certainly the liveliest, but at the same time one of the most ineffective batteries I have seen.

 In a stamp mill the foundations are usually made of hard wood logs about 5 to 6 feet long, set on end, the bottom end resting on rock and set round with cement concrete. These are bolted together, and the "box" or mortar is bolted to them. The horizontal logs to carry the "horses" or supports for the battery frame should also be of good size, and solidly and securely bolted. The same applies to your engine-bed, but whether it be of timber, or mason work, above all things provide that the whole of your work is set out square and true to save after-wear and friction.

 Considerable difference of opinion exists as to the most effective weight for stamps. My experience has been that this largely depends on the nature of your rock, as does also the height for the drop. I have usually found that with medium stamps, say 7 to 7 1/2 cwt. with fair drop and lively action, about 80 falls per minute, the best results were obtained, but the tendency of modern mill men is towards the heavier stamps, 9 cwt. and even heavier.

 To find the horse-power required to drive a battery, multiply the weight of one stamp by the number of stamps in the battery; the height of lift in feet by the number of lifts per minute; add one-third of the product for friction, and the result will be the number of feet-lbs. per minute; divide this by 33,000 which is the number of feet-lbs. per minute equal to 1 h.-p. and the result will be the h.-p. required. Thus if a stamp weighs 800 lb. and you have five in the box, and each stamp has a lift of 9 in. = 0.75 ft. and strikes 80 blows per minute, then 800 x 5 x 0.75 x 80 = 240,000; one-third of 240,000 = 80,000 which added to 240,000 = 320,000; and 320,000 divided by 33,000 = 9.7 h.-p. or 1.9 h.-p. each stamp.

 The total weight of a battery, including stamper box, stampers, etc., may be roughly estimated at about 1 ton per stamp. Medium weight stampers, including shank cam, disc, head, and shoe, weigh from 600 to 700 lb., and need about 3/4 h.-p. to work them.

 The quantity of water required for the effective treatment of gold-bearing rock in a stamper battery varies according to the composition of the material to be operated upon, but generally it is more than the inexperienced believe. For instance, "mullocky" lode stuff, containing much clayey matter or material carrying a large percentage of heavy metal, such as titanic iron or metallic sulphides, will need a larger quantity of water per stamp than clean quartz. A fair average quantity would be 750 to 1000 gallons per hour for each box of five stamps. In general practice I have seldom found 1000 gallons per hour more than sufficient.

 As to the most effective mesh for the screen or grating no definite rule can be given, as that depends so largely on the size of the gold particles contained in the gangue. The finer the particles the closer must be the mesh, and nothing but careful experiment will enable the battery manager to decide this most important point. The American slotted screens are best; they wear better than the punched gratings and can be used of finer gauge. Woven steel wire gauze is employed with good effect in some mills where especially fine trituration is required. This class of screen requires special care as it is somewhat fragile, but with intelligent treatment does good work.

 The fall or inclination of the tables, both copper and blanket strakes, is also regulated by the class of ore. If it should be heavy then the fall must be steeper. A fair average drop is 3/4 inch to the foot. Be careful that your copper tables are thoroughly water-tight, for remember you are dealing with a very volatile metal, quicksilver; and where water will percolate mercury will penetrate.

 The blanket tables are simply a continuation of the mercury tables, but covered with strips of coarse blanket, green baize, or other flocculent material, intended to arrest the heavier metallic particles which, owing to their refractory nature, have not been amalgamated.

 The blanket table is, however, a very unsatisfactory concentrator at best, and is giving place to mechanical concentrators of various descriptions.

 An ancient Egyptian gold washing table was used by the Egyptians in treating the gold ores of Lower Egypt. The ore was first ground, it is likely by means of some description of stone arrasts and then passed over the sloping table with water, the gold being retained in the riffles. In these the material would probably be mechanically agitated. Although for its era ingenious it will be plain to practical men that if the gold were fine the process would be very ineffective. Possibly, but of this I have no evidence, mercury was used to retain the gold on the riffles, as previously stated. This method of saving the precious metal was known to the ancients.

 At a mine of which I was managing director the lode was almost entirely composed of sulphide of iron, carbonate of lime or calcspar, with a little silica. In this case it has been found best to crush without mercury, then run the pulp into pans, where it is concentrated. The concentrates are calcined in a common reverberatory furnace, and afterwards amalgamated with mercury in a special pan, the results as to the proportion of gold extracted being very satisfactory; but it does not therefore follow that this process would be the most suitable in another mine where the lode stuff, though in some respects similar, yet had points of difference.

 I was lately consulted with respect to the treatment of a pyritic ore in a very promising mine, but could not recommend the above treatment, because though the pyrites in the gangue was similar, the bulk of the lode consisted of silica, consequently there would be a great waste of power in triturating the whole of the stuff to what, with regard to much of it, would be an unnecessary degree of fineness. I am of opinion that in cases such as this, where it is not intended to adopt the chlorination or cyanogen process, it will be found most economical to crush to a coarse gauge, concentrate, calcine the concentrates, and finally amalgamate in some suitable amalgamator.

 Probably for this mode of treatment Krom rolls would be found more effective reducing agents than stampers, as with them the bulk of the ore can be broken to any required gauge and there would consequently be less loss in "slimes."

 The great art in effective battery work is to crush your stuff to the required fineness only, and then to provide that each particle is brought into contact with the mercury either in box, trough, plate, or pan. To do this the flow of water must be carefully regulated; neither so much must be used as to carry the stuff off too quickly nor so little as to cause the troughs and plates to choke. In cold weather the water may be warmed by passing the feed-pipe through a tank into which the steam from the engine exhausts, and this will be found to keep the mercury bright and lively. But be careful no engine oil or grease mingles with the water, as grease on the copper tables will absolutely prevent amalgamation.

 The first point, then, is to crush the gangue effectively, the degree of fineness being regulated by the fineness of the gold itself. This being done, then comes the question of saving the gold. If the quartz be clean, and the gold unmixed with base metal, the difficulty is small. All that is required is to ensure that each particle of the Royal metal shall be brought into contact with the mercury. The main object is to arrest the gold at the earliest possible stage; therefore, if you are treating clean stone containing free gold, either coarse or fine, I advise the use of mercury in the boxes, for the reason that a considerable proportion of the gold will be caught thereby, and settling to the bottom, or adhering to amalgamated plates in the boxes, where such are used, will not be afterwards affected by the crushing action,


, and makes destruction please.

Pope.
2. An enticing, dangerous woman. Shak.
3. Something which is insidious or deceptive.

 Consumption is a siren.

W. Irving.
4. A mermaid. [Obs.] Shak.
5. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren or family Sirenidæ, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent external gills as well as lungs. They inhabit the swamps, lagoons, and ditches of the Southern United States. The more common species (Siren lacertina) is dull lead-gray in color, and becames two feet long.

6. [F. sirène, properly, a siren in sense 1.] (Acoustics) An instrument for producing musical tones and for ascertaining the number of sound waves or vibrations per second which produce a note of a given pitch. The sounds are produced by a perforated rotating disk or disks. A form with two disks operated by steam or highly compressed air is used sounding an alarm to vessels in fog. [Written also sirene, and syren.]

 Si"ren, a. Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as, a siren song.

 Si*rene" (?), n. See Siren, 6.

 Si*re"ni*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera.

 The hind limbs are either rudimentary or wanting, and the front ones are changed to paddles. They have horny plates on the front part of the jaws, and usually flat-crowned molar teeth. The stomach is complex and the intestine long, as in other herbivorous mammals. See Cetacea (b).

 Si*re"ni*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Sirenia.

 Si*ren"ic*al (?), a. Like, or appropriate to, a siren; fascinating; deceptive.

 Here's couple of sirenical rascals shall enchant ye.

Marton.
 Si"ren*ize (?), v. i. To use the enticements of a siren; to act as a siren; to fascinate.

 ||Si*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?; the Dog Star, properly, scorching.] (Med.) (a) A sunstroke.
 (b) The act of exposing to a sun bath. [Obs.] Cf. Insolation.

 Sir"i*us (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, properly, scorching.] (Astron.) The Dog Star. See Dog Star.

 Sir"keer (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Asiatic cuckoos of the genus Taccocua, as the Bengal sirkeer (T. sirkee).

 Sir"loin' (?), n. [A corruption of surloin. Not so called because this cut of beef was once jocosely knighted (dubbed Sir Loin) by an English king, as according to a popular story.] A loin of beef, or a part of a loin. [Written also surloin.]

 Sir"name' (?), n. See Surname.

 Si"roc (?), n. See Sirocco. [Poetic] Emerson.
 Si*roc"co (?), n.; pl. Siroccos (?). [It. sirocco, scirocco, Ar. shorug, fr. sharq the rising of the sun, the east, fr, sharaca to rise as the sun. Cf. Saracen.] An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily.

 Sir"rah (?), n. [Probably from Icel. sra, fr. F. sire.
 See Sir.] A term of address implying inferiority and used in anger, contempt, reproach, or disrespectful familiarity, addressed to a man or boy, but sometimes to a woman. In sililoquies often preceded by ah.
 Not used in the plural. "Ah, sirrah mistress." Beau. & Fl.
 Go, sirrah, to my cell.

Shak.
 Sirt (?), n. [See Syrt.] A quicksand. [Obs.]

 { Sir"up (?) Syr"up }, n. [F. sirop (cf. It. siroppo, Sp. jarabe, jarope, LL. siruppus, syrupus), fr. Ar. sharb a drink, wine, coffee, sirup. Cf. Sherbet.] 1.
 A thick and viscid liquid made from the juice of fruits, herbs, etc., boiled with sugar.

2. A thick and viscid saccharine solution of superior quality (as sugarhouse sirup or molasses, maple sirup); specifically, in pharmacy and often in cookery, a saturated solution of sugar and water (simple sirup), or such a solution flavored or medicated.

 Lucent sirups tinct with cinnamon.

Keats.
Mixing sirup. See the Note under Dextrose.

 { Sir"uped (?), Syr"uped }, a. Moistened, covered, or sweetened with sirup, or sweet juice.

 { Sir"up*y (?), Syr"up*y }, a. Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. Mortimer.
 ||Sir'vente" (?), n. [F. sirvente, fr. Pr. sirventes, sirventesc, originally, the poem of, or concerning, a sirvent, fr. sirvent, properly, serving, n., one who serves (e. g., as a soldier), fr. servir to serve, L. servire.] A peculiar species of poetry, for the most part devoted to moral and religious topics, and commonly satirical, -- often used by the troubadours of the Middle Ages.

 Sis (?), n. A colloquial abbreviation of Sister.

 Sis (?), n. Six. See Sise. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Si*sal" grass' (?), Si*sal" hemp' (?),} The prepared fiber of the Agave Americana, or American aloe, used for cordage; -- so called from Sisal, a port in Yucatan. See Sisal hemp, under Hemp.

 Sis"co*wet (?), n. [OF American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.)
 A large, fat variety of the namaycush found in Lake Superior; -- called also siskawet, siskiwit.

 Sise (?), n. [From Assize.] An assize. [Obs.]

 Sise (?), n. [See Sice.] Six; the highest number on a die; the cast of six in throwing dice.

 In the new casting of a die, when ace is on the top, sise must needs be at the bottom.

Fuller.
 Sis"el (?), n. [Cf. G. ziesel. Cf. Zizel.] (Zoöl.)
 The suslik.

 Si"ser (?), n. Cider. See Sicer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Sis"e*ra*ra (?), Sis"e*ra*ry (?), } n. A hard blow. [Prov. Eng.]
 Halliwell.
 Sis"kin (?), n. [Dan. sisgen; cf. Sw. siska, G. zeisig, D. sijsje; of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. czy&?;.] (Zoöl.)
(a) A small green and yellow European finch (Spinus spinus, or Carduelis spinus); -- called also aberdevine. (b) The American pinefinch (S. pinus); -- called also pine siskin.
 See Pinefinch.

 The name is applied also to several other related species found in Asia and South America.

Siskin green, a delicate shade of yellowish green, as in the mineral torbernite.

 Sis"ki*wit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The siscowet


highly valued in the United States for pasturage and hay for cattle; -- called also English grass, and in some localities herd's grass. See Illustration in Appendix. The tall redtop is Triodia seslerioides.

 Re*dub" (r?*d?b"), v. t. [F. radouber to refit or repair.]
 To refit; to repair, or make reparation for; hence, to repay or requite.
 [Obs.]

 It shall be good that you redub that negligence.

Wyatt.
 God shall give power to redub it with some like requital to the French.

Grafton.
 Re*duce" (r*ds"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reduced (-dst"),; p. pr. & vb. n. Reducing (- d"sng).] [L. reducere, reductum; pref. red-. re-, re- + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Redoubt, n.] 1. To bring or lead back to any former place or condition. [Obs.]

 And to his brother's house reduced his wife.

Chapman.
 The sheep must of necessity be scattered, unless the great Shephered of souls oppose, or some of his delegates reduce and direct us.

Evelyn.
2. To bring to any inferior state, with respect to rank, size, quantity, quality, value, etc.; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; to impair; as, to reduce a sergeant to the ranks; to reduce a drawing; to reduce expenses; to reduce the intensity of heat. "An ancient but reduced family." Sir W. Scott.
 Nothing so excellent but a man may fasten upon something belonging to it, to reduce it.

Tillotson.
 Having reduced Their foe to misery beneath their fears.

Milton.
 Hester Prynne was shocked at the condition to which she found the clergyman reduced.

Hawthorne.
3. To bring to terms; to humble; to conquer; to subdue; to capture; as, to reduce a province or a fort.

 4. To bring to a certain state or condition by grinding, pounding, kneading, rubbing, etc.; as, to reduce a substance to powder, or to a pasty mass; to reduce fruit, wood, or paper rags, to pulp.

 It were but right And equal to reduce me to my dust.

Milton.
5. To bring into a certain order, arrangement, classification, etc.; to bring under rules or within certain limits of descriptions and terms adapted to use in computation; as, to reduce animals or vegetables to a class or classes; to reduce a series of observations in astronomy; to reduce language to rules.

6. (Arith.) (a) To change, as numbers, from one denomination into another without altering their value, or from one denomination into others of the same value; as, to reduce pounds, shillings, and pence to pence, or to reduce pence to pounds; to reduce days and hours to minutes, or minutes to days and hours. (b) To change the form of a quantity or expression without altering its value; as, to reduce fractions to their lowest terms, to a common denominator, etc.

7. (Chem.) To bring to the metallic state by separating from impurities; hence, in general, to remove oxygen from; to deoxidize; to combine with, or to subject to the action of, hydrogen; as, ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron; or metals are reduced from their ores; -- opposed to oxidize.

8. (Med.) To restore to its proper place or condition, as a displaced organ or part; as, to reduce a dislocation, a fracture, or a hernia.

Reduced iron (Chem.), metallic iron obtained through deoxidation of an oxide of iron by exposure to a current of hydrogen or other reducing agent. When hydrogen is used the product is called also iron by hydrogen. -- To reduce an equation (Alg.), to bring the unknown quantity by itself on one side, and all the known quantities on the other side, without destroying the equation. -- To reduce an expression (Alg.), to obtain an equivalent expression of simpler form. -- To reduce a square (Mil.), to reform the line or column from the square.

Syn. -- To diminish; lessen; decrease; abate; shorten; curtail; impair; lower; subject; subdue; subjugate; conquer.

 Re*duce"ment (r?*d?s"ment), n. Reduction. Milton.
 Re*du"cent (r?*d?"sent), a. [L. reducens, p. pr. of reducere.] Tending to reduce. -- n. A reducent agent.

 Re*du"cer (-s?r), n. One who, or that which, reduces.

 Re*du"ci*ble (-s?*b'll), a. Capable of being reduced.

 Re*du"ci*ble*ness, n. Quality of being reducible.

 Re*du"cing (r?*d?"s?ng), a & n. from Reduce.

Reducing furnace (Metal.), a furnace for reducing ores. -- Reducing pipe fitting, a pipe fitting, as a coupling, an elbow, a tee, etc., for connecting a large pipe with a smaller one. -- Reducing valve, a device for automatically maintaining a diminished pressure of steam, air, gas, etc., in a pipe, or other receiver, which is fed from a boiler or pipe in which the pressure is higher than is desired in the receiver.

 Re*duct" (r?*d?kt"), v. t.. [L. reductus, p. p. of reducere.
 See Reduce.] To reduce. [Obs.] W. Warde.
 Re*duc'ti*bil"i*ty (r?*d?k't?*b?l"?*t?), n. The quality of being reducible; reducibleness.

 Re*duc"tion (r?*d?k"sh?n), n. [F. réduction, L. reductio.
 See Reduce.] 1. The act of reducing, or state of being reduced; conversion to a given state or condition; diminution; conquest; as, the reduction of a body to powder; the reduction of things to order; the reduction of the expenses of government; the reduction of a rebellious province.

2. (Arith. & Alq.) The act or process of reducing. See Reduce, v. t., 6. and To reduce an equation, To reduce an expression, under Reduce, v. t.
3. (Astron.) (a) The correction of observations for known errors of instruments, etc. (b) The preparation of the facts and measurements of observations in order to deduce a general result.

4. The process of making a copy of something, as a figure, design, or draught, on a smaller scale, preserving the proper proportions. Fairholt.
5. (Logic) The bringing of a syllogism in one of the so-called imperfect modes into a mode in the first figure.

6. (Chem. & Metal.) The act, process, or result of reducing; as, the reduction of iron from its ores; the reduction of aldehyde from alcohol.

7. (Med.) The operation of restoring a dislocated or fractured part to its former place.

Reduction ascending (Arith.), the operation of changing numbers of a lower into others of a higher denomination, as cents to dollars. -- Reduction descending (Arith.), the operation of changing numbers of a higher into others of a lower denomination, as dollars to cents.

Syn. -- Diminution; decrease; abatement; curtailment; subjugation; conquest; subjection.

 Re*duc"tive (-t?v), a. [Cf. F. réductif.] Tending to reduce;


forming stalagmites of variegated hue, yielding a brilliant and beautiful effect. The terraced basins bear a close resemblance to the former New Zealand pink and white terraces, and since the annihilation of the latter are the most charming examples in existence of this rare form of Nature's artistic handiwork.


and f. This is shown in the following ato names: Bu-yay′-yĕng or Fu-yay′-yĕng; Ba-tay′-yan or Fa-tay′-yan; Bi′-lĭg or Fi′-lĭg; and Long-boi′ or Long-foi′. It is also shown in two other words where one would naturally expect to find permanency—the names of the men's public buildings in the ato, namely, ba′-wi or fa′-wi, and pa-ba-bu′-nan or pa-ba-fu′-nan. Other common illustrations are found in the words ba-to or fa-to (stone) and ba-bay′-i or fa-fay′-i (woman).
Another constant interchange is that of ch and d. This also is shown well in names of ato, as follows: Cha-kong′ or Da-kong′; Pud-pud-chog′ or Pud-pud-dog′; and Si-gi-chan′ or Si-gi-dan′. It is shown also in chi′-la or di′-la (tongue).
The interchange of initial k and g is constant. These letters are interchanged in the following names of ato: Am-ka′-wa or Am-ga′-wa; Lu-wa′-kan or Lu-wa′-gan; and Ung-kan′ or Ung-gan′. Other illustrations are ku′-lĭd or gu′-lĭd (itch) and ye′-ka or ye′-ga (earthquake).
The following three words illustrate both the last two interchanges: Cho′-ko or Do′-go (name of an ato); pag-pa-ga′-da or pag-pa-ka′-cha (heel); and ka-cho′ or ga-de′-o (fish).
Nouns The nouns appear to undergo slight change to indicate gender, number, or case. To indicate sex the noun is followed by the word for woman or man—as, a′-su fa-fay′-i (female dog), or a′-su la-la′-ki (male dog). The same method is employed to indicate sex in the case of the third personal pronoun Si′-a or Si-to-di′. Si′-a la-le′-ki or Si-to-di′ la-la′-ki is used to indicate the masculine gender, and Si′-a fa-fay′-i or Si-to-di′ fa-fay′-i the feminine.
Page 230 The plural form of the noun is sometimes the same as the singular. Plural number may also be expressed by use of the word ang-san (many) or am-in′ (all) in addition to the noun. It is sometimes expressed by repetition of syllables, as la-la′-ki (man), la-la-la′-ki (men); sometimes, also, by the prefix ka together with repetition of syllables, as li-fo′-o (cloud), ka-li′-fo-li-fo′-o (clouds). There seems to be no definite law in accordance with which these several plural forms are made. When in need of plurals in this study the singular form has always been used largely for simplicity.
Pronouns The personal pronouns are: I Sak-ĭn′ You Sĭk-a′ He, she Si′-a and Si-to-di′ We Cha-ta′-ko and Cha-ka′-mi You Cha-kay′-yo They Cha-i-cha and Cha-to-di′ Examples of the possessive as indicated in the first person are given below: My father A-mak′ My dog A-suk′ My hand Li-mak′ Our father A-ma′-ta Our dog A-su′-ta Our house A-fong′-ta Other examples of the possessive are not at hand, but these given indicate that, as in most Malay dialects, a noun with a possessive suffix is one form of the possessive.
Scheerer3 gives the possessive suffixes of the Benguet Igorot as follows: My k, after a, i, o, and u, otherwise 'ko Thy } m, after a, i, o, and u, otherwise 'mo Your His } io Her Our (inc.)
'tayo Our (exc.)
'me Your 'dio Their 'cha or 'ra These possessive suffixes in the Benguet Igorot language are the same, according to Scheerer, as the suffixes used in verbal formation.
The verbal suffixes of the Bontoc Igorot are very similar to those of the Benguet. It is therefore probable that the possessive suffixes are also very similar.
Page 231 It is interesting to note that in the Chamorro language of Guam the possessive suffixes for the first person correspond to those of the Igorot—my is ko and our is ta.
Verbs Mention has been made of the verbal suffixes. Their use is shown in the following paradigms: I eat Sak-ĭn′ mang-an-ak′ You eat Sĭk-a′ mang-an-ka′ He eats Si-to-di′ mang-an′ We eat Cha-ka′-mi mang-an-ka-mi′ You eat Cha-kay′-yo mang-an-kay′-o They eat Cha-to-di′ mang-an-cha′ I go Sak-ĭn′ u-mi-ak′ You go Sĭk-a′ u-mi-ka′ He goes Si-to-di′ u-mi′ We go Cha-ka-mi′ u-mi-ka-mi′ You go Cha-kay′-yo u-mi-kay′-yo They go Cha-to-di′ u-mi-cha′ The suffixes are given below, and the relation they bear to the personal pronouns is also shown by heavy-faced type: I 'ak Sak-ĭn′ You (sing) 'ka Sik-a′ He … Si′-a or Si-to-di′ We kami or tako Cha-ka′-mi or Cha-ta′-ko You kayo Cha-kay′-yo They cha Cha-to-di′ or cha-i′-cha The Benguet suffixes as given by Scheerer are: I 'ko or 'ak You 'mo or 'ka He 'to We { me tayo You 'kayo or 'dio They 'ra or 'cha The verbal suffixes seem to be commonly used by the Bontoc Igorot in verbal formations. The tense of a verb standing alone seems always indefinite; the context alone tells whether the present, past, or future is indicated.
Comparative vocabularies About eighty-five words have been selected expressing simple ideas. These are given in the Bontoc Igorot language and as far as possible in the Benguet Igorot; they are also given in the Malay and the Sulu languages.
Of eighty-six words in both Malay and Bontoc 32 per cent are clearly Page 232derived from the same root words, and of eighty-four words in the Sulu and Bontoc 45 per cent are from the same root words.
Of sixty-eight words in both Malay and Benguet 34 per cent are from the same root words, and 47 per cent of sixty-seven Benguet and Sulu words are from the same root words. Of sixty-four words in Bontoc and Benguet 58 per cent are the same or nearly the same.
These facts suggest the movement of the Philippine people from the birthplace of the parent tongue, and also the great family of existing allied languages originating in the primitive Malayan language. They also suggest that the Bontoc and the Benguet peoples came away quite closely allied from the original nest, and that they had association with the Sulu later than with the Malay.
[In the following compilation works have been consulted respectively as follows: Malay—Hugh Clifford and Frank Athelstane Swettenham, A Dictionary of The Malay Language (Taiping, Perak; in parts, Part I appearing 1894, Part III appearing 1904); Sulu—Andson Cowie, English-S


And the huge Offa's dike which he drew from the mouth of Wye to that of Dee.

J. R. Green.
7. To run, extend, or produce, as a line on any surface; hence, also, to form by marking; to make by an instrument of delineation; to produce, as a sketch, figure, or picture.

8. To represent by lines drawn; to form a sketch or a picture of; to represent by a picture; to delineate; hence, to represent by words; to depict; to describe.

 A flattering painter who made it his care To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are.

Goldsmith.
 Can I, untouched, the fair one's passions move, Or thou draw beauty and not feel its power?

Prior.
9. To write in due form; to prepare a draught of; as, to draw a memorial, a deed, or bill of exchange.

 Clerk, draw a deed of gift.

Shak.
10. To require (so great a depth, as of water) for floating; -- said of a vessel; to sink so deep in (water); as, a ship draws ten feet of water.

11. To withdraw. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Go wash thy face, and draw the action.

Shak.
12. To trace by scent; to track; -- a hunting term.

Draw, in most of its uses, retains some shade of its original sense, to pull, to move forward by the application of force in advance, or to extend in length, and usually expresses an action as gradual or continuous, and leisurely. We pour liquid quickly, but we draw it in a continued stream. We force compliance by threats, but we draw it by gradual prevalence. We may write a letter with haste, but we draw a bill with slow caution and regard to a precise form. We draw a bar of metal by continued beating.

To draw a bow, to bend the bow by drawing the string for discharging the arrow. -- To draw a cover, to clear a cover of the game it contains. - - To draw a curtain, to cause a curtain to slide or move, either closing or unclosing. "Night draws the curtain, which the sun withdraws." Herbert. -- To draw a line, to fix a limit or boundary. -- To draw back, to receive back, as duties on goods for exportation. -- To draw breath, to breathe. Shak.
 -- To draw cuts or lots. See under Cut, n. -- To draw in. (a) To bring or pull in; to collect. (b) To entice; to inveigle. -- To draw interest, to produce or gain interest. -- To draw off, to withdraw; to abstract. Addison.
 -- To draw on, to bring on; to occasion; to cause. "War which either his negligence drew on, or his practices procured." Hayward.
 -- To draw (one) out, to elicit cunningly the thoughts and feelings of another. -- To draw out, to stretch or extend; to protract; to spread out. -- "Wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations?"
 Ps. lxxxv. 5. "Linked sweetness long drawn out." Milton.
 -- To draw over, to cause to come over, to induce to leave one part or side for the opposite one. -- To draw the longbow, to exaggerate; to tell preposterous tales. -- To draw (one) to or on to (something), to move, to incite, to induce. "How many actions most ridiculous hast thou been drawn to by thy fantasy?" Shak.
 -- To draw up. (a) To compose in due form; to draught; to form in writing. (b) To arrange in order, as a body of troops; to array. "Drawn up in battle to receive the charge." Dryden.
Syn. -- To Draw, Drag. Draw differs from drag in this, that drag implies a natural inaptitude for drawing, or positive resistance; it is applied to things pulled or hauled along the ground, or moved with toil or difficulty. Draw is applied to all bodies moved by force in advance, whatever may be the degree of force; it commonly implies that some kind of aptitude or provision exists for drawing. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag the more specific. We say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they drag it through mire; yet draw is properly used in both cases.

 Draw (?), v. i. 1. To pull; to exert strength in drawing anything; to have force to move anything by pulling; as, a horse draws well; the sails of a ship draw well.

 A sail is said to draw when it is filled with wind.

2. To draw a liquid from some receptacle, as water from a well.

 The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep.

John iv. 11.
3. To exert an attractive force; to act as an inducement or enticement.

 Keep a watch upon the particular bias of their minds, that it may not draw too much.

Addison.
4. (Med.) To have efficiency as an epispastic; to act as a sinapism; -- said of a blister, poultice, etc.

5. To have draught, as a chimney, flue, or the like; to furnish transmission to smoke, gases, etc.

6. To unsheathe a weapon, especially a sword.

 So soon as ever thou seest him, draw; and as thou drawest, swear horrible.

Shak.
7. To perform the act, or practice the art, of delineation; to sketch; to form figures or pictures. "Skill in drawing." Locke.
8. To become contracted; to shrink. "To draw into less room." Bacon.
9. To move; to come or go; literally, to draw one's self; -- with prepositions and adverbs; as, to draw away, to move off, esp. in racing, to get in front; to obtain the lead or increase it; to draw back, to retreat; to draw level, to move up even (with another); to come up to or overtake another; to draw off, to retire or retreat; to draw on, to advance; to draw up, to form in array; to draw near, nigh, or towards, to approach; to draw together, to come together, to collect.

10. To make a draft or written demand for payment of money deposited or due; -- usually with on or upon.

 You may draw on me for the expenses of your journey.

Jay.
11. To admit the action of pulling or dragging; to undergo draught; as, a carriage draws easily.

12. To sink in water; to require a depth for floating. "Greater hulks draw deep." Shak.
To draw to a head. (a) (Med.) To begin to suppurate; to ripen, as a boil. (b) Fig.: To ripen, to approach the time for action; as, the plot draws to a head.

 Draw, n. 1. The act of drawing; draught.

2. A lot or chance to be drawn.

3. A drawn game or battle, etc. [Colloq.]

4. That part of a bridge which may be raised, swung round, or drawn aside; the movable part of a drawbridge. See the Note under Drawbridge.
 [U.S.]

 Draw"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being drawn.

 Draw"back' (?), n. 1. A loss of advantage, or deduction from profit, value, success, etc.; a discouragement or hindrance; objectionable feature.

 The avarice of Henry VII.... must be deemed a drawback from the wisdom ascribed to him.

Hallam.
2. (Com.) Money paid back or remitted; especially, a certain amount of duties or customs, sometimes the whole, and sometimes only a


fermentation in; to set in motion; to excite internal emotion in; to heat.

 Ye vigorous swains! while youth ferments your blood.

Pope.
 Fer*ment", v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation; to be in motion, or to be excited into sensible internal motion, as the constituent particles of an animal or vegetable fluid; to work; to effervesce.

2. To be agitated or excited by violent emotions.

 But finding no redress, ferment and rage.

Milton.
 The intellect of the age was a fermenting intellect.

De Quincey.
 Fer*ment'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of fermentation.

 Fer*ment"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. fermentable.] Capable of fermentation; as, cider and other vegetable liquors are fermentable.

 Fer*ment"al (?), a. Fermentative. [Obs.]

 Fer'men*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fermentation.] 1. The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Chem.), the transformation of an organic substance into new compounds by the action of a ferment, either formed or unorganized. It differs in kind according to the nature of the ferment which causes it.

2. A state of agitation or excitement, as of the intellect or the feelings.

 It puts the soul to fermentation and activity.

Jer. Taylor.
 A univesal fermentation of human thought and faith.

C. Kingsley.
Acetous, or Acetic, fermentation, a form of oxidation in which alcohol is converted into vinegar or acetic acid by the agency of a specific fungus or ferment (Mycoderma aceti). The process involves two distinct reactions, in which the oxygen of the air is essential. An intermediate product, aldehyde, is formed in the first process.

1. C2H6O + O = H2O + C2H4O Alcohol. Water. Aldehyde.

2. C2H4O + O = C2H4O2 Aldehyde. Acetic acid.

 -- Alcoholic fermentation, the fermentation which saccharine bodies undergo when brought in contact with the yeast plant or Torula. The sugar is converted, either directly or indirectly, into alcohol and carbonic acid, the rate of action being dependent on the rapidity with which the Torulæ develop. - - Ammoniacal fermentation, the conversion of the urea of the urine into ammonium carbonate, through the growth of the special urea ferment.

 CON2H4 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3 Urea. Water. Ammonium carbonate.

 Whenever urine is exposed to the air in open vessels for several days it undergoes this alkaline fermentation. -- Butyric fermentation, the decomposition of various forms of organic matter, through the agency of a peculiar worm-shaped vibrio, with formation of more or less butyric acid.
 It is one of the many forms of fermentation that collectively constitute putrefaction. See Lactic fermentation. -- Fermentation by an unorganized ferment or enzyme. Fermentations of this class are purely chemical reactions, in which the ferment acts as a simple catalytic agent. Of this nature are the decomposition or inversion of cane sugar into levulose and dextrose by boiling with dilute acids, the conversion of starch into dextrin and sugar by similar treatment, the conversion of starch into like products by the action of diastase of malt or ptyalin of saliva, the conversion of albuminous food into peptones and other like products by the action of pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice or by the ferment of the pancreatic juice. -- Fermentation theory of disease (Biol. & Med.), the theory that most if not all, infectious or zymotic disease are caused by the introduction into the organism of the living germs of ferments, or ferments already developed (organized ferments), by which processes of fermentation are set up injurious to health. See Germ theory. -- Glycerin fermentation, the fermentation which occurs on mixing a dilute solution of glycerin with a peculiar species of schizomycetes and some carbonate of lime, and other matter favorable to the growth of the plant, the glycerin being changed into butyric acid, caproic acid, butyl, and ethyl alcohol. With another form of bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are mainly formed. -- Lactic fermentation, the transformation of milk sugar or other saccharine body into lactic acid, as in the souring of milk, through the agency of a special bacterium (Bacterium lactis of Lister). In this change the milk sugar, before assuming the form of lactic acid, presumably passes through the stage of glucose.

 C12H22O11.H2O = 4C3H6O3 Hydrated milk sugar. Lactic acid.

 In the lactic fermentation of dextrose or glucose, the lactic acid which is formed is very prone to undergo butyric fermentation after the manner indicated in the following equation: 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) = C4H8O2 (butyric acid) + 2CO2 (carbonic acid) + 2H2 (hydrogen gas). -- Putrefactive fermentation. See Putrefaction.

 Fer*ment"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. fermentatif.] Causing, or having power to cause, fermentation; produced by fermentation; fermenting; as, a fermentative process.

 -- Fer*ment"a*tive*ly, adv. -- Fer*ment"a*tive*ness, n. Fer"mer*ere (?), n. [OF. enfermerier, fr. enfermerie infirmary. See Infirmary.] The officer in a religious house who had the care of the infirmary. [Obs.]

 Fer"mil*let (?), n. [OF., dim. of fermeil, fermail, clasp, prob. fr. OF. & F. fermer to make fast, fr. ferme fast. See Firm.] A buckle or clasp. [Obs.] Donne.
 Fern (?), adv. Long ago. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fern, a. [AS. fyrn.] Ancient; old. [Obs.] "Pilgrimages to.
 .. ferne halwes." [saints]. Chaucer.
 Fern (frn), n. [AS. fearn; akin to D. varen, G. farn, farnkraut; cf. Skr. parn.a wing, feather, leaf, sort of plant, or Lith. papartis fern.] (Bot.) An order of cryptogamous plants, the Filices, which have their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. They are usually found in humid soil, sometimes grow epiphytically on trees, and in tropical climates often attain a gigantic size.

 The plants are asexual, and bear clustered sporangia, containing minute spores, which germinate and form prothalli, on which are borne the true organs of reproduction. The brake or bracken, the maidenhair, and the polypody are all well known ferns.

Christmas fern. See under Christmas. -- Climbing fern (Bot.), a delicate North American fern (Lygodium palmatum), which climbs several feet high over bushes, etc., and is much sought for purposes of decoration. -- Fern owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European goatsucker. (b) The short-eared owl. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fern shaw, a fern thicket. [Eng.] R. Browning.
 Fern"er*y (?), n. A place for rearing ferns.

 Fern"ti*cle (?), n. A freckle on the skin, resembling the seed of


I thought the remnant of mine age Should have been cherished by her childlike duty.

Shak.
Where one on his side fights, thousands will fly.

Shak.
 But where he rode one mile, the dwarf ran four.

Sir W. Scott.
3. To what or which place; hence, to what goal, result, or issue; whither; — used interrogatively and relatively; as, where are you going?

 But where does this tend?

Goldsmith.
 Lodged in sunny cleft, Where the gold breezes come not.

Bryant.
Where is often used pronominally with or without a preposition, in elliptical sentences for a place in which, the place in which, or what place.

 The star... stood over where the young child was.

Matt. ii. 9.
 The Son of man hath not where to lay his head.

Matt. viii. 20.
 Within about twenty paces of where we were.

Goldsmith.
Where did the minstrels come from?

Dickens.
Where is much used in composition with preposition, and then is equivalent to a pronoun. Cf. Whereat, Whereby, Wherefore, Wherein, etc.

Where away (Naut.), in what direction; as, where away is the land?

Syn. — See Whither.

 Where, conj. Whereas.

 And flight and die is death destroying death; Where fearing dying pays death servile breath.

Shak.
 Where, n. Place; situation. [Obs. or Colloq.]

 Finding the nymph asleep in secret where.

Spenser.
 { Where"a*bout' (?), Where"a*bouts' (?) }, adv.
1. About where; near what or which place; — used interrogatively and relatively; as, whereabouts did you meet him?

 In this sense, whereabouts is the common form.

2. Concerning which; about which. "The object whereabout they are conversant." Hooker.
 { Where"a*bout' (?), Where"a*bouts' (?), } n. The place where a person or thing is; as, they did not know his whereabouts. Shak.
 A puzzling notice of thy whereabout.

Wordsworth.
 Where*as" (?), adv. At which place; where. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 At last they came whereas that lady bode.

Spenser.
 Where*as", conj.
1. Considering that; it being the case that; since; — used to introduce a preamble which is the basis of declarations, affirmations, commands, requests, or like, that follow.

2. When in fact; while on the contrary; the case being in truth that; although; — implying opposition to something that precedes; or implying recognition of facts, sometimes followed by a different statement, and sometimes by inferences or something consequent.

 Are not those found to be the greatest zealots who are most notoriously ignorant? whereas true zeal should always begin with true knowledge.

Sprat.
 Where*at" (?), adv.
1. At which; upon which; whereupon; — used relatively.

 They vote; whereat his speech he thus renews.

Milton.
Whereat he was no less angry and ashamed than desirous to obey Zelmane.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. At what; — used interrogatively; as, whereat are you offended?

 Where*by" (?), adv.
1. By which; — used relatively. "You take my life when you take the means whereby I life." Shak.
2. By what; how; — used interrogatively.

Whereby shall I know this?

Luke i. 18.
 Wher*e'er" (?), adv. Wherever; — a contracted and poetical form.
 Cowper.
 Where"fore (?), adv. & conj. [Where + for.]

1. For which reason; so; — used relatively.

Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.

Matt. vii. 20.
2. For what reason; why; — used interrogatively.

 But wherefore that I tell my tale.

Chaucer.
Wherefore didst thou doubt?

Matt. xiv. 31.
 Where"fore, n. the reason why. [Colloq.]

 Where*form" (?), adv. [Where + from.] From which; from which or what place. Tennyson.
 Where*in" (?), adv.
1. In which; in which place, thing, time, respect, or the like; — used relatively.

 Her clothes wherein she was clad.

Chaucer.
 There are times wherein a man ought to be cautious as well as innocent.

Swift.
2. In what; — used interrogatively.

 Yet ye say, Wherein have we wearied him!

Mal. ii. 17.
 Where'in*to" (?), adv.
1. Into which; — used relatively.

 Where is that palace whereinto foul things Sometimes intrude not?

Shak.
 The brook, whereinto he loved to look.

Emerson.
2. Into what; — used interrogatively.

 Where"ness (?), n. The quality or state of having a place; ubiety; situation; position. [R.]

 A point hath no dimensions, but only a whereness, and is next to nothing.

Grew.
 Where*of" (?), adv.
1. Of which; of whom; formerly, also, with which; - - used relatively.

 I do not find the certain numbers whereof their armies did consist.

Sir J. Davies.
 Let it work like Borgias' wine, Whereof his sire, the pope, was poisoned.

Marlowe.
 Edward's seven sons, whereof thyself art one.

Shak.
2. Of what; — used interrogatively.

Whereof was the house built?

Johnson.
 Where*on" (?), adv.
1. On which; — used relatively; as, the earth whereon we live.

 O fair foundation laid whereon to build.

Milton.
2. On what; — used interrogatively; as, whereon do we stand?

 Where*out" (?), adv. Out of which. [R.]

 The cleft whereout the lightning breaketh.

Holland.
 Where"so (?), adv. Wheresoever. [Obs.]

 Where'so*e'er" (?), adv. Wheresoever. [Poetic] "Wheresoe'er they rove." Milton.
 Where'so*ev"er (?), adv. In what place soever; in whatever place; wherever.

 Where*through" (?), adv. Through which. [R.] "Wherethrough that I may know." Chaucer.
 Windows... wherethrough the sun Delights to peep, to gaze therein on thee.

Shak.
 Where*to" (?), adv.
1. To which; — used relatively. "Whereto we have already attained." Phil. iii. 16.
Whereto all bonds do tie me day by day.

Shak.
2. To what; to what end; — used interrogatively.

 Where'un*to" (?), adv. Same as Whereto.

 Where'up*on" (?), adv. Upon which; in consequence of which; after which.

 The townsmen mutinied and sent to Essex; whereupon he came thither.

Clarendon.
 Wher*ev"er (?), adv. At or in whatever place; wheresoever.

 He can not but love virtue wherever it is.

Atterbury.
 Where*with" (?), adv.
1. With which; — used relatively.

 The love wherewith thou hast loved me.

John xvii. 26.
2


, we shall say it means "spaniel"; while if it has all the associations appropriate to one particular dog, it will mean that dog, however vague it may be as a picture. The meaning of an image, according to this analysis, is constituted by a combination of likeness and associations. It is not a sharp or definite conception, and in many cases it will be impossible to decide with any certainty what an image means. I think this lies in the nature of things, and not in defective analysis.

 We may give somewhat more precision to the above account of the meaning of images, and extend it to meaning in general. We find sometimes that, IN MNEMIC CAUSATION, an image or word, as stimulus, has the same effect (or very nearly the same effect) as would belong to some object, say, a certain dog. In that case we say that the image or word means that object.
 In other cases the mnemic effects are not all those of one object, but only those shared by objects of a certain kind, e.g. by all dogs. In this case the meaning of the image or word is general: it means the whole kind.
 Generality and particularity are a matter of degree. If two particulars differ sufficiently little, their mnemic effects will be the same; therefore no image or word can mean the one as opposed to the other; this sets a bound to the particularity of meaning. On the other hand, the mnemic effects of a number of sufficiently dissimilar objects will have nothing discoverable in common; hence a word which aims at complete generality, such as "entity" for example, will have to be devoid of mnemic effects, and therefore of meaning. In practice, this is not the case: such words have VERBAL associations, the learning of which constitutes the study of metaphysics.

 The meaning of a word, unlike that of an image, is wholly constituted by mnemic causal laws, and not in any degree by likeness (except in exceptional cases). The word "dog" bears no resemblance to a dog, but its effects, like those of an image of a dog, resemble the effects of an actual dog in certain respects. It is much easier to say definitely what a word means than what an image means, since words, however they originated, have been framed in later times for the purpose of having meaning, and men have been engaged for ages in giving increased precision to the meanings of words. But although it is easier to say what a word means than what an image means, the relation which constitutes meaning is much the same in both cases. A word, like an image, has the same associations as its meaning has. In addition to other associations, it is associated with images of its meaning, so that the word tends to call up the image and the image tends to call up the word., But this association is not essential to the intelligent use of words. If a word has the right associations with other objects, we shall be able to use it correctly, and understand its use by others, even if it evokes no image. The theoretical understanding of words involves only the power of associating them correctly with other words; the practical understanding involves associations with other bodily movements.

 The use of words is, of course, primarily social, for the purpose of suggesting to others ideas which we entertain or at least wish them to entertain. But the aspect of words that specially concerns us is their power of promoting our own thought. Almost all higher intellectual activity is a matter of words, to the nearly total exclusion of everything else. The advantages of words for purposes of thought are so great that I should never end if I were to enumerate them. But a few of them deserve to be mentioned.

 In the first place, there is no difficulty in producing a word, whereas an image cannot always be brought into existence at will, and when it comes it often contains much irrelevant detail. In the second place, much of our thinking is concerned with abstract matters which do not readily lend themselves to imagery, and are apt to be falsely conceived if we insist upon finding images that may be supposed to represent them. The word is always concrete and sensible, however abstract its meaning may be, and thus by the help of words we are able to dwell on abstractions in a way which would otherwise be impossible. In the third place, two instances of the same word are so similar that neither has associations not capable of being shared by the other. Two instances of the word "dog" are much more alike than (say) a pug and a great dane; hence the word "dog" makes it much easier to think about dogs in general. When a number of objects have a common property which is important but not obvious, the invention of a name for the common property helps us to remember it and to think of the whole set of objects that possess it. But it is unnecessary to prolong the catalogue of the uses of language in thought.

 At the same time, it is possible to conduct rudimentary thought by means of images, and it is important, sometimes, to check purely verbal thought by reference to what it means. In philosophy especially the tyranny of traditional words is dangerous, and we have to be on our guard against assuming that grammar is the key to metaphysics, or that the structure of a sentence corresponds at all accurately with the structure of the fact that it asserts. Sayce maintained that all European philosophy since Aristotle has been dominated by the fact that the philosophers spoke Indo-European languages, and therefore supposed the world, like the sentences they were used to, necessarily divisible into subjects and predicates. When we come to the consideration of truth and falsehood, we shall see how necessary it is to avoid assuming too close a parallelism between facts and the sentences which assert them. Against such errors, the only safeguard is to be able, once in a way, to discard words for a moment and contemplate facts more directly through images. Most serious advances in philosophic thought result from some such comparatively direct contemplation of facts. But the outcome has to be expressed in words if it is to be communicable. Those who have a relatively direct vision of facts are often incapable of translating their vision into words, while those who possess the words have usually lost the vision. It is partly for this reason that the highest philosophical capacity is so rare: it requires a combination of vision with abstract words which is hard to achieve, and too quickly lost in the few who have for a moment achieved it.

 LECTURE XI. GENERAL IDEAS AND THOUGHT It is said to be one of the merits of the human mind that it is capable of framing abstract ideas, and of conducting nonsensational thought. In this it is supposed to differ from the mind of animals. From Plato onward the "idea" has played a great part in the systems of idealizing philosophers.
 The "idea" has been, in their hands, always something noble and abstract, the apprehension and use of which by man confers upon him a quite special dignity.

 The thing we have to consider to-day is this: seeing that there certainly are words of which the meaning is abstract, and seeing that we can use these words intelligently, what must be assumed or inferred, or what can be discovered by observation, in the way of mental content to account for the intelligent use of abstract words?

 Taken as a problem in logic, the answer is, of course, that absolutely nothing in the way of abstract mental content is inferable from the mere fact that we can use intelligently words of which the meaning is abstract.
 It is clear that a sufficiently ingenious person could manufacture a machine moved by olfactory stimuli which, whenever a dog appeared in its neighbourhood, would say, "There is a dog," and when a cat appeared would throw stones at it. The act of saying "There is a dog," and the act of throwing stones, would in such a case be equally mechanical. Correct speech does not of itself afford any better evidence of mental content than the performance of any other set of biologically useful movements, such as those of flight or combat. All that is inferable from language is that two instances of a universal, even when they differ very greatly, may cause the utterance of two instances of the same word which only differ very slightly. As we saw in the preceding lecture, the word "dog" is useful, partly, because two instances of this word are much more similar than (say) a pug and a great dane. The use of words is thus a method of substituting for two particulars which differ widely, in spite of being instances of the same universal, two


perpendicularly, or an angle of 90° (measured by a quarter circle). -- Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. -- Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. -- Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. -- For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc.

 An"gle (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Angling (&?;).] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line.

2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as, to angle for praise.

 The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shak.
 An"gle, v. t. To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] "He angled the people's hearts." Sir P. Sidney.
 An"gled (&?;), a. Having an angle or angles; -- used in compounds; as, right-angled, many-angled, etc.

 The thrice three-angled beechnut shell. Bp. Hall.
 An"gle*me'ter (&?;), n. [Angle + - meter.] An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata.

 An"gler (&?;), n. 1. One who angles.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc.

 An"gles (&?;), n. pl. [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.)
 An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc.

 An"gle*site (&?;), n. [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.)
 A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals.

 An"gle*wise' (&?;), adv. [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] In an angular manner; angularly.

 An"gle*worm' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm.

 An"gli*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Angles. -- n. One of the Angles.

 An"glic (&?;), a. Anglian.

 An"gli*can (&?;), a. [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as, the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc.

2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England.

 An"gli*can (&?;), n. 1. A member of the Church of England.

 Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists. Burke.
2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England.

 An"gli*can*ism (&?;), n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England.

2. The principles of the established church of England; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high-church party.

3. Attachment to England or English institutions.

 ||An"gli*ce (&?;), adv. [NL.] In English; in the English manner; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn.

 An*glic"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [NL. Anglicus English + -fly.]
 To anglicize. [R.]

 An"gli*cism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden.
2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method.

 An*glic"i*ty (&?;), n. The state or quality of being English.

 An'gli*ci*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of anglicizing, or making English in character.

 An"gli*cize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies.

 An"gli*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] [L. Angli + -fly.]
 To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin.
 An"gling (&?;), n. The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton.
 An"glo- (&?;) [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as, Anglo-Turkish treaty, Anglo-German, Anglo-Irish.

Anglo-American,. Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. -- n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States.

Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England.

Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. -- n. One of the AngloIndian race born or resident in the East Indies.

Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. -- n. One of the English Normans, or the Normans who conquered England.

Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary.

 An"glo-Cath"o*lic, a., Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; -- sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England.

 An"glo-Cath"o*lic, n. A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman.

 An"glo*ma"ni*a (&?;), n. [Anglo'cf + mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

 An'glo*ma"ni*ac, n. One affected with Anglomania.

 An'glo*pho"bi*a (&?;), n. [Anglo- + Gr. &?; fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. -- An"glo*phobe (&?;), n. An"glo-Sax"on (&?;), n. [L. AngliSaxones English Sax


to have been obtained; -- also called rock alum.

 Roche"lime' (?), n. [F. roche rock + E. lime.] Lime in the lump after it is burned; quicklime. [Eng.]

 Ro*chelle" (?), n. A seaport town in France.

Rochelle powders. Same as Seidlitz powders. -- Rochelle salt (Chem.), the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, a white crystalline substance. It has a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste and is employed as a mild purgative. It was discovered by Seignette, an apothecary of Rochelle, and is called also Seignete's salt.

 ||Roche" mou'ton'née" (?). [F., sheep-shaped rock.] (Geol.)
 See Sheepback.

 Roch"et (?), n. [F., dim. fr. OHG. rocch coat, G. rock.]
 1. (Eccl.) A linen garment resembling the surplise, but with narrower sleeves, also without sleeves, worn by bishops, and by some other ecclesiastical dignitaries, in certain religious ceremonies.

 They see no difference between an idler with a hat and national cockade, and an idler in a cowl or in a rochet.

Burke.
2. A frock or outer garment worn in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Roch"et, n. [Probably corrupted fr. F. rouget the red gurnet, from rouge red. CF. Rouge.] (Zoöl.) The red gurnard, or gurnet. See Gurnard.

 Roch"ing cask' (?). [Probably from F. roche a rock.] A tank in which alum is crystallized from a solution.

 Rock (?), n. See Roc.

 Rock, n. [OE. rocke; akin to D. rok, rokken, G. rocken, OHG. roccho, Dan. rok, Icel. rokkr.
 Cf. Rocket a firework.] A distaff used in spinning; the staff or frame about which flax is arranged, and from which the thread is drawn in spinning. Chapman.
 Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thread By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid.

Spenser.
 Rock, n. [OF. roke, F. roche; cf. Armor. roc'h, and AS. rocc.] 1. A large concreted mass of stony material; a large fixed stone or crag. See Stone.

 Come one, come all! this rock shall fly From its firm base as soon as I. Sir W. Scott.
2. (Geol.) Any natural deposit forming a part of the earth's crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds.

3. That which resembles a rock in firmness; a defense; a support; a refuge.

 The Lord is my rock, and my fortress.

2 Sam. xxii. 2.
4. Fig.: Anything which causes a disaster or wreck resembling the wreck of a vessel upon a rock.

5. (Zoöl.) The striped bass. See under Bass.

 This word is frequently used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, rock-bound, rock-built, rock-ribbed, rock-roofed, and the like.

Rock alum. [Probably so called by confusion with F. roche a rock.] Same as Roche alum. -- Rock barnacle (Zoöl.), a barnacle (Balanus balanoides) very abundant on rocks washed by tides. -- Rock bass. (Zoöl.) (a) The stripped bass. See under Bass. (b) The goggle-eye. (c) The cabrilla.
 Other species are also locally called rock bass. -- Rock builder (Zoöl.), any species of animal whose remains contribute to the formation of rocks, especially the corals and Foraminifera. -- Rock butter (Min.), native alum mixed with clay and oxide of iron, usually in soft masses of a yellowish white color, occuring in cavities and fissures in argillaceous slate. -- Rock candy, a form of candy consisting of crystals of pure sugar which are very hard, whence the name.
 -- Rock cavy. (Zoöl.) See Moco. -- Rock cod (Zoöl.)
(a) A small, often reddish or brown, variety of the cod found about rocks andledges. (b) A California rockfish. -- Rock cook. (Zoöl.)
(a) A European wrasse (Centrolabrus exoletus). (b) A rockling. -- Rock cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus the fibers of which are loosely interlaced. It resembles cork in its texture.
 -- Rock crab (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large crabs of the genus Cancer, as the two species of the New England coast (C. irroratus and C. borealis). See Illust.
 under Cancer. -- Rock cress (Bot.), a name of several plants of the cress kind found on rocks, as Arabis petræa, A. lyrata, etc. -- Rock crystal (Min.), limpid quartz. See Quartz, and under Crystal. -- Rock dove (Zoöl.), the rock pigeon; -- called also rock doo. -- Rock drill, an implement for drilling holes in rock; esp., a machine impelled by steam or compressed air, for drilling holes for blasting, etc. -- Rock duck (Zoöl.), the harlequin duck. -- Rock eel. (Zoöl.)
 See Gunnel. -- Rock goat (Zoöl.), a wild goat, or ibex.
 -- Rock hopper (Zoöl.), a penguin of the genus Catarractes.
 See under Penguin. -- Rock kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo, and Petrogale. -- Rock lobster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spinose lobsters of the genera Panulirus and Palinurus. They have no large claws. Called also spiny lobster, and sea crayfish. -- Rock meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite occuring as an efflorescence. -- Rock milk. (Min.) See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. -- Rock moss, a kind of lichen; the cudbear. See Cudbear. -- Rock oil.
 See Petroleum. -- Rock parrakeet (Zoöl.), a small Australian parrakeet (Euphema petrophila), which nests in holes among the rocks of high cliffs. Its general color is yellowish olive green; a frontal band and the outer edge of the wing quills are deep blue, and the central tail feathers bluish green. -- Rock pigeon (Zoöl.), the wild pigeon (Columba livia) Of Europe and Asia, from which the domestic pigeon was derived. See Illust. under Pigeon. -- Rock pipit. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Pipit. -- Rock plover.
 (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied, or whistling, plover. (b) The rock snipe. - - Rock ptarmigan (Zoöl.), an arctic American ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris), which in winter is white, with the tail and lores black. In summer the males are grayish brown, coarsely vermiculated with black, and have black patches on the back. -- Rock rabbit (Zoöl.), the hyrax. See Cony, and Daman. -- Rock ruby (Min.), a fine reddish variety of garnet. -- Rock salt (Min.), cloride of sodium (common salt) occuring in rocklike masses in mines; mineral salt; salt dug from the earth. In the United States this name is sometimes given to salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea water


UNCLE REMUS: HIS SONGS AND HIS SAYINGS By Joel Chandler Harris CONTENTS PREFACE AND DEDICATION INTRODUCTION LEGENDS OF THE OLD PLANTATION I. UNCLE REMUS INITIATES THE LITTLE BOY II. THE WONDERFUL TAR BABY STORY III. WHY MR. POSSUM LOVES PEACE IV. HOW MR. RABBIT WAS TOO SHARP FOR MR. FOX V. THE STORY OF THE DELUGE AND HOW IT CAME ABOUT VI. MR. RABBIT GROSSLY DECEIVES MR. FOX VII. MR. FOX IS AGAIN VICTIMIZED VIII. MR. FOX IS "OUTDONE" BY MR. BUZZARD IX. MISS COW FALLS A VICTIM TO MR. RABBIT X. MR. TERRAPIN APPEARS UPON THE SCENE XI. MR. WOLF MAKES A FAILURE XII. MR. FOX TACKLES OLD MAN TARRYPIN XIII. THE AWFUL FATE OF MR. WOLF XIV. MR. FOX AND THE DECEITFUL FROGS XV. MR. FOX GOES A-HUNTING, BUT MR. RABBIT BAGS THE GAME XVI. OLD MR. RABBIT, HE'S A GOOD FISHERMAN XVII. MR. RABBIT NIBBLES UP THE BUTTER XVIII. MR. RABBIT FINDS HIS MATCH AT LAST XIX. THE FATE OF MR. JACK SPARROW XX. HOW MR. RABBIT SAVED HIS MEAT XXI. MR. RABBIT MEETS HIS MATCH AGAIN XXII. A STORY ABOUT THE LITTLE RABBITS XXIII. MR. RABBIT AND MR. BEAR XXIV. MR. BEAR CATCHES OLD MR. BULL-FROG XXV. HOW MR. RABBIT LOST HIS FINE BUSHY TAIL XXVI. MR. TERRAPIN SHOWS HIS STRENGTH XXVII. WHY MR. POSSUM HAS NO HAIR ON HIS TAIL XXVIII. THE END OF MR. BEAR XXIX. MR. FOX GETS INTO SERIOUS BUSINESS XXX. HOW MR. RABBIT SUCCEEDED IN RAISING A DUST XXXI. A PLANTATION WITCH XXXII. "JACKY-MY-LANTERN" *1 XXXIII. WHY THE NEGRO IS BLACK XXXIV. THE SAD FATE OF MR. FOX PLANTATION PROVERBS HIS SONGS I. REVIVAL HYMN II. CAMP-MEETING SONG * III. CORN-SHUCKING SONG IV. THE PLOUGH-HANDS' SONG (JASPER COUNTY—1860.)

 V. CHRISTMAS PLAY-SONG (MYRICK PLACE, PUTNAM COUNTY 1858.)
 VI. PLANTATION PLAY-SONG (PUTNAM COUNTY—1856.)

 VII. TRANSCRIPTIONS *1 1. A PLANTATION CHANT 2.A PLANTATION SERENADE VIII. THE BIG BETHEL CHURCH IX. TIME GOES BY TURNS A STORY OF THE WAR HIS SAYINGS I. JEEMS ROBER'SON'S LAST ILLNESS II. UNCLE REMUS'S CHURCH EXPERIENCE III. UNCLE REMUS AND THE SAVANNAH DARKEY IV. TURNIP SALAD AS A TEXT V. A CONFESSION VI. UNCLE REMUS WITH THE TOOTHACHE VII. THE PHONOGRAPH VIII. RACE IMPROVEMENT IX. IN THE ROLE OF A TARTAR X. A CASE OF MEASLES XI. THE EMIGRANTS XII. AS A MURDERER XIII. HIS PRACTICAL VIEW OF THINGS XIV. THAT DECEITFUL JUG XV. THE FLORIDA WATERMELON XVI. UNCLE REMUS PREACHES TO A CONVERT XVII. AS TO EDUCATION XVIII. A TEMPERANCE REFORMER XIX. AS A WEATHER PROPHET XX. THE OLD MAN'S TROUBLES XXI. THE FOURTH OF JULY PREFACE AND DEDICATION TO THE NEW EDITION To Arthur Barbette Frost: DEAR FROST: I am expected to supply a preface for this new edition of my first book—to advance from behind the curtain, as it were, and make a fresh bow to the public that has dealt with Uncle Remus in so gentle and generous a fashion. For this event the lights are to be rekindled, and I am expected to respond in some formal way to an encore that marks the fifteenth anniversary of the book. There have been other editions—how many I do not remember—but this is to be an entirely new one, except as to the matter: new type, new pictures, and new binding.

 But, as frequently happens on such occasions, I am at a loss for a word. I seem to see before me the smiling faces of thousands of children—some young and fresh, and some wearing the friendly marks of age, but all children at heart—and not an unfriendly face among them. And out of the confusion, and while I am trying hard to speak the right word, I seem to hear a voice lifted above the rest, saying "You have made some of us happy." And so I feel my heart fluttering and my lips trembling, and I have to how silently and him away, and hurry back into the obscurity that fits me best.

 Phantoms! Children of dreams! True, my dear Frost; but if you could see the thousands of letters that have come to me from far and near, and all fresh from the hearts and hands of children, and from men and women who have not forgotten how to be children, you would not wonder at the dream.
 And such a dream can do no harm. Insubstantial though it may be, I would not at this hour exchange it for all the fame won by my mightier brethren of the pen—whom I most humbly salute.

 Measured by the material developments that have compressed years of experience into the space of a day, thus increasing the possibilities of life, if not its beauty, fifteen years constitute the old age of a book.
 Such a survival might almost be said to be due to a tiny sluice of green sap under the gray bark. where it lies in the matter of this book, or what its source if, indeed, it be really there—is more of a mystery to my middle age than it was to my prime.

 But it would be no mystery at all if this new edition were to be more popular than the old one. Do you know why? Because you have taken it under your hand and made it yours. Because you have breathed the breath of life into these amiable brethren of wood and field. Because, by a stroke here and a touch there, you have conveyed into their quaint antics the illumination of your own inimitable humor, which is as true to our sun and soil as it is to the spirit and essence of the matter set forth.

 The book was mine, but now you have made it yours, both sap and pith. Take it, therefore, my dear Frost, and believe me, faithfully yours, Joel Chandler Harris INTRODUCTION I am advised by my publishers that this book is to be included in their catalogue of humorous publications, and this friendly warning gives me an opportunity to say that however humorous it may be in effect, its intention is perfectly serious; and, even if it


THE AUGSBURG CONFESSION The Confession of Faith: Which Was Submitted to His Imperial Majesty Charles V At the Diet of Augsburg in the Year 1530 by Philip Melanchthon, _PHONE_ CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. Article I: Of God.
 Article II: Of Original Sin.
 Article III: Of the Son of God. Article IV: Of Justification. Article V: Of the Ministry. Article VI: Of New Obedience. Article VII: Of the Church. Article VIII: What the Church Is. Article IX: Of Baptism. Article X: Of the Lord's Supper. Article XI: Of Confession. Article XII: Of Repentance. Article XIII: Of the Use of the Sacraments. Article XIV: Of Ecclesiastical Order. Article XV: Of Ecclesiastical Usages. Article XVI: Of Civil Affairs. Article XVII: Of Christ's Return to Judgment.
 Article XVIII: Of Free Will. Article XIX: Of the Cause of Sin.
 Article XX: Of Good Works. Article XXI: Of the Worship of the Saints. ARTICLES IN WHICH ARE REVIEWED THE ABUSES WHICH HAVE BEEN CORRECTED.
 Article XXII: Of Both Kinds in the Sacrament. Article XXIII: Of the Marriage of Priests. Article XXIV: Of the Mass.
 Article XXV: Of Confession.
 Article XXVI: Of the Distinction of Meats. Article XXVII: Of Monastic Vows. Article XXVIII: Of Ecclesiastical Power. CONCLUSION.

 PREFACE TO THE EMPEROR CHARLES V. Most Invincible Emperor, Caesar Augustus, Most Clement Lord: Inasmuch as Your Imperial Majesty has summoned a Diet of the Empire here at Augsburg to deliberate concerning measures against the Turk, that most atrocious, hereditary, and ancient enemy of the Christian name and religion, in what way, namely, effectually to withstand his furor and assaults by strong and lasting military provision; and then also concerning dissensions in the matter of our holy religion and Christian Faith, that in this matter of religion the opinions and judgments of the parties might be heard in each other's presence; and considered and weighed among ourselves in mutual charity, leniency, and kindness, in order that, after the removal and correction of such things as have been treated and understood in a different manner in the writings on either side, these matters may be settled and brought back to one simple truth and Christian concord, that for the future one pure and true religion may be embraced and maintained by us, that as we all are under one Christ and do battle under Him, so we may be able also to live in unity and concord in the one Christian Church.

 And inasmuch as we, the undersigned Elector and Princes, with others joined with us, have been called to the aforesaid Diet the same as the other Electors, Princes, and Estates, in obedient compliance with the Imperial mandate, we have promptly come to Augsburg, and—what we do not mean to say as boasting—we were among the first to be here.

 Accordingly, since even here at Augsburg at the very beginning of the Diet, Your Imperial Majesty caused to be proposed to the Electors, Princes, and other Estates of the Empire, amongst other things, that the several Estates of the Empire, on the strength of the Imperial edict, should set forth and submit their opinions and judgments in the German and the Latin language, and since on the ensuing Wednesday, answer was given to Your Imperial Majesty, after due deliberation, that we would submit the Articles of our Confession for our side on next Wednesday, therefore, in obedience to Your Imperial Majesty's wishes, we offer, in this matter of religion, the Confession of our preachers and of ourselves, showing what manner of doctrine from the Holy Scriptures and the pure Word of God has been up to this time set forth in our lands, dukedoms, dominions, and cities, and taught in our churches.

 And if the other Electors, Princes, and Estates of the Empire will, according to the said Imperial proposition, present similar writings, to wit, in Latin and German, giving their opinions in this matter of religion, we, with the Princes and friends aforesaid, here before Your Imperial Majesty, our most clement Lord are prepared to confer amicably concerning all possible ways and means, in order that we may come together, as far as this may be honorably done, and, the matter between us on both sides being peacefully discussed without offensive strife, the dissension, by God's help, may be done away and brought back to one true accordant religion; for as we all are under one Christ and do battle under Him, we ought to confess the one Christ, after the tenor of Your Imperial Majesty's edict, and everything ought to be conducted according to the truth of God; and this it is what, with most fervent prayers, we entreat of God.

 However, as regards the rest of the Electors, Princes, and Estates, who constitute the other part, if no progress should be made, nor some result be attained by this treatment of the cause of religion after the manner in which Your Imperial Majesty has wisely held that it should be dealt with and treated namely, by such mutual presentation of writings and calm conferring together among ourselves, we at least leave with you a clear testimony, that we here in no wise are holding back from anything that could bring about Christian concord,—such as could be effected with God and a good conscience,—as also Your Imperial Majesty and, next, the other Electors and Estates of the Empire, and all who are moved by sincere love and zeal for religion, and who will give an impartial hearing to this matter, will graciously deign to take notice and to understand this from this Confession of ours and of our associates.

 Your Imperial Majesty also, not only once but often, graciously signified to the Electors Princes, and Estates of the Empire, and at the Diet of Spires held A. D. 1526, according to the form of Your Imperial instruction and commission given and prescribed, caused it to be stated and publicly proclaimed that Your Majesty, in dealing with this matter of religion, for certain reasons which were alleged in Your Majesty's name, was not willing to decide and could not determine anything, but that Your Majesty would diligently use Your Majesty's office with the Roman Pontiff for the convening of a General Council. The same matter was thus publicly set forth at greater length a year ago at the last Diet which met at Spires.
 There Your Imperial Majesty, through His Highness Ferdinand, King of Bohemia and Hungary, our friend and clement Lord, as well as through the Orator and Imperial Commissioners caused this, among other things, to be submitted: that Your Imperial Majesty had taken notice of; and pondered, the resolution of Your Majesty's Representative in the Empire, and of the President and Imperial Counselors, and the Legates from other Estates convened at Ratisbon, concerning the calling of a Council, and that your Imperial Majesty also judged it to be expedient to convene a Council; and that Your Imperial Majesty did not doubt the Roman Pontiff could be induced to hold a General Council, because the matters to be adjusted between Your Imperial Majesty and the Roman Pontiff were nearing agreement and Christian reconciliation; therefore Your Imperial Majesty himself signified that he would endeavor to secure the said Chief Pontiff's consent for convening, together with your Imperial Majesty such General Council, to be published as soon as possible by letters that were to be sent out.

 If the outcome, therefore, should be such that the differences between us and the other parties in the matter of religion should not be amicably and in charity settled, then here, before Your Imperial Majesty we make the offer in all obedience, in addition to what we have already done, that we


cover Riders to the Sea A PLAY IN ONE ACT by J. M. Synge Contents INTRODUCTION RIDERS TO THE SEA INTRODUCTION It must have been on Synge's second visit to the Aran Islands that he had the experience out of which was wrought what many believe to be his greatest play. The scene of "Riders to the Sea" is laid in a cottage on Inishmaan, the middle and most interesting island of the Aran group. While Synge was on Inishmaan, the story came to him of a man whose body had been washed up on the far away coast of Donegal, and who, by reason of certain peculiarities of dress, was suspected to be from the island. In due course, he was recognised as a native of Inishmaan, in exactly the manner described in the play, and perhaps one of the most poignantly vivid passages in Synge's book on "The Aran Islands" relates the incident of his burial.
The other element in the story which Synge introduces into the play is equally true. Many tales of "second sight" are to be heard among Celtic races. In fact, they are so common as to arouse little or no wonder in the minds of the people. It is just such a tale, which there seems no valid reason for doubting, that Synge heard, and that gave the title, "Riders to the Sea", to his play.
It is the dramatist's high distinction that he has simply taken the materials which lay ready to his hand, and by the power of sympathy woven them, with little modification, into a tragedy which, for dramatic irony and noble pity, has no equal among its contemporaries. Great tragedy, it is frequently claimed with some show of justice, has perforce departed with the advance of modern life and its complicated tangle of interests and creature comforts. A highly developed civilisation, with its attendant specialisation of culture, tends ever to lose sight of those elemental forces, those primal emotions, naked to wind and sky, which are the stuff from which great drama is wrought by the artist, but which, as it would seem, are rapidly departing from us. It is only in the far places, where solitary communion may be had with the elements, that this dynamic life is still to be found continuously, and it is accordingly thither that the dramatist, who would deal with spiritual life disengaged from the environment of an intellectual maze, must go for that experience which will beget in him inspiration for his art. The Aran Islands from which Synge gained his inspiration are rapidly losing that sense of isolation and self-dependence, which has hitherto been their rare distinction, and which furnished the motivation for Synge's masterpiece. Whether or not Synge finds a successor, it is none the less true that in English dramatic literature "Riders to the Sea" has an historic value which it would be difficult to over-estimate in its accomplishment and its possibilities. A writer in The Manchester Guardian shortly after Synge's death phrased it rightly when he wrote that it is "the tragic masterpiece of our language in our time; wherever it has been played in Europe from Galway to Prague, it has made the word tragedy mean something more profoundly stirring and cleansing to the spirit than it did." The secret of the play's power is its capacity for standing afar off, and mingling, if we may say so, sympathy with relentlessness. There is a wonderful beauty of speech in the words of every character, wherein the latent power of suggestion is almost unlimited. "In the big world the old people do be leaving things after them for their sons and children, but in this place it is the young men do be leaving things behind for them that do be old." In the quavering rhythm of these words, there is poignantly present that quality of strangeness and remoteness in beauty which, as we are coming to realise, is the touchstone of Celtic literary art. However, the very asceticism of the play has begotten a corresponding power which lifts Synge's work far out of the current of the Irish literary revival, and sets it high in a timeless atmosphere of universal action.
Its characters live and die. It is their virtue in life to be lonely, and none but the lonely man in tragedy may be great. He dies, and then it is the virtue in life of the women mothers and wives and sisters to be great in their loneliness, great as Maurya, the stricken mother, is great in her final word.
"Michael has a clean burial in the far north, by the grace of the Almighty God. Bartley will have a fine coffin out of the white boards, and a deep grave surely. What more can we want than that? No man at all can be living for ever, and we must be satisfied." The pity and the terror of it all have brought a great peace, the peace that passeth understanding, and it is because the play holds this timeless peace after the storm which has bowed down every character, that "Riders to the Sea" may rightly take its place as the greatest modern tragedy in the English tongue.
EDWARD J. O'BRIEN.
February 23, 1911.
RIDERS TO THE SEA A PLAY IN ONE ACT First performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, February 25th, 1904.
PERSONS SCENE.
An Island off the West of Ireland.
 (Cottage kitchen, with nets, oil-skins, spinning wheel, some new boards standing by the wall, etc. Cathleen, a girl of about twenty, finishes kneading cake, and puts it down in the pot-oven by the fire; then wipes her hands, and begins to spin at the wheel. Nora, a young girl, puts her head in at the door.)
NORA.
In a low voice.—Where is she?
CATHLEEN.
She's lying down, God help her, and may be sleeping, if she's able.
[Nora comes in softly, and takes a bundle from under her shawl.]
CATHLEEN.
Spinning the wheel rapidly.—What is it you have?
NORA.
The young priest is after bringing them. It's a shirt and a plain stocking were got off a drowned man in Donegal.
[Cathleen stops her wheel with a sudden movement, and leans out to listen.]
NORA.
We're to find out if it's Michael's they are, some time herself will be down looking by the sea.
CATHLEEN.
How would they be Michael's, Nora. How would he go the length of that way to the far north?
NORA.
The young priest says he's known the like of it. "If it's Michael's they are," says he, "you can tell herself he's got a clean burial by the grace of God, and if they're not his, let no one say a word about them, for she'll be getting her death," says he, "with crying and lamenting." [The door which Nora half closed is blown open by a gust of wind.]
CATHLEEN.
Looking out anxiously.—Did you ask him would he stop Bartley going this day with the horses to the Galway fair?
NORA.
"I won't stop him," says he, "but let you not be afraid. Herself does be saying prayers half through the night, and the Almighty God won't leave her destitute," says he, "with no son living." CATHLEEN.
Is the sea bad by the white rocks, Nora?
NORA.
Middling bad, God help us. There's a great roaring in the west, and it's worse it'll be getting when the tide's turned to the wind.
[She goes over to the table with the bundle.]
Shall I open it now?
CATHLEEN.
Maybe she'd wake up on us, and come in before we'd done.
[Coming to the table.]
It's a long time we'll be, and the two of us crying.
NORA.
Goes to the inner door and listens.—She's moving about on the bed. She'll be coming in a minute.
CATHLEEN.
Give me the ladder, and I'll put them up in the turf-loft, the way she won't know of them at all, and maybe when the tide turns she'll be going down to see would he be floating from the east.
[They put the ladder against the gable of the chimney; Cathleen goes up a few steps and hides the bundle in the turf


POEMS by T. S. ELIOT New York Alfred A. Knopf 1920 To Jean Verdenal _PHONE_ Certain of these poems first appeared in Poetry, Blast, Others, The Little Review, and Art and Letters.

CONTENTS POEMS Gerontion Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar Sweeney Erect A Cooking Egg Le Directeur Mélange adultère de tout Lune de Miel The Hippopotamus Dans le Restaurant Whispers of Immortality Mr. Eliot's Sunday Morning Service Sweeney Among the Nightingales The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Portrait of a Lady Preludes Rhapsody on a Windy Night Morning at the Window The Boston Evening Transcript Aunt Helen Cousin Nancy Mr. Apollinax Hysteria Conversation Galante La Figlia Che Piange POEMS Gerontion Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar Sweeney Erect A Cooking Egg Le Directeur Mélange adultère de tout Lune de Miel The Hippopotamus Dans le Restaurant Whispers of Immortality Mr. Eliot's Sunday Morning Service Sweeney Among the Nightingales The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Portrait of a Lady Preludes Rhapsody on a Windy Night Morning at the Window The Boston Evening Transcript Aunt Helen Cousin Nancy Mr. Apollinax Hysteria Conversation Galante La Figlia Che Piange


hand, to pledge friendship or faith. -- To give the hand of, to espouse; to bestow in marriage. -- To give the head. See under Head, n. -- To give in. (a) To abate; to deduct. (b) To declare; to make known; to announce; to tender; as, to give in one's adhesion to a party. -- To give the lie to (a person), to tell (him) that he lies. -- To give line. See under Line. -- To give off, to emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. -- To give one's self away, to make an inconsiderate surrender of one's cause, an unintentional disclosure of one's purposes, or the like. [Colloq.] -- To give out. (a) To utter publicly; to report; to announce or declare.

 One that gives out himself Prince Florizel.

Shak.
Give out you are of Epidamnum.

Shak.
(b) To send out; to emit; to distribute; as, a substance gives out steam or odors. -- To give over. (a) To yield completely; to quit; to abandon. (b) To despair of. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one's self).

 The Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice.

Grew.
 -- To give place, to withdraw; to yield one's claim. -- To give points. (a) In games of skill, to equalize chances by conceding a certain advantage; to allow a handicap. (b) To give useful suggestions. [Colloq.] -- To give rein. See under Rein, n.
 -- To give the sack. Same as To give the bag. -- To give and take. (a) To average gains and losses. (b) To exchange freely, as blows, sarcasms, etc. -- To give time (Law), to accord extension or forbearance to a debtor. Abbott. -- To give the time of day, to salute one with the compliment appropriate to the hour, as "good morning." "good evening", etc. -- To give tongue, in hunter's phrase, to bark; -- said of dogs. -- To give up. (a) To abandon; to surrender. "Don't give up the ship."

 He has... given up For certain drops of salt, your city Rome.

Shak.
(b) To make public; to reveal.

 I'll not state them By giving up their characters.

Beau. & Fl.
(c) (Used also reflexively.) -- To give up the ghost. See under Ghost. -- To give one's self up, to abandon hope; to despair; to surrender one's self. -- To give way. (a) To withdraw; to give place. (b) To yield to force or pressure; as, the scaffolding gave way. (c) (Naut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. (d) (Stock Exchange). To depreciate or decline in value; as, railroad securities gave way two per cent. -- To give way together, to row in time; to keep stroke.

Syn. -- To Give, Confer, Grant. To give is the generic word, embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privileges; as, to confer the order of knighthood; and hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have been withheld; as, to confer a favor. To grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way dependent or inferior.

 Give (?), v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts.

2. To yield to force or pressure; to relax; to become less rigid; as, the earth gives under the feet.

3. To become soft or moist. [Obs.] Bacon.
4. To move; to recede.

 Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.

Daniel.
5. To shed tears; to weep. [Obs.]

 Whose eyes do never give But through lust and laughter.

Shak.
6. To have a misgiving. [Obs.]

 My mind gives ye're reserved To rob poor market women.

J. Webster.
7. To open; to lead. [A Gallicism] This, yielding, gave into a grassy walk.

Tennyson.
To give back, to recede; to retire; to retreat.

 They gave back and came no farther.

Bunyan.
 -- To give in, to yield; to succumb; to acknowledge one's self beaten; to cease opposition.

 The Scots battalion was enforced to give in.

Hayward.
 This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases.

Pope.
 -- To give off, to cease; to forbear. [Obs.] Locke. -- To give on or upon. (a) To rush; to fall upon. [Obs.] (b) To have a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward; to open upon; to front; to face. [A Gallicism: cf. Fr. donner sur.]

 Rooms which gave upon a pillared porch.

Tennyson.
 The gloomy staircase on which the grating gave.

Dickens.
 -- To give out. (a) To expend all one's strength. Hence: (b) To cease from exertion; to fail; to be exhausted; as, my feet being to give out; the flour has given out. -- To give over, to cease; to discontinue; to desist.

 It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame.

Addison.
 -- To give up, to cease from effort; to yield; to despair; as, he would never give up.

 Giv"en (?), p. p. & a. from Give, v.
1. (Math. & Logic) Granted; assumed; supposed to be known; set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise.

2. Disposed; inclined; -- used with an adv.; as, virtuously given. Shak.
3. Stated; fixed; as, in a given time.

Given name, the Christian name, or name given by one's parents or guardians, as distinguished from the surname, which is inherited. [Colloq.]

 Giv"er (?), n. One who gives; a donor; a bestower; a grantor; one who imparts or distributes.

 It is the giver, and not the gift, that engrosses the heart of the Christian.

Kollock.
 Gives (?), n. pl. [See Give, n.] Fetters.

 Giv"ing (?), n. 1. The act of bestowing as a gift; a conferring or imparting.

2. A gift; a benefaction. [R.] Pope.
3. The act of softening, breaking, or yielding. "Upon the first giving of the weather." Addison.
Giving in, a falling inwards; a collapse. -- Giving out, anything uttered or asserted; an outgiving.

 His givings out were of an infinite distance From his true meant design.

Shak.
 Giz"zard (?), n. [F. gésier, L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry. Cf. Gigerium.]

1. (Anat.) The second, or true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is crushed and ground, after being softened in the glandular stomach (crop), or lower part of the esophagus; the gigerium.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A thick muscular stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (b) A stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, as in certain insects and mollusks.

Gizzard shad (Zo