Notes of a War Correspondent, by Richard Harding Davis Transcribed from the 1911 Harper and Brothers edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ NOTES OF A WAR CORRESPONDENT by RICHARD HARDING DAVIS illustrated CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK::::::::::::::::::::::::1911 Copyright, 1897, by HARPER & BROTHERS * * * * * Copyright, 1898, 1900, 1910, by CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS At the front in Manchuria Contents: The Cuban-Spanish War The Death of Rodriguez The Greek-Turkish War The Battle of Velestinos The Spanish-American War I. The Rough Riders at Guasimas II. The Battle of San Juan Hill III. The Taking of Coamo IV. The Passing of San Juan Hill The South African War I. With Buller's Column II. The Relief of Ladysmith III. The Night Before the Battle The Japanese-Russian War Battles I did not see A War Correspondent's Kit THE CUBAN-SPANISH WAR: THE DEATH OF RODRIGUEZ [1] Adolfo Rodriguez was the only son of a Cuban farmer, who lived nine miles outside of Santa Clara, beyond the hills that surround that city to the north.
When the revolution in Cuba broke out young Rodriguez joined the insurgents, leaving his father and mother and two sisters at the farm. He was taken, in December of 1896, by a force of the Guardia Civile, the corps d'élite of the Spanish army, and defended himself when they tried to capture him, wounding three of them with his machete.
He was tried by a military court for bearing arms against the government, and sentenced to be shot by a fusillade some morning before sunrise.
Previous to execution he was confined in the military prison of Santa Clara with thirty other insurgents, all of whom were sentenced to be shot, one after the other, on mornings following the execution of Rodriguez.
His execution took place the morning of the 19th of January, 1897, at a place a half-mile distant from the city, on the great plain that stretches from the forts out to the hills, beyond which Rodriguez had lived for nineteen years. At the time of his death he was twenty years old.
I witnessed his execution, and what follows is an account of the way he went to his death. The young man's friends could not be present, for it was impossible for them to show themselves in that crowd and that place with wisdom or without distress, and I like to think that, although Rodriguez could not know it, there was one person present when he died who felt keenly for him, and who was a sympathetic though unwilling spectator.
There had been a full moon the night preceding the execution, and when the squad of soldiers marched from town it was still shining brightly through the mists. It lighted a plain two miles in extent, broken by ridges and gullies and covered with thick, high grass, and with bunches of cactus and palmetto. In the hollow of the ridges the mist lay like broad lakes of water, and on one side of the plain stood the walls of the old town. On the other rose hills covered with royal palms that showed white in the moonlight, like hundreds of marble columns. A line of tiny camp-fires that the sentries had built during the night stretched between the forts at regular intervals and burned clearly.
But as the light grew stronger and the moonlight faded these were stamped out, and when the soldiers came in force the moon was a white ball in the sky, without radiance, the fires had sunk to ashes, and the sun had not yet risen.
So even when the men were formed into three sides of a hollow square, they were scarcely able to distinguish one another in the uncertain light of the morning.
There were about three hundred soldiers in the formation. They belonged to the volunteers, and they deployed upon the plain with their band in front playing a jaunty quickstep, while their officers galloped from one side to the other through the grass, seeking a suitable place for the execution. Outside the line the band still played merrily.
A few men and boys, who had been dragged out of their beds by the music, moved about the ridges behind the soldiers, half-clothed, unshaven, sleepy-eyed, yawning, stretching themselves nervously and shivering in the cool, damp air of the morning.
Either owing to discipline or on account of the nature of their errand, or because the men were still but half awake, there was no talking in the ranks, and the soldiers stood motionless, leaning on their rifles, with their backs turned to the town, looking out across the plain to the hills.
The men in the crowd behind them were also grimly silent. They knew that whatever they might say would be twisted into a word of sympathy for the condemned man or a protest against the government. So no one spoke; even the officers gave their orders in gruff whispers, and the men in the crowd did not mix together, but looked suspiciously at one another and kept apart.
As the light increased a mass of people came hurrying from the town with two black figures leading them, and the soldiers drew up at attention, and part of the double line fell back and left an opening in the square.
With us a condemned man walks only the short distance from his cell to the scaffold or the electric chair, shielded from sight by the prison walls, and it often occurs even then that the short journey is too much for his strength and courage.
But the Spaniards on this morning made the prisoner walk for over a half-mile across the broken surface of the fields. I expected to find the man, no matter what his strength at other times might be, stumbling and faltering on this cruel journey; but as he came nearer I saw that he led all the others, that the priests on either side of him were taking two steps to his one, and that they were tripping on their gowns and stumbling over the hollows in their efforts to keep pace with him as he walked, erect and soldierly, at a quick step in advance of them.
He had a handsome, gentle face of the peasant type, a light, pointed beard, great wistful eyes, and a mass of curly black hair. He was shockingly young for such a sacrifice, and looked more like a Neapolitan than a Cuban. You could imagine him sitting on the quay at Naples or Genoa lolling in the sun and showing his white teeth when he laughed.
Around his neck, hanging outside his linen blouse, he wore a new scapular.
It seems a petty thing to have been pleased with at such a time, but I confess to have felt a thrill of satisfaction when I saw, as the Cuban passed me, that he held a cigarette between his lips, not arrogantly nor with bravado, but with the nonchalance of a man who meets his punishment fearlessly, and who will let his enemies see that they can kill but cannot frighten him.
It was very quickly finished, with rough and, but for one frightful blunder, with merciful swiftness. The crowd fell back when it came to the square, and the condemned man, the priests, and the firing squad of six young volunteers passed in and the line closed behind them.
The officer who had held the cord that bound the Cuban's arms behind him and passed across his breast, let it fall on the grass and drew his sword, and Rodriguez dropped his cigarette from his lips and bent and kissed the cross which the priest held up before him.
The elder of the priests moved to one side and prayed rapidly in a loud whisper, while the other, a younger man, walked behind the firing squad and covered his face with his hands. They had both spent the last twelve hours with Rodriguez in the chapel of the prison.
The Cuban walked to where the officer directed him to stand, and turning his back on the square, faced the hills and the road across them, which led to his father's farm.
As the officer gave the first command he straightened himself as far as the cords would allow, and held up his head and fixed his eyes immovably on the morning light, which had just begun to show above the hills.
He made a picture of such pathetic helplessness, but of such courage and dignity, that he reminded me on the instant of that statue of Nathan Hale which stands in the City Hall Park, above the roar of Broadway. The Cuban's arms were bound, as are those of the statue, and he stood firmly, with his weight resting on his heels like a soldier on parade, and with his face held up fearlessly, as is that of the statue. But there was this difference, that Rodriguez, while probably as willing


.

2. Priestly. " Levitical questions." Milton.
3. Of or pertaining to, or designating, the law contained in the book of Leviticus. Ayliffe.
Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is forbidden.

 Le*vit"ic*al*ly, adv. After the manner of the Levites; in accordance with the levitical law.

 Le*vit"i*cus (-*ks), n. [See Levitical.] The third canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites among the Hebrews, or the body of the ceremonial law.

 Lev"i*ty (lv"*t), n. [L. levitas, fr. levis light in weight; akin to levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1.
 The quality of weighing less than something else of equal bulk; relative lightness, especially as shown by rising through, or floating upon, a contiguous substance; buoyancy; -- opposed to gravity.

 He gave the form of levity to that which ascended; to that which descended, the form of gravity.

Sir. W. Raleigh.
 This bubble by reason of its comparative levity to the fluidity that incloses it, would ascend to the top.

Bentley.
2. Lack of gravity and earnestness in deportment or character; trifling gayety; frivolity; sportiveness; vanity. " A spirit of levity and libertinism." Atterbury.
 He never employed his omnipotence out of levity.

Calamy.
3. Lack of steadiness or constancy; disposition to change; fickleness; volatility.

 The levity that is fatigued and disgusted with everything of which it is in possession.

Burke.
Syn. -- Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; unsteadiness; inconsideration; volatility; flightiness. -- Levity, Volatility, Flightiness. All these words relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties of time and place.Volatility is a degree of levity which causes the thoughts to fly from one object to another, without resting on any for a moment. Flightiness is volatility carried to an extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety or weakness. Levity of deportment, of conduct, of remark; volatility of temper, of spirits; flightiness of mind or disposition.

 Le"vo- (l"v-). A prefix from L. laevus, meaning: (a) Pertaining to, or toward, the left; as, levorotatory. (b) (Chem.
 & Opt.) Turning the plane of polarized light to the left; as, levotartaric acid; levoracemic acid; levogyratory crystals, etc. [Written also lævo-.]

 Le'vo*gy"rate (-j"rt), a. [Levo- + gyrate.] (Chem.
 & Physics) Turning or twisting the plane of polarization towards the left, as levulose, levotartaric acid, etc. [Written also lævogyrate.]

 Le'vo*ro"ta*to*ry (-r"t*t*r), a. [Levo- + rotatory.]
 (Chem. & Physics) Turning or rotating the plane of polarization towards the left; levogyrate, as levulose, left-handed quartz crystals, etc. [Written also lævorotatory.]

 Lev"u*lin (lv"*ln), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling dextrin, obtained from the bulbs of the dahlia, the artichoke, and other sources, as a colorless, spongy, amorphous material. It is so called because by decomposition it yields levulose. [Written also lævulin.]

 Lev'u*lin"ic (-ln"k), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid (called also acetyl-propionic acid), C5H8O3, obtained by the action of dilute acids on various sugars (as levulose).
 [Written also lævulinic.]

 Lev'u*lo"san (-l"san), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable carbohydrate obtained by gently heating levulose.

 Lev"u*lose' (lv"*ls'), n. [See Levo-.] (Chem.) A sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained crystallized, occurring widely in honey, ripe fruits, etc., and hence called also fruit sugar. It is called levulose, because it rotates the plane of polarization to the left.
 [Written also lævulose.]> It is obtained, together with an equal quantity of dextrose, by the inversion of ordinary cane or beet sugar, and hence, as being an ingredient of invert sugar, is often so called. It is fermentable, nearly as sweet as cane sugar, and is metameric with dextrose. Cf.
 Dextrose.

 Lev"y (-), n.; pl. Levies (-z). [A contr. of elevenpence or elevenpenny bit.] A name formerly given in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to the Spanish real of one eighth of a dollar (or 12½ cents), valued at eleven pence when the dollar was rated at 7s.
 6d.

 Lev"y, n. [F. levée, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levee.] 1. The act of levying or collecting by authority; as, the levy of troops, taxes, etc.

 A levy of all the men left under sixty.

Thirlwall.
2. That which is levied, as an army, force, tribute, etc. " The Irish levies." Macaulay.
3. (Law) The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution.

Levy in mass [F. levée en masse], a requisition of all able-bodied men for military service.

 Lev"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levied (lv"d); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Levying.] 1. To raise, as a siege. [Obs.] Holland.
2. To raise; to collect; said of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscription, etc.

 Augustine... inflamed Ethelbert, king of Kent, to levy his power, and to war against them.

Fuller.
3. To raise or collect by assessment; to exact by authority; as, to levy taxes, toll, tribute, or contributions.

 If they do this... my ransom, then, Will soon be levied.

Shak.
4. (Law) (a) To gather or exact; as, to levy money. (b) To erect, build, or set up; to make or construct; to raise or cast up; as, to levy a mill, dike, ditch, a nuisance, etc.
 [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. (c) To take or seize on execution; to collect by execution.

To levy a fine, to commence and carry on a suit for assuring the title to lands or tenements. Blackstone. -- To levy war, to make or begin war; to take arms for attack; to attack.

 Lev"y, v. i. To seize property, real or personal, or subject it to the operation of an execution; to make a levy; as, to levy on property; the usual mode of levying, in England, is by seizing the goods.

To levy on goods and chattels, to take into custody or seize specific property in satisfaction of a writ.

 { Lev"yne (lv"n), Lev"yn*ite (- n*t), } n. [From Mr. Levy, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A whitish, reddish, or yellowish, transparent or translucent mineral, allied to chabazite.

 Lew


As in "This new vgrind feature would require a codewalker to implement."
Node:coefficient of X, Next:cokebottle, Previous:codewalker, Up:= C = coefficient of X n. Hackish speech makes heavy use of pseudo-mathematical metaphors. Four particularly important ones involve the terms 'coefficient', 'factor', 'index of X', and 'quotient'. They are often loosely applied to things you cannot really be quantitative about, but there are subtle distinctions among them that convey information about the way the speaker mentally models whatever he or she is describing.
'Foo factor' and 'foo quotient' tend to describe something for which the issue is one of presence or absence. The canonical example is fudge factor.
It's not important how much you're fudging; the term simply acknowledges that some fudging is needed. You might talk of liking a movie for its silliness factor. Quotient tends to imply that the property is a ratio of two opposing factors: "I would have won except for my luck quotient." This could also be "I would have won except for the luck factor", but using quotient emphasizes that it was bad luck overpowering good luck (or someone else's good luck overpowering your own).
'Foo index' and 'coefficient of foo' both tend to imply that foo is, if not strictly measurable, at least something that can be larger or smaller. Thus, you might refer to a paper or person as having a 'high bogosity index', whereas you would be less likely to speak of a 'high bogosity factor'. 'Foo index' suggests that foo is a condensation of many quantities, as in the mundane cost-of-living index; 'coefficient of foo' suggests that foo is a fundamental quantity, as in a coefficient of friction. The choice between these terms is often one of personal preference; e.g., some people might feel that bogosity is a fundamental attribute and thus say 'coefficient of bogosity', whereas others might feel it is a combination of factors and thus say 'bogosity index'.
Node:cokebottle, Next:cold boot, Previous:coefficient of X, Up:= C = cokebottle /kohk'bot-l/ n. Any very unusual character, particularly one you can't type because it isn't on your keyboard. MIT people used to complain about the 'control-meta-cokebottle' commands at SAIL, and SAIL people complained right back about the 'escape-escape-cokebottle' commands at MIT. After the demise of the space-cadet keyboard, 'cokebottle' faded away as serious usage, but was often invoked humorously to describe an (unspecified) weird or non-intuitive keystroke command. It may be due for a second inning, however.
The OSF/Motif window manager, mwm(1), has a reserved keystroke for switching to the default set of keybindings and behavior. This keystroke is (believe it or not) 'control-meta-bang' (see bang). Since the exclamation point looks a lot like an upside down Coke bottle, Motif hackers have begun referring to this keystroke as 'cokebottle'. See also quadruple bucky.
Node:cold boot, Next:COME FROM, Previous:cokebottle, Up:= C = cold boot n. See boot.
Node:COME FROM, Next:comm mode, Previous:cold boot, Up:= C = COME FROM n. A semi-mythical language construct dual to the 'go to'; COME FROM would cause the referenced label to act as a sort of trapdoor, so that if the program ever reached it control would quietly and automagically be transferred to the statement following the COME FROM. COME FROM was first proposed in R. Lawrence Clark's "A Linguistic Contribution to GOTO-less programming", which appeared in a 1973 Datamation issue (and was reprinted in the April 1984 issue of "Communications of the ACM"). This parodied the then-raging 'structured programming' holy wars (see considered harmful). Mythically, some variants are the 'assigned COME FROM' and the 'computed COME FROM' (parodying some nasty control constructs in FORTRAN and some extended BASICs). Of course, multi-tasking (or non-determinism) could be implemented by having more than one COME FROM statement coming from the same label.
In some ways the FORTRAN DO looks like a COME FROM statement. After the terminating statement number/CONTINUE is reached, control continues at the statement following the DO. Some generous FORTRANs would allow arbitrary statements (other than CONTINUE) for the statement, leading to examples like: in which the trapdoor is just after the statement labeled 10.
(This is particularly surprising because the label doesn't appear to have anything to do with the flow of control at all!)
While sufficiently astonishing to the unsuspecting reader, this form of COME FROM statement isn't completely general. After all, control will eventually pass to the following statement. The implementation of the general form was left to Univac FORTRAN, ca. 1975 (though a roughly similar feature existed on the IBM 7040 ten years earlier). The statement AT 100 would perform a COME FROM 100.
It was intended strictly as a debugging aid, with dire consequences promised to anyone so deranged as to use it in production code. More horrible things had already been perpetrated in production languages, however; doubters need only contemplate the ALTER verb in COBOL.
COME FROM was supported under its own name for the first time 15 years later, in C-INTERCAL (see INTERCAL, retrocomputing); knowledgeable observers are still reeling from the shock.
Node:comm mode, Next:command key, Previous:COME FROM, Up:= C = comm mode /kom mohd/ n.
[ITS: from the feature supporting on-line chat; the term may spelled with one or two m's] Syn. for talk mode.
Node:command key, Next:comment out, Previous:comm mode, Up:= C = command key n.
[Mac users] Syn. feature key.
Node:comment out, Next:Commonwealth Hackish, Previous:command key, Up:= C = comment out vt.
To surround a section of code with comment delimiters or to prefix every line in the section with a comment marker; this prevents it from being compiled or interpreted. Often done when the code is redundant or obsolete, but is being left in the source to make the intent of the active code clearer; also when the code in that section is broken and you want to bypass it in order to debug some other part of the code. Compare condition out, usually the preferred technique in languages (such as C) that make it possible.
Node:Commonwealth Hackish, Next:compact, Previous:comment out, Up:= C = Commonwealth Hackish n. Hacker jargon as spoken in English outside the U.S., esp. in the British Commonwealth. It is reported that Commonwealth speakers are more likely to pronounce truncations like 'char' and 'soc', etc., as spelled (/char/, /sok/), as opposed to American /keir/ and /sohsh/. Dots in newsgroup names (especially two-component names) tend to be pronounced more often (so soc.wibble is /sok dot wib'l/ rather than /sohsh wib'l/).
Preferred metasyntactic variables include blurgle, eek, ook, frodo, and bilbo; wibble, wobble, and in emergencies wubble; flob, banana, tom, dick, harry, wombat, frog, fish, womble and so on and on (see foo, sense 4). Alternatives to verb doubling include suffixes '-o-rama', 'frenzy' (as in feeding frenzy), and 'city' (examples: "barf city!" "hack-o-rama!" "core dump frenzy!").
All the generic differences within the anglophone world inevitably show themselves in the associated hackish dialects.
The Greek letters beta and zeta are usually pronounced /bee't*/ and /zee't*/; meta may also be pronounced /mee't*/. Various punctuators (and even letters - Z is called 'zed', not 'zee') are named differently: most crucially, for hackish, where Americans use 'parens', '


the Manila elemi. It is used in the manufacture of varnishes, also in ointments and plasters.

 El"e*min (?), n. (Chem.) A transparent, colorless oil obtained from elemi resin by distillation with water; also, a crystallizable extract from the resin.

 E*lench" (*lk"), n.; pl. Elenchs (#). [L. elenchus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to convict, confute, prove: cf. OF. elenche.]
 (Logic) (a) That part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends; that which convinces of refutes an antagonist; a refutation. (b) A specious but fallacious argument; a sophism.

 E*len"chic*al (?), a. Pertaining to an elench.

 E*len"chic*al*ly, adv. By means of an elench.

 E*len"chize (?), v. i. To dispute. [R.] B. Jonson.
 { E*lench"tic, E*lench"tic*al (?) }, a. Same as Elenctic.

 ||E*len"chus (?), n. [L.] Same as Elench.

 { E*lenc"tic (?), E*lenc"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr.&?;.] (Logic) Serving to refute; refutative; -- applied to indirect modes of proof, and opposed to deictic.

 El"enge (?), a. [Cf. AS. ellende foreign, strange, G. elend miserable.] Sorrowful; wretched; full of trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 El"enge*ness, n. Loneliness; misery. [Obs.]

 El"e*phan*sy (?), n. [L. elephantia.] Elephantiasis. [Obs.]
 Holland.
 El"e*phant (l"*fant), n. [OE. elefaunt, olifant, OF. olifant, F. éléphant, L. elephantus, elephas, -antis, fr. Gr. 'ele'fas, -fantos; of unknown origin; perh. fr. Skr. ibha, with the Semitic article al, el, prefixed, or fr. Semitic Aleph hindi Indian bull; or cf. Goth. ulbandus camel, AS. olfend.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mammal of the order Proboscidia, of which two living species, Elephas Indicus and E. Africanus, and several fossil species, are known. They have a proboscis or trunk, and two large ivory tusks proceeding from the extremity of the upper jaw, and curving upwards. The molar teeth are large and have transverse folds. Elephants are the largest land animals now existing.

2. Ivory; the tusk of the elephant. [Obs.] Dryden.
Elephant apple (Bot.), an East Indian fruit with a rough, hard rind, and edible pulp, borne by Feronia elephantum, a large tree related to the orange. -- Elephant bed (Geol.), at Brighton, England, abounding in fossil remains of elephants. Mantell.
 -- Elephant beetle (Zoöl.), any very large beetle of the genus Goliathus (esp. G. giganteus), of the family Scarabæidæ.
 They inhabit West Africa. -- Elephant fish (Zoöl.), a chimæroid fish (Callorhynchus antarcticus), with a proboscis-like projection of the snout. -- Elephant paper, paper of large size, 23 × 28 inches. -- Double elephant paper, paper measuring 26¾ × 40 inches. See Note under Paper. -- Elephant seal (Zoöl.), an African jumping shrew (Macroscelides typicus), having a long nose like a proboscis. -- Elephant's ear (Bot.), a name given to certain species of the genus Begonia, which have immense one-sided leaves. -- Elephant's foot (Bot.) (a) A South African plant (Testudinaria Elephantipes), which has a massive rootstock covered with a kind of bark cracked with deep fissures; -- called also tortoise plant. The interior part is barely edible, whence the plant is also called Hottentot's bread. (b) A genus (Elephantopus) of coarse, composite weeds. -- Elephant's tusk (Zoöl.), the tooth shell. See Dentalium.

 El'e*phan"ti*ac (?), a. (Med.) Affected with elephantiasis; characteristic of elephantiasis.

 ||El'e*phan*ti"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, from 'ele'fas, -fantos, an elephant.] (Med.) A disease of the skin, in which it become enormously thickened, and is rough, hard, and fissured, like an elephant's hide.

 El'e*phan"tine (?), a. [L. elephantinus of ivory, Gr. &?;: cf. F. éléphantin.] Pertaining to the elephant, or resembling an elephant (commonly, in size); hence, huge; immense; heavy; as, of elephantine proportions; an elephantine step or tread.

Elephantine epoch (Geol.), the epoch distinguished by the existence of large pachyderms. Mantell. -- Elephantine tortoise (Zoöl.), a huge land tortoise; esp., Testudo elephantina, from islands in the Indian Ocean; and T. elephantopus, from the Galapagos Islands.

 { El"e*phan*toid' (?; 277), El'e*phan*toid"al (?), } a. [Elephant + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an elephant in form or appearance.

 El'eu*sin"i*an (?), a. [L. Eleusinius, Gr. &?;.]
 Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated; as, Eleusinian mysteries or festivals.

 ||E*leu'ther*o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Gr. 'eleu'qeros free + E. mania.]
 A mania or frantic zeal for freedom. [R.] Carlyle.
 E*leu'ther*o*ma"ni*ac, a. Mad for freedom. [R.]

 E*leu'ther*o-pet"al*ous (?), a. [Gr. 'eleu'qeros free + E. petal.]
 (Bot.) Having the petals free, that is, entirely separate from each other; -- said of both plant and flower.

 El"e*vate (?), a. [L. elevatus, p. p.] Elevated; raised aloft. [Poetic] Milton.
 El"e*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elevated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Elevating (?).] [L. elevatus, p. p. of elevare; e + levare to lift up, raise, akin to levis light in weight. See Levity.] 1. To bring from a lower place to a higher; to lift up; to raise; as, to elevate a weight, a flagstaff, etc.

2. To raise to a higher station; to promote; as, to elevate to an office, or to a high social position.

3. To raise from a depressed state; to animate; to cheer; as, to elevate the spirits.

4. To exalt; to ennoble; to dignify; as, to elevate the mind or character.

5. To raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness; -- said of sounds; as, to elevate the voice.

6. To intoxicate in a slight degree; to render tipsy. [Colloq.
 & Sportive] "The elevated cavaliers sent for two tubs of merry stingo." Sir W.


German "Conversations-Lexicon" for the "American Cyclopedia."
After graduating from Harvard, he immediately entered Andover Theological Seminary. Three years later, in 1832, he wrote, among others, his most famous hymn, "America," of which the "National Cyclopedia of American Biography" says, "It has found its way wherever an American heart beats or the English language is spoken, and has probably proved useful in stirring the patriotic spirit of the American people."
Dr. Smith himself often said that he had heard "America" sung "halfway round the world, under the earth in the caverns of Manitou, Colorado, and almost above the earth near the top of Pike's Peak."
The hymn, as every child knows, is sung to the air of the national anthem of England,—"God Save the King." The author came upon it in a book of German music, and by it was inspired to write the words of "America," a work which he accomplished in half an hour. Many years after, referring to its impromptu composition, he wrote: "If I had anticipated the future of it, doubtless I should have taken more pains with it. Such as it is, I am glad to have contributed this mite to the cause of American freedom."
In a magazine article, written several years ago, Mr. Herbert Heywood gave an interesting account of an interview with Dr. Smith, who told him the story of the writing of the hymn himself.
"'I wrote "America,"' he said, 'when I was a theological student at Andover, during my last year there. In February, 1832, I was poring over a German book of patriotic songs which Lowell Mason, of Boston, had sent me to translate, when I came upon one with a tune of great majesty. I hummed it over, and was struck with the ease with which the accompanying German words fell into the music. I saw it was a patriotic song, and while I was thinking of translating it, I felt an impulse to write an American patriotic hymn. I reached my hand for a bit of waste paper, and, taking my quill pen, wrote the four verses in half an hour.
I sent it with some translations of the German songs to Lowell Mason, and the next thing I knew of it I was told it had been sung by the Sunday-school children at Park Street Church, Boston, at the following Fourth of July celebration. The house where I was living at the time was on the Andover turnpike, a little north of the seminary building. I have been in the house since I left it in September, 1832, but never went into my old room.'" This room is now visited by patriotic Americans from every part of the country.
Two years after "America" was written, Dr. Smith became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Waterville, Maine, and also professor of modern languages in Waterville College, which is now known as Colby University. His great industry and zeal, both as a clergyman and student and teacher of languages, enabled him to perform the duties of both positions successfully. He was a noted linguist, and could read books in fifteen different languages. He could converse in most of the modern European tongues, and at eighty-six was engaged in studying Russian.
In 1842 Dr. Smith was made pastor of the First Baptist Church, Newton Center, Massachusetts, where he made his home for the rest of his life.
"When he died, in November, 1895," says Mr. Heywood, "he was living in the old brown frame-house at Newton Center, Massachusetts, which had been his home for over fifty years. It stood back from the street, on the brow of a hill sloping gently to a valley on the north. Pine trees were in the front and rear, and the sun, from his rising to his setting, smiled upon that abode of simple greatness. The house was faded and worn by wind and weather, and was in perfect harmony with its surroundings—the brown grass sod that peeped from under the snow, the dull-colored, leafless elms, and the gray, worn stone steps leading up from the street.
"An air of gentle refinement pervaded the interior, and every room spoke of its inmate. But perhaps the library was best loved of all by Dr. Smith, for here it was that his work went on. Here, beside a sunny bay window, stood his work table, and his high-backed, old-fashioned chair, with black, rounded arms. All about the room were ranged his bookcases, and an old, tall clock marked the flight of time that was so kind to the old man. His figure was short, his shoulders slightly bowed, and around his full, ruddy face, that beamed with kindness, was a fringe of white hair and beard."
Dr. Smith resigned his pastorate of the Newton church in 1854, and became editorial secretary of the American Baptist Missionary Union. In 1875 he went abroad for the first time, and spent a year in European travel. Five years later he went to India and the Burmese empire.
During his travels he visited Christian missionary stations in France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Sweden, Denmark, Burmah, India, and Ceylon.
The latter years of his life were devoted almost entirely to literary work. He wrote numerous poems which were published in magazines and newspapers, but never collected in book form. His hymns, numbering over one hundred, are sung by various Christian denominations. "The Morning Light is Breaking" is a popular favorite. Among his other published works are "Missionary Sketches," "Rambles in Mission Fields," a "History of Newton," and a "Life of Rev. Joseph Grafton." Besides his original hymns, he translated many from other languages, and wrote numerous magazine articles and sketches during his long and busy life.
Dr. Smith's vitality and enthusiasm remained with him to the last. A great-grandfather when he died in his eighty-seventh year, he was an inspiration to the younger generations growing up around him. He was at work almost to the moment of his death, and still actively planning for the future.
His great national hymn, if he had left nothing else, will keep his memory green forever in the hearts of his countrymen. It is even more popular to-day, after seventy-one years have elapsed, than it was when first sung in Park Street Church by the Sunday-school children of Boston. Its patriotic ring, rather than its literary merit, renders it sweet to the ear of every American. Wherever it is sung, the feeble treble of age will join as enthusiastically as the joyous note of youth in rendering the inspiring strains of AMERICA My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing, Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrim's pride, From every mountain side, Let freedom ring.
 My native country, thee, Land of the noble, free, Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills,— My heart with rapture thrills, Like that above.
 Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song; Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake, Let rocks their silence break, The sound prolong.
 Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of Liberty, To Thee we sing; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light,— Protect us by thy might, Great God, our King.
III. THE BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC "No single influence," says United States Senator George F. Hoar of Massachusetts, "has had so much to do with shaping the destiny of a nation—as nothing more surely expresses national character—than what is known as the national anthem."
There is some difference of opinion as to which of our patriotic hymns or songs is distinctively the national anthem of America. Senator Hoar seems to have made up his mind in favor of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic." Writing of its author, Julia Ward Howe, in 1903, he said: "We waited eighty years for our American national


(&?;), n. One who, or that which, annoys.

 An*noy"ful (&?;), a. Annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 An*noy"ing, a. That annoys; molesting; vexatious. -- An*noy"ing*ly, adv.
 An*noy"ous (&?;), a. [OF. enuius, anoios.]
 Troublesome; annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 An"nu*al (?; 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel, fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year. Cf. Annals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; returning every year; coming or happening once in the year; yearly.

 The annual overflowing of the river [Nile]. Ray.
2. Performed or accomplished in a year; reckoned by the year; as, the annual motion of the earth.

 A thousand pound a year, annual support. Shak.
2. Lasting or continuing only one year or one growing season; requiring to be renewed every year; as, an annual plant; annual tickets. Bacon.
 An"nu*al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; esp.
 a literary work published once a year.

2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year or season; an annual plant.

 Oaths... in some sense almost annuals;... and I myself can remember about forty different sets. Swift.
3. (R. C. Ch.) A Mass for a deceased person or for some special object, said daily for a year or on the anniversary day.

 An"nu*al*ist, n. One who writes for, or who edits, an annual. [R.]

 An"nu*al*ly, adv. Yearly; year by year.

 An"nu*a*ry (&?;), a. [Cf. F. annuaire.] Annual. [Obs.]
 -- n. A yearbook.

 An"nu*el*er (&?;), n. A priest employed in saying annuals, or anniversary Masses. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 An"nu*ent (&?;), a. [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere; ad + nuere to nod.] Nodding; as, annuent muscles (used in nodding).

 An*nu"i*tant (&?;), n. [See Annuity.] One who receives, or its entitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb.
 An*nu"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Annuities (&?;).
 [LL. annuitas, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annuité.]
 A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance.

 An*nul" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annulled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] [F. annuler, LL. annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum, neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate.

 Light, the prime work of God, to me's extinct. And all her various objects of delight Annulled. Milton.
2. To make void or of no effect; to nullify; to abolish; to do away with; -- used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made void by component authority.

 Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our liberties?
Burke.
Syn. -- To abolish; abrogate; repeal; cancel; reverse; rescind; revoke; nullify; destroy. See Abolish.

 An"nu*lar (&?;), a. [L. annularis, fr. annulis ring: cf. F. annulaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a ring; forming a ring; ringed; ring-shaped; as, annular fibers.

2. Banded or marked with circles.

Annular eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central part of the sun's disk, leaving a complete ring of light around the border.

 An'nu*lar"i*ty (&?;), n. Annular condition or form; as, the annularity of a nebula. J. Rogers.
 An"nu*lar*ry, adv. In an annular manner.

 An"nu*la*ry (&?;), a. [L. annularis. See Annular.]
 Having the form of a ring; annular. Ray.
 ||An'nu*la"ta (&?;), n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. annulatus ringed.] (Zoöl.) A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida.

 An"nu*late (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulata.

 { An"nu*late, An"nu*la'ted (&?;) } a. [L. annulatus.] 1.
 Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulata.

 An'nu*la"tion (&?;), n. A circular or ringlike formation; a ring or belt. Nicholson.
 An"nu*let (&?;), n. [Dim. of annulus.] 1. A little ring. Tennyson.
2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc., used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, several times repeated, under the Doric capital.

3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge.

4. (Zoöl.) A narrow circle of some distinct color on a surface or round an organ.

 An*nul"la*ble (&?;), a. That may be Annulled.

 An*nul"ler (&?;), n. One who annuls. [R.]

 An*nul"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. annulement.] The act of annulling; abolition; invalidation.

 An"nu*loid (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annuloida.

 ||An'nu*loid"a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. annulus ring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms. [Written also Annuloidea.]

 ||An"nu*lo"sa (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoölogists it is applied to the former only.

 An'nu*lo"san (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulosa.

 An"nu*lose' (&?;; 277), a. [L. annulus ring.] 1.
 Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments; ringed.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulosa.

 ||An"nu*lus (&?;), n.; pl. Annuli (&?;). [L.]
 1. A ring; a ringlike part or space.

2. (Geom.) (a) A space contained between the circum


out of their body; I can not say that lump is cancerous but I can state that the cells in that lump test overly strong and that if I myself had a mass of growing cells testing overly strong and if I believed in the standard medical model, then I would be rushing my overly strong testing cells to an oncologist. But I don't dare say the person has a cancer. Or diabetes. Or is getting close to kidney failure.
That is a diagnosis.
 To me, diagnosis is a form of magic rite in which the physician discovers the secret name of the devil that is inhabiting one's body and then, knowing that secret name, performs the correct rite and ritual to cast that demon out. I don't know why people are made so happy knowing the name of their condition! Does it really matter? Either the body can heal the condition or it can't. If it can, you will recover (especially if you give the body a little help). If the body can't heal a condition you will die or live a long time being miserable. No "scientific" medical magic can do better than that.
 By describing a disease in terms of its related organ weaknesses, instead of pinning a Latin name on it, I am able to assist the body to achieve recovery in a superior way that the physician rarely does. By discovering that the body with the lump of overly strong cells also has a weak spleen, liver and thymus gland, I can take actions to strengthen the spleen, liver and thymus. If the body can strengthen its spleen, liver and thymus, then the overly strong cells miraculously vanish. But of course I and what I did did not cure any disease. Any improvements that happen I assign (correctly) to the body's own healing power.
 The way I analyze the organic integrity of the body is through a number of related methods, including the general appearance of the body, the patient's health history, various clues such as body and breath odor, skin color and tone, and especially, biokinesiology, the applied science of muscle testing. Biokinesiology can be used to test the strength or weakness of specific organs and their function.
A weak latissimus dorsi muscle indicates a weak pancreas, for example. Specific acupuncture points can be tested in conjunction with muscle strength to indicate the condition of specific organs or glands. The strength of the arm's resistance to downward pressure could be calibrated with a spring scale and precisely gauged, but experienced practitioners have no need for this bother, because they are able to pick up subtle changes in the arms resistance that are not apparent to the testée. Thus muscle testing becomes an art form, and becomes as effective as the person using it is sensitive and aware.
 Biokinesiology works because every organ and gland in the body is interconnected with other parts of the body through nerve pathways and nerve transmissions, which are electrical and can be measured through muscle testing. This may seem too esoteric for the "scientific" among you, but acupuncture points and energy manifestations around and in the body--are now accepted phenomena, their reality demonstrated by special kinds of photography. Acupuncturists, who heal by manipulating the body's energy field with metal needles, are now widely accepted in the western hemisphere. Kinesiology utilizes the same acupuncture points (and some others too) for analytic purposes so it is sometimes called "contact reflex analysis."
 I have studied and used Kinesiology for 25 years with the majority of my clients with very good success. There are some few people who are very difficult to test because they are either too debilitated, lack electrical conductivity, or their state of mind is so skeptical and negative about this type of approach that they put up an impenetrable mental barrier and/or hold their body so rigidly that I can hardly determine a response. A skilled can overcome the obstacle of a weak body that can barely respond, but the person who is mentally opposed and determined to prove you wrong should not be tested. If you proceed it is sure to have an unsatisfactory outcome for all concerned. For even if I manage to accurately analyze the condition of a skeptical client, they will never believe the analysis and will not follow suggestions.
 The "scientific," open-minded, "reasonable" client can be better approached using an academic-like discussion based on published literature that demonstrates how people with similar symptoms and complaints do very well on a particular dietary regimen and supplements. This type of person will sometimes follow dietary recommendations to the last letter, because their scientific background has trained them to be obedient.
 When a client comes to me, I like to take a real good look at who is sitting in front of me. I take my leisure to find out all about their history, their complaints, their motivation to change, their experience with natural healing, their level of personal responsibility, whether or not they have to work, whether or not they can take time out to heal, will they fast or take supplements, do they have sufficient finances to carry a program through to a successful completion, do they have people closely connected to them that are strongly opposed to alternative approaches, can they withstand some discomfort and self-denial, do they have toxic relationships with other people that are contributing to their condition, are they willing to read and educate themselves in greater depth about natural healing, etc.
I need to know the answers to these questions in order to help them choose a program which is most likely to succeed.
 Even though fasting is the most effective method I know of, it is not for people who are compelled to keep up a work schedule, nor is it for people who are very ill and do not have anyone to assist them and supervise them.
Nor is it for people who do not understand fasting and are afraid of it. People who have associates that are opposed to it, and people who do not have a strongly-functioning liver or kidneys should not fast either. Seriously ill people that have been on a meat-heavy diet with lots of addicting substances need a long runway into a fast so as to not overwhelm their organs of elimination. Does the person in front of me have an eating disorder, or an otherwise suicidal approach to fasting, etc. Clearly fasting is not for everyone, and if I recommend it to the wrong person, the result will be a bad reputation for a marvelous tool.
 Given that many clients can not fast without a lot of preparation, the majority of my clients start out with a gentle detox program that takes considerably more time, but works. These gradients have been outlined under the healing programs for the chronically ill, acutely ill, etc.
 To help rebuild poorly functioning organs, I sometimes use a specialized group of food supplements called protomorphogens. These are not readily available to the general public and perhaps should not be casually purchasable like vitamins, because, as with many prescription drugs, supervision is usually necessary for their successful use. If the FDA ever succeeds at making protomorphogens unavailable to me, I could still have very good results. (At this time the Canadian authorities do not allow importation of protomorphogens for resale, though individuals can usually clear small shipments through Canada Customs if for their own personal use.) But protomorphogens do facilitate healing and sometimes permit healing to occur at a lower gradient of handling. Without them a body might have to fast to heal, with the aid of protomorphogens a person might be able to get better without fasting.
And if protomorphogens are used (chewed up--ugh!) while fasting, healing is accelerated.
 Protomorphogens are made from freeze-dried, organically-raised animal organ meats (usually calf or lamb) combined with very specific vitamins, herbs and other co-factors to potentiate the effect. I view protomorphogens as containing nutritional supplementation specific for the rebuilding of the damaged organ.
 Doctor Royal Lee, a medical genius who developed protomorphogens therapy in the 50s and who spent several stints in prison in exchange for his benevolence and concern for human well-being, also founded the company that has supplied me with protomorphogens. After decades of official persecution and denial of the efficacy of protomorphogens by the power structure, it looks like they are about to finally have their day. As I write this book cutting-edge medical research companies are developing therapies using concentrated animal proteins (protomorphogens) to treat arthritis, multiple sclerosis, eye inflamations and juvenile diabetes. The researchers talk as though they are highly praiseworthy for "discovering" this approach.
 Unfortunately, this development is likely to cut two ways.
On one hand, it vindicates Dr. Lee; on the other, when these drug companies find a way to patent


to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc.

 Used also as a substantive; as, the French anas.

 It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent. Hallam.
 An'a*bap"tism (&?;), n. [L. anabaptismus, Gr.
 'anabaptismo's: cf. F. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists.

 An'a*bap"tist (&?;), n. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if 'anabaptisth's: cf. F. anabaptiste.] A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy.

 In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism.

 { An'a*bap*tis"tic (&?;), An'a*bap*tis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton.
 Bp. Bull.
 An'a*bap"tist*ry (&?;), n. The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.]

 Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster. Pagitt.
 An'a*bap*tize" (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; again + &?; to baptize. See Baptize.] To rebaptize; to rechristen; also, to rename. [R.] Whitlock.
 ||An"a*bas (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, p. p. of &?; to advance.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes.

 ||A*nab"a*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to go up; &?; up + &?; to go.] 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called "The Anabasis."

 The anabasis of Napoleon. De Quincey.
2. (Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.]

 An'a*bat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to anabasis; as, an anabatic fever. [Obs.]

 An'a*bol"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; something heaped up; &?; + &?; a stroke.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature.

 A*nab"o*lism (&?;), n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism.

 An'a*camp"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; to bend back; &?; back + &?; to bend.] Reflecting of reflected; as, an anacamptic sound (and echo).

 The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics.

 An'a*camp"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv. By reflection; as, echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton.
 An'a*camp"tics (&?;), n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics.

2. The science of reflected sounds.

 { ||An'a*can"thi*ni (&?;), An"a*canths (&?;), } n. pl.
 [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; thorny, fr. &?; thorn.] (Zoöl.)
 A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin-rays, as the cod.

 An'a*can"thous (&?;), a. Spineless, as certain fishes.

 An'a*car"di*a"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples.

 An'a*car"dic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as, anacardic acid.

 ||An'a*car"di*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; similar to + &?; heart; -- the fruit of this plant being thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew.

 An'a*ca*thar"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting; &?; + &?;. See Cathartic.] (Med.)
 Producing vomiting or expectoration. -- n. An anacathartic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic.

 ||An*ach"a*ris (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; up + &?; grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frog's-bit family (Hydrocharidaceæ), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme.

 An*ach"o*ret (&?;), n. An*ach'o*ret"ic*al (&?;), a. See Anchoret, Anchoretic. [Obs.]

 An*ach"o*rism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; place.] An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.]

 An'a*chron"ic (&?;), An'a*chron"ic*al (&?;), a. Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic.

 An*ach"ro*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to refer to a wrong time, to confound times; &?; + &?; time: cf. F. anachronisme.]
 A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation.

 An*ach'ro*nis"tic (&?;), a. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton.
 An*ach"ro*nize (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell.
 An*ach"ro*nous (&?;), a. Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. -- An*ach"ro*nous*ly, adv.
 An'a*clas"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; to bend back and break; to reflect (light); &?; + &?; to break.] 1. (Opt.)
 Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as, anaclastic


take in gree; to accept in gree; that is, to take favorably. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Accept in gree, my lord, the words I spoke.

Fairfax.
2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.
 He is a shepherd great in gree.

Spenser.
3. The prize; the honor of the day; as, to bear the gree, i. e., to carry off the prize. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.
 Gree, v. i. [From Agree.] To agree. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Gree, n.; pl. Grees (grz); obs. plurals Greece (grs) Grice (grs or grs), Grise, Grize (grz or grz), etc. [OF. gré, F. grade. See Grade.] A step.

 Greece (?), n. pl. See Gree a step. [Obs.]

 Greed (grd"), n. [Akin to Goth. grdus hunger, Icel. grðr.
 √34. See Greedy.] An eager desire or longing; greediness; as, a greed of gain.

 Greed"i*ly (?), adv. In a greedy manner.

 Greed"i*ness, n. [AS grdignes.] The quality of being greedy; vehement and selfish desire.

 Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness.
Shak.
Syn. -- Ravenousness; voracity; eagerness; avidity.

 Greed"y (-), a. [Compar. Greedier (-*r); superl.
 Greediest.] [OE. gredi, AS. grdig, grdig; akin to D. gretig, OS. grdag, OHG. grtag, Dan. graadig, OSw. gradig, grådig, Icel. grðugr, Goth. grdags greedy, grdn to be hungry; cf. Skr. gdh to be greedy. Cf.
 Greed.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; very hungry; -- followed by of; as, a lion that is greedy of his prey.

2. Having a keen desire for anything; vehemently desirous; eager to obtain; avaricious; as, greedy of gain.

 Greed"y-gut' (?), n. A glutton. [Low] Todd.
 Gree"gree', Gri"gri' (?), n. An African talisman or charm.

A greegree man, an African magician or fetich priest.

 Greek (?), a. [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr.?: cf. F. grec.
 Cf. Grecian.] Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian.

Greek calends. See under Calends. -- Greek Church (Eccl.
 Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the Byzantine Church. -- Greek cross. See Illust. (10) Of Cross. -- Greek Empire.
 See Byzantine Empire. -- Greek fire, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. Ure. -- Greek rose, the flower campion.

 Greek, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also, the language of Greece.

2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang] Without a confederate the... game of baccarat does not... offer many chances for the Greek.
Sat. Rev.
3. Something unintelligible; as, it was all Greek to me.
 [Colloq.]

 Greek"ess (?), n. A female Greek. [R.]

 Greek"ish, a. [Cf. AS. Grcisc.] Peculiar to Greece.

 Greek"ling (?), n. A little Greek, or one of small esteem or pretensions. B. Jonson.
 Green (?), a. [Compar. Greener (&?;); superl.
 Greenest.] [OE. grene, AS. gr?ne; akin to D. groen, OS. gr?ni, OHG. gruoni, G. gr?n, Dan. & Sw. gr?n, Icel. gr?nn; fr. the root of E. grow. See Grow.] 1.
 Having the color of grass when fresh and growing; resembling that color of the solar spectrum which is between the yellow and the blue; verdant; emerald.

2. Having a sickly color; wan.

 To look so green and pale.

Shak.
3. Full of life and vigor; fresh and vigorous; new; recent; as, a green manhood; a green wound.

 As valid against such an old and beneficent government as against...
 the greenest usurpation.

Burke.
4. Not ripe; immature; not fully grown or ripened; as, green fruit, corn, vegetables, etc.

5. Not roasted; half raw. [R.]

 We say the meat is green when half roasted.

L. Watts.
6. Immature in age or experience; young; raw; not trained; awkward; as, green in years or judgment.

 I might be angry with the officious zeal which supposes that its green conceptions can instruct my gray hairs.

Sir W. Scott.
7. Not seasoned; not dry; containing its natural juices; as, green wood, timber, etc. Shak.
Green brier (Bot.), a thorny climbing shrub (Emilaz rotundifolia) having a yellowish green stem and thick leaves, with small clusters of flowers, common in the United States; -- called also cat brier. -- Green con (Zoöl.), the pollock. -- Green crab (Zoöl.), an edible, shore crab (Carcinus menas) of Europe and America; -- in New England locally named joe-rocker.
 -- Green crop, a crop used for food while in a growing or unripe state, as distingushed from a grain crop, root crop, etc. -- Green diallage. (Min.) (a) Diallage, a variety of pyroxene. (b) Smaragdite. -- Green dragon (Bot.), a North American herbaceous plant (Arisæma Dracontium), resembling the Indian turnip; -- called also dragon root. -- Green earth (Min.), a variety of glauconite, found in cavities in amygdaloid and other eruptive rock, and used as a pigment by artists; -- called also mountain green. -- Green ebony. (a) A south American tree (Jacaranda ovalifolia), having a greenish wood, used for rulers, turned and inlaid work, and in dyeing. (b) The West Indian green ebony. See Ebony. -- Green fire (Pyrotech.), a composition which burns with a green flame. It consists of sulphur and potassium chlorate, with some salt of barium (usually the nitrate), to which the color of the flame is due. -- Green fly (Zoöl.), any green species of plant lice or aphids, esp. those that infest greenhouse plants. -- Green gage, (Bot.) See Greengage, in the Vocabulary. -- Green gland (Zoöl.), one of a pair of large green glands in Crustacea, supposed to serve as kidneys. They have their outlets at the bases of the larger antennæ. -- Green hand, a novice.
 [Colloq.] -- Green heart (Bot.), the wood of a lauraceous tree found in the West Indies and in South America, used for shipbuilding or turnery. The green heart of Jamaica and Guiana is the Nectandra Rod


of a torrent, or under the shelter of a deep glen. In short, the evils most dreaded and deprecated by the inhabitants of that pastoral country, are ascribed to the agency of the BLACK DWARF.


or ways. Addison. -- To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. -- To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; -- said of a stag. -- To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise.

 Beat (&?;), n. 1. A stroke; a blow.

 He, with a careless beat, Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden.
2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse.

3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament.

4. (Acoustics & Mus.) A sudden swelling or reënforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8.

5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat.

6. A place of habitual or frequent resort.

7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; -- often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat. [Low] Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc.
 -- Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the stroke is at equal or unequal intervals.

 Beat, a. Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.]

 Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed. Dickens.
 Beat"en (bt"'n; 95), a. 1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. "A broad and beaten way." Milton. "Beaten gold." Shak.
2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled.

3. Exhausted; tired out.

4. Become common or trite; as, a beaten phrase. [Obs.]

5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Beat"er (bt"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, beats.

2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black.
 Beath (b), v. t. [AS. beðian to foment.] To bathe; also, to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser.
 { Be'a*tif"ic (&?;), Be'a*tif"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. béatifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.] Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. "The beatific vision." South.
 -- Be'a*tif"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Be'a*tif"i*cate (&?;), v. t. To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Be*at'i*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. béatification.]
 The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of "the blessed," or has attained the second degree of sanctity, -- usually a stage in the process of canonization. "The beatification of his spirit." Jer. Taylor.
 Be*at"i*fy (b*t"*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. béatifier. See Bounty.] 1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness.

 The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth. Barrow.
2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. "Beatified spirits." Dryden.
3. (R. C. Ch.) To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of "the blessed," and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized.

 Beat"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows.

2. Pulsation; throbbing; as, the beating of the heart.

3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n.
4. (Naut.) The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction.

 Be*at"i*tude (&?;), n. [L. beatitudo: cf. F. béatitude.
 See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss.

2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues.

3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. Milman.
Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; happiness.

 Beau (b), n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. bz), E. Beaus (bz). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy.

2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover.

 Beau"catch'er (&?;), n. A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous] Beau"fet (&?;), n. [See Buffet.] A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet.

 A beaufet... filled with gold and silver vessels. Prescott.
 Beau"fin (&?;), n. See Biffin. Wright.
 Beau" i*de"al (b" *d"al; 277). [F. beau beautiful + idéal ideal.] A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model.

 Beau"ish (&?;), a. Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. "A beauish young spark." Byrom.
 ||Beau' monde" (&?;). [F. beau fine + monde world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior.
 Beau"pere' (&?;), n. [F. beau pére; beau fair + pére father.] 1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif.
2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser.
 ||Beau'se'ant" (&?;), n. [F. beaucéant.] The black and white standard of the Knights Templars.

 Beau"ship (&?;), n. The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden.
 Beau"te*ous (&?;), a. Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome.
 [Mostly poetic] -- Beau"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Beau"te*ous*


of the cultivation of the cinchona, and of its use in medicine.

 Qui"none (?), n. [Quinine + ketone.] (Chem.) A crystalline substance, C6H4O2 (called also benzoketone), first obtained by the oxidation of quinic acid and regarded as a double ketone; also, by extension, any one of the series of which quinone proper is the type. [Written also chinone, kinone.]

 Qui*no"vic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline acid obtained from some varieties of cinchona bark. [Written also chinovic, and kinovic.]

 Qui*no"vin (?), n. [NL. quina nova the tree Cosmibuena magnifolia, whose bark yields quinovin.] (Chem.) An amorphous bitter glucoside derived from cinchona and other barks. Called also quinova bitter, and quinova. [Written also chinovin, and kinovin.]

 Quin*ox"a*line (?), n. [Quinoline + glyoxal.] (Chem.)
 Any one of a series of complex nitrogenous bases obtained by the union of certain aniline derivatives with glyoxal or with certain ketones. [Written also chinoxaline.]

 Quin*ox"yl (?), n. [Quinone + oxygen + -yl.]
 (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of certain quinone derivatives related to rhodizonic acid.

 Qui"noyl (?), n. [Quinone + - yl.] (Chem.) A radical of which quinone is the hydride, analogous to phenyl. [Written also kinoyl.]

 Quin'qua*ges"i*ma (?), a. [L., fr. quinquagesimus the fiftieth, akin to quinquaginta fifty, quinque five. See Five.]
 Fiftieth.

Quinquagesima Sunday, the Sunday which is the fiftieth day before Easter, both days being included in the reckoning; -- called also Shrove Sunday.

 Quin*quan"gu*lar (?), a. [L. quinquanqulus; quinque five + angulus ad angle: cf. F. quinquangulaire.] Having five angles or corners.

 Quin'quar*tic"u*lar (?), a. [Quinque- + article.] (Theol.)
 Relating to the five articles or points; as, the quinquarticular controversy between Arminians and Calvinists. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.
 Quin"que- (?). [L. quinque five. See Five.] A combining form meaning five, five times, fivefold; as, quinquefid, five-cleft; quinquedentate, five-toothed.

 Quin"que*an'gled (?), a. [Quinque- + angle.] Having five angles; quinquangular.

 { Quin'que*den"tate (?), Quin'que*den"ta*ted (?), } a. [Quinque- + dentate, - tated: cf. F. quinquédenté.]
 Fivetoothed; as, a quinquedentate leaf.

 Quin'que*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [From L. quinque five: cf. F. quinquéfarié.
 Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Arranged in five vertical rows; pentastichous. Gray.
 Quin"que*fid (?), a. [Quique- + the root of L. findere to cleave: cf. F. quinquéfide.] (Bot.) Sharply cut about halfway to the middle or base into five segments; as, a quinquefid leaf or corolla.

 { Quin'que*fo"li*ate (?), Quin'que*fo"li*a'ted (?), } a. [Quinque- + foliate, - ated: cf. F. quinquéfolié, L. quinquefolius.] (Bot.) Having five leaves or leaflets. Gray.
 Quin'que fo"li*o*late (?), a. (Bot.) Having five leaflets.
 Gray.
 Quin'que*lit"er*al (?), a. [Quinque- + literal.]
 Consisting of five letters.

 { Quin'que*lo"bate (?), Quin'que*lo"ba*red (?), } a. [Quinque- + lobate, -ated: cf. F. quinquélobé.]
 Cut less than halfway into portions, usually somewhat rounded; five-lobed; as, a quinquelobate leaf or corolla.

 Quin"que*lobed' (?), a. [Quinque- + lobe.] Same as Quinquelobate.

 Quin'que*loc"u*lar (?), a. [Quinque- + locular: cf.
 F. quinquéloculaire.] Having five cells or loculi; five-celled; as, a quinquelocular pericarp.

 Quin"que*nerved' (?), a. [Quinque- + nerve.] (Bot.)
 Having five nerves; -- said of a leaf with five nearly equal nerves or ribs rising from the end of the petiole.

 ||Quin'quen*na"li*a (?), n. pl. [L., fr. quinquennalis. See Ouinquennial.] (Rom. Antiq.) Public games celebrated every five years.

 Quin*quen"ni*al (?), a. [L. quinquennalis and quinquennis; quinque five + annus year. See Five, and cf. Biennial.]
 Occurring once in five years, or at the end of every five years; also, lasting five years. A quinquennial event.

 Quin*quen"ni*um (?), n. [L.] Space of five years.

 Quin*quep"ar*tite (?), a. [L. quinquepartitus; quinque five + partitus, p. p. of partire to divide: cf. F. quinquépartite.]

1. Consisting of five parts.

2. (Bot.) Divided into five parts almost to the base.

 Quin"que*reme (?), n. [L. quinqueremis; quinque five + remus an oar: cf. F. quinquérème] A galley having five benches or banks of oars; as, an Athenian quinquereme.

 Quin"que*syl'la*ble (?), n. [Quinque- + syllable.] A word of five syllables.

 { Quin"que*valve (?), Quin'que*val"vu*lar (?), } a. [Quinque- + valve, valvular: cf. F. quinquévalve.] (Bot.)
 Having five valves, as a pericarp.

 ||Quin"que*vir (?), n.; pl; E. Quinquevirs (#), L. Quinqueviri (#). [L., fr. quinque Five + vir man.] (Bot. Antiq.)
 One of five commissioners appointed for some special object.

 ||Quin*qui"na (?), n. [NL. & F. See Quinine.] Peruvian bark.

 Quin*quiv"a*lent (?), a. [Quinque- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Same as Pentavalent.

 Quin"sy (?), n. [Contr. fr. squinancy, F. esquinancie, L. cynanche a sort of sore throat, Gr. &?; sore throat, dog quinsy, fr. &?; dog + &?; to choke; cf. also L. synanche sore throat, Gr


person emerged as the salient point of his narration?
Stephen Dedalus, professor and author.
What limitations of activity and inhibitions of conjugal rights were perceived by listener and narrator concerning themselves during the course of this intermittent and increasingly more laconic narration?
By the listener a limitation of fertility inasmuch as marriage had been celebrated 1 calendar month after the 18th anniversary of her birth (8 September 1870), viz. 8 October, and consummated on the same date with female issue born 15 June 1889, having been anticipatorily consummated on the 10 September of the same year and complete carnal intercourse, with ejaculation of semen within the natural female organ, having last taken place 5 weeks previous, viz. 27 November 1893, to the birth on 29 December 1893 of second (and only male) issue, deceased 9 January 1894, aged 11 days, there remained a period of 10 years, 5 months and 18 days during which carnal intercourse had been incomplete, without ejaculation of semen within the natural female organ.
By the narrator a limitation of activity, mental and corporal, inasmuch as complete mental intercourse between himself and the listener had not taken place since the consummation of puberty, indicated by catamenic hemorrhage, of the female issue of narrator and listener, 15 September 1903, there remained a period of 9 months and 1 day during which, in consequence of a preestablished natural comprehension in incomprehension between the consummated females (listener and issue), complete corporal liberty of action had been circumscribed.
How?
By various reiterated feminine interrogation concerning the masculine destination whither, the place where, the time at which, the duration for which, the object with which in the case of temporary absences, projected or effected.
What moved visibly above the listener's and the narrator's invisible thoughts?
The upcast reflection of a lamp and shade, an inconstant series of concentric circles of varying gradations of light and shadow.
In what directions did listener and narrator lie?
Listener, S. E. by E.: Narrator, N. W. by W.: on the 53rd parallel of latitude, N., and 6th meridian of longitude, W.: at an angle of 45° to the terrestrial equator.
In what state of rest or motion?
At rest relatively to themselves and to each other. In motion being each and both carried westward, forward and rereward respectively, by the proper perpetual motion of the earth through everchanging tracks of neverchanging space.
In what posture?
Listener: reclined semilaterally, left, left hand under head, right leg extended in a straight line and resting on left leg, flexed, in the attitude of Gea-Tellus, fulfilled, recumbent, big with seed. Narrator: reclined laterally, left, with right and left legs flexed, the index finger and thumb of the right hand resting on the bridge of the nose, in the attitude depicted in a snapshot photograph made by Percy Apjohn, the childman weary, the manchild in the womb.
Womb? Weary?
He rests. He has travelled.
With?
Sinbad the Sailor and Tinbad the Tailor and Jinbad the Jailer and Whinbad the Whaler and Ninbad the Nailer and Finbad the Failer and Binbad the Bailer and Pinbad the Pailer and Minbad the Mailer and Hinbad the Hailer and Rinbad the Railer and Dinbad the Kailer and Vinbad the Quailer and Linbad the Yailer and Xinbad the Phthailer.
When?
Going to dark bed there was a square round Sinbad the Sailor roc's auk's egg in the night of the bed of all the auks of the rocs of Darkinbad the Brightdayler.
Where?
- [ 18 ] Yes because he never did a thing like that before as ask to get his breakfast in bed with a couple of eggs since the City Arms hotel when he used to be pretending to be laid up with a sick voice doing his highness to make himself interesting for that old faggot Mrs Riordan that he thought he had a great leg of and she never left us a farthing all for masses for herself and her soul greatest miser ever was actually afraid to lay out 4d for her methylated spirit telling me all her ailments she had too much old chat in her about politics and earthquakes and the end of the world let us have a bit of fun first God help the world if all the women were her sort down on bathingsuits and lownecks of course nobody wanted her to wear them I suppose she was pious because no man would look at her twice I hope Ill never be like her a wonder she didnt want us to cover our faces but she was a welleducated woman certainly and her gabby talk about Mr Riordan here and Mr Riordan there I suppose he was glad to get shut of her and her dog smelling my fur and always edging to get up under my petticoats especially then still I like that in him polite to old women like that and waiters and beggars too hes not proud out of nothing but not always if ever he got anything really serious the matter with him its much better for them to go into a hospital where everything is clean but I suppose Id have to dring it into him for a month yes and then wed have a hospital nurse next thing on the carpet have him staying there till they throw him out or a nun maybe like the smutty photo he has shes as much a nun as Im not yes because theyre so weak and puling when theyre sick they want a woman to get well if his nose bleeds youd think it was O tragic and that dyinglooking one off the south circular when he sprained his foot at the choir party at the sugarloaf Mountain the day I wore that dress Miss Stack bringing him flowers the worst old ones she could find at the bottom of the basket anything at all to get into a mans bedroom with her old maids voice trying to imagine he was dying on account of her to never see thy face again though he looked more like a man with his beard a bit grown in the bed father was the same besides I hate bandaging and dosing when he cut his toe with the razor paring his corns afraid hed get bloodpoisoning but if it was a thing I was sick then wed see what attention only of course the woman hides it not to give all the trouble they do yes he came somewhere Im sure by his appetite anyway love its not or hed be off his feed thinking of her so either it was one of those night women if it was down there he was really and the hotel story he made up a pack of lies to hide it planning it Hynes kept me who did I meet ah yes I met do you remember Menton and who else who let me see that big babbyface I saw him and he not long married flirting with a young girl at Pooles Myriorama and turned my back on him when he slinked out looking quite conscious what harm but he had the impudence to make up to me one time well done to him mouth almighty and his boiled eyes of all the big stupoes I ever met and thats called a solicitor only for I hate having a long wrangle in bed or else if its not that its some little bitch or other he got in with somewhere or picked up on the sly if they only knew him as well as I do yes because the day before yesterday he was scribbling something a letter when I came into the front room to show him Dignams death in the paper as if something told me and he covered it up with the blottingpaper pretending to be thinking about business so very probably that was it to somebody who thinks she has a softy in him because all men get a bit like that at his age especially getting on to forty he is now so as to wheedle any money she can out of him no fool like an old fool and then the usual kissing my bottom was to hide it not that I care two straws now who he does it with or knew before that way though Id like to find out so long as I dont have the two of them under my nose all the time like that slut that Mary we had in Ontario terrace padding out her false bottom to excite him bad enough to get the smell of those painted women off him once or twice I had a suspicion by getting him to come near me when I found the long hair on his coat without that one when I went into the kitchen


HOWARD PYLE'S BOOK OF PIRATES Fiction, Fact & Fancy concerning the Buccaneers & Marooners of the Spanish Main: From the writing & Pictures of Howard Pyle: Compiled by Merle Johnson Contents FOREWORD PREFACE HOWARD PILE'S BOOK OF PIRATES Chapter I. BUCCANEERS AND MAROONERS OF THE SPANISH MAIN Chapter II. THE GHOST OF CAPTAIN BRAND Chapter III. WITH THE BUCCANEERS Chapter IV. TOM CHIST AND THE TREASURE BOX Chapter V. JACK BALLISTER'S FORTUNES Chapter VI. BLUESKIN THE PIRATE Chapter VII. CAPTAIN SCARFIELD FOREWORD PIRATES, Buccaneers, Marooners, those cruel but picturesque sea wolves who once infested the Spanish Main, all live in present-day conceptions in great degree as drawn by the pen and pencil of Howard Pyle.
Pyle, artist-author, living in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth, had the fine faculty of transposing himself into any chosen period of history and making its people flesh and blood again—not just historical puppets. His characters were sketched with both words and picture; with both words and picture he ranks as a master, with a rich personality which makes his work individual and attractive in either medium.
He was one of the founders of present-day American illustration, and his pupils and grand-pupils pervade that field to-day. While he bore no such important part in the world of letters, his stories are modern in treatment, and yet widely read. His range included historical treatises concerning his favorite Pirates (Quaker though he was); fiction, with the same Pirates as principals; Americanized version of Old World fairy tales; boy stories of the Middle Ages, still best sellers to growing lads; stories of the occult, such as In Tenebras and To the Soil of the Earth, which, if newly published, would be hailed as contributions to our latest cult.
In all these fields Pyle's work may be equaled, surpassed, save in one.
It is improbable that anyone else will ever bring his combination of interest and talent to the depiction of these old-time Pirates, any more than there could be a second Remington to paint the now extinct Indians and gun-fighters of the Great West.
Important and interesting to the student of history, the adventure-lover, and the artist, as they are, these Pirate stories and pictures have been scattered through many magazines and books. Here, in this volume, they are gathered together for the first time, perhaps not just as Mr. Pyle would have done, but with a completeness and appreciation of the real value of the material which the author's modesty might not have permitted. MERLE JOHNSON.
 PREFACE WHY is it that a little spice of deviltry lends not an unpleasantly titillating twang to the great mass of respectable flour that goes to make up the pudding of our modern civilization? And pertinent to this question another—Why is it that the pirate has, and always has had, a certain lurid glamour of the heroical enveloping him round about? Is there, deep under the accumulated debris of culture, a hidden groundwork of the old-time savage? Is there even in these well-regulated times an unsubdued nature in the respectable mental household of every one of us that still kicks against the pricks of law and order? To make my meaning more clear, would not every boy, for instance—that is, every boy of any account—rather be a pirate captain than a Member of Parliament? And we ourselves—would we not rather read such a story as that of Captain Avery's capture of the East Indian treasure ship, with its beautiful princess and load of jewels (which gems he sold by the handful, history sayeth, to a Bristol merchant), than, say, one of Bishop Atterbury's sermons, or the goodly Master Robert Boyle's religious romance of "Theodora and Didymus"? It is to be apprehended that to the unregenerate nature of most of us there can be but one answer to such a query.
In the pleasurable warmth the heart feels in answer to tales of derring-do Nelson's battles are all mightily interesting, but, even in spite of their romance of splendid courage, I fancy that the majority of us would rather turn back over the leaves of history to read how Drake captured the Spanish treasure ship in the South Sea, and of how he divided such a quantity of booty in the Island of Plate (so named because of the tremendous dividend there declared) that it had to be measured in quart bowls, being too considerable to be counted.
Courage and daring, no matter how mad and ungodly, have always a redundancy of vim and life to recommend them to the nether man that lies within us, and no doubt his desperate courage, his battle against the tremendous odds of all the civilized world of law and order, have had much to do in making a popular hero of our friend of the black flag. But it is not altogether courage and daring that endear him to our hearts.
There is another and perhaps a greater kinship in that lust for wealth that makes one's fancy revel more pleasantly in the story of the division of treasure in the pirate's island retreat, the hiding of his godless gains somewhere in the sandy stretch of tropic beach, there to remain hidden until the time should come to rake the doubloons up again and to spend them like a lord in polite society, than in the most thrilling tales of his wonderful escapes from commissioned cruisers through tortuous channels between the coral reefs.
And what a life of adventure is his, to be sure! A life of constant alertness, constant danger, constant escape! An ocean Ishmaelite, he wanders forever aimlessly, homelessly; now unheard of for months, now careening his boat on some lonely uninhabited shore, now appearing suddenly to swoop down on some merchant vessel with rattle of musketry, shouting, yells, and a hell of unbridled passions let loose to rend and tear. What a Carlislean hero! What a setting of blood and lust and flame and rapine for such a hero!
Piracy, such as was practiced in the flower of its days—that is, during the early eighteenth century—was no sudden growth. It was an evolution, from the semi-lawful buccaneering of the sixteenth century, just as buccaneering was upon its part, in a certain sense, an evolution from the unorganized, unauthorized warfare of the Tudor period.
For there was a deal of piratical smack in the anti-Spanish ventures of Elizabethan days. Many of the adventurers—of the Sir Francis Drake school, for instance—actually overstepped again and again the bounds of international law, entering into the realms of de facto piracy.
Nevertheless, while their doings were not recognized officially by the government, the perpetrators were neither punished nor reprimanded for their excursions against Spanish commerce at home or in the West Indies; rather were they commended, and it was considered not altogether a discreditable thing for men to get rich upon the spoils taken from Spanish galleons in times of nominal peace. Many of the most reputable citizens and merchants of London, when they felt that the queen failed in her duty of pushing the fight against the great Catholic Power, fitted out fleets upon their own account and sent them to levy good Protestant war of a private nature upon the Pope's anointed.
Some of the treasures captured in such ventures were immense, stupendous, unbelievable. For an example, one can hardly credit the truth of the "purchase" gained by Drake in the famous capture of the plate ship in the South Sea.
One of the old buccaneer writers of a century later says: "The Spaniards affirm to this day that he took at that time twelvescore tons of plate and sixteen bowls of coined money a man (his number being then forty-five men in all), insomuch that they were forced to heave much of it overboard, because his ship could not carry it all."
Maybe this was a very greatly exaggerated statement put by the author and his Spanish authorities, nevertheless there was enough truth in it to prove very conclusively to the bold minds of the age that tremendous profits—"purchases" they called them—were to be made from piracy. The


man pulls his oar constantly towards himself and the outside man pushes his oar from himself (i.e. backs water), to keep the boat straight.
 Various explanations are given. Stein takes {eso, exo} with the verbs, "one draws the boat towards himself, the other pushes it from himself."
 Mr. Woods understands that only one oar is used at a time and by two men looking different ways, of whom {o men eso} is he who stands nearest to the side of the boat.]

 202 (return) [ If the talents meant are Euboic, this would be about 170 tons.]

 203 (return) [ {mitresi}: cp. vii.
 62.]

 204 (return) [ {os an ai parthenoi ginoiato}, equivalent to {osai aei parthenoi ginoiato}, which Stein suggests as a correction.]

 205 (return) [ This sentence, "in order that—city," is thought by Stein to be either interpolated or misplaced.]

 206 (return) [ {katestekee}: some Editors adopt the correction {katesteke}, "is established."]

 207 (return) [ {iron}, afterwards called {temenos}.]

 208 (return) [ {panta tropon odon}: some MSS. have {odon} for {odon}, and {odon ekhousi} might perhaps mean "afford a passage." (The reading of the Medicean MS. is {odon}.)]

 209 (return) [ "I call upon Mylitta against thee"; or perhaps, "I call upon Mylitta to be favourable to thee."]

 210 (return) [ {aposiosamene te theo}.]

 211 (return) [ {eideos te epammenai eisi kai megatheos}.]

 212 (return) [ {patriai}.]

 213 (return) [ {antion}.]

 214 (return) [ That is perhaps, "if one rows as well as sails," using oars when the wind is not favourable, cp. ii. 11.]

 215 (return) [ {genomene}, or {ginomene}, "which he met with."]

 216 (return) [ {eonta akharita}: most of the MSS. have {ta eonta akharita}, with which reading the sentence would be, "the sufferings which I have, have proved bitter lessons of wisdom to me."]

 217 (return) [ {me eie}.]

 218 (return) [ {tou katharou stratou}, perhaps "the effective part," without the encumbrances, cp. iv. 135.]

 219 (return) [ {alexomenous}.]

 220 (return) [ {sagaris nomizontes ekhein}: cp. iv. 5.]

 221 (return) [ {maskhalisteras}.]

 222 (return) [ {thuousi}.]

 223 (return) [ {nomos}: the conjecture {noos}, "meaning," which is adopted by many Editors, may be right; but {nomos} seems to mean the "customary rule" which determines this form of sacrifice, the rule namely of "swift to the swift."]

 BOOK II. THE SECOND BOOK OF THE HISTORIES, CALLED EUTERPE 1. When Cyrus had brought his life to an end, Cambyses received the royal power in succession, being the son of Cyrus and of Cassandane the daughter of Pharnaspes, for whose death, which came about before his own, Cyrus had made great mourning himself and also had proclaimed to all those over whom he bore rule that they should make mourning for her: Cambyses, I say, being the son of this woman and of Cyrus, regarded the Ionians and Aiolians as slaves inherited from his father; and he proceeded to march an army against Egypt, taking with him as helpers not only the other nations of which he was the ruler, but also those of the Hellenes over whom he had power besides.

 2. Now the Egyptians, before the time when Psammetichos 1 became king over them, were wont to suppose that they had come into being first of all men; but since the time when Psammetichos having become king desired to know what men had come into being first, they suppose that the Phrygians came into being before themselves, but they themselves before all other men. Now Psammetichos, when he was not able by inquiry to find out any means of knowing who had come into being first of all men, contrived a device of the following kind:—Taking two new-born children belonging to persons of the common sort he gave them to a shepherd to bring up at the place where his flocks were, with a manner of bringing up such as I shall say, charging him namely that no man should utter any word in their presence, and that they should be placed by themselves in a room where none might come, and at the proper time he should bring to them she-goats, and when he had satisfied them with milk he should do for them whatever else was needed. These things Psammetichos did and gave him this charge wishing to hear what word the children would let break forth first, after they had ceased from wailings without sense.
 And accordingly so it came to pass; for after a space of two years had gone by, during which the shepherd went on acting so, at length, when he opened the door and entered, both the children fell before him in entreaty and uttered the word bekos, stretching forth their hands. At first when he heard this the shepherd kept silence; but since this word was often repeated, as he visited them constantly and attended to them, at last he declared the matter to his master, and at his command he brought the children before his face. Then Psammetichos having himself also heard it, began to inquire about what nation of men named anything bekos, and inquiring he found that the Phrygians had this name for bread. In this manner and guided by an indication such as this, the Egyptians were brought to allow that the Phrygians were a more ancient people than themselves.

 3. That so it came to pass I heard from the priests of that Hephaistos who dwells at Memphis; 2 but the Hellenes relate, besides many other idle tales, that Psammetichos cut out the tongues of certain women, and then caused the children to live with these women.

 With regard then to the rearing of the children they related so much as I have said: and I heard also other things at Memphis when I had speech with the priests of Hephaistos. Moreover I visited both Thebes and Heliopolis 3 for this very cause, namely because I wished to know whether the priests at these places would agree in their accounts with those at Memphis; for the men of Heliopolis are said to be the most learned in records of the Egyptians. Those of their narrations which I heard with regard to the gods I am not earnest to relate in full, but I shall name them only, 4 because I consider that all men are equally ignorant of these matters: 5 and whatever things of them I may record, I shall record only because I am compelled by the course of the story.

 4. But as to those matters which concern men, the priests agreed with one another in saying that the Egyptians were the first of all men on earth to find out the course of the year, having divided the seasons into twelve parts to make up the whole; and this they said they found out from the stars: and they reckon to this extent more wisely than the Hellenes, as it seems to me, inasmuch as the Hellenes throw in an intercalated month every other year, to make the seasons right, whereas the Egyptians, reckoning the twelve months at thirty days each, bring in also every year five days beyond the number, and thus the circle of their seasons is completed and comes round to the same point whence it set out. They said moreover that the Egyptians were the first who brought into use appellations for the twelve gods