heated in a greater or less degree.
Thus action and affection also admit of variation of degree. So much, then, is stated with regard to these categories.
We spoke, moreover, of the category of position when we were dealing with that of relation, and stated that such terms derived their names from those of the corresponding attitudes.
As for the rest, time, place, state, since they are easily intelligible, I say no more about them than was said at the beginning, that in the category of state are included such states as'shod', 'armed', in that of place 'in the Lyceum' and so on, as was explained before.
Part 10 The proposed categories have, then, been adequately dealt with. We must next explain the various senses in which the term 'opposite' is used.
Things are said to be opposed in four senses: (i) as correlatives to one another, (ii) as contraries to one another, (iii) as privatives to positives, (iv) as affirmatives to negatives.
Let me sketch my meaning in outline. An instance of the use of the word 'opposite' with reference to correlatives is afforded by the expressions 'double' and 'half'; with reference to contraries by 'bad' and 'good'. Opposites in the sense of 'privatives' and 'positives' are 'blindness' and'sight'; in the sense of affirmatives and negatives, the propositions 'he sits', 'he does not sit'.
(i) Pairs of opposites which fall under the category of relation are explained by a reference of the one to the other, the reference being indicated by the preposition 'of' or by some other preposition. Thus, double is a relative term, for that which is double is explained as the double of something. Knowledge, again, is the opposite of the thing known, in the same sense; and the thing known also is explained by its relation to its opposite, knowledge. For the thing known is explained as that which is known by something, that is, by knowledge. Such things, then, as are opposite the one to the other in the sense of being correlatives are explained by a reference of the one to the other.
(ii) Pairs of opposites which are contraries are not in any way interdependent, but are contrary the one to the other. The good is not spoken of as the good of the bad, but as the contrary of the bad, nor is white spoken of as the white of the black, but as the contrary of the black. These two types of opposition are therefore distinct. Those contraries which are such that the subjects in which they are naturally present, or of which they are predicated, must necessarily contain either the one or the other of them, have no intermediate, but those in the case of which no such necessity obtains, always have an intermediate. Thus disease and health are naturally present in the body of an animal, and it is necessary that either the one or the other should be present in the body of an animal. Odd and even, again, are predicated of number, and it is necessary that the one or the other should be present in numbers. Now there is no intermediate between the terms of either of these two pairs. On the other hand, in those contraries with regard to which no such necessity obtains, we find an intermediate. Blackness and whiteness are naturally present in the body, but it is not necessary that either the one or the other should be present in the body, inasmuch as it is not true to say that everybody must be white or black. Badness and goodness, again, are predicated of man, and of many other things, but it is not necessary that either the one quality or the other should be present in that of which they are predicated: it is not true to say that everything that may be good or bad must be either good or bad. These pairs of contraries have intermediates: the intermediates between white and black are grey, sallow, and all the other colours that come between; the intermediate between good and bad is that which is neither the one nor the other.
Some intermediate qualities have names, such as grey and sallow and all the other colours that come between white and black; in other cases, however, it is not easy to name the intermediate, but we must define it as that which is not either extreme, as in the case of that which is neither good nor bad, neither just nor unjust.
(iii) 'privatives' and 'positives' have reference to the same subject.
Thus, sight and blindness have reference to the eye. It is a universal rule that each of a pair of opposites of this type has reference to that to which the particular 'positive' is natural. We say that that is capable of some particular faculty or possession has suffered privation when the faculty or possession in question is in no way present in that in which, and at the time at which, it should naturally be present. We do not call that toothless which has not teeth, or that blind which has not sight, but rather that which has not teeth or sight at the time when by nature it should. For there are some creatures which from birth are without sight, or without teeth, but these are not called toothless or blind.
To be without some faculty or to possess it is not the same as the corresponding 'privative' or 'positive'. 'Sight' is a 'positive', 'blindness' a 'privative', but 'to possess sight' is not equivalent to 'sight', 'to be blind' is not equivalent to 'blindness'. Blindness is a 'privative', to be blind is to be in a state of privation, but is not a 'privative'. Moreover, if 'blindness' were equivalent to 'being blind', both would be predicated of the same subject; but though a man is said to be blind, he is by no means said to be blindness.
To be in a state of 'possession' is, it appears, the opposite of being in a state of 'privation', just as 'positives' and 'privatives' themselves are opposite. There is the same type of antithesis in both cases; for just as blindness is opposed to sight, so is being blind opposed to having sight.
That which is affirmed or denied is not itself affirmation or denial.
By 'affirmation' we mean an affirmative proposition, by 'denial' a negative. Now, those facts which form the matter of the affirmation or denial are not propositions; yet these two are said to be opposed in the same sense as the affirmation and denial, for in this case also the type of antithesis is the same. For as the affirmation is opposed to the denial, as in the two propositions 'he sits', 'he does not sit', so also the fact which constitutes the matter of the proposition in one case is opposed to that in the other, his sitting, that is to say, to his not sitting.
It is evident that 'positives' and 'privatives' are not opposed each to each in the same sense as relatives. The one is not explained by reference to the other; sight is not sight of blindness, nor is any other preposition used to indicate the relation. Similarly blindness is not said to be blindness of sight, but rather, privation of sight.
Relatives, moreover, reciprocate; if blindness, therefore, were a relative, there would be a reciprocity of relation between it and that with which it was correlative. But this is not the case. Sight is not called the sight of blindness.
That those terms which fall under the heads of 'positives' and 'privatives' are not opposed each to each as contraries, either, is plain from the following facts: Of a pair of contraries such that they have no intermediate, one or the other must needs be present in the subject in which they naturally subsist, or of which they are predicated; for it is those, as we proved, in the case of which this necessity obtains, that have no intermediate. Moreover, we cited health and disease, odd and even, as instances. But those contraries which have an intermediate are not subject to any such necessity. It is not necessary that every substance, receptive of such qualities, should be either black or white, cold or hot, for something intermediate between these contraries may very well be present in the subject. We proved, moreover, that those contraries have an intermediate in the case of which the said


. chacier, F. chasser, fr.
 (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize.
 See Catch.] 1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt.

 We are those which chased you from the field. Shak.
 Philologists, who chase A panting syllable through time and place. Cowper.
2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; -- often with away or off; as, to chase the hens away.

Chased by their brother's endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place. Knolles.
3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game.

Chasing each other merrily. Tennyson.
 Chase, v. i. To give chase; to hunt; as, to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.]

 Chase, n. [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v.]
 1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. "This mad chase of fame." Dryden.
 You see this chase is hotly followed. Shak.
2. That which is pursued or hunted.

 Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase, For I myself must hunt this deer to death. Shak.
3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace.
 [Eng.]

4. (Court Tennis) A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point.

Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. -- Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. -- Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued.

 Chase, n. [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case.
 See Case a box.] (Print.) 1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed.

2. (Mil.) The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon.

3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile.

4. (Shipbuilding) A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats.

 Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase.] 1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like.

2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread.

 Chas"er (?), n. 1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter.

2. (Naut.) Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern.

 Chas"er, n. 1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase.

2. (Mech.) A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe.

 Chas"i*ble (?), n. See Chasuble.

 Chas"ing (?), n. The art of ornamenting metal by means of chasing tools; also, a piece of ornamental work produced in this way.

 Chasm (?), n. [L. chasma, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to grape, to open wide. See Chaos.] 1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure.

 That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill.
Coleridge.
2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men.

 Memory... fills up the chasms of thought. Addison.
 Chasmed (?), a. Having gaps or a chasm. [R.]

 Chas"my (?), a. Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms.
 Carlyle.
 They cross the chasmy torrent's foam-lit bed. Wordsworth.
 Chas'se" (?), n. [F., fr. chassé, p. p. of chasser to chase.] A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left.

 Chas'se", v. i. (Dancing) To make the movement called chassé; as, all chassé; chassé to the right or left.

 Chas"se*las (?), n. [F., from the village of Chasselas.] A white grape, esteemed for the table.

 ||Chasse'pot" (?), n. [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.]
 (Mil.) A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun.

 Chas'seur" (?), n. [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.] 1.
(Mil.) One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements.

2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword.

 The great chasseur who had announced her arrival. W. Irving.
 Chas"sis (?), n. [F. châssis.] (Mil.) A traversing base frame, or movable railway, along which the carriage of a barbette or casemate gun moves backward and forward. [See Gun carriage.]

 Chast (chst), v. t. to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Chaste (chst), a. [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. kaqaro's pure, Skr. çudth to purify.]

1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. "As chaste as Diana." Shak.
 Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced. Milton.
2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as, a chaste mind; chaste eyes.

3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as, a chaste style in composition or art.

 That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer. Macaulay.
4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Syn. -- Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless.

Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus.

 Chaste"ly, adv. In a chaste manner; with purity.

 Chas"ten (ch"s'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened (-s'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] [OE. chastien, OF.
 Chastier, F. Ch&?;tier, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.] 1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as, to chasten


.] The doctrine or practice of anarchists.

 An"arch*ist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anarchiste.] An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government.

 An"arch*ize (&?;), v. t. To reduce to anarchy.

 An"arch*y (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion.

 Spread anarchy and terror all around. Cowper.
2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general.

 There being then... an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their re&?;koning of years. Fuller.
 ||An'ar*throp"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; without joints + -poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; -- opposed to Arthropoda.

 An'ar*throp"o*dous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda.

 An*ar"throus (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a'narqros without joints, without the article; 'an priv. + 'a'rqron joint, the article.] 1. (Gr.
 Gram.) Used without the article; as, an anarthrous substantive.

2. (Zoöl.) Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects.

 ||A"nas (&?;), n. [L., duck.] (Zoöl.) A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh-water ducks.

 ||An'a*sar"ca (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; throughout + &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

 An'a*sar"cous (&?;), a. Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman.
 An'a*stal"tic (-stl"tk), a. & n. [Gr. 'anastaltiko's fitted for checking, fr. 'ana' + ste'llein to send.] (Med.) Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe.
 An"a*state (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; -- opposed to katastate. Foster.
 An'a*stat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to make to stand: cf. &?; causing to stand.] Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates.

 In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from.

 A*nas"to*mose (&?;), v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anastomosing.] [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr.
 anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins.

 The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels. I. Taylor.
 ||A*nas'to*mo"sis (&?;), n.; pl. Anastomoses (&?;).
 [NL., fr. Gr. &?; opening, fr. &?; to furnish with a mouth or opening, to open; &?; + sto'ma mouth: cf. F. anastomose.] (Anat.
 & Bot.) The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins.

 A*nas'to*mot"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anastomosis.

 ||A*nas"tro*phe (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn up or back; &?; + &?; to turn.] (Rhet. & Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words; as, echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed.

 A*nath"e*ma (&?;), n.; pl. Anathemas (&?;).
 [L. anath&?;ma, fr. Gr. &?; anything devoted, esp. to evil, a curse; also L. anath&?;ma, fr. Gr. &?; a votive offering; all fr. &?; to set up as a votive gift, dedicate; &?; up + &?; to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication.
 Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed.

 [They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers. Priestley.
2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction.

 Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families]. Thackeray.
3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority.

 The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St.
 Paul... says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself. Locke.
Anathema Maranatha (&?;) (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema.
 Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, "Our Lord cometh."

 A*nath'e*mat"ic (&?;), A*nath'e*mat"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. -- A*nath'e*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.
 A*nath"e*ma*tism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a cursing; cf. F. anathématisme.]
 Anathematization. [Obs.]

 We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists. J. Taylor.
 A*nath'e*ma*ti*za"tion (&?;), n. [LL. anathematisatio.]
 The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow.
 A*nath"e*ma*tize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] [L. anathematizare, Gr. &?; to devote, make accursed: cf. F. anathématiser.]
 To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton.
 A*nath"e*ma*ti'zer (&?;), n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond.
 ||A*nat"i*fa (&?;), n.; pl. Anatifæ (&?;).
 [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zoöl.)
 An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a


Dom.
1272. 2. Westward, Edvardus III. Rex, Anno Dom. 1329. 3. Henricus V. Rex, Anno Domini 1412. 4. Henricus VI. Rex, Anno Domini 1422.
On the west side five niches, four of which are filled, viz.:— 1. Under the most southerly figures is subscribed in gold letters, Edvardus IV. Rex, Anno Domini 1460. 2. Northward (the crown pendent over his head) Edvardus V. Rex, Anno Domini 1483. 3.
Henricus VII. Rex, Anno Domini 1487. 4.
Henricus VIII. Rex, Anno Domini 1508.
On the north side seven niches are filled, viz.:— 1. The most westerly, subscribed in golden characters, Edvardus VI. Rex, Anno Domini 1547. 2.
Maria Regina, Anno Domini 1553. 3.
Elizabetha Regina, Anno Domini 1558. 4. Is subscribed Serenissim & Potentissim' Princip' Jacobo Primo, Mag. Brit' Fran' & Hibern' Reg. Fid. Defensori, Societas Pannitonsorum posuit, A.D. 1684. 5.
ΕΙΚΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΗ Serenissimi & Religiosissimi Principis Caroli Primi, Angliæ, Scotiæ, Franciæ Hiberniæ Regis, Fidei Defensoris; Bis Martyris (in Corpore Effigie) Impiis Rebellium Manibus, ex hoc loco deturbata confracta, Anno Dom. 1647. Restituta hic demum collocata, Anno Dom. 1683. Gloria Martyrii qui te fregêre Rebelles non potuere ipsum quem voluere Deum. 6. Carolus Secundus Rex, Anno Domini 1648. 7. Jacobus II. Rex, Anno Domini 1685.
On the east side five niches, one of which is vacant, the other filled, viz.:— 1. The most northerly contains two statues, viz., of King William and Queen Mary, subscribed Gulielmus III. Rex, & Maria II. Regina, A.D. 1688. S. P. Q. Londin' Optim Principibus, P. C. 1695.
2. Anna Regina Dei Gratia Mag. Britan' Franciæ & Hiberniæ, 1701. 3. George I. inscribed Georgius D. G. Magnæ Britan' Franciæ & Hiberniæ Rex, Anno Dom.
1714. S.P.Q.L. 4. Southerly the statue of King George II. in the habiliment of a Cæsar, wreathed on the head, and a battoon or truncheon in his hand, little differing from that of Charles II. in the centre of the area, only in looking northward; inscribed Georgius II. D. G. Mag.
Brit. Fra. & Hib. Rex, Anno Dom. 1727.
S.P.Q.L.
On the four sides of the piazza within the Exchange are twenty-eight niches, which are all vacant yet, except one near the north-west angle, where is the figure of Sir Thomas Gresham. The piazza itself is paved with black and white marble, and the court, or area, pitched with pebbles; in the middle whereof is the statue of King Charles II. in a Roman habit, with a battoon in his hand, erected on a marble pedestal, about eight feet high and looking southward; on which side of the pedestal, under an imperial crown, wings, trumpet of fame, sceptre and sword, palm branches, &c., are these words inscribed, viz.:— Carolo II. Cæsari Britannico, Patriæ Patri, Regum Optimo Clementissimo Augustissimo, Generis Humani Deliciis, Utriusq; Fortunæ Victori, Pacis Europæ Arbitro, Marium Domino, ac Vindici Societatis Mercatorum Adventur' Angliæ, quæ per CCCC jam prope Annos Regia benignitate floret, Fidei Intemeratæ & Gratitudinis æternæ hoc Testimonium venerabunda posuit, Anno Salutis Humanæ 1684.
On the west side of the pedestal is neatly cut in relievo the figure of a Cupid reposing his right hand on a shield containing the arms of England and France quartered, and in his left hand a rose.
On the north side are the arms of Ireland on a shield, supported by a Cupid.
On the east side the arms of Scotland, with a Cupid holding a thistle all in relievo.
The inner piazza and court are divided into several stations, or walks, where the merchants of the respective nations, and those who have business with them, assemble distinctly; so that any merchant or commander of a vessel is readily found, if it be known to what country he trades. The several walks are described in the following ground-plot of the Exchange:— Ground plot of the Royal Exchange Near the south gate is a spacious staircase, and near the north gate another, that lead up to the galleries, on each side whereof are shops for milliners and other trades, to the number of near two hundred, which brought in a good revenue at first, nothing being thought fashionable that was not purchased there; but the milliners are now dispersed all over the town, and the shops in the Exchange almost deserted.
8. Langbourn Ward, so called of a bourne, or brook, that had its source in it, and run down Fenchurch Street, contains these principal streets: part of Lombard Street, part of Fenchurch Street, part of Lime Street, and part of Gracechurch Street, with part of the courts, lanes, and alleys in them, particularly White Hart Court, Exchange Alley, Sherbourne Lane, Abchurch Lane, St. Nicholas Lane, Mark Lane, Mincing Lane, Rood Lane, Cullum Court, Philpot Lane, and Braben Court.
The public buildings in this ward are, the Post Office, Ironmongers' Hall, Pewterers' Hall; the churches of Allhallows, Lombard Street, St. Edmund's, Lombard Street, St. Mary Woolnoth, St. Dionis Backchurch, and St. Allhallows Staining.
The Post Office is situated on the south side of Lombard Street, near Stocks Market. It was the dwelling-house of Sir Robert Vyner, in the reign of King Charles II. The principal entrance is out of Lombard Street, through a great gate and passage that leads into a handsome paved court, about which are the several offices for receiving and distributing letters, extremely well contrived.
Letters and packets are despatched from hence every Monday to France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Kent, and the Downs.
Every Tuesday to the United Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Every Wednesday to Kent only, and the Downs.
Every Thursday to France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and all parts of England and Scotland.
Every Friday to the Austrian and United Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and to Kent and the Downs.
Every Saturday to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
The post goes also every day to those places where the Court resides, as also to the usual stations and rendezvous of His Majesty's fleet, as the Downs, Spithead, and to Tunbridge during the season for drinking waters, &c. Letters and packets are received from all parts of England and Scotland, except Wales, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; from Wales every Monday and Friday; and from Kent and the Downs every day.
His Majesty keeps constantly, for the transport of the said letters and packets, in times of peace, Between England and France, three packet-boats; Spain, one in a fortnight; Portugal, one ditto; Flanders, two packet-boats; Holland, three packet-boats; Ireland, three packet-boats.
And at Deal, two packet-boats for the Downs.
Not to mention the extraordinary packet-boats, in time of war with France and Spain, to the Leeward Islands, &c. A letter containing a whole sheet of paper is conveyed eighty miles for 3


; made up of brok&?; fragments; as, sandstone is a clastic rock.

 Clath"rate (klth"rt), a. [L. clathri lattice, Gr. klh,qra.]
 1. (Bot.) Shaped like a lattice; cancellate. Gray.
2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface marked with raised lines resembling a lattice, as many shells.

 Clat"ter (klt"tr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered (- trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Clattering.] [AS. clatrung a rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle. Cf. Clack.] 1. To make a rattling sound by striking hard bodies together; to make a succession of abrupt, rattling sounds.

Clattering loud with iron clank. Longfellow.
2. To talk fast and noisily; to rattle with the tongue.

 I see thou dost but clatter. Spenser.
 Clat"ter, v. t. To make a rattling noise with.

 You clatter still your brazen kettle. Swift.
 Clat"ter, n. 1. A rattling noise, esp. that made by the collision of hard bodies; also, any loud, abrupt sound; a repetition of abrupt sounds.

 The goose let fall a golden egg With cackle and with clatter.
Tennyson.
2. Commotion; disturbance. "Those mighty feats which made such a clatter in story." Barrow.
 3. Rapid, noisy talk; babble; chatter. "Hold still thy clatter."
 Towneley Myst. (15 th Cent. ).
 Throw by your clatter And handle the matter. B. Jonson Clat"ter*er (?), n. One who clatters.

 Clat"ter*ing*ly, adv. With clattering.

 Claude" Lor*raine" glass' (?). [Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain (often written Lorraine).] A slightly convex mirror, commonly of black glass, used as a toy for viewing the reflected landscape.

 Clau"dent (?), a. [L. claudens, p. pr. of claudere to shut.] Shutting; confining; drawing together; as, a claudent muscle. [R.] Jonson Clau"di*cant (?), a. [L. claudicans, p. pr. of claudicare to limp, fr. claudus lame.] Limping. [R.]

 Clau'di*ca"tion (?), n. [L. claudicatio.] A halting or limping. [R.] Tatler.
 Clause (?), n. [F. clause, LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of &?; rhetorical period, close, fr. claudere to shut, to end. See Close.] 1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence; an article, stipulation, or proviso, in a legal document.

 The usual attestation clause to a will. Bouvier.
2. (Gram.) A subordinate portion or a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate.

 Clause, n. [Obs.] See Letters clause or close, under Letter.

 Claus"tral (?), a. [F., fr. LL. claustralis, fr. L. claustrum.
 See Cloister.] Cloistral. Ayliffe ||Claus"trum (?), n.; pl. Claustra. [L., a bolt or bar.] (Anat.) A thin lamina of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain of man. -- Claus"tral, a. Clau"su*lar (?; 135), a. [From L. clausula. See Clause, n.]
 Consisting of, or having, clauses. Smart.
 Clau"sure (?; 135), n. [L. clausura. See Closure.] The act of shutting up or confining; confinement. [R.] Geddes.
 { Cla"vate (?), Cla"va*ted (?), } a. [L. clava club.] (Bot.
 & Zoöl.) Club-shaped; having the form of a club; growing gradually thicker toward the top. [See Illust. of Antennae.]

 Clave (?), imp. of Cleave. [Obs.]

 Clav"e*cin (?), n. [F.] The harpsichord.

 Cla"vel (?), n. See Clevis.

 Clav"el*late (?), a. See Clavate.

 Clav"el*la'ted (?), a. [Cf. LL. cineres clavelatti ashes of burnt lees or dregs of wine, F. clavel an inferior sort of soda, E.
 clavate.] (Old Chem.) Said of potash, probably in reference to its having been obtained from billets of wood by burning. [Obs.]

 Clav"er (?), n. [Obs.] See Clover. Holland.
 Clav"er, n. Frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chattering.
 [Scot. & North of Eng.]

 Emmy found herself entirely at a loss in the midst of their clavers.
Thackeray.
 Clav"i*chord (?), n. [F. clavicorde, fr. L. clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.) A keyed stringed instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. See Clarichord.

 Clav"i*cle (?), n. [F. clavicule, fr. L. clavicula a little key, tendril, dim. of clavis key, akin to claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Clef.] (Anat.) The collar bone, which is joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at the other to the sternum, or breastbone. In man each clavicle is shaped like the letter &?;, and is situated just above the first rib on either side of the neck. In birds the two clavicles are united ventrally, forming the merrythought, or wishbone.

 Clav"i*corn (?), a. [Cf. F. clavicorne.] (Zoöl.)
 Having club-shaped antennæ. See Antennæ -- n. One of the Clavicornes.

 ||Clav'i*cor"nes (?), n. pl. [NL.; Fr. L. clava club + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having club-shaped antennæ.

 Cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. claviculaire. See Clavicle.]
 (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the clavicle.

 Cla"vi*er (? F.?), n. [F., fr. L. clavis key.] (Mus.)
 The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium.

Clavier (&?;) is the German name for a pianoforte.

 Clav"i*form (?), a. [L. clava club + -form.] (Bot.)
 Clubshaped; clavate. Craig.
 ||Clav"i*ger (?), n. [L., fr. clavis key + gerere to carry.] One who carries the keys of any place.

 ||Clav"i*ger, n. [L., fr. clava club + gerere to carry.] One who carries a club; a club bearer.

 Cla*vig"er*ous (?), a. Bearing a club or a key.

 ||Cla"vis (?), n.; pl. L. Claves (#), E. Clavises (#). [L.] A key; a glossary.

 ||Cla"vus (?), n. [L., a nail.] A callous growth, esp. one


fans, cat(1) is considered an excellent example of user-interface design, because it delivers the file contents without such verbosity as spacing or headers between the files, and because it does not require the files to consist of lines of text, but works with any sort of data.
Among Unix haters, cat(1) is considered the canonical example of bad user-interface design, because of its woefully unobvious name. It is far more often used to blast a file to standard output than to concatenate two files. The name cat for the former operation is just as unintuitive as, say, LISP's cdr.
Of such oppositions are holy wars made.... Node:catatonic, Next:cathedral, Previous:cat, Up:= C = catatonic adj.
Describes a condition of suspended animation in which something is so wedged or hung that it makes no response. If you are typing on a terminal and suddenly the computer doesn't even echo the letters back to the screen as you type, let alone do what you're asking it to do, then the computer is suffering from catatonia (possibly because it has crashed). "There I was in the middle of a winning game of nethack and it went catatonic on me! Aaargh!" Compare buzz.
Node:cathedral, Next:cd tilde, Previous:catatonic, Up:= C = cathedral n.,adj.
[see bazaar for derivation] The 'classical' mode of software engineering long thought to be necessarily implied by Brooks's Law. Features small teams, tight project control, and long release intervals. This term came into use after analysis of the Linux experience suggested there might be something wrong (or at least incomplete) in the classical assumptions.
Node:cd tilde, Next:CDA, Previous:cathedral, Up:= C = cd tilde /C-D til-d*/ vi.
To go home. From the Unix C-shell and Korn-shell command cd ~, which takes one to one's $HOME (cd with no arguments happens to do the same thing).
By extension, may be used with other arguments; thus, over an electronic chat link, cd ~coffee would mean "I'm going to the coffee machine."
Node:CDA, Next:cdr, Previous:cd tilde, Up:= C = CDA /C-D-A/ The "Communications Decency Act" of 1996, passed on Black Thursday as section 502 of a major telecommunications reform bill. The CDA made it a federal crime in the USA to send a communication which is "obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, or indecent, with intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass another person." It also threatened with imprisonment anyone who "knowingly" makes accessible to minors any message that "describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs".
While the CDA was sold as a measure to protect minors from the putative evils of pornography, the repressive political aims of the bill were laid bare by the Hyde amendment, which intended to outlaw discussion of abortion on the Internet.
To say that this direct attack on First Amendment free-speech rights was not well received on the Internet would be putting it mildly. A firestorm of protest followed, including a February 29th mass demonstration by thousands of netters who turned their home pages black for 48 hours.
Several civil-rights groups and computing/telecommunications companies mounted a constitutional challenge. The CDA was demolished by a strongly-worded decision handed down on in 8th-circuit Federal court and subsequently affirmed by the U.S.
Supreme Court on 26 June 1997 ('White Thursday'). See also Exon.
Node:cdr, Next:chad, Previous:CDA, Up:= C = cdr /ku'dr/ or /kuh'dr/ vt.
[from LISP] To skip past the first item from a list of things (generalized from the LISP operation on binary tree structures, which returns a list consisting of all but the first element of its argument). In the form 'cdr down', to trace down a list of elements: "Shall we cdr down the agenda?" Usage: silly. See also loop through.
Historical note: The instruction format of the IBM 704 that hosted the original LISP implementation featured two 15-bit fields called the 'address' and 'decrement' parts. The term 'cdr' was originally 'Contents of Decrement part of Register'.
Similarly, 'car' stood for 'Contents of Address part of Register'.
The cdr and car operations have since become bases for formation of compound metaphors in non-LISP contexts. GLS recalls, for example, a programming project in which strings were represented as linked lists; the get-character and skip-character operations were of course called CHAR and CHDR.
Node:chad, Next:chad box, Previous:cdr, Up:= C = chad /chad/ n.
1. [common] The perforated edge strips on printer paper, after they have been separated from the printed portion. Also called selvage, perf, and ripoff. 2. obs. The confetti-like paper bits punched out of cards or paper tape; this has also been called 'chaff', 'computer confetti', and 'keypunch droppings'. It's reported that this was very old Army slang, and it may now be mainstream; it has been reported seen (1993) in directions for a card-based voting machine in California.
Historical note: One correspondent believes 'chad' (sense 2) derives from the Chadless keypunch (named for its inventor), which cut little u-shaped tabs in the card to make a hole when the tab folded back, rather than punching out a circle/rectangle; it was clear that if the Chadless keypunch didn't make them, then the stuff that other keypunches made had to be 'chad'. There is a legend that the word was originally acronymic, standing for "Card Hole Aggregate Debris", but this has all the earmarks of a backronym.
Node:chad box, Next:chain, Previous:chad, Up:= C = chad box n. A metal box about the size of a lunchbox (or in some models a large wastebasket), for collecting the chad (sense 2) that accumulated in Iron Age card punches. You had to open the covers of the card punch periodically and empty the chad box. The bit bucket was notionally the equivalent device in the CPU enclosure, which was typically across the room in another great gray-and-blue box.
Node:chain, Next:channel, Previous:chad box, Up:= C = chain 1. vi. [orig. from BASIC's CHAIN statement] To hand off execution to a child or successor without going through the OS command interpreter that invoked it. The state of the parent program is lost and there is no returning to it. Though this facility used to be common on memory-limited micros and is still widely supported for backward compatibility, the jargon usage is semi-obsolescent; in particular, most Unix programmers will think of this as an exec. Oppose the more modern 'subshell'. 2. n. A series of linked data areas within an operating system or application. 'Chain rattling' is the process of repeatedly running through the linked data areas searching for one which is of interest to the executing program. The implication is that there is a very large number of links on the chain.
Node:channel, Next:channel hopping, Previous:chain, Up:= C = channel n.
[IRC] The basic unit of discussion on IRC. Once one joins a channel, everything one types is read by others on that channel. Channels are named with strings that begin with a '#' sign and can have topic descriptions (which are generally irrelevant to the actual subject of discussion). Some notable channels are _TAG_, _TAG_, callahans, and _TAG_. At times of international crisis, _TAG_ has hundreds of members, some of whom take turns listening to various news services and typing in summaries of the news, or in some cases, giving first-hand accounts of the action (e.g., Scud missile attacks in Tel Aviv during the Gulf War in 1991).
Node:channel hopping, Next:channel op, Previous:channel, Up:= C = channel hopping n.
[common; IRC, GEnie] To rapidly switch channels on IRC


must mean something else. But what?

 That is the riddle which the Frenchman finally solved. He discovered that the Egyptians were the first to use what we now call "phonetic writing"—a system of characters which reproduce the "sound" (or phone) of the spoken word and which make it possible for us to translate all our spoken words into a written form, with the help of only a few dots and dashes and pothooks.

 Let us return for a moment to the little fellow with the saw. The word "saw" either means a certain tool which you will find in a carpenter's shop, or it means the past tense of the verb "to see."

 This is what had happened to the word during the course of centuries.
 First of all it had meant only the particular tool which it represented.
 Then that meaning had been lost and it had become the past participle of a verb. After several hundred years, the Egyptians lost sight of both these meanings and the picture {illust.} came to stand for a single letter, the letter S. A short sentence will show you what I mean. Here is a modern English sentence as it would have been written in hieroglyphics. {illust.}

 The {illust.} either means one of these two round objects in your head, which allow you to see or it means "I," the person who is talking.

 A {illust.} is either an insect which gathers honey, or it represents the verb "to be" which means to exist. Again, it may be the first part of a verb like "be-come" or "be-have." In this particular instance it is followed by {illust.} which means a "leaf" or "leave" or "lieve" (the sound of all three words is the same).

 The "eye" you know all about.

 Finally you get the picture of a {illust.}. It is a giraffe It is part of the old sign-language out of which the hieroglyphics developed.

 You can now read that sentence without much difficulty.

 "I believe I saw a giraffe."

 Having invented this system the Egyptians developed it during thousands of years until they could write anything they wanted, and they used these "canned words" to send messages to friends, to keep business accounts and to keep a record of the history of their country, that future generations might benefit by the mistakes of the past.

 THE NILE VALLEY THE BEGINNING OF CIVILISATION IN THE VALLEY OF THE NILE THE history of man is the record of a hungry creature in search of food.
 Wherever food was plentiful, thither man has travelled to make his home.

 The fame of the Valley of the Nile must have spread at an early date. From the interior of Africa and from the desert of Arabia and from the western part of Asia people had flocked to Egypt to claim their share of the rich farms. Together these invaders had formed a new race which called itself "Remi" or "the Men" just as we sometimes call America "God's own country."
 They had good reason to be grateful to a Fate which had carried them to this narrow strip of land. In the summer of each year the Nile turned the valley into a shallow lake and when the waters receded all the grainfields and the pastures were covered with several inches of the most fertile clay.

 In Egypt a kindly river did the work of a million men and made it possible to feed the teeming population of the first large cities of which we have any record. It is true that all the arable land was not in the valley. But a complicated system of small canals and well-sweeps carried water from the river-level to the top of the highest banks and an even more intricate system of irrigation trenches spread it throughout the land.

 While man of the prehistoric age had been obliged to spend sixteen hours out of every twenty-four gathering food for himself and the members of his tribe, the Egyptian peasant or the inhabitant of the Egyptian city found himself possessed of a certain leisure. He used this spare time to make himself many things that were merely ornamental and not in the least bit useful.

 More than that. One day he discovered that his brain was capable of thinking all kinds of thoughts which had nothing to do with the problems of eating and sleeping and finding a home for the children. The Egyptian began to speculate upon many strange problems that confronted him. Where did the stars come from? Who made the noise of the thunder which frightened him so terribly? Who made the River Nile rise with such regularity that it was possible to base the calendar upon the appearance and the disappearance of the annual floods? Who was he, himself, a strange little creature surrounded on all sides by death and sickness and yet happy and full of laughter?

 He asked these many questions and certain people obligingly stepped forward to answer these inquiries to the best of their ability. The Egyptians called them "priests" and they became the guardians of his thoughts and gained great respect in the community. They were highly learned men who were entrusted with the sacred task of keeping the written records. They understood that it is not good for man to think only of his immediate advantage in this world and they drew his attention to the days of the future when his soul would dwell beyond the mountains of the west and must give an account of his deeds to Osiris, the mighty God who was the Ruler of the Living and the Dead and who judged the acts of men according to their merits. Indeed, the priests made so much of that future day in the realm of Isis and Osiris that the Egyptians began to regard life merely as a short preparation for the Hereafter and turned the teeming valley of the Nile into a land devoted to the Dead.

 In a strange way, the Egyptians had come to believe that no soul could enter the realm of Osiris without the possession of the body which had been its place of residence in this world. Therefore as soon as a man was dead his relatives took his corpse and had it embalmed. For weeks it was soaked in a solution of natron and then it was filled with pitch. The Persian word for pitch was "Mumiai" and the embalmed body was called a "Mummy." It was wrapped in yards and yards of specially prepared linen and it was placed in a specially prepared coffin ready to be removed to its final home. But an Egyptian grave was a real home where the body was surrounded by pieces of furniture and musical instruments (to while away the dreary hours of waiting) and by little statues of cooks and bakers and barbers (that the occupant of this dark home might be decently provided with food and need not go about unshaven).

 Originally these graves had been dug into the rocks of the western mountains but as the Egyptians moved northward they were obliged to build their cemeteries in the desert. The desert however is full of wild animals and equally wild robbers and they broke into the graves and disturbed the mummy or stole the jewelry that had been buried with the body. To prevent such unholy desecration the Egyptians used to build small mounds of stones on top of the graves. These little mounds gradually grew in size, because the rich people built higher mounds than the poor and there was a good deal of competition to see who could make the highest hill of stones. The record was made by King Khufu, whom the Greeks called Cheops and who lived thirty centuries before our era. His mound, which the Greeks called a pyramid (because the Egyptian word for high was pir-em-us) was over five hundred feet high.

 It covered more than thirteen acres of desert which is three times as much space as that occupied by the church of St. Peter, the largest edifice of the Christian world.

 During twenty years, over a hundred thousand men were busy carrying the necessary stones from the other side of the river—ferrying them across the Nile (how they ever managed to do this, we do not understand), dragging them in many instances a long distance across the desert and finally hoisting them into their correct position. But so well did the King's architects and engineers perform their task that the narrow passage-way which leads to the royal tomb in the heart of the stone monster has never yet been pushed out of shape by the weight of those thousands of tons of stone which press upon it from all sides.

 THE STORY OF EGYPT THE RISE AND FALL OF EGYPT


cultivated by the Etrurians and Romans.(1) It is still used, I believe, by the natives of Samoa. The Romans had an official college of augurs, the members of which were originally three patricians. About 300 B.C. the number of patrician augurs was increased by one, and five plebeian augurs were added. Later the number was again increased to fifteen. The object of augury was not so much to foretell the future as to indicate what line of action should be followed, in any given circumstances, by the nation. The augurs were consulted on all matters of importance, and the position of augur was thus one of great consequence.
 In what appears to be the oldest method, the augur, arrayed in a special costume, and carrying a staff with which to mark out the visible heavens into houses, proceeded to an elevated piece of ground, where a sacrifice was made and a prayer repeated. Then, gazing towards the sky, he waited until a bird appeared. The point in the heavens where it first made its appearance was carefully noted, also the manner and direction of its flight, and the point where it was lost sight of. From these particulars an augury was derived, but, in order to be of effect, it had to be confirmed by a further one.

 (1) This is not quite an accurate definition, as "auguries" were also obtained from other animals and from celestial phenomena (e.g.
 lightning), etc.

 Auguries were also drawn from the notes of birds, birds being divided by the augurs into two classes: (i) oscines, "those which give omens by their note," and (ii) alites, "those which afford presages by their flight."(1) Another method of augury was performed by the feeding of chickens specially kept for this purpose. This was done just before sunrise by the pullarius or feeder, strict silence being observed.
 If the birds manifested no desire for their food, the omen was of a most direful nature. On the other hand, if from the greediness of the chickens the grain fell from their beaks and rebounded from the ground, the augury was most favourable. This latter augury was known as tripudium solistimum. "Any fraud practiced by the 'pullarius'," writes the Rev.
 EDWARD SMEDLEY, "reverted to his own head. Of this we have a memorable instance in the great battle between Papirius Cursor and the Samnites in the year of Rome 459. So anxious were the troops for battle, that the 'pullarius' dared to announce to the consul a 'tripudium solistimum,' although the chickens refused to eat. Papirius unhesitatingly gave the signal for fight, when his son, having discovered the false augury, hastened to communicate it to his father. 'Do thy part well,' was his reply, 'and let the deceit of the augur fall on himself. The "tripudium" has been announced to me, and no omen could be better for the Roman army and people!' As the troops advanced, a javelin thrown at random struck the 'pullatius' dead. 'The hand of heaven is in the battle,' cried Papirius; 'the guilty is punished!' and he advanced and conquered."(1b) A coincidence of this sort, if it really occurred, would very greatly strengthen the popular belief in auguries.

 (1) PLINY: Natural History, bk. x. chap. xxii. (BOSTOCK and RILEY'S trans., vol. ii., 1855, p. 495).

 (1b) Rev. EDWARD SMEDLEY, M.A.: The Occult Sciences (Encyclopaedia Metropolitana), ed. by ELIHU RICH (1855), p. 144.

 The cock has always been reckoned a bird possessed of magic power.
 At its crowing, we are told, all unquiet spirits who roam the earth depart to their dismal abodes, and the orgies of the Witches' Sabbath terminate.
 A cock is the favourite sacrifice offered to evil spirits in Ceylon and elsewhere. Alectromancy(2) was an ancient and peculiarly senseless method of divination (so called) in which a cock was employed. The bird had to be young and quite white. Its feet were cut off and crammed down its throat with a piece of parchment on which were written certain Hebrew words. The cock, after the repetition of a prayer by the operator, was placed in a circle divided into parts corresponding to the letters of the alphabet, in each of which a grain of wheat was placed. A certain psalm was recited, and then the letters were noted from which the cock picked up the grains, a fresh grain being put down for each one picked up. These letters, properly arranged, were said to give the answer to the inquiry for which divination was made. I am not sure what one was supposed to do if, as seems likely, the cock refused to act in the required manner.

 (2) Cf. ARTHUR EDWARD WAITE: The Occult Sciences (1891), pp. 124 and 125.

 The owl was reckoned a bird of evil omen with the Romans, who derived this opinion from the Etrurians, along with much else of their so-called science of augury. It was particularly dreaded if seen in a city, or, indeed, anywhere by day. PLINY (Caius Plinius Secundus, A.D.
 61-before 115) informs us that on one occasion "a horned owl entered the very sanctuary of the Capitol;... in consequence of which, Rome was purified on the nones of March in that year."(1) (1) PLINY: Natural History, bk. x. chap. xvi. (BOSTOCK and RILEY'S trans., vol. ii., 1855, p. 492).

 The folk-lore of the British Isles abounds with quaint beliefs and stories concerning birds. There is a charming Welsh legend concerning the robin, which the Rev. T. F. T. DYER quotes from Notes and Queries:—"Far, far away, is a land of woe, darkness, spirits of evil, and fire. Day by day does this little bird bear in his bill a drop of water to quench the flame. So near the burning stream does he fly, that his dear little feathers are SCORCHED; and hence he is named Brou-rhuddyn (Breast-burnt).
 To serve little children, the robin dares approach the infernal pit. No good child will hurt the devoted benefactor of man. The robin returns from the land of fire, and therefore he feels the cold of winter far more than his brother birds. He shivers in the brumal blast; hungry, he chirps before your door."(2) (2) T. F. THISELTON DYER, M.A.: English Folk-Lore (1878), pp. 65 and 66.

 Another legend accounts for the robin's red breast by supposing this bird to have tried to pluck a thorn from the crown encircling the brow of the crucified CHRIST, in order to alleviate His sufferings. No doubt it is on account of these legends that it is considered a crime, which will be punished with great misfortune, to kill a robin. In some places the same prohibition extends to the wren, which is popularly believed to be the wife of the robin. In other parts, however, the wren is (or at least was) cruelly hunted on certain days. In the Isle of Man the wren-hunt took place on Christmas Eve and St Stephen's Day, and is accounted for by a legend concerning an evil fairy who lured many men to destruction, but had to assume the form of a wren to escape punishment at the hands of an ingenious knight-errant.

 For several centuries there was prevalent over the whole of civilised Europe a most extraordinary superstition concerning the small Arctic bird resembling, but not so large as, the common wild goose, known as the barnacle or bernicle goose. MAX MUELLER(1) has suggested that this word was really derived from Hibernicula, the name thus referring to Ireland, where the birds were caught; but common opinion associated the barnacle goose with the shell-fish known as the barnacle (which is found on timber exposed to the sea), sup


. Gr. &?; a burning heat.] (Med.)
 Great heat, as of the body in fever.

 Cau"po*nize (?), v. i. [L. cauponari, fr. caupo huckster, innkeeper.] To sell wine or victuals. [Obs.] Warburfon.
 Caus"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being caused.

 Caus"al (?), a. [L. causalis. See Cause.] Relating to a cause or causes; inplying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause; causative.

Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words. Watts.
 Caus"al, n. A causal word or form of speech.

 Anglo-Saxon drencan to drench, causal of Anglo-Saxon drincan to drink. Skeat.
 Cau*sal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Causalities (&?;). 1.
 The agency of a cause; the action or power of a cause, in producing its effect.

 The causality of the divine mind. Whewell.
2. (Phren.) The faculty of tracing effects to their causes.
 G. Combe.
 Caus"al*ly (?), adv. According to the order or series of causes; by tracing effects to causes.

 Caus"al*ly (?), n. (Mining.) The lighter, earthy parts of ore, carried off washing.

 Cau*sa"tion (?), n. The act of causing; also the act or agency by which an effect is produced.

 The kind of causation by which vision is produced. Whewell.
Law of universal causation, the theoretical or asserted law that every event or phenomenon results from, or is the sequel of, some previous event or phenomenon, which being present, the other is certain to take place.

 Cau*sa"tion*ist, n. One who believes in the law of universal causation.

 Caus"a*tive (?), a. [L. causativus pertaining to a lawsuit (causa), but in the English sense from E. cause.] 1. Effective, as a cause or agent; causing.

Causative in nature of a number of effects. Bacon.
2. Expressing a cause or reason; causal; as, the ablative is a causative case.

 Caus"a*tive (k"z*tv), n. A word which expresses or suggests a cause.

 Caus"a*tive*ly, adv. In a causative manner.

 Cau*sa"tor (k*z"tr), n. [See Cause.] One who causes. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Cause (kz), n. [F. cause, fr. L. causa. Cf. Cause, v., Kickshaw.] 1. That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist.

Cause is substance exerting its power into act, to make one thing begin to be. Locke.
2. That which is the occasion of an action or state; ground; reason; motive; as, cause for rejoicing.

3. Sake; interest; advantage. [Obs.]

 I did it not for his cause. 2 Cor. vii. 12.
4. (Law) A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action.

5. Any subject of discussion or debate; matter; question; affair in general.

 What counsel give you in this weighty cause! Shak.
6. The side of a question, which is espoused, advocated, and upheld by a person or party; a principle which is advocated; that which a person or party seeks to attain.

 God befriend us, as our cause is just. Shak.
 The part they take against me is from zeal to the cause. Burke.
Efficient cause, the agent or force that produces a change or result. -- Final cause, the end, design, or object, for which anything is done. -- Formal cause, the elements of a conception which make the conception or the thing conceived to be what it is; or the idea viewed as a formative principle and coöperating with the matter.
 -- Material cause, that of which anything is made. -- Proximate cause. See under Proximate. -- To make common cause with, to join with in purposes and aims. Macaulay.
Syn. -- Origin; source; mainspring; motive; reason; incitement; inducement; purpose; object; suit; action.

 Cause, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused (?); p. pr. & v. n. Causing.] [F. causer, fr. cause, fr. L. causa.
 See Cause, n., and cf. Acouse.] To effect as an agent; to produce; to be the occasion of; to bring about; to bring into existence; to make; -- usually followed by an infinitive, sometimes by that with a finite verb.

 I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days. Gen.
 vii. 4.
Cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans.
Col. iv. 16.
Syn. -- To create; produce; beget; effect; occasion; originate; induce; bring about.

 Cause, v. i. To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Cause, conj. Abbreviation of Because. B. Jonson.
 Cause"ful (?), n. Having a cause. [Obs.]

 Cause"less, a. 1. Selforiginating; uncreated.

2. Without just or sufficient reason; groundless.

 My fears are causeless and ungrounded. Denham.
 Cause"less, adv. Without cause or reason.

 Cause"less*ness, n. The state of being causeless.

 Caus"er (?), n. One who or that which causes.

 ||Cau'seuse" (k'zz"), n. [F., fr. causer to talk.] A kind of sofa for two persons. A tête-à- tête.

 { Cause"way (kz"w), Cau"sey ((k"z), } n. [OE. cauci, cauchie, OF. cauchie, F. chaussée, from LL. (via) calciata, fr calciare to make a road, either fr. L. calx lime, hence, to pave with limestone (cf. E. chalk), or from L. calceus shoe, from calx heel, hence, to shoe, pave, or wear by treading.] A way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground.

 But that broad causeway will direct your way. Dryden.
 The other way Satan went down The causey to Hell-gate.
Milton.
 { Cause"wayed (?), Cau"seyed (?). } a. Having a raised way (causeway or causey); paved. Sir W. Scott. C. Bronté.
 Cau*sid"i*cal (?), a. [L. causidicakis; causa a cause in law + dicare to say.] Pertaining to an advocate, or to the maintenance and defense of suits.

 { Caus"tic (?), Caus"tic*al (?), } a. [L. caustucs, Ge.
 &?;, fr. &?; to burn. Cf. Calm, Ink.] 1. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive; searing.

2. Severe; satirical; sharp; as, a caustic remark.

Caustic curve (Optics), a curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting


THE ADVENTURES OF GERARD By A. Conan Doyle PREFACE I hope that some readers may possibly be interested in these little tales of the Napoleonic soldiers to the extent of following them up to the springs from which they flow. The age was rich in military material, some of it the most human and the most picturesque that I have ever read.
 Setting aside historical works or the biographies of the leaders there is a mass of evidence written by the actual fighting men themselves, which describes their feelings and their experiences, stated always from the point of view of the particular branch of the service to which they belonged. The Cavalry were particularly happy in their writers of memoirs.
 Thus De Rocca in his "Memoires sur la guerre des Francais en Espagne" has given the narrative of a Hussar, while De Naylies in his "Memoires sur la guerre d'Espagne" gives the same campaigns from the point of view of the Dragoon. Then we have the "Souvenirs Militaires du Colonel de Gonneville," which treats a series of wars, including that of Spain, as seen from under the steel-brimmed hair-crested helmet of a Cuirassier. Pre-eminent among all these works, and among all military memoirs, are the famous reminiscences of Marbot, which can be obtained in an English form. Marbot was a Chasseur, so again we obtain the Cavalry point of view. Among other books which help one to an understanding of the Napoleonic soldier I would specially recommend "Les Cahiers du Capitaine Coignet," which treat the wars from the point of view of the private of the Guards, and "Les Memoires du Sergeant Bourgoyne," who was a non-commissioned officer in the same corps. The Journal of Sergeant Fricasse and the Recollections of de Fezenac and of de Segur complete the materials from which I have worked in my endeavour to give a true historical and military atmosphere to an imaginary figure.

 ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE.

 March, 1903.

 Contents PREFACE I. How Brigadier Gerard Lost His Ear II. How the Brigadier Captured Saragossa III. How the Brigadier Slew the Fox [*] IV. How the Brigadier Saved the Army V. How the Brigadier Triumphed in England VI. How the Brigadier Rode to Minsk VII. How the Brigadier Bore Himself at Waterloo VIII. The Last Adventure of the Brigadier I. How Brigadier Gerard Lost His Ear It was the old Brigadier who was talking in the cafe.

 I have seen a great many cities, my friends. I would not dare to tell you how many I have entered as a conqueror with eight hundred of my little fighting devils clanking and jingling behind me. The cavalry were in front of the Grande Armee, and the Hussars of Conflans were in front of the cavalry, and I was in front of the Hussars. But of all the cities which we visited Venice is the most ill-built and ridiculous. I cannot imagine how the people who laid it out thought that the cavalry could manoeuvre. It would puzzle Murat or Lassalle to bring a squadron into that square of theirs. For this reason we left Kellermann's heavy brigade and also my own Hussars at Padua on the mainland. But Suchet with the infantry held the town, and he had chosen me as his aide-de-camp for that winter, because he was pleased about the affair of the Italian fencing-master at Milan. The fellow was a good swordsman, and it was fortunate for the credit of French arms that it was I who was opposed to him. Besides, he deserved a lesson, for if one does not like a prima donna's singing one can always be silent, but it is intolerable that a public affront should be put upon a pretty woman. So the sympathy was all with me, and after the affair had blown over and the man's widow had been pensioned Suchet chose me as his own galloper, and I followed him to Venice, where I had the strange adventure which I am about to tell you.

 You have not been to Venice? No, for it is seldom that the French travel.
 We were great travellers in those days. From Moscow to Cairo we had travelled everywhere, but we went in larger parties than were convenient to those whom we visited, and we carried our passports in our limbers. It will be a bad day for Europe when the French start travelling again, for they are slow to leave their homes, but when they have done so no one can say how far they will go if they have a guide like our little man to point out the way. But the great days are gone and the great men are dead, and here am I, the last of them, drinking wine of Suresnes and telling old tales in a cafe.

 But it is of Venice that I would speak. The folk there live like water-rats upon a mud-bank, but the houses are very fine, and the churches, especially that of St. Mark, are as great as any I have seen.
 But above all they are proud of their statues and their pictures, which are the most famous in Europe. There are many soldiers who think that because one's trade is to make war one should never have a thought above fighting and plunder. There was old Bouvet, for example—the one who was killed by the Prussians on the day that I won the Emperor's medal; if you took him away from the camp and the canteen, and spoke to him of books or of art, he would sit and stare at you. But the highest soldier is a man like myself who can understand the things of the mind and the soul. It is true that I was very young when I joined the army, and that the quarter-master was my only teacher, but if you go about the world with your eyes open you cannot help learning a great deal.

 Thus I was able to admire the pictures in Venice, and to know the names of the great men, Michael Titiens, and Angelus, and the others, who had painted them. No one can say that Napoleon did not admire them also, for the very first thing which he did when he captured the town was to send the best of them to Paris. We all took what we could get, and I had two pictures for my share.

 One of them, called "Nymphs Surprised," I kept for myself, and the other, "Saint Barbara," I sent as a present for my mother.

 It must be confessed, however, that some of our men behaved very badly in this matter of the statues and the pictures. The people at Venice were very much attached to them, and as to the four bronze horses which stood over the gate of their great church, they loved them as dearly as if they had been their children. I have always been a judge of a horse, and I had a good look at these ones, but I could not see that there was much to be said for them. They were too coarse-limbed for light cavalry charges and they had not the weight for the gun-teams.

 However, they were the only four horses, alive or dead, in the whole town, so it was not to be expected that the people would know any better. They wept bitterly when they were sent away, and ten French soldiers were found floating in the canals that night. As a punishment for these murders a great many more of their pictures were sent away, and the soldiers took to breaking the statues and firing their muskets at the stained-glass windows.

 This made the people furious, and there was very bad feeling in the town.
 Many officers and men disappeared during that winter, and even


THE BALLAD OF READING GAOL By Oscar Wilde In Memoriam C.T.W. Sometime Trooper of the Royal Horse Guards. Obiit H.M. Prison, Reading, Berkshire, July 7th, 1896 Presented by Project Gutenberg on the 99th Anniversary.


if no word exists by which a correlation can adequately be explained. If we define a rudder as necessarily having reference to a boat, our definition will not be appropriate, for the rudder does not have this reference to a boat qua boat, as there are boats which have no rudders. Thus we cannot use the terms reciprocally, for the word 'boat' cannot be said to find its explanation in the word 'rudder'. As there is no existing word, our definition would perhaps be more accurate if we coined some word like 'ruddered' as the correlative of 'rudder'. If we express ourselves thus accurately, at any rate the terms are reciprocally connected, for the 'ruddered' thing is 'ruddered' in virtue of its rudder. So it is in all other cases. A head will be more accurately defined as the correlative of that which is 'headed', than as that of an animal, for the animal does not have a head qua animal, since many animals have no head.
Thus we may perhaps most easily comprehend that to which a thing is related, when a name does not exist, if, from that which has a name, we derive a new name, and apply it to that with which the first is reciprocally connected, as in the aforesaid instances, when we derived the word 'winged' from 'wing' and from 'rudder'.
All relatives, then, if properly defined, have a correlative. I add this condition because, if that to which they are related is stated as haphazard and not accurately, the two are not found to be interdependent. Let me state what I mean more clearly. Even in the case of acknowledged correlatives, and where names exist for each, there will be no interdependence if one of the two is denoted, not by that name which expresses the correlative notion, but by one of irrelevant significance. The term'slave', if defined as related, not to a master, but to a man, or a biped, or anything of that sort, is not reciprocally connected with that in relation to which it is defined, for the statement is not exact. Further, if one thing is said to be correlative with another, and the terminology used is correct, then, though all irrelevant attributes should be removed, and only that one attribute left in virtue of which it was correctly stated to be correlative with that other, the stated correlation will still exist. If the correlative of 'the slave' is said to be 'the master', then, though all irrelevant attributes of the said'master', such as 'biped','receptive of knowledge', 'human', should be removed, and the attribute'master' alone left, the stated correlation existing between him and the slave will remain the same, for it is of a master that a slave is said to be the slave. On the other hand, if, of two correlatives, one is not correctly termed, then, when all other attributes are removed and that alone is left in virtue of which it was stated to be correlative, the stated correlation will be found to have disappeared.
For suppose the correlative of 'the slave' should be said to be 'the man', or the correlative of 'the wing' is 'the bird'; if the attribute 'master' be withdrawn from 'the man', the correlation between 'the man' and 'the slave' will cease to exist, for if the man is not a master, the slave is not a slave. Similarly, if the attribute 'winged' be withdrawn from 'the bird', 'the wing' will no longer be relative; for if the so-called correlative is not winged, it follows that 'the wing' has no correlative.
Thus it is essential that the correlated terms should be exactly designated; if there is a name existing, the statement will be easy; if not, it is doubtless our duty to construct names. When the terminology is thus correct, it is evident that all correlatives are interdependent.
Correlatives are thought to come into existence simultaneously. This is for the most part true, as in the case of the double and the half. The existence of the half necessitates the existence of that of which it is a half. Similarly the existence of a master necessitates the existence of a slave, and that of a slave implies that of a master; these are merely instances of a general rule. Moreover, they cancel one another; for if there is no double it follows that there is no half, and vice versa; this rule also applies to all such correlatives. Yet it does not appear to be true in all cases that correlatives come into existence simultaneously. The object of knowledge would appear to exist before knowledge itself, for it is usually the case that we acquire knowledge of objects already existing; it would be difficult, if not impossible, to find a branch of knowledge the beginning of the existence of which was contemporaneous with that of its object.
Again, while the object of knowledge, if it ceases to exist, cancels at the same time the knowledge which was its correlative, the converse of this is not true. It is true that if the object of knowledge does not exist there can be no knowledge: for there will no longer be anything to know. Yet it is equally true that, if knowledge of a certain object does not exist, the object may nevertheless quite well exist. Thus, in the case of the squaring of the circle, if indeed that process is an object of knowledge, though it itself exists as an object of knowledge, yet the knowledge of it has not yet come into existence. Again, if all animals ceased to exist, there would be no knowledge, but there might yet be many objects of knowledge.
This is likewise the case with regard to perception: for the object of perception is, it appears, prior to the act of perception. If the perceptible is annihilated, perception also will cease to exist; but the annihilation of perception does not cancel the existence of the perceptible. For perception implies a body perceived and a body in which perception takes place. Now if that which is perceptible is annihilated, it follows that the body is annihilated, for the body is a perceptible thing; and if the body does not exist, it follows that perception also ceases to exist. Thus the annihilation of the perceptible involves that of perception.
But the annihilation of perception does not involve that of the perceptible. For if the animal is annihilated, it follows that perception also is annihilated, but perceptibles such as body, heat, sweetness, bitterness, and so on, will remain.
Again, perception is generated at the same time as the perceiving subject, for it comes into existence at the same time as the animal.
But the perceptible surely exists before perception; for fire and water and such elements, out of which the animal is itself composed, exist before the animal is an animal at all, and before perception. Thus it would seem that the perceptible exists before perception.
It may be questioned whether it is true that no substance is relative, as seems to be the case, or whether exception is to be made in the case of certain secondary substances. With regard to primary substances, it is quite true that there is no such possibility, for neither wholes nor parts of primary substances are relative. The individual man or ox is not defined with reference to something external. Similarly with the parts: a particular hand or head is not defined as a particular hand or head of a particular person, but as the hand or head of a particular person. It is true also, for the most part at least, in the case of secondary substances; the species'man' and the species 'ox' are not defined with reference to anything outside themselves. Wood, again, is only relative in so far as it is some one's property, not in so far as it is wood. It is plain, then, that in the cases mentioned substance is not relative. But with regard to some secondary substances there is a difference of opinion; thus, such terms as 'head' and 'hand' are defined with reference to that of which the things indicated are a part, and so it comes about that these appear to have a relative character. Indeed, if our definition of that which is relative was complete, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to prove that no substance is relative. If, however, our definition was not complete, if those things only are properly called relative in the case of which relation to an external object


TROILUS AND CRISEYDE by Geoffrey Chaucer Contents BOOK I. Incipit Liber Primus BOOK II. Incipit Prohemium Secundi Libri.

 BOOK III. Incipit prohemium tercii libri.

 BOOK IV. Incipit Prohemium Liber Quartus.

 BOOK V. Incipit Liber Quintus.

 BOOK I. Incipit Liber Primus BOOK II. Incipit Prohemium Secundi Libri.

 BOOK III. Incipit prohemium tercii libri.

 BOOK IV. Incipit Prohemium Liber Quartus.

 BOOK V. Incipit Liber Quintus.


the radius vector is a maximum or minimum.

3. (Arch.) Same as Apse.

 Apt (&?;), a. [F. apte, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to fasten, to join, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain: cf.
 Gr. &?; to fasten, Skr. pta fit, fr. p to reach attain.]
 1. Fit or fitted; suited; suitable; appropriate.

 They have always apt instruments. Burke.
 A river... apt to be forded by a lamb. Jer. Taylor.
2. Having an habitual tendency; habitually liable or likely; -- used of things.

 My vines and peaches... were apt to have a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and fruit. Temple.
 This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by a leaf-cutting ant. Lubbock.
3. Inclined; disposed customarily; given; ready; -- used of persons.

Apter to give than thou wit be to ask. Beau. & Fl.
 That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remember their grandfathers. F. Harrison.
4. Ready; especially fitted or qualified (to do something); quick to learn; prompt; expert; as, a pupil apt to learn; an apt scholar. "An apt wit." Johnson.
 Live a thousand years, I shall not find myself so apt to die. Shak.
 I find thee apt... Now, Hamlet, hear. Shak.
Syn. -- Fit; meet; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; liable; ready; quick; prompt.

 Apt, v. t. [L. aptare. See Aptate.] To fit; to suit; to adapt. [Obs.] " To apt their places." B. Jonson.
 That our speech be apted to edification. Jer. Taylor.
 Apt"a*ble (&?;), a. [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.]
 Capable of being adapted. [Obs.] Sherwood.
 Ap"tate (&?;), v. t. [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare.
 See Apt.] To make fit. [Obs.] Bailey ||Ap"te*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. &?; without wings; 'a priv. + &?; wing, &?; to fly.] (Zoöl.)
 Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnæn order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders.

 Ap"ter*al (&?;), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Apterous.

2. (Arch.) Without lateral columns; -- applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. R. Cyc.
 Ap"ter*an (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Aptera.

 ||Ap*te"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Aptera.] (Zoöl.)
 Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliæ.

 Ap"ter*ous (&?;), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Destitute of wings; apteral; as, apterous insects.

2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; -- opposed to alate.

 ||Ap*ter"y*ges (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Apteryx.] (Zoöl.)
 An order of birds, including the genus Apteryx.

 ||Ap"te*ryx (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + pte'ryx wing. Cf. Aptera.]
 (Zoöl.) A genus of New Zealand birds about the size of a hen, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw and without a tail; the kiwi. It is allied to the gigantic extinct moas of the same country.
 Five species are known.

 Apt"i*tude (&?;), n. [F. aptitude, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus. See Apt, and cf. Attitude.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or capacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect; as, oil has an aptitude to burn.

 He seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for the management of irregular troops. Macaulay.
2. A general fitness or suitableness; adaptation.

 That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted between man and woman. Milton.
3. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness.

 He was a boy of remarkable aptitude. Macaulay.
 Apt'i*tu"di*nal (&?;), a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.]

 Apt"ly (&?;), adv. In an apt or suitable manner; fitly; properly; pertinently; appropriately; readily.

 Apt"ness, n. 1. Fitness; suitableness; appropriateness; as, the aptness of things to their end.

 The aptness of his quotations. J. R. Green.
 2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as, the aptness of men to follow example.

3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; docility; as, an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others.

4. Proneness; tendency; as, the aptness of iron to rust.

 Ap"tote (p"tt), n. [L. aptotum, Gr. &?; indeclinable; 'a priv. + &?; fallen, declined, &?; to fall.] (Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun.

 Ap*tot"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as, aptotic languages.

 ||Ap"ty*chus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, fold.] (Zoöl.) A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula.

 ||A"pus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Apode, n.]
 (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod.

 Ap'y*ret"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. a&?; not + pyretic.]
 (Med.) Without fever; -- applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison.
 { ||Ap'y*rex"i*a (&?;), Ap'y*rex'y (&?;), } n. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to be feverish, fr. &?; fire: cf.
 F. apyrexie.] (Med.) The absence or intermission of fever.

 Ap'y*rex"i*al (&?;), a. (Med.) Relating to apyrexy. "Apyrexial period." Brande & C. Ap"y*rous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; fire.]
 Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties.

 ||A"qua (&?;), n. [L. See Ewer.] Water; -- a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed.

Aqua ammoniæ, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. -- Aqua marine (&?;),


of dark's capture of Post Vincennes. When the bride shall be brought to her new home on the banks of the Wabash, the flag will come with her; but Oncle Jazon will not be on hand with his falsetto shout: "VIVE LA BANNIERE D'ALICE ROUSSILLON! VIVE ZHORZZH VASINTON!"


A MODERN CHRONICLE By Winston Churchill CONTENTS A MODERN CHRONICLE BOOK I. WHAT'S IN HEREDITY CHAPTER I. WHAT'S IN HEREDITY CHAPTER II. PERDITA RECALLED CHAPTER III. CONCERNING PROVIDENCE CHAPTER IV. OF TEMPERAMENT CHAPTER V. IN WHICH PROVIDENCE BEEPS FAITH CHAPTER VI. HONORA HAS A GLIMPSE OF THE WORLD CHAPTER VII. THE OLYMPIAN ORDER CHAPTER VIII. A CHAPTER OF CONQUESTS CHAPTER IX.
 IN WHICH THE VICOMTE CONTINUES HIS STUDIES CHAPTER X. IN WHICH HONORA WIDENS HER HORIZON CHAPTER XI. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN CHAPTER XII. WHICH CONTAINS A SURPRISE FOR MRS. HOLT BOOK II.
 CHAPTER I. SO LONG AS YE BOTH SHALL LIVE! CHAPTER II. "STAFFORD PARK" CHAPTER III. THE GREAT UNATTACHED CHAPTER IV. THE NEW DOCTRINE CHAPTER V. QUICKSANDS CHAPTER VI. GAD AND MENI CHAPTER VII. OF CERTAIN DELICATE MATTERS CHAPTER VIII. OF MENTAL PROCESSES—FEMININE AND INSOLUBLE CHAPTER IX. INTRODUCING A REVOLUTIONIZING VEHICLE CHAPTER X. ON THE ART OF LION TAMING CHAPTER XI. CONTAINING SOME REVELATIONS BOOK III.
 CHAPTER I. ASCENDI CHAPTER II. THE PATH OF PHILANTHROPY CHAPTER III. VINELAND CHAPTER IV. THE VIKING CHAPTER V. THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST CHAPTER VI.
 CLIO, OR THALIA?
 CHAPTER VII. "LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS" CHAPTER VIII. IN WHICH THE LAW BETRAYS A HEART CHAPTER IX. WYLIE STREET CHAPTER X. THE PRICE OF FREEDOM CHAPTER XI. IN WHICH IT IS ALL DONE OVER AGAIN CHAPTER XII. THE ENTRANCE INTO EDEN CHAPTER XIII. OF THE WORLD BEYOND THE GATES CHAPTER XIV. CONTAINING PHILOSOPHY FROM MR. GRAINGER CHAPTER XV. THE PILLARS OF SOCIETY CHAPTER XVI. IN WHICH A MIRROR IS HELD UP CHAPTER XVII. THE RENEWAL OF AN ANCIENT HOSPITALITY CHAPTER XVIII. IN WHICH MR. ERWIN SEEK PARIS A MODERN CHRONICLE BOOK I. CHAPTER I. WHAT'S IN HEREDITY Honora Leffingwell is the original name of our heroine. She was born in the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century, at Nice, in France, and she spent the early years of her life in St. Louis, a somewhat conservative old city on the banks of the Mississippi River. Her father was Randolph Leffingwell, and he died in the early flower of his manhood, while filling with a grace that many remember the post of United States Consul at Nice.
 As a linguist he was a phenomenon, and his photograph in the tortoise-shell frame proves indubitably, to anyone acquainted with the fashions of 1870, that he was a master of that subtlest of all arts, dress. He had gentle blood in his veins, which came from Virginia through Kentucky in a coach and six, and he was the equal in appearance and manners of any duke who lingered beside classic seas.

 Honora has often pictured to herself a gay villa set high above the curving shore, the amethyst depths shading into emerald, laced with milk-white foam, the vivid colours of the town, the gay costumes; the excursions, the dinner-parties presided over by the immaculate young consul in three languages, and the guests chosen from the haute noblesse of Europe. Such was the vision in her youthful mind, added to by degrees as she grew into young-ladyhood and surreptitiously became familiar with the writings of Ouida and the Duchess, and other literature of an educating cosmopolitan nature.

 Honora's biography should undoubtedly contain a sketch of Mrs. Randolph Leffingwell. Beauty and dash and a knowledge of how to seat a table seem to have been the lady's chief characteristics; the only daughter of a carefully dressed and carefully, preserved widower, likewise a linguist,—whose super-refined tastes and the limited straits to which he, the remaining scion of an old Southern family, had been reduced by a gentlemanly contempt for money, led him 'to choose Paris rather than New York as a place of residence. One of the occasional and carefully planned trips to the Riviera proved fatal to the beautiful but reckless Myrtle Allison.
 She, who might have chosen counts or dukes from the Tagus to the Danube, or even crossed the Channel; took the dashing but impecunious American consul, with a faith in his future that was sublime. Without going over too carefully the upward path which led to the post of their country's representative at the court of St. James, neither had the slightest doubt that Randolph Leffingwell would tread it.

 It is needless to dwell upon the chagrin of Honora's maternal grandfather, Howard Allison Esquire, over this turn of affairs, this unexpected bouleversement, as he spoke of it in private to his friends in his Parisian club. For many years he had watched the personal attractions of his daughter grow, and a brougham and certain other delights not to be mentioned had gradually become, in his mind, synonymous with old age. The brougham would have on its panels the Allison crest, and his distinguished (and titled) son-in-law would drop in occasionally at the little apartment on the Boulevard Haussmann. Alas, for visions, for legitimate hopes shattered forever! On the day that Randolph Leffingwell led Miss Allison down the aisle of the English church the vision of the brougham and the other delights faded. Howard Allison went back to his club.

 Three years later, while on an excursion with Sir Nicholas Baker and a merry party on the Italian aide, the horses behind which Mr. and Mrs.
 Leffingwell were driving with their host ran away, and in the flight managed to precipitate the vehicle, and themselves, down the side of one of the numerous deep valleys of the streams seeking the Mediterranean.
 Thus, by a singular caprice of destiny Honors was deprived of both her parents at a period which—some chose to believe—was the height of their combined glories. Randolph Leffingwell lived long enough to be taken back to Nice, and to consign his infant daughter and sundry other unsolved problems to his brother Tom.

 Brother Tom—or Uncle Tom, as we must call him with Honora—cheerfully accepted the charge. For his legacies in life had been chiefly blessings in disguise. He was paying teller of the Prairie Bank, and the thermometer registered something above 90 deg. Fahrenheit on the July morning when he stood behind his wicket reading a letter from Howard Allison, Esquire, relative to his niece. Mr. Leffingwell was at this period of his life forty-eight, but the habit he had acquired of assuming responsibilities and burdens seemed to have had the effect of making his age indefinite. He was six feet tall, broad-shouldered, his mustache and


EN ON A LOOKING-GLASS WRONG NOT, SWEET EMPRESS OF MY HEART WYNKEN, BLYNKEN, AND NOD YEARS YELLOW JESSAMINE YES YES?
 YOUNG AND OLD YOUTH AND AGE YOUTH AND AGE YOUTH AND ART


cf. Heb. d'meseq damask; cf. It. damasco, Sp. damasco, F. damas. Cf.
 Damascene, DamassÉ.] 1. Damask silk; silk woven with an elaborate pattern of flowers and the like. "A bed of ancient damask."
 W. Irving.
2. Linen so woven that a pattern in produced by the different directions of the thread, without contrast of color.

3. A heavy woolen or worsted stuff with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask; -- made for furniture covering and hangings.

4. Damask or Damascus steel; also, the peculiar markings or "water" of such steel.

5. A deep pink or rose color. Fairfax.
 Dam"ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the city of Damascus; resembling the products or manufactures of Damascus.

2. Having the color of the damask rose.

 But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek.

Shak.
Damask color, a deep rose-color like that of the damask rose. -- Damask plum, a small dark-colored plum, generally called damson. -- Damask rose (Bot.), a large, pink, hardy, and very fragrant variety of rose (Rosa damascena) from Damascus. "Damask roses have not been known in England above one hundred years." Bacon. -- Damask steel, or Damascus steel, steel of the kind originally made at Damascus, famous for its hardness, and its beautiful texture, ornamented with waving lines; especially, that which is inlaid with damaskeening; -- formerly much valued for sword blades, from its great flexibility and tenacity.

 Dam"ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damasked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Damasking.] To decorate in a way peculiar to Damascus or attributed to Damascus; particularly: (a) with flowers and rich designs, as silk; (b) with inlaid lines of gold, etc., or with a peculiar marking or "water," as metal. See Damaskeen.

 Mingled metal damasked o'er with gold.

Dryde&?;.
 On the soft, downy bank, damasked with flowers.

Milton.
 { Dam"as*keen' (?), Dam"as*ken (?), } v. t. [F. damaschinare.
 See Damascene, v.] To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a peculiar marking or "water" produced in the process of manufacture, or with designs produced by inlaying or incrusting with another metal, as silver or gold, or by etching, etc., to damask.

Damaskeening is is partly mosaic work, partly engraving, and partly carving.

Ure.
 Dam"as*kin (?), n. [Cf. F. damasquin, adj., It. damaschino, Sp. damasquino. See Damaskeen.] A sword of Damask steel.

 No old Toledo blades or damaskins.

Howell (1641).
 Da*mas*sé" (?), a. [F. damassé, fr. damas.
 See Damask.] Woven like damask. -- n. A damassé fabric, esp.
 one of linen.

 Dam"as*sin (dm"as*sn), n. [F., fr. damas. See Damask.]
 A kind of modified damask or brocade.

 Dam"bo*nite (-b*nt), n. [Cf. F. dambonite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugary substance obtained from an African caoutchouc.

 Dam"bose (dm"bs), n. (Chem.) A crystalline variety of fruit sugar obtained from dambonite.

 Dame (dm), n. [F. dame, LL. domna, fr. L. domina mistress, lady, fem. of dominus master, ruler, lord; akin to domare to tame, subdue. See Tame, and cf. Dam a mother, Dan, Danger, Dungeon, Dominie, Don, n., Duenna.] 1. A mistress of a family, who is a lady; a woman in authority; especially, a lady.

 Then shall these lords do vex me half so much, As that proud dame, the lord protector's wife.

Shak.
2. The mistress of a family in common life, or the mistress of a common school; as, a dame's school.

 In the dame's classes at the village school.

Emerson.
3. A woman in general, esp. an elderly woman.

4. A mother; -- applied to human beings and quadrupeds. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dame"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A cruciferrous plant (Hesperis matronalis), remarkable for its fragrance, especially toward the close of the day; -- called also rocket and dame's violet. Loudon.
 Da'mi*a"na (?), n. [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Med.) A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac.

 There are several varieties derived from different plants, esp. from a species of Turnera and from Bigelovia veneta. Wood & Bache.
 Da"mi*an*ist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Damian, patriarch of Alexandria in the 6th century, who held heretical opinions on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity.

 { Dam"mar (?), Dam"ma*ra (?), } n. [Jav. & Malay. damar.]
 An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine.

Dammar pine, (Bot.), a tree of the Moluccas (Agathis orientalis, or Dammara orientalis), yielding dammar.

 Dam"ma*ra, n. (Bot.) A large tree of the order Coniferæ, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; -- called also Agathis.
 There are several species.

 Damn (dm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damned (dmd or dm"nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Damning (dm"ng or dm"nng).] [OE. damnen dampnen (with excrescent p), OF. damner, dampner, F. damner, fr. L. damnare, damnatum, to condemn, fr. damnum damage, a fine, penalty. Cf. Condemn, Damage.] 1. To condemn; to declare guilty; to doom; to adjudge to punishment; to sentence; to censure.

 He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.

Shak.
2. (Theol.) To doom to punishment in the future world; to consign to perdition; to curse.

3. To condemn as bad or displeasing, by open expression, as by denuciation, hissing, hooting, etc.

 You are not so arrant a critic as to damn them [the works of modern poets]... without hearing.

Pope.
Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer, And without sneering teach the rest to sneer.

Pope.
Damn is sometimes used interjectionally, imperatively, and intensively.

 Damn, v. i. To invoke damnation; to curse. "While I inwardly damn."
 Goldsmith.
 Dam'na*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being damnable; damnableness. Sir T. More.
 Dam"na*ble (?), a. [L. damnabilis, fr. damnare: cf.
 F. damnable. See Damn.] 1. Liable to damnation; deserving, or for which one deserves, to be damned; of a damning nature.

 A creature unprepared