to E. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station.

 The common anchor consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground.

 Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor.
 Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping.

2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship's anchor, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place.

3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety.

 Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul. Heb. vi. 19.
4. (Her.) An emblem of hope.

5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; -- a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-andanchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also, one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta.

Anchor ice. See under Ice. -- Anchor ring. (Math.)
 Same as Annulus, 2 (b). -- Anchor stock (Naut.), the crossbar at the top of the shank at right angles to the arms. -- The anchor comes home, when it drags over the bottom as the ship drifts.
 -- Foul anchor, the anchor when it hooks, or is entangled with, another anchor, or with a cable or wreck, or when the slack cable entangled. -- The anchor is acockbill, when it is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go. -- The anchor is apeak, when the cable is drawn in do tight as to bring to ship directly over it. -- The anchor is atrip, or aweigh, when it is lifted out of the ground. -- The anchor is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of the water. -- At anchor, anchored. -- To back an anchor, to increase the holding power by laying down a small anchor ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming home. -- To cast anchor, to drop or let go an anchor to keep a ship at rest. -- To cat the anchor, to hoist the anchor to the cathead and pass the ringstopper.
 -- To fish the anchor, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called the bill-boards), and pass the shank painter. -- To weigh anchor, to heave or raise the anchor so as to sail away.

 An"chor (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anchoring.] [Cf. F. ancrer.] 1.
 To place at anchor; to secure by an anchor; as, to anchor a ship.

2. To fix or fasten; to fix in a stable condition; as, to anchor the cables of a suspension bridge.

 Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes. Shak.
 An"chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor; to come to anchor; as, our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream.

2. To stop; to fix or rest.

 My invention... anchors on Isabel. Shak.
 An"chor, n. [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr.
 L. anachoreta. See Anchoret.] An anchoret. [Obs.] Shak.
 An"chor*a*ble (&?;), a. Fit for anchorage.

 An"chor*age (&?;), n. 1. The act of anchoring, or the condition of lying at anchor.

2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships anchor; a hold for an anchor.

3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship.

4. Something which holds like an anchor; a hold; as, the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge.

5. Something on which one may depend for security; ground of trust.

6. A toll for anchoring; anchorage duties. Johnson.
 An"cho*rage (&?;), n. Abode of an anchoret.

 An"chor*ate (&?;), a. Anchorshaped.

 An"chored (&?;), a. 1. Held by an anchor; at anchor; held safely; as, an anchored bark; also, shaped like an anchor; forked; as, an anchored tongue.

2. (Her.) Having the extremities turned back, like the flukes of an anchor; as, an anchored cross. [Sometimes spelt ancred.]

 An"cho*ress (&?;), n. A female anchoret.

 And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt. Wordsworth.
 An"cho*ret (&?;), An"cho*rite (&?;), n. [F. anachorète, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to go back, retire; &?; + &?; to give place, retire, &?; place; perh. akin to Skr.
 h to leave. Cf. Anchor a hermit.] One who renounces the world and secludes himself, usually for religious reasons; a hermit; a recluse.
 [Written by some authors anachoret.]

 Our Savior himself... did not choose an anchorite's or a monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with mortals.
Boyle.
 { An'cho*ret"ic (&?;), An'cho*ret"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf.
 Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to an anchoret or hermit; after the manner of an anchoret.

 An"cho*ret'ish (&?;), a. Hermitlike.

 An"cho*ret*ism (&?;), n. The practice or mode of life of an anchoret.

 An"chor-hold' (&?;), n. 1. The hold or grip of an anchor, or that to which it holds.

2. Hence: Firm hold: security.

 An"cho*rite (&?;), n. Same as Anchoret.

 An"cho*ri'tess (&?;), n. An anchoress. [R.]

 An"chor*less (&?;), a. Without an anchor or stay. Hence: Drifting; unsettled.

 An*cho"vy (n*ch"v), n. [Sp. anchoa, anchova, or Pg.
 anchova, prob. of Iberian origin, and lit. a dried or pickled fish, fr. Bisc. antzua dry: cf. D. anchovis, F. anchois.]
 (Zoöl.) A small fish, about three inches in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encrasicholus), caught in vast numbers in


LL. reliquiarium, reliquiare: cf. F. reliquaire. See Relic.] A depositary, often a small box or casket, in which relics are kept.

 Re*lique" (r?-l?k"), n. [F.] See Relic. Chaucer.
 ||Re*liq"ui*æ (r?-l?k"w?-?), n. pl. [L. See Relic.]

1. Remains of the dead; organic remains; relics.

2. (Bot.) Same as Induviæ.

 Re*liq"ui*an (r?-l?k"w?-an), a. Of or pertaining to a relic or relics; of the nature of a relic. [R.]

 Re*liq"ui*date (r?-l?k"w?-d?t), v. t. To liquidate anew; to adjust a second time.

 Re*liq'ui*da"tion (-d"sh?n), n. A second or renewed liquidation; a renewed adjustment. A. Hamilton.
 Rel"ish (r?l"?sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relished (-&?;sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Relishing.] [Of. relechier to lick or taste anew; pref. rere-+ lechier to lick, F. l&?;cher.
 See Lecher, Lick.] 1. To taste or eat with pleasure; to like the flavor of; to partake of with gratification; hence, to enjoy; to be pleased with or gratified by; to experience pleasure from; as, to relish food.

 Now I begin to relish thy advice.

Shak.
 He knows how to prize his advantages, and to relish the honors which he enjoys.

Atterbury.
2. To give a relish to; to cause to taste agreeably.

 A savory bit that served to relish wine.

Dryden.
 Rel"ish, v. i. To have a pleasing or appetizing taste; to give gratification; to have a flavor.

 Had I been the finder-out of this secret, it would not have relished among my other discredits.

Shak.
 A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.

Woodward.
 Rel"ish, n. 1. A pleasing taste; flavor that gratifies the palate; hence, enjoyable quality; power of pleasing.

 Much pleasure we have lost while we abstained From this delightful fruit, nor known till now True relish, tasting.

Milton.
 When liberty is gone, Life grows insipid, and has lost its relish.

Addison.
2. Savor; quality; characteristic tinge.

 It preserve some relish of old writing.

Pope.
3. A taste for; liking; appetite; fondness.

 A relish for whatever was excelent in arts.

Macaulay.
 I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be j&?;dicious.

Cowper.
4. That which is used to impart a flavor; specifically, something taken with food to render it more palatable or to stimulate the appetite; a condiment.

Syn. -- Taste; savor; flavor; appetite; zest; gusto; liking; delight.

 Rel"ish, n. (Carp.) The projection or shoulder at the side of, or around, a tenon, on a tenoned piece. Knight.
 Rel"ish*a*ble (-?-b'l), a. Capable of being relished; agreeable to the taste; gratifying.

 Re*live" (r?-l?v"), v. i. To live again; to revive.

 Re*live", v. t. To recall to life; to revive. [Obs.]

 Re*load" (r?-l?d"), v. t. To load again, as a gun.

 Re*loan" (r?-l?n"), n. A second lending of the same thing; a renewal of a loan.

 Re*lo"cate (r?-l?"k?t), v. t. To locate again.

 Re'lo*ca"tion (r?'l-k?"sh?n), n. 1. A second location.

2. (Roman & Scots Law) Renewal of a lease.

 Re*lodge" (r?-l?j"), v. t. To lodge again.

 Re*love" (-l?v"), v. t. To love in return. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Re*lu"cent (r?-l?"sent), a. [L. relucens, p. pr. relucere.
 See Lucent.] Reflecting light; shining; glittering; glistening; bright; luminous; splendid.

 Gorgeous banners to the sun expand Their streaming volumes of relucent gold.

Glover.
 Re*luct" (r?-l?kt"), v. i. [L. reluctari, p. p. reluctatus, to struggle; pref. rere- + luctari to struggle, fr. lucia a wresting.] To strive or struggle against anything; to make resistance; to draw back; to feel or show repugnance or reluctance.

 Apt to reluct at the excesses of it [passion].

Walton.
 { Re*luc"tance (r?-l?k"tans), Re*luc"tan*cy (-tan-s?), } n.
 [See Reluctant.] The state or quality of being reluctant; repugnance; aversion of mind; unwillingness; -- often followed by an infinitive, or by to and a noun, formerly sometimes by against. "Tempering the severity of his looks with a reluctance to the action." Dryden.
 He had some reluctance to obey the summons.

Sir W. Scott.
 Bear witness, Heaven, with what reluctancy Her helpless innocence I doom to die.

Dryden.
Syn. See Dislike.

 Re*luc"tant (-tant), a. [L. reluctans, -antis, p. pr. of reluctari. See Reluct.] 1. Striving against; opposed in desire; unwilling; disinclined; loth.

Reluctant, but in vain.

Milton.
Reluctant now I touched the trembling string.

Tickell.
2. Proceeding from an unwilling mind; granted with reluctance; as, reluctant obedience. Mitford.
Syn. -- Averse; unwilling; loth; disinclined; repugnant; backward; coy. See Averse.

 Re*luc"tant*ly, adv. In a reluctant manner.

 Re*luc"tate (-t?t), v. i. [See Reluct.] To struggle against anything; to resist; to oppose. [Obs.] "To delude their reluctating consciences." Dr. H. More.
 Rel'uc*ta"tion (r?l'?k-t?"sh?n), n. Repugnance; resistance; reluctance. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Re*lume" (r?-l?m"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relumed (-l?md"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reluming.] [OF. relumer (cf.
 F. rallumer), L. reluminare; pref. rere- + luminare to light. Cf. Reillume.] To rekindle; to light again.

Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new.

Pope.
 I know not where is that Promethean heat That can thy light relume.

Shak.
 Re*lu"mine (r?-l?"m?n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relumined (-m?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Relumining.] [See Relume.] 1.
 To light anew; to rekindle. Shak.
2. To illuminate again.

 Re*ly" (r?-l


(as Tinea granella and Butalis cerealella), whose larvæ devour grain in storehouses. -- Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; -- opposed to flesh side. -- Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum. -- grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. -- Grain weevil (Zoöl.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and other grain, by eating out the interior.
 -- Grain worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth, above. -- In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. "Anguish in grain." Herbert. -- To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye.

 The red roses flush up in her cheeks... Likce crimson dyed in grain.
Spenser.
 -- To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.

 Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grained (grnd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Graining.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains.

3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).

 Grain, v. i. [F. grainer, grener. See Grain, n.]
 1. To yield fruit. [Obs.] Gower.
2. To form grains, or to assume a granular form, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.

 Grain (grn), n. [See Groin a part of the body.]

1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.] G. Douglas.
2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl. An iron fish spear or harpoon, having four or more barbed points.

3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc.

4. (Founding) A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core.

 Grained (grnd), a. 1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough.

2. Dyed in grain; ingrained.

 Persons lightly dipped, not grained, in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness.

Sir T. Browne.
3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

4. (Bot.) Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers.

 Grain"er (grn"r), n. 1. An infusion of pigeon's dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; -- called also grains and bate.
2. A knife for taking the hair off skins.

3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also, the brush or tool used in graining.

 Grain"field' (-fld'), n. A field where grain is grown.

 Grain"ing, n. 1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins. Locke.
2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised.

3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, stone, etc.

4. (Soap Making) The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt.

 Grain"ing, n. (Zoöl.) A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); - - called also dobule, and dace.

 Grains (grnz), n. pl. 1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b).

2. Pigeon's dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1.

 Grain"y (grn"), a. Resembling grains; granular.

 Graip (grp), n. [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.] A dungfork. [Scot.]
 Burns.
 Graith (grth), v. t. [Obs.] See Greith. Chaucer.
 Graith, n. Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.
 Gra"kle (grk"'l), n. (Zoöl.) See Grackle.

 ||Gral"læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae, fr. gradus. See Grade.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; -- called also Grallatores.
 ||Gral"la*to"res (?), n. pl. [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zo\94l.) See Grallæ.

 Gral'la*to"ri*al (?), Gral"la*to*ry (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders.

 Gral"lic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Grallæ.

 Gral"line (ln), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Grallæ.

 Gral"loch (?), n. Offal of a deer. -- v. t. To remove the offal from (a deer).

 -gram (?). [Gr.? a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra'fein to draw, write. See Graphic.] A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; -- as, monogram, telegram, chronogram.

 Gram (?), a. [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. √35.] Angry. [Obs.]
 Havelok, the Dane.
 Gram, n. [Pg. gr?o grain. See Grain.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of the chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also, other similar seeds there used for food.

 Gram, Gramme (?), n. [F. gramme, from Gr.? that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr.? to write. See Graphic.] The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4.

Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. -- Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

 Gra"ma grass' (?). [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya.

 Gram"a*rye (?), n. [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.]
 Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott.
 Gra*mash"es (?), n. pl. [See Gamashes.] Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings.

 Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth.

Sir W


bird's nest chance to be before thee. Deut. xxii. 6.
 I chanced on this letter. Shak.
 Often used impersonally; as, how chances it?

 How chance, thou art returned so soon? Shak.
 Chance, v. t. 1. To take the chances of; to venture upon; -- usually with it as object.

 Come what will, I will chance it. W. D. Howells.
2. To befall; to happen to. [Obs.] W. Lambarde.
 Chance, a. Happening by chance; casual.

 Chance, adv. By chance; perchance. Gray.
 Chance"a*ble (?), a. Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.]

 Chance"a*bly, adv. By chance. [Obs.]

 Chance"ful (?), a. Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Chan"cel (?), n. [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.)
(a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front.

Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. -- Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel. -- Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. -- Chancel table, the communion table.

 Chan"cel*ler*y (?), n. [Cf. Chancery.] Chancellorship. [Obs.] Gower.
 Chan"cel*lor (?), n. [OE. canceler, chaunceler, F. chancelier, LL. cancellarius chancellor, a director of chancery, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars, which surrounded the seat of judgment. See Chancel.]
 A judicial court of chancery, which in England and in the United States is distinctively a court with equity jurisdiction.

 The chancellor was originally a chief scribe or secretary under the Roman emperors, but afterward was invested with judicial powers, and had superintendence over the other officers of the empire. From the Roman empire this office passed to the church, and every bishop has his chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. In later times, in most countries of Europe, the chancellor was a high officer of state, keeper of the great seal of the kingdom, and having the supervision of all charters, and like public instruments of the crown, which were authenticated in the most solemn manner. In France a secretary is in some cases called a chancellor.
 In Scotland, the appellation is given to the foreman of a jury, or assize.
 In the present German empire, the chancellor is the president of the federal council and the head of the imperial administration. In the United States, the title is given to certain judges of courts of chancery or equity, established by the statutes of separate States. Blackstone.
 Wharton.
Chancellor of a bishop, or of a diocese (R. C. Ch. & ch. of Eng.), a law officer appointed to hold the bishop's court in his diocese, and to assist him in matter of ecclesiastical law. -- Chancellor of a cathedral, one of the four chief dignitaries of the cathedrals of the old foundation, and an officer whose duties are chiefly educational, with special reference to the cultivation of theology. -- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster is held. This is a special jurisdiction. -- Chancellor of a university, the chief officer of a collegiate body. In Oxford, he is elected for life; in Cambridge, for a term of years; and his office is honorary, the chief duties of it devolving on the vice chancellor. -- Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and expenditure as the highest finance minister of the government.
 -- Chancellor of the order of the Garter (or other military orders), an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. -- Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown, and the first lay person of the state after the blood royal. He is created chancellor by the delivery into his custody of the great seal, of which he becomes keeper. He is privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the House of Lords by prescription.

 Chan"cel*lor*ship (chn"sl*lr*shp), n. The office of a chancellor; the time during which one is chancellor.

 Chance"-med'ley (?), n. [Chance + medley.] 1.
(Law) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley.

 The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one's self against assault. Bouvier.
2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper.
 Chan"cer*y (?), n. [F. chancellerie, LL. cancellaria, from L. cancellarius. See Chancellor, and cf. Chancellery.] 1.
 In England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next to the Parliament, exercising jurisdiction at law, but chiefly in equity; but under the jurisdiction act of 1873 it became the chancery division of the High Court of Justice, and now exercises jurisdiction only in equity.

2. In the Unites States, a court of equity; equity; proceeding in equity.

 A court of chancery, so far as it is a court of equity, in the English and American sense, may be generally, if not precisely, described as one having jurisdiction in cases of rights, recognized and protected by the municipal jurisprudence, where a plain, adequate, and complete remedy can not be had in the courts of common law. In some of the American States, jurisdiction at law and in equity centers in the same tribunal. The courts of the United States also have jurisdiction both at law and in equity, and in all such cases they exercise their jurisdiction, as courts of law, or as courts of equity, as the subject of adjudication may require. In others of the American States, the courts that administer equity are distinct tribunals, having their appropriate judicial officers, and it is to the latter that the appellation courts of chancery is usually applied; but, in American law, the terms equity and court of equity are more frequently employed than the corresponding terms chancery and court of chancery. Burrill.
Inns of chancery. See under Inn. -- To get (or to hold) In chancery (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one's arm, so that one can pommel it with the other fist at will; hence, to have wholly in One's power. The allusion is to the condition of a person involved in the chancery court, where he was helpless, while the lawyers lived upon his estate.

 Chan"cre (?), n. [F. chancere. See Cancer.] (Med.) A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; -- called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre.

Soft chancre. A


Tennyson.
 -- Pur"blind'ly, adv. -- Pur"blind'ness, n. Purce"lane (?), n. (Bot.) Purslane. [Obs.]

 Pur"chas*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being bought, purchased, or obtained for a consideration; hence, venal; corrupt.

 Money being the counterbalance to all things purchasable by it, as much as you take off from the value of money, so much you add to the price of things exchanged.

Locke.
 Pur"chase (?; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purchased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purchasing.] [OE. purchasen, porchacen, OF. porchacier, purchacier, to pursue, to seek eagerly, F. pourchasser; OF. pour, por, pur, for (L. pro) + chacier to pursue, to chase. See Chase.] 1. To pursue and obtain; to acquire by seeking; to gain, obtain, or acquire. Chaucer.
 That loves the thing he can not purchase.

Spenser.
 Your accent is Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling.

Shak.
 His faults... hereditary Rather than purchased.

Shak.
2. To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; to buy for a price; as, to purchase land, or a house.

 The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth.

Gen. xxv. 10.
3. To obtain by any outlay, as of labor, danger, or sacrifice, etc.; as, to purchase favor with flattery.

 One poor retiring minute... Would purchase thee a thousand thousand friends.

Shak.
 A world who would not purchase with a bruise?

Milton.
4. To expiate by a fine or forfeit. [Obs.]

 Not tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses.

Shak.
5. (Law) (a) To acquire by any means except descent or inheritance. Blackstone. (b) To buy for a price.

6. To apply to (anything) a device for obtaining a mechanical advantage; to get a purchase upon, or apply a purchase to; as, to purchase a cannon.

 Pur"chase, v. i. 1. To put forth effort to obtain anything; to strive; to exert one's self. [Obs.]

 Duke John of Brabant purchased greatly that the Earl of Flanders should have his daughter in marriage.

Ld. Berners.
2. To acquire wealth or property. [Obs.]

 Sure our lawyers Would not purchase half so fast.

J. Webster.
 Pur"chase (?; 48), n. [OE. purchds, F. pourchas eager pursuit. See Purchase, v. t.] 1. The act of seeking, getting, or obtaining anything. [Obs.]

 I'll... get meat to have thee, Or lose my life in the purchase.

Beau. & Fl.
2. The act of seeking and acquiring property.

3. The acquisition of title to, or properly in, anything for a price; buying for money or its equivalent.

 It is foolish to lay out money in the purchase of repentance.

Franklin.
4. That which is obtained, got, or acquired, in any manner, honestly or dishonestly; property; possession; acquisition. Chaucer. B. Jonson.
 We met with little purchase upon this coast, except two small vessels of Golconda.

De Foe.
 A beauty-waning and distressed widow... Made prize and purchase of his lustful eye.

Shak.
5. That which is obtained for a price in money or its equivalent.
 "The scrip was complete evidence of his right in the purchase." Wheaton.
6. Any mechanical hold, or advantage, applied to the raising or removing of heavy bodies, as by a lever, a tackle, capstan, and the like; also, the apparatus, tackle, or device by which the advantage is gained.

 A politician, to do great things, looks for a power -- what our workmen call a purchase.

Burke.
7. (Law) Acquisition of lands or tenements by other means than descent or inheritance, namely, by one's own act or agreement. Blackstone.
Purchase criminal, robbery. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Purchase money, the money paid, or contracted to be paid, for anything bought.
 Berkeley. -- Worth, or At, [so many] years' purchase, a phrase by which the value or cost of a thing is expressed in the length of time required for the income to amount to the purchasing price; as, he bought the estate at a twenty years' purchase. To say one's life is not worth a day's purchase in the same as saying one will not live a day, or is in imminent peril.

 Pur"chas*er (?), n. 1. One who purchases; one who acquires property for a consideration, generally of money; a buyer; a vendee.

2. (Law) One who acquires an estate in lands by his own act or agreement, or who takes or obtains an estate by any means other than by descent or inheritance.

 Pur"dah (?), n. [Per. parda a curtain.] A curtain or screen; also, a cotton fabric in blue and white stripes, used for curtains. McElrath.
 Pure (?), a. [Compar. Purer (?); superl. Purest.]
 [OE. pur, F. pur, fr. L. purus; akin to putus pure, clear, putare to clean, trim, prune, set in order, settle, reckon, consider, think, Skr. p&?; to clean, and perh. E. fire.
 Cf. Putative.] 1. Separate from all heterogeneous or extraneous matter; free from mixture or combination; clean; mere; simple; unmixed; as, pure water; pure clay; pure air; pure compassion.

 The pure fetters on his shins great.

Chaucer.
 A guinea is pure gold if it has in it no alloy.

I. Watts.
2. Free from moral defilement or quilt; hence, innocent; guileless; chaste; -- applied to persons. "Keep thyself pure." 1 Tim. v.
 22.
 Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience.

1 Tim. i. 5.
3. Free from that which harms, vitiates, weakens, or pollutes; genuine; real; perfect; -- applied to things and actions. "Pure religion and impartial laws." Tickell. "The pure, fine talk of Rome." Ascham.
 Such was the origin of a friendship as warm and pure as any that ancient or modern history records.

Macaulay.
4. (Script.) Ritually clean; fitted for holy services.

 Thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure table before the Lord.

Lev. xxiv. 6.
5. (Phonetics) Of a single, simple sound or tone; -- said of some vowels and the unaspirated consonants.

Pure-impure, completely or totally impure. "The inhabitants were pure-impure pagans." Fuller. -- Pure blue. (Chem.) See Methylene blue, under Methylene. -- Pure chemistry. See under Chemistry.
 -- Pure mathematics, that portion of mathematics which treats of the principles of the science, or contradistinction to applied mathematics, which treats of the application of the principles to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, or to the practical wants of life. See Mathematics. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) -- Pure villenage (Feudal Law), a tenure of lands by uncertain services at the will of the lord. Blackstone.
Syn. -- Unmixed; clear; simple; real; true; genuine; unadulterated;


. I should probably not have discovered these spaces had there not been so great a discrepancy between the inside measure of the sleeping room and width of the building.
I know of no other primitive dwellings in the Philippines than the ones in the Bontoc culture area which are built directly on the ground. Most of them are raised on posts several feet from the earth. Some few have side walls extending to the ground, but even those have a floor raised 2, 3, or more feet from the ground and which is reached by means of a short ladder.
The second story of the Bontoc dwelling is supported on the four central posts. On all sides it projects beyond them, so that it is about 7 feet square; it is about 5 feet high. A door enters the second story directly from the aisle, and is reached by an 8-foot ladder. This second story is constructed, floor and side walls, of boards. The side walls cease at about the height of 2 feet where a horizontal shelf is built on them extending outside of them to the roof. It is about 2 feet wide and is usually stored with unthreshed rice and millet or with jars of preserved meats. Just at the left on the floor, as one enters the second story, is an earth-filled square corner walled in by two poles. On this Page 58earth are three stones—the fireplace, where each year a chicken is cooked in a household ceremony at the close of rice harvests.
Rising above the second story is a third. In the smaller dwellings this third story is only an attic of the second, but in the larger buildings it is an independent story. To be sure, it is entered through the floor, but a ladder is used, and its floor is of strong heavy boards. It is at all times a storeroom, usually only for cereals. In the smaller houses it amounts simply to a broad shelf about the height of one's waist as he stands on the floor of the second story and his head and upper body rise through the hole in the floor. In the larger houses a person may climb into the third story and work there with practically as much freedom as in the second.
The 5-foot ridgepole of the steep, heavy, grass roof is supported by two posts rising from the basal timbers of the third story. The roof falls away sharply from the ridgepole not only at the sides but at the ends, so that, except at the ridge, the roof appears square. Immediately beneath both ends of the ridgepole there is a small opening in the grass through which the smoke of the cooking fires is supposed to escape. However, I have scarcely ever seen smoke issue from them, and, since the entire inner part of the building from the floor of the second story to the ridgepole is thickly covered with soot, it seems that little unconsumed carbon escapes through the smoke holes. The lower part of the roof, for 3½ feet, descends at a less steep angle, thus forming practically an awning against sun and rain. Its lower edge is about 4 feet from the ground and projects some 4 feet beyond the side walls of the lower story.
The kat-yu′-fong, the dwelling of the poor, consists of a one-story structure built on the ground with the earth for the floor.
Some such buildings have a partition or partial partition running across them, beyond which are the sleeping boards, and there are shelves here and there; but the kat-yu′-fong is a makeshift, and consequently is not so fixed a type of dwelling as the fay′-ü.
Piled close around the dwellings is a supply of firewood in the shape of pine blocks 3 or 4 feet long, usually cut from large trees. These blocks furnish favorite lounging places for the women. The people live most of the time outside their dwellings, and it is there that the social life of the married women is. Any time of day they may be seen close to the a′-fong in the shade of the low, projecting roof sitting spinning or paring camotes; often three or four neighbors sit thus together and gossip. The men are seldom with them, being about the ato buildings in the daytime when not working. A few small children may be about the dwelling, as the little girls frequently help in preparing food for cooking.
During the day the dwelling is much alone. When it is so left one and Page 59sometimes two runo stalks are set up in the earth on each side of the door leaning against the roof and projecting some 8 feet in the air. This is the pud-i-pud′, the "ethics lock" on an Igorot dwelling. An Igorot who enters the a′-fong of a neighbor when the pud-i-pud′ is up is called a thief—in the mind of all who see him he is such.
The family Bontoc families are monogamous, and monogamy is the rule throughout the area, though now and then a man has two wives. The presidente of Titipan has five wives, for each of whom he has a separate house, and during my residence in Bontoc he was building a sixth house for a new wife; but such a family is the exception—I never heard of another.
Many marriage unions produce eight and ten children, though, since the death rate is large, it is probable that families do not average more than six individuals.
Childbirth A woman is usually about her daily labors in the house, the mountains, or the irrigated fields almost to the hour of childbirth.
The child is born without feasting or ceremony, and only two or three friends witness the birth. The father of the child is there, if he is the woman's husband; the girl's mother is also with her, but usually there are no others, unless it be an old woman.
The expectant woman stands with her body bent strongly forward at the waist and supported by the hands grasping some convenient house timber about the height of the hips; or she may take a more animal-like position, placing both hands and feet on the earth.
The labor, lasting three or four hours, is unassisted by medicines or baths; but those in attendance—the man as well as the woman—hasten the birth by a gently downward drawing of the hands about the woman's abdomen.
During a period of ten days after childbirth the mother frequently bathes herself about the hips and abdomen with hot water, but has no change of diet. For two or three days she keeps the house closely, reclining much of the time.
The Igorot woman is a constant laborer from the age of puberty or before, until extreme incapacity of old age stays the hands of toil; but for two or three months following the advent of each babe the mother does not work in the fields. She busies herself about the house and with the new-found duties of a mother, while the husband performs her labors in the fields.
The Igorot loves all his children, and says, when a boy is born, "It is good," and if a girl is born he says it is equally "good"—it is the fact of a child in the family that makes him happy. People in the Page 60Igorot stage of culture have little occasion to prize one sex over the other. The Igorot neither, even in marriage. One is practically as capable as the other at earning a living, and both are needed in the group.
Six or seven days after birth a chicken is killed and eaten by the family in honor of the child, but there is no other ceremony—there is not even a special name for the feast.
If a woman gives birth to a stillborn child it is at once washed, wrapped in a bit of cloth, and buried in a camote sementera close to the dwelling.
Twins The Igorot do not understand twins,—na-a-pĭk′, as they say. Carabaos have only one babe at a birth, so why should women have two babes? they ask. They believe that one of the twins, which unfortunate one they call "a-tĭn-fu-yang′," is an anito child; it is the offspring of an anito.6 The anito father is said to have been with the mother of the twins in her unconscious slumber, and she is in no way criticised or reproached.
The most quiet babe, or, if they are equally quiet, the larger one, is said to be "a-tĭn-fu-yang′," and is at once placed in an olla7 and buried alive in a sementera near the dwelling.
On the 13th of April, 1903, the wife of A-li-koy′, of Samoki, gave birth to twin babies. Contrary to the advice and solicitations of the old men and the universal custom of the people, A-li-koy′ saved both children, because, as he pointed out, an Ilokano of Bontoc had twin children, now 7 years old, and they are all right. Thus the breaking down of this peculiar form of


during the growing season than when it is collected after growth has ceased.
The roots of annual plants should be dug in the autumn of the first year just before the flowering period, and those of biennial and perennial plants in the fall of the second or third year, after the tops have dried.
After the roots have been dug the soil should be well shaken from them, and all foreign particles, such as dirt, roots, and parts of other plants, should be removed. If the roots cannot be sufficiently cleared of soil by shaking, they should be thoroughly washed in clean water. Drugs must look wholesome at least. It does not pay to be careless in this matter. The soil increases the weight of the roots, but the purchaser is not willing to pay by weight for dirt, and grades the uncleaned or mixed drugs accordingly. It is the bright, natural looking root, leaf, or plant that will bring a good price.
After washing, the roots should be carefully dried by exposing them to light and air, on racks or shelves, or on clean well-ventilated barn floors, or lofts. They should be spread out thinly and turned occasionally from day to day until completely cured. When this point is reached, in perhaps three to six weeks, the roots will snap readily when bent. If dried out of doors they should be placed under shelter at night and upon the approach of rain.
Some roots require slicing and removing fibrous rootless. In general, large roots should be split or sliced when green in order to facilitate drying.
Barks of trees should be gathered in spring, when the sap begins to flow, but may also be peeled in winter. In the case of the coarser barks (as elm, hemlock, poplar, oak, pine, and wild cherry) the outer layer is shaved off before the bark is removed from the tree, which process is known as "rossing." Only the inner bark of these trees is used medicinally. Barks may also be cured by exposure to sunlight, but moisture must be avoided.
Leaves and herbs should be collected when the plants are in full flower. The whole plant may be cut and the leaves may be stripped from it, rejecting the coarse and large stems as much as possible, and keeping only the flowering tops and more tender stems and leaves.
Both leaves and herbs should be spread out in thin layers on clean floors, racks, or shelves, in the shade, but where there is free circulation of air, and turned frequently until thoroughly dry.
Moisture will darken them.
Flowers are collected when they first open or immediately after, not when they are beginning to fade. Seeds should be gathered just as they are ripening, before the seed pods open, and should be winnowed in order to remove fragments of stems, leaves, and shriveled specimens.
The collector should be sure that the plant is the right one. Many plants closely resemble one another, and some "yarbs," contrary to the popular impression, are deadly poison—nightshade (belladonna) and the wild variety of parsnips, for instance. Therefore, where any doubt exists, send a specimen of the entire plant, including leaves, flowers, and fruits, to a drug dealer or to the nearest state experiment station for identification.
Samples representative of the lot of drugs to be sold should be sent to the nearest commission merchant, or drug store, for inspection and for quotation on the amount of drug that can be furnished, or for information as to where to send the article.
In writing to the different dealers for information and for prices, which vary greatly, it should be stated how much of a particular drug can be furnished and how soon this can be supplied, and postage should always be inclosed for reply. The collector should bear in mind that freight is an important item, and it is best, therefore, to address the dealers accessible to the place of production. The package containing the sample should be plainly marked with contents and the name and address of the sender. When ready for shipment crude drugs may be tightly packed in burlap or gunny sacks, or in dry, clean barrels.
Burdock root brings from three to eight cents per pound, and seed five to ten cents. About fifty thousand pounds of the root is imported annually, and the best has come from Belgium. Of dock roots, about 125,000 pounds are imported annually, at from two to eight cents.
The field for the sale of dandelion root is large.
Of couch grass, the roots of which cause much profanity in this country, there are some 250,000 pounds annually imported at from three to seven cents per pound.
A common weed with which there is a considerable trouble is the pokeweed, the root of which brings from two to five cents per pound and the dried berries five cents per pound.
Forty to sixty thousand pounds of foxglove are imported from Europe.
Analysis has shown that the leaves of the wild American foxglove are as good as the European article, the price of which per pound ranges from six to eight cents.
Of mullein flowers about five thousand pounds used to be imported, chiefly from Germany. The leaves are also imported.
Dried leaves and tops of lobelia bring from three to eight cents per pound, while the seed commands fifteen to twenty cents per pound.
Of tansy about thirty-five thousand pounds have been imported annually at a price rallying from three to six cents.
The flowering tops and leaves of the gum plant are used as drug.
They bring from five to twelve cents per pound.
Boneset leaves and tops bring from two to eight cents per pound.
Catnip tops and leaves two to eight cents per pound.
Of horehound about 125,000 pounds are imported annually, prices being three to eight cents per pound.
Blessed thistle is cultivated in Germany, and it is imported to a limited extent.
Yarrow is a weed common from the New England states to Missouri. It is imported in small quantities, and brings from two to five cents per pound.
Canada fleabane brings from six to eight cents per pound. Of jimsonweed, leaves are imported, from 100,000 to 150,000 pounds annually, and 10,000 pounds of seed. Leaves bring two and one half to eight cents per pound, and seeds from three to seven cents per pound.
Of poison hemlock, seeds are imported from ten to twenty thousand pounds annually. Price for the seed is three cents per pound, for the leaves about four cents. The flowers are also used.
The American wormseed has been naturalized from tropical America to New England; the seed commands from six to eight cents per pound; the oil distilled from this seed brings one dollar and a half per pound.
Black mustard, which is a troublesome weed in almost every state in the Union, is nevertheless imported in enormous quantities, the total imports of the seeds of the black and white mustard amounting annually to over five million pounds, the prices being from three to six cents per pound. All these prices and quantities were before the war and may greatly change after it.
In studying the wild drug plants, one may learn the immense variety of field salads and greens. On a visit to the Spirit Fruit Society at Ingleside, Illinois, one of the girls took me out to gather wild vegetables for dinner. We pulled up about a dozen varieties out of the corners of a field; two or three of the nice looking ones that I gathered the young lady threw out, saying she did not know them; but it seemed to me that she took almost anything that was not too tough. The following are commonly used as salads: Dandelion, yellow racket, purslane (pusley), watercress, nasturtium; and the following as greens for cooking: narrow or sour dock, stinging nettle, pokeweed, pigweed or lamb's quarters, black mustard. Young milkweed is better than spinach, and also makes an excellent salad. Probably all the salad leaves could be cooked to advantage. Rhubarb leaves and horseradish tops are garden greens usually neglected most unfairly.
Osage Orange (maclura aurantiaca) is generally supposed to be poison, and is described in Webster's dictionary as "a hard and inedible fruit," but I have found one kind, at least, superior to quinces.
Capsicum or red pepper, licorice (the imports of which have all been in the hands of one person), camphor, belladonna, henbane, and stramonium are possible fields for culture; but they are all experiments


for keeping money or other valuables. Chaucer.
 In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns. Shak.
2. Fig.: Treasure or funds; -- usually in the plural.

 He would discharge it without any burden to the queen's coffers, for honor sake. Bacon.
 Hold, here is half my coffer. Shak.
3. (Arch.) A panel deeply recessed in the ceiling of a vault, dome, or portico; a caisson.

4. (Fort.) A trench dug in the bottom of a dry moat, and extending across it, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire.

5. The chamber of a canal lock; also, a caisson or a cofferdam.

Coffer dam. (Engin.) See Cofferdam, in the Vocabulary. -- Coffer fish. (Zoöl.) See Cowfish.

 Cof"fer, v. t. 1. To put into a coffer. Bacon.
2. (Mining.) To secure from leaking, as a shaft, by ramming clay behind the masonry or timbering. Raymond.
3. To form with or in a coffer or coffers; to furnish with a coffer or coffers.

 Cof"fer*dam (?), n. A watertight inclosure, as of piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of foundations, building of piers, etc.

 Cof"fer*er (?), n. One who keeps treasures in a coffer. [R.]

 Cof"fer*work' (?), n. (Masonry) Rubblework faced with stone.
 Knight.
 Cof"fin (?; 115), n. [OE., a basket, receptacle, OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, n.] 1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial.

 They embalmed him [Joseph], and he was put in a coffin. Gen.
 1. 26.
2. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif (matt. xiv. 20).
3. A casing or crust, or a mold, of pastry, as for a pie.

 Of the paste a coffin I will rear. Shak.
4. A conical paper bag, used by grocers. [Obs.] Nares.
5. (Far.) The hollow crust or hoof of a horse's foot, below the coronet, in which is the coffin bone.

Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied animals, inclosed within the hoof, and corresponding to the third phalanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. -- Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone.

 Cof"fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Coffining.] To inclose in, or as in, a coffin.

 Would'st thou have laughed, had I come coffined home? Shak.
 Devotion is not coffined in a cell. John Hall (1646).
 Cof"fin*less, a. Having no coffin.

 Cof"fle (?; 115), n. [Ar. kafala caravan.] A gang of negro slaves being driven to market.

 Cog (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cogging.] [Cf. W. coegio to make void, to beceive, from coeg empty, vain, foolish. Cf. Coax, v. t.]

1. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat. [R.]

 I'll... cog their hearts from them. Shak.
2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; as, to cog in a word; to palm off. [R.]

 Fustian tragedies... have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces. J. Dennis To cog a die, to load so as to direct its fall; to cheat in playing dice. Swift.
 Cog (?), v. i. To deceive; to cheat; to play false; to lie; to wheedle; to cajole.

 For guineas in other men's breeches, Your gamesters will palm and will cog. Swift.
 Cog, n. A trick or deception; a falsehood. Wm. Watson.
 Cog, n. [Cf. Sw. kugge a cog, or W. cocos the cogs of a wheel.] 1. (Mech.) A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, as on a gear wheel, or a lifter or wiper on a shaft; originally, a separate piece of wood set in a mortise in the face of a wheel.

2. (Carp.) (a) A kind of tenon on the end of a joist, received into a notch in a bearing timber, and resting flush with its upper surface. (b) A tenon in a scarf joint; a coak. Knight.
3. (Mining.) One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.

 Cog, v. t. To furnish with a cog or cogs.

Cogged breath sound (Auscultation), a form of interrupted respiration, in which the interruptions are very even, three or four to each inspiration. Quain.
 Cog, n. [OE. cogge; cf. D. kog, Icel. kuggr Cf. Cock a boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 Co"gen*cy (?), n. [See Cogent.] The quality of being cogent; power of compelling conviction; conclusiveness; force.

 An antecedent argument of extreme cogency. J. H. Newman.
 Co*ge"ni*al (?), a. Congenial. [Obs.]

 Co"gent (k"jnt), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive together, to force; co- + agere to drive. See Agent, a., and cf. Coact to force, Coagulate, p. a.] 1.
 Compelling, in a physical sense; powerful. [Obs.]

 The cogent force of nature. Prior.
2. Having the power to compel conviction or move the will; constraining; conclusive; forcible; powerful; not easily reasisted.

 No better nor more cogent reason. Dr. H. More.
 Proofs of the most cogent description. Tyndall.
 The tongue whose strains were cogent as commands, Revered at home, and felt in foreign lands. Cowper.
Syn. -- Forcible; powerful; potent; urgent; strong; persuasive; convincing; conclusive; influential.

 Co"gent*ly, adv. In a cogent manner; forcibly; convincingly; conclusively. Locke.
 Cog"ger (kg"gr), n. [From Cog to wheedle.] A flatterer or deceiver; a sharper.

 Cog"ger*y, n. Trick; deception. Bp. Watson.
 Cog"gle (?), n. [See Cog small boat.] A small fishing boat. Ham.
 Nav. Encyc.
 Cog"gle, n. [Cf. Cobble a cobblestone.] A cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.]
 Halliwell.
 Cog'i*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being cogitable; conceivableness.

 Cog"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. cogitabilis, fr. cogitare to think.] Capable of being brought before the mind as a thought or idea; conceivable; thinkable.

 Creation is cogitable by us only as a putting forth of divine power. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Cog"i*ta*bund' (?), a.


cover The Tinker's Wedding A COMEDY IN TWO ACTS by J. M. Synge Contents PREFACE.
 THE TINKER'S WEDDING PERSONS.
 ACT I. ACT II.
 PREFACE.
The drama is made serious—in the French sense of the word—not by the degree in which it is taken up with problems that are serious in themselves, but by the degree in which it gives the nourishment, not very easy to define, on which our imaginations live. We should not go to the theatre as we go to a chemist's, or a dram-shop, but as we go to a dinner, where the food we need is taken with pleasure and excitement. This was nearly always so in Spain and England and France when the drama was at its richest—the infancy and decay of the drama tend to be didactic—but in these days the playhouse is too often stocked with the drugs of many seedy problems, or with the absinthe or vermouth of the last musical comedy.
The drama, like the symphony, does not teach or prove anything. Analysts with their problems, and teachers with their systems, are soon as old-fashioned as the pharmacopœia of Galen,—look at Ibsen and the Germans—but the best plays of Ben Jonson and Molière can no more go out of fashion than the black-berries on the hedges.
Of the things which nourish the imagination humour is one of the most needful, and it is dangerous to limit or destroy it. Baudelaire calls laughter the greatest sign of the Satanic element in man; and where a country loses its humor, as some towns in Ireland are doing, there will be morbidity of mind, as Baudelaire's mind was morbid.
In the greater part of Ireland, however, the whole people, from the tinkers to the clergy, have still a life, and view of life, that are rich and genial and humorous. I do not think that these country people, who have so much humor themselves, will mind being laughed at without malice, as the people in every country have been laughed at in their own comedies.
J. M. S. December 2nd, 1907.
 THE TINKER'S WEDDING PERSONS MICHAEL BYRNE, a tinker.
MARY BYRNE, an old woman, his mother.
SARAH CASEY, a young tinker woman.
A PRIEST.
 ACT I. SCENE: A Village roadside after nightfall. A fire of sticks is burning near the ditch a little to the right. Michael is working beside it. In the background, on the left, a sort of tent and ragged clothes drying on the hedge.
On the right a chapel-gate.
SARAH CASEY coming in on right, eagerly.—We'll see his reverence this place, Michael Byrne, and he passing backward to his house to-night.
MICHAEL grimly.—That'll be a sacred and a sainted joy!
SARAH sharply.—It'll be small joy for yourself if you aren't ready with my wedding ring. (She goes over to him.) Is it near done this time, or what way is it at all?
MICHAEL A poor way only, Sarah Casey, for it's the divil's job making a ring, and you'll be having my hands destroyed in a short while the way I'll not be able to make a tin can at all maybe at the dawn of day.
SARAH sitting down beside him and throwing sticks on the fire.—If it's the divil's job, let you mind it, and leave your speeches that would choke a fool.
MICHAEL slowly and glumly.—And it's you'll go talking of fools, Sarah Casey, when no man did ever hear a lying story even of your like unto this mortal day. You to be going beside me a great while, and rearing a lot of them, and then to be setting off with your talk of getting married, and your driving me to it, and I not asking it at all.
[Sarah turns her back to him and arranges something in the ditch.
MICHAEL angrily.—Can't you speak a word when I'm asking what is it ails you since the moon did change?
SARAH musingly.—I'm thinking there isn't anything ails me, Michael Byrne; but the spring-time is a queer time, and it's queer thoughts maybe I do think at whiles.
MICHAEL It's hard set you'd be to think queerer than welcome, Sarah Casey; but what will you gain dragging me to the priest this night, I'm saying, when it's new thoughts you'll be thinking at the dawn of day?
SARAH teasingly.—It's at the dawn of day I do be thinking I'd have a right to be going off to the rich tinkers do be travelling from Tibradden to the Tara Hill; for it'd be a fine life to be driving with young Jaunting Jim, where there wouldn't be any big hills to break the back of you, with walking up and walking down.
MICHAEL with dismay.—It's the like of that you do be thinking!
SARAH The like of that, Michael Byrne, when there is a bit of sun in it, and a kind air, and a great smell coming from the thorn-trees is above your head.
MICHAEL looks at her for a moment with horror, and then hands her the ring.—Will that fit you now?
SARAH trying it on.—It's making it tight you are, and the edges sharp on the tin.
MICHAEL looking at it carefully.—It's the fat of your own finger, Sarah Casey; and isn't it a mad thing I'm saying again that you'd be asking marriage of me, or making a talk of going away from me, and you thriving and getting your good health by the grace of the Almighty God?
SARAH giving it back to him.—Fix it now, and it'll do, if you're wary you don't squeeze it again.
MICHAEL moodily, working again.—It's easy saying be wary; there's many things easy said, Sarah Casey, you'd wonder a fool even would be saying at all. (He starts violently.) The divil mend you, I'm scalded again!
SARAH scornfully.—If you are, it's a clumsy man you are this night, Michael Byrne (raising her voice); and let you make haste now, or herself will be coming with the porter.
MICHAEL defiantly, raising his voice.—Let me make haste? I'll be making haste maybe to hit you a great clout; for I'm thinking on the day I got you above at Rathvanna, and the way you began crying out and saying, "I'll go back to my ma," and I'm thinking on the way I came behind you that time, and hit you a great clout in the lug, and how quiet and easy it was you came along with me from that hour to this present day.
SARAH standing up and throwing all her sticks into the fire.—And a big fool I was too, maybe; but we'll be seeing Jaunting Jim to-morrow in Ballinaclash, and he after getting a great price for his white foal in the horse-fair of Wicklow, the way it'll be a great sight to see him squandering his share of gold, and he with a grand eye for a fine horse, and a grand eye for a woman.
MICHAEL working again with impatience.—The divil do him good with the two of them.
SARAH kicking up the ashes with her foot.—Ah, he's a great lad, I'm telling you, and it's proud and happy I'll be to see him, and he the first one called me the Beauty of Ballinacree, a fine name for a woman.
MICHAEL with contempt.—It's the like of that name they do be putting on the horses they have below racing in Arklow. It's easy pleased you are, Sarah Casey, easy pleased with a big word, or the liar speaks it.
SARAH Liar!
MICHAEL Liar, surely.
SARAH indignantly.—Liar, is it? Didn't you ever hear tell of the peelers followed me ten miles along the Glen Malure, and


he was childless and well stricken in years.
Endnote 5. (1) That a keeping of the commandments of the old Testament is not sufficient for eternal life, appears from Mark x:21.
End of Endnotes to PART I


occineus scarlet-colored. See Cochoneal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvæ feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

 ||Coc'co*bac*te"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Coccobacteria (#).
 [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a grain + NL. bacterium. So called from its round shape.] (Biol.) One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism, generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

 Coc"co*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain, seed + -lite: cf.
 F. coccalite.] (Min.) A granular variety of pyroxene, green or white in color.

 Coc"co*lith (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain, seed + -lith.] (Biol.)
 One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, probably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud.

 Coc"co*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain, seed + E. sphere.]
 (Biol.) A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into coccoliths.

 ||Coc*cos"te*us (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; grain, seed + &?; bone.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Devonian ganoid fishes, having the broad plates about the head studded with berrylike tubercles.

 ||Coc"cu*lus In"di*cus (?), n. [NL. cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) + L. Indicus of India.] (Bot.) The fruit or berry of the Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing plant of the East Indies. It is a poisonous narcotic and stimulant.

 ||Coc"cus (?), n.; pl. Cocci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; grain, seed. See Cochineal.] 1. (Bot.) One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti).

3. (Biol.) A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.

 Coc*cyg"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the coccyx; as, the coccygeal vertebræ.

Coccygeal glands (Zoöl.), glands situated at the base of the tail of birds. They secrete the oil with which the plumage is dressed.

 Coc*cyg"e*ous (?), a. Coccygeal. [R.]

 ||Coc"cyx (?), n.; pl. L. Coccyges (#). [L., cuckoo, Gr. &?;, cuckoo, coccyx. So called from its resemblance to the beak of a cuckoo.] (Anat.) The end of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum in man and tailless monkeys. It is composed of several vertebræ more or less consolidated.

 Coch"i*neal (kch"*nl; 277), [Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, fr. coccum the kermes berry, G. ko'kkos berry, especially the kermes insect, used to dye scarlet, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the grain or seed of a plant, and this word was formerly defined to be the grain of the Quercus coccifera; but cf. also Sp. cochinilla wood louse, dim. of cochina sow, akin to F. cochon pig.] A dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of the Coccus cacti, an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc., and found on several species of cactus, esp. Opuntia cochinellifera.

 These insects are gathered from the plant, killed by the application of heat, and exposed to the sun to dry. When dried they resemble small, rough berries or seeds, of a brown or purple color, and form the cochineal of the shops, which is used for making carmine, and also as a red dye.

 Cochineal contains as its essential coloring matter carminic acid, a purple red amorphous substance which yields carmine red.

 Coch"i*neal fig (?), (Bot.) A plant of Central and Southern America, of the Cactus family, extensively cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect, which lives on it.

 Co"chin fowl' (?), (Zoöl.) A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam).

 ||Coch"le*a (kk"l*), n. [L., a snail, or snail shell, Gr. kochli'as a snail, fr. ko'chlos a shellfish with a spiral shell.] (Anat.) An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

 Coch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the cochlea.

 ||Coch'le*a"re (?), n. [L.] 1. A spoon. Andrews.
2. (Med) A spoonful. Dungleson.
 Coch'le*ar"i*form (?), a. [Cochleare + -form.]
 Spoon-shaped.

 Coch"le*a*ry (?), a. [L. cochlearum penfor snails (meaning formerly given, snail shell). See Cjchlea.] Same as Cochleate.

 { Coch"le*ate (?), Coch"le*a'ted (?), } a. [L. cochleatus spiral or screwformed. See Cochlea.] Having the form of a snail shell; spiral; turbinated.

 Cock (?), n. [AS. coc; of unknown origin, perh. in imitation of the cry of the cock. Cf. Chicken.] 1. The male of birds, particularly of gallinaceous or domestic fowls.

2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock.

 Drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks! Shak.
3. A chief man; a leader or master. [Humorous] Sir Andrew is the cock of the club, since he left us. Addison.
4. The crow of a cock, esp. the first crow in the morning; cockcrow. [Obs.]

 He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock. Shak.
5. A faucet or valve.

 Jonsons says, "The handle probably had a cock on the top; things that were contrived to turn seem anciently to have had that form, whatever was the reason." Skinner says, because it used to be constructed in forma critæ galli, i.e., in the form of a cock's comb.

6. The style of gnomon of a dial. Chambers.
7. The indicator of a balance. Johnson.
8. The bridge piece which affords a bearing for the pivot of a balance in a clock or watch. Knight.
Ball cock. See under Ball. - - Chaparral cock. See under Chaparral. -- Cock and bull story, an extravagant, boastful story; a canard. -- Cock of the plains (Zoöl.) See Sage cock. -- Cock of the rock (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Rupicola aurantia) having a beautiful crest. -- Cock of the walk, a chief or master; the hero of the hour; one who has overcrowed, or got the better of, rivals or competitors. -- Cock of the woods. See Capercailzie.

 Cock (kk), v. t.


unt; a trick.

 He that a fool doth very wisely hit, Doth very foolishly, although he smart, Not to seem senseless of the bob. Shak.
13. A shilling. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.
 Bob (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bobbing.] [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.] 1.
 To cause to move in a short, jerking manner; to move (a thing) with a bob.
 "He bobbed his head." W. Irving.
2. To strike with a quick, light blow; to tap.

 If any man happened by long sitting to sleep... he was suddenly bobbed on the face by the servants. Elyot.
3. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating; to filch.

 Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him. Shak.
4. To mock or delude; to cheat.

 To play her pranks, and bob the fool, The shrewish wife began. Turbervile.
5. To cut short; as, to bob the hair, or a horse's tail.

 Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion; to play to and fro, or up and down; to play loosely against anything. "Bobbing and courtesying." Thackeray.
2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 2 & 3.

 He ne'er had learned the art to bob For anything but eels.
Saxe.
To bob at an apple, cherry, etc. to attempt to bite or seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a tug of water.

 ||Bo"bac (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The Poland marmot (Arctomys bobac).

 Bo*bance" (&?;), n. [OF. bobance, F. bombance, boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.] A boasting.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bob"ber (&?;), n. One who, or that which, bobs.

 Bob"ber*y (&?;), n. [Prob. an Anglo-Indian form of Hindi bp re O thou father! (a very disrespectful address).] A squabble; a tumult; a noisy disturbance; as, to raise a bobbery. [Low] Halliwell.
 Bob"bin (&?;), n. [F. bobine; of uncertain origin; cf.
 L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or Ir. & Gael. baban tassel, or E. bob.] 1. A small pin, or cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding the thread at a slight tension.

2. A spool or reel of various material and construction, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes with a hole bored through its length by which it may be placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sewing machines, etc.

3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch.

4. (Haberdashery) A fine cord or narrow braid.

5. (Elec.) A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil or insulated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an electrical current.

Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. -- Bobbin lace, lace made on a pillow with bobbins; pillow lace.

 Bob'bi*net" (&?;), n. [Bobbin + net.] A kind of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.]

 The English machine-made net is now confined to point net, warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced. Tomlinsom.
 Bob"bin*work' (&?;), n. Work woven with bobbins.

 Bob"bish (&?;), a. Hearty; in good spirits. [Low, Eng.] Dickens.
 Bob"by (&?;), n. A nickname for a policeman; -- from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force. See Peeler. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.
 Bob"-cher'ry (&?;), n. A play among children, in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth, is to be caught with the teeth.

 Bob"fly' (&?;), n. (Fishing) The fly at the end of the leader; an end fly.

 Bob"o*link' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An American singing bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). The male is black and white; the female is brown; -- called also, ricebird, reedbird, and Boblincoln.

 The happiest bird of our spring is the bobolink. W. Irving.
 { Bob"sled' (&?;), Bob"sleigh' } (&?;), n. A short sled, mostly used as one of a pair connected by a reach or coupling; also, the compound sled so formed. [U. S.]

 The long wagon body set on bobsleds. W. D. Howells.
 Bob"stay' (&?;), n. [Bob + stay.] (Naut.)
 A rope or chain to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater; -- usually in the pl.
 Bob"tail' (&?;), n. [Bob + tail.] An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail.

Rag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble.

 Bob"tail', a. Bobtailed. "Bobtail cur." Marryat.
 Bob"tailed' (&?;), a. Having the tail cut short, or naturally short; curtailed; as, a bobtailed horse or dog; a bobtailed coat.

 Bob"white' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The common quail of North America (Colinus, or Ortyx, Virginianus); -- so called from its note.

 Bob" wig' (&?;). A short wig with bobs or short curls; -- called also bobtail wig. Spectator.
 Bo"cal (&?;), n. [F.] A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.

 Bo*car"do (&?;), n. [A mnemonic word.] 1. (Logic) A form of syllogism of which the first and third propositions are particular negatives, and the middle term a universal affirmative.

 Baroko and Bocardo have been stumbling blocks to the logicians.
Bowen.
2. A prison; -- originally the name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used as a prison. [Eng.] Latimer.
 Boc"a*sine (&?;), n. [F. bocassin, boucassin.] A sort of fine buckram.

 ||Boc"ca (&?;), n. [It., mouth.] The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out. Craig.
 Boce (bs), n. [L. box, bocis, Gr. bo'ax, bw^x.] (Zoöl.)
 A European fish (Box vulgaris), having a compressed body and bright colors; -- called also box, and bogue.

 Bock" beer' (&?;). [G. bockbier; bock a buck + bier beer; -- said to be so named from its tendency to cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.]

 Bock"e*


tness number fails.

Milton.
 In kinematics, speedis sometimes used to denote the amount of velocity without regard to direction of motion, while velocity is not regarded as known unless both the direction and the amount are known.

3. One who, or that which, causes or promotes speed or success.
 [Obs.] "Hercules be thy speed!" Shak.
God speed, Good speed; prosperity. See Godspeed. -- Speed gauge, Speed indicator, ∧ Speed recorder (Mach.), devices for indicating or recording the rate of a body's motion, as the number of revolutions of a shaft in a given time. -- Speed lathe (Mach.), a power lathe with a rapidly revolving spindle, for turning small objects, for polishing, etc.; a hand lathe. -- Speed pulley, a cone pulley with steps.

Syn. -- Haste; swiftness; celerity; quickness; dispatch; expedition; hurry; acceleration. See Haste.

 Speed (spd), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sped (spd), Speeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Speeding.] [AS. spdan, fr. spd, n.; akin to D. spoeden, G. sich sputen. See Speed, n.] 1.
 To go; to fare. [Obs.]

 To warn him now he is too farre sped.

Remedy of Love.
2. To experience in going; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. Shak.
 Ships heretofore in seas like fishes sped; The mightiest still upon the smallest fed.

Waller.
3. To fare well; to have success; to prosper.

 Save London, and send true lawyers their meed! For whoso wants money with them shall not speed!

Lydgate.
 I told ye then he should prevail, and speed On his bad errand.

Milton.
4. To make haste; to move with celerity.

 I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch of possibility.

Shak.
5. To be expedient. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. xii. 1.)
 Speed, v. t. 1. To cause to be successful, or to prosper; hence, to aid; to favor. "Fortune speed us!" Shak.
 With rising gales that speed their happy flight.

Dryden.
2. To cause to make haste; to dispatch with celerity; to drive at full speed; hence, to hasten; to hurry.

 He sped him thence home to his habitation.

Fairfax.
3. To hasten to a conclusion; to expedite.

 Judicial acts... are sped in open court at the instance of one or both of the parties.

Ayliffe.
4. To hurry to destruction; to put an end to; to ruin; to undo. "Sped with spavins." Shak.
 A dire dilemma! either way I'm sped. If foes, they write, if friends, they read, me dead.

Pope.
5. To wish success or god fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey.

 Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest.

Pope.
God speed you, them, etc., may God speed you; or, may you have good speed.

Syn. -- To dispatch; hasten; expedite; accelerate; hurry.

 Speed"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, speeds.

2. (Spinning) A machine for drawing and twisting slivers to form rovings.

 Speed"ful (?), a. Full of speed (in any sense). [Obs.]

 Speed"ful*ly, adv. In a speedful manner. [Obs.]

 Speed"i*ly (?), adv. In a speedy manner.

 Speed"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being speedy.

 Speed"less, a. Being without speed.

 Speed"well (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Veronica, mostly low herbs with pale blue corollas, which quickly fall off.

 Speed"y (-), a. [Compar. Speedier (?); superl.
 Speediest.] [AS. spdyg.] Not dilatory or slow; quick; swift; nimble; hasty; rapid in motion or performance; as, a speedy flight; on speedy foot.

 I will wish her speedy strength.

Shak.
 Darts, which not the good could shun, The speedy ould outfly.

Dryden.
 Speer (?), n. A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Speer, v. t. To ask. [Scot.] See Spere.

 Speet (?), v. t. [Cf. D. speten. See Spit an iron prong.] To stab. [Obs.] Gammer Gurton's Needle.
 Speight (?), n. [G. specht, probably akin to L. picus: cf. D. specht. √169. See Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.) A woodpecker; -- called also specht, spekt, spight.
 [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Speir (?), v. i. To ask. See Spere. Sir W. Scott.
 Speis'ko"balt (?), n. [G.] Smaltite.

 Speiss (?), n. [Cf. G. speise food, mixed metal for bells, etc.] (Metal.) A regulus consisting essentially of nickel, obtained as a residue in fusing cobalt and nickel ores with silica and sodium carbonate to make smalt.

 Spek"boom (?), n. [D., lit. fat tree.] (Bot.) The purslane tree of South Africa, -- said to be the favorite food of elephants. Balfour (Cyc. of India).
 Speke (?), v. i. & t. To speak. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Speke"house' (?), n. The parlor or reception room of a convent.
 [Obs.]

 Spel"ding (?), n. [Scot. speld to spread out, spelder to split. spread open; cf. G. spalten split.] A haddock or other small fish split open and dried in the sun; -- called also speldron.
 [Scot.]

 Spel"i*cans (?), n. pl. See Spilikin.

 Spelk (?), n. [AS. spelc, spilc, a little rod by which a thing is kept straight, a splint for binding up broken bones, akin to Icel. spelkur, pl., a splint. Cf. Spell a splinter.] A small stick or rod used as a spike in thatching; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.
 Spell (?), n. [OE. speld, AS. speld a spill to light a candle with; akin to D. speld a pin, OD. spelle, G. spalten to split, OHG. spaltan, MHG. spelte a splinter, Icel. spjald a square tablet, Goth. spilda a writing tablet. Cf. Spillsplinter, roll of paper, Spell to tell the letters of.] A spelk, or splinter. [Obs.]
 Holland.
 Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [AS. spelian to supply another's place.] To supply the place of for a time; to take the turn of, at work; to relieve; as, to spell the helmsman.

 Spell, n. 1. The relief of one person by another in any piece of work or watching; also, a turn at work which is carried on by one person or gang relieving another; as, a spell at the pumps; a spell at the masthead.

 A spell at the wheel is called a trick.

Ham. Nav. Encyc.
2. The time during which one person or gang works until relieved; hence, any relatively short period of time, whether a few hours, days, or weeks.

 Nothing new has happened in this quarter, except the setting in of a severe spell of cold weather.

Washington.
3. One of


Colloq.), to prove abortive, or unavailling. -- To go under. (a) To set; -- said of the sun.
 (b) To be known or recognized by (a name, title, etc.). (c) To be overwhelmed, submerged, or defeated; to perish; to succumb. -- To go up, to come to nothing; to prove abortive; to fail. [Slang] -- To go upon, to act upon, as a foundation or hypothesis. -- To go with.
 (a) To accompany. (b) To coincide or agree with. (c) To suit; to harmonize with. -- To go (well, ill, or hard) with, to affect (one) in such manner. -- To go without, to be, or to remain, destitute of. -- To go wrong. (a) To take a wrong road or direction; to wander or stray. (b) To depart from virtue. (c) To happen unfortunately. (d) To miss success. -- To let go, to allow to depart; to quit one's hold; to release.

 Go (?), v. t. 1. To take, as a share in an enterprise; to undertake or become responsible for; to bear a part in.

 They to go equal shares in the booty.

L'Estrange.
2. To bet or wager; as, I'll go you a shilling. [Colloq.]

To go halves, to share with another equally. -- To go it, to behave in a wild manner; to be uproarious; to carry on; also, to proceed; to make progress. [Colloq.] -- To go it alone (Card Playing), to play a hand without the assistance of one's partner. -- To go it blind. (a) To act in a rash, reckless, or headlong manner.
 [Slang] (b) (Card Playing) To bet without having examined the cards. -- To go one's way, to set forth; to depart.

 Go, n. 1. Act; working; operation. [Obs.]

 So gracious were the goes of marriage.

Marston.
2. A circumstance or occurrence; an incident. [Slang] This is a pretty go.

Dickens.
3. The fashion or mode; as, quite the go. [Colloq.]

4. Noisy merriment; as, a high go. [Colloq.]

5. A glass of spirits. [Slang] 6. Power of going or doing; energy; vitality; perseverance; push; as, there is no go in him. [Colloq.]

7. (Cribbage) That condition in the course of the game when a player can not lay down a card which will not carry the aggregate count above thirty-one.

Great go, Little go, the final and the preliminary examinations for a degree. [Slang, Eng. Univ.] -- No go, a failure; a fiasco. [Slang] Thackeray. -- On the go, moving about; unsettled. [Colloq.]

 Go"a (?), n. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet.

 Goad (?), n. [AS. gd; perh. akin to AS. gr a dart, and E. gore. See Gore, v. t.] A pointed instrument used to urge on a beast; hence, any necessity that urges or stimulates.

 The daily goad urging him to the daily toil.

Macaulay.
 Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goaded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Goading.] To prick; to drive with a goad; hence, to urge forward, or to rouse by anything pungent, severe, irritating, or inflaming; to stimulate.

 That temptation that doth goad us on.

Shak.
Syn. -- To urge; stimulate; excite; arouse; irritate; incite; instigate.

 Goaf (?); n.; pl. Goafs (#) or Goaves (#).
 [Cf. lst Gob.] (Mining) That part of a mine from which the mineral has been partially or wholly removed; the waste left in old workings; -- called also gob.

To work the goaf or gob, to remove the pillars of mineral matter previously left to support the roof, and replace them with props.
 Ure.
 Goal (?), n. [F. gaule pole, Prov. F. waule, of German origin; cf. Fries. walu staff, stick, rod, Goth. walus, Icel. völr a round stick; prob. akin to E. wale.]

1. The mark set to bound a race, and to or around which the constestants run, or from which they start to return to it again; the place at which a race or a journey is to end.

 Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal With rapid wheels.

Milton.
2. The final purpose or aim; the end to which a design tends, or which a person aims to reach or attain.

 Each individual seeks a several goal.

Pope.
3. A base, station, or bound used in various games; in football, a line between two posts across which the ball must pass in order to score; also, the act of kicking the ball over the line between the goal posts.

Goal keeper, the player charged with the defense of the goal.

 Go"a pow"der (?). [So called from Goa, on the Malabar coast, whither it was shipped from Portugal.] A bitter powder (also called araroba) found in the interspaces of the wood of a Brazilian tree (Andira araroba) and used as a medicine. It is the material from which chrysarobin is obtained.

 Goar (?), n. Same as lst Gore.

 Goar"ish, a. Patched; mean. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Goat (gt), n. [OE goot, got, gat, AS. gt; akin to D. geit, OHG. geiz, G. geiss, Icel. geit, Sw. get, Dan. ged, Goth. gaits, L. haedus a young goat, kid.] (Zoöl.) A hollow-horned ruminant of the genus Capra, of several species and varieties, esp. the domestic goat (C. hircus), which is raised for its milk, flesh, and skin.

 The Cashmere and Angora varieties of the goat have long, silky hair, used in the manufacture of textile fabrics. The wild or bezoar goat (Capra ægagrus), of Asia Minor, noted for the bezoar stones found in its stomach, is supposed to be one of the ancestral species of the domestic goat. The Rocky Mountain goat (Haplocercus montanus) is more nearly related to the antelopes. See Mazame.

Goat antelope (Zoöl), one of several species of antelopes, which in some respects resemble a goat, having recurved horns, a stout body, large hoofs, and a short, flat tail, as the goral, thar, mazame, and chikara. -- Goat fig (Bot.), the wild fig. -- Goat house. (a) A place for keeping goats. (b) A brothel.
 [Obs.] -- Goat moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cossus, esp. the large European species (C. ligniperda), the larva of which burrows in oak and willow trees, and requires three years to mature. It exhales an odor like that of the he-goat. -- Goat weed (Bot.), a scrophulariaceous plant, of the genus Capraria (C. biflora).
 -- Goat's bane (Bot.), a poisonous plant (Aconitum Lucoctonum), bearing pale yellow flowers, introduced from Switzerland into England; wol


A sign and a constellation; Leo.

3. An object of interest and curiosity, especially a person who is so regarded; as, he was quite a lion in London at that time.

 Such society was far more enjoyable than that of Edinburgh, for here he was not a lion, but a man.

Prof. Wilson.
American lion (Zoöl.), the puma or cougar. -- Lion ant (Zoöl.), the ant-lion. -- Lion dog (Zoöl.), a fancy dog with a flowing mane, usually clipped to resemble a lion's mane. -- Lion lizard (Zoöl.), the basilisk. -- Lion's share, all, or nearly all; the best or largest part; -- from Æsop's fable of the lion hunting in company with certain smaller beasts, and appropriating to himself all the prey.

 Li"onced (l"nst), a. (Her.) Adorned with lions' heads; having arms terminating in lions' heads; -- said of a cross. [Written also leonced.]

 Li"on*cel (l"n*sl), n. [OF., F. lionceau, dim. of lion.]
 (Her.) A small lion, especially one of several borne in the same coat of arms.

 Li"on*el (-l), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.)
 The whelp of a lioness; a young lion.

 Li"on*ess, n. [OF. lionesse.] (Zoöl.) A female lion.

 Li"on*et (-t), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) A young or small lion.

 Li"on-heart' (-härt'), n. A very brave person.

 Li"on-heart'ed (-härt'd), a. Very brave; brave and magnanimous. Sir W. Scott.
 Li"on*hood (-hd), n. State of being a lion. Carlyle.
 Li"on*ism (-z'm), n. An attracting of attention, as a lion; also, the treating or regarding as a lion.

 Li"on*ize (-z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lionized (-zd), p. pr. & vb. n. Lionizing (- 'zng).] 1. To treat or regard as a lion or object of great interest. J. D. Forbes.
2. To show the lions or objects of interest to; to conduct about among objects of interest. Macaulay.
 Li"on*like' (-lk'), a. Like a lion; brave as a lion.

 Li"on*ly, a. Like a lion; fierce. [Obs.] Milton.
 Li"on's ear' (l"nz r'). (Bot.) A name given in Western South America to certain plants with shaggy tomentose leaves, as species of Culcitium, and Espeletia.

 Li"on's foot' (ft'). (Bot.) (a) A composite plant of the genus Prenanthes, of which several species are found in the United States. (b) The edelweiss.

 Li"on*ship (l"n*shp), n. The state of being a lion.

 Li"on's leaf' (l"nz lf'). (Bot.) A South European plant of the genus Leontice (L. leontopetalum), the tuberous roots of which contain so much alkali that they are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.

 Li"on's tail' (tl'). (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants (Leonurus); -- so called from a fancied resemblance of its flower spikes to the tuft of a lion's tail. L. Cardiaca is the common motherwort.

 Li"on's tooth' (tth'); pl. Lions' teeth (tth'). (Bot.)
 See Leontodon.

 Lip (lp), n. [OE. lippe, AS. lippa; akin to D. lip, G. lippe, lefze, OHG. lefs, Dan. læbe, Sw. läpp, L. labium, labrum. Cf. Labial.] 1.
 One of the two fleshy folds which surround the orifice of the mouth in man and many other animals. In man the lips are organs of speech essential to certain articulations. Hence, by a figure they denote the mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes speech itself.

 Thine own lips testify against thee.

Job xv. 6.
2. An edge of an opening; a thin projecting part of anything; a kind of short open spout; as, the lip of a vessel.

3. The sharp cutting edge on the end of an auger.

4. (Bot.) (a) One of the two opposite divisions of a labiate corolla. (b) The odd and peculiar petal in the Orchis family. See Orchidaceous.

5. (Zoöl.) One of the edges of the aperture of a univalve shell.

Lip bit, a pod auger. See Auger. -- Lip comfort, comfort that is given with words only. -- Lip comforter, one who comforts with words only. -- Lip labor, unfelt or insincere speech; hypocrisy. Bale. -- Lip reading, the catching of the words or meaning of one speaking by watching the motion of his lips without hearing his voice. Carpenter. -- Lip salve, a salve for sore lips. -- Lip service, expression by the lips of obedience and devotion without the performance of acts suitable to such sentiments. -- Lip wisdom, wise talk without practice, or unsupported by experience. -- Lip work. (a) Talk. (b) Kissing.
 [Humorous] B. Jonson. -- To make a lip, to drop the under lip in sullenness or contempt. Shak. -- To shoot out the lip (Script.), to show contempt by protruding the lip.

 Lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lipped (lpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lipping (-png).] 1. To touch with the lips; to put the lips to; hence, to kiss.

 The bubble on the wine which breaks Before you lip the glass.

Praed.
 A hand that kings Have lipped and trembled kissing.

Shak.
2. To utter; to speak. [R.] Keats.
 Lip, v. t. To clip; to trim. [Obs.] Holland.
 ||Li*pæ"mi*a (l*p"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li'pos fat + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which fat occurs in the blood.

 Li*pans" (l*pänz"), n. pl.; sing. Lipan (-pän").
 (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, inhabiting the northern part of Mexico. They belong to the Tinneh stock, and are closely related to the Apaches.

 Li*pa"ri*an (l*p"r*an), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a family (Liparidæ) of destructive bombycid moths, as the tussock moths.

 Lip"a*rite (lp"*rt), n. [So called from Lipari, the island.]
 (Min.) A quartzose trachyte; rhyolite.

 Lip"ic (lp"k), a. [Gr. li'pos fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fat. The word was formerly used specifically to designate a supposed acid obtained by the oxidation of oleic acid, tallow, wax, etc.

 Li*pin"ic (l*pn"k), a. (Chem.) Lipic.

 Lip"less (lp"ls), a. Having no lips.

 Lip"let (-lt), n. A little lip.

 ||Lip'o*ceph"a*


activity so as to arouse our own people from their amazing inaction. What have we of California done to collect, preserve and diffuse information relating to the history of our State? And what have other commonwealths done?
The California State Historical Society, first organized in 1853, and incorporated in 1876, was in active existence from 1886 to 1894, and published some valuable historical material, including Father Palou's "Noticias," Doyle's "History of the Pious Fund," Willey's "History of the College of California" and some interesting papers of Martin Kellogg, George Davidson, Bernard Moses, William Carey Jones and T. H. Hittell. From that time it has had no active existence. There has not been a meeting of its board of directors since 1893, and since then most of them have died. It has no maps and no manuscripts, and its library of 500 printed volumes was stored away in San Francisco, in the basement cellar of the gentleman who is still nominally its president, until two years ago. It never owned a building in which to do its work, was never endowed, and to all intents and purposes has been dead for twenty years.
When we look beyond the Rockies, however, we begin to appreciate the work that is being done by the State historical societies organized for the purpose of collecting, preserving and diffusing historical information concerning their respective states. The statistics outside California, unless otherwise indicated, are down to 1905. The Massachusetts and Pennsylvania societies are prototypes of the privately organized and endowed organizations of the Eastern states, which, without official patronage, have attained strength, dignity and a high degree of usefulness, while Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Kansas similarly stand for the State-supported institutions of the West. Twelve societies or departments own their own halls—those valued at $100,000 or over, being Wisconsin, $610,000; Iowa, $400,000; Pennsylvania (1910), $340,000; Massachusetts, $225,000; and Kansas, $200,000. Thirteen are housed in their respective State capitols, seven are quartered in State universities, and six are in other public buildings. The largest State appropriations are: Wisconsin (1910), $31,000; Minnesota, $20,000; and Iowa (1910), $12,000. The Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin societies are, of course, the wealthiest in endowments; possessing, respectively (1912), $420,600, $170,000, and (1910), $63,000 in vested funds. The largest libraries are Pennsylvania (1910), 285,000 titles; Wisconsin (1910), 332,000; Massachusetts (1912), 170,000; Kansas (1910), 191,000; and New Hampshire (1910), 117,500.
Only a little less important in degree are a large number of historical societies which represent some town or section. For example: The Essex Institute of Salem, Massachusetts, with its income of (1913) $15,000, library of 400,000 titles, and building valued at $175,000; New York (City) Historical Society, with 1057 members, endowment fund aggregating $236,000, yearly income of $12,000, and a building costing $400,000; the Chicago Historical Society, with a library of 130,000 titles, housed in a $185,000 building and supported by endowment funds aggregating $111,814; the Long Island Historical Society of Brooklyn, with (1912) 102,500 titles in its own building; the Western Reserve of Cleveland, with 60,000 titles in a $55,000 building; the Worcester (Massachusetts) Society of Antiquities, housing 110,000 titles within a building valued at $50,000; and the Buffalo Historical Society, which has a library of 34,000 titles in a $200,000 building and receives a municipal grant of $5,000 and incidental expenses per annum. These are simply the most highly endowed. Every important town and city in those sections of the country are represented. In the State of Massachusetts alone, there are, besides its State Historical Society, thirty-six local historical societies, all of them alive and active and doing good work. The only historical societies worthy of the name in California, outside of the institution I shall refer to later on, are the Historical Society of Southern California, in Los Angeles, with a membership of fifty, now owning a library of 6,000 titles, housed in the Museum of History, Science and Art in Exposition Park, owned by the county, with the publication of eight volumes of local history to its credit, and the Archeological Institution of the Southwest, also of Los Angeles, the latter institution, however, being not exclusively a historical society.
I submit to you, as Californians, whether this is a record in which we can take any pride. With the exception of the pitiful attempts of its loyal friends from time to time to revive the California Historical Society, absolutely no organization work whatever, except what has lately been initiated at Berkeley, has been done by any public institution to promote the publication of California history or the collection of material therefor. With a history such as ours, with its halo of romance, with its peculiarity of incident, with its epoch-making significance, is it not a burning shame that our people have not long ago, either through private endowment or through public institutions, taken as much pride in the preservation of our history as its makers did in the creation of it? Is it not time that civic societies in every section of this State should combine and work together for the creation of a public sentiment which will support and uphold any institution that will strive to perpetuate the record of the history of this great commonwealth?
Though there has been no sustained or organized effort on the part of the State, or of any community in the State, to recognize the duty of collecting and preserving the priceless records of its historical growth, yet, by the luck that often attends improvidence, we have the nucleus of a library which goes far toward offsetting our culpable indifference.
One of the great fires that swept San Francisco in its early stages just missed the Bancroft Library, then at the corner of Merchant and Montgomery streets. The later fire that burned the building on Market Street, near Third, next door to the History Building, again barely missed the Bancroft Library. And when it was moved to the building especially constructed for it at Valencia and Mission streets, the great conflagration of the 18th of April, 1906, just failed to reach it. In this State it had remained for a private individual, by his life work, to collect and preserve a library that to the State of California is almost priceless in value. This magnificent library the State of California has recently purchased and installed in the California Building, at the State University, where its usefulness is being developed by the Academy of Pacific Coast History, an association organized in connection with the history work of the University. By a series of happy accidents, then, we are in a position to start with as great a nucleus of its historical data as any commonwealth ever had.
There remains the great work of cataloguing and publishing, rendering available to the investigation of scholarship this mass of original data, and the State should immediately provide the liberal fund necessary for the mechanical and clerical administrative work.
While the State is completing the trust with reference to the material it already has on hand, the all-destroying march of Time still goes swiftly on, however. Manuscripts in foreign lands are fading and being lost, parchments are becoming moth-eaten or mildewed, whole archives without duplicate are at the mercy of a mob, or a revolution, or a conflagration, and a generation of men and women still alive are quickly passing away, carrying with them an "unsung Iliad" of the Sierras and the plains. In the presence of these facts, we should not stand idle.
One great fraternal organization has already done, and is still loyally doing, more than its share. In the great work of endowing fellowships in Pacific Coast history at Berkeley there is room enough for all. Here is an opportunity for private munificence. A fine civism will not find a more pressing necessity, or a more splendid opportunity. An endowment of $100,000 invested in five per cent bonds will yield an annual fellowship fund of $5,000. A citizen looking for an opportunity to do something