483,648) or (on a bitty box) 2^(15) (32,768). If you want to work with numbers larger than that, you have to use floating-point numbers, which are usually accurate to only six or seven decimal places. Computer languages that provide bignums can perform exact calculations on very large numbers, such as 1000!
(the factorial of 1000, which is 1000 times 999 times 998 times ... times 2 times 1). For example, this value for 1000! was computed by the MacLISP system using bignums: Node:bigot, Next:bit, Previous:bignum, Up:= B = bigot n.
[common] A person who is religiously attached to a particular computer, language, operating system, editor, or other tool (see religious issues).
Usually found with a specifier; thus, 'cray bigot', 'ITS bigot', 'APL bigot', 'VMS bigot', 'Berkeley bigot'. Real bigots can be distinguished from mere partisans or zealots by the fact that they refuse to learn alternatives even when the march of time and/or technology is threatening to obsolete the favored tool. It is truly said "You can tell a bigot, but you can't tell him much." Compare weenie, Amiga Persecution Complex.
Node:bit, Next:bit bang, Previous:bigot, Up:= B = bit n.
[from the mainstream meaning and 'Binary digIT'] 1.
[techspeak] The unit of information; the amount of information obtained by asking a yes-or-no question for which the two outcomes are equally probable. 2. [techspeak] A computational quantity that can take on one of two values, such as true and false or 0 and 1. 3. A mental flag: a reminder that something should be done eventually. "I have a bit set for you." (I haven't seen you for a while, and I'm supposed to tell or ask you something.) 4. More generally, a (possibly incorrect) mental state of belief. "I have a bit set that says that you were the last guy to hack on EMACS." (Meaning "I think you were the last guy to hack on EMACS, and what I am about to say is predicated on this, so please stop me if this isn't true.")
"I just need one bit from you" is a polite way of indicating that you intend only a short interruption for a question that can presumably be answered yes or no.
A bit is said to be 'set' if its value is true or 1, and 'reset' or 'clear' if its value is false or 0. One speaks of setting and clearing bits. To toggle or 'invert' a bit is to change it, either from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0. See also flag, trit, mode bit.
The term 'bit' first appeared in print in the computer-science sense in a 1948 paper by information theorist Claude Shannon, and was there credited to the early computer scientist John Tukey (who also seems to have coined the term 'software'). Tukey records that 'bit' evolved over a lunch table as a handier alternative to 'bigit' or 'binit', at a conference in the winter of 1943-44.
Node:bit bang, Next:bit bashing, Previous:bit, Up:= B = bit bang n. Transmission of data on a serial line, when accomplished by rapidly tweaking a single output bit, in software, at the appropriate times. The technique is a simple loop with eight OUT and SHIFT instruction pairs for each byte. Input is more interesting. And full duplex (doing input and output at the same time) is one way to separate the real hackers from the wannabees.
Bit bang was used on certain early models of Prime computers, presumably when UARTs were too expensive, and on archaic Z80 micros with a Zilog PIO but no SIO. In an interesting instance of the cycle of reincarnation, this technique returned to use in the early 1990s on some RISC architectures because it consumes such an infinitesimal part of the processor that it actually makes sense not to have a UART. Compare cycle of reincarnation.
Node:bit bashing, Next:bit bucket, Previous:bit bang, Up:= B = bit bashing n.
(alt. 'bit diddling' or bit twiddling) Term used to describe any of several kinds of low-level programming characterized by manipulation of bit, flag, nybble, and other smaller-than-character-sized pieces of data; these include low-level device control, encryption algorithms, checksum and error-correcting codes, hash functions, some flavors of graphics programming (see bitblt), and assembler/compiler code generation. May connote either tedium or a real technical challenge (more usually the former). "The command decoding for the new tape driver looks pretty solid but the bit-bashing for the control registers still has bugs." See also bit bang, mode bit.
Node:bit bucket, Next:bit decay, Previous:bit bashing, Up:= B = bit bucket n.
[very common] 1. The universal data sink (originally, the mythical receptacle used to catch bits when they fall off the end of a register during a shift instruction). Discarded, lost, or destroyed data is said to have 'gone to the bit bucket'. On Unix, often used for /dev/null. Sometimes amplified as 'the Great Bit Bucket in the Sky'. 2. The place where all lost mail and news messages eventually go. The selection is performed according to Finagle's Law; important mail is much more likely to end up in the bit bucket than junk mail, which has an almost 100% probability of getting delivered. Routing to the bit bucket is automatically performed by mail-transfer agents, news systems, and the lower layers of the network. 3. The ideal location for all unwanted mail responses: "Flames about this article to the bit bucket." Such a request is guaranteed to overflow one's mailbox with flames. 4.
Excuse for all mail that has not been sent. "I mailed you those figures last week; they must have landed in the bit bucket."
Compare black hole.
This term is used purely in jest. It is based on the fanciful notion that bits are objects that are not destroyed but only misplaced. This appears to have been a mutation of an earlier term 'bit box', about which the same legend was current; old-time hackers also report that trainees used to be told that when the CPU stored bits into memory it was actually pulling them 'out of the bit box'. See also chad box.
Another variant of this legend has it that, as a consequence of the 'parity preservation law', the number of 1 bits that go to the bit bucket must equal the number of 0 bits. Any imbalance results in bits filling up the bit bucket. A qualified computer technician can empty a full bit bucket as part of scheduled maintenance.
Node:bit decay, Next:bit rot, Previous:bit bucket, Up:= B = bit decay n. See bit rot. People with a physics background tend to prefer this variant for the analogy with particle decay. See also computron, quantum bogodynamics.
Node:bit rot, Next:bit twiddling, Previous:bit decay, Up:= B = bit rot n.
[common] Also bit decay.
Hypothetical disease the existence of which has been deduced from the observation that unused programs or features will often stop working after sufficient time has passed, even if 'nothing has changed'. The theory explains that bits decay as if they were radioactive. As time passes, the contents of a file or the code in a program will become increasingly garbled.
There actually are physical processes that produce such effects (alpha particles generated by trace radionuclides in ceramic chip packages, for example, can change the contents of a computer memory unpredictably, and various kinds of subtle media failures can corrupt files in mass storage), but they are quite rare (and computers are built with error-detecting circuitry to compensate for them). The notion long favored among hackers that cosmic rays are among the causes of such events turns out to be a myth; see the cosmic rays entry for details.
The term software rot is almost synonymous. Software rot is the effect, bit rot the notional cause.
Node:bit twiddling, Next:bit-paired keyboard,


if it were showing them the way to go. So they, too, followed the star till it rested above the birthplace of Jesus. Then the wise men went in and gave their best gifts to the baby, and they and the shepherds knelt and thanked God for sending the little Christ Child to be the best Christmas present the great world ever had. The star watched over them, casting a peaceful light over all. At last the dawn came over the hill tops, and the star went away, far back into the blue heavens, to tell the other stars the story of our first glad Christmas day.

 Love's Garden


, BRIGIT O'DEMPSEY Susan Brady, ALICE O'SULLIVAN Honor Blake, MARY CRAIG.
Peasants, HARRY YOUNG.
U. WRIGHT.


A prowler that GFRs files. A file removed in this way is said to have been 'reaped'.
Node:recompile the world, Next:rectangle slinger, Previous:reaper, Up:= R = recompile the world The surprisingly large amount of work that needs to be done as the result of any small but globally visible program change. "The world" may mean the entirety of some huge program, or may in theory refer to every program of a certain class in the entire known universe. For instance, "Add one _TAG_ to stdio.h, and you have to recompile the world." This means that any minor change to the standard-I/O header file theoretically mandates recompiling every C program in existence, even if only to verify that the change didn't screw something else up. In practice, you may not actually have to recompile the world, but the implication is that some human cleverness is required to figure out what parts can be safely left out.
Node:rectangle slinger, Next:recursion, Previous:recompile the world, Up:= R = rectangle slinger n. See polygon pusher.
Node:recursion, Next:recursive acronym, Previous:rectangle slinger, Up:= R = recursion n. See recursion. See also tail recursion.
Node:recursive acronym, Next:Red Book, Previous:recursion, Up:= R = recursive acronym n. A hackish (and especially MIT) tradition is to choose acronyms/abbreviations that refer humorously to themselves or to other acronyms/abbreviations. The classic examples were two MIT editors called EINE ("EINE Is Not EMACS") and ZWEI ("ZWEI Was EINE Initially"). More recently, there is a Scheme compiler called LIAR (Liar Imitates Apply Recursively), and GNU (q.v., sense 1) stands for "GNU's Not Unix!"
-- and a company with the name Cygnus, which expands to "Cygnus, Your GNU Support" (though Cygnus people say this is a backronym). See also mung, EMACS.
Node:Red Book, Next:red wire, Previous:recursive acronym, Up:= R = Red Book n.
1. Informal name for one of the four standard references on PostScript ("PostScript Language Reference Manual", Adobe Systems (Addison-Wesley, 1985; QA76.73.P67P67; ISBN 0-201-10174-2, or the 1990 second edition ISBN 0-201-18127-4); the others are known as the Green Book, the Blue Book, and the White Book (sense 2). 2. Informal name for one of the 3 standard references on Smalltalk ("Smalltalk-80: The Interactive Programming Environment" by Adele Goldberg (Addison-Wesley, 1984; QA76.8.S635G638; ISBN 0-201-11372-4); this too is associated with blue and green books). 3. Any of the 1984 standards issued by the CCITT eighth plenary assembly. These include, among other things, the X.400 email spec and the Group 1 through 4 fax standards. 4. The new version of the Green Book (sense 4) -- IEEE 1003.1-1990, a.k.a ISO 9945-1 -- is (because of the color and the fact that it is printed on A4 paper) known in the USA as "the Ugly Red Book That Won't Fit On The Shelf" and in Europe as "the Ugly Red Book That's A Sensible Size". 5. The NSA "Trusted Network Interpretation" companion to the Orange Book. 6. Nemeth, Snyder, Seebass, Hein; "Unix System Administration Handbook, Second Edition" (Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey; 1995; QA76.76.063N45; ISBN 0-13-151051-7). See also book titles.
Node:red wire, Next:regexp, Previous:Red Book, Up:= R = red wire n.
[IBM] Patch wires installed by programmers who have no business mucking with the hardware. It is said that the only thing more dangerous than a hardware guy with a code patch is a softy with a soldering iron.... Compare blue wire, yellow wire, purple wire.
Node:regexp, Next:register dancing, Previous:red wire, Up:= R = regexp /reg'eksp/ n.
[Unix] (alt. 'regex' or 'reg-ex') 1. Common written and spoken abbreviation for 'regular expression', one of the wildcard patterns used, e.g., by Unix utilities such as grep(1), sed(1), and awk(1). These use conventions similar to but more elaborate than those described under glob. For purposes of this lexicon, it is sufficient to note that regexps also allow complemented character sets using ^; thus, one can specify 'any non-alphabetic character' with [^A-Za-z]. 2. Name of a well-known PD regexp-handling package in portable C, written by revered Usenetter Henry Spencer.
Node:register dancing, Next:rehi, Previous:regexp, Up:= R = register dancing n. Many older processor architectures suffer from a serious shortage of general-purpose registers. This is especially a problem for compiler-writers, because their generated code needs places to store temporaries for things like intermediate values in expression evaluation. Some designs with this problem, like the Intel 80x86, do have a handful of special-purpose registers that can be pressed into service, providing suitable care is taken to avoid unpleasant side effects on the state of the processor: while the special-purpose register is being used to hold an intermediate value, a delicate minuet is required in which the previous value of the register is saved and then restored just before the official function (and value) of the special-purpose register is again needed.
Node:rehi, Next:reincarnation cycle of, Previous:register dancing, Up:= R = rehi [IRC, MUD] "Hello again." Very commonly used to greet people upon returning to an IRC channel after channel hopping.
Node:reincarnation cycle of, Next:reinvent the wheel, Previous:rehi, Up:= R = reincarnation, cycle of n. See cycle of reincarnation.
Node:reinvent the wheel, Next:relay rape, Previous:reincarnation cycle of, Up:= R = reinvent the wheel v. To design or implement a tool equivalent to an existing one or part of one, with the implication that doing so is silly or a waste of time. This is often a valid criticism. On the other hand, automobiles don't use wooden rollers, and some kinds of wheel have to be reinvented many times before you get them right.
On the third hand, people reinventing the wheel do tend to come up with the moral equivalent of a trapezoid with an offset axle.
Node:relay rape, Next:religion of CHI, Previous:reinvent the wheel, Up:= R = relay rape n. The hijacking of a third party's unsecured mail server to deliver spam.
Node:religion of CHI, Next:religious issues, Previous:relay rape, Up:= R = religion of CHI /ki:/ n.
[Case Western Reserve University] Yet another hackish parody religion (see also Church of the SubGenius, Discordianism). In the mid-70s, the canonical "Introduction to Programming" courses at CWRU were taught in Algol, and student exercises were punched on cards and run on a Univac 1108 system using a homebrew operating system named CHI. The religion had no doctrines and but one ritual: whenever the worshipper noted that a digital clock read 11:08, he or she would recite the phrase "It is 11:08; ABS, ALPHABETIC, ARCSIN, ARCCOS, ARCTAN." The last five words were the first five functions in the appropriate chapter of the Algol manual; note the special pronunciations /obz/ and /ark'sin/ rather than the more common /ahbz/ and /ark'si:n/. Using an alarm clock to warn of 11:08's arrival was considered harmful.
Node:religious issues, Next:replicator, Previous:religion of CHI,


A high priest; a pontiff.

 Pon"tiff (?), n. [F. pontife, L. pontifex, -ficis; pons, pontis, a bridge (perhaps originally, a way, path) + facere to make. Cf. Pontoon.] A high priest. Especially: (a) One of the sacred college, in ancient Rome, which had the supreme jurisdiction over all matters of religion, at the head of which was the Pontifex Maximus. Dr. W. Smith. (b) (Jewish Antiq.) The chief priest. (c) (R. C. Ch.) The pope.

 Pon*tif"ic (?), a. [Cf. L. pontificius.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, pontiffs or priests. "The pontific college with their augurs and flamens." Milton.
2. Of or pertaining to the pope; papal. Shenstone.
 Pon*tif"ic*al (?), a. [L. pontificalis: cf. F. pontifical.
 See Pontiff.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pontiff, or high priest; as, pontifical authority; hence, belonging to the pope; papal.

2. Of or pertaining to the building of bridges. [R.]

 Now had they brought the work by wondrous art Pontifical, a ridge of pendent rock Over the vexed abyss.

Milton.
 Pon*tif"ic*al, n. [F.] 1. A book containing the offices, or formulas, used by a pontiff. South.
2. pl. The dress and ornaments of a pontiff. "Dressed in full pontificals." Sir W. Scott.
 Pon*tif'i*cal"i*ty (?), n. The state and government of the pope; the papacy. [R.] Bacon.
 Pon*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. In a pontifical manner.

 Pon*tif"i*cate (?), n. [L. pontificatus: cf. F. pontificat.
 See Pontiff.] 1. The state or dignity of a high priest; specifically, the office of the pope. Addison.
2. The term of office of a pontiff. Milman.
 Pon*tif"i*cate (?), v. i. (R. C. Ch.) To perform the duty of a pontiff.

 Pon"ti*fice (?), n. [L. pons, pontis, a bridge + facere to make. Cf. Pontiff.] Bridgework; structure or edifice of a bridge. [R.]
 Milton.
 Pon'ti*fi"cial (?), a. [L. pontificius.] Papal; pontifical.
 [Obs.] "Pontificial writers." Burton.
 Pon'ti*fi"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to the pontiff or pope.
 [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Pon'ti*fi"cian, n. One who adheres to the pope or papacy; a papist.
 [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.
 Pon"til (?), n. Same as Pontee.

 Pon"tile (?), a. [L. pontilis pertaining to a bridge.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the pons Varolii. See Pons.

 Pon"tine (?), a. [L. Pontinus or Pomptinus, an appellation given to a district in Latium, near Pometia.] Of or pertaining to an extensive marshy district between Rome and Naples.
 [Written also Pomptine.]

 Pont"le*vis (?), n. [F., properly, a drawbridge.] (Man.) The action of a horse in rearing repeatedly and dangerously.

 Pon*ton" (?), n. [F.] See Pontoon.

 Pon*toon" (?), n. [F. ponton (cf. It. pontone), from L. ponto, -onis, fr. pons, pontis, a bridge, perhaps originally, a way, path: cf. Gr. &?; path, Skr. path, pathi, panthan. Cf. Punt a boat.] 1. (Mil.) A wooden flat-bottomed boat, a metallic cylinder, or a frame covered with canvas, India rubber, etc., forming a portable float, used in building bridges quickly for the passage of troops.

2. (Naut.) A low, flat vessel, resembling a barge, furnished with cranes, capstans, and other machinery, used in careening ships, raising weights, drawing piles, etc., chiefly in the Mediterranean; a lighter.

Pontoon bridge, a bridge formed with pontoons. -- Pontoon train, the carriages of the pontoons, and the materials they carry for making a pontoon bridge.

 The French spelling ponton often appears in scientific works, but pontoon is more common form.

 Pon*toon"ing, n. The act, art, or process of constructing pontoon bridges. "Army instruction in pontooning." Gen. W. T. Shermah.
 Pont'vo*lant" (?; F.?), n. [F. pont bridge + volant flying.] (Mil.) A kind of light bridge, used in sieges, for surprising a post or outwork which has but a narrow moat; a flying bridge.

 Pon"ty (?), n. (Class Making) See Pontee.

 Po"ny (?), n.; pl. Ponies (&?;). [Written also poney.]
 [Gael. ponaidh.] 1. A small horse.

2. Twenty-five pounds sterling. [Slang, Eng.]

3. A translation or a key used to avoid study in getting lessons; a crib. [College Cant] 4. A small glass of beer. [Slang] Pony chaise, a light, low chaise, drawn by a pony or a pair of ponies. -- Pony engine, a small locomotive for switching cars from one track to another. [U.S.] -- Pony truck (Locomotive Engine), a truck which has only two wheels. -- Pony truss (Bridge Building), a truss which has so little height that overhead bracing can not be used.

 Pood (?), n. [Russ. pud'.] A Russian weight, equal to forty Russian pounds or about thirty-six English pounds avoirdupois.

 Poo"dle (?), n. [G. pudel.] (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs having curly hair, and often showing remarkable intelligence in the performance of tricks.

 Pooh (?), interj. [Of. imitative origin; cf. Icel. p.]
 Pshaw! pish! nonsense! -- an expression of scorn, dislike, or contempt.

 Pooh'-pooh" (?), v. t. To make light of; to treat with derision or contempt, as if by saying pooh! pooh! [Colloq.] Thackeray.
 ||Poo"koo (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A red African antelope (Kobus Vardoni) allied to the water buck.

 Pool (?), n. [AS. pl; akin to LG. pool, pohl, D. poel, G. pfuhl; cf. Icel. pollr, also W. pwll, Gael. poll.] 1. A small and rather deep collection of (usually) fresh water, as one supplied by a spring, or occurring in the course of a stream; a reservoir for water; as, the pools of Solomon. Wyclif.
 Charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool.

Bacon.
 The sleepy pool above the dam.

Tennyson.
2. A small body of standing or stagnant water; a puddle. "The filthy mantled pool beyond your cell." Shak.
 Pool, n. [F. poule, properly, a hen. See Pullet.] [Written also poule.] 1. The stake played for in certain games of cards, billiards, etc.; an aggregated stake to which each


"der (?), n. An additional remark. [R.]

 ||Sub ju"di*ce (?). [L.] Before the judge, or court; not yet decided; under judicial consideration.

 Sub"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjugated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjugating.] [L. subjugatus, p. p. of subjugare to subjugate; sub under + jugum a yoke. See Yoke.] To subdue, and bring under the yoke of power or dominion; to conquer by force, and compel to submit to the government or absolute control of another; to vanquish.

 He subjugated a king, and called him his "vassal."

Baker.
Syn. -- To conquer; subdue; overcome. See Conquer.

 Sub'ju*ga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subjugation, LL. subjugatio.]
 The act of subjugating, or the state of being subjugated.

 Sub"ju*ga'tor (?), n. [L.] One who subjugates; a conqueror.

 Sub*junc"tion (?), n. [See Subjunctive.] 1. Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined.

2. Something subjoined; as, a subjunction to a sentence.

 Sub*junc"tive (?), a. [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjungere, subjunctum, to subjoin: cf. F. subjonctif. See Subjoin.]
 Subjoined or added to something before said or written.

Subjunctive mood (Gram.), that form of a verb which express the action or state not as a fact, but only as a conception of the mind still contingent and dependent. It is commonly subjoined, or added as subordinate, to some other verb, and in English is often connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, until, etc., as in the following sentence: "If there were no honey, they [bees] would have no object in visiting the flower." Lubbock.
 In some languages, as in Latin and Greek, the subjunctive is often independent of any other verb, being used in wishes, commands, exhortations, etc.

 Sub*junc"tive, n. (Gram.) The subjunctive mood; also, a verb in the subjunctive mood.

 Sub*king"dom (?), n. One of the several primary divisions of either the animal, or vegetable kingdom, as, in zoölogy, the Vertebrata, Tunicata, Mollusca, Articulata, Molluscoidea, Echinodermata, Cœlentera, and the Protozoa; in botany, the Phanerogamia, and the Cryptogamia.

 Sub'lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. & a. [Pref. sub + lapse: cf. F. sublapsarien, sublapsarie.] (Eccl. Hist.) Same as Infralapsarian.

 Sub'lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. Infralapsarianism.

 Sub*lap"sa*ry (?), a. Sublapsarian. Johnson.
 Sub"late (?), v. t. [From sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away. See Tolerate.] To take or carry away; to remove. [R.] E. Hall.
 Sub*la"tion (?), n. [L. sublatio, fr. sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away.] The act of taking or carrying away; removal. [R.] Bp. Hall.
 Sub"la*tive (?), a. Having power, or tending, to take away. [R.] Harris.
 Sub"lease' (?), n. (Law) A lease by a tenant or lessee to another person; an underlease. Bouvier.
 Sub'les*see" (?), n. A holder of a sublease.

 Sub*let" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublet; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Subletting.] To underlet; to lease, as when a lessee leases to another person.

 Sub'le*va"tion (?), n. [L. sublevare to lift up; sub under + levare to lift, raise: cf. L. sublevatio an allevation.] 1. The act of raising on high; elevation. Sir T. More.
2. An uprising; an insurrection. [R.] Sir W. Temple.
 Sub'li*bra"ri*an (?), n. An under or assistant librarian.

 Sub'lieu*ten"ant (?), n. [Pref. sub + lieutenant: cf. F. sous-lieutenant.]
 An inferior or second lieutenant; in the British service, a commissioned officer of the lowest rank.

 Sub'li*ga"tion (?), n. [L. subligatio, from subligare to bind below; sub under + ligare to bind.] The act of binding underneath. [R.]

 Sub*lim"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. sublimable. See Sublime., v.
 t.] Capable of being sublimed or sublimated. -- Sub*lim"a*ble*ness, n. Boyle.
 Sub"li*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sublimating.] [L. sublimatus, p. p. of sublimare to raise, elevate, fr. sublimis high: cf. F. sublimer. See Sublime, a., and cf. Surlime, v. t.] 1. To bring by heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state; as, to sublimate sulphur or camphor.

2. To refine and exalt; to heighten; to elevate.

 The precepts of Christianity are... so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt.

Dr. H. More.
 Sub"li*mate (?), n. [LL. sublimatum.] (Chem.) A product obtained by sublimation; hence, also, a purified product so obtained.

Corrosive sublimate. (Chem.) See under Corrosive.

 Sub"li*mate, a. [LL. sublimatus.] Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed as a solid.

 Sub"li*ma'ted (?), a. Refined by, or as by, sublimation; exalted; purified.

 [Words] whose weight best suits a sublimated strain.

Dryden.
 Sub"li*ma'tion (?), n. [LL. sublimatio: cf. F. sublimation.]
 1. (Chem.) The act or process of subliming, or the state or result of being sublimed.

2. The act of heightening or improving; exaltation; elevation; purification.

3. That which is sublimed; the product of a purifying process.

 Religion is the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality.

South.
 Sub"li*ma*to*ry (?), a. Used for sublimation; as, sublimatory vessels. Boyle.
 Sub"li*ma*to*ry, n. A vessel used for sublimation.

 Vials, crosslets, and sublimatories.

Chaucer.
 Sub*lime" (?), a. [Compar. Sublimer (?); superl.
 Sublimest.] [L. sublimis; sub under + (perhaps) a word akin to limen lintel, sill, thus meaning, up to the lintel: cf. F. sublime.
 Cf. Eliminate.] 1. Lifted up; high in place; exalted aloft; uplifted; lofty.

Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared.

Dryden.
2. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; -- said of persons. "The sublime Julian leader." De Quincey.
3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration,


ly LIKE a Syllogism, and might easily take in a less experienced Logician. But YOU are not to be caught by such a trick! You would simply set out the Premisses, and would then calmly remark "Fallacious PREMISSES!": you wouldn't condescend to ask what CONCLUSION the writer professed to draw--knowing that, WHATEVER it is, it MUST be wrong. You would be just as safe as that wise mother was, who said "Mary, just go up to the nursery, and see what Baby's doing, AND TELL HIM NOT TO DO IT!"
The other kind of Fallacy--'Fallacious Conclusion'--you will not detect till you have marked BOTH Diagrams, and have read off the correct Conclusion, and have compared it with the Conclusion which the writer has drawn.
But mind, you mustn't say "FALLACIOUS Conclusion," simply because it is not IDENTICAL with the correct one: it may be a PART of the correct Conclusion, and so be quite correct, AS FAR AS IT GOES. In this case you would merely remark, with a pitying smile, "DEFECTIVE Conclusion!" Suppose, of example, you were to meet with this Syllogism:-- the Premisses of which might be thus expressed in letters:-- Here the correct Conclusion would be "All x' are y'" (that is, "All unselfish people are not misers"), while the Conclusion, drawn by the writer, is "No y are x'," (which is the same as "No x' are y," and so is PART of "All x' are y'.") Here you would simply say "DEFECTIVE Conclusion!" The same thing would happen, if you were in a confectioner's shop, and if a little boy were to come in, put down twopence, and march off triumphantly with a single penny-bun.
You would shake your head mournfully, and would remark "Defective Conclusion! Poor little chap!" And perhaps you would ask the young lady behind the counter whether she would let YOU eat the bun, which the little boy had paid for and left behind him: and perhaps SHE would reply "Sha'n't!"
But if, in the above example, the writer had drawn the Conclusion "All misers are selfish" (that is, "All y are x"), this would be going BEYOND his legitimate rights (since it would assert the EXISTENCE of y, which is not contained in the Premisses), and you would very properly say "Fallacious Conclusion!"
Now, when you read other treatises on Logic, you will meet with various kinds of (so-called) 'Fallacies' which are by no means ALWAYS so. For example, if you were to put before one of these Logicians the Pair of Premisses and were to ask him what Conclusion followed, he would probably say "None at all! Your Premisses offend against TWO distinct Rules, and are as fallacious as they can well be!" Then suppose you were bold enough to say "The Conclusion is 'No men who cheat are trustworthy'," I fear your Logical friend would turn away hastily--perhaps angry, perhaps only scornful: in any case, the result would be unpleasant.
I ADVISE YOU NOT TO TRY THE EXPERIMENT!
"But why is this?" you will say. "Do you mean to tell us that all these Logicians are wrong?" Far from it, dear Reader! From THEIR point of view, they are perfectly right. But they do not include, in their system, anything like ALL the possible forms of Syllogisms.
They have a sort of nervous dread of Attributes beginning with a negative particle. For example, such Propositions as "All not-x are y," "No x are not-y," are quite outside their system. And thus, having (from sheer nervousness) excluded a quantity of very useful forms, they have made rules which, though quite applicable to the few forms which they allow of, are no use at all when you consider all possible forms.
Let us not quarrel with them, dear Reader! There is room enough in the world for both of us. Let us quietly take our broader system: and, if they choose to shut their eyes to all these useful forms, and to say "They are not Syllogisms at all!" we can but stand aside, and let them Rush upon their Fate! There is scarcely anything of yours, upon which it is so dangerous to Rush, as your Fate. You may Rush upon your Potato-beds, or your Strawberry-beds, without doing much harm: you may even Rush upon your Balcony (unless it is a new house, built by contract, and with no clerk of the works) and may survive the foolhardy enterprise: but if you once Rush upon your FATE--why, you must take the consequences!
CHAPTER II.
CROSS QUESTIONS.
1. Elementary.
1. What is an 'Attribute'? Give examples.
2. When is it good sense to put "is" or "are" between two names?
Give examples.
3. When is it NOT good sense? Give examples.
4. When it is NOT good sense, what is the simplest agreement to make, in order to make good sense?
5. Explain 'Proposition', 'Term', 'Subject', and 'Predicate'.
Give examples.
6. What are 'Particular' and 'Universal' Propositions? Give examples.
7. Give a rule for knowing, when we look at the smaller Diagram, what Attributes belong to the things in each compartment.
8. What does "some" mean in Logic? [See pp. 55, 6] 9. In what sense do we use the word 'Universe' in this Game?
10. What is a 'Double' Proposition? Give examples.
11. When is a class of Things said to be 'exhaustively' divided?
Give examples.
12. Explain the phrase "sitting on the fence."
13. What two partial Propositions make up, when taken together, "all x are y"?
14. What are 'Individual' Propositions? Give examples.
15. What kinds of Propositions imply, in this Game, the EXISTENCE of their Subjects?
16. When a Proposition contains more than two Attributes, these Attributes may in some cases be re-arranged, and shifted from one Term to the other. In what cases may this be done? Give examples.
__________ Break up each of the following into two partial Propositions: 17. All tigers are fierce.
18. All hard-boiled eggs are unwholesome.
19. I am happy.
20. John is not at home.
__________ [See pp. 56, 7] 21. Give a rule for knowing, when we look at the larger Diagram, what Attributes belong to the Things contained in each compartment.
22. Explain 'Premisses', 'Conclusion', and 'Syllogism'. Give examples.
23. Explain the phrases 'Middle Term' and 'Middle Terms'.
24. In marking a pair of Premisses on the larger Diagram, why is it best to mark NEGATIVE Propositions before AFFIRMATIVE ones?
25. Why is it of no consequence to us, as Logicians, whether the Premisses are true or false?
26. How can we work Syllogisms in which we are told that "some x are y" is to be understood to mean "the Attribute x, y are COMPATIBLE", and "no x are y" to mean "the Attributes x, y are INCOMPATIBLE"?
27. What are the two kinds of 'Fallacies'?
28. How may we detect 'Fallacious Premisses'?
29. How may we detect a 'Fallacious Conclusion'?
30. Sometimes the Conclusion, offered to us, is not identical with the correct Conclusion, and yet cannot be fairly called 'Fallacious'.
When does this happen? And what name may we give to such a Conclusion?
[See pp. 57-59] 2. Half of Smaller Diagram.
Propositions to be represented.
__________ 1. Some x are not-y.
2. All x are not-y.
3. Some x are y, and some are not-y.
4


brine shrimp. See under Fairy, and Brine.

 2. Figuratively, a little wrinkled man; a dwarf; -- in contempt.

 This weak and writhled shrimp.

Shak.
Opossum shrimp. (Zoöl.) See under Opossum. -- Spector shrimp, or Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), any slender amphipod crustacean of the genus Caprella and allied genera. See Illust.
 under Læmodopoda. -- Shrimp catcher (Zoöl.), the little tern (Sterna minuta). -- Shrimp net, a dredge net fixed upon a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the fishing ground.

 Shrimp"er (?), n. One who fishes for shrimps.

 Shrine (shrn), n. [OE. schrin, AS. scrn, from L. scrinium a case, chest, box.] 1. A case, box, or receptacle, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint.

2. Any sacred place, as an altar, tromb, or the like.

 Too weak the sacred shrine guard.

Byron.
3. A place or object hallowed from its history or associations; as, a shrine of art.

 Shrine, v. t. To enshrine; to place reverently, as in a shrine. "Shrined in his sanctuary." Milton.
 Shrink (?), v. i. [imp. Shrank (?) or Shrunk (?) p. p. Shrunk or Shrunken (&?;), but the latter is now seldom used except as a participial adjective; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] [OE. shrinken, schrinken, AS. scrincan; akin to OD. schrincken, and probably to Sw. skrynka a wrinkle, skrynkla to wrinkle, to rumple, and E. shrimp, n. & v., scrimp. CF. Shrimp.] 1.
 To wrinkle, bend, or curl; to shrivel; hence, to contract into a less extent or compass; to gather together; to become compacted.

 And on a broken reed he still did stay His feeble steps, which shrunk when hard thereon he lay.

Spenser.
 I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will shrink or draw into less room.

Bacon.
 Against this fire do I shrink up.

Shak.
 And shrink like parchment in consuming fire.

Dryden.
 All the boards did shrink.

Coleridge.
2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to decline action from fear; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress.

 What happier natures shrink at with affright, The hard inhabitant contends is right.

Pope.
 They assisted us against the Thebans when you shrank from the task.

Jowett (Thucyd.)
3. To express fear, horror, or pain by contracting the body, or part of it; to shudder; to quake. [R.] Shak.
 Shrink, v. t. 1. To cause to contract or shrink; as, to shrink finnel by imersing it in boiling water.

2. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.]

 The Libyc Hammon shrinks his horn.

Milton.
To shrink on (Mach.), to fix (one piece or part) firmly around (another) by natural contraction in cooling, as a tire on a wheel, or a hoop upon a cannon, which is made slightly smaller than the part it is to fit, and expanded by heat till it can be slipped into place.

 Shrink, n. The act shrinking; shrinkage; contraction; also, recoil; withdrawal.

 Yet almost wish, with sudden shrink, That I had less to praise.

Leigh Hunt.
 Shrink"age (?), n. 1. The act of shrinking; a contraction into less bulk or measurement.

2. The amount of such contraction; the bulk or dimension lost by shrinking, as of grain, castings, etc.

3. Decrease in value; depreciation. [Colloq.]

 Shrink"er (?), n. One who shrinks; one who withdraws from danger.

 Shrink"ing, a. & n. from Shrink.

Shrinking head (Founding), a body of molten metal connected with a mold for the purpose of supplying metal to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting; -- called also sinking head, and riser.

 Shrink"ing*ly, adv. In a shrinking manner.

 Shriv"al*ty (?), n. Shrievalty. Johnson.
 Shrive (?), v. t. [imp. Shrived (?) or Shrove (&?;); p. p. Shriven (?) or Shrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] [OE.
 shriven, schriven, AS. scrvan to shrive, to impose penance or punishment; akin to OFries. skrva to impose punishment; cf. OS. biskrban to be troubled. Cf. Shrift, Shrovetide.] 1.
 To hear or receive the confession of; to administer confession and absolution to; -- said of a priest as the agent.

 That they should shrive their parishioners.

Piers Plowman.
 Doubtless he shrives this woman,... Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech.

Shak.
 Till my guilty soul be shriven.

Longfellow.
2. To confess, and receive absolution; -- used reflexively.

 Get you to the church and shrive yourself.

Beau. & Fl.
 Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions, as a priest; to administer confession and absolution. Spenser.
 Shriv"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled (?) or Shrivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or Shrivelling.]
 [Probably akin to shrimp, shrink; cf. dial. AS. screpa to pine away, Norw. skrypa to waste, skryp, skryv, transitory, frail, Sw. skröpling feeble, Dan. skröbelig, Icel. skrj&?;pr brittle, frail.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to shrink, and form corrugations; as, a leaf shriveles in the hot sun; the skin shrivels with age; -- often with up.

 Shriv"el (?), v. t. To cause to shrivel or contract; to cause to shrink onto corruptions.

 Shriv"en (?), p. p. of Shrive.

 Shriv"er (?), n. One who shrives; a confessor.

 Shriv"ing, n. Shrift; confession. Spenser.
 Shroff (?), n. [Ar. sarrf.] A banker, or changer of money.
 [East Indies] Shroff"age (?), n. The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. [East Indies] Shrood (?), v. t. [Cf. Shroud.] [Written also shroud, and shrowd.]
 To trim; to lop. [Prov. Eng.]

 Shroud (shroud), n. [OE. shroud, shrud, schrud, AS. scrd a garment, clothing; akin to Icel. skruð the shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, a kind of stuff, Sw. skrud dress, attire, and E. shred. See Shred, and cf. Shrood.] 1.
 That which clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. Piers Plowman.
 Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds.

Sandys.
2. Especially, the dress for the dead; a winding sheet. "A dead man in his shroud." Shak.
3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud.

 Jura answers through her misty shroud.

Byron.
4. A covered place used as a retreat or shelter, as


or hope; balked; as, a disappointed person or hope.

2. Unprepared; unequipped. [Obs.]

 Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin, Unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled.

Shak.
 Dis'ap*point"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. désappointement.]
 1. The act of disappointing, or the state of being disappointed; defeat or failure of expectation or hope; miscarriage of design or plan; frustration.

 If we hope for things of which we have not thoroughly considered the value, our disappointment will be greater than our pleasure in the fruition of them.

Addison.
 In disappointment thou canst bless.

Keble.
2. That which disappoints.

Syn. -- Miscarriage; frustration; balk.

 Dis'ap*pre"ci*ate (?), v. t. [See Appreciate.] To undervalue; not to esteem. -- Dis'ap*pre'ci*a"tion (#), n. Dis*ap'pro*ba"tion (?), n. [Pref. dis- + approbation: cf. F. désapprobation. Cf. Disapprove.] The act of disapproving; mental condemnation of what is judged wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; feeling of censure.

 We have ever expressed the most unqualified disapprobation of all the steps.

Burke.
 Dis*ap"pro*ba'to*ry (?), a. Containing disapprobation; serving to disapprove.

 Dis'ap*pro"pri*ate (?), a. (Law) Severed from the appropriation or possession of a spiritual corporation.

 The appropriation may be severed, and the church become disappropriate, two ways.

Blackstone.
 Dis'ap*pro"pri*ate (?), v. t. 1. To release from individual ownership or possession. Milton.
2. (Law) To sever from appropriation or possession a spiritual corporation.

 Appropriations of the several parsonages... would heave been, by the rules of the common law, disappropriated.

Blackstone.
 Dis'ap*pro'pri*a"tion (?), n. The act of disappropriating.

 Dis'ap*prov"al (?), n. Disapprobation; dislike; censure; adverse judgment.

 Dis'ap*prove (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapproved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disapproving.] [Pref. dis- + approve: cf. F. déapprouver. Cf. Disapprobation.] 1. To pass unfavorable judgment upon; to condemn by an act of the judgment; to regard as wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; to censure; as, to disapprove the conduct of others.

2. To refuse official approbation to; to disallow; to decline to sanction; as, the sentence of the courtmartial was disapproved by the commander in chief.

 This verb is often followed by of; as, to disapprove of an opinion, of such conduct. See Approve.

 Dis'ap*prov"er (?), n. One who disapproves.

 Dis'ap*prov"ing*ly, adv. In a disapproving manner.

 Dis"ard (?), n. See Dizzard. [Obs.] Burton.
 Dis*arm" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarming (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disarming.] [OE. desarmen, F. désarmer; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + armer to arm. See Arm.]
 1. To deprive of arms; to take away the weapons of; to deprive of the means of attack or defense; to render defenseless.

 Security disarms the best-appointed army.

Fuller.
 The proud was half disarmed of pride.

Tennyson.
2. To deprive of the means or the disposition to harm; to render harmless or innocuous; as, to disarm a man's wrath.

 Dis*arm"a*ment (?), n. [Cf. F. désarmement.] The act of disarming.

 Dis*ar"ma*ture (?; 135), n. [Pref. dis- + armature.]
 The act of divesting of armature. [R.]

 Dis*armed" (?), a. 1. Deprived of arms.

2. (Her.) Deprived of claws, and teeth or beaks. Cussans.
 Dis*arm"er (?), n. One who disarms.

 Dis'ar*range" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarranged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disarranging.] [Pref. dis- + arrange: cf. F. désarranger.] To unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of; to throw out of order.

 Dis'ar*range"ment (?), n. The act of disarranging, or the state of being disarranged; confusion; disorder. Cowper.
 Dis'ar*ray" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarrayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disarraying.] [Pref. dis- + array, v.: cf. OF. desarroyer, desarreier.] 1. To throw into disorder; to break the array of.

 Who with fiery steeds Oft disarrayed the foes in battle ranged.

Fenton.
2. To take off the dress of; to unrobe.

 So, as she bade, the witch they disarrayed.

Spenser.
 Dis'ar*ray" (?), n. [Cf. F. désarroi.] 1. Want of array or regular order; disorder; confusion.

 Disrank the troops, set all in disarray.

Daniel.
2. Confused attire; undress. Spenser.
 Dis'ar*ray"ment (?), n. Disorder. [R.] Feltham.
 Dis'ar*tic"u*late (?), v. t. To sunder; to separate, as joints. -- Dis'ar*tic'u*la"tion (#), n. Dis'ar*tic"u*la'tor (?), n. One who disarticulates and prepares skeletons.

 Dis'as*sent" (?), v. i. To dissent. [Obs.]

 Dis'as*sent", n. Dissent. [Obs.] E. Hall.
 Dis'as*sent"er (?), n. One who disassents; a dissenter. [Obs.] State Trials (1634).
 Dis*as'si*du"i*ty (?), n. Want of assiduity or care. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.
 Dis'as*sim"i*late (?), v. t. (Physiol.) To subject to disassimilation.

 Dis'as*sim'i*la"tion (?), n. (Physics) The decomposition of complex substances, within the organism, into simpler ones suitable only for excretion, with evolution of energy, -- a normal nutritional process the reverse of assimilation; downward metabolism.

 The breaking down of already existing chemical compounds into simpler ones, sometimes called disassimilation.

Martin.
 Dis'as*sim"i*la*tive (?), a. (Physiol.) Having power to disassimilate; of the nature of disassimilation.

Disassimilative processes constitute a marked feature in the life of animal cells.

McKendrick.
 Dis'as*so"ci*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disassociated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disassociating (?).] To disconnect from things associated; to disunite; to dissociate. Florio.
 Dis*as"ter (?), n. [F.


Srr Fact, and cf. Faculty.] 1. Easy to be done or performed: not difficult; performable or attainable with little labor.

 Order... will render the work facile and delightful.

Evelyn.
2. Easy to be surmounted or removed; easily conquerable; readily mastered.

 The facile gates of hell too slightly barred.

Milton.
3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; not haughty, austere, or distant; affable; complaisant.

 I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet.

B. Jonson.
4. Easily persuaded to good or bad; yielding; ductile to a fault; pliant; flexible.

 Since Adam, and his facile consort Eve, Lost Paradise, deceived by me.

Milton.
 This is treating Burns like a child, a person of so facile a disposition as not to be trusted without a keeper on the king's highway.

Prof. Wilson.
5. Ready; quick; expert; as, he is facile in expedients; he wields a facile pen.

 -- Fac"ile*ly, adv. -- Fac"ile*ness, n. Fa*cil"i*tate (f*sl"*tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Facilitated (-t'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Facilitating (-t'tng).]
 [Cf. F. faciliter. See Facility.] To make easy or less difficult; to free from difficulty or impediment; to lessen the labor of; as, to facilitate the execution of a task.

 To invite and facilitate that line of proceeding which the times call for.

I. Taylor.
 Fa*cil'i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of facilitating or making easy.

 Fa*cil"i*ty (f*sl"*t), n.; pl. Facilities (- tz). [L. facilitas, fr. facilis easy: cf. F. facilité.
 See Facile.] 1. The quality of being easily performed; freedom from difficulty; ease; as, the facility of an operation.

 The facility with which government has been overturned in France.

Burke.
2. Ease in performance; readiness proceeding from skill or use; dexterity; as, practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art.

3. Easiness to be persuaded; readiness or compliance; -- usually in a bad sense; pliancy.

 It is a great error to take facility for good nature.

L'Estrange.
4. Easiness of access; complaisance; affability.

 Offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility.

South.
5. That which promotes the ease of any action or course of conduct; advantage; aid; assistance; -- usually in the plural; as, special facilities for study.

Syn. -- Ease; expertness; readiness; dexterity; complaisance; condescension; affability. -- Facility, Expertness, Readiness. These words have in common the idea of performing any act with ease and promptitude.
 Facility supposes a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with lightness and ease. Expertness is the kind of facility acquired by long practice. Readiness marks the promptitude with which anything is done. A merchant needs great facility in dispatching business; a banker, great expertness in casting accounts; both need great readiness in passing from one employment to another. "The facility which we get of doing things by a custom of doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice." Locke.
 "The army was celebrated for the expertness and valor of the soldiers." "A readiness to obey the known will of God is the surest means to enlighten the mind in respect to duty."

 Fa"cing (?), n. 1. A covering in front, for ornament or other purpose; an exterior covering or sheathing; as, the facing of an earthen slope, sea wall, etc., to strengthen it or to protect or adorn the exposed surface.

2. A lining placed near the edge of a garment for ornament or protection.

3. (Arch.) The finishing of any face of a wall with material different from that of which it is chiefly composed, or the coating or material so used.

4. (Founding) A powdered substance, as charcoal, bituminous coal, ect., applied to the face of a mold, or mixed with the sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting.

5. (Mil.) (a) pl. The collar and cuffs of a military coat; -- commonly of a color different from that of the coat. (b) The movement of soldiers by turning on their heels to the right, left, or about; -- chiefly in the pl.
Facing brick, front or pressed brick.

 Fa"cing*ly, adv. In a facing manner or position.

 Fa*cin"o*rous (?), a. [L. facinorous, from facinus deed, bad deed, from facere to make, do.] Atrociously wicked.
 [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
 -- Fa*cin"o*rous*ness, n. [Obs.]

 Fac"ound (?), n. [F. faconde, L. facundia. See Facund.]
 Speech; eloquence. [Obs.]

 Her facound eke full womanly and plain.

Chaucer.
 Fac*sim"i*le (?), n.; pl. Facsimiles (-l&?;z).
 [L. fac simile make like; or an abbreviation of factum simile made like; facere to make + similes like. See Fact, and Simile.] A copy of anything made, either so as to be deceptive or so as to give every part and detail of the original; an exact copy or likeness.

Facsimile telegraph, a telegraphic apparatus reproducing messages in autograph.

 Fac*sim"i*le, (&?;), v. t. To make a facsimile of.

 Fact (fkt), n. [L. factum, fr. facere to make or do.
 Cf. Feat, Affair, Benefit, Defect, Fashion, and -fy.] 1. A doing, making, or preparing. [Obs.]

 A project for the fact and vending Of a new kind of fucus, paint for ladies.

B. Jonson.
2. An effect produced or achieved; anything done or that comes to pass; an act; an event; a circumstance.

 What might instigate him to this devilish fact, I am not able to conjecture.

Evelyn.
 He who most excels in fact of arms.

Milton.
3. Reality; actuality; truth; as, he, in fact, excelled all the rest; the fact is, he was beaten.

4. The assertion or statement of a thing done or existing; sometimes, even when false, improperly put, by a transfer of meaning, for the thing done, or supposed to be done; a thing supposed or asserted to be done; as, history abounds with false facts.

 I do not grant the fact.

De Foe.
 This reasoning is founded upon a fact which is not true.

Roger Long.
 The term fact has in jurisprudence peculiar uses in contrast with law; as, attorney at law, and attorney in fact; issue in law, and issue in fact. There is also a grand distinction between law and fact with reference to the province of the judge and that of the jury, the latter generally determining the fact, the former the law. Burrill Bouvier. [1913 Webster] Accessary before, or after, the fact. See under Accessary. -- Matter of fact, an actual occurrence; a verity; used adjectively: of or pertaining to facts; prosaic; unimaginative; as, a matter-of-fact narration.

Syn. -- Act; deed; performance; event; incident; occurrence; circumstance.

 Fac"tion (fk"sh


. Pertaining to ablution.

 Ab*lu"vi*on (&?;), n. [LL. abluvio. See Abluent.] That which is washed off. [R.] Dwight.
 A"bly (&?;), adv. In an able manner; with great ability; as, ably done, planned, said.

 -a*bly(&?;). A suffix composed of -able and the adverbial suffix -ly; as, favorably.

 Ab"ne*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abnegating.] [L. abnegatus,p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny. See Deny.] To deny and reject; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar.
 Ab'ne*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. abnegatio: cf. F. abnégation.]
 a denial; a renunciation.

 With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court. Knox.
 Ab"ne*ga*tive (&?;), a. [L. abnegativus.] Denying; renouncing; negative. [R.] Clarke.
 Ab"ne*ga'tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who abnegates, denies, or rejects anything. [R.]

 ||Ab"net (&?;), n. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish priest or officer.

 Ab"no*date (&?;), v. t. [L. abnodatus, p. p. of abnodare; ab + nodus knot.] To clear (tress) from knots. [R.] Blount.
 Ab'no*da"tion (&?;), n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. [R.] Crabb.
 Ab*nor"mal (&?;), a. [For earlier anormal.F. anormal, LL. anormalus for anomalus, Gr. &?;. Confused with L. abnormis.
 See Anomalous, Abnormous, Anormal.] Not conformed to rule or system; deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. "That deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. " Froude.
 Ab'nor*mal"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Abnormalities (&?;).
 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; variation; irregularity.
 Darwin.
2. Something abnormal.

 Ab*nor"mal*ly (&?;), adv. In an abnormal manner; irregularly.
 Darwin.
 Ab*nor"mi*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Abnormities (&?;).
 [LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Departure from the ordinary type; irregularity; monstrosity. "An abnormity... like a calf born with two heads." Mrs. Whitney.
 Ab*nor"mous (&?;), a. [L. abnormis; ab + norma rule. See Normal.] Abnormal; irregular. Hallam.
 A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor. State Trials.
 A*board" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- on, in + board.]
 1. On board; into or within a ship or boat; hence, into or within a railway car.

2. Alongside; as, close aboard.

Naut.: To fall aboard of, to strike a ship's side; to fall foul of. -- To haul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. -- To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. -- To lay (a ship) aboard, to place one's own ship close alongside of (a ship) for fighting.

 A*board", prep. 1. On board of; as, to go aboard a ship.

2. Across; athwart. [Obs.]

 Nor iron bands aboard The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast. Spenser.
 A*bod"ance (&?;), n. [See Bode.] An omen; a portending. [Obs.]

 A*bode" (&?;), pret. of Abide.

 A*bode", n. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.]
 1. Act of waiting; delay. [Obs.] Shak.
 And with her fled away without abode. Spenser.
2. Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn.

 He waxeth at your abode here. Fielding.
3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells; abiding place; residence; a dwelling; a habitation.

 Come, let me lead you to our poor abode. Wordsworth.
 A*bode", n. [See Bode, v. t.] An omen. [Obs.]

 High-thundering Juno's husband stirs my spirit with true abodes.
Chapman.
 A*bode", v. t. To bode; to foreshow. [Obs.] Shak.
 A*bode", v. i. To be ominous. [Obs.] Dryden.
 A*bode"ment (-ment), n. A foreboding; an omen. [Obs.] "Abodements must not now affright us." Shak.
 A*bod"ing (&?;), n. A foreboding. [Obs.]

 A*bol"ish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] [F. abolir, L. abolere, aboletum; ab + olere to grow. Cf. Finish.]

1. To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; -- said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc.; as, to abolish slavery, to abolish folly.

2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical objects; to wipe out. [Archaic] And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot. Spenser.
 His quick instinctive hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. Tennyson.
Syn. -- To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, Annul, Nullify, Cancel. These words have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs, etc.; as, to abolish monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law which it had previously enacted.
 Abrogate was originally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people; and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act by which a sovereign or an executive government sets aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions, etc. Revoke denotes the act of recalling some previous grant which conferred, privilege, etc.; as, to revoke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise, etc. Thus, also, we speak of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, denoting simply to make void; as, to annul a contract, to annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in this country, and applied to the setting of things aside either by force or by total disregard; as, to nullify an act of Congress.
 Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise of power, something which has operative force.

 A*bol"ish*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abolissable.] Capable of being abolished.

 A*bol"ish*er (&?;), n.


; with a tawny hue; duskily.

 Swarth"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being swarthy; a dusky or dark complexion; tawniness.

 Swarth"ness, n. Swarthiness. [R.] Dr. R. Clerke.
 Swarth"y (?), a. [Compar. Swarthier (?); superl.
 Swarthiest.] [See Swart, a.] Being of a dark hue or dusky complexion; tawny; swart; as, swarthy faces. "A swarthy Ethiope." Shak.
 Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains.

Addison.
 Swarth"y, v. t. To make swarthy. [Obs.] Cowley.
 Swart"i*ness (?), n. Swarthiness. [Obs.]

 Swart"ish, a. Somewhat swart, dark, or tawny.

 Swart"ness, n. The quality or state of being swart.

 Swart"y (?), a. Swarthy; tawny. [Obs.] Burton.
 Swarve (?), v. i. [See Swerve.] 1. To swerve. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. Jamieson.
2. To climb. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Swash (?), n. [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] (Arch.)
 An oval figure, whose moldings are oblique to the axis of the work. Moxon.
Swash plate (Mach.), a revolving circular plate, set obliquely on its shaft, and acting as a cam to give a reciprocating motion to a rod in a direction parallel to the shaft.

 Swash, a. [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] Soft, like fruit too ripe; swashy. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.
 Swash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swashing.] [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. svasska to splash, and, for sense 3, Sw. svassa to bully, to rodomontade.]
 1. To dash or flow noisily, as water; to splash; as, water swashing on a shallow place.

2. To fall violently or noisily. [Obs.] Holinshed.
3. To bluster; to make a great noise; to vapor or brag.

 Swash, n. 1. Impulse of water flowing with violence; a dashing or splashing of water.

2. A narrow sound or channel of water lying within a sand bank, or between a sand bank and the shore, or a bar over which the sea washes.

3. Liquid filth; wash; hog mash. [Obs.]

4. A blustering noise; a swaggering behavior. [Obs.]

5. A swaggering fellow; a swasher.

 Swash"buc'kler (?), n. A bully or braggadocio; a swaggering, boastful fellow; a swaggerer. Milton.
 Swash"er (?), n. One who makes a blustering show of valor or force of arms. Shak.
 Swash"ing, a. 1. Swaggering; hectoring. "A swashing and martial outside." Shak.
2. Resounding; crushing. "Swashing blow." Shak.
 Swash"way' (?), n. Same as 4th Swash, 2.

 Swash"y (?), a. Soft, like fruit that is too ripe; quashy; swash.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 Swat (swt), obs. imp. of Sweat. Chaucer.
 Swatch (?), n. 1. A swath. [Obs.] Tusser.
2. A piece, pattern, or sample, generally of cloth. Halliwell.
 Jamieson.
 Swate (swt), obs. imp. of Sweat. Thomson.
 Swath (swth; 277), n. [AS. swaðu a track, trace; akin to D. zwaad, zwad, zwade, a swath of grass, G. schwad, schwaden; perhaps, originally, a shred. Cf. Swathe, v. t.]
 1. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown together by the scythe in mowing or cradling.

2. The whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from which grass or grain is cut by a scythe or a machine, in mowing or cradling; as, to cut a wide swath.

3. A band or fillet; a swathe. Shak.
Swath bank, a row of new-mown grass. [Prov. Eng.]

 Swathe (sw), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swathed (swd); p. pr. & vb. n. Swathing.] [OE. swathen, AS. sweðain.
 See Swath, n., and cf. Swaddle.] To bind with a swathe, band, bandage, or rollers.

 Their children are never swathed or bound about with any thing when they are first born.

Abp. Abbot.
 Swathe, n. A bandage; a band; a swath.

 Wrapped me in above an hundred yards of swathe.

Addison.
 Milk and a swathe, at first, his whole demand.

Young.
 The solemn glory of the afternoon, with its long swathes of light between the far off rows of limes.

G. Eliot.
 Swath"er (?), n. [See Swath, n.] (Agric.) A device attached to a mowing machine for raising the uncut fallen grain and marking the limit of the swath.

 Swat"te (?), obs. imp. of Sweat. Chaucer.
 Sway (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swayed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Swaying.] [OE. sweyen, Icel. sveigja, akin to E. swing; cf. D. zwaaijen to wield, swing. See Swing, and cf. Swag, v. i.] 1. To move or wield with the hand; to swing; to wield; as, to sway the scepter.

 As sparkles from the anvil rise, When heavy hammers on the wedge are swayed.

Spenser.
2. To influence or direct by power and authority; by persuasion, or by moral force; to rule; to govern; to guide.

 The will of man is by his reason swayed.

Shak.
 She could not sway her house.

Shak.
 This was the race To sway the world, and land and sea subdue.

Dryden.
3. To cause to incline or swing to one side, or backward and forward; to bias; to turn; to bend; warp; as, reeds swayed by wind; judgment swayed by passion.

 As bowls run true by being made On purpose false, and to be swayed.

Hudibras.
 Let not temporal and little advantages sway you against a more durable interest.

Tillotson.
4. (Naut.) To hoist; as, to sway up the yards.

Syn. -- To bias; rule; govern; direct; influence; swing; move; wave; wield.

 Sway (?), v. i. 1. To be drawn to one side by weight or influence; to lean; to incline.

 The balance sways on our part.

Bacon.
2. To move or swing from side to side; or backward and forward.

3. To have weight or influence.

 The example of sundry churches... doth sway much.

Hooker.
4. To bear sway; to rule; to govern.

 Hadst thou swayed as kings should do.

Shak.
 Sway, n. 1. The act of swaying; a swaying motion; the swing or sweep of a weapon.

 With huge two-handed sway brandished aloft.

Milton.
2. Influence, weight, or authority that inclines to one side;


a narrow, but conspicuous, red ring encircles the neck. This ring is absent in the female. Called also ring-neck, ring-necked blackhead, ringbill, tufted duck, and black jack.

 Ring"sail' (?), n. (Naut.) See Ringtail, 2.

 Ring"straked' (?), a. Ringstreaked.

 Cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted.

Gen. xxx. 39.
 Ring"-streaked' (?), a. Having circular streaks or lines on the body; as, ring-streaked goats.

 Ring"tail' (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A bird having a distinct band of color across the tail, as the hen harrier.

2. (Naut.) A light sail set abaft and beyong the leech of a boom-and-gaff sail; -- called also ringsail.

Ringtail boom (Naut.), a spar which is rigged on a boom for setting a ringtail.

 Ring"-tailed' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the tail crossed by conspicuous bands of color.

Ring-tailed cat (Zoöl.), the cacomixle. -- Ring-tailed eagle (Zoöl.), a young golden eagle.

 Ring"toss' (?), n. A game in which the object is to toss a ring so that it will catch upon an upright stick.

 Ring"worm" (?), n. (Med.) A contagious affection of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, and forming ring-shaped discolored patches covered with vesicles or powdery scales. It occurs either on the body, the face, or the scalp. Different varieties are distinguished as Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsurans, etc., but all are caused by the same parasite (a species of Trichophyton).

 Rink (?), n. [Scot. renk, rink, rynk, a course, a race; probably fr. AS. hring a ring. See Ring.] 1.
 The smooth and level extent of ice marked off for the game of curling.

2. An artificial sheet of ice, generally under cover, used for skating; also, a floor prepared for skating on with roller skates, or a building with such a floor.

 Rink"er, n. One who skates at a rink. [Colloq.]

 Rink"ing, n. Skating in a rink. [Colloq.]

 Rinse (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rinsed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Rinsing.] [OE., fr. OF. rincer, rimser, reinser, raïncier, F. rincer; of uncertain origin.] 1. To wash lightly; to cleanse with a second or repeated application of water after washing.

2. To cleancse by the introduction of water; - - applied especially to hollow vessels; as, to rinse a bottle. "Like a glass did break i' the rinsing." Shak.
 Rinse, n. The act of rinsing.

 Rins"er (?), n. One who, or that which, rinses.

 Ri"ot (?), n. [OF. riote, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. revot, ravot.] 1. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; uproar; tumult.

 His headstrong riot hath no curb.

Shak.
2. Excessive and exxpensive feasting; wild and loose festivity; revelry.

 Venus loveth riot and dispense.

Chaucer.
 The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed today.

Pope.
3. (Law) The tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons in the execution of some private object.

To run riot, to act wantonly or without restraint.

 Ri"ot (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rioting.] [OF. rioter; cf. OD. ravotten.] 1.
 To engage in riot; to act in an unrestrained or wanton manner; to indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, or the like; to revel; to run riot; to go to excess.

 Now he exact of all, wastes in delight, Riots in pleasure, and neglects the law.

Daniel.
 No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows.

Pope.
2. (Law) To disturb the peace; to raise an uproar or sedition. See Riot, n., 3. Johnson.
 Ri"ot, v. t. To spend or pass in riot.

 [He] had rioted his life out.

Tennyson.
 Ri"ot*er (?), n. 1. One who riots; a reveler; a roisterer.
 Chaucer.
2. (Law) One who engages in a riot. See Riot, n., 3.

 Ri"ot*ise (?), n. Excess; tumult; revelry. [Obs.]

 His life he led in lawless riotise.

Spenser.
 Ri"ot*our (-r), n. A rioter. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ri"ot*ous (?), a. [OF. rioteux.] 1. Involving, or engaging in, riot; wanton; unrestrained; luxurious.

 The younger son... took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living.

Luke xv. 13.
2. Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly or its acts; seditious.

 -- Ri"ot*ous*ly, adv. -- Ri"ot*ous*ness, n. Ri"ot*ry (?), n. The act or practice of rioting; riot.
 "Electioneering riotry." Walpole.
 Rip (?), n. [Cf. Icel. hrip a box or basket; perhaps akin to E. corb. Cf. Ripier.] A wicker fish basket.

 Rip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ripped (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Ripping.] [Cf. AS. rpan, also Sw. repa to ripple flax, D. repelen, G. reffen, riffeln, and E. raff, raffle. Cf. Raff, Ripple of flax.] 1. To divide or separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut open or off; to tear off or out by violence; as, to rip a garment by cutting the stitches; to rip off the skin of a beast; to rip up a floor; -- commonly used with up, open, off.

2. To get by, or as by, cutting or tearing.

 He 'll rip the fatal secret from her heart.

Granville.
3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alteration; to search to the bottom; to discover; to disclose; -- usually with up.

 They ripped up all that had been done from the beginning of the rebellion.

Clarendon.
 For brethern to debate and rip up their falling out in the ear of a common enemy... is neither wise nor comely.

Milton.
4. To saw (wood) lengthwise of the grain or fiber.

Ripping chisel (Carp.), a crooked chisel for cleaning out mortises. Knight. -- Ripping iron. (Shipbuilding) Same as Ravehook. -- Ripping saw. (Carp.) See Ripsaw. -- To rip out, to rap out, to utter hastily and violently; as, to rip out an oath. [Colloq.] See To rap out, under Rap, v. t. Rip, n. 1. A rent made by ripping, esp. by a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration.

2. [Perh


U.S. outside the functional domains su sites in the ex-Soviet Union (see kremvax).
uk sites in the United Kingdom Within the us domain, there are subdomains for the fifty states, each generally with a name identical to the state's postal abbreviation. Within the uk domain, there is an ac subdomain for academic sites and a co domain for commercial ones. Other top-level domains may be divided up in similar ways.
Node:Internet Death Penalty, Next:Internet Exploder, Previous:Internet address, Up:= I = Internet Death Penalty [Usenet] (often abbreviated IDP) The ultimate sanction against spam-emitting sites - complete shunning at the router level of all mail and packets, as well as Usenet messages, from the offending domain(s). Compare Usenet Death Penalty, with which it is sometimes confused.
Node:Internet Exploder, Next:Internet Exploiter, Previous:Internet Death Penalty, Up:= I = Internet Exploder [very common] Pejorative hackerism for Microsoft's "Internet Explorer" web browser (also "Internet Exploiter"). Compare HP-SUX, AIDX, buglix, Macintrash, Telerat, ScumOS, sun-stools, Slowlaris.
Node:Internet Exploiter, Next:interrupt, Previous:Internet Exploder, Up:= I = Internet Exploiter n. Another common name-of-insult for Internet Explorer, Microsoft's overweight Web Browser; more hostile than Internet Exploder. Reflects widespread hostility to Microsoft and a sense that it is seeking to hijack, monopolize, and corrupt the Internet. Compare Exploder and the less pejorative Netscrape.
Node:interrupt, Next:interrupt list, Previous:Internet Exploiter, Up:= I = interrupt 1. [techspeak] n. On a computer, an event that interrupts normal processing and temporarily diverts flow-of-control through an "interrupt handler" routine. See also trap. 2. interj. A request for attention from a hacker. Often explicitly spoken. "Interrupt -- have you seen Joe recently?" See priority interrupt. 3. Under MS-DOS, nearly synonymous with 'system call', because the OS and BIOS routines are both called using the INT instruction (see interrupt list) and because programmers so often have to bypass the OS (going directly to a BIOS interrupt) to get reasonable performance.
Node:interrupt list, Next:interrupts locked out, Previous:interrupt, Up:= I = interrupt list n.
[MS-DOS] The list of all known software interrupt calls (both documented and undocumented) for IBM PCs and compatibles, maintained and made available for free redistribution by Ralf Brown. As of late 1992, it had grown to approximately two megabytes in length.
Node:interrupts locked out, Next:intro, Previous:interrupt list, Up:= I = interrupts locked out adj.
When someone is ignoring you. In a restaurant, after several fruitless attempts to get the waitress's attention, a hacker might well observe "She must have interrupts locked out". The synonym 'interrupts disabled' is also common. Variations abound; "to have one's interrupt mask bit set" and "interrupts masked out" are also heard. See also spl.
Node:intro, Next:IRC, Previous:interrupts locked out, Up:= I = intro n.
[demoscene] Introductory screen of some production. 2. A short demo, usually showing just one or two screens. 3. Small, usually 64k, 40k or 4k demo. Sizes are generally dictated by compo rules. See also dentro, demo.
Node:IRC, Next:iron, Previous:intro, Up:= I = IRC /I-R-C/ n.
[Internet Relay Chat] A worldwide "party line" network that allows one to converse with others in real time. IRC is structured as a network of Internet servers, each of which accepts connections from client programs, one per user. The IRC community and the Usenet and MUD communities overlap to some extent, including both hackers and regular folks who have discovered the wonders of computer networks. Some Usenet jargon has been adopted on IRC, as have some conventions such as emoticons. There is also a vigorous native jargon, represented in this lexicon by entries marked '[IRC]'.
See also talk mode.
Node:iron, Next:Iron Age, Previous:IRC, Up:= I = iron n. Hardware, especially older and larger hardware of mainframe class with big metal cabinets housing relatively low-density electronics (but the term is also used of modern supercomputers). Often in the phrase big iron. Oppose silicon. See also dinosaur.
Node:Iron Age, Next:iron box, Previous:iron, Up:= I = Iron Age n. In the history of computing, _PHONE_ -- the formative era of commercial mainframe technology, when ferrite-core dinosaurs ruled the earth. The Iron Age began, ironically enough, with the delivery of the first minicomputer (the PDP-1) and ended with the introduction of the first commercial microprocessor (the Intel 4004) in 1971. See also Stone Age; compare elder days.
Node:iron box, Next:ironmonger, Previous:Iron Age, Up:= I = iron box n.
[Unix/Internet] A special environment set up to trap a cracker logging in over remote connections long enough to be traced. May include a modified shell restricting the cracker's movements in unobvious ways, and 'bait' files designed to keep him interested and logged on. See also back door, firewall machine, Venus flytrap, and Clifford Stoll's account in "The Cuckoo's Egg" of how he made and used one (see the Bibliography in Appendix C). Compare padded cell, honey pot.
Node:ironmonger, Next:ISO standard cup of tea, Previous:iron box, Up:= I = ironmonger n.
[IBM] A hardware specialist (derogatory). Compare sandbender, polygon pusher.
Node:ISO standard cup of tea, Next:ISP, Previous:ironmonger, Up:= I = ISO standard cup of tea n.
[South Africa] A cup of tea with milk and one teaspoon of sugar, where the milk is poured into the cup before the tea.
Variations are ISO 0, with no sugar; ISO 2, with two spoons of sugar; and so on. This may derive from the "NATO standard" cup of coffee and tea (milk and two sugars), military slang going back to the late 1950s and parodying NATO's relentless bureacratic drive to standardize parts across European and U.S.
militaries.
Like many ISO standards, this one has a faintly alien ring in North America, where hackers generally shun the decadent British practice of adulterating perfectly good tea with dairy products and prefer instead to add a wedge of lemon, if anything. If one were feeling extremely silly, one might hypothesize an analogous 'ANSI standard cup of tea' and wind up with a political situation distressingly similar to several that arise in much more serious technical contexts. (Milk and lemon don't mix very well.)
[2000 update: There is now, in fact, a 'British Standard BS6008: How to make a standard cup of tea.' - ESR] Node:ISP, Next:ITS, Previous:ISO standard cup of tea, Up:= I = ISP /I-S-P/ Common abbreviation for Internet Service Provider, a kind of company that barely existed before 1993. ISPs sell Internet access to the mass market. While the big nationwide commercial BBSs with Internet access (like America Online, CompuServe, GEnie, Netcom, etc.) are technically ISPs, the term is usually reserved for local or regional small providers (often run by hackers turned entrepreneurs) who resell Internet access cheaply without themselves being information providers or selling advertising. Compare NSP.
Node:ITS, Next:IWBNI, Previous:ISP, Up:= I = ITS /I-T-S/ n.
1. Incompatible Time-sharing System, an influential though highly idiosyncratic operating system written for PDP-6s and PDP-10s at MIT and long used at the MIT AI Lab. Much AI-hacker jargon derives from ITS folklore, and to have been 'an ITS hacker' qualifies one instantly as


); Y. B, 20 Ed. I. 232; Co. Lit. 384 b.

 401/2 Hyde v. Dean of Windsor, Cro. Eliz. 552.

 401/3 Spencer's Case, 5 Co. Rep. 16 a. Cf. Minshill v. Oakes, 2 H. & N. 793, 807.

 402 (return) 402/1 Hyde v. Dean of Windsor, Cro. Eliz. 552, 553; S.C., ib. 457. Cf.
 Bally v. Wells, 3 Wilson, 25, 29.

 402/2 Dean of Windsor's Case, 5 Co. Rep. 24 a; S.C., Moore, 399. Cf. Bro.
 Covenant, pl. 32. Cf. further, Conan v. Kemise, W. Jones, 245 (7 Car. I.).

 403 (return) 403/1 F. N. B. 181 N; Sir Henry Nevil's Case, Plowden, 377, 381.

 403/2 Ewre v. Strickland, Cro. Jac. 240. Cf. Brett v. Cumberland, 1 Roll R. 359, 360 "al comen ley"; S.C., Cro. Jac. 399, 521.

 403/3 Cockson v. Cock, Cro. Jac. 125.

 403/4 Sale v. Kitchingham, 10 Hod. 158 (E. 12 Anne).

 403/5 Supra, pp. 396, 398, 400. Cf., however, Lord Wensleydale, in Rowbotham v. Wilson, 8 H. L. C. 348, 362, and see above, p. 391, as to rents.

 404 (return) 404/1 4 Kent (12th ed.), 480, n. 1.

 404/2 It is used in a somewhat different sense is describing the relation between a tenant for life or years and a reversioner. Privity between them follows as an accidental consequence of their being as one tenant, and sustaining a single persona between them.

 406 (return) 406/1 Rowbotham v. Wilson, 8 H. L. C. 348, 362 (Lord Wensleydale).

 406/2 Harbidge v. Warwick, 3 Exch. 552, 556.

 406/3 Rowbotham v. Wilson, 8 El. & Bl. 123, 143, 144.

 404/4 5 Co. Rep. 16, a.

 407 (return) 407/1 Y.B. 8 Ed. IV. 5, 6, pl. 1; 22 Ed. IV. 6, pl. 18. Cf. 5 Ed. IV. 7, pl. 16.

 407/2 Cf. Keilway, 42 b, 46 b; 2 Bl. Comm. 329.

 408 (return) 408/1 Y.B. 14 Hen. VIII. 6, pl. 5. Cf. Chudleigh's Case, 1 Co. Rep. 120a, 122 b; S.C., nom. Dillon v. Fraine, Popham, 70-72.

 408/2 Lewin, Trusts, Ch. I. (7th ed.), pp. 16, 15.

 408/3 4 Inst. 85; Gilb. Uses (Sugd.), 429, n. (6); Lewin, Trusts (7th ed.), pp. 15, 228.

 408/4 Burgess v. Wheate, 1 Eden, 177, 203, 246.

 408/5 Lewin, Trusts, Introd. (7th ed.), p. 3.

 408/6 1 Rich. III. c. 1. Cf. Rex v. Holland, Aleyn, 14, Maynard's arg.; Bro. Feoffements al Uses, pl. 44; Gilb. Uses, 26* (Sugd. ed., 50).

 409 (return) 409/1 4th Inst. 85; S.C., Dyer, 869, pl. 50; Jenk. Cent. 6, c. 30. Cf.
 Gilb. Uses, 198* (Sugd. ed. 399).

 409/2 Gilb. Uses, 35* (Sugd. ed. 70).

 409/3 Theloall's Dig., I. 16, pl. 1.


cf. F. délimiter.]
 To fix the limits of; to demarcate; to bound.

 De*lim'i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. delimitatio: cf. F. délimitation.]
 The act or process of fixing limits or boundaries; limitation. Gladstone.
 De*line" (d*ln"), v. t. 1. To delineate. [Obs.]

2. To mark out. [Obs.] R. North.
 De*lin"e*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being, or liable to be, delineated. Feltham.
 De*lin"e*a*ment (?), &?;. [See Delineate.] Delineation; sketch.
 Dr. H. More.
 De*lin"e*ate (?), a. [L. delineatus, p. p. of delineare to delineate; de- + lineare to draw, fr. linea line.
 See Line.] Delineated; portrayed. [R.]

 De*lin"e*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delineated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delineating.] 1. To indicate by lines drawn in the form or figure of; to represent by sketch, design, or diagram; to sketch out; to portray; to picture; in drawing and engraving, to represent in lines, as with the pen, pencil, or graver; hence, to represent with accuracy and minuteness. See Delineation.

 Adventurous to delineate nature's form.

Akenside.
2. To portray to the mind or understanding by words; to set forth; to describe.

 Customs or habits delineated with great accuracy.

Walpole.
 De*lin'e*a"tion (?), n. [L. delineatio: cf. F. délinéation.]
 1. The act of representing, portraying, or describing, as by lines, diagrams, sketches, etc.; drawing an outline; as, the delineation of a scene or face; in drawing and engraving, representation by means of lines, as distinguished from representation by means of tints and shades; accurate and minute representation, as distinguished from art that is careless of details, or subordinates them excessively.

2. A delineated picture; representation; sketch; description in words.

 Their softest delineations of female beauty.

W. Irving.
Syn. -- Sketch; portrait; outline. See Sketch.

 De*lin"e*a'tor (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, delineates; a sketcher.

2. (Surv.) A perambulator which records distances and delineates a profile, as of a road.

 De*lin"e*a*to*ry (?), a. That delineates; descriptive; drawing the outline; delineating.

 De*lin"e*a*ture (?; 135), n. Delineation. [Obs.]

 Del'i*ni"tion (?), n. [L. delinere to smear. See Liniment.]
 A smearing. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 De*lin"quen*cy (?), n.; pl. Delinquencies (#). [L. delinquentia, fr. delinquens.] Failure or omission of duty; a fault; a misdeed; an offense; a misdemeanor; a crime.

 The delinquencies of the little commonwealth would be represented in the most glaring colors.

Motley.
 De*lin"quent (?) a. [L. delinquens, -entis, p. pr. of delinquere to fail, be wanting in one's duty, do wrong; de- + linquere to leave. See Loan, n.] Failing in duty; offending by neglect of duty.

 De*lin"quent, n. One who fails or neglects to perform his duty; an offender or transgressor; one who commits a fault or a crime; a culprit.

 A delinquent ought to be cited in the place or jurisdiction where the delinquency was committed.

Ayliffe.
 De*lin"quent*ly, adv. So as to fail in duty.

 Del"i*quate (?), v. i. [L. deliquatus, p. p. of deliquare to clear off, de- + liquare to make liquid, melt, dissolve.]
 To melt or be dissolved; to deliquesce. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Del"i*quate, v. t. To cause to melt away; to dissolve; to consume; to waste. [Obs.]

 Dilapidating, or rather deliquating, his bishopric.

Fuller.
 Del'i*qua"tion (?), n. A melting. [Obs.]

 Del'i*quesce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deliquesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Deliquescing.] [L. deliquescere to melt, dissolve; de- + liquescere to become fluid, melt, fr. liquere to be fluid. See Liquid.] (Chem.) To dissolve gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies.

 In very moist air crystals of strontites deliquesce.

Black.
 Del'i*ques"cence (?), n. [Cf. F. déliquescence.] The act of deliquescing or liquefying; process by which anything deliquesces; tendency to melt.

 Del'i*ques"cent (?), a. [L. deliquescens, -entis, p. pr. of deliquescere: cf. F. déliquescent.] 1.
 Dissolving; liquefying by contact with the air; capable of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and becoming liquid; as, deliquescent salts.

2. (Bot.) Branching so that the stem is lost in branches, as in most deciduous trees. Gray.
 De*liq"ui*ate (?), v. i. [L. deliquia a flowing off, a gutter, deliquium a flowing down, fr. deliquare. See Deliquate.] To melt and become liquid by absorbing water from the air; to deliquesce. Fourcroy.
 De*liq'ui*a"tion (?), n. The act of deliquiating.

 ||De*liq"ui*um (?), n. [L. See Deliquiate.] 1. (Chem.)
 A melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place; a liquid condition; as, a salt falls into a deliquium. [R.]

2. A sinking away; a swooning. [Obs.] Bacon.
3. A melting or maudlin mood. Carlyle.
 De*lir"a*cy (?), n. [See Delirate.] Delirium. [Obs.]

 De*lir"a*ment (?), n. [L. deliramentum, fr. delirare.
 See Delirium.] A wandering of the mind; a crazy fancy. [Obs.] Heywood.
 De*lir"an*cy (?), n. Delirium. [Obs.] Gauden.
 De*lir"ant (?), a. [L. delirans, - antis, p. pr. of delirare. See Delirium.] Delirious. [Obs.] Owen.
 De*lir"ate (?), v. t. & i. [L. deliratus, p. p. of delirare.
 See Delirium.] To madden; to rave. [Obs.]

 An infatuating and delirating spirit in it.

Holland.
 Del'i*ra"tion (?), n. [L. deliratio.] Aberration of mind; delirium. J. Morley.
Deliration or alienation of the understanding.

Mede.
 De*lir"i*ant (?), n. [See Delirium.] (Med.) A poison which occasions a persistent delirium, or mental aberration (as belladonna).


and self-control; prudence; circumspection; wariness.

 The better part of valor is discretion.

Shak.
 The greatest parts without discretion may be fatal to their owner.

Hume.
3. Discrimination.

 Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion.

Shak.
4. Freedom to act according to one's own judgment; unrestrained exercise of choice or will.

At discretion, without conditions or stipulations.

 { Dis*cre"tion*al (?), Dis*cre"tion*a*ry (?), }[Cf. F. discrétionnaire.]
 Left to discretion; unrestrained except by discretion or judgment; as, an ambassador with discretionary powers.

 { Dis*cre"tion*al*ly (?), Dis*cre"tion*a*ri*ly (?), } adv. At discretion; according to one's discretion or judgment.

 Dis*cre"tive (?), a. [L. discretivus. See Discrete.] Marking distinction or separation; disjunctive.

Discretive proposition (Logic & Gram.), one that expresses distinction, opposition, or variety, by means of discretive particles, as but, though, yet, etc.; as, travelers change their climate, but not their temper.

 Dis*cre"tive*ly, adv. In a discretive manner.

 Dis*crim"i*na*ble (?), a. Capable of being discriminated. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Dis*crim"i*nal (?), a. [L. discriminalis serving to divide.]
 In palmistry, applied to the line which marks the separation between the hand and the arm.

 Dis*crim"i*nant (?), n. [L. discriminans, p. pr. of discriminare.]
 (Math.) The eliminant of the n partial differentials of any homogenous function of n variables. See Eliminant.

 Dis*crim"i*nate (?), a. [L. discriminatus, p. p. of discriminare to divide, separate, fr. discrimen division, distinction, decision, fr. discernere. See Discern, and cf. Criminate.] Having the difference marked; distinguished by certain tokens. Bacon.
 Dis*crim"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discriminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Discriminating (?).] To set apart as being different; to mark as different; to separate from another by discerning differences; to distinguish. Cowper.
 To discriminate the goats from the sheep.

Barrow.
 Dis*crim"i*nate (?), v. i. 1. To make a difference or distinction; to distinguish accurately; as, in judging of evidence, we should be careful to discriminate between probability and slight presumption.

2. (a) To treat unequally. (b) (Railroads) To impose unequal tariffs for substantially the same service.

 Dis*crim"i*nate*ly (?), adv. In a discriminating manner; distinctly.

 Dis*crim"i*nate*ness, n. The state of being discriminated; distinctness.

 Dis*crim"i*na'ting (?), a. Marking a difference; distinguishing. -- Dis*crim"i*na'ting*ly, adv.
 And finds with keen discriminating sight, Black's not so black; -- nor white so very white.

Canning.
 Dis*crim'i*na"tion (?), n. [L. discriminatio the contrasting of opposite thoughts.] 1. The act of discriminating, distinguishing, or noting and marking differences.

 To make an anxious discrimination between the miracle absolute and providential.

Trench.
2. The state of being discriminated, distinguished, or set apart.
 Sir J. Reynolds.
3. (Railroads) The arbitrary imposition of unequal tariffs for substantially the same service.

 A difference in rates, not based upon any corresponding difference in cost, constitutes a case of discrimination.

A. T. Hadley.
4. The quality of being discriminating; faculty of nicely distinguishing; acute discernment; as, to show great discrimination in the choice of means.

5. That which discriminates; mark of distinction.

Syn. -- Discernment; penetration; clearness; acuteness; judgment; distinction. See Discernment.

 Dis*crim"i*na*tive (?), a. 1. Marking a difference; distinguishing; distinctive; characteristic.

 That peculiar and discriminative form of life.

Johnson.
2. Observing distinctions; making differences; discriminating. "Discriminative censure." J. Foster. "Discriminative Providence." Dr. H. More.
 Dis*crim"i*na*tive*ly, adv. With discrimination or distinction. J. Foster.
 Dis*crim"i*na'tor (?), n. [LL.] One who discriminates.

 Dis*crim"i*na*to*ry (?), a. Discriminative.

 Dis*crim"i*nous (?), a. [LL. discriminosus, fr. L. discrimen the dangerous, decisive moment. See Discriminate, a.] Hazardous; dangerous. [Obs.] Harvey.
 Dis*crive" (?), v. t. [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] To describe. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dis*crown" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discrowned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Discrowning.] To deprive of a crown.

 The end had crowned the work; it not unreasonably discrowned the workman.

Motley.
 Dis*cru"ci*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discruciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Discruciating.] [L. discruciatus, p. p. of discruciare.
 See Cruciate.] To torture; to excruciate. [Obs.]

Discruciate a man in deep distress.

Herrick.
 Dis*cu"bi*to*ry (?), a. [L. discumbere, discubitum, to lie down, recline at table; dis- + cumbere (in comp.) to lie down.] Leaning; fitted for a reclining posture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Dis*cul"pate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disculpated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disculpating.] [LL. disculpatus, p. p. of disculpare to disculpate; dis- + L. culpare to blame, culpa fault.] To free from blame or the imputation of a fault; to exculpate.

 I almost fear you think I begged it, but I can disculpate myself.

Walpole.
 Dis'cul*pa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. disculpation.] Exculpation.
 Burke.
 Dis*cul"pa*to*ry (?), a. Tending to exculpate; exculpatory.

 Dis*cum"ben*cy (?), n. [From L. discumbens, p. pr. of discumbere.
 See Discubitory.] The act of reclining at table according to the manner of the ancients at their meals. Sir T. Browne.
 Dis*cum"ber (?), v. t. [Pref. dis- + cumber: cf. OF.
 descombrer.] To free from that which cumbers or impedes; to disencumber. [Archaic] Pope.
 Dis*cure" (?), v. t. [See Discover.] To discover; to reveal; to discoure. [Obs.]

 I will, if please you it discure, assay To ease you of that ill, so wisely as I may.

Spenser.
 Dis*cur"rent (?


Wrought ingots from Besoara's mine.

Sir W. Jones.
Ingot mold, a box or mold in which ingots are cast. -- Ingot iron. See Decarbonized steel, under Decarbonize.

 In*grace" (?), v. t. [Pref. inin + grace.] To ingratiate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.
 In*gra"cious (?), a. [Pref. innot + gracious.]
 Ungracious; unkind. [Obs.] Holland.
 In*graff" (?), v. t. See Ingraft. [Obs.]

 In*graft" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrafted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Ingrafting.] [Written also engraft.]

1. To insert, as a scion of one tree, shrub, or plant in another for propagation; as, to ingraft a peach scion on a plum tree; figuratively, to insert or introduce in such a way as to make a part of something.

 This fellow would ingraft a foreign name Upon our stock.

Dryden.
 A custom... ingrafted into the monarchy of Rome.

Burke.
2. To subject to the process of grafting; to furnish with grafts or scions; to graft; as, to ingraft a tree.

 In*graft"er (?), n. A person who ingrafts.

 In*graft"ment (?), n. 1. The act of ingrafting.

2. The thing ingrafted; a scion.

 In"grain' (?; 277), a. [Pref. inin + grain kermes.
 See Engrain, Grain.]

1. Dyed with grain, or kermes. [Obs.]

2. Dyed before manufacture, -- said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance.

Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. -- Triple ingrain carpet, a threeply carpet.

 In"grain', n. An ingrain fabric, as a carpet.

 In"grain' (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingraining.] [Written also engrain.]

1. To dye with or in grain or kermes.

2. To dye in the grain, or before manufacture.

3. To work into the natural texture or into the mental or moral constitution of; to stain; to saturate; to imbue; to infix deeply.

 Our fields ingrained with blood.

Daniel.
 Cruelty and jealousy seem to be ingrained in a man who has these vices at all.

Helps.
 In*grap"ple (?), v. t. & i. To seize; to clutch; to grapple.
 [Obs.] Drayton.
 In"grate' (?; 277), a. [L. ingratus. See Ingrateful.]
 Ingrateful. [Obs. or Poetic] Bacon.
 In"grate', n. An ungrateful person. Milton.
 In"grate'ful (?), a. [L. ingratus ingrateful (pref. innot + gratus beloved, dear, grateful) + -ful: cf. F. ingrat.
 See Grateful.]

1. Ungrateful; thankless; unappreciative. Milton.
 He proved extremely false and ingrateful to me.

Atterbury.
2. Unpleasing to the sense; distasteful; offensive.

 He gives... no ingrateful food.

Milton.
 -- In"grate'ful*ly, adv. -- In"grate'ful*ness, n. In"grate'ly (?), adv. Ungratefully. [Obs.]

 In*gra"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingratiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingratiating (?).] [Pref. inin + L. gratia.
 See Grace.]

1. To introduce or commend to the favor of another; to bring into favor; to insinuate; -- used reflexively, and followed by with before the person whose favor is sought.

 Lysimachus... ingratiated himself both with Philip and his pupil.

Budgell.
2. To recommend; to render easy or agreeable; -- followed by to.
 [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.
 What difficulty would it [the love of Christ] not ingratiate to us?

Hammond.
 In*gra"ti*ate, v. i. To gain favor. [R.] Sir W. Temple.
 In*grat"i*tude (?), n. [F. ingratitude, L. ingratitudo.
 See Ingrate.] Want of gratitude; insensibility to, forgetfulness of, or ill return for, kindness or favors received; unthankfulness; ungratefulness.

Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend.

Shak.
Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man.

L'Estrange.
 In*grave" (?), v. t. To engrave. [R.] "Whose gleaming rind ingrav'n."
 Tennyson.
 In*grave", v. t. [Pref. inin + grave. Cf. Engrave.]
 To bury. [Obs.] Heywood.
 In*grav"i*date (?), v. t. [L. ingravidatus, p. p. of ingravidare to impregnate. See 1st In-, and Gravidated.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Fuller.
 In*grav'i*da"tion (?), n. The state of being pregnant or impregnated. [Obs.]

 In*great" (?), v. t. To make great; to enlarge; to magnify. [Obs.]
 Fotherby.
 { In*gre"di*ence (?), In*gre"di*en*cy (?), } n. [See Ingredient.]

1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
2. The quality or state of being an ingredient or component part.
 Boyle.
 In*gre"di*ent (?), n. [F. ingrédient, L. ingrediens, -entis, entering into, p. pr. of ingredi, p. p. ingressus, to go into, to enter; pref. inin + gradi to walk, go. See Grade.] That which enters into a compound, or is a component part of any combination or mixture; an element; a constituent.

 By way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients.

Sir I. Newton.
 Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and solids.

Arbuthnot.
 In*gre"di*ent, a. Entering as, or forming, an ingredient or component part.

 Acts where no sin is ingredient.

Jer. Taylor.
 In"gress (?), n. [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See Ingredient.]

1. The act of entering; entrance; as, the ingress of air into the lungs.

2. Power or liberty of entrance or access; means of entering; as, all ingress was prohibited.

3. (Astron.) The entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun's entrance into a sign, etc.

 In"gress (?), v. i. To go in; to enter. [R.]

 In*gres"sion (?), n. [L. ingressio: cf. F. ingression.]
 Act of entering; entrance. Sir K. Digby.
 In*grieve (?), v. t. To render more grievous; to aggravate. [Obs.]
 Sir P. Sidney.
 In*groove" (?), v. t. To groove in; to join in or with a groove. Tennyson.
 In*gross" (?), v. t.