Irish were Phoenicians had a similar origin. The name Fena, used to designate the old Scoti or Irish, is the plural of Fion, "fair," seen in the name of the hero Fion Gall, or "Fingal"; but the monkish chroniclers identified Fena with phoinix, whence arose the myth; and by a like misunderstanding of the epithet Miledh, or "warrior," applied to Fion by the Gaelic bards, there was generated a mythical hero, Milesius, and the soubriquet "Milesian," colloquially employed in speaking of the Irish. 66 So the Franks explained the name of the town Daras, in Mesopotamia, by the story that the Emperor Justinian once addressed the chief magistrate with the exclamation, daras, "thou shalt give": 67 the Greek chronicler, Malalas, who spells the name Doras, informs us with equal complacency that it was the place where Alexander overcame Codomannus with dorn, "the spear." A certain passage in the Alps is called Scaletta, from its resemblance to a staircase; but according to a local tradition it owes its name to the bleaching skeletons of a company of Moors who were destroyed there in the eighth century, while attempting to penetrate into Northern Italy. The name of Antwerp denotes the town built at a "wharf"; but it sounds very much like the Flemish handt werpen, "hand-throwing": "hence arose the legend of the giant who cut of the hands of those who passed his castle without paying him black-mail, and threw them into the Scheldt." 68 In the myth of Bishop Hatto, related in a previous paper, the Mause-thurm is a corruption of maut-thurm; it means "customs-tower," and has nothing to do with mice or rats. Doubtless this etymology was the cause of the floating myth getting fastened to this particular place; that it did not give rise to the myth itself is shown by the existence of the same tale in other places. Somewhere in England there is a place called Chateau Vert; the peasantry have corrupted it into Shotover, and say that it has borne that name ever since Little John shot over a high hill in the neighbourhood. 69 Latium means "the flat land"; but, according to Virgil, it is the place where Saturn once hid (latuisset) from the wrath of his usurping son Jupiter. 70 It was in this way that the constellation of the Great Bear received its name. The Greek word arktos, answering to the Sanskrit riksha, meant originally any bright object, and was applied to the bear—for what reason it would not be easy to state—and to that constellation which was most conspicuous in the latitude of the early home of the Aryans. When the Greeks had long forgotten why these stars were called arktoi, they symbolized them as a Great Bear fixed in the sky. So that, as Max Muller observes, "the name of the Arctic regions rests on a misunderstanding of a name framed thousands of years ago in Central Asia, and the surprise with which many a thoughtful observer has looked at these seven bright stars, wondering why they were ever called the Bear, is removed by a reference to the early annals of human speech." Among the Algonquins the sun-god Michabo was represented as a hare, his name being compounded of michi, "great," and wabos, "a hare"; yet wabos also meant "white," so that the god was doubtless originally called simply "the Great White One." The same naive process has made bears of the Arkadians, whose name, like that of the Lykians, merely signified that they were "children of light"; and the metamorphosis of Kallisto, mother of Arkas, into a bear, and of Lykaon into a wolf, rests apparently upon no other foundation than an erroneous etymology. Originally Lykaon was neither man nor wolf; he was but another form of Phoibos Lykegenes, the light-born sun, and, as Mr. Cox has shown, his legend is but a variation of that of Tantalos, who in time of drought offers to Zeus the flesh of his own offspring, the withered fruits, and is punished for his impiety.

 It seems to me, however, that this explanation, though valid as far as it goes, is inadequate to explain all the features of the werewolf superstition, or to account for its presence in all Aryan countries and among many peoples who are not of Aryan origin. There can be no doubt that the myth-makers transformed Lykaon into a wolf because of his unlucky name; because what really meant "bright man" seemed to them to mean "wolf-man"; but it has by no means been proved that a similar equivocation occurred in the case of all the primitive Aryan werewolves, nor has it been shown to be probable that among each people the being with the uncanny name got thus accidentally confounded with the particular beast most dreaded by that people. Etymology alone does not explain the fact that while Gaul has been the favourite haunt of the man-wolf, Scandinavia has been preferred by the man-bear, and Hindustan by the man-tiger. To account for such a widespread phenomenon we must seek a more general cause.

 Nothing is more strikingly characteristic of primitive thinking than the close community of nature which it assumes between man and brute. The doctrine of metempsychosis, which is found in some shape or other all over the world, implies a fundamental identity between the two; the Hindu is taught to respect the flocks browsing in the meadow, and will on no account lift his hand against a cow, for who knows but it may he his own grandmother? The recent researches of Mr. M'Lennan and Mr. Herbert Spencer have served to connect this feeling with the primeval worship of ancestors and with the savage customs of totemism. 71 The worship of ancestors seems to have been every where the oldest systematized form of fetichistic religion. The reverence paid to the chieftain of the tribe while living was continued and exaggerated after his death The uncivilized man is everywhere incapable of grasping the idea of death as it is apprehended by civilized people. He cannot understand that a man should pass away so as to be no longer capable of communicating with his fellows. The image of his dead chief or comrade remains in his mind, and the savage's philosophic realism far surpasses that of the most extravagant mediaeval schoolmen; to him the persistence of the idea implies the persistence of the reality. The dead man, accordingly, is not really dead; he has thrown off his body like a husk, yet still retains his old appearance, and often shows himself to his old friends, especially after nightfall. He is no doubt possessed of more extensive powers than before his transformation, 72 and may very likely have a share in regulating the weather, granting or withholding rain. Therefore, argues the uncivilized mind, he is to be cajoled and propitiated more sedulously now than before his strange transformation.

 This kind of worship still maintains a languid existence as the state religion of China, and it still exists as a portion of Brahmanism; but in the Vedic religion it is to be seen in all its vigour and in all its naive simplicity. According to the ancient Aryan, the pitris, or "Fathers" (Lat.
 patres), live in the sky along with Yama, the great original Pitri of mankind. This first man came down from heaven in the lightning, and back to heaven both himself and all his offspring must have gone. There they distribute light unto men below, and they shine themselves as stars; and hence the Christianized German peasant, fifty centuries later, tells his children that the stars are angels' eyes, and the English cottager impresses it on the youthful mind that it is wicked to point at the stars, though why he cannot tell. But the Pitris are not stars only, nor do they content themselves with idly looking down on the affairs of men, after the fashion of the laissez-faire divinities of Lucretius. They are, on the contrary, very busy with the weather; they send rain, thunder, and lightning; and they especially delight in rushing over the housetops in a


. Negotiable evidences of indebtedness; notes; bills of exchange, and the like; as, the bank holds a large amount of his paper.

6. Decorated hangings or coverings for walls, made of paper. See Paper hangings, below.

7. A paper containing (usually) a definite quantity; as, a paper of pins, tacks, opium, etc.

8. A medicinal preparation spread upon paper, intended for external application; as, cantharides paper.

 Paper is manufactured in sheets, the trade names of which, together with the regular sizes in inches, are shown in the following table. But paper makers vary the size somewhat.

 In the manufacture of books, etc., a sheet, of whatever size originally, is termed, when folded once, a folio; folded twice, a quarto, or 4to; three times, an octavo, or 8vo; four times, a sextodecimo, or 16mo; five times, a 32mo; three times, with an offcut folded twice and set in, a duodecimo, or 12mo; four times, with an offcut folded three times and set in, a 24mo.

 Paper is often used adjectively or in combination, having commonly an obvious signification; as, paper cutter or paper-cutter; paper knife, paper-knife, or paperknife; paper maker, paper-maker, or papermaker; paper mill or paper-mill; paper weight, paper-weight, or paperweight, etc.

Business paper, checks, notes, drafts, etc., given in payment of actual indebtedness; -- opposed to accommodation paper. -- Fly paper, paper covered with a sticky preparation, -- used for catching flies. -- Laid paper. See under Laid. -- Paper birch (Bot.), the canoe birch tree (Betula papyracea). -- Paper blockade, an ineffective blockade, as by a weak naval force. -- Paper boat (Naut.), a boat made of water-proof paper. -- Paper car wheel (Railroad), a car wheel having a steel tire, and a center formed of compressed paper held between two plateiron disks. Forney. -- Paper credit, credit founded upon evidences of debt, such as promissory notes, duebills, etc. -- Paper hanger, one who covers walls with paper hangings. -- Paper hangings, paper printed with colored figures, or otherwise made ornamental, prepared to be pasted against the walls of apartments, etc.; wall paper. -- Paper house, an audience composed of people who have come in on free passes. [Cant] -- Paper money, notes or bills, usually issued by government or by a banking corporation, promising payment of money, and circulated as the representative of coin. -- Paper mulberry. (Bot.) See under Mulberry. -- Paper muslin, glazed muslin, used for linings, etc. -- Paper nautilus. (Zoöl.)
 See Argonauta. -- Paper reed (Bot.), the papyrus. - - Paper sailor. (Zoöl.) See Argonauta. -- Paper stainer, one who colors or stamps wall paper. De Colange. -- Paper wasp (Zoöl.), any wasp which makes a nest of paperlike material, as the yellow jacket. -- Paper weight, any object used as a weight to prevent loose papers from being displaced by wind, or otherwise. -- Parchment paper. See Papyrine. -- Tissue paper, thin, gauzelike paper, such as is used to protect engravings in books. -- Wall paper. Same as Paper hangings, above. -- Waste paper, paper thrown aside as worthless or useless, except for uses of little account. -- Wove paper, a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or watermarked.

 Pa"per (?), a. Of or pertaining to paper; made of paper; resembling paper; existing only on paper; unsubstantial; as, a paper box; a paper army.

 Pa"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Papered(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Papering.] 1. To cover with paper; to furnish with paper hangings; as, to paper a room or a house.

2. To fold or inclose in paper.

3. To put on paper; to make a memorandum of. [Obs.]

 Pa"per*weight' (?), n. See under Paper, n. Pa"per*y (?), a. Like paper; having the thinness or consistence of paper. Gray.
 Pa*pes"cent (?), a. [From Pap soft food.] Containing or producing pap; like pap. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 Pa"pess (?), n. [F. papesse.] A female pope; i. e., the fictitious pope Joan. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 ||Pa'pe*terie" (?), n. [F., paper manufacture, fr. papier paper.] A case or box containing paper and materials for writing.

 Pa"phi*an (?), a. [L. Paphius, Gr. &?;, from &?; the city Paphos.] Of or pertaining to Paphos, an ancient city of Cyprus, having a celebrated temple of Venus; hence, pertaining to Venus, or her rites.

 Pa"phi*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Paphos.

 ||Pa'pier"-ma'ché" (?), n. [F. papier mâché, lit., chewed or mashed paper.] A hard and strong substance made of a pulp from paper, mixed with sise or glue, etc. It is formed into various articles, usually by means of molds.

 ||Pa*pil"i*o (?), n. [L., a butterfly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of butterflies.

 Formerly it included numerous species which are now placed in other genera. By many writers it is now restricted to the swallowtailed butterflies, like Papilio polyxenes, or asterias, and related species.

 Pa*pil'io*na"ceous (?), a. 1. Resembling the butterfly.

2. (Bot.) (a) Having a winged corolla somewhat resembling a butterfly, as in the blossoms of the bean and pea. (b) Belonging to that suborder of leguminous plants (Papilionaceæ) which includes the bean, pea, vetch, clover, and locust.

 ||Pa*pil'i*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL. See Papilio.] (Zoöl.)
 The division of Lepidoptera which includes the butterflies.

 ||Pa*pil'i*on"i*des (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The typical butterflies.

 Pa*pil"la (?), n.; pl. Papillæ (#). [L., a nipple, pimple.] Any minute nipplelike projection; as, the papillæ of the tongue.

 Pap"il*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. papillaire.] Same as Papillose.

 Pap"il*la*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. papillaire.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a papilla or papillæ; bearing, or covered with, papillæ; papillose.

 Pap"il*late (?), v. t. & i. To cover with papillæ; to take the form of a papilla, or of papillæ.

 Pap"il*late (?), a. Same as Papillose.

 Pa*pil"li*form (?), a. [Papilla + -form.] Shaped like a papilla; mammilliform.

 ||Pap'il*lo"ma (?), n.; pl. Papillomata (#). [NL. See Papilla, and - Oma.] (Med.) A tumor formed by hypert


. obs.
[Usenet] 1. A bug in some now-obsolete versions of the netnews software that used to eat up to BUFSIZ bytes of the article text.
The bug was triggered by having the text of the article start with a space or tab. This bug was quickly personified as a mythical creature called the 'line eater', and postings often included a dummy line of 'line eater food'. Ironically, line eater 'food' not beginning with a space or tab wasn't actually eaten, since the bug was avoided; but if there was a space or tab before it, then the line eater would eat the food and the beginning of the text it was supposed to be protecting. The practice of 'sacrificing to the line eater' continued for some time after the bug had been nailed to the wall, and is still humorously referred to. The bug itself was still occasionally reported to be lurking in some mail-to-netnews gateways as late as 1991. 2. See NSA line eater.
Node:line noise, Next:line starve, Previous:line eater the, Up:= L = line noise n.
1. [techspeak] Spurious characters due to electrical noise in a communications link, especially an RS-232 serial connection.
Line noise may be induced by poor connections, interference or crosstalk from other circuits, electrical storms, cosmic rays, or (notionally) birds crapping on the phone wires. 2. Any chunk of data in a file or elsewhere that looks like the results of line noise in sense 1.
3. Text that is theoretically a readable text or program source but employs syntax so bizarre that it looks like line noise in senses 1 or 2. Yes, there are languages this ugly. The canonical example is TECO; it is often claimed that "TECO's input syntax is indistinguishable from line noise."
Other non-WYSIWYG editors, such as Multics qed and Unix ed, in the hands of a real hacker, also qualify easily, as do deliberately obfuscated languages such as INTERCAL.
Node:line starve, Next:linearithmic, Previous:line noise, Up:= L = line starve [MIT] 1. vi. To feed paper through a printer the wrong way by one line (most printers can't do this). On a display terminal, to move the cursor up to the previous line of the screen. "To print 'X squared', you just output 'X', line starve, '2', line feed."
(The line starve causes the '2' to appear on the line above the 'X', and the line feed gets back to the original line.) 2. n. A character (or character sequence) that causes a terminal to perform this action. ASCII _PHONE_, also called SUB or control-Z, was one common line-starve character in the days before microcomputers and the X3.64 terminal standard. Today, the term might be used for the ISO reverse line feed character 0x8D.
Unlike 'line feed', 'line starve' is not standard ASCII terminology. Even among hackers it is considered a bit silly. 3. [proposed] A sequence such as \c (used in System V echo, as well as nroff and troff) that suppresses a newline or other character(s) that would normally be emitted.
Node:linearithmic, Next:link farm, Previous:line starve, Up:= L = linearithmic adj.
Of an algorithm, having running time that is O(N log N).
Coined as a portmanteau of 'linear' and 'logarithmic' in "Algorithms In C" by Robert Sedgewick (Addison-Wesley 1990, ISBN 0-201-51425-7).
Node:link farm, Next:link rot, Previous:linearithmic, Up:= L = link farm n.
[Unix] A directory tree that contains many links to files in a master directory tree of files. Link farms save space when one is maintaining several nearly identical copies of the same source tree -- for example, when the only difference is architecture-dependent object files. "Let's freeze the source and then rebuild the FROBOZZ-3 and FROBOZZ-4 link farms." Link farms may also be used to get around restrictions on the number of -I (include-file directory) arguments on older C preprocessors. However, they can also get completely out of hand, becoming the filesystem equivalent of spaghetti code.
Node:link rot, Next:link-dead, Previous:link farm, Up:= L = link rot n. The natural decay of web links as the sites they're connected to change or die. Compare bit rot.
Node:link-dead, Next:lint, Previous:link rot, Up:= L = link-dead adj.
[MUD] The state a player is in when they kill their connection to a MUD without leaving it properly.
The player is then commonly left as a statue in the game, and is only removed after a certain period of time (an hour on most MUDs). Used on IRC as well, although it is inappropriate in that context. Compare netdead.
Node:lint, Next:Lintel, Previous:link-dead, Up:= L = lint [from Unix's lint(1), named for the bits of fluff it supposedly picks from programs] 1. vt. To examine a program closely for style, language usage, and portability problems, esp.
if in C, esp. if via use of automated analysis tools, most esp.
if the Unix utility lint(1) is used. This term used to be restricted to use of lint(1) itself, but (judging by references on Usenet) it has become a shorthand for desk check at some non-Unix shops, even in languages other than C. Also as v. delint. 2. n. Excess verbiage in a document, as in "This draft has too much lint".
Node:Lintel, Next:Linus, Previous:lint, Up:= L = Lintel n. The emerging Linux/Intel alliance.
This term began to be used in early 1999 after it became clear that the Wintel alliance was under increasing strain and Intel started taking stakes in Linux companies.
Node:Linus, Next:Linux, Previous:Lintel, Up:= L = Linus /leen'us'/ or /lin'us'/, not /li:'nus/ Linus Torvalds, the author of Linux. Nobody in the hacker culture has been as readily recognized by first name alone since Ken (Thompson).
Node:Linux, Next:lion food, Previous:Linus, Up:= L = Linux /lee'nuhks/ or /li'nuks/, not /li:'nuhks/ n. The free Unix workalike created by Linus Torvalds and friends starting about 1991. The pronunciation /lee'nuhks/ is preferred because the name 'Linus' has an /ee/ sound in Swedish (Linus's family is part of Finland's 6% ethnic-Swedish minority). This may be the most remarkable hacker project in history -- an entire clone of Unix for 386, 486 and Pentium micros, distributed for free with sources over the net (ports to Alpha and Sparc and many other machines are also in use).
Linux is what GNU aimed to be, and it relies on the GNU toolset. But the Free Software Foundation didn't produce the kernel to go with that toolset until 1999, which was too late. Other, similar efforts like FreeBSD and NetBSD have been technically successful but never caught fire the way Linux has; as this is written in 2000, Linux is seriously challenging Microsoft's OS dominance. It has already captured 31% of the Internet-server market and 25% of general business servers.
An earlier version of this entry opined "The secret of Linux's success seems to be that Linus worked much harder early on to keep the development process open and recruit other hackers, creating a snowball effect." Truer than we knew. See bazaar.
(Some people object that the name 'Linux' should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term 'GNU/Linux' want the the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because RMS and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor the term 'GNU/Linux' has gained more


right of kings," but the new Tory, i.e., Tory-tinted Whig, "divine right of property" made Bloody Sunday possible. I admit that I did not expect in 1886 that we should in 1887 and 1888 be having such a brilliant example of the tyranny of a parliamentary majority; in fact, I did not reckon on the force of the impenetrable stupidity of the Prigs in alliance with the Whigs marching under the rather ragged banner of sham Toryism.
[43] As true now (February 1888) as then: the murder of the Chicago Anarchists, to wit.
[87] I suppose he was speaking of the frame houses of Kent.
[176] And the brick and mortar country London, also, it seems (Feb. 1888).
[184] 1886, to wit.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGNS OF CHANGE***


p. Delignated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Delignating.] [Pref. de- + L. lignum wood.] 1. To clear or strip of wood (by cutting down trees). [R.]
 Fuller.
2. To strip or remove the wood from; as, to delignate ramie, in the preparation of ribbons of the fiber for further working.

 Del*sarte" (?), n., or Delsarte system. A system of calisthenics patterned on the theories of François Delsarte (1811 -- 71), a French teacher of dramatic and musical expression.

 Del"ta, n. 1. The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet ( δ), answering to D. Hence, an object having the shape of the capital .

2. (Elec.) The closed figure produced by connecting three coils or circuits successively, end for end, esp. in a three-phase system; -- often used attributively, as delta winding, delta connection (which see), etc.

 Delta connection. (Elec.) One of the usual forms or methods for connecting apparatus to a three-phase circuit, the three corners of the delta or triangle, as diagrammatically represented, being connected to the three wires of the supply circuit.

 Delta current. (Elec.) The current flowing through a delta connection.

 De*mit" (?), v. i. [F. démettre to remove, se démettre to resign; dé- (L. dis-) + mettre to put, fr.
 L. mittere to send. Cf. Dismiss.] To lay down or relinquish an office, membership, authority, or the like; to resign, as from a Masonic lodge; -- generally used with an implication that the act is voluntary.

 De*mit", n. The act of demitting; also, a letter, certificate, or the like, certifying that a person has (honorably) demitted, as from a Masonic lodge.

 ||De*mi"-tasse" (?), n. [F., half cup.] A small cup for, or of, black coffee.

 Dem"o*crat, n. A large light uncovered wagon with two or more seats. [U. S.]

 De*mote" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demoted (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Demoting (?).] [Pref. de- + mote, as in promote; cf. L. demovere to remove.] To reduce to a lower grade, as in school.

 De*mot"ics (?), n. The department of knowledge relative to the care and culture of the people; sociology in its broadest sense; -- in library cataloguing.

 De*mount"a*ble (?), [See De-; Mount.] Capable of being dismounted; -- said of a form of rim, for an automobile wheel, which can be removed with its tire from the wheel.

 De*na"ture (?), v. t. [De- + nature.] To deprive of its natural qualities; change the nature of.

 De*part"ment store. A store keeping a great variety of goods which are arranged in several departments, esp. one with dry goods as the principal stock.

 De*phase" (?), v. t. (Elec.) To put out of phase, as two parts of a single alternating current.

 Depth, n. (Aëronautics) The perpendicular distance from the chord to the farthest point of an arched surface.

 De*queen" (?), v. t. (Apiculture) To remove the queen from (a hive of bees).

 De*re"cho (?), n. [Sp. derecho straight.] A straight wind without apparent cyclonic tendency, usually accompanied with rain and often destructive, common in the prairie regions of the United States.

 ||De ri'gueur" (?). [F. See 2d Rigor.] According to strictness (of etiquette, rule, or the like); obligatory; strictly required.

 Der'iva"tion, n. The formation of a word from its more original or radical elements; also, a statement of the origin and history of a word.

 Der"rick, n. (Mining) The pyramidal structure or tower over a deep drill hole, such as that of an oil well.

 Der"vish, n. One of the fanatical followers of the Mahdi, in the Sudan.

 Des"ic*ca'tor (?), n. One that desiccates; specif.: (a) (Chem., etc.) A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover, and containing some desiccating agent, as calcium chloride, above which is placed the material to be dried or preserved from moisture. (b) A machine or apparatus for drying fruit, milk, etc., usually by the aid of heat; an evaporator.

 De*stroy"er, n. = Torpedo-boat destroyer.

 De*struct"or, n. A furnace or oven for the burning or carbonizing of refuse; specif. (Sewage Disposal), a furnace (called in full refuse destructor) in which the more solid constituents of sewage are burnt.
 Destructors are often so constructed as to utilize refuse as fuel.

 De*tail", n. (Arch. & Mach.) (a) A minor part, as, in a building, the cornice, caps of the buttresses, capitals of the columns, etc., or (called larger details) a porch, a gable with its windows, a pavilion, or an attached tower. (b) A detail drawing.

In detail, in subdivisions; part by part; item by item; circumstantially; with particularity.

 De*tect"or, n. Specifically: (a) An indicator showing the depth of the water in a boiler. (b) (Elec.) A galvanometer, usually portable, for indicating the direction of a current. (c) (Elec.)
 Any of various devices for detecting the presence of electric waves.

 De*tect"or bar. (Railroads) A bar, connected with a switch, longer than the distance between any two consecutive wheels of a train (45 to 50 feet), laid inside a rail and operated by the wheels so that the switch cannot be thrown until all the train is past the switch.

 Det"o*na'tor (?), n. One that detonates; specif.: (a) An explosive whose action is practically instantaneous. (b) Something used to detonate a charge, as a detonating fuse. (c) A case containing detonating powder, the explosion of which serves as a signal, as on railroads. (d) A gun fired by a percussion cap. [Obs.]

 De*vel"op*er, n. One that develops; specif.: (a) (Photog.)
 A chemical bath or reagent used in developing photographs. (b) (Dyeing) A reagent used to produce an ingrain color by its action upon some substance on the fiber.

 Dew"ar ves'sel (d"r). [After Sir James Dewar, British physicist.] A double-walled glass vessel for holding liquid air, etc., having the space between the walls exhausted so as to prevent conduction of heat, and sometimes having the glass silvered to prevent absorption of radiant heat; -- called also, according to the particular shape, Dewar bulb, Dewar tube, etc.

 Dex"ter, n. [Prob. so named after the original breeder.] One of a breed of small hardy cattle originating from the Kerry breed of Ireland, valuable both for beef and milk. They are usually chiefly black, sometimes red, and somewhat resemble a small shorthorn in build. Called also Dexter Kerry.

 Di*ab"o*lo (d*b"*l), n. An old game or sport (revived under this name) consisting in whirling on a


Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as, economic purposes; economical truths.

 These matters economical and political.

J. C. Shairp.
 There was no economical distress in England to prompt the enterprises of colonization.

Palfrey.
Economic questions, such as money, usury, taxes, lands, and the employment of the people.

H. C. Baird.
6. Regulative; relating to the adaptation of means to an end. Grew.
Economical is the usual form when meaning frugal, saving; economic is the form commonly used when meaning pertaining to the management of a household, or of public affairs.

 E'co*nom"ic*al*ly (?), adv. With economy; with careful management; with prudence in expenditure.

 E'co*nom"ics ('k&ocr*;nm"ks), n. [Gr. ta' o'ikonomika', equiv.
 to "h o'ikonomi'a. See Economic.] 1. The science of household affairs, or of domestic management.

2. Political economy; the science of the utilities or the useful application of wealth or material resources. See Political economy, under Political. "In politics and economics." V. Knox.
 E*con"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. économiste.] 1.
 One who economizes, or manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. "Economists even to parsimony." Burke.
2. One who is conversant with political economy; a student of economics.

 E*con'o*mi*za"tion (?), n. The act or practice of using to the best effect. [R.] H. Spenser.
 E*con"o*mize (*kn"*mz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Economized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] [Cf. F. économiser.]
 To manage with economy; to use with prudence; to expend with frugality; as, to economize one's income. [Written also economise.]

 Expenses in the city were to be economized.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
 Calculating how to economize time.

W. Irving.
 E*con"o*mize, v. i. To be prudently sparing in expenditure; to be frugal and saving; as, to economize in order to grow rich. [Written also economise.] Milton.
 E*con"o*mi'zer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, economizes.

2. Specifically: (Steam Boilers) An arrangement of pipes for heating feed water by waste heat in the gases passing to the chimney.

 E*con"o*my (-m), n.; pl. Economies (#). [F. économie, L. oeconomia household management, fr. Gr. o'ikonomi'a, fr.
 o'ikono'mos one managing a household; o'i^kos house (akin to L. vicus village, E. vicinity) + no'mos usage, law, rule, fr. ne'mein to distribute, manage. See Vicinity, Nomad.] 1. The management of domestic affairs; the regulation and government of household matters; especially as they concern expense or disbursement; as, a careful economy.

 Himself busy in charge of the household economies.

Froude.
2. Orderly arrangement and management of the internal affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by production and consumption; esp., such management as directly concerns wealth; as, political economy.

3. The system of rules and regulations by which anything is managed; orderly system of regulating the distribution and uses of parts, conceived as the result of wise and economical adaptation in the author, whether human or divine; as, the animal or vegetable economy; the economy of a poem; the Jewish economy.

 The position which they [the verb and adjective] hold in the general economy of language.

Earle.
 In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the economy ... of poems better observed than in Terence.

B. Jonson.
 The Jews already had a Sabbath, which, as citizens and subjects of that economy, they were obliged to keep.

Paley.
4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping; management without loss or waste; frugality in expenditure; prudence and disposition to save; as, a housekeeper accustomed to economy but not to parsimony.

Political economy. See under Political.

Syn. -- Economy, Frugality, Parsimony. Economy avoids all waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds on a system of saving. The latter conveys the idea of not using or spending superfluously, and is opposed to lavishness or profusion. Frugality is usually applied to matters of consumption, and commonly points to simplicity of manners; parsimony is frugality carried to an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice.

 I have no other notion of economy than that it is the parent to liberty and ease.

Swift.
 The father was more given to frugality, and the son to riotousness [luxuriousness].

Golding.
 ||É'cor'ché" (?), n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A manikin, or image, representing an animal, especially man, with the skin removed so that the muscles are exposed for purposes of study.

 ||É'cos'saise" (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A dancing tune in the Scotch style.

 E*cos"tate (?), a. [Pref. e- + costate.] (Bot.)
 Having no ribs or nerves; -- said of a leaf.

 ||É'coute" (?), n. [F., a listening place.] (Mil.)
 One of the small galleries run out in front of the glacis. They serve to annoy the enemy's miners.

 ||Ec"pha*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to speak out.] (Rhet.) An explicit declaration.

 ||Ec'pho*ne"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a thing called out, fr. &?; to cry out; 'ek out + &?; voice.] (Rhet.) A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

 Ec"pho*neme (?), n. [See Ecphonema.] A mark (!) used to indicate an exclamation. G. Brown.
 ||Ec'pho*ne"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Ecphonema.] (Rhet.)
 An animated or passionate exclamation.

 The feelings by the ecphonesis are very various.

Gibbs.
 Ec*phrac"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to open; 'ek out + &?; to block up: cf. F. ecphractique.] (Med.) Serving to dissolve or attenuate viscid matter, and so to remove obstructions; deobstruent. -- n. An ecphractic medicine. Harvey.
 ||É'crase'ment" (?), n. [F.] (Surg.) The operation performed with an écraseur.

 É'cra'seur" (?), n. [F., fr. écraser to crush.] (Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in many operations, the parts operated on being severed by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tightening of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows.

 ||É'cru" (?), a. [F., fr


.

Tennyson.
2. Figuratively, anything which falls lightly and in a refreshing manner. "The golden dew of sleep." Shak.
3. An emblem of morning, or fresh vigor. "The dew of his youth." Longfellow.
Dew is used in combination; as, dewbespangled, dew-drenched, dewdrop, etc.

 Dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dewed (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Dewing.] To wet with dew or as with dew; to bedew; to moisten; as with dew.

 The grasses grew A little ranker since they dewed them so.

A. B. Saxton.
 Dew, a. & n. Same as Due, or Duty. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Dew"ber'ry (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of certain species of bramble (Rubus); in England, the fruit of R. cæsius, which has a glaucous bloom; in America, that of R. canadensis and R. hispidus, species of low blackberries. (b) The plant which bears the fruit.

 Feed him with apricots and dewberries.

Shak.
 Dew"claw' (?), n. In any animal, esp. of the Herbivora, a rudimentary claw or small hoof not reaching the ground.

 Some cut off the dewclaws [of greyhounds].

J. H. Walsh.
 Dew"drop' (?), n. A drop of dew. Shak.
 Dew"fall' (?), n. The falling of dew; the time when dew begins to fall.

 Dew"i*ness (?), n. State of being dewy.

 Dew"lap' (?), n. [Dew + lap to lick.] 1. The pendulous skin under the neck of an ox, which laps or licks the dew in grazing.

2. The flesh upon the human throat, especially when with age.
 [Burlesque] On her withered dewlap pour the ale.

Shak.
 Dew"lapped' (?), a. Furnished with a dewlap.

 Dew"less, a. Having no dew. Tennyson.
 Dew"-point' (?), n. (Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins to form. It varies with the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere.

 Dew"ret' (?), v. t. [Dew + ret, v. t.] To ret or rot by the process called dewretting.

 Dew"ret'ting, n. Dewrotting; the process of decomposing the gummy matter of flax and hemp and setting the fibrous part, by exposure on a sward to dew, rain, and sunshine.

 Dew"rot' (?), v. t. To rot, as flax or hemp, by exposure to rain, dew, and sun. See Dewretting.

 Dew"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Earthworm.

 Dew"y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to dew; resembling, consisting of, or moist with, dew.

 A dewy mist Went and watered all the ground.

Milton.
 When dewy eve her curtain draws.

Keble.
2. Falling gently and beneficently, like the dew.

Dewy sleep ambrosial.

Cowper.
3. (Bot.) Resembling a dew-covered surface; appearing as if covered with dew.

 Dex"ter (?), a. [L.,; akin to Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. dakshi&?;a (cf. daksh to be strong, suit); Goth. taihswa, OHG. zeso.
 Cf. Dexterous.] 1. Pertaining to, or situated on, the right hand; right, as opposed to sinister, or left.

 On sounding wings a dexter eagle flew.

Pope.
2. (Her.) On the right-hand side of a shield, i. e., towards the right hand of its wearer. To a spectator in front, as in a pictorial representation, this would be the left side.

Dexter chief, or Dexter point (Her.), a point in the dexter upper corner of the shield, being in the dexter extremity of the chief, as A in the cut. -- Dexter base, a point in the dexter lower part or base of the shield, as B in the cut.

 Dex*ter"i*cal (?), a. Dexterous. [Obs.]

 Dex*ter"i*ty (?), n. [L. dexteritas, fr. dexter: cf.
 F. dextérité. See Dexter.] 1.
 Right-handedness.

2. Readiness and grace in physical activity; skill and ease in using the hands; expertness in manual acts; as, dexterity with the chisel.

 In youth quick bearing and dexterity.

Shak.
3. Readiness in the use or control of the mental powers; quickness and skill in managing any complicated or difficult affair; adroitness.

 His wisdom... was turned... into a dexterity to deliver himself.

Bacon.
 He had conducted his own defense with singular boldness and dexterity.

Hallam.
Syn. -- Adroitness; activity; nimbleness; expertness; skill; cleverness; art; ability; address; tact; facility; aptness; aptitude; faculty. See Skill.

 Dex"ter*ous (?), a. [L. dexter. See Dexter.] [Written also dextrous.] 1. Ready and expert in the use of the body and limbs; skillful and active with the hands; handy; ready; as, a dexterous hand; a dexterous workman.

2. Skillful in contrivance; quick at inventing expedients; expert; as, a dexterous manager.

Dexterous the craving, fawning crowd to quit.

Pope.
3. Done with dexterity; skillful; artful; as, dexterous management. "Dexterous sleights of hand." Trench.
Syn. -- Adroit; active; expert; skillful; clever; able; ready; apt; handy; versed.

 Dex"ter*ous*ly (?), adv. In a dexterous manner; skillfully.

 Dex"ter*ous*ness, n. The quality of being dexterous; dexterity.

 Dex"trad (?), adv. [L. dextra the right hand + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the right side; dextrally.

 Dex"tral (?), a. [From Dexter.] Right, as opposed to sinistral, or left.

Dextral shell (Zoöl.), a spiral shell the whorls of which turn from left right, or like the hands of a watch when the apex of the spire is toward the eye of the observer.

 Dex*tral"i*ty (?), n. The state of being on the right-hand side; also, the quality of being righthanded; right-handedness. Sir T. Browne.
 Dex"tral*ly (&?;), adv. Towards the right; as, the hands of a watch rotate dextrally.

 Dex*trer" (?), n. A war horse; a destrer. [Obs.] "By him baiteth his dextrer." Chaucer.
 Dex"trin (?), n. [Cf. F. dextrine, G. dextrin. See Dexter.] (Chem.) A translucent, gummy, amorphous substance, nearly tasteless and odorless, used as a substitute for gum, for sizing, etc., and obtained from starch by the action of heat, acids, or diastase. It is of somewhat variable composition, containing several carbohydrates which change easily to their respective varieties of sugar. It is so named from its rotating the plane of polarization to the right; -- called also British gum, Alsace gum


salamanders. The common European species are Hemisalamandra cristata, Molge palmata, and M. alpestris, a red-bellied species common in Switzerland. The most common species of the United States is Diemyctylus viridescens. See Illust. under Salamander.

 Tri"tone' (?), n. [Gr. tri'tonos of three tones; tritri- + to'nos a tone.] (Mus.) A superfluous or augmented fourth. [R.]

 Tri*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL.] Same as Triturium.

 ||Tri*to"vum (?), n.; pl. Tritova (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; third + L. ovum egg.] (Zoöl.) An embryonic insect which has twice cast its skin previous to hatching from the egg.

 Tri'to*zo"oid (?), n. [Gr. &?; third + &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.)
 A zooid of the third generation in asexual reproduction.

 Trit"u*ra*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. triturable.] Capable of being triturated. Sir T. Browne.
 Trit"u*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Triturated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Triturating.] [L. trituratus, p. p. of triturate to thrash (grain), fr. terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces. See Trite.] 1. To rub, grind, bruise, or thrash.

2. To rub or grind to a very fine or impalpable powder; to pulverize and comminute thoroughly.

 Trit'u*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. trituration, L. trituratio a thrashing of grain.] The act of triturating, or reducing to a fine or impalpable powder by grinding, rubbing, bruising, etc. Paley.
 Trit"ure (?), n. [L. tritura, from terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces.] A rubbing or grinding; trituration. [Obs.] Cheyne.
 Tri*tu"ri*um (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. terere, tritum to rub.] A vessel for separating liquids of different densities. [Written also tritorium.]

 Tri"tyl (?), n. [Gr. &?; third + -yl.] (Chem.)
 Propyl. [R.]

 Tri"tyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) Propylene. [R.]

 Tri"umph (?), n. [L. triumphus, OL. triumpus; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. &?; a procession in honor of Bacchus: cf. F. triomphe. Cf. Trump at cards.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A magnificent and imposing ceremonial performed in honor of a general who had gained a decisive victory over a foreign enemy.

 The general was allowed to enter the city crowned with a wreath of laurel, bearing a scepter in one hand, and a branch of laurel in the other, riding in a circular chariot, of a peculiar form, drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the senate and magistrates, musicians, the spoils, the captives in fetters, etc., and followed by his army on foot in marching order. The procession advanced in this manner to the Capitoline Hill, where sacrifices were offered, and victorious commander entertained with a public feast.

2. Hence, any triumphal procession; a pompous exhibition; a stately show or pageant. [Obs.]

 Our daughter, In honor of whose birth these triumphs are, Sits here, like beauty's child.

Shak.
3. A state of joy or exultation for success.

 Great triumph and rejoicing was in heaven.

Milton.
 Hercules from Spain Arrived in triumph, from Geryon slain.

Dryden.
4. Success causing exultation; victory; conquest; as, the triumph of knowledge.

5. A trump card; also, an old game at cards. [Obs.]

 Tri"umph, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Triumphed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Triumphing.] [L. triumphare: cf. F. triompher.
 See Triumph, n.] 1. To celebrate victory with pomp; to rejoice over success; to exult in an advantage gained; to exhibit exultation.

 How long shall the wicked triumph?

Ps. xciv. 3.
 Sorrow on thee and all the pack of you That triumph thus upon my misery!

Shak.
2. To obtain victory; to be successful; to prevail.

Triumphing over death, and chance, and thee, O Time.

Milton.
 On this occasion, however, genius triumphed.

Macaulay.
3. To be prosperous; to flourish.

 Where commerce triumphed on the favoring gales.

Trumbull.
4. To play a trump card. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Tri"umph, v. t. To obtain a victory over; to prevail over; to conquer. Also, to cause to triumph. [Obs.]

 Two and thirty legions that awe All nations of the triumphed word.

Massinger.
 Tri*um"phal (?), a. [L. triumphalis: cf. F. triomphal.]
 Of or pertaining to triumph; used in a triumph; indicating, or in honor of, a triumph or victory; as, a triumphal crown; a triumphal arch.

 Messiah his triumphal chariot turned.

Milton.
 Tri*um"phal, n. A token of victory. [Obs.]

 Joyless triumphals of his hoped success.

Milton.
 Tri*um"phant (?), a. [L. triumphans, p. pr. of triumphare: cf. F. triomphant. See Triumph, v. i.]

1. Rejoicing for victory; triumphing; exultant.

 Successful beyond hope to lead ye forth Triumphant out of this infernal pit.

Milton.
2. Celebrating victory; expressive of joy for success; as, a triumphant song or ode.

3. Graced with conquest; victorious.

 Athena, war's triumphant maid.

Pope.
 So shall it be in the church triumphant.

Perkins.
4. Of or pertaining to triumph; triumphal. [Obs.]

 Captives bound to a triumphant car.

Shak.
Church triumphant, the church in heaven, enjoying a state of triumph, her warfare with evil being over; — distinguished from church militant. See under Militant.

 Tri*um"phant*ly, adv. In a triumphant manner.

 Tri"umph*er (?), n. 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One who was honored with a triumph; a victor.

2. One who triumphs or rejoices for victory.

 Tri"umph*ing, a. Having or celebrating a triumph; victorious; triumphant. — Tri"umph*ing*ly, adv.
 ||Tri*um"vir (?), n.; pl. L. Triumviri (#), E. Triumvirs (#). [L., fr. res, gen. trium, three + vir a man. See Three, and Virile.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of tree men united in public office or authority.

 In later times the triumvirs of Rome were three men who jointly exercised sovereign power. Julius Cæsar, Crassus, and Pompey were the first triumvirs; Octavianus (Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus were the second and last.

 Tri*um"vi*rate (?), n. [L. triumviratus: cf. F. triumvirat.]
 1. Government


of what we should expect when authors state that the density of organisms at or near the surface of the ocean in polar regions is greater than in more temperate regions.

 The writer believes that this paradox finds its explanation in experiments which he has recently made on the influence of temperature on the duration of life of cold-blooded marine animals. The experiments were made on the fertilised and unfertilised eggs of the sea-urchin, and yielded the result that for the lowering of temperature by 1 deg C. the duration of life was about doubled. Lowering the temperature by 10 degrees therefore prolongs the life of the organism 2 to the power 10, i.e. over a thousand times, and a lowering by 20 degrees prolongs it about one million times. Since this prolongation of life is far in excess of the retardation of development through a lowering of temperature, it is obvious that, in spite of the retardation of development in Arctic seas, animal life must be denser there than in temperate or tropical seas. The excessive increase of the duration of life at the poles will necessitate the simultaneous existence of more successive generations of the same species in these regions than in the temperate or tropical regions.

 The writer is inclined to believe that these results have some bearing upon a problem which plays an important role in theories of evolution, namely, the cause of natural death. It has been stated that the processes of differentiation and development lead also to the natural death of the individual. If we express this in chemical terms it means that the chemical processes which underlie development also determine natural death. Physical chemistry has taught us to identify two chemical processes even if only certain of their features are known. One of these means of identification is the temperature coefficient. When two chemical processes are identical, their velocity must be reduced by the same amount if the temperature is lowered to the same extent. The temperature coefficient for the duration of life of cold-blooded organisms seems, however, to differ enormously from the temperature coefficient for their rate of development.
 For a difference in temperature of 10 deg C. the duration of life is altered five hundred times as much as the rate of development; and, for a change of 20 deg C., it is altered more than a hundred thousand times as much. From this we may conclude that, at least for the sea-urchin eggs and embryo, the chemical processes which determine natural death are certainly not identical with the processes which underlie their development. T.B.
 Robertson has also arrived at the conclusion, for quite different reasons, that the process of senile decay is essentially different from that of growth and development.

 (b) CHANGES IN THE COLOUR OF BUTTERFLIES PRODUCED THROUGH THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE.

 The experiments of Dorfmeister, Weismann, Merrifield, Standfuss, and Fischer, on seasonal dimorphism and the aberration of colour in butterflies have so often been discussed in biological literature that a short reference to them will suffice. By seasonal dimorphism is meant the fact that species may appear at different seasons of the year in a somewhat different form or colour. Vanessa prorsa is the summer form, Vanessa levana the winter form of the same species. By keeping the pupae of Vanessa prorsa several weeks at a temperature of from 0 deg to 1 deg Weismann succeeded in obtaining from the summer chrysalids specimens which resembled the winter variety, Vanessa levana.

 If we wish to get a clear understanding of the causes of variation in the colour and pattern of butterflies, we must direct our attention to the experiments of Fischer, who worked with more extreme temperatures than his predecessors, and found that almost identical aberrations of colour could be produced by both extremely high and extremely low temperatures. This can be clearly seen from the following tabulated results of his observations. At the head of each column the reader finds the temperature to which Fischer submitted the pupae, and in the vertical column below are found the varieties that were produced. In the vertical column A are given the normal forms: (Temperatures in deg C.)

 The reader will notice that the aberrations produced at a very low temperature (from 0 to -20 deg C.) are absolutely identical with the aberrations produced by exposing the pupae to extremely high temperatures (42 to 46 deg C.). Moreover the aberrations produced by a moderately low temperature (from 0 to 10 deg C.) are identical with the aberrations produced by a moderately high temperature (36 to 41 deg C.)

 From these observations Fischer concludes that it is erroneous to speak of a specific effect of high and of low temperatures, but that there must be a common cause for the aberration found at the high as well as at the low temperature limits. This cause he seems to find in the inhibiting effects of extreme temperatures upon development.

 If we try to analyse such results as Fischer's from a physico-chemical point of view, we must realise that what we call life consists of a series of chemical reactions, which are connected in a catenary way; inasmuch as one reaction or group of reactions (a) (e.g. hydrolyses) causes or furnishes the material for a second reaction or group of reactions (b) (e.g. oxydations). We know that the temperature coefficient for physiological processes varies slightly at various parts of the scale; as a rule it is higher near 0 and lower near 30 deg. But we know also that the temperature coefficients do not vary equally from the various physiological processes. It is, therefore, to be expected that the temperature coefficients for the group of reactions of the type (a) will not be identical through the whole scale with the temperature coefficients for the reactions of the type (b). If therefore a certain substance is formed at the normal temperature of the animal in such quantities as are needed for the catenary reaction (b), it is not to be expected that this same perfect balance will be maintained for extremely high or extremely low temperatures; it is more probable that one group of reactions will exceed the other and thus produce aberrant chemical effects, which may underlie the colour aberrations observed by Fischer and other experimenters.

 It is important to notice that Fischer was also able to produce aberrations through the application of narcotics. Wolfgang Ostwald has produced experimentally, through variation of temperature, dimorphism of form in Daphnia. Lack of space precludes an account of these important experiments, as of so many others.

 IV. THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT.

 At the present day nobody seriously questions the statement that the action of light upon organisms is primarily one of a chemical character.
 While this chemical action is of the utmost importance for organisms, the nutrition of which depends upon the action of chlorophyll, it becomes of less importance for organisms devoid of chlorophyll. Nevertheless, we find animals in which the formation of organs by regeneration is not possible unless they are exposed to light. An observation made by the writer on the regeneration of polyps in a hydroid, Eudendrium racemosum, at Woods Hole, may be mentioned as an instance of this. If the stem of this hydroid, which is usually covered with polyps, is put into an aquarium the polyps soon fall off. If the stems are kept in an aquarium where light strikes them during the day, a regeneration of numerous polyps takes place in a few days. If, however, the stems of Eudendrium are kept permanently in the dark, no polyps are formed even after an interval of some weeks; but they are formed in a few days after the same stems have been transferred from the dark to the light. Diffused daylight suffices for this effect.
 Goldfarb, who repeated these experiments, states that an exposure of comparatively short duration is sufficient for this effect, it is possible that the light favours the formation of substances which are a prerequisite for the origin of polyps and their growth.

 Of much greater significance than this observation are the facts which show that a large number of animals assume, to some extent, the colour of the ground on which they are placed. Pouchet found through experiments upon crustaceans and fish that this influence of the ground on the colour of animals is produced through the medium of the eyes. If the eyes are removed or the animals made blind in another way these phenomena cease.
 The second general fact found by Pouchet was that the variation in the colour of the animal is brought about through an action of the nerves on the pigment-cells


compounds.

 Pal*la"di*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, palladium; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which palladium has a lower valence as compared with palladic compounds.

 Pal*la"di*um (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, Pallas.]

1. (Gr. Antiq.) Any statue of the goddess Pallas; esp., the famous statue on the preservation of which depended the safety of ancient Troy.

2. Hence: That which affords effectual protection or security; a safeguard; as, the trial by jury is the palladium of our civil rights. Blackstone.
 Pal*la"di*um, n. [NL.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the light platinum group, found native, and also alloyed with platinum and gold. It is a silver-white metal resembling platinum, and like it permanent and untarnished in the air, but is more easily fusible. It is unique in its power of occluding hydrogen, which it does to the extent of nearly a thousand volumes, forming the alloy Pd2H. It is used for graduated circles and verniers, for plating certain silver goods, and somewhat in dentistry. It was so named in 1804 by Wollaston from the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered in 1802. Symbol Pd. Atomic weight, 106.2.

 Pal*la"di*um*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palladiumized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Palladiumizing (?).] To cover or coat with palladium. [R.]

 Pal"lah (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Æpyceros melampus). The male has long lyrate and annulated horns. The general color is bay, with a black crescent on the croup.
 Called also roodebok.

 Pal"las (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Gr. Myth.)
 Pallas Athene, the Grecian goddess of wisdom, called also Athene, and identified, at a later period, with the Roman Minerva.

 Pall"bear*er (?), n. One of those who attend the coffin at a funeral; -- so called from the pall being formerly carried by them.

 Pal"let (?), n. [OE. paillet, F. paillet a heap of straw, fr. paille straw, fr. L. palea chaff; cf. Gr. &?; fine meal, dust, Skr. pala straw, palva chaff. Cf. Paillasse.]
 A small and mean bed; a bed of straw. Milton.
 Pal"let, n. [Dim. of pale. See Pale a stake.] (Her.)
 A perpendicular band upon an escutcheon, one half the breadth of the pale.

 Pal"let, n. [F. palette: af. It. paletta; prop. and orig., a fire shovel, dim. of L. pala a shovel, spade. See Peel a shovel.] 1. (Paint.) Same as Palette.

2. (Pottery) (a) A wooden implement used by potters, crucible makers, etc., for forming, beating, and rounding their works. It is oval, round, and of other forms. (b) A potter's wheel.

3. (Gilding) (a) An instrument used to take up gold leaf from the pillow, and to apply it. (b) A tool for gilding the backs of books over the bands.

4. (Brickmaking) A board on which a newly molded brick is conveyed to the hack. Knight.
5. (Mach.) (a) A click or pawl for driving a ratchet wheel. (b) One of the series of disks or pistons in the chain pump.
 Knight.
6. (Horology) One of the pieces or levers connected with the pendulum of a clock, or the balance of a watch, which receive the immediate impulse of the scape-wheel, or balance wheel. Brande & C.
7. (Mus.) In the organ, a valve between the wind chest and the mouth of a pipe or row of pipes.

8. (Zoöl.) One of a pair of shelly plates that protect the siphon tubes of certain bivalves, as the Teredo. See Illust. of Teredo.

9. A cup containing three ounces, -- &?;ormerly used by surgeons.

 Pal"li*al (?), a. [L. pallium a mantle. See Pall.] (Zoöl.)
 Of or pretaining to a mantle, especially to the mantle of mollusks; produced by the mantle; as, the pallial line, or impression, which marks the attachment of the mantle on the inner surface of a bivalve shell. See Illust. of Bivalve.

Pallial chamber (Zoöl.), the cavity inclosed by the mantle. -- Pallial sinus (Zoöl.), an inward bending of the pallial line, near the posterior end of certain bivalve shells, to receive the siphon. See Illust. of Bivalve.

 Pal"li*a*ment (?), n. [LL. palliare to clothe, fr. L. pallium a manltle. See Pall the garment.] A dress; a robe. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pal"liard (?), n. [F. paillard, orig., one addicted to the couch, fr. paille straw. See Pallet a small bed.]

1. A born beggar; a vagabond. [Obs.] Halliwell.
2. A lecher; a lewd person. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Pal*liasse" (?), n. See Paillasse.

 Pal"li*ate (?), a. [L. palliatus, fr. pallium a cloak. See Pall the garment.] 1. Covered with a mant&?;e; cloaked; disguised. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
2. Eased; mitigated; alleviated. [Obs.] Bp. Fell.
 Pal"li*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palliated(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Palliating(?).] 1. To cover with a mantle or cloak; to cover up; to hide. [Obs.]

 Being palliated with a pilgrim's coat.

Sir T. Herbert.
2. To cover with excuses; to conceal the enormity of, by excuses and apologies; to extenuate; as, to palliate faults.

 They never hide or palliate their vices.

Swift.
3. To reduce in violence; to lessen or abate; to mitigate; to ease withhout curing; as, to palliate a disease.

 To palliate dullness, and give time a shove.

Cowper.
Syn. -- To cover; cloak; hide; extenuate; conceal. -- To Palliate, Extenuate, Cloak. These words, as here compared, are used in a figurative sense in reference to our treatment of wrong action. We cloak in order to conceal completely. We extenuate a crime when we endeavor to show that it is less than has been supposed; we palliate a crime when we endeavor to cover or conceal its enormity, at least in part. This naturally leads us to soften some of its features, and thus palliate approaches extenuate till they have become nearly or quite identical. "To palliate is not now used, though it once was, in the sense of wholly cloaking or covering over, as it might be, our sins, but in that of extenuating; to palliate our faults is not to hide them altogether, but to seek to diminish their guilt in part." Trench.
 Pal'li*a"tion (?), n. [


To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff.

 Gluttony.... Crams, and blasphemes his feeder. Milton.
2. To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study.
 [Colloq.]

 Cram, n. 1. The act of cramming.

2. Information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination. [Colloq.]

3. (Weaving) A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.

 Cram"bo (-b), n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme.

 I saw in one corner... a cluster of men and women, diverting themselves with a game at crambo. I heard several double rhymes.
 .. which raised a great deal of mirth. Addison.
2. A word rhyming with another word.

 His similes in order set And every crambo he could get.
Swift.
Dumb crambo, a game in which one party of players give a word which rhymes with another, which last to be guessed by the opposing party, who represent in dumb show what they think it to be.

 Cram"mer (krm"mr), n. One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an examination, or a pupil who is thus prepared. Dickens.
 { Cra*moi"sie Cra*moi"sy} (kr?-moi"z?), a. [F. cramoisi crimson. See Crimson.] Crimson. [Obs.]

 A splendid seignior, magnificent in cramoisy velevet. Motley.
 Cramp (krmp), n. [OE. crampe, craumpe; akin to D.
 & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, G. krampf (whence F. crampe), Icel. krappr strait, narrow, and to E. crimp, crumple; cf. cram. See Grape.] 1. That which confines or contracts; a restraint; a shackle; a hindrance.

 A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind. L'Estrange.
 Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear. Cowper.
2. (Masonry) A device, usually of iron bent at the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc.; a cramp iron.

3. (Carp.) A rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for compressing the joints of framework, etc.

4. A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape.

5. (Med.) A spasmodic and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, as of the leg.

 The cramp, divers nights, gripeth him in his legs. Sir T. More.
Cramp bone, the patella of a sheep; -- formerly used as a charm for the cramp. Halliwell. "He could turn cramp bones into chess men." Dickens. -- Cramp ring, a ring formerly supposed to have virtue in averting or curing cramp, as having been consecrated by one of the kings of England on Good Friday.

 Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (kr&?;mt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramping.] 1. To compress; to restrain from free action; to confine and contract; to hinder.

 The mind my be as much cramped by too much knowledge as by ignorance. Layard.
2. To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp.

3. Hence, to bind together; to unite.

 The... fabric of universal justic is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts. Burke.
4. To form on a cramp; as, to cramp boot legs.

5. To afflict with cramp.

 When the gout cramps my joints. Ford.
To cramp the wheels of wagon, to turn the front wheels out of line with the hind wheels, so that one of them shall be against the body of the wagon.

 Cramp, a. [See Cramp, n.] Knotty; difficult. [R.]

 Care being taken not to add any of the cramp reasons for this opinion. Coleridge.
 Cram"pet (kr?m"p?t), n. [See Cramp,n.] (Mil.) A cramp iron or cramp ring; a chape, as of a scabbard. [Written also crampit and crampette.]

 Cramp"fish' (kr?mp"f?sh'), n. (Zoöl.) The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which gives an electric shock. See Electric fish, and Torpedo.

 Cramp" i'ron (?'rn). See Cramp, n., 2.

 Cram"pit (krm"pt), n. (Mil.) See Crampet.

 ||Cram"pon (krm"pn), n. [F. See Crampoons.] (Bot.) An aërial rootlet for support in climbing, as of ivy.

 Cram'po*nee" (krm'p?-n?"), a. [F. cramponné. See Crampoons.] (Her.) Having a cramp or square piece at the end; -- said of a cross so furnished.

 Cram*poons" (krm*pnz"), n. pl. [F. crampon, fr. OHG. chramph crooked; akin to G. krampf cramp. See Cramp,n., and cf.
 Crampon.] 1. A clutch formed of hooked pieces of iron, like double calipers, for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc.

2. Iron instruments with sharp points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foothold.

 Cramp"y (krmp"), 1. Affected with cramp.

2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. "This crampy country." Howitt.
 { Cran (krn), Crane (krn) }, n. [Scot., fr. Gael. crann.] A measure for fresh herrings, -- as many as will fill a barrel. [Scot.] H. Miller.
 Cran"age (krn"j), n. [See Crane.] 1. The liberty of using a crane, as for loading and unloading vessels.

2. The money or price paid for the use of a crane.

 Cran"ber*ry (krn"br*r), n.; pl. Cranberries (- rz).
 [So named from its fruit being ripe in the spring when the cranes return. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) A red, acid berry, much used for making sauce, etc.; also, the plant producing it (several species of Vaccinum or Oxycoccus.) The high cranberry or cranberry tree is a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), and the other is sometimes called low cranberry or marsh cranberry to distinguish it.

 Cranch (kr?nch), v. t. See Craunch.

 Crane (krn), n. [AS. cran; akin to D. & LG. craan, G. kranich, krahn (this in sense 2), Gr. ge'ranos, L. grus, W. & Armor. garan, OSlav. zerav, Lith. gerve, Icel. trani, Sw. trana, Dan. trane. √24. Cf.
 Geranium.] 1. (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Grus, and allied genera, of various species, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck.

 The common European crane is Grus cinerea. The sand-hill crane (G.


Situate is now less used than situated, but both are well authorized.

 Sit"u*ate (?), v. t. To place. [R.] Landor.
 Sit'u*a"tion (?), n. [LL. situatio: cf. F. situation.]
 1. Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation.

2. Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case.

 A situation of the greatest ease and tranquillity.

Rogers.
3. Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene.

 There's situation for you! there's an heroic group!

Sheridan.
4. Permanent position or employment; place; office; as, a situation in a store; a situation under government.

Syn. -- State; position; seat; site; station; post; place; office; condition; case; plight. See State.

 ||Si"tus (?), n. [L., situation.] (Bot.) The method in which the parts of a plant are arranged; also, the position of the parts. Henslow.
 Sitz" bath' (?). [G. sitzbad.] A tub in which one bathes in a sitting posture; also, a bath so taken; a hip bath.

 ||Si"va (?), n. [Skr. Civa, properly, kind, gracious.] (Hindoo Myth.) One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature.

 ||Si"van (?), n. [Heb. svn.] The third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year; -- supposed to correspond nearly with our month of June.

 ||Siv'a*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., from E. Siva + Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a beast, an animal.] (Paleon.) A genus of very large extinct ruminants found in the Tertiary formation of India. The snout was prolonged in the form of a proboscis. The male had four horns, the posterior pair being large and branched. It was allied to the antelopes, but very much larger than any exsisting species.

 Siv"er (?), v. i. To simmer. [Obs.] Holland.
 Siv"vens (&?;), n. (Med.) See Sibbens.

 Si"win (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

 Six (?), a. [AS. six, seox, siex; akin to OFries. sex, D. zes, OS. & OHG. sehs, G. sechs, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sex, Goth. saíhs, Lith. szeszi, Russ. sheste, Gael. & Ir. se, W. chwech, L. sex, Gr. &?;&?;, Per. shesh, Skr. shash. √304. Cf.
 Hexagon, Hexameter, Samite, Senary, Sextant, Sice.] One more than five; twice three; as, six yards.

Six Nations (Ethnol.), a confederation of North American Indians formed by the union of the Tuscaroras and the Five Nations. -- Six points circle. (Geom.) See Nine points circle, under Nine.

 Six, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than five; the sum of three and three; six units or objects.

2. A symbol representing six units, as 6, vi., or VI.

To be at six and seven or at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. Bacon. Shak. Swift.
 Six"fold' (?), a. [AS. sixfealand.] Six times repeated; six times as much or as many.

 Six"-foot'er (?), n. One who is six feet tall. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Six"pence (?), n.; pl. Sixpences (&?;). An English silver coin of the value of six pennies; half a shilling, or about twelve cents.

 Six"pen'ny (?), a. Of the value of, or costing, sixpence; as, a sixpenny loaf.

 Six"score' (?), a. & n. [Six + score, n.] Six times twenty; one hundred and twenty.

 Six"-shoot'er (?), n. A pistol or other firearm which can be fired six times without reloading especially, a six-chambered revolver. [Colloq.
 U.S.]

 Six"teen' (?), a. [AS. sixt&?;ne, sixt&?;ne.
 See Six, and Ten, and cf. Sixty.] Six and ten; consisting of six and ten; fifteen and one more.

 Six"teen', n. 1. The number greater by a unit than fifteen; the sum of ten and six; sixteen units or objects.

2. A symbol representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi.

 Six*teen"mo (?), n.; pl. Sixteenmos (&?;). See Sextodecimo.

 Six"teenth' (?), a. [From Sixteen: cf. AS. sixteó&?;a.]
 1. Sixth after the tenth; next in order after the fifteenth.

2. Constituting or being one of sixteen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Sixteenth note (Mus.), the sixteenth part of a whole note; a semiquaver.

 Six"teenth', n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixteen; one of sixteen equal parts of one whole.

2. The next in order after the fifteenth; the sixth after the tenth.

3. (Mus.) An interval comprising two octaves and a second.
 Moore (Encyc. of Music.)
 Sixth (?), a. [From Six: cf. AS. sixta, siexta.] 1.
 First after the fifth; next in order after the fifth.

2. Constituting or being one of six equal parts into which anything is divided.

 Sixth (?), n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by six; one of six equal parts which form a whole.

2. The next in order after the fifth.

3. (Mus.) The interval embracing six diatonic degrees of the scale.

 Sixth"ly, adv. In the sixth place. Bacon.
 Six"ti*eth (?), a. [As. sixtiogoða, sixtigoða.]
 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth.

2. Constituting or being one one of sixty equal parts into which anything is divided.

 Six"ti*eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixty; one of sixty equal parts forming a whole.

2. The next in order after the fifty-ninth; the tenth after the fiftieth.

 Six"ty (?), a. [AS. siextig; akin to G. sechzig, Goth. saíhs tigjus. See Six, Ten, and cf. Sixteen.] Six times ten; fifty-nine and one more; threescore.

 Six"ty, n.; pl. Sixties (&?;). 1. The sum of six times ten; sixty units or objects.

2. A symbol representing sixty units, as 60, lx., or LX.

 Six'ty-fourth" (?), a. Constituting or being one of sixty-four equal parts into which a thing is divided.

Sixty-fourth note (Mus.), the sixtyfourth part of a whole note; a hemi-demi-semiquaver.

 Siz"a*ble (?), a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. "A sizable volume." Bp. Hurd.
2. Being of reasonable or suitable size; as, sizable timber; sizable bulk. Arbuthnot.
 Si"zar (?), n. One of a body of students in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.) and Dublin, who, having passed a certain examination, are exempted from paying college fees and charges. A sizar corresponded to a servitor at Oxford.

 The sizar paid nothing for food and tuition, and very little


on pages 295, 306, and 316. Each time it was spelled with a hyphen, so we have kept the hyphen here, too.
 - Page 303: Battle-field is hyphenated for spacing and split between two lines in the clause: "His frenzied efforts on the battle-field..." This word was used three other times, on pages 54, 214, and 306. Each time it was spelled with a hyphen, so we have kept the hyphen here, too.
Chapter XIX • Page 315: In Sevier's quote, "we shall pursue no furtheir measures as to a new State," the spelling of furtheir matches that of Henderson's book. Because this is a quote, no change was made, although Sevier meant further.

Index • Page 393: In the book, the clause "begins erection of Catawba" is embedded between "see Land Companies" in the Index entry for Wabash Land Companies.
 That clause belongs before "Fort, 70;" in the entry under Hugh Waddell.
 We have made the correction.
Spelling Errors in the Index As described in the Introduction to the


1. The act of fascinating, bewitching, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; the exercise of a powerful or irresistible influence on the affections or passions; unseen, inexplicable influence.

 The Turks hang old rags... upon their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them against fascination.

Waller.
2. The state or condition of being fascinated.

3. That which fascinates; a charm; a spell.

 There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.

South.
 Fas*cine" (?), n. [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle of sticks, fr. fascis. See Fasces.] (Fort. & Engin.) A cylindrical bundle of small sticks of wood, bound together, used in raising batteries, filling ditches, strengthening ramparts, and making parapets; also in revetments for river banks, and in mats for dams, jetties, etc.

 Fas"ci*nous (?), a. [L. fascinum witchcraft, akin to fascinare.
 See Fascinate.] Caused or acting by witchcraft. [Obs.] "Fascinous diseases." Harvey.
 ||Fas*ci"o*la (?), n.;pl. Fasciolæ (#). [See Fasciole.] (Anat.) A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution. Wilder.
 Fas"ci*ole (?), n. [L. fasciola a little bandage. See Fascia.]
 (Zoöl.) A band of minute tubercles, bearing modified spines, on the shells of spatangoid sea urchins. See Spatangoidea.

 Fash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fashing.] [OF. faschier, F. f&?;cher, to anger, vex; cf. Pr. fasticar, fastigar, fr. L. fastidium dilike. See Fastidious.] To vex; to tease; to trouble. [Scot.]

 Fash, n. Vexation; anxiety; care. [Scot.]

 Without further fash on my part.

De Quincey.
 Fash"ion (?), n. [OE. fasoun, facioun, shape, manner, F. facon, orig., a making, fr. L. factio a making, fr. facere to make. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Faction.]

1. The make or form of anything; the style, shape, appearance, or mode of structure; pattern, model; as, the fashion of the ark, of a coat, of a house, of an altar, etc.; workmanship; execution.

 The fashion of his countenance was altered.

Luke ix. 29.
 I do not like the fashion of your garments.

Shak.
2. The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress; custom or conventional usage in respect of dress, behavior, etiquette, etc.; particularly, the mode or style usual among persons of good breeding; as, to dress, dance, sing, ride, etc., in the fashion.

 The innocent diversions in fashion.

Locke.
 As now existing, fashion is a form of social regulation analogous to constitutional government as a form of political regulation.

H. Spencer.
3. Polite, fashionable, or genteel life; social position; good breeding; as, men of fashion.

4. Mode of action; method of conduct; manner; custom; sort; way.
 "After his sour fashion." Shak.
After a fashion, to a certain extent; in a sort. -- Fashion piece (Naut.), one of the timbers which terminate the transom, and define the shape of the stern. -- Fashion plate, a pictorial design showing the prevailing style or a new style of dress.

 Fash"ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashioned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fashioning.] [Cf. F. faconner.] 1. To form; to give shape or figure to; to mold.

 Here the loud hammer fashions female toys.

Gay.
 Ingenious art... Steps forth to fashion and refine the age.

Cowper.
2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate; -- with to.

 Laws ought to be fashioned to the manners and conditions of the people.

Spenser.
3. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom.

Fashioned plate sells for more than its weight.

Locke.
4. To forge or counterfeit. [Obs.] Shak.
Fashioning needle (Knitting Machine), a needle used for widening or narrowing the work and thus shaping it.

 Fash"ion*a*ble (?), a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or established mode; according with the prevailing form or style; as, a fashionable dress.

2. Established or favored by custom or use; current; prevailing at a particular time; as, the fashionable philosophy; fashionable opinions.

3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; as, a fashionable man.

4. Genteel; well-bred; as, fashionable society.

 Time is like a fashionable host That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand.

Shak.
 Fash"ion*a*ble, n. A person who conforms to the fashions; -- used chiefly in the plural.

 Fash"ion*a*ble*ness, n. State of being fashionable.

 Fash"ion*a*bly, adv. In a fashionable manner.

 Fash"ioned (?), a. Having a certain style or fashion; as old-fashioned; newfashioned.

 Fash"ion*er (?), n. One who fashions, forms, ar gives shape to anything. [R.]

 The fashioner had accomplished his task, and the dresses were brought home.

Sir W. Scott.
 Fash"ion*ist (?), n. An obsequious follower of the modes and fashions. [R.] Fuller.
 Fash"ion*less, a. Having no fashion.

 Fash"ion-mon'ger (?), n. One who studies the fashions; a fop; a dandy. Marston.
 Fash"ion-mon'ger*ing, a. Behaving like a fashion-monger. [R.] Shak.
 Fas"sa*ite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of pyroxene, from the valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol.

 Fast (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fasting.] [AS. fæstan; akin to D. vasten, OHG. fastn, G. fasten, Icel. & Sw. fasta, Dan. faste, Goth. fastan to keep, observe, fast, and prob. to E. fast firm.] 1. To abstain from food; to omit to take nourishment in whole or in part; to go hungry.

Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.

Milton.
2. To practice abstinence as a religious exercise or duty; to abstain from food voluntarily for a time, for the mortification of the body or appetites, or as a token of grief, or humiliation and penitence.

 Thou didst fast and weep for the child.

2 Sam. xii. 21.
Fasting day, a fast day; a day of fasting.

 Fast, n. [OE. faste, fast; cf. AS. fæsten, OHG. fasta, G. faste. See Fast, v. i.] 1.
 Abstinence from food; omission to take nourishment.

 Surfeit is the father of much fast.

Shak.
2. Voluntary abstinence from food, for a space of time, as a spiritual discipline, or as a token of religious humiliation.


1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also, of a yellowish brown color.

 The morn, in russet mantle clad.

Shak.
 Our summer such a russet livery wears.

Dryden.
2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak.
 Rus"set, n. 1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color.

2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color.

3. A country dress; -- so called because often of a russet color.
 Dryden.
4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as, the English russet, and the Roxbury russet.

 Rus"set*ing, n. See Russet, n., 2 and 4.

 Rus"set*y (?), a. Of a russet color; russet.

 Rus"sia (?), n. A country of Europe and Asia.

Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. -- Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. -- Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europæa).

 Rus"sian (? or?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia.

Russian bath. See under Bath.

 Rus"sian*ize (?), v. t. To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as, to Russianize the Poles.

 Rus"si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Russia + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of Russifying, or the state of being Russified.

 Rus"si*fy (?), v. t. [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.] To Russianize; as, to Russify conquered tribes.

 { Rus"so*phile (?), Rus*soph"i*list (?) }, n. [Russia + Gr.
 filei^n to love: cf. F. russophile.] One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and aggrandizement. -- Rus*soph"ilism (#), n.
 [Chiefly newspaper words.]

 { Rus"so*phobe (?), Rus*soph"o*bist (?) }, [Russia + Gr. fobei^n to fear.] One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.]

 Rus'so*pho"bi*a (?), n. Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

 Rust (?), n. [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryð; -- named from its color, and akin to E. red. √113. See Red.] 1. (Chem.) The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion.

2. (Bot.) A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo-vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish.

Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea.

3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects.
 Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as, rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence.

 Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures.

Eikon Basilike.
Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as, rust-colored, rust-consumed, rusteaten, and the like.

Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. -- Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges.

 Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Rusting.] [AS. rustian.] 1. To contract rust; to be or become oxidized.

 If gold ruste, what shall iron do?

Chaucer.
 Our armors now may rust.

Dryden.
2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also, to acquire a rusty appearance, as plants.

3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by inaction.

 Must I rust in Egypt? never more Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece?

Dryden.
 Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind.

 Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.

Shak.
2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johnson.
 Rust"ful (?), a. Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. "Rustful sloth." Quarles.
 Rus"tic (?), a. [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as, the rustic gods of antiquity.
 "Rustic lays." Milton.
 And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die.

Gray.
 She had a rustic, woodland air.

Wordsworth.
2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as, rustic manners. "A rustic muse." Spenser.
3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, a rustic entertainment; rustic dress.

4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope.
Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvæ are called cutworms. See Cutworm. -- Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous.
 (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged.

Syn. -- Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; coarse; plain; unadorned; simple; artless; honest. See Rural.

 Rus"tic, n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown.

 Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away.

Pope.
2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic] Rus'tic*al (?), a. Rustic.


Front Cover.
Gideon Wurdz.
GIDEON WURDZ.
The FOOLISH DICTIONARY An exhausting work of reference to un-certain English words, their origin, meaning, legitimate and illegitimate use, confused by A FEW PICTURES By WALLACE GOLDSMITH Executed by GIDEON WURDZ Master of Pholly, Doctor of Loquacious Lunacy, Fellow of the Royal Gibe Society, etc., etc.
Cover designed by E.B. BIRD JOHN. W. LUCE AND COMPANY BOSTON MDCCCCIV Copyright, 1904, by The Robinson, Luce Company Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
2nd Edition August, 1904.
To MY DOG, Who first heard these lines And didn't run away MAD, I Reverently Dedicate This Tome "A Fool may give a Wise Man counsel."
Preface.
In this age of the arduous pursuit of peace, prosperity and pleasure, the smallest contribution to the gaiety, if not to the wisdom, of nations can scarcely be unwelcome. With this in mind, the author has prepared "The Foolish Dictionary," not in serious emulation of the worthier—and wordier—works of Webster and Worcester, but rather in the playful spirit of the parodist, who would gladly direct the faint rays from his flickering candle of fun to the shrine of their great memories.
With half a million English words to choose from, modesty has been the watchword, and the author has confined himself to the treatment of only about half a thousand. How wise, flippant, sober or stupid, this treatment has been, it is for the reader alone to judge.
However, if from epigram, derivative or pure absurdity, there be born a single laugh between the lids, the laborer will accredit himself worthy of his hire.
In further explanation it should be said that some slight deference has been made to other wits, and the definitions include a few quotations from the great minds of the past and present. As for the rest, the jury will please acknowledge a plea of guilty from Gideon Wurdz.
ABBREVIATIONS.
Bet.
Between.
Dist.
Distinguish.
Eng.
English.
Fr.
French.
Ger.
German.
Grk.
Greek.
Lat.
Latin.
Syn.
Synonym.
v. i. Verb intransitive.
v. t. Verb transitive.
It's a long lane that has no ashbarrel.
A Distilled waters run deep.
ABSINTHE From two Latin words, ad, and sinistrum, meaning "to the bad." If in doubt, try one. (Old adage, "Absinthe makes the jag last longer)."
ABSTINENCE abstinence From the Persian ab, water, and stein, or tankard. Hence, water-tankard, or "water wagon."
ACCESSION A beheading process by which you may either win or lose a political job. Old spelling, Axe-session.
ACCIDENT A condition of affairs in which presence of mind is good, but absence of body better.
ADAMANT From "Adam's Aunt," reputed to be a hard character. Hence, anything tough, or hard.
ADORE From add, annex, and ore, meaning wealth. Example, foreign nobles who marry American heiresses adore them.
ADVICE A commodity peddled by your lawyer and given away by your mother-in-law, but impossible to dispose of yourself. Famous as the one thing which it is "More blessed to give than receive." GOOD ADVICE Something old men give young men when they can no longer give them a bad example.
ADVERSITY A bottomless lake, surrounded by near-sighted friends.
AFFINITY Complimentary term for your husband or your wife.
Sometimes a synonym for "Your finish."
AFTERTHOUGHT A tardy sense of prudence that prompts one to try to shut his mouth about the time he has put his foot in it.
AGE Something to brag about in your wine-cellar and forget in a birth-day book The boast of an old vintage, the bug a boo of an old maid.
ALCOHOL A liquid good for preserving almost everything except secrets.
ALDERMAN alderman A political office known as the Crook's Road to Wealth. From Eng.
all, and Greek derma, meaning skin—"all skin."
ALIMONY An expensive soothing syrup, prescribed by the judge for a divorcee's bleeding heart. (Old spelling, allay money).
ALLOPATHY From Eng. all, everybody, and Grk. pathos, pain.
Pain for everybody. HOMŒOPATHY From Grk. homoios, same, and pathos. Pain, just the same.
ALPHABET A toy for the children found in books, blocks, pictures and vermicelli soup. Contains 26 letters and only three syllables.
ANCESTORS The originators of the Family Tree, a remarkable sex paradox in which the Ann sisters are always the four fathers.
ANGEL A heavenly ineligible, with wings and a harp; or, an earthly eligible, with money and a heart.
ANTI-ROOMS Euphemistic term for Canfield's, New York City.
ANTI-IMPERIALIST A patriot whose conscience works overtime.
ANTIMONY A metallic substance discovered by Valentine in 1450, and now extensively used in the arts—particularly poker.
APPENDICITIS A modern pain, costing about $200 more than the old-fashioned stomach-ache.
ARGUMENT Breaking and entering the ear, assault and battery on the brain and disturbing the peace.
ARSON Derived from the Hebrew. (See INSURANCE ).
ARTIST Commonly, the individual long haired and short-suited, having a positive pose and an uncertain income. Often shy on meal-tickets but strong on technique and the price of tripe sandwiches. An artist may be a barber, a boot-black, a Sargent or a Paderewski.
ATHLETE athlete A dignified bunch of muscles, unable to split wood or sift the ashes.
AUGUR One who bored the ancients with prophecies.
AUTOMOBILE automobile From Eng. ought to, and Lat. moveo, to move. A vehicle which ought to move, but frequently can't.
AUTOMOBILIST A land lubber on wheels made up to resemble a deep sea diver.
Fine feathers make fine feather-beds.
B A stitch in time saves embarrassing exposure.
BABY baby From Grk. babai, wonderful. Parents are yet to be heard from who don't think theirs is a "wonder."
A nocturnal animal to which everyone in a sleeping-car is eager to give a wide berth.
BACHELOR From Latin baculus, a stick, unattached. Hence, an unattached man, which any lady may stick, stick to, or get stuck on.
BACKBITER A mosquito.
BALANCE Something wanted by book-keepers and often lost by topers. May be found in a cash-book or the kangaroo gait.
BANDIT An outlaw. See ALDERMAN.
BARBER A brilliant conversationalist, who occasionally shaves and cuts hair. Syn. for Phonograph.
BARS Things found in harbors, hotels, fences, prisons, courts and music. (Those found in courts and in music are full of beats).
BARGAIN bargain A disease common to women, caught in the Sunday papers and developed in department stores on Mondays. Symptoms, loud talk, pushing and shoving, a combination prize-fight and foot-ball scrimmage. (Old spelling Bark-gain).
BASEBALL A game in which the young man who bravely strikes out for himself receives no praise for it.
BAT Senior partner of Bat, Ball & Co., and never found without the rest of the firm, as it takes several high-balls to make one short bat.
BEACH A strip of sand, skirted by water; covered with lady-killers in summer, life-savers in winter, and used as a haven—or heaven—for Smacks the year around.
BENEDICT A married male.
BENEDICTINE A married female.
BENEDICTION Their children.
BERTH An aid to sleep, invented by Pullman. Lower preferred.
BIRTH An aid to life, discovered by Woman. Higher preferred.
BICYCLE-SKIRT A abbreviated garment that makes women look shorter and men longer.
BIGAMY A form of insanity in which a man insists on paying three board bills instead of


Hun"dredth (?), a. 1. Coming last of a hundred successive individuals or units.

2. Forming one of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a tenth.

 Hun"dredth, n. One of a hundred equal parts into which one whole is, or may be, divided; the quotient of a unit divided by a hundred.

 Hun"dred*weight' (?), n. A denomination of weight, containing 100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois, according to differing laws or customs. By the legal standard of England it is 112 pounds. In most of the United States, both in practice and by law, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois, the corresponding ton of 2,000 pounds, sometimes called the short ton, being the legal ton.

 Hung (?), imp. & p. p. of Hang.

Hung beef, the fleshy part of beef slightly salted and hung up to dry; dried beef.

 Hun*ga"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Hungary or to the people of Hungary. -- n. A native or one of the people of Hungary.

Hungarian grass. See Italian millet, under Millet.

 Hun"ga*ry (?), n. A country in Central Europe, now a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Hungary water, a distilled "water," made from dilute alcohol aromatized with rosemary flowers, etc.

 Hun"ger (?), n. [AS. hungor; akin to OFries. hunger, D. honger, OS. & OHG. hungar, G. hunger, Icel. hungr, Sw. & Dan. hunger, Goth. h&?;hrus hunger, huggrjan to hunger.] 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by the want of food; a craving or desire for food.

 The sensation of hunger is usually referred to the stomach, but is probably dependent on excitation of the sensory nerves, both of the stomach and intestines, and perhaps also on indirect impressions from other organs, more or less exhausted from lack of nutriment.

2. Any strong eager desire.

 O sacred hunger of ambitious minds!

Spenser.
 For hunger of my gold I die.

Dryden.
 Hun"ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hungered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hungering.] [OE. hungren, AS. hyngrian. See Hunger, n.] 1. To feel the craving or uneasiness occasioned by want of food; to be oppressed by hunger.

2. To have an eager desire; to long.

 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteouness.

Matt. v. 6.
 Hun"ger, v. t. To make hungry; to famish.

 { Hun"ger-bit' (?), Hun"ger-bit'ten (?), } a. Pinched or weakened by hunger. [Obs.] Milton.
 Hun"gered (?), a. Hungry; pinched for food. [Obs.] Milton.
 Hun"ger*er (?), n. One who hungers; one who longs. Lamb.
 Hun"ger*ly, a. Wanting food; starved. [Obs.] Shak.
 Hun"ger*ly, adv. With keen appetite. [Obs.] Shak.
 Hun"ger-starve' (?), v. t. To starve with hunger; to famish. [Obs.]
 Shak.
 Hun"gred (?), a. Hungered; hungry. [Archaic] Hun"gri*ly (?), adv. [From Hunger.] In a hungry manner; voraciously. Dryden.
 Hun"gry (?), a. [Compar. Hungrier (?); superl.
 Hungriest.] [AS. hungrid. See Hunger.] 1. Feeling hunger; having a keen appetite; feeling uneasiness or distress from want of food; hence, having an eager desire.

2. Showing hunger or a craving desire; voracious.

 The cruel, hungry foam.

C. Kingsley.
 Cassius has a lean and hungry look.

Shak.
3. Not rich or fertile; poor; barren; starved; as, a hungry soil. "The hungry beach." Shak.
 Hunk (?), n. [Cf. Hunch.] A large lump or piece; a hunch; as, a hunk of bread. [Colloq.]

 Hun"ker (?), n. Originally, a nickname for a member of the conservative section of the Democratic party in New York; hence, one opposed to progress in general; a fogy. [Political Cant, U.S.]

 Hun"ker*ism (?), n. Excessive conservatism; hostility to progress.
 [Political Cant, U.S.]

 Hunks (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggard.

 Pray make your bargain with all the prudence and selfishness of an old hunks.

Gray.
 Hunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hunting.] [AS. huntian to hunt; cf. hentan to follow, pursue, Goth. hin&?;an (in comp.) to seize. √36.
 Cf. Hent.] 1. To search for or follow after, as game or wild animals; to chase; to pursue for the purpose of catching or killing; to follow with dogs or guns for sport or exercise; as, to hunt a deer.

 Like a dog, he hunts in dreams.

Tennyson.
2. To search diligently after; to seek; to pursue; to follow; -- often with out or up; as, to hunt up the facts; to hunt out evidence.

 Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him.

Ps. cxl. 11.
3. To drive; to chase; -- with down, from, away, etc.; as, to hunt down a criminal; he was hunted from the parish.

4. To use or manage in the chase, as hounds.

 He hunts a pack of dogs.

Addison.
5. To use or traverse in pursuit of game; as, he hunts the woods, or the country.

 Hunt, v. i. 1. To follow the chase; to go out in pursuit of game; to course with hounds.

 Esau went to the field to hunt for venison.

Gen. xxvii. 5.
2. To seek; to pursue; to search; -- with for or after.

 He after honor hunts, I after love.

Shak.
To hunt counter, to trace the scent backward in hunting, as a hound to go back on one's steps. [Obs.] Shak.
 Hunt, n. 1. The act or practice of chasing wild animals; chase; pursuit; search.

 The hunt is up; the morn is bright and gray.

Shak.
2. The game secured in the hunt. [Obs.] Shak.
3. A pack of hounds. [Obs.]

4. An association of huntsmen.

5. A district of country hunted over.

 Every landowner within the hunt.

London Field.
 Hunt"-count'er (?), n. A worthless dog that runs back on the scent; a blunderer. [Obs.] Shak.
 Hunt"e (?), n. [AS. hunta.] A hunter. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hunt"er (?), n. 1. One who hunts wild animals either for sport or for food; a huntsman.

2. A dog that scents game, or is trained to the chase; a hunting dog. Shak.
3. A horse used in the chase; especially, a thoroughbred, bred and trained for hunting.

4. One who hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game; as, a fortune hunter a place hunter.

 No keener hunter after glory breathes.

Tennyson.
5. (Zoöl