculate, and Calcule.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.

2. (Math.) A


answer to the indictment or information presented against him.

2. (Law) A cause in court; a lawsuit; as, the Court of Common Pleas. See under Common.

 The Supreme Judicial Court shall have cognizance of pleas real, personal, and mixed.

Laws of Massachusetts.
3. That which is alleged or pleaded, in defense or in justification; an excuse; an apology. "Necessity, the tyrant's plea."
 Milton.
 No plea must serve; 't is cruelty to spare.

Denham.
4. An urgent prayer or entreaty.

Pleas of the crown (Eng. Law), criminal actions.

 Pleach (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Pleaching.] [Cf. OF. plaissier to bend, and also F. plisser to plait, L. plicare, plicitum, to fold, lay, or wind together. Cf. Plash to pleach.] To unite by interweaving, as branches of trees; to plash; to interlock. "The pleached bower." Shak.
 Plead (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleaded (colloq. Plead (?) or Pled); p. pr. & vb. n. Pleading.] [OE. pleden, plaiden, OF. plaidier, F. plaider, fr. LL. placitare, fr. placitum.
 See Plea.] 1. To argue in support of a claim, or in defense against the claim of another; to urge reasons for or against a thing; to attempt to persuade one by argument or supplication; to speak by way of persuasion; as, to plead for the life of a criminal; to plead with a judge or with a father.

 O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbor!

Job xvi. 21.
2. (Law) To present an answer, by allegation of fact, to the declaration of a plaintiff; to deny the plaintiff's declaration and demand, or to allege facts which show that ought not to recover in the suit; in a less strict sense, to make an allegation of fact in a cause; to carry on the allegations of the respective parties in a cause; to carry on a suit or plea. Blackstone. Burrill. Stephen.
3. To contend; to struggle. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Plead (?), v. t. 1. To discuss, defend, and attempt to maintain by arguments or reasons presented to a tribunal or person having uthority to determine; to argue at the bar; as, to plead a cause before a court or jury.

 Every man should plead his own matter.

Sir T. More.
 In this sense, argue is more generally used by lawyers.

2. To allege or cite in a legal plea or defense, or for repelling a demand in law; to answer to an indictment; as, to plead usury; to plead statute of limitations; to plead not guilty. Kent.
3. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vendication; to offer in excuse; as, the law of nations may be pleaded in favor of the rights of ambassadors. Spenser.
 I will neither plead my age nor sickness, in excuse of faults.

Dryden.
 Plead"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being pleaded; capable of being alleged in proof, defense, or vindication; as, a right or privilege pleadable at law. Dryden.
 Plead"er (?), n. [F. plaideur.] 1. One who pleads; one who argues for or against; an advotate.

 So fair a pleader any cause may gain.

Dryden.
2. (Law) One who draws up or forms pleas; the draughtsman of pleas or pleadings in the widest sense; as, a special pleader.

 Plead"ing, n. The act of advocating, defending, or supporting, a cause by arguments.

 Plead"ing*ly, adv. In a pleading manner.

 Plead"ings (?), n. pl. (Law) The mutual pleas and replies of the plaintiff and defendant, or written statements of the parties in support of their claims, proceeding from the declaration of the plaintiff, until issue is joined, and the question made to rest on some single point.
 Blackstone.
 Pleas"ance (?), n. [F. plaisance. See Please.] 1.
 Pleasure; merriment; gayety; delight; kindness. [Archaic] Shak.
 "Full great pleasance." Chaucer. "A realm of pleasance."
 Tennyson.
2. A secluded part of a garden. [Archaic] The pleasances of old Elizabethan houses.

Ruskin.
 Pleas"ant (?), a. [F. plaisant. See Please.] 1.
 Pleasing; grateful to the mind or to the senses; agreeable; as, a pleasant journey; pleasant weather.

 Behold, how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!

Ps. cxxxiii. 1.
2. Cheerful; enlivening; gay; sprightly; humorous; sportive; as, pleasant company; a pleasant fellow.

 From grave to light, from pleasant to serve.

Dryden.
Syn. -- Pleasing; gratifying; agreeable; cheerful; goodhumored; enlivening; gay; lively; merry; sportive; humorous; jocose; amusing; witty. -- Pleasant, Pleasing, Agreeable. Agreeable is applied to that which agrees with, or is in harmony with, one's tastes, character, etc. Pleasant and pleasing denote a stronger degree of the agreeable. Pleasant refers rather to the state or condition; pleasing, to the act or effect. Where they are applied to the same object, pleasing is more energetic than pleasant; as, she is always pleasant and always pleasing. The distinction, however, is not radical and not rightly observed.

 Pleas"ant, n. A wit; a humorist; a buffoon. [Obs.]

 Pleas"ant*ly, adv. In a pleasant manner.

 Pleas"ant*ness, n. The state or quality of being pleasant.

 Pleas"ant*ry (?), n.; pl. Pleasantries (#). [F. plaisanterie.
 See Pleasant.] That which denotes or promotes pleasure or good humor; cheerfulness; gayety; merriment; especially, an agreeable playfulness in conversation; a jocose or humorous remark; badinage.

 The grave abound in pleasantries, the dull in repartees and points of wit.

Addison.
 The keen observation and ironical pleasantry of a finished man of the world.

Macaulay.
 Pleas"ant-tongued' (?), a. Of pleasing speech.

 Please (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleased; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleasing.] [OE. plesen, OF. plaisir, fr. L. placere, akin to placare to reconcile. Cf. Complacent, Placable, Placid, Plea, Plead, Pleasure.] 1. To give pleasure to; to excite agreeable sensations or emotions in; to make glad; to gratify; to content; to satisfy.

 I pray to God that it may plesen you.

Chaucer.
 What next I bring shall please thee, be assured.

Milton.
2. To have or take pleasure in; hence, to choose; to wish; to desire; to will.

 Whatsoever the Lord pleased, that did he.

Ps. cxxxv. 6.
 A man doing as he wills, and doing as he pleases, are the same things in common speech.

J. Edwards.
3. To be the will or pleasure of; to seem good to;


more than a very few selections, the arm begins to feel sore, cramped, and oversized -- the operator looks like a gorilla while using the touch screen and feels like one afterwards. This is now considered a classic cautionary tale to human-factors designers; "Remember the gorilla arm!" is shorthand for "How is this going to fly in real use?".
Node:gorp, Next:GOSMACS, Previous:gorilla arm, Up:= G = gorp /gorp/ n.
[CMU: perhaps from the canonical hiker's food, Good Old Raisins and Peanuts] Another metasyntactic variable, like foo and bar.
Node:GOSMACS, Next:Gosperism, Previous:gorp, Up:= G = GOSMACS /goz'maks/ n.
[contraction of 'Gosling EMACS'] The first EMACS-in-C implementation, predating but now largely eclipsed by GNUMACS.
Originally freeware; a commercial version was modestly popular as 'UniPress EMACS' during the 1980s. The author, James Gosling, went on to invent NeWS and the programming language Java; the latter earned him demigod status.
Node:Gosperism, Next:gotcha, Previous:GOSMACS, Up:= G = Gosperism /gos'p*r-izm/ n. A hack, invention, or saying due to elder days arch-hacker R. William (Bill) Gosper. This notion merits its own term because there are so many of them. Many of the entries in HAKMEM are Gosperisms; see also life.
Node:gotcha, Next:GPL, Previous:Gosperism, Up:= G = gotcha n. A misfeature of a system, especially a programming language or environment, that tends to breed bugs or mistakes because it both enticingly easy to invoke and completely unexpected and/or unreasonable in its outcome. For example, a classic gotcha in C is the fact that if (a=b) {code;} is syntactically valid and sometimes even correct. It puts the value of b into a and then executes code if a is non-zero. What the programmer probably meant was if (a==b) {code;}, which executes code if a and b are equal.
Node:GPL, Next:GPV, Previous:gotcha, Up:= G = GPL /G-P-L/ n. Abbreviation for 'General Public License' in widespread use; see copyleft, General Public Virus. Often mis-expanded as 'GNU Public License'.
Node:GPV, Next:grault, Previous:GPL, Up:= G = GPV /G-P-V/ n. Abbrev. for General Public Virus in widespread use.
Node:grault, Next:gray goo, Previous:GPV, Up:= G = grault /grawlt/ n. Yet another metasyntactic variable, invented by Mike Gallaher and propagated by the GOSMACS documentation. See corge.
Node:gray goo, Next:Great Renaming, Previous:grault, Up:= G = gray goo n. A hypothetical substance composed of sagans of sub-micron-sized self-replicating robots programmed to make copies of themselves out of whatever is available. The image that goes with the term is one of the entire biosphere of Earth being eventually converted to robot goo. This is the simplest of the nanotechnology disaster scenarios, easily refuted by arguments from energy requirements and elemental abundances. Compare blue goo.
Node:Great Renaming, Next:Great Runes, Previous:gray goo, Up:= G = Great Renaming n. The flag day in 1987 on which all of the non-local groups on the Usenet had their names changed from the net.- format to the current multiple-hierarchies scheme. Used esp. in discussing the history of newsgroup names. "The oldest sources group is comp.sources.misc; before the Great Renaming, it was net.sources." There is a Great Renaming FAQ on the Web.
Node:Great Runes, Next:Great Worm, Previous:Great Renaming, Up:= G = Great Runes n. Uppercase-only text or display messages. Some archaic operating systems still emit these. See also runes, smash case, fold case.
There is a widespread legend (repeated by earlier versions of this entry, though tagged as folklore) that the uppercase-only support of various old character codes and I/O equipment was chosen by a religious person in a position of power at the Teletype Company because supporting both upper and lower cases was too expensive and supporting lower case only would have made it impossible to spell 'God' correctly. Not true; the upper-case interpretation of teleprinter codes was well established by 1870, long before Teletype was even founded.
Node:Great Worm, Next:great-wall, Previous:Great Runes, Up:= G = Great Worm n. The 1988 Internet worm perpetrated by RTM. This is a play on Tolkien (compare elvish, elder days). In the fantasy history of his Middle Earth books, there were dragons powerful enough to lay waste to entire regions; two of these (Scatha and Glaurung) were known as "the Great Worms". This usage expresses the connotation that the RTM crack was a sort of devastating watershed event in hacker history; certainly it did more to make non-hackers nervous about the Internet than anything before or since.
Node:great-wall, Next:Green Book, Previous:Great Worm, Up:= G = great-wall vi.,n.
[from SF fandom] A mass expedition to an oriental restaurant, esp. one where food is served family-style and shared. There is a common heuristic about the amount of food to order, expressed as "Get N - 1 entrees"; the value of N, which is the number of people in the group, can be inferred from context (see N). See oriental food, ravs, stir-fried random.
Node:Green Book, Next:green bytes, Previous:great-wall, Up:= G = Green Book n.
1. One of the three standard PostScript references: "PostScript Language Program Design", bylined 'Adobe Systems' (Addison-Wesley, 1988; QA76.73.P67P66 ISBN 0-201-14396-8); see also Red Book, Blue Book, and the White Book (sense 2). 2. Informal name for one of the three standard references on SmallTalk: "Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice", by Glenn Krasner (Addison-Wesley, 1983; QA76.8.S635S58; ISBN 0-201-11669-3) (this, too, is associated with blue and red books). 3. The "X/Open Compatibility Guide", which defines an international standard Unix environment that is a proper superset of POSIX/SVID; also includes descriptions of a standard utility toolkit, systems administrations features, and the like. This grimoire is taken with particular seriousness in Europe. See Purple Book. 4. The IEEE 1003.1 POSIX Operating Systems Interface standard has been dubbed "The Ugly Green Book". 5. Any of the 1992 standards issued by the CCITT's tenth plenary assembly. These include, among other things, the X.400 email standard and the Group 1 through 4 fax standards. See also book titles.
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(also 'green words') 1. Meta-information embedded in a file, such as the length of the file or its name; as opposed to keeping such information in a separate description file or record. The term comes from an IBM user's group meeting (ca. 1962) at which these two approaches were being debated and the diagram of the file on the blackboard had the 'green bytes' drawn in green. 2.
By extension, the non-data bits in any self-describing format. "A GIF file contains, among other things, green bytes describing the packing method for the image." Compare out-of-band, zigamorph, fence (sense 1).
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[after the "IBM System/360 Reference Data" card] A summary of an assembly language, even if the color is


reproof. South.
 -- Rep're*hen"sive*ly, adv.
 Rep're*hen"so*ry (-s?-r?), a. Containing reproof; reprehensive; as, reprehensory complaint. Johnson.
 Re'-pre*sent" (r?'pr?-z?nt"), v. t. To present again; as, to re-present the points of an argument.

 Rep're*sent" (r?p'r?-z?nt"), v. t. [F. repr&?;senter, L. repraesentare, repraesentatum; pref. rere- + preesentare to place before, present. See Present, v. t.] 1. To present again or anew; to present by means of something standing in the place of; to exhibit the counterpart or image of; to typify.

 Before him burn Seven lamps, as in a zodiac representing The heavenly fires.

Milton.
2. To portray by pictoral or plastic art; to delineate; as, to represent a landscape in a picture, a horse in bronze, and the like.

3. To portray by mimicry or action of any kind; to act the part or character of; to personate; as, to represent Hamlet.

4. To stand in the place of; to supply the place, perform the duties, exercise the rights, or receive the share, of; to speak and act with authority in behalf of; to act the part of (another); as, an heir represents his ancestor; an attorney represents his client in court; a member of Congress represents his district in Congress.

5. To exhibit to another mind in language; to show; to give one's own impressions and judgement of; to bring before the mind; to set forth; sometimes, to give an account of; to describe.

 He represented Rizzio's credit with the queen to be the chief and only obstacle to his success in that demand.

Robertson.
 This bank is thought the greatest load on the Genoese, and the managers of it have been represented as a second kind of senate.

Addison.
6. To serve as a sign or symbol of; as, mathematical symbols represent quantities or relations; words represent ideas or things.

7. To bring a sensation of into the mind or sensorium; to cause to be known, felt, or apprehended; to present.

 Among these. Fancy next Her office holds; of all external things Which he five watchful senses represent, She forms imaginations, aery shapes.

Milton.
8. (Metaph.) To form or image again in consciousness, as an object of cognition or apprehension (something which was originally apprehended by direct presentation). See Presentative, 3.

 The general capability of knowledge necessarily requires that, besides the power of evoking out of unconsciousness one portion of our retained knowledge in preference to another, we posses the faculty of representing in consciousness what is thus evoked... This representative Faculty is Imagination or Phantasy.

Sir. W. Hamilton.
 Rep're*sent"a*ble (-?-b'l), a. Capable of being represented.

 Rep're*sent"ance (-ans), n. Representation; likeness. [Obs.]
 Donne.
 Rep're*sent"ant (-ant), a. [Cf. F. repr&?;sentant.]
 Appearing or acting for another; representing.

 Rep're*sent"ant, n. [F. representant.] A representative.
 [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
 Rep're*sen*ta"tion (-z?n-t?"sh?n), n. [F. repr&?;sentation, L. representatio.] 1. The act of representing, in any sense of the verb.

2. That which represents. Specifically: (a) A likeness, a picture, or a model; as, a representation of the human face, or figure, and the like. (b) A dramatic performance; as, a theatrical representation; a representation of Hamlet. (c) A description or statement; as, the representation of an historian, of a witness, or an advocate. (d) The body of those who act as representatives of a community or society; as, the representation of a State in Congress. (e) (Insurance Law) Any collateral statement of fact, made orally or in writing, by which an estimate of the risk is affected, or either party is influenced.

3. The state of being represented.

Syn. -- Description; show; delineaton; portraiture; likeness; resemblance; exhibition; sight.

 Re-pres'en*ta"tion (r?-prez'?n-t?"sh?n), n. [See Re-present.] The act of representing, or the state of being presented again; a new presentation; as, re-presentation of facts previously stated.

 Rep're*sen*ta"tion*a*ry (r?p'r?--z?n-t?"sh?n-?-r?), a. Implying representation; representative. [R.]

 Rep're*sent"a*tive (-z?nt'?-t?v), a. [Cf. F. repr&?;sentatif.]
 1. Fitted to represent; exhibiting a similitude.

2. Bearing the character or power of another; acting for another or others; as, a council representative of the people. Swift.
3. Conducted by persons chosen to represent, or act as deputies for, the people; as, a representative government.

4. (Nat.Hist.) (a) Serving or fitted to present the full characters of the type of a group; typical; as, a representative genus in a family. (b) Similar in general appearance, structure, and habits, but living in different regions; -- said of certain species and varieties.

5. (Metaph.) Giving, or existing as, a transcript of what was originally presentative knowledge; as, representative faculties; representative knowledge. See Presentative, 3 and Represent, 8.

 Rep're*sent"a*tive, n. [Cf. LL. repraesentativus.]

1. One who, or that which, represents (anything); that which exhibits a likeness or similitude.

 A statute of Rumor, whispering an idiot in the ear, who was the representative of Credulity.

Addison.
 Difficulty must cumber this doctrine which supposes that the perfections of God are the representatives to us of whatever we perceive in the creatures.

Locke.
2. An agent, deputy, or substitute, who supplies the place of another, or others, being invested with his or their authority.

3. (Law) One who represents, or stands in the place of, another.

 The executor or administrator is ordinarily held to be the representative of a deceased person, and is sometimes called the legal representative, or the personal representative. The heir is sometimes called the real representative of his deceased ancestor. The heirs and executors or administrators of a deceased person are sometimes compendiously described as his real and personal representatives. Wharton.
 Burrill.
4. A member of the lower or popular house in a State legislature, or in the national Congress. [U.S.]

5. (Nat.Hist.) (a) That which presents the full character of the type of a group. (b) A species or variety which, in any region, takes the place of a similar one in another region.

 Rep're*sent"a*tive*ly, adv. In a representative manner; vicariously.

 Rep're*sent"a*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being representative.

 Dr. Burnet observes, that every thought is attended with consciousness and representativeness.

Spectator.
 Rep're*sent"er (-?r), n. 1. One who shows, exhibits, or describes. Sir T. Browne.
2. A representative. [Obs.] Swift.
 Rep're*sent"ment (-ment), n


from it; -- called also evolvent.
 See Evolute.

 In'vo*lu"tion (?), n. [L. involutio: cf. F. involution.
 See Involve.]

1. The act of involving or infolding.

2. The state of being entangled or involved; complication; entanglement.

 All things are mixed, and causes blended, by mutual involutions.

Glanvill.
3. That in which anything is involved, folded, or wrapped; envelope. Sir T. Browne.
4. (Gram.) The insertion of one or more clauses between the subject and the verb, in a way that involves or complicates the construction.

5. (Math.) The act or process of raising a quantity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times; -- the reverse of evolution.

6. (Geom.) The relation which exists between three or more sets of points, a.a′, b.b′, c.c′, so related to a point O on the line, that the product Oa.Oa′ = Ob.Ob′ = Oc.Oc′ is constant. Sets of lines or surfaces possessing corresponding properties may be in involution.

7. (Med.) The return of an enlarged part or organ to its normal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy.

 In*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Involved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Involving.] [L. involvere, involutum, to roll about, wrap up; pref. inin + volvere to roll: cf.
 OF. involver. See Voluble, and cf. Involute.]

1. To roll or fold up; to wind round; to entwine.

 Some of serpent kind... involved Their snaky folds.

Milton.
2. To envelop completely; to surround; to cover; to hide; to involve in darkness or obscurity.

 And leave a singèd bottom all involved With stench and smoke.

Milton.
3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical structure. "Involved discourses." Locke.
4. To connect with something as a natural or logical consequence or effect; to include necessarily; to imply.

 He knows His end with mine involved.

Milton.
 The contrary necessarily involves a contradiction.

Tillotson.
5. To take in; to gather in; to mingle confusedly; to blend or merge. [R.]

 The gathering number, as it moves along, Involves a vast involuntary throng.

Pope.
 Earth with hell To mingle and involve.

Milton.
6. To envelop, infold, entangle, or embarrass; as, to involve a person in debt or misery.

7. To engage thoroughly; to occupy, employ, or absorb. "Involved in a deep study." Sir W. Scott.
8. (Math.) To raise to any assigned power; to multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times; as, a quantity involved to the third or fourth power.

Syn. -- To imply; include; implicate; complicate; entangle; embarrass; overwhelm. -- To Involve, Imply. Imply is opposed to express, or set forth; thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpretation of things into their necessary relations; and hence, if one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, involves wide spread misery and death; the premises of a syllogism involve the conclusion.

 In*volved" (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Involute.

 In*volv"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being involved.

 In*volve"ment (?), n. The act of involving, or the state of being involved. Lew Wallace.
 In*vul"gar (?), v. t. [Pref. inin + vulgar.] To cause to become or appear vulgar. [Obs.] Daniel.
 In*vul"gar, a. [Pref. innot + vulgar.] Not vulgar; refined; elegant. [Obs.] Drayton.
 In*vul"ner*a*bil'i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. invulnérabilité.]
 Quality or state of being invulnerable.

 In*vul"ner*a*ble (?), a. [L. invulnerabilis: cf. F. invulnérable.
 See Innot, and Vulnerable.]

1. Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury.

 Neither vainly hope To be invulnerable in those bright arms.

Milton.
2. Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as, an invulnerable argument.

 In*vul"ner*a*ble*ness, n. Invulnerability.

 In*vul"ner*ate (?), a. [L. invulneratus unwounded.]
 Invulnerable.

 In*wall" (n*wl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inwalled (-wld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Inwalling.] To inclose or fortify as with a wall. Spenser.
 In"wall' (n"wl'), n. An inner wall; specifically (Metal.), the inner wall, or lining, of a blast furnace.

 In"ward (n*wrd), a. [AS. inweard, inneweard, innanweard, fr. innan, inne, within (fr. in in; see In) + the suffix -weard, E. -ward.]

1. Being or placed within; inner; interior; - - opposed to outward.
 Milton.
2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. "Inward beauty." Shak.
3. Intimate; domestic; private. [Obs.]

 All my inward friends abhorred me.

Job xix. 19.
 He had had occasion, by one very inward with him, to know in part the discourse of his life.

Sir P. Sidney.
 In"ward, n. 1. That which is inward or within; especially, in the plural, the inner parts or organs of the body; the viscera. Jer.
 Taylor.
 Then sacrificing, laid the inwards and their fat.

Milton.
2. The mental faculties; -- usually pl. [Obs.]

3. An intimate or familiar friend or acquaintance. [Obs.] "I was an inward of his." Shak.
 { In"ward (?), In"wards (?), } adv. [AS. inweard. The ending -s is prop. a genitive ending. See Inward, a., -wards.]

1. Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as, to bend a thing inward.

2. Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as, to turn the attention inward.

 So much the rather, thou Celestial Light, Shine inward.

Milton.
 In"ward*ly (?), adv. [AS. inweardlice.]

1. In the inner parts; internally.

 Let Benedick, like covered fire, Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly.

Shak.
2. Toward the center; inward; as, to curve inwardly.

3. In the heart or mind; mentally; privately; secretly; as, he inwardly repines.

4. Intimately; thoroughly. [Obs.]

 I shall desire to know him more inwardly.

Beau. & Fl.
 In"ward*ness, n. 1. Internal or true state; essential nature; as, the inwardness of conduct.

 Sense can not arrive to the inwardness Of things.

Dr. H. More.
2. Intimacy; familiarity. [Obs


& p. p. Chucked (chkt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Chucking.] [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v.
 t.] 1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to.

Chucked the barmaid under the chin. W. Irving.
2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.]
 "Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile." Lord Palmerson.
3. (Mech.) To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck.

 Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow or pat under the chin.

2. A short throw; a toss.

3. (Mach.) A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon.

 Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. -- Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. -- Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a slider and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight.
 Chuck (chk), n. 1. A small pebble; -- called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.]

2. pl. A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.]

 Chuck, n. A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as, a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.]

 Chuc"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling (?).] [From 1st Chuck.]

1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden.
2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Chuc"kle, n. A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

 Chuc"kle, v. i. [From 1st Chuck.] To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

 Chuc"kle*head' (?), n. A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles.
 Chuc"kle*head'ed, a. Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart.
 Chuck'-Will's-wid"ow (?), n. (Zool.) A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; -- so called from its note.

 Chud (?), v. t. [Cf. Chew, Cud.] To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford.
 Chu"et (?), n. [From Chew, v. t.] Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon.
 ||Chu"fa (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

 Chuff (?), n. [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.] A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak.
 Chuff, a. Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
 Chuff"i*ly (?), adv. Clownishly; surlily.

 Chuff"i*ness, n. The quality of being chuffy.

 Chuff"y (?), a. 1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks.

2. Rough; clownish; surly.

 Chu"lan (?), n. (Bot.) The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea.

 Chum (?), n. [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.] A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend.

 Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n.
 Chumming.] To occupy a chamber with another; as, to chum together at college. [U. S.]

 Chum, n. Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.]

 Chump (?), n. [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.]
 A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton.
Chump end, the thick end; as, the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens.
 ||Chu*nam" (?), n. [Hind. chn, from Skr. crn.a powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.] Quicklime; also, plaster or mortar.
 [India] Whitworth.
 Chunk (?), n. [Cf. Chump.] A short, thick piece of anything.
 [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.]

 Chunk"y (?), a. Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane.
 Church (?), n. [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. &?; the Lord's house, fr. &?; concerning a master or lord, fr. &?; master, lord, fr. &?; power, might; akin to Skr. çra hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.]

1. A building set apart for Christian worship.

2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37.
3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. "When they had ordained them elders in every church." Acts xiv. 23.
4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as, the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church.

5. The collective body of Christians.

6. Any body of worshipers; as, the Jewish church; the church of Brahm.

7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as, to array the power of the church against some moral evil.

 Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors. Bulwer.
Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as, church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc.

Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. -- Broad church. See Broad Church. -- Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. -- Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. -- Church living, a benefice in an established church. - - Church militant. See under Militant. -- Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. -- Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. -- Church session. See under Session. -- Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. -- Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a particular church for the spread of religion. -- Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church.

 Church, v. t. [imp. & p


step in the "soda process," and also for use in glass making.

 Glau*ces"cent (?), a. [See Glaucous.] Having a somewhat glaucous appearance or nature; becoming glaucous.

 Glau"cic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to the Glaucium or horned poppy; -- formerly applied to an acid derived from it, now known to be fumaric acid.

 Glau"cine (?), a. Glaucous or glaucescent.

 Glau"cine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the plant Glaucium, as a bitter, white, crystalline substance.

 Glau"co*dot (?), n. [Gr. glayko's silvery, gray + dido'nai to give.] (Min.) A metallic mineral having a grayish tin-white color, and containing cobalt and iron, with sulphur and arsenic.

 ||Glau*co"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. glay'kwma, fr. glayko's light gray, blue gray.] (Med.) Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball.

 Glau*co"ma*tous (?), a. Having the nature of glaucoma.

 Glau*com"e*ter (?), n. See Gleucometer.

 Glau"co*nite (?), n. [Cf. F. glauconite, glauconie, fr. L. glaucus. See Glaucous.] (Min.) The green mineral characteristic of the greensand of the chalk and other formations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and potash. See Greensand.

 Glau"co*phane (?), n. [Gr. glayko's silvery, gray + fai'nesqai to appear.] (Min.) A mineral of a dark bluish color, related to amphibole. It is characteristic of certain crystalline rocks.

 ||Glau*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. glay'kwsis.] (Med.) Same as Glaucoma.

 Glau"cous (gl"ks), a. [L. glaucus, Gr. glayko's.] 1.
 Of a sea-green color; of a dull green passing into grayish blue. Lindley.
2. (Bot.) Covered with a fine bloom or fine white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, or on a cabbage leaf. Gray.
 ||Glau"cus (?), n. [L., sea green.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks, found in the warmer latitudes, swimming in the open sea. These mollusks are beautifully colored with blue and silvery white.

 Glaum (?), v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To grope with the hands, as in the dark. [Scot.]

To glaum at, to grasp or snatch at; to aspire to.

 Wha glaum'd at kingdoms three.

Burns.
 Glave (?), n. See Glaive.

 Glav"er (?), v. i. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glafr flattery.] 1. To prate; to jabber; to babble. [Obs.]

 Here many, clepid filosophirs, glavern diversely.

Wyclif.
2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Obs.]

 Some slavish, glavering, flattering parasite.

South.
 Glav"er*er (?), n. A flatterer. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.
 Glay"more' (?), n. A claymore. Johnson.
 Glaze (glz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glazed (glzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Glazing.] [OE. glasen, glazen, fr. glas.
 See Glass.]

1. To furnish (a window, a house, a sash, a case, etc.) with glass.

 Two cabinets daintily paved, richly handed, and glazed with crystalline glass.

Bacon.
2. To incrust, cover, or overlay with a thin surface, consisting of, or resembling, glass; as, to glaze earthenware; hence, to render smooth, glasslike, or glossy; as, to glaze paper, gunpowder, and the like.

 Sorrow's eye glazed with blinding tears.

Shak.
3. (Paint.) To apply thinly a transparent or semitransparent color to (another color), to modify the effect.

 Glaze, v. i. To become glazed of glassy.

 Glaze, n. 1. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. See Glaze, v. t., 3. Ure.
2. (Cookery) Broth reduced by boiling to a gelatinous paste, and spread thinly over braised dishes.

3. A glazing oven. See Glost oven.

 Glaz"en (?), a. [AS. glæsen.] Resembling glass; glasslike; glazed. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Glaz"er (?), n. 1. One who applies glazing, as in pottery manufacture, etc.; one who gives a glasslike or glossy surface to anything; a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, and the like.

2. A tool or machine used in glazing, polishing, smoothing, etc.; amoung cutlers and lapidaries, a wooden wheel covered with emery, or having a band of lead and tin alloy, for polishing cutlery, etc.

 Gla"zier (?), n. [From Glaze.] One whose business is to set glass.

Glazier's diamond. See under Diamond.

 Glaz"ing (?), n. 1. The act or art of setting glass; the art of covering with a vitreous or glasslike substance, or of polishing or rendering glossy.

2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame. etc.

3. The glass, glasslike, or glossy substance with which any surface is incrusted or overlaid; as, the glazing of pottery or porcelain, or of paper.

4. (Paint.) Transparent, or semitransparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect.

 Glaz"y (?), a. Having a glazed appearance; -- said of the fractured surface of some kinds of pin iron.

 Glead (?), n. A live coal. See Gleed. [Archaic] Gleam (?), v. i. [Cf. OE. glem birdlime, glue, phlegm, and E. englaimed.] (Falconry) To disgorge filth, as a hawk.

 Gleam, n. [OE. glem, gleam, AS. glæm, prob. akin to E. glimmer, and perh. to Gr. &?; warm, &?; to warm. Cf. Glitter.]

1. A shoot of light; a small stream of light; a beam; a ray; a glimpse.

 Transient unexpected gleams of joi.

Addison.
 At last a gleam Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste His [Satan's] traveled steps.

Milton.
 A glimmer, and then a gleam of light.

Longfellow.
2. Brightness; splendor.

 In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen.

Pope.
 Gleam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaming.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as


p. pr. & vb. n. Embossing.] [Pref. em- (L. in) + boss: cf. OF. embosser to swell in bunches.] 1. To raise the surface of into bosses or protuberances; particularly, to ornament with raised work.

 Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss.

Milton.
2. To raise in relief from a surface, as an ornament, a head on a coin, or the like.

 Then o'er the lofty gate his art embossed Androgeo's death.

Dryden.
 Exhibiting flowers in their natural color embossed upon a purple ground.

Sir W. Scott.
 Em*boss", v. t. [Etymology uncertain.] To make to foam at the mouth, like a hunted animal. [Obs.]

 Em*boss", v. t. [Cf. Pr. & Sp. emboscar, It. imboscare, F. embusquer, and E. imbosk.] 1. To hide or conceal in a thicket; to imbosk; to inclose, shelter, or shroud in a wood. [Obs.]

 In the Arabian woods embossed.

Milton.
2. To surround; to ensheath; to immerse; to beset.

 A knight her met in mighty arms embossed.

Spenser.
 Em*boss", v. i. To seek the bushy forest; to hide in the woods.
 [Obs.] S. Butler.
 Em*bossed" (?; 115), a. 1. Formed or covered with bosses or raised figures.

2. Having a part projecting like the boss of a shield.

3. Swollen; protuberant. [Obs.] "An embossed carbuncle." Shak.
 Em*boss"er (?; 115), n. One who embosses.

 Em*boss"ment (?), n. 1. The act of forming bosses or raised figures, or the state of being so formed.

2. A bosslike prominence; figure in relief; raised work; jut; protuberance; esp., a combination of raised surfaces having a decorative effect. "The embossment of the figure." Addison.
 Em*bot"tle (?), v. t. To bottle. [R.] Phillips.
 ||Em'bou'chure" (?), n. [F., fr. emboucher to put to the mouth; pref. em- (L. in) + bouche the mouth. Cf.
 Embouge, Debouch.] 1. The mouth of a river; also, the mouth of a cannon.

2. (Mus.) (a) The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. (b) The shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece; as, a flute player has a good embouchure.

 Em*bow" (?), v. t. To bend like a bow; to curve. "Embowed arches." [Obs. or R.] Sir W. Scott.
 With gilded horns embowed like the moon.

Spenser.
 Em*bow"el (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboweled (?) or Embowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Emboweling or Embowelling.] 1.
 To disembowel.

 The barbarous practice of emboweling.

Hallam.
 The boar... makes his trough In your emboweled bosoms.

Shak.
Disembowel is the preferable word in this sense.

2. To imbed; to hide in the inward parts; to bury.

 Or deep emboweled in the earth entire.

Spenser.
 Em*bow"el*er (?), n. One who takes out the bowels. [Written also emboweller.]

 Em*bow"el*ment (?), n. Disembowelment.

 Em*bow"er (?), v. t. To cover with a bower; to shelter with trees.
 [Written also imbower.] [Poetic] Milton. -- v. i. To lodge or rest in a bower. [Poetic] "In their wide boughs embow'ring. " Spenser.
 Em*bowl" (?), v. t. To form like a bowl; to give a globular shape to. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
 Em*box" (?), v. t. To inclose, as in a box; to imbox.

 Em*boysse"ment (?), n. [See Embushment.] An ambush. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Em*brace" (m*brs"), v. t. [Pref. em- (intens.) + brace, v. t.] To fasten on, as armor. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Em*brace", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embraced (-brst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Embracing (-br"sng).] [OE. embracier, F. embrasser; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bras arm. See Brace, n.]
 1. To clasp in the arms with affection; to take in the arms; to hug.

 I will embrace him with a soldier's arm, That he shall shrink under my courtesy.

Shak.
 Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them.

Acts xx. 1.
2. To cling to; to cherish; to love. Shak.
3. To seize eagerly, or with alacrity; to accept with cordiality; to welcome. "I embrace these conditions." "You embrace the occasion." Shak.
 What is there that he may not embrace for truth?

Locke.
4. To encircle; to encompass; to inclose.

 Low at his feet a spacious plain is placed, Between the mountain and the stream embraced.

Denham.
5. To include as parts of a whole; to comprehend; to take in; as, natural philosophy embraces many sciences.

 Not that my song, in such a scanty space, So large a subject fully can embrace.

Dryden.
 6. To accept; to undergo; to submit to. "I embrace this fortune patiently." Shak.
7. (Law) To attempt to influence corruptly, as a jury or court. Blackstone.
Syn. -- To clasp; hug; inclose; encompass; include; comprise; comprehend; contain; involve; imply.

 Em*brace" (?), v. i. To join in an embrace.

 Em*brace", n. Intimate or close encircling with the arms; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug.

 We stood tranced in long embraces, Mixed with kisses.

Tennyson.
 Em*brace"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. embrassement.] 1. A clasp in the arms; embrace.

 Dear though chaste embracements.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. State of being contained; inclosure. [Obs.]

 In the embracement of the parts hardly reparable, as bones.

Bacon.
3. Willing acceptance. [Obs.]

 A ready embracement of... his kindness.

Barrow.
 Em*brace"or (?), n. (Law) One guilty of embracery.

 Em*bra"cer (?), n. One who embraces.

 Em*bra"cer*y (?), n. (Law) An attempt to influence a court, jury, etc., corruptly, by promises, entreaties, money, entertainments, threats, or other improper inducements.

 Em*bra"cive (?), a. Disposed to embrace; fond of caressing. [R.] Thackeray.
 Em*braid" (?), v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + 1st braid.]
 1. To braid up, as hair. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. To upbraid. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.
 Em*branch"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. embranchement.] The branching forth, as of


is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written.

 ||A*mar"a*cus (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] A fragrant flower. Tennyson.
 Am"a*rant (&?;), n. Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton.
 Am'a*ran*ta"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the amaranth is the type.

 Am"a*ranth (&?;), n. [L. amarantus, Gr. &?;, unfading, amaranth; 'a priv. + &?; to quench, cause to wither, fr. a root meaning to die, akin to E. mortal; -- so called because its flowers do not soon wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems to be due to confusion with Gr. &?; flower.] 1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade. [Poetic] 2. (Bot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants (Amaranthus) of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers.

2. A color inclining to purple.

 Am'a*ran"thine (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. "Amaranthine bowers." Pope.
 2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth; undying.

 They only amaranthine flower on earth Is virtue. Cowper.
3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan.
 { Am'a*ran"thus (m'*rn"ths), ||Am'a*ran"tus (m'*rn"ts), } n. Same as Amaranth.

 Am"a*rine (&?;), n. [L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil of bitter almonds.

 A*mar"i*tude (&?;), n. [L. amaritudo, fr. amarus bitter: cf. OF. amaritude.] Bitterness. [R.]

 { Am'a*ryl'li*da"ceous (&?;), Am'a*ryl*lid"e*ous (&?;), } a.
(Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the petals. The narcissus and daffodil are members of this family.

 ||Am'a*ryl"lis (&?;), n. [L. Amaryllis, Gr. &?;, &?;, the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] 1. A pastoral sweetheart.

 To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. Milton.
2. (bot.) (a) A family of plants much esteemed for their beauty, including the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, agave, and others. (b) A genus of the same family, including the Belladonna lily.

 A*mass" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] [F. ambusher, LL. amassare; L. ad + massa lump, mass. See Mass.] To collect into a mass or heap; to gather a great quantity of; to accumulate; as, to amass a treasure or a fortune; to amass words or phrases.

 The life of Homer has been written by amassing all the traditions and hints the writers could meet with. Pope.
Syn. -- To accumulate; heap up; pile.

 A*mass", n. [OF. amasse, fr. ambusher.] A mass; a heap. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
 A*mass"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being amassed.

 A*mass"er (&?;), n. One who amasses.

 ||A'mas'sette" (&?;), n. [F. See Amass.] An instrument of horn used for collecting painters' colors on the stone in the process of grinding.

 A*mass"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. amassement.] An amassing; a heap collected; a large quantity or number brought together; an accumulation.

 An amassment of imaginary conceptions. Glanvill.
 Am'as*then"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; together + &?; force.]
 (Photog.) Uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens; amacratic.

 A*mate" (&?;), v. t. [OF. amater, amatir.] To dismay; to dishearten; to daunt. [Obs. or Archaic] The Silures, to amate the new general, rumored the overthrow greater than was true. Milton.
 A*mate", v. t. [Pref. a- + mate.] To be a mate to; to match. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Am'a*teur" (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science as to music or painting; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

 Am'a*teur"ish, a. In the style of an amateur; superficial or defective like the work of an amateur. -- Am'a*teur"ish*ly, adv. -- Am'a*teur"ish*ness, n. Am"a*teur*ism (&?;), n. The practice, habit, or work of an amateur.

 Am"a*teur'ship, n. The quality or character of an amateur.

 Am"a*tive (&?;), a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love; amatory.

 Am"a*tive*ness, n. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to influence sexual desire; propensity to love. Combe.
 Am'a*to"ri*al (&?;), a. [See Amatorious.] Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making; amatory; as, amatorial verses.

 Am'a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In an amatorial manner.

 Am'a*to"ri*an (&?;), a. Amatory. [R.] Johnson.
 Am'a*to"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. amatorius, fr. amare to love.] Amatory. [Obs.] "Amatorious poem." Milton.
 Am"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to, producing, or expressing, sexual love; as, amatory potions.

 ||Am'au*ro"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dark, dim.]
 (Med.) A loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye; -- called also gutta serena, the "drop serene" of Milton.

 Am'au*rot"ic (&?;), a. Affected with amaurosis; having the characteristics of amaurosis.

 A*maze" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amazed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Amazing.] [Pref. a- + maze.] 1.
 To bewilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.]

 A labyrinth to amaze his foes. Shak.
2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise; to overwhelm with wonder; to astound; to astonish greatly. "Amazing Europe with her wit."


bird (Cardinalis cardinalis, or C. Virginianus), of the family Fringillidæ, or finches having a bright red plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. The males have loud and musical notes resembling those of a fife. Other related species are also called cardinal birds. -- Cardinal flower (Bot.), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. -- Cardinal red, a color like that of a cardinal's cassock, hat, etc.; a bright red, darker than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson.

 Car"di*nal*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. cardinalat, LL. cardinalatus.]
 The office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal.

 Car"di*nal*ize (?), v. t. To exalt to the office of a cardinal. Sheldon.
 Car"di*nal*ship, n. The condition, dignity, of office of a cardinal Card"ing (?), a. 1. The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., by carding it. See the Note under Card, v. t.
2. A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine.

Carding engine, Carding machine, a machine for carding cotton, wool, or other fiber, by subjecting it to the action of cylinders, or drum covered with wire-toothed cards, revoling nearly in contact with each other, at different rates of speed, or in opposite directions. The staple issues in soft sheets, or in slender rolls called sivers.

 Car"di*o*graph (?), n. [Gr. kardi'a heart + -graph.] (Med.)
 An instrument which, when placed in contact with the chest, will register graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart's movements.

 Car'di*o*graph"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to, or produced by, a cardiograph.

 Car"di*oid (?), n. [Gr. kardio-eidh's heart-shaped; kardi'a heart + e'i^dos shape.] (Math.) An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart.

 Car'di*o*in*hib"i*to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Checking or arresting the heart's action.

 Car'di*ol"*gy (?), n. [Gr. kardi'a heart + -ology.] The science which treats of the heart and its functions.

 Car'di*om"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; heart + -metry.] (Med.)
 Measurement of the heart, as by percussion or auscultation.

 Car'di*o*sphyg"mo*graph (?), n. A combination of cardiograph and sphygmograph.

 ||Car*di"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kardi'a heart + -itis: cf. F. cardite.] (Med) Inflammation of the fleshy or muscular substance of the heart. See Endocarditis and Pericarditis. Dunglison.
 ||Car"do (kär"d), n.; pl. Cardines (#).) [L., a hinge.] (Zoöl.) (a) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects. (b) The hinge of a bivalve shell.

 Car"dol (kär"dl), n. [NL. Anacardium generic name of the cashew + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A yellow oily liquid, extracted from the shell of the cashew nut.

 Car*doon" (kär*dn"), n. [F. cardon. The same word as F. cardon thistle, fr. L. carduus, cardus, LL. cardo.
 See 3d Card.] (Bot.) A large herbaceous plant (Cynara Cardunculus) related to the artichoke; -- used in cookery and as a salad.

 Care (kâr), n. [AS. caru, cearu; akin to OS. kara sorrow, Goth. kara, OHG chara, lament, and perh. to Gr.
 gh^rys voice. Not akin to cure. Cf. Chary.] 1. A burdensome sense of responsibility; trouble caused by onerous duties; anxiety; concern; solicitude.

Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye, And where care lodges, sleep will never lie. Shak.
2. Charge, oversight, or management, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity.

 The care of all the churches. 2 Cor. xi. 28.
 Him thy care must be to find. Milton.
 Perplexed with a thousand cares. Shak.
3. Attention or heed; caution; regard; heedfulness; watchfulness; as, take care; have a care.

 I thank thee for thy care and honest pains. Shak.
4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety.

 Right sorrowfully mourning her bereaved cares. Spenser.
Syn. -- Anxiety; solicitude; concern; caution; regard; management; direction; oversight. -- Care, Anxiety, Solicitude, Concern. These words express mental pain in different degress. Care belongs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from overburdened thought. Anxiety denotes a state of distressing uneasiness fron the dread of evil. Solicitude expresses the same feeling in a diminished degree. Concern is opposed to indifference, and implies exercise of anxious thought more or less intense. We are careful about the means, solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good, anxious to avoid an evil.

 Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Caring.] [AS. cearian. See Care, n.] To be anxious or solicitous; to be concerned; to have regard or interest; -- sometimes followed by an objective of measure.

 I would not care a pin, if the other three were in. Shak.
 Master, carest thou not that we perish? Mark. iv. 38.
To care for. (a) To have under watchful attention; to take care of. (b) To have regard or affection for; to like or love.

 He cared not for the affection of the house. Tennyson.
 Ca*reen" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] [OF. cariner, F. caréner, fr. OF. carène, the bottom of a ship, keel, fr. L. carina.]
 (Naut.) To cause (a vessel) to lean over so that she floats on one side, leaving the other side out of water and accessible for repairs below the water line; to case to be off the keel.

 Ca*reen" (&?;), v. i. To incline to one side, or lie over, as a ship when sailing on a wind; to be off the keel.

 Ca*reen"age (?), n. [Cf. F. carénage.] (Naut.)
(a) Expense of careening ships. (b) A place for careening.

 Ca*reer" (?), n. [F. carrière race course, high road, street, fr. L. carrus wagon. See Car.] 1. A race course: the ground run over.

 To go back again the same career. Sir P. Sidney.
2. A running; full speed; a rapid course.

 When a horse is running in his full career. Wilkins.
3. General course of action or conduct in life, or in a particular part or calling in life, or in some special undertaking; usually applied to course or conduct which is of a public character; as, Washington's career as a soldier.

 An impartial view of his whole career. Macaulay.
4. (Falconry) The flight