THE LADY OF THE LAKE By Sir Walter Scott, Bart.

 Edited with Notes By William J. Rolfe, Formerly Head Master of the High School, Cambridge, Mass.

 Boston 1883 CONTENTS Preface ARGUMENT.
 THE LADY OF THE LAKE.
 CANTO FIRST.
 CANTO SECOND.
 CANTO THIRD.
 CANTO FOURTH.
 CANTO FIFTH.
 CANTO SIXTH.
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES.
 NOTES.
 Introduction.
 Canto First.
 Canto Second.
 Canto Third.
 Canto Fourth.
 Canto Fifth.
 Canto Sixth.
 Addendum.
 FOOTNOTES: Preface When I first saw Mr. Osgood's beautiful illustrated edition of The Lady of the Lake, I asked him to let me use some of the cuts in a cheaper annotated edition for school and household use; and the present volume is the result.

 The text of the poem has given me unexpected trouble. When I edited some of Gray's poems several years ago, I found that they had not been correctly printed for more than half a century; but in the case of Scott I supposed that the text of Black's so-called "Author's Edition" could be depended upon as accurate. Almost at the start, however, I detected sundry obvious misprints in one of the many forms in which this edition is issued, and an examination of others showed that they were as bad in their way. The "Shilling" issue was no worse than the costly illustrated one of 1853, which had its own assortment of slips of the type. No two editions that I could obtain agreed exactly in their readings. I tried in vain to find a copy of the editio princeps (1810) in Cambridge and Boston, but succeeded in getting one through a London bookseller. This I compared, line by line, with the Edinburgh edition of 1821 (from the Harvard Library), with Lockhart's first edition, the "Globe" edition, and about a dozen others English and American. I found many misprints and corruptions in all except the edition of 1821, and a few even in that. For instance in i. 217 Scott wrote "Found in each cliff a narrow bower," and it is so printed in the first edition; but in every other that I have seen "cliff" appears in place of clift,, to the manifest injury of the passage. In ii.
 685, every edition that I have seen since that of 1821 has "I meant not all my heart might say," which is worse than nonsense, the correct reading being "my heat." In vi. 396, the Scottish "boune" (though it occurs twice in other parts of the poem) has been changed to "bound" in all editions since 1821; and, eight lines below, the old word "barded" has become "barbed." Scores of similar corruptions are recorded in my Notes, and need not be cited here.

 I have restored the reading of the first edition, except in cases where I have no doubt that the later reading is the poet's own correction or alteration. There are obvious misprints in the first edition which Scott himself overlooked (see on ii. 115, 217,, Vi. 527, etc.), and it is sometimes difficult to decide whether a later reading—a change of a plural to a singular, or like trivial variation—is a misprint or the author's correction of an earlier misprint. I have done the best I could, with the means at my command, to settle these questions, and am at least certain that the text as I give it is nearer right than in any edition since 1821 As all the variae lectiones are recorded in the Notes, the reader who does not approve of the one I adopt can substitute that which he prefers.

 I have retained all Scott's Notes (a few of them have been somewhat abridged) and all those added by Lockhart. 1 My own I have made as concise as possible. There are, of course, many of them which many of my readers will not need, but I think there are none that may not be of service, or at least of interest, to some of them; and I hope that no one will turn to them for help without finding it.

 Scott is much given to the use of Elizabethan words and constructions, and I have quoted many "parallelisms" from Shakespeare and his contemporaries.
 I believe I have referred to my edition of Shakespeare in only a single instance (on iii. 17), but teachers and others who have that edition will find many additional illustrations in the Notes on the passages cited.

 While correcting the errors of former editors, I may have overlooked some of my own. I am already indebted to the careful proofreaders of the University Press for the detection of occasional slips in quotations or references; and I shall be very grateful to my readers for a memorandum of any others that they may discover.

 Cambridge, June 23, 1883.. ARGUMENT.

 The scene of the following Poem is laid chiefly in the vicinity of Loch Katrine, in the Western Highlands of Perthshire. The time of Action includes Six Days, and the transactions of each Day occupy a Canto.

 THE LADY OF THE LAKE.

 CANTO FIRST.

 The Chase.

 CANTO SECOND.

 The Island.

 CANTO THIRD.

 The Gathering.

 CANTO FOURTH.

 The Prophecy.

 CANTO FIFTH.

 The Combat.

 CANTO SIXTH.

 The Guard-room.

 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES.

 Cf. (confer), compare. F.Q., Spenser's Faerie Queene. Fol., following. Id.
 (idem), the same. Lockhart, J. G. Lockhart's edition of Scott's poems (various issues). P.L., Milton's Paradise Lost. Taylor, R. W. Taylor's edition of The Lady of the Lake (London, 1875). Wb., Webster's Dictionary (revised quarto edition of 1879). Worc., Worcester's Dictionary (quarto edition). The abbreviations of the names of Shakespeare's plays will be readily understood. The line-numbers are those of the "Globe" edition.

 The references to Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel are to canto and line; those to Marmion and other poems to canto and stanza.

 NOTES.

 Introduction.

 The Lady of the Lake was first published in 1810, when Scott was thirty-nine, and it was dedicated to "the most noble John James, Marquis of Abercorn." Eight thousand copies were sold between June 2d and September 22d, 1810, and repeated editions were subsequently called for.
 In 1830, the following "Introduction" was prefixed to the poem by the author:— After the success of Marmion, I felt inclined to exclaim with Ulysses in the Odyssey: The ancient manners, the habits and customs of the aboriginal race by whom the Highlands of Scotland were inhabited, had always appeared to me peculiarly adapted to poetry. The change in their manners, too, had taken place almost within my own time, or at least I had learned many particulars concerning the ancient state of the Highlands from the old men of the last generation. I had always thought the old Scottish Gael highly adapted for poetical composition. The feuds and political dissensions which, half a century earlier, would have rendered the richer and wealthier part of the kingdom indisposed to countenance a poem, the scene of which was laid in the Highlands, were now sunk in the generous compassion which the English, more than any other nation, feel for the misfortunes of an honourable foe. The Poems of Ossian had by their popularity sufficiently shown that, if writings on Highland subjects were qualified to interest the reader, mere national prejudices were, in the present day, very


products.

 Ex'por*ta"tion (?), n. [L. exportatio: cf. F. exporation.]
 1. The act of exporting; the act of conveying or sending commodities abroad or to another country, in the course of commerce.

2. Commodity exported; an export.

3. The act of carrying out. [R.] Bourne.
 Ex*port"er (?), n. One who exports; the person who sends goods or commodities to a foreign country, in the way of commerce; -- opposed to importer.

 Ex*pos"al (?), n. Exposure. Swift.
 Ex*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exposed(?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Exposing.] [F. exposer; pref. ex- (L. ex out)+poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To set forth; to set out to public view; to exhibit; to show; to display; as, to expose goods for sale; to expose pictures to public inspection.

 Those who seek truth only, freely expose their principles to the test, and are pleased to have them examined.

Locke.
2. To lay bare; to lay open to attack, danger, or anything objectionable; to render accessible to anything which may affect, especially detrimentally; to make liable; as, to expose one's self to the heat of the sun, or to cold, insult, danger, or ridicule; to expose an army to destruction or defeat.

Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel.

Shak.
3. To deprive of concealment; to discover; to lay open to public inspection, or bring to public notice, as a thing that shuns publicity, something criminal, shameful, or the like; as, to expose the faults of a neighbor.

 You only expose the follies of men, without arraigning their vices.

Dryden.
4. To disclose the faults or reprehensible practices of; to lay open to general condemnation or contempt by making public the character or arts of; as, to expose a cheat, liar, or hypocrite.

 ||Ex'po'sé" (?), n. [F., prop. p. p. of exposer. See Expose, v. t.] A formal recital or exposition of facts; exposure, or revelation, of something which some one wished to keep concealed.

 Ex*pos"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being exposed, laid open, or unprotected; as, an exposedness to sin or temptation.

 Ex*pos"er (?), n. One who exposes or discloses.

 Ex'po*si"tion (?), n. [L. expositio, fr. exponere, expositum: cf. F. exposition. See Expound.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open; a setting out or displaying to public view.

2. The act of expounding or of laying open the sense or meaning of an author, or a passage; explanation; interpretation; the sense put upon a passage; a law, or the like, by an interpreter; hence, a work containing explanations or interpretations; a commentary.

 You know the law; your exposition Hath been most sound.

Shak.
3. Situation or position with reference to direction of view or accessibility to influence of sun, wind, etc.; exposure; as, an easterly exposition; an exposition to the sun. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.
4. A public exhibition or show, as of industrial and artistic productions; as, the Paris Exposition of 1878. [A Gallicism] Ex*pos"i*tive (?), a. Serving to explain; expository. Bp.
 Pearson.
 Ex*pos"i*tor (?), n. [L. See Expound.] One who, or that which, expounds or explains; an expounder; a commentator. Bp. Horsley.
 Ex*pos"i*to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, exposition; serving to explain; explanatory; illustrative; exegetical.

 A glossary or expository index to the poetical writers.

Johnson.
 { ||Ex" post' fac"to, or ||Ex" post'fac"to (ks" pst" fk"t) }. [L., from what is done afterwards.] (Law) From or by an after act, or thing done afterward; in consequence of a subsequent act; retrospective.

Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment. The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect, and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true application, as employed in American law, it relates only to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime before its passage, or which raises the grade of an offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a free government, and the States are prohibited from passing such laws by the Constitution of the United States. Burrill. Kent.
 Ex*pos"tu*late (?; 135), v. i. [imp. & p. p.
 Expostulated(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Expostulating.] [L. expostulatus, p. p. of expostulare to demand vehemently; ex out + postulare to ask, require. See Postulate.] To reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct, representing the wrong he has done or intends, and urging him to make redress or to desist; to remonstrate; -- followed by with.

 Men expostulate with erring friends; they bring accusations against enemies who have done them a wrong.

Jowett (Thuc. ).
Syn. -- To remonstrate; reason. See Remonstrate.

 Ex*pos"tu*late, v. t. To discuss; to examine. [Obs.]

 To expostulate What majesty should be, what duty is.

Shak.
 Ex*pos'tu*la"tion (?), n. [L. expostulatio.] The act of expostulating or reasoning with a person in opposition to some impropriety of conduct; remonstrance; earnest and kindly protest; dissuasion.

 We must use expostulation kindly.

Shak.
 Ex*pos"tu*la'tor (?;135), n. One who expostulates. Lamb.
 Ex*pos"tu*la*to*ry (?), a. Containing expostulation or remonstrance; as, an expostulatory discourse or letter.

 Ex*pos"ture (?;135), n. [Cf. Imposture.] Exposure. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ex*po"sure (?;135), n. [From Expose.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open, setting forth, laying bare of protection, depriving of care or concealment, or setting out to reprobation or contempt.

 The exposure of Fuller... put an end to the practices of that vile tribe.

Macaulay.
2. The state of being exposed or laid open or bare; openness to danger; accessibility to anything that may affect, especially detrimentally; as, exposure to observation, to cold, to inconvenience.

 When we have our naked frailties hid, That suffer in exposure.

Shak.
3. Position as to points of compass, or to influences of climate, etc. "Under a southern exposure." Evelyn.
 The best exposure of the two for woodcocks.

Sir. W. Scott.
4. (Photog.) The exposing of a sensitized plate to the action of light.

 Ex*pound" (ks*pound"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expounding.] [OE. exponen, expounen, expounden,


. [imp. & p. p. Conjured (- jrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjuring.] [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.] To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure.

 I conjure you, let him know, Whate'er was done against him, Cato did it. Addison.
 Con*jure", v. i. To combine together by an oath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism] Drew after him the third part of Heaven's sons Conjured against the Highest. Milton.
 Con"jure (?), v. t. To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers.

 The habitation which your prophet... conjured the devil into.
Shak.
To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as, to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms.

 Con"jure (?), v. i. To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm.

 She conjures; away with her. Shak.
 Con*jure"ment (?), n. Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton.
 Con*jur"er (?), n. One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner.

 Con"jur*er (?), n. 1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also, one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand.

 Dealing with witches and with conjurers. Shak.
 From the account the loser brings, The conjurer knows who stole the things. Prior.
2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison.
 Con*ju"ror (?), n. (Law) One bound by a common oath with others. [Obs.]

 Con"ju*ry (?), n. The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley.
 Conn (kn), v. t. See Con, to direct a ship.

 { Con*nas"cence (?), Con*nas"cen*cy (?) }, n. [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p. pr. of nasci to be born.] 1.
 The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson.
2. That which is born or produced with another.

3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman.
 Con*nas"cent (?), a. Born together; produced at the same time. Craig.
 Con"nate (?; 277), a. [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p. p. of nasci. See Cognate.]

1. Born with another; being of the same birth.

2. Congenital; existing from birth. "Connate notions." South.
 A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate. Dunglison.
3. (Bot.) Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as, connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate.

 Con"nate-per*fo"li*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; -- applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset.

 Con*na"tion (?), n. Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr.
 H. More.
 Con*nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. [Pref. con- + natural.] 1.
 Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural.

 These affections are connatural to us. L'Estrange.
2. Partaking of the same nature.

 And mix with our connatural dust. Milton.
 Con*nat'u*ral"i*ty (?), n. Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.]

 A congruity and connaturality between them. Sir M. Hale.
 Con*nat"u*ral*ize (?; 135), v. t. To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.
 Con*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale.
 Con*nat"u*ral*ness, n. Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton.
 Con*na"ture (?; 135), n. Participation in a common nature or character. [R.]

Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness. H. Spencer.
 Con*nect" (kn*nkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connected; p. pr. & vb. n. Connecting>.] [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.] 1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between.

 He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all. Pope.
 A man must see the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism. Locke.
2. To associate (a person or thing, or one's self) with another person, thing, business, or affair.

Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine.

 Con*nect" (?), v. i. To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as, one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connects with another.

 Con*nect"ed*ly, adv. In a connected manner.

 Con*nec"tion (?), n. [Cf. Connexion.] 1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship.

 He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect. Whewell.
 The eternal and inseparable connection between virtue and happiness. Atterbury.
2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie.

 Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things. I. Taylor.
3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; -- used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense.

4. The persons or things that are connected; as, a business connection; the Methodist connection.

 Men elevated by powerful connection. Motley.
 At the head of a strong parliamentary connection. Macaulay.
 Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him. Macaulay.
In this connection, in connection with this subject. [A phrase objected to by some writers.]

 This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inf


frosting; also, frost-bitten; as, a frosted cake; frosted glass.

Frosted work is introduced as a foil or contrast to burnished work.

Knight.
 Frost'fish" (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tomcod; -- so called because it is abundant on the New England coast in autumn at about the commencement of frost. See Tomcod. (b) The smelt. [Local, U. S.] (c) A name applied in New Zealand to the scabbard fish (Lepidotus) valued as a food fish.

 Frost"i*ly (?), adv. In a frosty manner.

 Frost"i*ness, n. State or quality of being frosty.

 Frost"ing, n. 1. A composition of sugar and beaten egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc.

2. A lusterless finish of metal or glass; the process of producing such a finish.

 Frost"less, a. Free from frost; as, a frostless winter.

 Frost"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) An American species of rockrose (Helianthemum Canadense), sometimes used in medicine as an astringent or aromatic tonic.

 It has large yellow flowers which are often sterile, and later it has abundant but inconspicuous flowers which bear seed. It is so called because, late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root; -- called also frostwort.

 Frost'work" (?), n. The figurework, often fantastic and delicate, which moisture sometimes forms in freezing, as upon a window pane or a flagstone.

 Frost'wort" (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Frostweed.

 Frost"y (?), a. [Cf. AS. fyrstig.] 1. Attended with, or producing, frost; having power to congeal water; cold; freezing; as, a frosty night.

2. Covered with frost; as, the grass is frosty.

3. Chill in affection; without warmth of affection or courage. Johnson.
4. Appearing as if covered with hoarfrost; white; gray-haired; as, a frosty head. Shak.
 Frote (?), v. t. [F. frotter.] To rub or wear by rubbing; to chafe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Fro"ter*er (?), n. One who frotes; one who rubs or chafes. [Obs.]
 Marston.
 Froth (?), n. [OE. frothe, Icel. froða; akin to Dan. fraade, Sw. fradga, AS. freoðan to froth.]

1. The bubbles caused in fluids or liquors by fermentation or agitation; spume; foam; esp., a spume of saliva caused by disease or nervous excitement.

2. Any empty, senseless show of wit or eloquence; rhetoric without thought. Johnson.
 It was a long speech, but all froth.

L'Estrange.
3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tusser.
Froth insect (Zoöl.), the cuckoo spit or frog hopper; -- called also froth spit, froth worm, and froth fly.
 -- Froth spit. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

 Froth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frothed (?); p. pr. & vb. n.. Frothing.] 1. To cause to foam.

2. To spit, vent, or eject, as froth.

 He... froths treason at his mouth.

Dryden.
 Is your spleen frothed out, or have ye more?

Tennyson.
3. To cover with froth; as, a horse froths his chain.

 Froth, v. i. To throw up or out spume, foam, or bubbles; to foam; as beer froths; a horse froths.

 Froth"i*ly (?), adv. In a frothy manner.

 Froth"i*ness, n. State or quality of being frothy.

 Froth"ing, n. Exaggerated declamation; rant.

 Froth"less, a. Free from froth.

 Froth"y (?), a. [Compar. Frothier (?); superl.
 Frothiest.] 1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth or light bubbles; spumous; foamy.

2. Not firm or solid; soft; unstable. Bacon.
3. Of the nature of froth; light; empty; unsubstantial; as, a frothy speaker or harangue. Tillotson.
 Frounce (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frounced (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frouncing (?).] [OE. frouncen, fronsen, to told, wrinkle, OF. froncier, F. froncer, perh. fr. an assumed LL. frontiare to wrinkle the forehead, L. frons forehead. See Front, and cf. Flounce part of a dress.] To gather into or adorn with plaits, as a dress; to form wrinkles in or upon; to curl or frizzle, as the hair.

 Not tricked and frounced, as she was wont.

Milton.
 Frounce, v. i. To form wrinkles in the forehead; to manifest displeasure; to frown. [Obs.]

 The Commons frounced and stormed.

 Holland.
 Frounce, n. 1. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a flounce; -- also, a frown. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
2. An affection in hawks, in which white spittle gathers about the hawk's bill. Booth.
 Frounce"less, a. Without frounces. Rom. of R. Frou"zy (?), a. [Prov. E. frouzy froward, peevish, offensive to the eye or smell; cf. froust a musty smell, frouse to rumple, frouze to curl, and E. frounce, frowy.] Fetid, musty; rank; disordered and offensive to the smell or sight; slovenly; dingy. See Frowzy. "Petticoats in frouzy heaps." Swift.
 Frow (?), n. [D. vrouw; akin to G. frau woman, wife, goth, fráuja master, lord, AS. freá.] 1.
 A woman; especially, a Dutch or German woman. Beau. & Fl.
2. A dirty woman; a slattern. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Frow (?), n. [Cf. Frower.] A cleaving tool with handle at right angles to the blade, for splitting cask staves and shingles from the block; a frower.

 Frow (?), a. Brittle. [Obs.] Evelyn.
 Fro"ward (?), a. [Fro + - ward. See Fro, and cf.
 Fromward.] Not willing to yield or compIy with what is required or is reasonable; perverse; disobedient; peevish; as, a froward child.

 A froward man soweth strife.

Prov. xvi. 28.
 A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as innovation.

Bacon.
Syn. -- Untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungovernable: refractory; obstinate; petulant; cross; peevish. See Perverse.

 -- Fro"ward*ly, adv. -- Fro"ward*ness, n. Frow"er (?), n. [Cf. frow a frower, and Prov. E, frommard.]
 A tool. See 2d Frow. Tusser.
 Frow"ey (?), a. [See Frow, a.] (Carp.) Working smoothly, or without splitting; -- said


THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER by Mark Twain bookcover.jpg (148K) frontispiece1.jpg (135K) frontispiece2.jpg (123K) titlepage.jpg (62K) greatseal.jpg (68K) The Great Seal dedication.jpg (21K) inscription.jpg (16K) I will set down a tale as it was told to me by one who had it of his father, which latter had it of HIS father, this last having in like manner had it of HIS father—and so on, back and still back, three hundred years and more, the fathers transmitting it to the sons and so preserving it. It may be history, it may be only a legend, a tradition. It may have happened, it may not have happened: but it COULD have happened. It may be that the wise and the learned believed it in the old days; it may be that only the unlearned and the simple loved it and credited it.
 CONTENTS I. The birth of the Prince and the Pauper.
 II.

Tom's early life.
 III.

Tom's meeting with the Prince.
 IV.

The Prince's troubles begin.
 V. Tom as a patrician.
 VI.

Tom receives instructions.
 VII.

Tom's first royal dinner.
 VIII.

The question of the Seal.
 IX.

The river pageant.
 X. The Prince in the toils.
 XI.

At Guildhall.
 XII.

The Prince and his deliverer.
 XIII.

The disappearance of the Prince.
 XIV.

'Le Roi est mort'—vive le Roi.' XV.

Tom as King.
 XVI.

The state dinner.
 XVII.

Foo-foo the First.
 XVIII.

The Prince with the tramps.
 XIX.

The Prince with the peasants.
 XX.

The Prince and the hermit.
 XXI.

Hendon to the rescue.
 XXII.

A victim of treachery.
 XXIII.

The Prince a prisoner.
 XXIV.

The escape.
 XXV.

Hendon Hall.
 XXVI.

Disowned.
 XXVII.

In prison.
 XXVIII.

The sacrifice.
 XXIX.

To London.
 XXX.

Tom's progress.
 XXXI.

The Recognition procession.
 XXXII.

Coronation Day.
 XXXIII.

Edward as King.
 CONCLUSION.

Justice and Retribution.

Notes.
 ILLUSTRATIONS THE GREAT SEAL (frontispiece) THE BIRTH OF THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER "SPLENDID PAGEANTS AND GREAT BONFIRES" TOM'S EARLY LIFE OFFAL COURT "WITH ANY MISERABLE CRUST" "HE OFTEN READ THE PRIEST'S BOOKS" "SAW POOR ANNE ASKEW BURNED" "BROUGHT THEIR PERPLEXITIES TO TOM" "LONGING FOR THE PORK-PIES" TOM'S MEETING WITH THE PRINCE "AT TEMPLE BAR" "LET HIM IN" "HOW OLD BE THESE "DOFF THY RAGS, AND DON THESE SPLENDORS" "I SALUTE YOUR GRACIOUS HIGHNESS!" THE PRINCE'S TROUBLES BEGIN "SET UPON BY DOGS" "A DRUNKEN RUFFIAN COLLARED HIM" TOM AS A PATRICIAN "NEXT HE DREW THE SWORD" "RESOLVED TO FLY" "THE BOY WAS ON HIS KNEES" "NOBLES WALKED UPON EACH SIDE OF HIM" "HE DROPPED UPON HIS KNEES" "HE TURNED WITH JOYFUL FACE" "THE PHYSICIAN BOWED LOW" "THE KING FELL BACK UPON HIS COUCH" "IS THIS MAN TO LIVE FOREVER?" TOM RECEIVES INSTRUCTIONS "PRITHEE, INSIST NOT" "THE LORD ST. JOHN MADE REVERENCE" HERTFORD AND THE PRINCESSES "SHE MADE REVERENCE" "OFFERED IT TO HIM ON A GOLDEN SALVER" "THEY MUSED A WHILE" "PEACE MY LORD, THOU UTTEREST TREASON!" "HE BEGAN TO PACE THE FLOOR" TOM'S FIRST ROYAL DINNER "FASTENED A NAPKIN ABOUT HIS NECK" "TOM ATE WITH HIS FINGERS" "HE GRAVELY TOOK A DRAUGHT" "TOM PUT ON THE GREAVES" THE QUESTION OF THE SEAL "EASED HIM BACK UPON HIS PILLOWS" THE RIVER PAGEANT "HALBERDIERS APPEARED IN THE GATEWAY" "TOM CANTY STEPPED INTO VIEW" THE PRINCE IN THE TOILS "A DIM FORM SANK TO THE GROUND" "WHO ART THOU?" "INTO GOOD WIFE CANTY'S ARMS" "BENT HEEDFULLY AND WARILY OVER HIM" "THE PRINCE SPRANG UP" "HURRIED HIM ALONG THE DARK WAY" "HE WASTE NO TIME" AT GUILDHALL "A RICH CANOPY OF STATE" "BEGAN TO LAY ABOUT HIM" "LONG LIVE THE KING!" THE PRINCE AND HIS DELIVERER "OUR FRIENDS THREADED THEIR WAY" "OBJECT LESSONS" IN ENGLISH HISTORY "JOHN CANTY MOVED OFF" "SMOOTHING BACK THE TANGLED CURLS" "PRITHEE, POUR THE WATER" "GO ON—TELL ME THY STORY "THOU HAST BEEN SHAMEFULLY ABUSED" "HE DROPPED ON ONE KNEE" "RISE, SIR MILES HENDON, BARONET" THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE PRINCE "HE DROPPED ASLEEP" "THESE BE VERY GOOD AND SOUND" "EXPLAIN, THOU LIMB OF SATAN" "HENDON FOLLOWED AFTER HIM" "LE ROI EST MORT-VIVE LE ROI" "WILT DEIGN TO DELIVER THY COMMANDS?"
"LORD OF THE BEDCHAMBER" "A SECRETARY OF STATE" "STOOD AT GRACEFUL EASE" "'TIS I THAT TAKE THEM" "BUT TAX YOUR MEMORY" TOM AS KING "TOM HAD WANDERED TO A WINDOW" "TOM SCANNED THE PRISONERS" "LET THE PRISONER GO FREE!" "WHAT IS IT THAT THESE HAVE DONE?" "NODDED THEIR RECOGNITION" THE STATE DINNER "A GENTLEMAN BEARING A ROD" "THE CHANCELLOR BETWEEN TWO" "I THANK YOU MY GOOD PEOPLE" "IN THE MIDST OF HIS PAGEANT" FOO-FOO THE FIRST "RUFFIAN FOLLOWED THEIR STEPS" "HE SEIZED A BILLET OF WOOD" "HE WAS SOON ABSORBED IN THINKING" "A GRIM AND UNSIGHTLY PICTURE" "THEY ROARED OUT A ROLLICKING DITTY" "WHILST THE FLAMES LICKED UPWARDS" "THEY WERE WHIPPED AT THE CART'S TAIL" "THOU SHALT NOT" "KNOCKING HOBBS DOWN" "THRONE HIM" THE PRINCE WITH THE TRAMPS "TROOP OF VAGABONDS SET FORWARD" "THEY THREW BONES AND VEGETABLES "WRITHE AND WALLOW IN THE DIRT" "KING FLED IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION" "HE STUMBLED ALONG" "WHAT SEEMED TO BE A WARM ROPE" "CUDDLED UP TO THE


pointer indicates the time of day, point of the compass, etc. -- Face to face. (a) In the presence of each other; as, to bring the accuser and the accused face to face. (b) Without the interposition of any body or substance. "Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face." 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (c) With the faces or finished surfaces turned inward or toward one another; vis à vis; -- opposed to back to back. -- To fly in the face of, to defy; to brave; to withstand. -- To make a face, to distort the countenance; to make a grimace. Shak.
 Face (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Facing (?).] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firmness; to resist, or to meet for the purpose of stopping or opposing; to confront; to encounter; as, to face an enemy in the field of battle.

 I'll face This tempest, and deserve the name of king.

Dryden.
2. To Confront impudently; to bully.

 I will neither be facednor braved.

Shak.
3. To stand opposite to; to stand with the face or front toward; to front upon; as, the apartments of the general faced the park.

 He gained also with his forces that part of Britain which faces Ireland.

Milton.
4. To cover in front, for ornament, protection, etc.; to put a facing upon; as, a building faced with marble.

5. To line near the edge, esp. with a different material; as, to face the front of a coat, or the bottom of a dress.

6. To cover with better, or better appearing, material than the mass consists of, for purpose of deception, as the surface of a box of tea, a barrel of sugar, etc.

7. (Mach.) To make the surface of (anything) flat or smooth; to dress the face of (a stone, a casting, etc.); esp., in turning, to shape or smooth the flat surface of, as distinguished from the cylindrical surface.

8. To cause to turn or present a face or front, as in a particular direction.

To face down, to put down by bold or impudent opposition. "He faced men down." Prior. -- To face (a thing) out, to persist boldly or impudently in an assertion or in a line of conduct.
 "That thinks with oaths to face the matter out." Shak.
 Face, v. i. 1. To carry a false appearance; to play the hypocrite. "To lie, to face, to forge." Spenser.
2. To turn the face; as, to face to the right or left.

Face about, man; a soldier, and afraid!

Dryden.
3. To present a face or front.

 Faced (fst), a. Having (such) a face, or (so many) faces; as, smooth-faced, twofaced.

 Fa"cer (f"sr), n. 1. One who faces; one who puts on a false show; a bold-faced person. [Obs.]

 There be no greater talkers, nor boasters, nor fasers.

Latimer.
2. A blow in the face, as in boxing; hence, any severe or stunning check or defeat, as in controversy. [Collog.]

 I should have been a stercoraceous mendicant if I had hollowed when I got a facer.

C. Kingsley.
 Fac"et (?), n. [F. facette, dim. of face face. See Face.] 1. A little face; a small, plane surface; as, the facets of a diamond. [Written also facette.]

2. (Anat.) A smooth circumscribed surface; as, the articular facet of a bone.

3. (Arch.) The narrow plane surface between flutings of a column.

4. (Zoöl.) One of the numerous small eyes which make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans.

 Fac"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faceted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Faceting.] To cut facets or small faces upon; as, to facet a diamond.

 Fa*cete" (?), a. [L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious; akin to facies. See Face, and cf. Facetious.] Facetious; witty; humorous. [Archaic] "A facete discourse." Jer. Taylor.
 "How to interpose" with a small, smart remark, sentiment facete, or unctuous anecdote.

Prof. Wilson.
 -- Fa*cete"ly, adv. -- Fa*cete"ness, n. Fac"et*ed (?), a. Having facets.

 ||Fa*ce"ti*æ (&?;), n. pl. [L., fr. facetus. See Facete.] Witty or humorous writings or saying; witticisms; merry conceits.

 Fa*ce"tious (?), a. [Cf. F. facétieux. See Facetiæ.]
 1. Given to wit and good humor; merry; sportive; jocular; as, a facetious companion.

2. Characterized by wit and pleasantry; exciting laughter; as, a facetious story or reply.

 -- Fa*ce"tious*ly, adv. -- Fa*ce"tious*ness, n. Fa*cette" (?), n. [F.] See Facet, n. Face"work' (?), n. The material of the outside or front side, as of a wall or building; facing.

 Fa"ci*a (?), n. (Arch.) See Fascia.

 Fa"cial (?), a. [LL. facialis, fr. L. facies face : cf. F. facial.] Of or pertaining to the face; as, the facial artery, vein, or nerve. -- Fa"cial*ly, adv.
Facial angle (Anat.), the angle, in a skull, included between a straight line (ab, in the illustrations), from the most prominent part of the forehead to the front efge of the upper jaw bone, and another (cd) from this point to the center of the external auditory opening. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic.

 Fa"ci*end (?), n. [From neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of facere to do.] (Mach.) The multiplicand. See Facient, 2.

 Fa"cient (?), n. [L. faciens, -- entis, p. pr. of facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. One who does anything, good or bad; a doer; an agent. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.
2. (Mach.) (a) One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient. (b) The multiplier.

 The terms facient, faciend, and factum, may imply that the multiplication involved is not ordinary multiplication, but is either some specified operation, or, in general, any mathematical operation. See Multiplication.

 ||Fa"ci*es (?), n. [L., from, face. See Face.]

1. The anterior part of the head; the face.

2. (Biol.) The general aspect or habit of a species, or group of species, esp. with reference to its adaptation to its environment.

3. (Zoöl.) The face of a bird, or the front of the head, excluding the bill.

Facies Hippocratica. (Med.) See Hippocratic.

 Fac"ile (?) a. [L. facilis, prop., capable of being done or made, hence, facile, easy, fr. facere to make, do: cf. F. facile.


uleus (Loadstone).
Rabelais (v. c. 37) alludes to it and to the vulgar idea of magnetism being counteracted by Skordon (Scordon or garlic). Hence too the Adamant (Loadstone) Mountains of Mandeville (chapt. xxvii.) and the "Magnetic Rock" in Mr Puttock's clever "Peter Wilkins." I presume that the myth also arose from seeing craft built, as on the East African Coast, without iron nails. We shall meet with the legend again. The word Jabal ("Jebel" in Egypt) often occurs in these pages.
The Arabs apply it to any rising ground or heap of rocks; so it is not always = our mountain. It has found its way to Europe e. g. Gibraltar and Monte Gibello (or Mongibel in poetry) "Mt. Ethne that men clepen Mounte Gybelle." Other special senses of Jabal will occur.
[FN#258] As we learn from the Nubian Geographer the Arabs in early ages explored the Fortunate Islands (Jazírát al-Khálidát=Eternal Isles), or Canaries, on one of which were reported a horse and horseman in bronze with his spear pointing west. Ibn al-Wardi notes two images of hard stone, each an hundred cubits high, and upon the top of each a figure of copper pointing with its hand backwards, as though it would say:—Return for there is nothing behind me!" But this legend attaches to older doings. The 23rd Tobba (who succeeded Bilkis), Malik bin Sharhabíl, (or Sharabíl or Sharahíl) surnamed Náshir al-Ní'am=scatterer of blessings, lost an army in attempting the Western sands and set up a statue of copper upon whose breast was inscribed in antique characters:— There is no access behind me, Nothing beyond, (Saith) The Son of Sharabíl.
[FN#259] i.e. I exclaimed "Bismillah!"
[FN#260] The lesser ablution of hands, face and feet; a kind of "washing the points." More in Night ccccxl.
[FN#261] Arab. "Ruka'tayn"; the number of these bows which are followed by the prostrations distinguishes the five daily prayers.
[FN#262] The "Beth Kol" of the Hebrews; also called by the Moslems "Hátif"; for which ask the Spiritualists. It is the Hindu "voice divine" or "voice from heaven."
[FN#263] These formulae are technically called Tasmiyah, Tahlil (before noted) and Takbír: the "testifying" is Tashhíd.
[FN#264] Arab. "Samn," (Pers. "Raughan" Hind. "Ghi") the "single sauce" of the East; fresh butter set upon the fire, skimmed and kept (for a century if required) in leather bottles and demijohns. Then it becomes a hard black mass, considered a panacea for wounds and diseases. It is very "filling": you say jocosely to an Eastern threatened with a sudden inroad of guests, "Go, swamp thy rice with Raughan." I once tried training, like a Hindu Pahlawan or athlete, on Gur (raw sugar), milk and Ghi; and the result was being blinded by bile before the week ended.
[FN#265] These handsome youths are always described in the terms we should apply to women.
[FN#266] The Bul. Edit. (i. 43) reads otherwise:—I found a garden and a second and a third and so on till they numbered thirty and nine; and, in each garden, I saw what praise will not express, of trees and rills and fruits and treasures. At the end of the last I sighted a door and said to myself, "What may be in this place?; needs must I open it and look in!" I did so accordingly and saw a courser ready saddled and bridled and picketed; so I loosed and mounted him, and he flew with me like a bird till he set me down on a terrace-roof; and, having landed me, he struck me a whisk with his tail and put out mine eye and fled from me. Thereupon I descended from the roof and found ten youths all blind of one eye who, when they saw me exclaimed, "No welcome to thee, and no good cheer!" I asked them, "Do ye admit me to your home and society?" and they answered, "No, by Allah' thou shalt not live amongst us." So I went forth with weeping eyes and grieving heart, but Allah had written my safety on the Guarded Tablet so I reached Baghdad in safety, etc. This is a fair specimen of how the work has been curtailed in that issue.
[FN#267] Arabs date pregnancy from the stopping of the menses, upon which the foetus is supposed to feed. Kalilah wa Dimnah says, "The child's navel adheres to that of his mother and thereby he sucks" (i. 263).
[FN#268] This is contrary to the commands of Al-Islam, Mohammed expressly said "The Astrologers are liars, by the Lord of the Ka'abah!"; and his saying is known to almost all Moslems, lettered or unlettered. Yet, the further we go East (Indiawards) the more we find these practices held in honour. Turning westwards we have: Iuridicis, Erebo, Fisco, fas vivere rapto: Militibus, Medicis, Tortori occidere ludo est; Mentiri Astronomis, Pictoribus atque Poetis.
[FN#269] He does not perform the Wuzu or lesser ablution because he neglects his dawn prayers.
[FN#270] For this game see Lane (M. E. Chapt. xvii.) It is usually played on a checked cloth not on a board like our draughts; and Easterns are fond of eating, drinking and smoking between and even during the games. Torrens (p.
142) translates "I made up some dessert," confounding "Mankalah" with "Nukl" (dried fruit, quatre-mendiants).
[FN#271] Quoted from Mohammed whose saying has been given.
[FN#272] We should say "the night of the thirty-ninth."
[FN#273] The bath first taken after sickness.
[FN#274] Arab. "Dikák" used by way of soap or rather to soften the skin: the meal is usually of lupins, "Adas"="Revalenta Arabica," which costs a penny in Egypt and half-a-crown in England.
[FN#275] Arab. "Sukkar-nabát." During my day (1842-49) we had no other sugar in the Bombay Presidency.
[FN#276] This is one of the myriad Arab instances that the decrees of "Anagké," Fate, Destiny, Weird, are inevitable. The situation is highly dramatic; and indeed The Nights, as will appear in the Terminal Essay, have already suggested a national drama.
[FN#277] Having lately been moved by Ajib.
[FN#278] Mr. Payne (i. 131) omits these lines which appear out of place; but this mode of inappropriate quotation is a characteristic of Eastern tales.
[FN#279] Anglicè "him."
[FN#280] This march of the tribe is a lieu commun of Arab verse e.g. the poet Labid's noble elegy on the "Deserted Camp." We shall find scores of instances in The Nights.
[FN#281] I have heard of such sands in the Desert east of Damascus which can be crossed only on boards or camel furniture; and the same is reported of the infamous Region "Al-Ahkáf" ("Unexplored Syria").
[FN#282] Hence the Arab. saying "The bark of a dog and not the gleam of a fire;" the tired traveller knows from the former that the camp is near, whereas the latter shows from great distances.
[FN#283] Dark blue is the colour of mourning in Egypt as it was of the Roman Republic. The Persians hold that this tint was introduced by Kay Kawús (B. C.
600) when mourning for his son Siyáwush. It was continued till the death of Husayn on the 10th


spring or mineral water; -- so called from a place of this name in Belgium.

 Spaad (?), n. [Cf. G. spath spar. See Spar the mineral.] (Min.)
 A kind of spar; earth flax, or amianthus. [Obs.] oodward.
 Space (sps), n. [OE. space, F. espace, from L. spatium space; cf. Gr. spa^n to draw, to tear; perh. akin to E. span. Cf.
 Expatiate.] 1. Extension, considered independently of anything which it may contain; that which makes extended objects conceivable and possible.

 Pure space is capable neither of resistance nor motion.

Locke.
2. Place, having more or less extension; room.

 They gave him chase, and hunted him as hare; Long had he no space to dwell [in].

R. of Brunne.
 While I have time and space.

Chaucer.
3. A quantity or portion of extension; distance from one thing to another; an interval between any two or more objects; as, the space between two stars or two hills; the sound was heard for the space of a mile.

 Put a space betwixt drove and drove.

Gen. xxxii. 16.
4. Quantity of time; an interval between two points of time; duration; time. "Grace God gave him here, this land to keep long space."
 R. of brunne.
 Nine times the space that measures day and night.

Milton.
 God may defer his judgments for a time, and give a people a longer space of repentance.

Tillotson.
5. A short time; a while. [R.] "To stay your deadly strife a space."
 Spenser.
6. Walk; track; path; course. [Obs.]

 This ilke [same] monk let old things pace, And held after the new world the space.

Chaucer.
7. (print.) (a) A small piece of metal cast lower than a face type, so as not to receive the ink in printing, -- used to separate words or letters. (b) The distance or interval between words or letters in the lines, or between lines, as in books.

 Spaces are of different thicknesses to enable the compositor to arrange the words at equal distances from each other in the same line.

8. (Mus.) One of the intervals, or open places, between the lines of the staff.

Absolute space, Euclidian space, etc. See under Absolute, Euclidian, etc. -- Space line (Print.), a thin piece of metal used by printers to open the lines of type to a regular distance from each other, and for other purposes; a lead. Hansard. -- Space rule (Print.), a fine, thin, short metal rule of the same height as the type, used in printing short lines in tabular matter.

 Space, v. i. [Cf. OF. espacier, L. spatiari. See Space, n.] To walk; to rove; to roam. [Obs.]

 And loved in forests wild to space.

Spenser.
 Space, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spacong (?).] [Cf. F. espacer. See Space, n.] (Print.)
 To arrange or adjust the spaces in or between; as, to space words, lines, or letters.

 Space"ful (?), a. Wide; extensive. Sandys.
 Space"less, a. Without space. Coleridge.
 Spa"cial (?), a. See Spatial.

 Spa"cial*ly, adv. See Spatially. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Spa"cious (?), a. [L. spatiousus: cf. F. spacieux.
 See Space, n.] 1. Extending far and wide; vast in extent. "A spacious plain outstretched in circuit wide." Milton.
2. Inclosing an extended space; having large or ample room; not contracted or narrow; capacious; roomy; as, spacious bounds; a spacious church; a spacious hall. -- Spa"cious*ly, adv. -- Spa"cious*ness, n.
 ||Spa'das'sin" (?), n. [F., fr. It. spadaccino a swordsman, from spada a sword.] A bravo; a bully; a duelist. Ld. Lytton.
 Spad"dle (?), n. A little spade. [Obs.]

 Spade (?), n. [Cf. Spay, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hart or stag three years old. [Written also spaid, spayade.]

2. [Cf. L. spado.] A castrated man or beast.

 Spade, n. [AS. spæd; spada; akin to D. spade, G. spaten, Icel. spaði, Dan. & Sw. spade, L. spatha a spatula, a broad two-edged sword, a spathe, Gr. spa'qh.
 Cf. Epaulet, Spade at cards, Spathe, Spatula.] 1. An implement for digging or cutting the ground, consisting usually of an oblong and nearly rectangular blade of iron, with a handle like that of a shovel. "With spade and pickax armed." Milton.
2. [Sp. espada, literally, a sword; -- so caused because these cards among the Spanish bear the figure of a sword. Sp. espada is fr. L. spatha, Gr. spa'qh. See the Etymology above.] One of that suit of cards each of which bears one or more figures resembling a spade.

 "Let spades be trumps!" she said.

Pope.
3. A cutting instrument used in flensing a whale.

Spade bayonet, a bayonet with a broad blade which may be used digging; -- called also trowel bayonet. -- Spade handle (Mach.), the forked end of a connecting rod in which a pin is held at both ends.
 See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle.

 Spade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Spading.] To dig with a spade; to pare off the sward of, as land, with a spade.

 Spade"bone' (&?;), n. Shoulder blade. [Prov. Eng.]

 Spade"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American market fish (Chætodipterus faber) common on the southern coasts; -- called also angel fish, moonfish, and porgy.

 Spade"foot' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of burrowing toads of the genus Scaphiopus, esp. S. Holbrookii, of the Eastern United States; -- called also spade toad.

 Spade"ful (?), n.; pl. Spadefuls (#). [Spade + full.] As much as a spade will hold or lift.

 Spad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, spades; specifically, a digging machine.

 Spa*di"ceous (?), a. [L. spadix, -icis, a date-brown or nut-brown color. See Spadix.] 1. Of a bright clear brown or chestnut color. Sir T. Browne.
2. (Bot.) Bearing flowers on a spadix; of the nature of a spadix.

 Spa"di*cose' (?), a. (Bot.) Spadiceous.

 Spa*dille" (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada.
 See Spade a card.] (Card Playing) The ace of spades in omber and quadrille.

 Spa"dix (?), n.; pl. L. Spadices (#), E. Spadixes (#). [L., a palm branch broken off, with its fruit, Gr. &?;.] 1.
(Bot.) A fleshy spike of flowers, usually inclosed in a leaf called a spathe.

2. (Zoöl.) A special organ of


The inflectional r is liable to the same modifications as the r of nouns (§ 32): skīnn, vęx, infin. skīna (shine), vaxa (grow).
134. Verbs in ld change the d into t in the 1, 3 sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: helt (held), halt (hold!), infin. halda. nd becomes tt, and ng becomes kk under the same conditions: binda (bind), ganga (go), pret. batt, gekk, imper. bitt, gakk.
135. The t of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long accented vowel: þū sātt (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret.
indic. ends in t or ð, the 2 sg. ends in zt: lēt (I let), þū lēzt, bauð (I offered) þū bauzt.
136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.
137.
I. 'Fall'-conjugation Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
falla (fall) fęllr fell fellu fallinn lāta (let) lætr lēt lētu lātinn rāða (advise) ræðr rēð rēðu rāðinn heita (call) heitr hēt hētu heitinn halda (hold) hęldr helt heldu haldinn ganga (go) gęngr gekk gengu gęnginn fā (get) fær fekk fengu fęnginn -------------------------- auka (increase) eykr jōk jōku aukinn būa (dwell) bȳr bjō bjoggu būinn hǫggva (hew) hǫggr hjō hjoggu hǫggvinn hlaupa (leap) hleypr hljōp hljōpu hlaupinn 138. The following have weak preterites in r: Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
grōa (grow) grœr gröri gröru grōinn rōa (row) rœr röri röru rōinn snūa (twist) snȳr snöri snöru snūinn 139. heita in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a weak present: ek heiti, þū heitir.
140.
II. 'Shake'-conjugation Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
fara (go) fęrr fōr fōru farinn grafa (dig) gręfr grōf grōfu grafinn hlaða (load) hlęðr hlōð hlōðu hlaðinn vaxa (grow) vęx ōx ōxu vaxinn standa (stand) stęndr stōð stōðu staðinn aka (drive) ękr ōk ōku ękinn taka (take) tękr tōk tōku tękinn draga (draw) dręgr drō drōgu dręginn flā (flay) flær flō flōgu flęginn slā (strike) slær slō slōgu slęginn 141. The following have weak presents: Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
hęfja (lift) hęfr hōf hōfu hafinn deyja (die) deyr dō dō dāinn hlæja (laugh) hlær hlō hlōgu hlęginn 142.
III. 'Bind'-conjugation Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
bresta (burst) brestr brast brustu brostinn hverfa (turn) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn svelga (swallow) svelgr svalg sulgu sōlginn verða (become) verðr varð urðu orðinn skjālfa (shake) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn drekka (drink) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn finna (find) finnr fann fundu fundinn vinna (win) vinnr vann unnu unninn binda (bind) bindr batt bundu bundinn springa (spring) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn stinga (pierce) stingr stakk stungu stunginn bregða (pull) bregðr brā brugðu brugðinn sökkva (sink) sökkr sǫkk sukku sokkinn stökkva (spring) stökkr stǫkk stukku stokkinn 143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no difference in their conjugation): Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
bręnna (burn) bręnnr brann brunnu brunninn ręnna (run) ręnnr rann runnu runninn 144.
IV. 'Bear'-conjugation Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
bera (carry) berr bar bāru borinn nema (take) nemr nam nāmu numinn fela (hide) felr fal fālu fōlginn koma (come) kömr kom kvāmu kominn sofa (sleep) söfr svaf svāfu sofinn 145.
V. 'Give'-conjugation Infin.
Third Pres.
Prt. Sing.
Prt. Pl.
Ptc. Prt.
drepa (kill) drepr drap drāpu drepinn gefa (give) gefr gaf gāfu gefinn kveða (say) kveðr kvað kvāðu kveðinn meta (estimate) metr mat mātu metinn reka (drive) rekr rak rāku rekinn eta (eat) etr āt ātu etinn sjā (see) sēr6 sā sā7 sēnn [Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; sēm, sēð, sē.]
[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.]
146. The


. Cucullate.]
 1. A monk's hood; -- usually attached to the gown. The name was also applied to the hood and garment together.

 What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl? Pope.
2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilating shaft, etc.

3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive.

 Cowl, n. [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.] A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson.
 Cowled (kould), a. Wearing a cowl; hooded; as, a cowled monk. "That cowled churchman." Emerson.
 Cow"leech' (kou"l?ch'), n. [2d cow + leech a physician.] One who heals diseases of cows; a cow doctor.

 Cow"leech'ing, n. Healing the distemper of cows.

 Cow"lick' (-l?k'), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow.

 Cow"like' (-l?k'), a. Resembling a cow.

 With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes. Pope.
 Cowl"staff' (koul"st?f'), n. [Cowl a vessel + staff.]
 A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling.
 Co'work"er (k?'w?rk"?r), n. One who works with another; a co&?;perator.

 Cow" pars'ley (kou' p?rs'l?). (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chærophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre).

 Cow" pars'nip (-n?p). (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America).

 Cow"pea' (-p'), n. The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

 Cow"per's glands' (kou"p?rz gl?ndz'). [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

 Cow"-pi'lot (kou"p'lt), n. (Zoöl.) A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); -- called also mojarra.

 Cow"pock' (-pk'), n. See Cowpox. Dunglison.
 Cow"pox' (-pks'), n. (Med.) A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; -- called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison.
 Cow"quake' (-kwk'), n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass.

 Cow"rie (-r), n. (Bot.) Same as Kauri.

 { Cow"rie Cow"ry } (kou"r), n.; pl. Cowries (- rz).
 [Hind. kaur.] (Zoöl.) A marine shell of the genus Cypræa.

 There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places.

 Cow"slip' (-slp'), n. [AS. cslyppe, csloppe, prob.
 orig., cow's droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.) 1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States.

2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold.

American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceæ) with the English cowslip. -- French cowslip (Bot.), bear's-ear (Primula Auricula).

 Cow"slipped' (-slpt'), a. Adorned with cowslips. "Cowslipped lawns." Keats.
 Cow's" lung"wort' (kouz" l?ng"w?rt'). Mullein.

 Cow" tree' (kou" tr?'). [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.) A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk.

 Cow"weed" (-wEd'),, n. (Bot.) Same as Cow parsley.

 Cow"wheat' (-hw?t'), n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields.

 Cox (k?ks), n. [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.] A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.]

 Go; you're a brainless cox, a toy, a fop. Beau. & Fl.
 ||Cox"a (k?ks"?), n. [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.) The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean.

 { ||Cox*al"gi*a (-?l"j?-?), Cox"al'gy (k?ks"?l'j?), } n. [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. &?;&?;&?; pain: cf. F. coxalgie.]
 (Med.) Pain in the hip.

 Cox"comb' (k?ks"k?m'), n. [A corrupted spelling of cock's comb.]
 1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself.

2. The top of the head, or the head itself.

 We will belabor you a little better, And beat a little more care into your coxcombs. Beau & Fl.
3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop.

 Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy Of powdered coxcombs at her levee. Goldsmith.
 Some are bewildered in the maze of schools, And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools. Pope.
4. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of different genera, but particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb.
 Same as Cockscomb.

 Cox*comb"ic*al (k?ks-k?m"?-kal), a. Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. -- Cox*comb"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails.
W. Irving.
 Cox"comb"ly (k?ks"k?m'l?), a. like a coxcomb. [Obs.] "You coxcombly ass, you!" Beau. & Fl.
 Cox"comb'ry (-r?), n. The manners of a coxcomb


a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder, from a gradual decomposition, esp.
 from the loss of water, on simple exposure to the air; as, Glauber's salts, and many others, effloresce.

3. To become covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization, from a slow chemical change between some of the ingredients of the matter covered and an acid proceeding commonly from an external source; as, the walls of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce with nitrate of calcium in consequence of the action in consequence of nitric acid formed in the atmosphere.

 Ef'flo*res"cence (?), n. [F. efflorescence.] 1. (Bot.)
 Flowering, or state of flowering; the blooming of flowers; blowth.

2. (Med.) A redness of the skin; eruption, as in rash, measles, smallpox, scarlatina, etc.

3. (Chem.) (a) The formation of the whitish powder or crust on the surface of efflorescing bodies, as salts, etc. (b) The powder or crust thus formed.

 Ef'flo*res"cen*cy (?), n. The state or quality of being efflorescent; efflorescence.

 Ef'flo*res"cent (?), a. [F. efflorescent, L. efflorescens, -entis, blooming, p. pr. of efflorescere. See Effloresce, v.
 i.] 1. That effloresces, or is liable to effloresce on exposure; as, an efflorescent salt.

2. Covered with an efflorescence.

 Ef*flow"er (?), v. t. [Cf. F. effleurer.] (Leather Making) To remove the epidermis of (a skin) with a concave knife, blunt in its middle part, -- as in making chamois leather.

 Ef"flu*ence (?), n. [Cf. F. effluence.] 1. A flowing out, or emanation.

2. That which flows or issues from any body or substance; issue; efflux.

 Bright effluence of bright essence increate!

Milton.
 And, as if the gloom of the earth and sky had been but the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow.

Hawthorne.
 Ef"flu*en*cy (?), n. Effluence.

 Ef"flu*ent (?), a. [L. effluens, -entis, p. pr. of effluere to flow out; ex + fluere to flow: cf. F. effluent.
 See Fluent.] Flowing out; as, effluent beams. Parnell.
 Ef"flu*ent, n. (Geog.) A stream that flows out of another stream or lake.

 Ef*flu"vi*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being given off as an effluvium.
 "Effluviable matter." Boyle.
 Ef*flu"vi*al (?), a. Belonging to effluvia.

 Ef*flu"vi*ate (?), v. i. To give forth effluvium. [R.] "An effluviating power." Boyle.
 Ef*flu"vi*um (?), n.; pl. Effluvia (#). [L., a flowing out, fr. effluere to flow out. See Effluent, a.]
 Subtile or invisible emanation; exhalation perceived by the sense of smell; especially, noisome or noxious exhalation; as, the effluvium from diseased or putrefying bodies, or from ill drainage.

 Ef"flux (?), n. [See Effluent, Flux.] 1. The act or process of flowing out, or issuing forth; effusion; outflow; as, the efflux of matter from an ulcer; the efflux of men's piety.

 It is then that the devout affections... are incessantly in efflux.

I. Taylor.
2. That which flows out; emanation; effluence.

 Prime cheerer, light!... Efflux divine.

Thomson.
 Ef*flux" (?), v. i. To run out; to flow forth; to pass away. [Obs.]
 Boyle.
 Ef*flux"ion (?), n. [From Efflux.] 1. The act of flowing out; effusion.

2. That which flows out; effluvium; emanation.

 Some light effluxions from spirit to spirit.

Bacon.
 Ef*fo"di*ent (?), a. [L. effodiens, p. pr. of effodere to dig out; ex + fodere to dig.] Digging up.

 Ef*force (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Efforced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Efforcing (?).] [OF. esforcier (F. s'efforcer to exert one's self), LL. exforciare; L. ex + fortis strong. See Force.] To force; to constrain; to compel to yield. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Ef*form" (?), v. t. [Pref. ex- + form.] To form; to shape. [Obs.]

Efforming their words within their lips.

Jer. Taylor.
 Ef'for*ma"tion (?), n. The act of giving shape or form. [Obs.] Ray.
 Ef"fort (?), n. [F. effort, OF. esfort, for esfors, esforz, fr. esforcier. See Efforce.] 1. An exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an object; more or less strenuous endeavor; struggle directed to the accomplishment of an object; as, an effort to scale a wall.

 We prize the stronger effort of his power.

Pope.
2. (Mech.) A force acting on a body in the direction of its motion. Rankine.
Syn. -- Endeavor; exertion; struggle; strain; straining; attempt; trial; essay. See Attempt.

 Ef"fort, v. t. To stimulate. [Obs.] "He efforted his spirits." Fuller.
 Ef"fort*less, a. Making no effort. Southey.
 Ef*fos"sion (?), n. [L. effossio. See Effodient.] A digging out or up. [R.] "The effossion of coins." Arbuthnot.
 Ef*fran"chise (?), v. t. [Pref. ex- + franchise: cf.
 OF. esfranchir.] To enfranchise.

 Ef*fray" (?), v. t. [F. effrayer. See Affray.] To frighten; to scare. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Ef*fray"a*ble (?), a. Frightful. [Obs.] Harvey.
 Ef'fre*na"tion (?), n. [L. effrenatio, fr. effrenare to unbridle; ex + frenum a bridle.] Unbridled license; unruliness. [Obs.] Cockeram.
 Ef*front" (?), v. t. To give assurance to. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ef*front"er*y (?), n.; pl. Effronteries (#). [F. effronterie, fr. effronté shameless, fr. L. effrons, - ontis, putting forth the forehead, i. e., barefaced, shameless; ex + frons the forehead. See Front.] Impudence or boldness in confronting or in transgressing the bounds of duty or decorum; insulting presumptuousness; shameless boldness; barefaced assurance.

 Corruption lost nothing of its effrontery.

Bancroft.
Syn. -- Impudence; sauciness. See Impudence.

 Ef*front"it (?), a. [F. effronté.] Marked by


L. excludere, exclusum; ex out + claudere to shut. See Close.] 1. To shut out; to hinder from entrance or admission; to debar from participation or enjoyment; to deprive of; to except; -- the opposite to admit; as, to exclude a crowd from a room or house; to exclude the light; to exclude one nation from the ports of another; to exclude a taxpayer from the privilege of voting.

 And none but such, from mercy I exclude.

Milton.
2. To thrust out or eject; to expel; as, to exclude young animals from the womb or from eggs.

Excluded middle. (logic) The name given to the third of the "three logical axioms," so-called, namely, to that one which is expressed by the formula: "Everything is either A or Not-A." no third state or condition being involved or allowed. See Principle of contradiction, under Contradiction.

 Ex*clu"sion (?), n. [L. exclusio: cf. F. exclusion.
 See Exclude.] 1. The act of excluding, or of shutting out, whether by thrusting out or by preventing admission; a debarring; rejection; prohibition; the state of being excluded.

 His sad exclusion from the doors of bliss.

Milton.
 The exclusion of the duke from the crown of England and Ireland.

Hume.
2. (Physiol.) The act of expelling or ejecting a fetus or an egg from the womb.

3. Thing emitted. Sir T. Browne.
 Ex*clu"sion*a*ry (?), a. Tending to exclude; causing exclusion; exclusive.

 Ex*clu"sion*ism (?), n. The character, manner, or principles of an exclusionist.

 Ex*clu"sion*ist, n. One who would exclude another from some right or privilege; esp., one of the antipopish politicians of the time of Charles II.

 Ex*clu"sive (?) a. [Cf. F. exclusif.] 1. Having the power of preventing entrance; debarring from participation or enjoyment; possessed and enjoyed to the exclusion of others; as, exclusive bars; exclusive privilege; exclusive circles of society.

2. Not taking into the account; excluding from consideration; -- opposed to inclusive; as, five thousand troops, exclusive of artillery.

 Ex*clu"sive, n. One of a coterie who exclude others; one who from real of affected fastidiousness limits his acquaintance to a select few.

 Ex*clu"sive*ness, n. Quality of being exclusive.

 Ex*clu"siv*ism (?), n. The act or practice of excluding being exclusive; exclusiveness.

 Ex*clu"siv*ist, n. One who favor or practices any from of exclusiveness or exclusivism.

 The field of Greek mythology... the favorite sporting ground of the exclusivists of the solar theory.

Gladstone.
 Ex*clu"so*ry (?), a. [L. exclusorius.] Able to exclude; excluding; serving to exclude.

 Ex*coct" (?) v. t. [L. excoctus, p. p. of excoquere to excoct. See 3d Cook.] To boil out; to produce by boiling. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ex*coc"tion (?). [L. excoctio.] The act of excocting or boiling out. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ex*cog"i*tate (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excogitated (#); p. pr. & vb. n.. Excogitating.] [L. excogitatus, p. p. of excogitare to excogitate; ex out + cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] To think out; to find out or discover by thinking; to devise; to contrive. "Excogitate strange arts." Stirling.
 This evidence... thus excogitated out of the general theory.

Whewell.
 Ex*cog"i*tate, v. i. To cogitate. [R.] Bacon.
 Ex*cog'i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. excogitatio: cf. F. excogitation.]
 The act of excogitating; a devising in the thoughts; invention; contrivance.

 Ex'com*mune" (?) v. t. [Cf. F. excommuier. See Excommunicate.] To exclude from participation in; to excommunicate. [Obs.]

 Poets... were excommuned Plato's common wealth Gayton.
 Ex'com*mu"ni*ca*ble (?), a. [See Excommunicate.] Liable or deserving to be excommunicated; making excommunication possible or proper.
 "Persons excommunicable." Bp. Hall.
 What offenses are excommunicable?

Kenle.
 Ex'com*mu"ni*cant (?), n. One who has been excommunicated.

 Ex"com*mu"ni*cate (?), a. [L. excommunicatus, p. p. of communicare to excommunicate; ex out + communicare. See Communicate.]
 Excommunicated; interdicted from the rites of the church. -- n. One excommunicated.

 Thou shalt stand cursed and excommunicate.

Shak.
 Ex'com*mu"ni*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excommunicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Excommunicating (?).] 1.
 To put out of communion; especially, to cut off, or shut out, from communion with the church, by an ecclesiastical sentence.

2. To lay under the ban of the church; to interdict.

 Martin the Fifth... was the first that excommunicated the reading of heretical books.

Miltin.
 Ex'com*mu'ni*ca"tion (?), n. [L. excommunicatio: cf. F. excommunication.]
 The act of communicating or ejecting; esp., an ecclesiastical censure whereby the person against whom it is pronounced is, for the time, cast out of the communication of the church; exclusion from fellowship in things spiritual.

 excommunication is of two kinds, the lesser and the greater; the lesser excommunication is a separation or suspension from partaking of the Eucharist; the greater is an absolute execution of the offender from the church and all its rights and advantages, even from social intercourse with the faithful.

 Ex'com*mu"ni*ca'tor (?) n. [Cf. LL. excommunicator.] One who excommunicates.

 Ex'com*mun"ion (?). A shutting out from communion; excommunication. [Obs.]

Excommunication is the utmost of ecclesiastical judicature.

Milton.
 Ex*co"ri*a*ble (?). Capable of being excoriated.

 The scaly covering of fishes,... even in such as are excoriatable.

Sir T. Browne.
 Ex*co"ri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excoriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. excoriating (?).] [L. excoriare; ex out + corium hide. cf. Scourge; see Cuirass.] To strip or wear off the skin of; to abrade; to gall; to break and remove the cuticle of, in any manner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid substances.

 Ex*co'ri*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. excoriation.] 1. The act of excoriating or flaying, or state of being excoriated, or stripped of the skin; abrasion.

2. Stripping of possession; spoliation. [Obs.]


keyboard layout lives on.
The QWERTY keyboard has also spawned some unhelpful economic myths about how technical standards get and stay established; see _URL_
Node:= R =, Next:= S =, Previous:= Q =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = R = rabbit job: rain dance: rainbow series: random: Random Number God: random numbers: randomness: rape: rare mode: raster blaster: raster burn: rasterbation: rat belt: rat dance: ratio site: rave: rave on!: ravs: raw mode: RBL: rc file: RE: read-only user: README file: real: real estate: real hack: real operating system: Real Programmer: Real Soon Now: real time: real user: Real World: reality check: reality-distortion field: reaper: recompile the world: rectangle slinger: recursion: recursive acronym: Red Book: red wire: regexp: register dancing: rehi: reincarnation cycle of: reinvent the wheel: relay rape: religion of CHI: religious issues: replicator: reply: restriction: retcon: RETI: retrocomputing: return from the dead: RFC: RFE: rib site: rice box: Right Thing: rip: ripoff: RL: roach: robocanceller: robot: robust: rococo: rogue: room-temperature IQ: root: root mode: rot13: rotary debugger: round tape: RSN: RTBM: RTFAQ: RTFB: RTFM: RTFS: RTI: RTM: RTS: rude: runes: runic: rusty iron: rusty memory: rusty wire: Node:rabbit job, Next:rain dance, Previous:QWERTY, Up:= R = rabbit job n.
[Cambridge] A batch job that does little, if any, real work, but creates one or more copies of itself, breeding like rabbits.
Compare wabbit, fork bomb.
Node:rain dance, Next:rainbow series, Previous:rabbit job, Up:= R = rain dance n.
1. Any ceremonial action taken to correct a hardware problem, with the expectation that nothing will be accomplished. This especially applies to reseating printed circuit boards, reconnecting cables, etc. "I can't boot up the machine. We'll have to wait for Greg to do his rain dance." 2. Any arcane sequence of actions performed with computers or software in order to achieve some goal; the term is usually restricted to rituals that include both an incantation or two and physical activity or motion. Compare magic, voodoo programming, black art, cargo cult programming, wave a dead chicken; see also casting the runes.
Node:rainbow series, Next:random, Previous:rain dance, Up:= R = rainbow series n. Any of several series of technical manuals distinguished by cover color. The original rainbow series was the NCSC security manuals (see Orange Book, crayola books); the term has also been commonly applied to the PostScript reference set (see Red Book, Green Book, Blue Book, White Book). Which books are meant by "'the' rainbow series" unqualified is thus dependent on one's local technical culture.
Node:random, Next:Random Number God, Previous:rainbow series, Up:= R = random adj.
1. Unpredictable (closest to mathematical definition); weird.
"The system's been behaving pretty randomly." 2. Assorted; undistinguished. "Who was at the conference?" "Just a bunch of random business types." 3. (pejorative) Frivolous; unproductive; undirected. "He's just a random loser." 4. Incoherent or inelegant; poorly chosen; not well organized. "The program has a random set of misfeatures." "That's a random name for that function." "Well, all the names were chosen pretty randomly." 5.
In no particular order, though deterministic. "The I/O channels are in a pool, and when a file is opened one is chosen randomly."
6. Arbitrary. "It generates a random name for the scratch file."
7. Gratuitously wrong, i.e., poorly done and for no good apparent reason. For example, a program that handles file name defaulting in a particularly useless way, or an assembler routine that could easily have been coded using only three registers, but redundantly uses seven for values with non-overlapping lifetimes, so that no one else can invoke it without first saving four extra registers. What randomness! 8. n. A random hacker; used particularly of high-school students who soak up computer time and generally get in the way. 9. n. Anyone who is not a hacker (or, sometimes, anyone not known to the hacker speaking); the noun form of sense 2. "I went to the talk, but the audience was full of randoms asking bogus questions". 10. n. (occasional MIT usage) One who lives at Random Hall. See also J. Random, some random X. 11. [UK] Conversationally, a non sequitur or something similarly out-of-the-blue. As in: "Stop being so random!" This sense equates to 'hatstand', taken from the Viz comic character "Roger Irrelevant - He's completely Hatstand."
Node:Random Number God, Next:random numbers, Previous:random, Up:= R = Random Number God [rec.games.roguelike.angband; often abbreviated 'RNG'] The malign force which lurks behind the random number generator in Angband (and by extension elsewhere). A dark god that demands sacrifices and toys with its victims. "I just found a really great item; I suppose the RNG is about to punish me..." Apparently, Angband's random number generator occasionally gets locked in a repetition, so you get something with a 3% chance happening 8 times in a row.
Improbable, but far too common to be pure chance. Compare Shub-Internet.
Node:random numbers, Next:randomness, Previous:Random Number God, Up:= R = random numbers n. When one wishes to specify a large but random number of things, and the context is inappropriate for N, certain numbers are preferred by hacker tradition (that is, easily recognized as placeholders). These include the following: 17 Long described at MIT as 'the least random number'; see 23.
23 Sacred number of Eris, Goddess of Discord (along with 17 and 5).
42 The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything. (Note that this answer is completely fortuitous.
:-)) 69 From the sexual act. This one was favored in MIT's ITS culture.
105 69 hex = 105 decimal, and 69 decimal = 105 octal.
666 The Number of the Beast.
For further enlightenment, study the "Principia Discordia", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "The Joy of Sex", and the Christian Bible (Revelation 13:18). See also Discordianism or consult your pineal gland. See also for values of.
Node:randomness, Next:rape, Previous:random numbers, Up:= R = randomness n.
1. An inexplicable misfeature; gratuitous inelegance. 2. A hack or crock that depends on a complex combination of coincidences (or, possibly, the combination upon which the crock depends for its accidental failure to malfunction). "This hack can output characters 40-57 by putting the character in the four-bit accumulator field of an XCT and then extracting six bits -- the low 2 bits of the XCT opcode are the right thing." "What randomness!" 3. Of people, synonymous with 'flakiness'. The connotation is that the person so described is behaving weirdly, incompetently, or inappropriately for reasons which are (a) too tiresome to bother inquiring into, (b) are probably as inscrutable as quantum phenomena anyway, and (c) are likely to pass with time. "Maybe he has a real complaint, or maybe it's just randomness. See if he calls back."


+ L. fulvus reddish yellow.] (Chem.) A reddish resinous substance, obtained from indican.

 In'di*fus"cin (?), n. [Indican + L. fuscus dusky.] (Chem.)
 A brown amorphous powder, obtained from indican.

 In"di*geen (?), n. Same as Indigene. Darwin.
 In"di*gence (?), n. [L. indigentia: cf. F. indigence.
 See Indigent.] The condition of being indigent; want of estate, or means of comfortable subsistence; penury; poverty; as, helpless indigence.
 Cowper.
Syn. -- Poverty; penury; destitution; want; need; privation; lack.
 See Poverty.

 In"di*gen*cy (?), n. Indigence.

 New indigencies founded upon new desires.

South.
 In"di*gene (?), n. [L. indigena: cf. F. indigène.
 See Indigenous.] One born in a country; an aboriginal animal or plant; an autochthon. Evelyn. Tylor.
 In*dig"e*nous (?), a. [L. indigenus, indigena, fr.
 OL. indu (fr. in in) + the root of L. gignere to beget, bear. See In, and Gender.]

1. Native; produced, growing, or living, naturally in a country or climate; not exotic; not imported.

 Negroes were all transported from Africa and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.

Sir T. Browne.
 In America, cotton, being indigenous, is cheap.

Lion Playas.
2. Native; inherent; innate.

 Joy and hope are emotions indigenous to the human mind.

I. Taylor.
 In"di*gent (?), a. [L. indigent, L. indigens, p. p. of indigere to stand in need of, fr. OL. indu (fr. inin) + L. egere to be needy, to need.]

1. Wanting; void; free; destitute; -- used with of. [Obs.]
 Bacon.
2. Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor; in want; necessitous.

Indigent faint souls past corporal toil.

Shak.
 Charity consists in relieving the indigent.

Addison.
 In"di*gent*ly, adv. In an indigent manner.

 In'di*gest" (?), a. [L. indigestus unarranged. See Indigested.] Crude; unformed; unorganized; undigested. [Obs.] "A chaos rude and indigest." W. Browne. "Monsters and things indigest."
 Shak.
 In'di*gest", n. Something indigested. [Obs.] Shak.
 In'di*gest"ed, a. [Pref. innot + digested.]

1. Not digested; undigested. "Indigested food." Dryden.
2. Not resolved; not regularly disposed and arranged; not methodical; crude; as, an indigested array of facts.

 In hot reformations... the whole is generally crude, harsh, and indigested.

Burke.
 This, like an indigested meteor, appeared and disappeared almost at the same time.

South.
3. (Med.) (a) Not in a state suitable for healing; -- said of wounds. (b) Not ripened or suppurated; -- said of an abscess or its contents.

4. Not softened by heat, hot water, or steam.

 In'di*gest"ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being undigested; crudeness. Bp. Burnet.
 In*di*gest'i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being indigestible; indigestibleness.

 In'di*gest"i*ble (?), a. [L. indigestibilis: cf. F. indigestible.
 See Innot, and Digest.]

1. Not digestible; not readily soluble in the digestive juices; not easily convertible into products fitted for absorption.

2. Not digestible in the mind; distressful; intolerable; as, an indigestible simile. T. Warton.
 -- In'di*gest"i*ble*ness, n. -- In'di*gest"i*bly, adv.
 In'di*ges"tion (?; 106), n. [L. indigestio: cf. F. indigestion.
 See Innot, and Digest.] Lack of proper digestive action; a failure of the normal changes which food should undergo in the alimentary canal; dyspepsia; incomplete or difficult digestion.

 In*dig"i*tate (?), v. i. [Pref. inin + L. digitus finger.] To communicate ideas by the fingers; to show or compute by the fingers. [Obs.]

 In*dig"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indigitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indigitating (?).] To point out with the finger; to indicate. [Obs.]

 The depressing this finger,... in the right hand indigitates six hundred.

Sir T. Browne.
 In*dig'i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of pointing out as with the finger; indication. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 In'di*glu"cin (?), n. [Indican + glucin.] (Chem.)
 The variety of sugar (glucose) obtained from the glucoside indican. It is unfermentable, but reduces Fehling's solution.

 In*dign" (?), a. [L. indignus; pref. innot + dignus worthy: cf. F. indigne. See Dignity.] Unworthy; undeserving; disgraceful; degrading. Chaucer.
 Counts it scorn to draw Comfort indign from any meaner thing.

Trench.
 { In*dig"nance (?), In*dig"nan*cy (?), } n. Indignation. [Obs.] Spenser.
 In*dig"nant (?), a. [L. indignans, -antis, p. pr. of indignari to be indignant, disdain. See Indign.] Affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath, as when a person is exasperated by unworthy or unjust treatment, by a mean action, or by a degrading accusation.

 He strides indignant, and with haughty cries To single fight the fairy prince defies.

Tickell.
 In*dig"nant*ly, adv. In an indignant manner.

 In'dig*na"tion (?), n. [F. indignation, L. indignatio.
 See Indign.]

1. The feeling excited by that which is unworthy, base, or disgraceful; anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. Shak.
Indignation expresses a strong and elevated disapprobation of mind, which is also inspired by something flagitious in the conduct of another.

Cogan.
 When Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.

Esther v. 9.
2. The effect of anger; punishment. Shak.
 Hide thyself... until the indignation be overpast.

Is. xxvi. 20.
Syn. -- Anger; ire wrath; fury; rage. See Anger.

 In*dig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [L. indignus unworthy + -fy.]
 To treat disdainfully or with indignity; to contemn. [Obs.] Spenser.
 In*dig"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Indignities (#). [L. indignitas:


. (a) The universe. (b) That spiritual realm of which God is the acknowledged sovereign. (c) The authority or dominion of God. -- Mineral kingdom. See under Mineral. -- United Kingdom. See under United.
 -- Vegetable kingdom. See under Vegetable.

Syn. -- Realm; empire; dominion; monarchy; sovereignty; domain.

 King"domed (-dmd), a. Having a kingdom or the dignity of a king; like a kingdom. [R.]

 "Twixt his mental and his active parts, Kingdom'd Achilles in commotion rages And batters down himself.

Shak.
 King"fish' (-fsh'), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine food fish of the genus Menticirrus, especially M. saxatilis, or M. nebulosos, of the Atlantic coast; -- called also whiting, surf whiting, and barb. (b) The opah. (c) The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero. (d) The queenfish.

 King"fish'er (kng"fsh'r), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of birds constituting the family Alcedinidæ.
 Most of them feed upon fishes which they capture by diving and seizing them with the beak; others feed only upon reptiles, insects, etc. About one hundred and fifty species are known. They are found in nearly all parts of the world, but are particularly abundant in the East Indies.

 The belted king-fisher of the United States (Ceryle alcyon) feeds upon fishes. It is slate-blue above, with a white belly and breast, and a broad white ring around the neck. A dark band crosses the breast. The common European species (Alcedo ispida), which is much smaller and brighter colored, is also a fisher. See Alcedo. The wood kingfishers (Halcyones), which inhabit forests, especially in Africa, feed largely upon insects, but also eat reptiles, snails, and small Crustacea, as well as fishes. The giant kingfisher of Australia feeds largely upon lizards and insects. See Laughing jackass, under Laughing.

 King"hood (kng"hd), n. The state of being a king; the attributes of a king; kingship. Gower.
 King"less, a. Having no king. F. Lieber.
 King"let (kng"lt), n. 1. A little king; a weak or insignificant king. Carlyle.
2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small singing birds of the genus Regulus and family Sylviidæ.

 The golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and the rubycrowned kinglet (R. calendula), are the most common American species. The common English kinglet (R. cristatus) is also called golden-crested wren, moonie, and marigold finch. The kinglets are often popularly called wrens, both in America and England. [1913 Webster] King"li*hood (?), n. Kingliness. Tennyson.
 King"li*ness, n. The state or quality of being kingly.

 King"ling (?), n. Same as Kinglet, 1. Churchill.
 King"ly (?), a. [Compar. Kinglier (?); superl.
 Kingliest.] Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king; characteristic of, or resembling, a king; directed or administered by a king; monarchical; royal; sovereign; regal; august; noble; grand. "Kingly magnificence." Sir P. Sidney. "A kingly government." Swift.
 "The kingly couch." Shak.
 The kingliest kings are crowned with thorn.

G. Massey.
 Leave kingly backs to cope with kingly cares.

Cowper.
Syn. -- Regal; royal; monarchical; imperial; august; sovereign; noble; splendid. -- Kingly, Regal. Kingly is Anglo-Saxon, and refers especially to the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feelings, and purposes which are kinglike; as, kingly sentiments; kingly condescension; " a kingly heart for enterprises." Sir P. Sidney. The latter is oftener applied to external state, pomp, etc.; as, regal state, regal title, etc. This distinction is not observed by our early writers, but is gaining ground.

 King"ly, adv. In a kingly or kinglike manner. Shak.
 Low bowed the rest; he, kingly, did but nod.

Pore.
 Although this citation, one from Paradise Lost, and one from Shakespeare's ll4th Sonnet are given by lexicographers as examples of adverbial use, it is by no means clear that the word is not an adjective in each instance.

 King"-post' (?), n. (Carp.) A member of a common form of truss, as a roof truss. It is strictly a tie, intended to prevent the sagging of the tiebeam in the middle. If there are struts, supporting the main rafters, they often bear upon the foot of the king-post. Called also crownpost.

 King's Bench (?). (Law) Formerly, the highest court of common law in England; -- so called because the king used to sit there in person. It consisted of a chief justice and four puisne, or junior, justices. During the reign of a queen it was called the Queen's Bench. Its jurisdiction was transferred by the judicature acts of 1873 and 1875 to the high court of justice created by that legislation.

 King"ship (?), n. The state, office, or dignity of a king; royalty.
 Landor.
 { King"ston (?), King"stone' (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The black angel fish. See Angel fish, under Angel.

 King"ston met"al (?). An alloy of tin, copper, and mercury, sometimes used for the bearings and packings of machinery. McElrath.
 King"ston valve (?). (Marine Steam Engin.) A conical valve, opening outward, to close the mouth of a pipe which passes through the side of a vessel below the water line.

 King"truss' (?). (Carp.) A truss, framed with a king-post; -- used in roofs, bridges, etc.

 Ki"nic (?), a. [Cf. F. kinique.] (Chem.) See Quinic.

 Kink (?), n. [D. kink a bend or turn, or Sw. kink.]

1. A twist or loop in a rope or thread, caused by a spontaneous doubling or winding upon itself; a close loop or curl; a doubling in a cord.

2. An unreasonable notion; a crotchet; a whim; a caprice. [Colloq.]
 Cozzens.
 Kink (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Kinking.] To wind into a kink; to knot or twist spontaneously upon itself, as a rope or thread.

 Kink, n. [Cf. Chincough, Kink-haust.] A fit of coughing; also, a convulsive fit of laughter. [Scot.]

 Kin"ka*jou' (?), n. [F. kinkajou, quincajou, from the native American name.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal carnivorous mammal (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) of South America, about as large as a full-grown cat. It has a prehensile tail and lives in trees. It is the only representative of a distinct family (Cercoleptidæ


Richardson's "Koch Гј buloch." But as the writer borrows so much from Al-Mas'udi it may possibly be Aъk in Sнstбn where stood the heretical city "Shбdrak," chapt. cxxii.
[FN#552] i.e. The excellent (or surpassing) Religious. Shaykhah, the fem. of Shaykh, is a she-chief, even the head of the dancinggirls will be entitled "Shaykhah."
[FN#553] The curtain would screen her from the sight of meninvalids and probably hung across the single room of the "Zбwiyah" or hermit's cell. The curtain is noticed in the tales of two other reverend women; vols. {v.} 155 and v. 257.
[FN#554] Abdullah met his wife on Thursday, the night of which would amongst Moslems be Friday night.
[FN#555] i.e. with Sa'idah.


. Stormed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Storming.] (Mil.) To assault; to attack, and attempt to take, by scaling walls, forcing gates, breaches, or the like; as, to storm a fortified town.

 Storm, v. i. [Cf. AS. styrman.] 1. To raise a tempest. Spenser.
2. To blow with violence; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, usually in a violent manner, or with high wind; -- used impersonally; as, it storms.

3. To rage; to be in a violent passion; to fume.

 The master storms, the lady scolds.

Swift.
 Storm"-beat' (?), a. Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. Spenser.
 Storm"cock' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The missel thrush. (b) The fieldfare. (c) The green woodpecker.

 Storm"finch' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The storm petrel.

 Storm"ful (?), a. Abounding with storms. "The stormful east." Carlyle. -- Storm"ful*ness, n. Storm"glass' (?), n. A glass vessel, usually cylindrical, filled with a solution which is sensitive to atmospheric changes, indicating by a clouded appearance, rain, snow, etc., and by clearness, fair weather.

 Storm"i*ly (?), adv. In a stormy manner.

 Storm"i*ness, n. The state of being stormy; tempestuousness; biosteruousness; impetuousness.

 Storm"ing, a. & n. from Storm, v. Storming party (Mil.), a party assigned to the duty of making the first assault in storming a fortress.

 Storm"less, a. Without storms. Tennyson.
 Storm"wind' (?), n. A heavy wind; a wind that brings a storm; the blast of a storm. Longfellow.
 Storm"y (?), a. [Compar. Stormier (?); superl.
 Stormiest.] 1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, a storm; subject to storms; agitated with furious winds; biosterous; tempestous; as, a stormy season; a stormy day or week. "Beyond the stormy Hebrides." Milton.
2. Proceeding from violent agitation or fury; as, a stormy sound; stormy shocks.

3. Violent; passionate; rough; as, stormy passions.

Stormy chiefs of a desert but extensive domain.

Sir W. Scott.
 ||Stor"thing (?), n. [Norw. storting; stor great + ting court, court of justice; cf. Dan. ting, thing.] The Parliament of Norway, chosen by indirect election once in three years, but holding annual sessions.

 Stor"ven (?), obs. p. p. of Starve. Chaucer.
 Sto"ry (?), n.; pl. Stories (#). [OF. estoré, estorée, built, erected, p. p. of estorer to build, restore, to store. See Store, v. t.] A set of rooms on the same floor or level; a floor, or the space between two floors. Also, a horizontal division of a building's exterior considered architecturally, which need not correspond exactly with the stories within. [Written also storey.]

 A story comprehends the distance from one floor to another; as, a story of nine or ten feet elevation. The spaces between floors are numbered in order, from below upward; as, the lower, second, or third story; a house of one story, of two stories, of five stories.

Story post (Arch.), a vertical post used to support a floor or superincumbent wall.

 Sto"ry, n. [OE. storie, OF. estoire, F. histoire, fr. L. historia. See History.] 1. A narration or recital of that which has occurred; a description of past events; a history; a statement; a record.

 One malcontent who did indeed get a name in story.

Barrow.
 Venice, with its unique city and its Impressive story.

Ed. Rev.
 The four great monarchies make the subject of ancient story.

Sir W. Temple.
2. The relation of an incident or minor event; a short narrative; a tale; especially, a fictitious narrative less elaborate than a novel; a short romance. Addison.
3. A euphemism or child's word for "a lie;" a fib; as, to tell a story.
 [Colloq.]

 Sto"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Storied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storying.] To tell in historical relation; to make the subject of a story; to narrate or describe in story.

 How worthy he is I will leave to appear hereafter, rather than story him in his own hearing.

Shak.
 It is storied of the brazen colossus in Rhodes, that it was seventy cubits high.

Bp. Wilkins.
 Sto"ry*book' (?), n. A book containing stories, or short narratives, either true or false.

 Sto"ry-tell'er (?), n. 1. One who tells stories; a narrator of anecdotes,incidents, or fictitious tales; as, an amusing storyteller.

2. An historian; -- in contempt. Swift.
3. A euphemism or child's word for "a liar."

 Sto"ry-tell'ing, a. Being accustomed to tell stories. -- n. The act or practice of telling stories.

 Sto"ry-writ'er (?), n. 1. One who writes short stories, as for magazines.

2. An historian; a chronicler. [Obs.] "Rathums, the story-writer."
 1 Esdr. ii. 17.
 Stot (stt), n. [AS. stotte a hack, jade, or worthless horse; cf. Sw. stut a bull, Dan. stud an ox. Cf. Stoat.] 1.
 A horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. Thorold Rogers.
2. A young bull or ox, especially one three years old. [Prov. Eng.
 & Scot.]

 Stote (stt), n. (Zoöl.) See Stoat.

 Stound (stound), v. i. [Cf. Astound, Stun.] To be in pain or sorrow. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Stound a. [See Stound, v. i.] Stunned. [Obs.]

 Stound, n. 1. A sudden, severe pain or grief; peril; alarm.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
2. Astonishment; amazement. [Obs.] Spenser. Gay.
 Stound, n. [AS. stund; akin to D. stond, G. stunde, Icel. stund.] 1. Hour; time; season. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. A brief space of time; a moment. [Obs.] Chaucer.
In a stound, suddenly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stound, n. [Cf. Stand.] A vessel for holding small beer. [Prov.
 Eng.] Halliwell.
 Stoup (stp), n. [See Stoop a vessel.] 1. A flagon; a vessel or measure for liquids. [Scot.] Jamieson.
2. (Eccl.) A basin at the entrance of Roman Catholic churches for containing the holy water with which those who enter, dipping their fingers in it, cross themselves; -- called also holy-water stoup.

 Stour (?), n. [OF. estour, estor, tumult, combat, of Teutonic origin. See Storm.] A battle or tumult; encounter; combat; disturbance; passion. [Obs.] Fairfax. "That woeful stowre."
 Spenser.
 She that helmed was in starke stours [fierce conflicts].

Chaucer.
 Stour, a. [See Stoor, a.] Tall; strong; stern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.