Quadrate, a.] 1.
(Geom.) A plane surface with four equal sides and four right angles; a square; hence, figuratively, anything having the outline of a square.

 At which command, the powers militant That stood for heaven, in mighty quadrate joined.

Milton.
2. (Astrol.) An aspect of the heavenly bodies in which they are distant from each other 90°, or the quarter of a circle; quartile.
 See the Note under Aspect, 6.

3. (Anat.) The quadrate bone.

 Quad"rate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quadrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Quadrating.] [See Quadrate, a.] To square; to agree; to suit; to correspond; -- followed by with. [Archaic] The objections of these speculatists of its forms do not quadrate with their theories.

Burke.
 Quad"rate, v. t. To adjust (a gun) on its carriage; also, to train (a gun) for horizontal firing.

 Quad*rat"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. quadratique.]

1. Of or pertaining to a square, or to squares; resembling a quadrate, or square; square.

2. (Crystallog.) Tetragonal.

3. (Alg.) Pertaining to terms of the second degree; as, a quadratic equation, in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a square.

 Quad*rat"ics (?), n. (Alg.) That branch of algebra which treats of quadratic equations.

 Quad*ra'to*ju"gal (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the quadrate and jugal bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the quadratojugal bone. -- n. The quadratojugal bone.

Quadratojugal bone (Anat.), a bone at the base of the lower jaw in many animals.

 Quad*ra"trix (?), n.; pl. -trixes (#), or -trices (#). [NL.] (Geom.) A curve made use of in the quadrature of other curves; as the quadratrix, of Dinostratus, or of Tschirnhausen.

 Quad"ra*ture (?), n. [L. quadratura: cf. F. quadrature.
 See Quadrate, a.] 1. (Math.) The act of squaring; the finding of a square having the same area as some given curvilinear figure; as, the quadrature of a circle; the operation of finding an expression for the area of a figure bounded wholly or in part by a curved line, as by a curve, two ordinates, and the axis of abscissas.

2. A quadrate; a square. Milton.
3. (Integral Calculus) The integral used in obtaining the area bounded by a curve; hence, the definite integral of the product of any function of one variable into the differential of that variable.

4. (Astron.) The position of one heavenly body in respect to another when distant from it 90°, or a quarter of a circle, as the moon when at an equal distance from the points of conjunction and opposition.

Quadrature of the moon (Astron.), the position of the moon when one half of the disk is illuminated. -- Quadrature of an orbit (Astron.), a point in an orbit which is at either extremity of the latus rectum drawn through the empty focus of the orbit.

 Quad"rel (?), n. [It. quadrello, LL. quadrellus, fr.
 L. quadrus square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quarrel an arrow.] 1.
 A square piece of turf or peat. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A square brick, tile, or the like.

 Quad*ren"ni*al (?), a. [L. quadriennium a space of four years; quattuor four + annus year; cf. L. quadriennis.
 See Quadrate, and Annual.] 1. Comprising four years; as, a quadrennial period.

2. Occurring once in four years, or at the end of every four years; as, quadrennial games.

 Quad*ren"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in four years.

 ||Quad*ren"ni*um (?), n. [NL. See Quadrennial.] A space or period of four years.

 Quad"ri- (?). [L., from quattuor four. See Four.] A combining form meaning four, four times, fourfold; as, quadricapsular, having four capsules.

 Quad'ri*ba"sic (?), a. [Quadri- + basic.] (Chem.)
 Same as Tetrabasic.

 Quad"ri*ble (?), a. Quadrable. [R.]

 Quad"ric (?), a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to the second degree.

 Quad"ric, n. (a) (Alg.) A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic. (b) (Geom.) A surface whose equation in three variables is of the second degree. Spheres, spheroids, ellipsoids, paraboloids, hyperboloids, also cones and cylinders with circular bases, are quadrics.

 Quad'ri*cap"su*lar (?), a. [Quadri- + capsular.] (Bot.)
 Having four capsules.

 ||Quad"ri*ceps (?), n. [NL., fr. L. qyattuor four + caput head.] (Anat.) The great extensor muscle of the knee, divided above into four parts which unite in a single tendon at the knee.

 Quad'ri*cip"i*tal (?), n. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the quadriceps.

 Quad"ri*corn (?), n. [See Quadricornous.] (Zoöl.) Any quadricornous animal.

 Quad'ri*cor"nous (?), a. [Quadri- + L. cornu horn: cf. F. quadricorne.] (Zoöl.) Having four horns, or hornlike organs; as, a quadricornous beetle.

 Quad'ri*cos"tate (?), a. [Quadri- + costate.] Having four ribs.

 Quad'ri*den"tate (?), a. [Quadri- + dentate.] Having four teeth; as, a quadridentate leaf.

 Quad'ri*en"ni*al (?), a. Same as Quadrennial.

 Quad'ri*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. quadrifarius fourfold, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quadrifarié. Cf. Multifarious.] Arranged in four rows or ranks; as, quadrifarious leaves. Loudon.
 Quad"ri*fid (?), a. [L. quadrifidus; quattuor four + findere to cleave: cf. F. quadrifide.] Divided, or deeply cleft, into four parts; as, a quadrifid perianth; a quadrifid leaf.

 { Quad"ri*foil (?), Quad'ri*fo"li*ate (?), } a. [Quadri- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Four-leaved; having the leaves in whorls of four.

 Quad'ri*fur"ca*ted (?), a. [Quadri- + furcated.]
 Having four forks, or branches.

 ||Quad*ri"ga (?), n.; pl. Quadrigæ (#). [L. See Quadrijugous.] (Rom. Antiq.) A car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast.

 { Quad'ri*gem"i*nal (?), Quad'ri*gem"i*nous (?), } a. [Quadri- + L. gemini twins.] Fourfold; having


. a corruption of the first syllable of reprobate.]
 A term applied to a mean, worthless thing or person, as to a scamp, a debauchee, or a prostitute, or a worn-out horse. [Slang.]

3. A body of water made rough by the meeting of opposing tides or currents.

 Ri*pa"ri*an (?), a. [L. riparius, fr. ripa a bank.
 See River, and cf. Arrive.] Of or pertaining to the bank of a river; as, riparian rights.

 Ri*pa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. riparius.] Growing along the banks of rivers; riparian.

 Ripe (rp), n. [L. ripa.] The bank of a river. [Obs.]

 Ripe (rp), a. [Compar. Riper (-r); superl. Ripest.]
 [AS. rpe; akin to OS. rpi, D. rijp, G. rief, OHG. rft; cf. AS. rp harvest, rpan to reap. Cf. Reap.]
 1. Ready for reaping or gathering; having attained perfection; mature; -- said of fruits, seeds, etc.; as, ripe grain.

 So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop Into thy mother's lap.

Milton.
2. Advanced to the state of fitness for use; mellow; as, ripe cheese; ripe wine.

3. Having attained its full development; mature; perfected; consummate. "Ripe courage." Chaucer.
 He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one.

Shak.
4. Maturated or suppurated; ready to discharge; -- said of sores, tumors, etc.

5. Ready for action or effect; prepared.

 While things were just ripe for a war.

Addison.
 I am not ripe to pass sentence on the gravest public bodies.

Burke.
6. Like ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness.

 Those happy smilets, That played on her ripe lip.

Shak.
7. Intoxicated. [Obs.] "Reeling ripe." Shak.
Syn. -- Mature; complete; finished. See Mature.

 Ripe, v. i. [AS. rpian.] To ripen; to grow ripe. [Obs.]

 Ripe, v. t. To mature; to ripen. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ripe"ly, adv. Maturely; at the fit time. Shak.
 Rip"en (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ripened (?);p. pr.
 & vb. n. Ripening.] 1. To grow ripe; to become mature, as grain, fruit, flowers, and the like; as, grapes ripen in the sun.

2. To approach or come to perfection.

 Rip"en, v. t. 1. To cause to mature; to make ripe; as, the warm days ripened the corn.

2. To mature; to fit or prepare; to bring to perfection; as, to ripen the judgment.

 When faith and love, which parted from thee never, Had ripined thy iust soul to dwell with God.

Milton.
 Ripe"ness (?), n. [AS. rpness.] The state or quality of being ripe; maturity;; completeness; perfection; as, the ripeness of grain; ripeness of manhood; ripeness of judgment.

 Time, which made them their fame outlive, To Cowley scarce did ripeness give.

Denham.
 Ri*pid"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;. &?;&?;&?;.
 fan + -lite.] (Min.) A translucent mineral of a green color and micaceous structure, belonging to the chlorite group; a hydrous silicate of alumina, magnesia, and iron; -- called also clinochlore.

 Ri*pi*e"nist (?), n. (Mus.) A player in the ripieno portion of an orchestra. See Ripieno.

 ||Ri*pi*e"no (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Filling up; supplementary; supernumerary; -- a term applied to those instruments which only swell the mass or tutti of an orchestra, but are not obbligato.

 { Rip"ler (?), Rip"per (?), } n. [Cf. Rip a basket, or Riparian.]
 (O.E. Law) One who brings fish from the seacoast to markets in inland towns. [Obs.]

 But what's the action we are for now? Robbing a ripper of his fish.

Beau. & Fl.
 Ri*post" (?), n. [F. riposte.] 1. In fencing, a return thrust after a parry.

2. A quick and sharp refort; a repartee. J. Morley.
 Rip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rips; a ripping tool.

2. A tool for trimming the edges of roofing slates.

3. Anything huge, extreme, startling, etc. [Slang.]

 Rip"ple (?), n. [FRom Rip, v.] An implement, with teeth like those of a comb, for removing the seeds and seed vessels from flax, broom corn, etc.

 Rip"ple, v. t. 1. To remove the seeds from (the stalks of flax, etc.), by means of a ripple.

2. Hence, to scratch or tear. Holland.
 Rip"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rippled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Rippling (?).] [Cf. Rimple, Rumple.] 1. To become fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water when agitated or running over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves or undulations, as a field of grain.

2. To make a sound as of water running gently over a rough bottom, or the breaking of ripples on the shore.

 Rip"ple, v. t. To fret or dimple, as the surface of running water; to cover with small waves or undulations; as, the breeze rippled the lake.

 Rip"ple, n. 1. The fretting or dimpling of the surface, as of running water; little curling waves.

2. A little wave or undulation; a sound such as is made by little waves; as, a ripple of laughter.

3. (physics) a small wave on the surface of water or other liquids for which the driving force is not gravity, but surface tension.

4. (Electrical engineering) the residual AC component in the DC current output from a rectifier, expressed as a percentage of the steady component of the current.

Ripple grass. (Bot.) See Ribwort. -- Ripple marks, a system of parallel ridges on sand, produced by wind, by the current of a steam, or by the agitation of wind waves; also (Geol.), a system of parallel ridges on the surface of a sandstone stratum.

 Rip"ple-marked' (?), a. Having ripple marks.

 Rip"plet (?), n. A small ripple.

 Rip"pling*ly (?), adv. In a rippling manner.

 Rip"ply (?), a. Having ripples; as, ripply water; hence, resembling the sound of rippling water; as, ripply laughter; a ripply cove. Keats.
 Rip"rap' (?), n. [Cf. Rap.] (Masonry) A foundation or sustaining wall of stones thrown together without order, as in deep water or on a soft bottom.

 Rip"rap', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riprapped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Riprapping.] To form a riprap in or upon.

 Rip"saw' (?), [See Rip, v. t., 4.] (Carp.) A handsaw with coarse teeth which have but a slight set, used for cutting


. No x exist.
5. Some x exist.
6. No x are not-y.
7. Some x are not-y, and some x exist.
__________ Taking x="judges"; y="just"; 8. No judges are just.
9. Some judges are unjust.
10. All judges are just.
__________ Taking x="plums"; y="wholesome"; 11. Some plums are wholesome.
12. There are no wholesome plums.
13. Plums are some of them wholesome, and some not.
14. All plums are unwholesome.
[See pp. 59, 60] __________ Taking y="diligent students"; x="successful"; 15. No diligent students are unsuccessful.
16. All diligent students are successful.
17. No students are diligent.
18. There are some diligent, but unsuccessful, students.
19. Some students are diligent.
[See pp. 60, 1] 3. Half of Smaller Diagram.
Symbols to be interpreted.
__________ __________ __________ Taking x="good riddles"; y="hard"; __________ [See pp. 61, 2] Taking x="lobster"; y="selfish"; __________ Taking y="healthy people"; x="happy"; [See p. 62] 4. Smaller Diagram.
Propositions to be represented.
__________ 1. All y are x.
2. Some y are not-x.
3. No not-x are not-y.
4. Some x are not-y.
5. Some not-y are x.
6. No not-x are y.
7. Some not-x are not-y.
8. All not-x are not-y.
9. Some not-y exist.
10. No not-x exist.
11. Some y are x, and some are not-x.
12. All x are y, and all not-y are not-x.
[See pp. 62, 3] Taking "nations" as Universe; x="civilised"; y="warlike"; 13. No uncivilised nation is warlike.
14. All unwarlike nations are uncivilised.
15. Some nations are unwarlike.
16. All warlike nations are civilised, and all civilised nations are warlike.
17. No nation is uncivilised.
__________ Taking "crocodiles" as Universe; x="hungry"; and y="amiable"; 18. All hungry crocodiles are unamiable.
19. No crocodiles are amiable when hungry.
20. Some crocodiles, when not hungry, are amiable; but some are not.
21. No crocodiles are amiable, and some are hungry.
22. All crocodiles, when not hungry, are amiable; and all unamiable crocodiles are hungry.
23. Some hungry crocodiles are amiable, and some that are not hungry are unamiable.
[See pp. 63, 4] 5. Smaller Diagram.
Symbols to be interpreted.
__________ __________ __________ Taking "houses" as Universe; x="built of brick"; and y="two-storied"; interpret [See p. 65] Taking "boys" as Universe; x="fat"; and y="active"; interpret __________ Taking "cats" as Universe; x="green-eyed"; and y="good-tempered"; interpret [See pp. 65, 6] 6. Larger Diagram.
Propositions to be represented.
__________ __________ 1. No x are m.
2. Some y are m'.
3. All m are x'.
4. No m' are y'.
5. No m are x; All y are m.
6. Some x are m; No y are m.
7. All m are x'; No m are y.
8. No x' are m; No y' are m'.
[See pp. 67,8] Taking "rabbits" as Universe; m="greedy"; x="old"; and y="black"; represent 9. No old rabbits are greedy.
10. Some not-greedy rabbits are black.
11. All white rabbits are free from greediness.
12. All greedy rabbits are young.
13. No old rabbits are greedy; All black rabbits are greedy.
14. All rabbits, that are not greedy, are black; No old rabbits are free from greediness.
__________ Taking "birds" as Universe; m="that sing loud"; x="well-fed"; and y="happy"; represent 15. All well-fed birds sing loud; No birds, that sing loud, are unhappy.
16. All birds, that do not sing loud, are unhappy; No well-fed birds fail to sing loud.
__________ Taking "persons" as Universe; m="in the house"; x="John"; and y="having a tooth-ache"; represent 17. John is in the house; Everybody in the house is suffering from tooth-ache.
18. There is no one in the house but John; Nobody, out of the house, has a tooth-ache.
__________ [See pp. 68-70] Taking "persons" as Universe; m="I"; x="that has taken a walk"; y="that feels better"; represent 19. I have been out for a walk; I feel much better.
__________ Choosing your own 'Universe' &c., represent 20. I sent him to bring me a kitten; He brought me a kettle by mistake.
[See pp. 70, 1] 7. Both Diagrams to be employed.
__________ __________ N.B. In each Question, a small Diagram should be drawn, for x and y only, and marked in accordance with the given large Diagram: and then as many Propositions as possible, for x and y, should be read off from this small Diagram.
[See p. 72] __________ Mark, in a large Diagram, the following pairs of Propositions from the preceding Section: then mark a small Diagram in accordance with it, &c.
__________ Mark, on a large Diagram, the following Pairs of Propositions: then mark a small Diagram, &c. These are, in fact, Pairs of PREMISSES for Syllogisms: and the results, read off from the small Diagram, are the CONCLUSIONS.
13. No exciting books suit feverish patients; Unexciting books make one drowsy.
14. Some, who deserve the fair, get their deserts; None but the brave deserve the fair.
15. No children are patient; No impatient person can sit still.
[See pp. 72-5] 16. All pigs are fat; No skeletons are fat.
17. No monkeys are soldiers; All monkeys are mischievous.
18. None of my cousins are just; No judges are unjust.
19. Some days are rainy; Rainy days are tiresome.
20. All medicine is nasty; Senna is a medicine.
21. Some Jews are rich; All Patagonians are Gentiles.
22. All teetotalers like sugar; No nightingale drinks wine.
23. No muffins are wholesome; All buns are unwholesome.
24. No fat creatures run well; Some greyhounds run well.
25. All soldiers march; Some youths are not soldiers.
26. Sugar is sweet; Salt is not sweet.
27. Some eggs are hard-boiled; No eggs are uncrackable.
28. There are no Jews in the house; There are no Gentiles in the garden.
[See pp. 75-82] 29. All


creations of curious art. Beaconsfield.
3. The act of constituting or investing with a new character; appointment; formation.

 An Irish peer of recent creation. Landor.
 Cre*a"tion*al (-al), a. Of or pertaining to creation.

 Cre*a"tion*ism (-?z'm), n. The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human being as soon as it is formed in the womb; -- opposed to traducianism.

 Cre*a"tive (-t?v), a. Having the power to create; exerting the act of creation. "Creative talent." W. Irving.
 The creative force exists in the germ. Whewell.
 Cre*a"tive*ness, n. The quality of being creative.

 Cre*a"tor (kr*"tr), n. [L. creator: cf. F. créateur.]
 One who creates, produces, or constitutes. Specifically, the Supreme Being.

 To sin's rebuke and my Creater's praise. Shak.
 The poets and artists of Greece, who are at the same time its prophets, the creators of its divinities, and the revealers of its theological beliefs. Caird.
 Cre*a"tor*ship, n. State or condition of a creator.

 Cre*a"tress, n. [L. creatrix: cf. F. créatrice.]
 She who creates. Spenser.
 ||Cre*a"trix (-tr?ks), n. [L.] A creatress. [R.]

 Crea"tur*al (kr?"t?r-a]/>l; 135), a. Belonging to a creature; having the qualities of a creature. [R.]

 Crea"ture (kr"tr; 135), n. [F. créature, L. creatura.
 See Create.] 1. Anything created; anything not self-existent; especially, any being created with life; an animal; a man.

 He asked water, a creature so common and needful that it was against the law of nature to deny him. Fuller.
 God's first creature was light. Bacon.
 On earth, join, all ye creatures, to extol Him first, him last, him midst, and without end. Milton.
 And most attractive is the fair result Of thought, the creature of a polished mind. Cowper.
2. A human being, in pity, contempt, or endearment; as, a poor creature; a pretty creature.

 The world hath not a sweeter creature. Shak.
3. A person who owes his rise and fortune to another; a servile dependent; an instrument; a tool.

 A creature of the queen's, Lady Anne Bullen. Shak.
 Both Charles himself and his creature, Laud. Macaulay.
4. A general term among farmers for horses, oxen, etc.

Creature comforts, those which minister to the comfort of the body.

 Crea"ture*less, a. Without created beings; alone.

 God was alone And creatureless at first. Donne.
 Crea"ture*ly, a. Creatural; characteristic of a creature. [R.] "Creaturely faculties." Cheyne.
 Crea"ture*ship, n. The condition of being a creature.

 Crea"tur*ize (-z), v. t. To make like a creature; to degrade [Obs.]

 Degrade and creaturize that mundane soul. Cudworth.
 Creaze (krz), n. (Mining) The tin ore which collects in the central part of the washing pit or buddle.

 Cre'bri*cos"tate (kr'br*ks"tt), a. [L. creber close + costa rib.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set ribs or ridges.

 Cre'bri*sul"cate (kr'br*sl"kt), a. [L. creber close + sulcus furrow.] (Zoöl.) Marked with closely set transverse furrows.

 Creb"ri*tude (krb"r*td), n. [L. crebritudo, fr. creber close.] Frequency. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Cre"brous (kr"brs), a. [L. creber close set, frequent.]
 Frequent; numerous. [Obs.] Goodwin.
 ||Crèche (krsh), n. [F.] A public nursery, where the young children of poor women are cared for during the day, while their mothers are at work.

 Cre"dence (kr"dens), n. [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe: cf. OF. credence.
 See Creed, and cf. Credent, Creance.]

1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge; belief; credit; confidence.

 To give credence to the Scripture miracles. Trench.
 An assertion which might easily find credence. Macaulay.
2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence; as, a letter of credence.

3. (Eccl.) The small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated.

4. A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet, particularly one intended for the display of rich vessels or plate, and consisting chiefly of open shelves for that purpose.

 Cre"dence, v. t. To give credence to; to believe. [Obs.]

 ||Cre*den"dum (kr?-d?n"d?m), n.; pl. Credenda (-d&?;).
 [L., fr. credere to believe.] (Theol.) A thing to be believed; an article of faith; -- distinguished from agendum, a practical duty.

 The great articles and credenda of Christianity. South.
 Cre"dent (kr?"dent), a. [. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe. See Creed.] 1. Believing; giving credence; credulous. [R.]

 If with too credent ear you list songs. Shak.
2. Having credit or authority; credible. [Obs.]

 For my authority bears of a credent bulk. Shak.
 Cre*den"tial (kr*dn"shal), a. [Cf. It. credenziale, fr. LL. credentia. See Credence.] Giving a title or claim to credit or confidence; accrediting.

 Their credential letters on both sides. Camden.
 Cre*den"tial, n. [Cf. It. credenziale.] 1. That which gives a title to credit or confidence.

2. pl. Testimonials showing that a person is entitled to credit, or has right to exercise official power, as the letters given by a government to an ambassador or envoy, or a certificate that one is a duly elected delegate.

 The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners. Whitelocke.
 Had they not shown undoubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on such a message. Addison.
 Cred'i*bil"i*ty (krd'*bl"*t), n. [Cf. F. crédibilité.]
 The quality of being credible; credibleness; as, the credibility of facts; the credibility of witnesses.

 Cred"i*ble (krd"*b'l), a. [L. credibilis, fr. credere.
 See Creed.] Capable of being credited or believed; worthy of belief; entitled to confidence; trustworthy.

 Things are made credible either by the known condition and quality of the utterer or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves. Hooker.
 A very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible.
Dampier.
 Cred"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being credible; worthiness of belief; credibility. [R.] Boyle.
 Cred"i*bly, adv. In a manner inducing belief;


-eight. In the right kidney were found a calculus weighing 36 1/2 ounces, about 1000 small calculi, and a quantity of calcareous dust. In the left kidney there was a calculus weighing 9 3/4 ounces, besides a quantity of calcareous dust. The calculi in this case consisted chiefly of phosphate of magnesium and ammonium. Cordier of Kansas City, Mo., successfully removed a renal calculus weighing over three ounces from a woman of forty-two. The accompanying illustration shows the actual size of the calculus.
At the University College Hospital, London, there are exhibited 485 gall-stones that were found postmortem in a gall-bladder. Vanzetti reports the removal of a preputial calculus weighing 224 grams.
Phillipe mentions the removal of a calculus weighing 50 grams from the prepuce of an Arab boy of seven. Croft gives an account of some preputial calculi removed from two natives of the Solomon Islands by an emigrant medical officer in Fiji. In one case 22 small stones were removed, and in the other a single calculus weighing one ounce 110 grains. Congenital phimosis is said to be very common among the natives of Solomon Islands.
In September, 1695, Bernard removed two stones from the meatus urinarius of a man, after a lodgment of twenty years. Block mentions a similar case, in which the lodgment had lasted twenty-eight years.
Walton speaks of a urethral calculus gradually increasing in size for fifty years. Ashburn shows what he considers the largest calculus ever removed from the urethra. It was 2 1/8 inches long, and 1 1/4 inches in diameter; it was white on the outside, very hard, and was shaped and looked much like a potato. Its dry weight was 660 grains. At one end was a polished surface that corresponded with a similar surface on a smaller stone that lay against it; the latter calculus was shaped like a lima bean, and weighed 60 grains. Hunt speaks of eight calculi removed from the urethra of a boy of five. Herman and the Ephemerides mention cases of calculi in the seminal vesicles.
Calcareous degeneration is seen in the ovary, and Peterman speaks of a stone in the ovary. Uterine calculi are described by Cuevas and Harlow; the latter mentions that the calculus he saw was egg-shaped. There is an old chronicle of a stone taken from the womb of a woman near Trent, Somersetshire, at Easter, 1666, that weighed four ounces. The Ephemerides speaks of a calculus coming away with the menstrual fluid.
Stones in the heart are mentioned by medical writers, and it is said that two stones as large as almonds were found in the heart of the Earl of Balcarres.
Morand speaks of a calculus ejected from the mouth by a woman.
An old record says that stones in the brain sometimes are the cause of convulsions. D'Hericourt reports the case of a girl who died after six months' suffering, whose pineal gland was found petrified, and the incredible size of a chicken's egg. Blasius, Diemerbroeck, and the Ephemerides, speak of stones in the location of the pineal gland.
Salivary calculi are well known; they may lodge in any of the buccal ducts. There is a record of the case of a man of thirty-seven who suffered great pain and profuse salivation. It was found that he had a stone as large as a pigeon's egg under his tongue.
Umbilical calculi are sometimes seen, and Deani reports such a case.
There is a French record of a case of exstrophy of the umbilicus, attended with abnormal concretions.
Aetius, Marcellus Donatus, Scaliger, and Schenck mention calculi of the eyelids.
There are some extraordinary cases of retention and suppression of urine on record. Actual retention of urine, that is, urinary secretion passed into the bladder, but retention in the latter viscus by inanition, stricture, or other obstruction, naturally cannot continue any great length of time without mechanically rupturing the vesical walls; but suppression of urine or absolute anuria may last an astonishingly extended period. Of the cases of retention of urine, Fereol mentions that of a man of forty-nine who suffered absolute retention of urine for eight days, caused by the obstruction of a uric acid calculus. Cunyghame reports a ease of mechanic obstruction of the flow of urine for eleven days. Trapenard speaks of retention of urine for seven days. Among the older writers Bartholinus mentions ischuria lasting fourteen days; Cornarius, fourteen days; Rhoclius, fifteen days; the Ephemerides, ten, eleven, and twelve days. Croom notes a case of retention of urine from laceration of the vagina during first coitus. Foucard reports a case of retention of urine in a young girl of nineteen, due to accumulation of the menstrual fluid behind an imperforate hymen.
The accumulation of urine in cases of ischuria is sometimes quite excessive. De Vilde speaks of 16 pints being drawn off. Mazoni cites a case in which 15 pounds of urine were retained; and Wilson mentions 16 pounds of urine being drawn off. Frank reports instances in which both 12 and 30 pounds of urine were evacuated. There is a record at the beginning of this century in which it is stated that 31 pounds of urine were evacuated in a case of ischuria.
Following some toxic or thermic disturbance, or in diseased kidneys, suppression of urine is quite frequently noticed. The older writers report some remarkable instances: Haller mentions a case lasting twenty-two weeks; Domonceau, six months; and Marcellus Donatus, six months.
Whitelaw describes a boy of eight who, after an attack of scarlet fever, did not pass a single drop of urine from December 7th to December 20th when two ounces issued, after vesication over the kidneys. On January 2d two ounces more were evacuated, and no more was passed until the bowel acted regularly. On January 5th a whole pint of urine passed; after that the kidneys acted normally and the boy recovered. It would be no exaggeration to state that this case lasted from December 5th to January 5th, for the evacuations during this period were so slight as to be hardly worthy of mention.
Lemery reports observation of a monk who during eight years vomited periodically instead of urinating in a natural way. Five hours before vomiting he experienced a strong pain in the kidneys. The vomitus was of dark-red color, and had the odor of urine. He ate little, but drank wine copiously, and stated that the vomiting was salutary to him, as he suffered more when he missed it.
Bryce records a case of anuria of seventeen days' standing. Butler speaks of an individual with a single kidney who suffered suppression of urine for thirteen days, caused by occlusion of the ureter by an inspissated thrombus. Dubuc observed a case of anuria which continued for seventeen days before the fatal issue. Fontaine reports a case of suppression of urine for twenty-five days. Nunneley showed the kidneys of a woman who did not secrete any urine for a period of twelve days, and during this time she had not exhibited any of the usual symptoms of uremia. Peebles mentions a case of suspension of the functions of the kidneys more than once for five weeks, the patient exhibiting neither coma, stupor, nor vomiting. Oke speaks of total suppression of urine during seven days, with complete recovery; and Paxon mentions a case in a child that recovered after five days' suppression. Russell reports a case of complete obstructive suppression for twenty days followed by complete recovery. Scott and Shroff mention recovery after nine days' suppression.
The most persistent constipation may exist for weeks, or even months, with fair health. The fact seemed to be a subject of much interest to the older writers. De Cabalis mentions constipation lasting thirty-seven days; Caldani, sixty-five days; Lecheverel, thirty-four days; and Pomma, eight months; Sylvaticus, thirty months; Baillie, fifteen weeks; Blanchard, six weeks; Smetius, five mouths; Trioen, three months; Devilliers, two years; and Gign


. &?; a stretching, a tone + -meter.]
 1. (Physics.) An instrument for determining the rate of vibrations in tones.

2. (Physiol.) (a) An apparatus for studying and registering the action of various fluids and drugs on the excised heart of lower animals. (b) An instrument for measuring tension, esp. that of the eyeball.

 To*nom"e*try (?), n. The act of measuring with a tonometer; specifically (Med.), measurement of tension, esp. the tension of the eyeball.

 Ton"o*phant (tn"*fant), n. [Gr. to'nos a tone + fai'nein to show.] (Physics.) A modification of the kaleidophon, for showing composition of acoustic vibrations. It consists of two thin slips of steel welded together, their length being adjystable by a screw socket.

 Ton"ous (?), a. Abounding in tone or sound.

 Ton"quin bean' (t"kn bn). See Tonka bean.

 Ton"sil (?), n. [L. tonsill&?;, pl.: cf. F. tonsille. ] (Anat.) One of the two glandular organs situated in the throat at the sides of the fauces. The tonsils are sometimes called the almonds, from their shape.

 Ton"sil*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the tonsils; tonsilitic. [Written also tonsillar.]

 Ton"sile (?), a. [L. tonsilis, fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear, clip. See Tonsure. ] Capable of being clipped.

 Ton'sil*it"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Tonsilar. [Written also tonsillitic.]

 ||Ton'sil*i"tis (?), n. [NL. See Tonsil, and -itis.] (Med.)
 Inflammation of the tonsil; quinsy. [Written also, and more usually, tonsillitis.]

 Ton*sil"o*tome (?), n. [Tonsil + Gr. te'mnein to cut.] (Surg.)
 An instrument for removing the tonsils.

 Ton'sil*ot"o*my (?), n. (Surg.) The operation of removing the tonsil, or a portion thereof.

 Ton"sor (?), n. [L.] A barber. Sir W. Scott.
 Ton*so"ri*al (?), a. [L. tonsorius, fr. tonsor a shearer, barber, fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear. See Tonsure.]
 Of or pertaining to a barber, or shaving.

 Ton"sure (?), n. [F., fr. L. tonsura a shearing, clipping, from tondere, tonsum, to shear, shave; cf. Gr. &?; to gnaw; perhaps akin to Gr. &?; to cut, and E. tome.] 1.
 The act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head; also, the state of being shorn.

2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The first ceremony used for devoting a person to the service of God and the church; the first degree of the clericate, given by a bishop, abbot, or cardinal priest, consisting in cutting off the hair from a circular space at the back of the head, with prayers and benedictions; hence, entrance or admission into minor orders. (b) The shaven corona, or crown, which priests wear as a mark of their order and of their rank.

 Ton"sured (?), a. Having the tonsure; shaven; shorn; clipped; hence, bald.

 A tonsured head in middle age forlorn.

Tennyson.
 Ton*tine" (?), n. [F., from It. tontina; — so called from its inventor, Tonti, an Italian, of the 17th century.] An annuity, with the benefit of survivorship, or a loan raised on life annuities with the benefit of survivorship. Thus, an annuity is shared among a number, on the principle that the share of each, at his death, is enjoyed by the survivors, until at last the whole goes to the last survivor, or to the last two or three, according to the terms on which the money is advanced.
 Used also adjectively; as, tontine insurance.

 Too many of the financiers by professions are apt to see nothing in revenue but banks, and circulations, and annuities on lives, and tontines, and perpetual rents, and all the small wares of the shop.

Burke.
 ||To"nus (?), n. [L. a sound, tone. See Tone.] (Physiol.)
 Tonicity, or tone; as, muscular tonus.

 To"ny (?), n.; pl. Tonies (#). [Abbrev. from Anthony.]
 A simpleton. L'Estrange.
 A pattern and companion fit For all the keeping tonies of the pit.

Dryden.
 Too (?), adv. [The same word as to, prep. See To.]

1. Over; more than enough; — noting excess; as, a thing is too long, too short, or too wide; too high; too many; too much.

 His will, too strong to bend, too proud to learn.

Cowley.
2. Likewise; also; in addition.

 An honest courtier, yet a patriot too.

Pope.
 Let those eyes that view The daring crime, behold the vengeance too.

Pope.
Too too, a duplication used to signify great excess.

 O that this too too solid flesh would melt.

Shak.
 Such is not Charles his too too active age.

Dryden.
Syn. — Also; likewise. See Also.

 Took (?), imp. of Take.

 Tool (?), n. [OE. tol,tool. AS. tl; akin to Icel. tl, Goth. taijan to do, to make, taui deed, work, and perhaps to E. taw to dress leather. √64.] 1.
 An instrument such as a hammer, saw, plane, file, and the like, used in the manual arts, to facilitate mechanical operations; any instrument used by a craftsman or laborer at his work; an implement; as, the tools of a joiner, smith, shoe-maker, etc.; also, a cutter, chisel, or other part of an instrument or machine that dresses work.

2. A machine for cutting or shaping materials; — also called machine tool.

3. Hence, any instrument of use or service.

 That angry fool... Whipping her horse, did with his smarting tool Oft whip her dainty self.

Spenser.
4. A weapon. [Obs.]

 Him that is aghast of every tool.

Chaucer.
5. A person used as an instrument by another person; — a word of reproach; as, men of intrigue have their tools, by whose agency they accomplish their purposes.

 I was not made for a minion or a tool.

Burks.
 Tool (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tooled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. tooling.] 1. To shape, form, or finish with a tool. "Elaborately tooled." Ld. Lytton.
2. To drive, as a coach. [Slang, Eng.]

 Tool"ing, n. Work performed with a tool.

 The fine tooling and delicate tracery of the cabinet artist is lost upon a building of colossal proportions.

De Quincey.
 { Tool"-post' (?), Tool"-stock' (?), } n. (Mach.) The part of a tool-rest in which a cutting tool is clamped.

 Tool"-rest' (?), n. (Mach.) the part that supports a tool-post or a tool.

 Toom (?), a. [OE. tom, fr.


. p. See Retain.] That which is retained. Hickok.
 Re*ten"tion (?), n. [L. retentio: cf. F. rétention.
 See Retain.] 1. The act of retaining, or the state of being ratined.

2. The power of retaining; retentiveness.

 No woman's heart So big, to hold so much; they lack retention.

Shak.
3. That which contains something, as a tablet; a &?;&?;&?;&?; of preserving impressions. [R.] Shak.
4. The act of withholding; retraint; reserve. Shak.
5. Place of custody or confinement.

6. (Law) The right of withholding a debt, or of retaining property until a debt due to the person claiming the right be duly paid; a lien. Erskine. Craig.
Retention cyst (Med.), a cyst produced by obstruction of a duct leading from a secreting organ and the consequent retention of the natural secretions.

 Re*ten"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. rétentif.] Having power to retain; as, a retentive memory.

 Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron, Can be retentive to the strength of spirit.

Shak.
 Re*ten"tive, n. That which retains or confines; a restraint. [R.]
 Bp. Hall.
 Re*ten"tive*ly, adv. In a retentive manner.

 Re*ten"tive*ness, n. The quality of being retentive.

 Re'ten*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The power of retaining; retentive force; as, the retentivity of a magnet.

 ||Re*ten"tor (?), n. [L., a retainer.] (Zoöl.) A muscle which serves to retain an organ or part in place, esp. when retracted. See Illust. of Phylactolemata.

 Re'te*pore (?), n. [L. rete a net + porus pore.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of several species of bryozoans of the genus Retepora. They form delicate calcareous corals, usually composed of thin fenestrated fronds.

 Re*tex" (?), v. t. [L. retexere, lit., to unweave; pref. rere + texere to weave. ] To annual, as orders. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.
 Re*tex"ture (?), n. The act of weaving or forming again. Carlyle.
 Reth"or (?), n. [Cf. F. rhéteur. See Rhetor.] A rhetorician; a careful writer. [Obs.]

 If a rethor couthe fair endite.

Chaucer.
 Reth"o*ryke (?), n. Rhetoric. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Re'ti*a"ri*us (?), n. [L., fr. rete a net.] (Rom.Antiq.)
 A gladiator armed with a net for entangling his adversary and a trident for despatching him.

 Re"ti*a*ry (?), n. [See Retiarius.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 Any spider which spins webs to catch its prey.

2. A retiarius.

 Re'ti*a*ry, a. [Cf. LL. retiarius.] 1. Netlike.

 This work is in retiary, or hanging textures.

Sir T. Browne.
2. Constructing or using a web, or net, to catch prey; -- said of certain spiders.

3. Armed with a net; hence, skillful to entangle.

 Scholastic retiary versatility of logic.

Coleridge.
 Ret"i*cence (?), n. [L. reticentia: cf. F. réticence.]
 1. The quality or state of being reticent, or keeping silence; the state of holding one's tonque; refraining to speak of that which is suggested; uncommunicativeness.

 Such fine reserve and noble reticence.

Tennyson.
2. (Rhet.) A figure by which a person really speaks of a thing while he makes a show as if he would say nothingon the subject.

 Ret"i*cen*cy (?), n. Reticence.

 Ret"i*cent (?), a. [L. reticens, p. pr. of reticere to keep silence; re- + tacere to be silent. See Tacit.]
 Inclined to keep silent; reserved; uncommunicative.

 Ret"i*cle (?), n. [See Reticule.] 1. A small net.

2. A reticule. See Reticule, 2. [R.]

 Re*tic"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. réticulaire. See Reticule.] 1. Having the form of a net, or of network; formed with interstices; retiform; as, reticular cartilage; a reticular leaf.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a reticulum.

 ||Re*tic'u*la"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Reticular.] (Zoöl.)
 An extensive division of rhizopods in which the pseudopodia are more or less slender and coalesce at certain points, forming irregular meshes. It includes the shelled Foraminifera, together with some groups which lack a true shell.

 Re*tic'u*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl). One of the Reticularia.

 Re*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. In a reticular manner.

 { Re*tic"u*late (?), Re*tic"u*la'ted (?) }, a. [L. reticulatus.
 See Reticule.] 1. Resembling network; having the form or appearance of a net; netted; as, a reticulated structure.

2. Having veins, fibers, or lines crossing like the threads or fibers of a network; as, a reticulate leaf; a reticulated surface; a reticulated wing of an insect.

Reticulated glass, ornamental ware made from glass in which one set of white or colored lines seems to meet and interlace with another set in a different plane. -- Reticulated micrometer, a micrometer for an optical instrument, consisting of a reticule in the focus of an eyepiece.
 -- Reticulated work (Masonry), work constructed with diamond-shaped stones, or square stones placed diagonally.

 Re*tic'u*la"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being reticulated, or netlike; that which is reticulated; network; an organization resembling a net.

 The particular net you occupy in the great reticulation.

Carlyle.
 Ret"i*cule (?), n.. [F. réticule, L. reticulum, dim. of rete a net. Cf.Retina, Reticle.] 1. A little bag, originally of network; a woman's workbag, or a little bag to be carried in the hand. De Quincey.
2. A system of wires or lines in the focus of a telescope or other instrument; a reticle.

 ||Re*tic'u*lo"sa (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Reticularia.

 Re*tic"u*lose' (?), a. Forming a network; characterized by a reticulated sructure.

Reticulose rhizopod (Zoöl.), a rhizopod in which the pseudopodia blend together and form irregular meshes.

 ||Re*tic"u*lum (?), n.;pl. Reticula (#). [L. dim. of rete a net.] (Anat.) (a) The second stomach of ruminants, in which folds of the


[Illustration] Montezuma's Daughter by H. Rider Haggard Contents I. WHY THOMAS WINGFIELD TELLS HIS TALE II. OF THE PARENTAGE OF THOMAS WINGFIELD III. THE COMING OF THE SPANIARD IV. THOMAS TELLS HIS LOVE V. THOMAS SWEARS AN OATH VI. GOOD-BYE, SWEETHEART VII. ANDRES DE FONSECA VIII. THE SECOND MEETING IX. THOMAS BECOMES RICH X. THE PASSING OF ISABELLA DE SIGUENZA XI. THE LOSS OF THE CARAK XII. THOMAS COMES TO SHORE XIII. THE STONE OF SACRIFICE XIV. THE SAVING OF GUATEMOC XV. THE COURT OF MONTEZUMA XVI. THOMAS BECOMES A GOD XVII. THE ARISING OF PAPANTZIN XVIII. THE NAMING OF THE BRIDES XIX. THE FOUR GODDESSES XX. OTOMIE'S COUNSEL XXI. THE KISS OF LOVE XXII. THE TRIUMPH OF THE CROSS XXIII. THOMAS IS MARRIED XXIV. THE NIGHT OF FEAR XXV. THE BURYING OF MONTEZUMA'S TREASURE XXVI. THE CROWNING OF GUATEMOC XXVII. THE FALL OF TENOCTITLAN XXVIII. THOMAS IS DOOMED XXIX. DE GARCIA SPEAKS HIS MIND XXX. THE ESCAPE XXXI. OTOMIE PLEADS WITH HER PEOPLE XXXII. THE END OF GUATEMOC XXXIII. ISABELLA DE SIGUENZA IS AVENGED XXXIV. THE SIEGE OF THE CITY OF PINES XXXV. THE LAST SACRIFICE OF THE WOMEN OF THE OTOMIE XXXVI. THE SURRENDER XXXVII. VENGEANCE XXXVIII. OTOMIE'S FAREWELL XXXIX. THOMAS COMES BACK FROM THE DEAD XL. AMEN DEDICATION My dear Jebb, Strange as were the adventures and escapes of Thomas Wingfield, once of this parish, whereof these pages tell, your own can almost equal them in these latter days, and, since a fellow feeling makes us kind, you at least they may move to a sigh of sympathy. Among many a distant land you know that in which he loved and fought, following vengeance and his fate, and by your side I saw its relics and its peoples, its volcans and its valleys. You know even where lies the treasure which, three centuries and more ago, he helped to bury, the countless treasure that an evil fortune held us back from seeking. Now the Indians have taken back their secret, and though many may search, none will lift the graven stone that seals it, nor shall the light of day shine again upon the golden head of Montezuma. So be it! The wealth which Cortes wept over, and his Spaniards sinned and died for, is for ever hidden yonder by the shores of the bitter lake whose waters gave up to you that ancient horror, the veritable and sleepless god of Sacrifice, of whom I would not rob you—and, for my part, I do not regret the loss.
What cannot be lost, what to me seem of more worth than the dead hero Guatemoc's gems and jars of gold, are the memories of true friendship shown to us far away beneath the shadow of the Slumbering Woman,[1] and it is in gratitude for these that I ask permission to set your name within a book which were it not for you would never have been written.
I am, my dear Jebb, Always sincerely yours, H. RIDER HAGGARD.
DITCHINGHAM, NORFOLK, October 5, 1892.
To J. Gladwyn Jebb, Esq.
NOTE Worn out prematurely by a life of hardship and extraordinary adventure, Mr.
Jebb passed away on March 18, 1893, taking with him the respect and affection of all who had the honour of his friendship. The author has learned with pleasure that the reading of this tale in proof and the fact of its dedication to himself afforded him some amusement and satisfaction in the intervals of his sufferings.
H. R. H. March 22, 1893.
 [1] The volcano Izticcihuatl in Mexico.
NOTE The more unpronounceable of the Aztec names are shortened in many instances out of consideration for the patience of the reader; thus "Popocatapetl" becomes "Popo," "Huitzelcoatl" becomes "Huitzel," &c. The prayer in Chapter xxvi. is freely rendered from Jourdanet's French translation of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun's History of New Spain, written shortly after the conquest of Mexico (Book VI, chap. v.), to which monumental work and to Prescott's admirable history the author of this romance is much indebted.
The portents described as heralding the fall of the Aztec Empire, and many of the incidents and events written of in this story, such as the annual personation of the god Tezcatlipoca by a captive distinguished for his personal beauty, and destined to sacrifice, are in the main historical. The noble speech of the Emperor Guatemoc to the Prince of Tacuba uttered while they both were suffering beneath the hands of the Spaniards is also authentic.
Montezuma's Daughter CHAPTER I WHY THOMAS WINGFIELD TELLS HIS TALE Now glory be to God who has given us the victory! It is true, the strength of Spain is shattered, her ships are sunk or fled, the sea has swallowed her soldiers and her sailors by hundreds and by thousands, and England breathes again. They came to conquer, to bring us to the torture and the stake—to do to us free Englishmen as Cortes did by the Indians of Anahuac. Our manhood to the slave bench, our daughters to dishonour, our souls to the loving-kindness of the priest, our wealth to the Emperor and the Pope! God has answered them with his winds, Drake has answered them with his guns. They are gone, and with them the glory of Spain.
I, Thomas Wingfield, heard the news to-day on this very Thursday in the Bungay market-place, whither I went to gossip and to sell the apples which these dreadful gales have left me, as they hang upon my trees.
Before there had been rumours of this and of that, but here in Bungay was a man named Young, of the Youngs of Yarmouth, who had served in one of the Yarmouth ships in the fight at Gravelines, aye and sailed north after the Spaniards till they were lost in the Scottish seas.
Little things lead to great, men say, but here great things lead to little, for because of these tidings it comes about that I, Thomas Wingfield, of the Lodge and the parish of Ditchingham in the county of Norfolk, being now of a great age and having only a short time to live, turn to pen and ink. Ten years ago, namely, in the year 1578, it pleased her Majesty, our gracious Queen Elizabeth, who at that date visited this county, that I should be brought before her at Norwich. There and then, saying that the fame of it had reached her, she commanded me to give her some particulars of the story of my life, or rather of those twenty years, more or less, which I spent among the Indians at that time when Cortes conquered their country of Anahuac, which is now known as Mexico.
But almost before I could begin my tale, it was time for her to start for Cossey to hunt the deer, and she said it was her wish that I should write the story down that she might read it, and moreover that if it were but half as wonderful as it


Realm of Hōrai. The term "Kokuō" means the ruler of a country,—therefore a king. The original phrase, Tokoyo no Kokuō, might be rendered here as "the Ruler of Hōrai," or "the King of Fairyland." [2] The last phrase, according to old custom, had to be uttered by both attendants at the same time. All these ceremonial observances can still be studied on the Japanese stage.
 [3] This was the name given to the estrade, or dais, upon which a feudal prince or ruler sat in state. The term literally signifies "great seat." RIKI-BAKA (1) Kana: the Japanese phonetic alphabet.
(2) "So-and-so": appellation used by Hearn in place of the real name.
(3) A section of Tōkyō.
 [1] A square piece of cotton-goods, or other woven material, used as a wrapper in which to carry small packages.
(4) Ten yen is nothing now, but was a formidable sum then.
 INSECT STUDIES BUTTERFLIES (1) Haiku.
 [1] "The modest nymph beheld her God, and blushed." (Or, in a more familiar rendering: "The modest water saw its God, and blushed.") In this line the double value of the word nympha—used by classical poets both in the meaning of fountain and in that of the divinity of a fountain, or spring—reminds one of that graceful playing with words which Japanese poets practice.
 [2] More usually written nugi-kakéru, which means either "to take off and hang up," or "to begin to take off,"—as in the above poem. More loosely, but more effectively, the verses might thus be rendered: "Like a woman slipping off her haori—that is the appearance of a butterfly." One must have seen the Japanese garment described, to appreciate the comparison. The haori is a silk upper-dress,—a kind of sleeved cloak,—worn by both sexes; but the poem suggests a woman's haori, which is usually of richer color or material. The sleeves are wide; and the lining is usually of brightly-colored silk, often beautifully variegated. In taking off the haori, the brilliant lining is displayed,—and at such an instant the fluttering splendor might well be likened to the appearance of a butterfly in motion.
 [3] The bird-catcher's pole is smeared with bird-lime; and the verses suggest that the insect is preventing the man from using his pole, by persistently getting in the way of it,—as the birds might take warning from seeing the butterfly limed. Jama suru means "to hinder" or "prevent." [4] Even while it is resting, the wings of the butterfly may be seen to quiver at moments,—as if the creature were dreaming of flight.
 [5] A little poem by Bashō, greatest of all Japanese composers of hokku. The verses are intended to suggest the joyous feeling of spring-time.
 [6] Literally, "a windless day;" but two negatives in Japanese poetry do not necessarily imply an affirmative, as in English. The meaning is, that although there is no wind, the fluttering motion of the butterflies suggests, to the eyes at least, that a strong breeze is playing.
 [7] Alluding to the Buddhist proverb: Rakkwa éda ni kaërazu; ha-kyō futatabi terasazu ("The fallen flower returns not to the branch; the broken mirror never again reflects.") So says the proverb—yet it seemed to me that I saw a fallen flower return to the branch... No: it was only a butterfly.
 [8] Alluding probably to the light fluttering motion of falling cherry-petals.
 [9] That is to say, the grace of their motion makes one think of the grace of young girls, daintily costumed, in robes with long fluttering sleeves... And old Japanese proverb declares that even a devil is pretty at eighteen: Oni mo jiu-hachi azami no hana: "Even a devil at eighteen, flower-of-the-thistle." [10] Or perhaps the verses might be more effectively rendered thus: "Happy together, do you say? Yes—if we should be reborn as field-butterflies in some future life: then we might accord!" This poem was composed by the celebrated poet Issa, on the occasion of divorcing his wife.
 [11] Or, Taré no tama?
 [12] Literally, "Butterfly-pursuing heart I wish to have always;"—i.e., I would that I might always be able to find pleasure in simple things, like a happy child.
 [13] An old popular error,—probably imported from China.
 [14] A name suggested by the resemblance of the larva's artificial covering to the mino, or straw-raincoat, worn by Japanese peasants. I am not sure whether the dictionary rendering, "basket-worm," is quite correct;—but the larva commonly called minomushi does really construct for itself something much like the covering of the basket-worm.
(2) A very large, white radish. "Daikon" literally means "big root." [15] Pyrus spectabilis.
 [16] An evil spirit.
(3) A common female name.
MOSQUITOES (1) Meiji: The period in which Hearn wrote this book. It lasted from 1868 to 1912, and was a time when Japan plunged head-first into Western-style modernization. By the "fashions and the changes and the disintegrations of Meiji" Hearn is lamenting that this process of modernization was destroying some of the good things in traditional Japanese culture.
ANTS (1) Cicadas.
 [1] An interesting fact in this connection is that the Japanese word for ant, ari, is represented by an ideograph formed of the character for "insect" combined with the character signifying "moral rectitude," "propriety" (giri). So the Chinese character actually means "The Propriety-Insect."


. When connected with ourselves, it relates rather to unwise acts than to wrong or sinful ones. C. J. Smith.
 Re*gret", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regretted (-td); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Regretting.] [F. regretter, OF. regreter; L. pref. rere- + a word of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. grtan to weep, Icel. grta. See Greet to lament.] To experience regret on account of; to lose or miss with a sense of regret; to feel sorrow or dissatisfaction on account of (the happening or the loss of something); as, to regret an error; to regret lost opportunities or friends.

 Calmly he looked on either life, and here Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear.

Pope.
 In a few hours they [the Israelites] began to regret their slavery, and to murmur against their leader.

Macaulay.
 Recruits who regretted the plow from which they had been violently taken.

Macaulay.
 Re*gret"ful (-f?l), a. Full of regret; indulging in regrets; repining. -- Re*gret"ful*ly, adv.
 Re*grow" (r?*gr?"), v. i. & t. To grow again.

 The snail had power to regrow them all [horns, tongue, etc.]

A. B. Buckley.
 Re*growth" (r?*gr?th"), n. The act of regrowing; a second or new growth. Darwin.
 The regrowth of limbs which had been cut off.

A. B. Buckley.
 Re*guard"ant (r?*g?rd"ant), a. (Her.) Same as Regardant.

 Re*guer"don (r?*g?r"d?n), v. t. [Pref. rere- + guerdon: cf. OF. reguerdonner.] To reward. [Obs.] Shak.
 Reg"u*la*ble (r?g"?*l?*b'l), a. Capable of being regulated. [R.]

 Reg"u*lar (-l?r), a. [L. regularis, fr. regula a rule, fr. regere to guide, to rule: cf. F. régulier.
 See Rule.]

1. Conformed to a rule; agreeable to an established rule, law, principle, or type, or to established customary forms; normal; symmetrical; as, a regular verse in poetry; a regular piece of music; a regular verb; regular practice of law or medicine; a regular building.

2. Governed by rule or rules; steady or uniform in course, practice, or occurence; not subject to unexplained or irrational variation; returning at stated intervals; steadily pursued; orderlly; methodical; as, the regular succession of day and night; regular habits.

3. Constituted, selected, or conducted in conformity with established usages, rules, or discipline; duly authorized; permanently organized; as, a regular meeting; a regular physican; a regular nomination; regular troops.

4. Belonging to a monastic order or community; as, regular clergy, in distinction dfrom the secular clergy.

5. Thorough; complete; unmitigated; as, a regular humbug.
 [Colloq.]

6. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having all the parts of the same kind alike in size and shape; as, a regular flower; a regular sea urchin.

7. (Crystallog.) Same as Isometric.

Regular polygon (Geom.), a plane polygon which is both equilateral and equiangular. -- Regular polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron whose faces are equal regular polygons. There are five regular polyhedrons, -- the tetrahedron, the hexahedron, or cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron, and the icosahedron. -- Regular sales (Stock Exchange), sales of stock deliverable on the day after the transaction. -- Regular troops, troops of a standing or permanent army; -- opposed to militia.

Syn. -- Normal; orderly; methodical. See Normal.

 Reg"u*lar (rg"*lr), n. [LL. regularis: cf. F. régulier.
 See Regular, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A member of any religious order or community who has taken the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and who has been solemnly recognized by the church. Bp.
 Fitzpatrick.
2. (Mil.) A soldier belonging to a permanent or standing army; -- chiefly used in the plural.

 ||Reg'u*la"ri*a (rg'*l"r*), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Echini which includes the circular, or regular, sea urchins.

 Reg'u*lar"i*ty (-l?r"?*t?), n. [Cf. F. régularité.]
 The condition or quality of being regular; as, regularity of outline; the regularity of motion.

 Reg"u*lar*ize (rg"*lr*z), v. t. To cause to become regular; to regulate. [R.]

 Reg"u*lar*ly, adv. In a regular manner; in uniform order; methodically; in due order or time.

 Reg"u*lar*ness, n. Regularity. Boyle.
 Reg"u*late (-lt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regulated (- l'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Regulating.] [L. regulatus, p. p. of regulare, fr. regula. See Regular.] 1. To adjust by rule, method, or established mode; to direct by rule or restriction; to subject to governing principles or laws.

 The laws which regulate the successions of the seasons.

Macaulay.
 The herdsmen near the frontier adjudicated their own disputes, and regulated their own police.

Bancroft.
2. To put in good order; as, to regulate the disordered state of a nation or its finances.

3. To adjust, or maintain, with respect to a desired rate, degree, or condition; as, to regulate the temperature of a room, the pressure of steam, the speed of a machine, etc.

To regulate a watch or clock, to adjust its rate of running so that it will keep approximately standard time.

Syn. -- To adjust; dispose; methodize; arrange; direct; order; rule; govern.

 Reg'u*la"tion (-l?"sh?n), n. 1. The act of regulating, or the state of being regulated.

 The temper and regulation of our own minds.

Macaulay.
2. A rule or order prescribed for management or government; prescription; a regulating principle; a governing direction; precept; law; as, the regulations of a society or a school.

Regulation sword, cap, uniform, etc. (Mil.), a sword, cap, uniform, etc., of the kind or quality prescribed by the official regulations.

Syn. -- Law; rule; method; principle; order; precept. See Law.

 Reg"u*la*tive (r?g"?*l?*t?v), a. 1. Tending to regulate; regulating. Whewell.
2. (Metaph.) Necessarily assumed by the mind as fundamental to all other knowledge; furnishing fundamental principles; as, the regulative principles, or principles a priori; the regulative faculty.
 Sir W. Hamilton.
 These terms are borrowed from Kant, and suggest the thought, allowed by Kant, that possibly these principles are only true for the human mind, the operations and belief of which they regulate.

 Reg"u*la'tor (-l?'t?r), n. 1. One who, or that which, regulates


Reminiscences of Captain Gronow by Captain Rees Howell Gronow Captain Gronow is an entertaining raconteur who brings his own experiences in the Regency period and the wars with France delightfully to life. Gronow published several sets of memoirs. This file covers the first half of what he published. Search the web for "Captain Gronow" to learn more about this interesting gentleman.
The text is arranged as a series of topics, each with a title in capital letters. Sometimes there is continuity in this arrangement, sometimes there is not. There is no other structure to the text.
I have used the character for "pounds" (money) in this text: '£'. If the character in single quotes does not look like a pound sign to you, well, at least you know what is intended. The book text uses a lower case 'l' for this purpose, but in computer fonts the 'l', looking just like a '1' when following a string of digits, is confusing.
Many thanks to Pam Wisniewski for proofreading this text.
—Tobias D. Robison, September, 2001 _EMAIL_ Reminiscences of Captain Gronow Formerly of the Grenadier Guards, and M.P. for Stafford: being Anecdotes of the camp, the court, and the clubs, at the close of the last war with France.
Related by himself.
 "O friends regretted, scenes for ever dear!
 Remembrance hails you with her warmest tear!
 Drooping she bends o'er pensive fancy's urn, To trace the hours which never can return."
London: Smith, Elder and Co., 65, Cornhill.
M.DCCC.LXII.
CONTENTS A FEW WORDS TO THE READER MY ENTRANCE INTO THE ARMY DEPARTURE FOR AND ARRIVAL IN SPAIN THE UNIFORM AND BEARING OF THE FRENCH SOLDIER MAJOR-GENERAL STEWART AND LORD WELLINGTON ST. JEAN DE LUZ FOOLHARDINESS DISCIPLINE SIR JOHN WATERS THE BATTLE OF THE NIVELLE THE PASSAGE OF THE ADOUR ARRIVAL OF THE GUARDS AT BORDEAUX MRS. MARY ANNE CLARKE MRS. MARY ANNE CLARKE AND COL. WARDLE SOCIETY IN LONDON IN 1814 THE ITALIAN OPERA.—CATALANI DINING AND COOKERY IN ENGLAND FIFTY YEARS AGO THE PRINCE REGENT PRINCESS CHARLOTTE OF WALES AT A FETE IN THE YEAR 1813, AT CARLTON HOUSE BEAU BRUMMELL ROMEO COATES HYDE PARK AFTER THE PENINSULAR WAR LONDON HOTELS IN 1814 THE CLUBS OF LONDON IN 1814 REMARKABLE CHARACTERS OF LONDON ABOUT THE YEARS 1814, 1815, 1816 THE GUARDS MARCHING FROM ENGHIEN ON THE 15TH OF JUNE QUATRE BRAS GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE FIELD OF WATERLOO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON IN OUR SQUARE THE FRENCH CAVALRY CHARGING THE BRUNSWICKERS THE LAST CHARGE AT WATERLOO HUGUEMONT BYNG WITH HIS BRIGADE AT WATERLOO THE LATE DUKE OF RICHMOND THE UNFORTUNATE CHARGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD BRIGADE THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S OPINION OF THE FRENCH CAVALRY MARSHAL EXCELMANN'S OPINION OF THE BRITISH CAVALRY APPEARANCE OF PARIS WHEN THE ALLIES ENTERED MARSHAL NEY AND WELLINGTON THE PALAIS ROYAL AFTER THE RESTORATION THE ENGLISH IN PARIS AFTER THE RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS LES ANGLAISES POUR RIRE COACHING AND RACING IN 1815 PARISIAN CAFES IN 1815 REVIEW OF THE ALLIED ARMIES BY THE ALLIED SOVEREIGNS IN PARIS CONDUCT OF THE RUSSIAN AND PRUSSIAN SOLDIERS DURING THE OCCUPATION OF PARIS BY THE ALLIES THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN PARIS ESCAPE OF LAVALETTE FROM PRISON DUELLING IN FRANCE IN 1815 PISTOL SHOOTING THE FAUBOURG ST. GERMAIN THE SALON DES ETRANGERS IN PARIS THE DUCHESS DE BERRI AT MASS AT THE CHAPELLE ROYALE LORD WESTMORELAND ALDERMAN WOOD THE OPERA FANNY ELSSLER CHARLES X. AND LOUIS PHILIPPE LORD THANET LORD GRANVILLE, THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR MARSHAL BLUCHER JEW MONEY-LENDERS LORD ALVANLEY GENERAL PALMER "MONK" LEWIS SIR THOMAS TURTON GEORGE SMYTHE, THE LATE LORD STRANGFORD THE HONOURABLE GEORGE TALBOT A DINNER AT SIR JAMES BLAND BURGES'S, IN LOWER BROOK STREET; AUTUMN, 1815 LORD BYRON SHELLEY ROBERT SOUTHEY, THE POET CAPTAIN HESSE, FORMERLY OF THE 18TH HUSSARS VISITING IN THE COUNTRY COLONEL KELLY AND HIS BLACKING LORD ALLEN AND COUNT D'ORSAY Mr. PHELPS THE LATE LORD BLOOMFIELD THE RIGHT HON. GEORGE CANNING MRS. BOEHM, OF ST. JAMES'S SQUARE DR. GOODALL, OF ETON LORD MELBOURNE, THE DUKE OF LEINSTER, AND LORD NORMANBY THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER LADY CORK THE DUCHESS OF GORDON THE LATE MRS. BRADSHAW (MARIA TREE) LADIES' JEWELLERY AND LOVERS THE LATE LORD HENRY SEYMOUR FRANCE AND THE FRENCH A FEW WORDS TO THE READER It has been my lot to have lived through the greater part of one of the most eventful centuries of England's history, and I have been thrown amongst most of the remarkable men of my day; whether soldiers, statesman, men of letters, theatrical people, or those whose birth and fortune—rather, perhaps, than their virtues or talents—have caused them to be conspicuous in society at home or abroad. Nature having endowed me with a strong memory, I can recall with all their original vividness scenes that took place fifty years ago, and distinctly recollect the face, walk, and voice, as well as the dress and general manner, of everyone whom I have known. I have frequently repeated to my friends what I have seen and heard since the year that I joined the Guards (1813), and have been urged to commit to paper my anecdotes and reminiscences.
Unfortunately, I have not the power of efficiently describing in words the pictures that are hung up in the long gallery of my memory: a man may see very distinctly the landscape before him, yet he may be unable to delineate that which he gazes upon and is intimately acquainted with. A viva voce narrative of an incident told to a friend in conversation may pass muster, and one is able to fill up any gaps in an imperfect description; but it always occurred to me that I had no right to task a reader's time and patience unless I could put before him what I had to say in a lucid and complete form; I therefore refrained from committing myself to print. I have at length, however, yielded to the suggestion of friends, and written down some anecdotes in the best way I could. Soldiers are not generally famous for literary excellence, and when I was young, the military man was, perhaps, much less a scholar than he is at the present day; but I hope that the interest of the matter will make up for any deficiency of style.
In going over more than half a century, and treating of men, women and events, it was necessary to leave out many anecdotes which would, perhaps, have been more interesting than most of those that I have given; for I would not willingly offend, or hurt the feelings of any one, and I wish to respect the memory of the dead, as well as to take


fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia.

 The term Anatifæ, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds.

 A*nat"i*fer, (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Anatifa.

 An'a*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. anas, anatis, a duck + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Producing ducks; -- applied to Anatifæ, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle.

 An"a*tine (&?;), a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike.

 A*nat"o*cism (&?;), n. [L. anatocismus, Gr. &?;; &?; again + &?; to lend on interest.] (Law) Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier.
 { An'a*tom"ic (&?;), An'a*tom"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. anatomicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as, the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume.
 An'a*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection.

 A*nat"o*mism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1.
 The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art.

 The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters. The London Spectator.
2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life.

 A*nat"o*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.] One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection.

 A*nat'o*mi*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of anatomizing.

 A*nat"o*mize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1.
 To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts.

2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze.

 If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect. Hume.
 A*nat"o*mi'zer (&?;), n. A dissector.

 A*nat"o*my (&?;), n.; pl. Anatomies (&?;).
 [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. &?; dissection, fr. &?; to cut up; &?; + &?; to cut.] 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection.

2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization.

 Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy. Dryden.
 "Animal anatomy" is sometimes called zomy; "vegetable anatomy," phytotomy; "human anatomy," anthropotomy.

Comparative anatomy compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals.

3. A treatise or book on anatomy.

4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as, the anatomy of a discourse.

5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so.

 The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature.
Fuller.
 They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain, A mere anatomy.
Shak.
 An'a*trep"tic (&?;), a. [overturning, fr. &?; to turn up or over; &?; + &?; too turn.] Overthrowing; defeating; -- applied to Plato's refutative dialogues. Enfield.
 ||An"a*tron (&?;), n. [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. alnatrn. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1.
 Native carbonate of soda; natron.

2. Glass gall or sandiver.

3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson.
 { A*nat"ro*pal (&?;), A*nat"ro*pous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; -- opposed to orthotropous. Gray.
 A*nat"to (&?;), n. Same as Annotto.

 An"bur*y (&?;), Am"bur*y (&?;), n. [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen.

2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; -- called also fingers and toes.

 -ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. - entia.]
 A suffix signifying action; also, quality or state; as, assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy.

 All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling.

 An"ces*tor (&?;), n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. ancêtre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF.
 ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf.
 Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father's or mother's side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father.

2. (Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as, this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse.

3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended; -- the correlative of heir.

 An'ces*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Ancestral. Grote.
 An'ces*to"ri*al*ly, adv. With regard to ancestors.

 An*ces"tral (?; 277), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate. "Ancestral trees." Hemans.
 An"ces*tress (&?;), n. A female ancestor.

 An"ces*try (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.]
 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent.

 Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible. Addison.
2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent.

 An"chor ("kr), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. 'a'gkyra, akin


aid.

 To do good and to communicate forget not. Heb. xiii. 16.
3. To have intercourse or to be the means of intercourse; as, to communicate with another on business; to be connected; as, a communicating artery.

 Subjects suffered to communicate and to have intercourse of traffic. Hakluyt.
 The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals, which all communicate with one another. Arbuthnot.
4. To partake of the Lord's supper; to commune.

 The primitive Christians communicated every day. Jer.
 Taylor.
 Com*mu'ni*ca"tion (?), n. [L. communicatio.] 1. The act or fact of communicating; as, communication of smallpox; communication of a secret.

2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; interchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means; conference; correspondence.

 Argument... and friendly communication. Shak.
3. Association; company.

 Evil communications corrupt good manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33.
4. Means of communicating; means of passing from place to place; a connecting passage; connection.

 The Euxine Sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the communication it has both with Asia and Europe. Arbuthnot.
5. That which is communicated or imparted; intelligence; news; a verbal or written message.

6. Participation in the Lord's supper. Bp. Pearson.
7. (Rhet.) A trope, by which a speaker assumes that his hearer is a partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of I or you. Beattie.
Syn. -- Correspondence; conference; intercourse.

 Com*mu"ni*ca*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. Communicatif, LL. communicativus.]
 Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others.

 Determine, for the future, to be less communicative. Swift.
 Com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ness, n. The quality of being communicative. Norris.
 Com*mu"ni*ca'tor (?), n. [L.] One who communicates. Boyle.
 Com*mu"ni*ca"to*ry (?), a. [LL. communicatorius.] Imparting knowledge or information.

 Canonical and communicatory letters. Barrow.
 Com*mun"ion (?), n. [L. communio: cf. F. communion.
 See Common.] 1. The act of sharing; community; participation. "This communion of goods." Blackstone.
2. Intercourse between two or more persons; esp., intimate association and intercourse implying sympathy and confidence; interchange of thoughts, purposes, etc.; agreement; fellowship; as, the communion of saints.

 We are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with others. Hooker.
 What communion hath light with darkness? 2 Cor. vi. 14.
 Bare communion with a good church can never alone make a good man. South.
3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; as, the Presbyterian communion.

4. The sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord's supper; the act of partaking of the sacrament; as, to go to communion; to partake of the communion.

Close communion. See under Close, a. -- Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion service, the celebration of the Lord's supper, or the office or service therefor. -- Communion table, the table upon which the elements are placed at the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion in both kinds, participation in both the bread and wine by all communicants. -- Communion in one kind, participation in but one element, as in the Roman Catholic Church, where the laity partake of the bread only.

Syn. -- Share; participation; fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement.

 Com"mu*nism (?), n. [F. communisme, fr. commun common.] A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all.

 At different times, and in different countries, various schemes pertaining to socialism in government and the conditions of domestic life, as well as in the distribution of wealth, have been called communism.

 Com"mu*nist (?), n. [F. communiste.] 1. An advocate for the theory or practice of communism.

2. A supporter of the commune of Paris.

 Com'mu*nis"tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to communism or communists; as, communistic theories.

2. (Zoöl.) Living or having their nests in common, as certain birds.

 Com*mu"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Communities (#). [L. communitas: cf. OF. communité. Cf. Commonalty, and see Common.] 1.
 Common possession or enjoyment; participation; as, a community of goods.

 The original community of all things. Locke.
 An unreserved community of thought and feeling. W. Irving.
2. A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations; as, a community of monks. Hence a number of animals living in a common home or with some apparent association of interests.

 Creatures that in communities exist. Wordsworth.
3. Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic; the public, or people in general.

 Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community. Hallam.
 In this sense, the term should be used with the definite article; as, the interests of the community.

4. Common character; likeness. [R.]

 The essential community of nature between organic growth and inorganic growth. H. Spencer.
5. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.]

 Eyes... sick and blunted with community. Shak.
 Com*mu'ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being commutable.

 Com*mut"a*ble (?), a. [L. commutabilis.] Capable of being commuted or interchanged.

 The predicate and subject are not commutable. Whately.
 Com*mut"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being commutable; interchangeableness.

 Com'mu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. commutatio: cf. F. commutation.]
 1. A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation. [R.]

 So great is the commutation that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves. South.
2. The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange. [Obs.]

 The use of money is... that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities. Arbuthnot.
3. (Law) The change of a penalty or punishment by the pardoning power of the State; as, the commutation of a sentence of death to banishment or imprisonment.

 Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to be given as a commutation for penance. Blackstone.
4. A substitution, as of a less thing for a greater, esp. a substitution of one form of payment for another, or one payment for many, or a specific sum of money for conditional payments or allowances; as, commutation of tithes; commutation of fares; commutation of copyright; commutation of rations.

Angle of commutation (Astron.), the difference of the geocentric longitudes of the sun and a planet. -- Commutation of tithes, the substitution of a regular payment, chargeable to the land, for the annual tithes in kind. -- Commutation ticket, a ticket, as for transportation, which is the evidence of a contract for service at


of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. -- Chain bond. See Chain timber. -- Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. -- Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. -- Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. -- Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. -- Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. -- Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. -- Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. -- Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. - - Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. -- Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. -- Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel's side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. -- Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. -- Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. -- Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship's rigging. -- Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain timber. (Arch.)
 See Bond timber, under Bond. -- Chain wales. (Naut.)
 Same as Channels. -- Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulæ are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. -- Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

 Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chnd); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog.

Chained behind the hostile car. Prior.
2. To keep in slavery; to enslave.

 And which more blest? who chained his country, say Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day? Pope.
3. To unite closely and strongly.

 And in this vow do chain my soul to thine. Shak.
4. (Surveying) To measure with the chain.

5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

 Chain"less (?), a. Having no chain; not restrained or fettered.
 "The chainless mind." Byron.
 Chain"let (?), n. A small chain. Sir W. Scott.
 Chain" pump' (?). A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge.

 Chain" stitch' (?). 1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; -- used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery.

2. (Machine Sewing) A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

 Chain" wheel' (?). 1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel.

2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

 Chain"work' (?), n. Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

 Chair (?), n. [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher's or professor's chair, Gr. &?; down + &?; seat, &?; to sit, akin to E. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.]

1. A movable single seat with a back.

2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp.
 that of a professor; hence, the office itself.

 The chair of a philosophical school. Whewell.
 A chair of philology. M. Arnold.
3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair.

4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak.
 Think what an equipage thou hast in air, And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope.
5. An iron block used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers.

Chair days, days of repose and age. -- To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. -- To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

 Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair.

2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

 Chair"man (?), n.; pl. Chairmen (&?;). 1.
 The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body.

2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan.

 Breaks watchmen's heads and chairmen's glasses. Prior.
 Chair"man*ship, n. The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

 Chaise (shz), n. [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] 1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thorough-braces. It is usually drawn by one horse.

2. Loosely, a carriage in general. Cowper.
 ||Cha"ja (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

 ||Cha*la"za (?), n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

2. (Biol.) A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

 Cha*la"zal (?), a. Of or pertaining to


plastron.] (Zoöl.)
 The second lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also hyosternum.

 Hy*os"cine (?), n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found with hyoscyamine (with which it is also isomeric) in henbane, and extracted as a white, amorphous, semisolid substance.

 Hy'os*cy"a*mine (?), n. [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc.

 ||Hy'os*cy"a*mus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; a sow, hog + &?; a bean.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of poisonous plants of the Nightshade family; henbane.

2. (Med.) The leaves of the black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), used in neuralgic and pectorial troubles.

 Hy'o*ster"nal (?), a. [Hyo- + ternal.] (Anat.)
(a) Between the hyoid bone and the sternum, or pertaining to them; infrahyoid; as, the hyosternal region of the neck. (b) Pertaining to the hyosternum of turtles.

 ||Hy'o*ster"num (?), n. [Hyo- + sternum.] (Anat.)
 See Hyoplastron.

 Hy'o*styl"ic (?), a. [Hyo- + Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Anat.)
 Having the mandible suspended by the hyomandibular, or upper part of the hyoid arch, as in fishes, instead of directly articulated with the skull as in mammals; -- said of the skull.

 Hyp (?), n. An abbreviation of hypochonaria; -- usually in plural. [Colloq.]

 Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps.

Swift.
 Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy. [Colloq.] W. Irving.
 { Hy*pæ"thral, Hy*pe"thral (?) }, a. [L. hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. &?;; &?; under + &?; ether, the clear sky.] (Arch.) Exposed to the air; wanting a roof; -- applied to a building or part of a building. Gwilt.
 Hy*pal"la*ge (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, prop., interchange, exchange, fr, &?; to interchange; &?; under + &?; to change.]
 (Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. Thus Virgil says, "dare classibus austros," to give the winds to the fleets, instead of dare classibus austris, to give the fleets to the winds.

 The hypallage, of which Virgil is fonder than any other writer, is much the gravest fault in language.

Landor.
 ||Hy*pan"thi*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hypanthia (#), E. Hypanthiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. "ypo beneath + 'a'nqos flower.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting in large part of a receptacle, enlarged below the calyx, as in the Calycanthus, the rose hip, and the pear.

 ||Hy'pa*poph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Hypapophyles (#).
 [NL. See Hypo-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A process, or other element, of a vertebra developed from the ventral side of the centrum, as hæmal spines, and chevron bones. -- Hy'pa*po*phys"i*al (#), a. Hy'par*te"ri*al (?), a. [Hypo- + arterial.] (Anat.)
 Situated below an artery; applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off below the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.

 Hy*pas"pist (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) A shield-bearer or armor-bearer. Mitford.
 Hy*pax"i*al (?), a. [Hypo- + axial.] (Anat.)
 Beneath the axis of the skeleton; subvertebral; hyposkeletal.

 hype v. t. 1. to publicize [e.g. a product or a future event] insistently, in a manner exaggerating the importance of; to promote flamboyantly. [wns=1] [WordNet 1.5] 2. To stimulate or excite (a person); -- usually used with up, and often in the passive form; as, she was all hyped up over her upcoming wedding. [PJC] hype n. Intense publicity for a future event, performed in a showy or excessively dramatic manner suggesting an importance not justified by the event; as, the hype surrounding the superbowl is usually ludicrous. [PJC] Hy"per- (?). [Gr. "ype'r over, above; akin to L. super, E. over.
 See Over, and cf. Super-.] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; as, hyperphysical, hyperthyrion; also, above measure, abnormally great, excessive; as, hyperæmia, hyperbola, hypercritical, hypersecretion.

2. (Chem.) A prefix equivalent to superor per-; as hyperoxide, or peroxide. [Obs.] See Per-.

 ||Hy'per*æ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "ype'r over + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body.

Active hyperæmia, congestion due to increased flow of blood to a part. -- Passive hyperæmia, interchange due to obstruction in the return of blood from a part.

 -- Hy'per*æ"mic (#), a.
 ||Hy'per*æs*the"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "ype'r over + &?; sense, perception.] (Med. & Physiol.) A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it.
 -- Hy'per*æs*thet"ic (#), a.
 ||Hy'per*a*poph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Hyperapophyses (#). [NL. See Hyper-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) A lateral and backward-projecting process on the dorsal side of a vertebra. - - Hy'per*ap'o*phys"i*al (#), a. Hy'per*as"pist (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cover with a shield; "ype'r over + &?; shield.] One who holds a shield over another; hence, a defender. [Obs.] Chillingworth.
 Hy'per*bat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.

 ||Hy*per"ba*ton (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; transposed, fr. &?; to step over; "ype'r over + &?; to step.] (Gram.)
 A figurative construction, changing or inverting the natural order of words or clauses; as, "echoed the hills" for


pr. & vb. n. Enjoining.] [F. enjoindre, L. injungere to join into, charge, enjoin; in + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Injunction.] 1. To lay upon, as an order or command; to give an injunction to; to direct with authority; to order; to charge.

 High matter thou enjoin'st me.

Milton.
 I am enjoined by oath to observe three things.

Shak.
2. (Law) To prohibit or restrain by a judicial order or decree; to put an injunction on.

 This is a suit to enjoin the defendants from disturbing the plaintiffs.

Kent.
Enjoin has the force of pressing admonition with authority; as, a parent enjoins on his children the duty of obedience. But it has also the sense of command; as, the duties enjoined by God in the moral law. "This word is more authoritative than direct, and less imperious than command." Johnson.
 En*join", v. t. To join or unite. [Obs.] Hooker.
 En*join"er (?), n. One who enjoins.

 En*join"ment (?), n. Direction; command; authoritative admonition.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 En*joy" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoyed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Enjoying.] [OF. enjoier to receive with joy; pref.
 en- (L. in) + OF. & F. joie joy: cf. OF. enjoir to enjoy. See Joy.] 1. To take pleasure or satisfaction in the possession or experience of; to feel or perceive with pleasure; to be delighted with; as, to enjoy the dainties of a feast; to enjoy conversation.

2. To have, possess, and use with satisfaction; to occupy or have the benefit of, as a good or profitable thing, or as something desirable; as, to enjoy a free constitution and religious liberty.

 That the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers.

Num. xxxvi. 8.
 To enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.

Heb. xi. 25.
3. To have sexual intercourse with. Milton.
To enjoy one's self, to feel pleasure; to be happy.

 En*joy", v. i. To take satisfaction; to live in happiness. [R.] Milton.
 En*joy"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy; yielding enjoyment. Milton.
 En*joy"er (?), n. One who enjoys.

 En*joy"ment (?), n. 1. The condition of enjoying anything; pleasure or satisfaction, as in the possession or occupancy of anything; possession and use; as, the enjoyment of an estate.

2. That which gives pleasure or keen satisfaction.

 The hope of everlasting enjoyments.

Glanvill.
Syn. -- Pleasure; satisfaction; gratification; fruition; happiness; felicity; delight.

 En*ken"nel (?), v. t. To put into a kennel.

 En*ker"chiefed (?), a. Bound with a kerchief; draped; hooded; covered. Milton.
 That soft, enkerchiefed hair.

M. Arnold.
 En*kin"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enkindled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enkindling (?).] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle. Shak.
2. To excite; to rouse into action; to incite.

 To enkindle the enthusiasm of an artist.

Talfourd.
 En*lace" (?), v. t. To bind or encircle with lace, or as with lace; to lace; to encircle; to enfold; hence, to entangle.

 Ropes of pearl her neck and breast enlace.

P. Fletcher.
 En*lace"ment (?), n. The act of enlacing, or state of being enlaced; a surrounding as with a lace.

 En*lard" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + lard: cf. OF. enlarder to put on the spit, Pr. & Sp. enlardar to rub with grease, baste.] To cover or dress with lard or grease; to fatten. Shak.
 En*large" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlarged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enlarging (?).] [OF. enlargier; pref. en- (L. in) + F. large wide. See Large.] 1. To make larger; to increase in quantity or dimensions; to extend in limits; to magnify; as, the body is enlarged by nutrition; to enlarge one's house.

 To enlarge their possessions of land.

Locke.
2. To increase the capacity of; to expand; to give free scope or greater scope to; also, to dilate, as with joy, affection, and the like; as, knowledge enlarges the mind.

 O ye Corinthians, our... heart is enlarged.

2 Cor. vi. 11.
3. To set at large or set free. [Archaic] It will enlarge us from all restraints.

Barrow.
Enlarging hammer, a hammer with a slightly rounded face of large diameter; -- used by gold beaters. Knight. -- To enlarge an order or rule (Law), to extend the time for complying with it. Abbott. -- To enlarge one's self, to give free vent to speech; to spread out discourse. "They enlarged themselves on this subject." Clarendon. -- To enlarge the heart, to make free, liberal, and charitable.

Syn. -- To increase; extend; expand; spread; amplify; augment; magnify. See Increase.

 En*large", v. i. 1. To grow large or larger; to be further extended; to expand; as, a plant enlarges by growth; an estate enlarges by good management; a volume of air enlarges by rarefaction.

2. To speak or write at length; to be diffuse in speaking or writing; to expatiate; to dilate.

 To enlarge upon this theme.

M. Arnold.
3. (Naut.) To get more astern or parallel with the vessel's course; to draw aft; -- said of the wind.

 En*larged" (?), a. Made large or larger; extended; swollen. -- En*lar"ged*ly (#), adv. -- En*lar"ged*ness, n. En*large"ment (?), n. 1. The act of increasing in size or bulk, real or apparent; the state of being increased; augmentation; further extension; expansion.

2. Expansion or extension, as of the powers of the mind; ennoblement, as of the feelings and character; as, an enlargement of views, of knowledge, of affection.

3. A setting at large, or being set at large; release from confinement, servitude, or distress; liberty.

 Give enlargement to the swain.

Shak.
4. Diffusiveness of speech or writing; expatiation; a wide range of discourse or argument.

 An enlargement upon the vices and corruptions that were got into the army.

Clarendon.
 En*lar"ger (?), n. One that enlarges.

 En*lay" (?), v. t. See Inlay.

 En*length"en (?), v. t. To lengthen. [Obs.]

 En*lev"en (?), n. Eleven. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*light" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + light. Cf.
 Enlighten.] To illumine; to enlighten. [R.]

 Which from the first has shone on ages past, Enlights the present, and shall warm the last.