, Squall.] 1. To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain.

2. To turn informer; to betray a secret. [Slang] Squeal, n. A shrill, somewhat prolonged cry.

 Squeal"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeals.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The European swift. (b) The harlequin duck. (c) The American golden plover.

 Squeam"ish (?), a. [OE. squaimous, sweymous, probably from OE. sweem, swem, dizziness, a swimming in the head; cf.
 Icel. svemr a bustle, a stir, Norw. sveim a hovering about, a sickness that comes upon one, Icel. svimi a giddiness, AS. swmi.
 The word has been perhaps confused witrh qualmish. Cf. Swim to be dizzy.] Having a stomach that is easily or nauseated; hence, nice to excess in taste; fastidious; easily disgusted; apt to be offended at trifling improprieties.

 Quoth he, that honor's very squeamish That takes a basting for a blemish.

Hudibras.
 His muse is rustic, and perhaps too plain The men of squeamish taste to entertain.

Southern.
 So ye grow squeamish, Gods, and sniff at heaven.

M. Arnold.
Syn. -- Fastidious; dainty; overnice; scrupulous. See Fastidious.

 -- Squeam"ish*ly, adv. -- Squeam"ish*ness, n. Squeam"ous (?), a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

 Squea"si*ness (?), n. Queasiness. [Obs.]

 Squea"sy (?), a. Queasy; nice; squeamish; fastidious; scrupulous.
 [Obs.] Bp. Earle.
 Squee"gee (?), n. Same as Squilgee.

 Squeeze (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squeezed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Squeezing.] [OE. queisen, AS. cwsan, cwsan, cwsan, of uncertain origin. The s- was probably prefixed through the influence of squash, v.t.] 1. To press between two bodies; to press together closely; to compress; often, to compress so as to expel juice, moisture, etc.; as, to squeeze an orange with the fingers; to squeeze the hand in friendship.

2. Fig.: To oppress with hardships, burdens, or taxes; to harass; to crush.

 In a civil war, people must expect to be crushed and squeezed toward the burden.

L'Estrange.
3. To force, or cause to pass, by compression; often with out, through, etc.; as, to squeeze water through felt.

Syn. -- To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd.

 Squeeze, v. i. To press; to urge one's way, or to pass, by pressing; to crowd; -- often with through, into, etc.; as, to squeeze hard to get through a crowd.

 Squeeze, n. 1. The act of one who squeezes; compression between bodies; pressure.

2. A facsimile impression taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an inscription on stone.

 Squeez"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeezes; as, a lemon squeezer.

2. (Forging) (a) A machine like a large pair of pliers, for shingling, or squeezing, the balls of metal when puddled; -- used only in the plural. (b) A machine of several forms for the same purpose; -- used in the singular.

 Squeez"ing, n. 1. The act of pressing; compression; oppression.

2. pl. That which is forced out by pressure; dregs.

3. Same as Squeeze, n., 2.

 Squelch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squelched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squelching.] [Cf. prov. E. quelch a blow, and quel to crush, to kill.] To quell; to crush; to silence or put down. [Colloq.]

 Oh 't was your luck and mine to be squelched.

Beau. & Fl.
 If you deceive us you will be squelched.

Carlyle.
 Squelch, n. A heavy fall, as of something flat; hence, also, a crushing reply. [Colloq.] Hudibras.
 Sque*teague" (skw*tg"), n. [from the North American Indian name.]
 (Zoöl.) An American sciænoid fish (Cynoscion regalis), abundant on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and much valued as a food fish. It is of a bright silvery color, with iridescent reflections.
 Called also weakfish, squitee, chickwit, and sea trout. The spotted squeteague (C. nebulosus) of the Southern United States is a similar fish, but the back and upper fins are spotted with black. It is called also spotted weakfish, and, locally, sea trout, and sea salmon.

 Squib (skwb), n. [OE. squippen, swippen, to move swiftly, Icel. svipa to swoop, flash, dart, whip; akin to AS. swipian to whip, and E. swift, a. See Swift, a.] 1. A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with powder or combustible matter, to be thrown into the air while burning, so as to burst there with a crack.

 Lampoons, like squibs, may make a present blaze.

Waller.
 The making and selling of fireworks, and squibs... is punishable.

Blackstone.
2. (Mining) A kind of slow match or safety fuse.

3. A sarcastic speech or publication; a petty lampoon; a brief, witty essay.

 Who copied his squibs, and reëchoed his jokes.

Goldsmith.
4. A writer of lampoons. [Obs.]

 The squibs are those who in the common phrase of the world are called libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers.

Tatler.
5. A paltry fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Squib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squibbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squibbing.] To throw squibs; to utter sarcastic or severe reflections; to contend in petty dispute; as, to squib a little debate. [Colloq.]

 Squid (skwd), n. [Cf. Squirt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods having a long, tapered body, and a caudal fin on each side; especially, any species of Loligo, Ommastrephes, and related genera. See Calamary, Decacerata, Dibranchiata.

 Some of these squids are very abundant on the Atlantic coast of North America, and are used in large quantities for bait, especially in the cod fishery. The most abundant of the American squids are the northern squid (Ommastrephes illecebrosus), ranging from Southern New England to Newfoundland, and the southern squid (Loligo Pealii), ranging from Virginia to Massachusetts.

2. A fishhook with a piece of bright lead, bone, or other substance, fastened on its shank to imitate a squid.

Flying squid, Giant squid. (Zoöl.) See under Flying, and Giant. -- Squid hound (Zoöl.), the striped bass.

 Squier (?), n. A square. See 1st Squire. [Obs.]

 Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier.

Shak.
 { Squi


quiet, as a sleeping person, or the spirit of a dead person; to go about as a somnambulist or a specter.

 I have heard, but not believed, the spirits of the dead May walk again.

Shak.
 When was it she last walked?

Shak.
4. To be in motion; to act; to move; to wag. [Obs.] "Her tongue did walk in foul reproach." Spenser.
 Do you think I'd walk in any plot?

B. Jonson.
 I heard a pen walking in the chimney behind the cloth.

Latimer.
5. To behave; to pursue a course of life; to conduct one's self.

 We walk perversely with God, and he will walk crookedly toward us.

Jer. Taylor.
6. To move off; to depart. [Obs. or Colloq.]

 He will make their cows and garrans to walk.

Spenser.
To walk in, to go in; to enter, as into a house. — To walk after the flesh (Script.), to indulge sensual appetites, and to live in sin. Rom. viii. 1. — To walk after the Spirit (Script.), to be guided by the counsels and influences of the Spirit, and by the word of God. Rom. viii. 1. — To walk by faith (Script.), to live in the firm belief of the gospel and its promises, and to rely on Christ for salvation. 2 Cor. v. 7. — To walk in darkness (Script.), to live in ignorance, error, and sin. 1 John i. 6. — To walk in the flesh (Script.), to live this natural life, which is subject to infirmities and calamities. 2 Cor. x. 3. — To walk in the light (Script.), to live in the practice of religion, and to enjoy its consolations. 1 John i. 7. — To walk over, in racing, to go over a course at a walk; — said of a horse when there is no other entry; hence, colloquially, to gain an easy victory in any contest. — To walk through the fire (Script.), to be exercised with severe afflictions. Isa. xliii. 2. — To walk with God (Script.), to live in obedience to his commands, and have communion with him.

 Walk, v. t. 1. To pass through, over, or upon; to traverse; to perambulate; as, to walk the streets.

 As we walk our earthly round.

Keble.
2. To cause to walk; to lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace; as to walk one's horses. " I will rather trust... a thief to walk my ambling gelding." Shak.
3. [AS. wealcan to roll. See Walk to move on foot.] To subject, as cloth or yarn, to the fulling process; to full. [Obs. or Scot.]

To walk the plank, to walk off the plank into the water and be drowned; — an expression derived from the practice of pirates who extended a plank from the side of a ship, and compelled those whom they would drown to walk off into the water; figuratively, to vacate an office by compulsion. Bartlett.
 Walk, n. 1. The act of walking, or moving on the feet with a slow pace; advance without running or leaping.

2. The act of walking for recreation or exercise; as, a morning walk; an evening walk.

3. Manner of walking; gait; step; as, we often know a person at a distance by his walk.

4. That in or through which one walks; place or distance walked over; a place for walking; a path or avenue prepared for foot passengers, or for taking air and exercise; way; road; hence, a place or region in which animals may graze; place of wandering; range; as, a sheep walk.

 A woody mountain... with goodliest trees Planted, with walks and bowers.

Milton.
 He had walk for a hundred sheep.

Latimer.
 Amid the sound of steps that beat The murmuring walks like rain.

Bryant.
5. A frequented track; habitual place of action; sphere; as, the walk of the historian.

 The mountains are his walks.

Sandys.
 He opened a boundless walk for his imagination.

Pope.
6. Conduct; course of action; behavior.

7. The route or district regularly served by a vender; as, a milkman's walk. [Eng.]

 Walk"a*ble (?), a. Fit to be walked on; capable of being walked on or over. [R.] Swift.
 Walk"er (?), n. 1. One who walks; a pedestrian.

2. That with which one walks; a foot. [Obs.]

 Lame Mulciber, his walkers quite misgrown.

Chapman.
3. (Law) A forest officer appointed to walk over a certain space for inspection; a forester.

4. [AS. wealcere. See Walk, v. t., 3.] A fuller of cloth. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 She cursed the weaver and the walker The cloth that had wrought.

Percy's Reliques.
5. (Zoöl.) Any ambulatorial orthopterous insect, as a stick insect.

 Walk"ing, a. & n. from Walk, v. Walking beam. See Beam, 10. — Walking crane, a kind of traveling crane. See under Crane. — Walking fern. (Bot.)
 See Walking leaf, below. — Walking fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, some of which, as O. marulius, become over four feet long. They have a special cavity over the gills lined with a membrane adapted to retain moisture to aid in respiration, and are thus able to travel considerable distances over the land at night, whence the name. They construct a curious nest for their young. Called also langya. — Walking gentleman (Theater), an actor who usually fills subordinate parts which require a gentlemanly appearance but few words. [Cant] — Walking lady (Theater), an actress who usually fills such parts as require only a ladylike appearance on the stage. [Cant] — Walking leaf.
 (a) (Bot.) A little American fern (Camptosorus rhizophyllus); — so called because the fronds taper into slender prolongations which often root at the apex, thus producing new plants. (b) (Zoöl.) A leaf insect. See under Leaf. — Walking papers, or Walking ticket, an order to leave; dismissal, as from office. [Colloq.] Bartlett. — Walking stick. (a) A stick or staff carried in the hand for hand for support or amusement when walking; a cane. (b) (Zoöl.) A stick insect; — called also walking straw. See Illust. of Stick insect, under Stick. — Walking wheel (Mach.), a prime mover consisting of a wheel driven by the weight of men or animals walking either in it or on it; a treadwheel.

 Walk"-mill' (?), n. [Walk to Walking Leaf, or full + mill.]
 A fulling mill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Walk"-o'ver (?), n. In racing, the going over a course by a horse which has no competitor for the prize; hence, colloquially, a one-sided contest; an uncontested, or an easy, victory.

 Wal"kyr, n. (Scand. Myth.) See Valkyria.

 Wall (?), n. (Naut.) A kind of knot often used at the end of a rope; a wall knot; a wale.

Wall


. pr. & vb. n. Entangling (?).] 1. To twist or interweave in such a manner as not to be easily separated; to make tangled, confused, and intricate; as, to entangle yarn or the hair.

2. To involve in such complications as to render extrication a bewildering difficulty; hence, metaphorically, to insnare; to perplex; to bewilder; to puzzle; as, to entangle the feet in a net, or in briers. "Entangling alliances." Washington.
 The difficulties that perplex men's thoughts and entangle their understandings.

Locke.
 Allowing her to entangle herself with a person whose future was so uncertain.

Froude.
 En*tan"gle*ment (?), n. State of being entangled; intricate and confused involution; that which entangles; intricacy; perplexity.

 En*tan"gler (?), n. One that entangles.

 ||En*ta"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Entasis.] (Med.)
 Tonic spasm; -- applied generically to denote any disease characterized by tonic spasms, as tetanus, trismus, etc.

 ||En"ta*sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a stretching; fr. &?;; &?; in + &?; to extend.] 1. (Arch.) A slight convex swelling of the shaft of a column.

2. (Med.) Same as Entasia.

 En*tass"ment (?), n. [F. entassement, fr. entasser to heap up.] A heap; accumulation. [R.]

 En*tas"tic (?), a. [Formed as if fr. (assumed) Gr. &?;. See Entasis.] (Med.) Relating to any disease characterized by tonic spasms.

 En*tel"e*chy (?), n. [L. entelechia, Gr. &?;, prob. fr.
 &?; &?; &?; to be complete; &?; + &?; completion, end + &?; to have or hold.] (Peripatetic Philos.) An actuality; a conception completely actualized, in distinction from mere potential existence.

 ||En*tel"lus (?), n. [NL., the specific name, fr. Gr. &?; to command.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian long-tailed bearded monkey (Semnopithecus entellus) regarded as sacred by the natives. It is remarkable for the caplike arrangement of the hair on the head. Called also hoonoomaun and hungoor.

 En*tend" (?), v. i. [F. entendre, fr. L. intendere.
 See Intend.] To attend to; to apply one's self to. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*ten"der (?), v. t. 1. To make tender. [R.] Jer.
 Taylor.
2. To treat with tenderness. [R.] Young.
 En*ten"tive (?), a. [OF. ententif.] Attentive; zealous.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En"ter- (?). [F. entre between, fr. L. inter. See Inter-] A prefix signifying between, among, part.

 En"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Entering.] [OE. entren, enteren, F. entrer, fr. L. intrare, fr. intro inward, contr. fr. intero (sc. loco), fr. inter in between, between. See Inter-, In, and cf. Interior.] 1. To come or go into; to pass into the interior of; to pass within the outer cover or shell of; to penetrate; to pierce; as, to enter a house, a closet, a country, a door, etc.; the river enters the sea.

 That darksome cave they enter.

Spenser.
 I,... with the multitude of my redeemed, Shall enter heaven, long absent.

Milton.
2. To unite in; to join; to be admitted to; to become a member of; as, to enter an association, a college, an army.

3. To engage in; to become occupied with; as, to enter the legal profession, the book trade, etc.

4. To pass within the limits of; to attain; to begin; to commence upon; as, to enter one's teens, a new era, a new dispensation.

5. To cause to go (into), or to be received (into); to put in; to insert; to cause to be admitted; as, to enter a knife into a piece of wood, a wedge into a log; to enter a boy at college, a horse for a race, etc.

6. To inscribe; to enroll; to record; as, to enter a name, or a date, in a book, or a book in a catalogue; to enter the particulars of a sale in an account, a manifest of a ship or of merchandise at the customhouse.

7. (Law) (a) To go into or upon, as lands, and take actual possession of them. (b) To place in regular form before the court, usually in writing; to put upon record in proper from and order; as, to enter a writ, appearance, rule, or judgment. Burrill.
8. To make report of (a vessel or her cargo) at the customhouse; to submit a statement of (imported goods), with the original invoices, to the proper officer of the customs for estimating the duties. See Entry, 4.

9. To file or inscribe upon the records of the land office the required particulars concerning (a quantity of public land) in order to entitle a person to a right pf preëmption. [U.S.] Abbott.
10. To deposit for copyright the title or description of (a book, picture, map, etc.); as, "entered according to act of Congress."

11. To initiate; to introduce favorably. [Obs.] Shak.
 En"ter, v. i. 1. To go or come in; -- often with in used pleonastically; also, to begin; to take the first steps. "The year entering."
 Evelyn.
 No evil thing approach nor enter in.

Milton.
 Truth is fallen in the street, and equity can not enter.

Is. lix. 14.
 For we which have believed do enter into rest.

Heb. iv. 3.
2. To get admission; to introduce one's self; to penetrate; to form or constitute a part; to become a partaker or participant; to share; to engage; -- usually with into; sometimes with on or upon; as, a ball enters into the body; water enters into a ship; he enters into the plan; to enter into a quarrel; a merchant enters into partnership with some one; to enter upon another's land; the boy enters on his tenth year; to enter upon a task; lead enters into the composition of pewter.

3. To penetrate mentally; to consider attentively; -- with into.

 He is particularly pleased with... Sallust for his entering into internal principles of action.

Addison.
 En'ter*ad'e*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. 'e'nteron an intestine + &?; a gland + -graphy.] A treatise upon, or description of, the intestinal glands.

 En'ter*ad'e*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. 'e'nteron an intestine + &?; a gland + -logy.] The science which treats of the glands of the alimentary canal.

 ||En'ter*al"gi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'e'nteron an intestine + &?; pain: cf. F. entéralgie.] (Med.) Pain in the intestines; colic.


be sure that the myth is more modern than the custom and by no means represents the original reason for excluding horses from the grove. From their exclusion it might be inferred that horses could not be the sacred animals or embodiments of the god of the grove.
But the inference would be rash. The goat was at one time a sacred animal or embodiment of Athena, as may be inferred from the practice of representing the goddess clad in a goat-skin (aegis). Yet the goat was neither sacrificed to her as a rule, nor allowed to enter her great sanctuary, the Acropolis at Athens. The reason alleged for this was that the goat injured the olive, the sacred tree of Athena. So far, therefore, the relation of the goat to Athena is parallel to the relation of the horse to Virbius, both animals being excluded from the sanctuary on the ground of injury done by them to the god. But from Varro we learn that there was an exception to the rule which excluded the goat from the Acropolis. Once a year, he says, the goat was driven on to the Acropolis for a necessary sacrifice. Now, as has been remarked before, when an animal is sacrificed once and once only in the year, it is probably slain, not as a victim offered to the god, but as a representative of the god himself. Therefore we may infer that if a goat was sacrificed on the Acropolis once a year, it was sacrificed in the character of Athena herself; and it may be conjectured that the skin of the sacrificed animal was placed on the statue of the goddess and formed the aegis, which would thus be renewed annually. Similarly at Thebes in Egypt rams were sacred and were not sacrificed. But on one day in the year a ram was killed, and its skin was placed on the statue of the god Ammon. Now, if we knew the ritual of the Arician grove better, we might find that the rule of excluding horses from it, like the rule of excluding goats from the Acropolis at Athens, was subject to an annual exception, a horse being once a year taken into the grove and sacrificed as an embodiment of the god Virbius. By the usual misunderstanding the horse thus killed would come in time to be regarded as an enemy offered up in sacrifice to the god whom he had injured, like the pig which was sacrificed to Demeter and Osiris or the goat which was sacrificed to Dionysus, and possibly to Athena.
It is so easy for a writer to record a rule without noticing an exception that we need not wonder at finding the rule of the Arician grove recorded without any mention of an exception such as I suppose. If we had had only the statements of Athenaeus and Pliny, we should have known only the rule which forbade the sacrifice of goats to Athena and excluded them from the Acropolis, without being aware of the important exception which the fortunate preservation of Varro's work has revealed to us.
The conjecture that once a year a horse may have been sacrificed in the Arician grove as a representative of the deity of the grove derives some support from the similar sacrifice of a horse which took place once a year at Rome. On the fifteenth of October in each year a chariot-race was run on the Field of Mars. Stabbed with a spear, the right-hand horse of the victorious team was then sacrificed to Mars for the purpose of ensuring good crops, and its head was cut off and adorned with a string of loaves. Thereupon the inhabitants of two wards—the Sacred Way and the Subura—contended with each other who should get the head. If the people of the Sacred Way got it, they fastened it to a wall of the king's house; if the people of the Subura got it, they fastened it to the Mamilian tower. The horse's tail was cut off and carried to the king's house with such speed that the blood dripped on the hearth of the house. Further, it appears that the blood of the horse was caught and preserved till the twenty-first of April, when the Vestal Virgins mixed it with the blood of the unborn calves which had been sacrificed six days before. The mixture was then distributed to shepherds, and used by them for fumigating their flocks.
In this ceremony the decoration of the horse's head with a string of loaves, and the alleged object of the sacrifice, namely, to procure a good harvest, seem to indicate that the horse was killed as one of those animal representatives of the corn-spirit of which we have found so many examples. The custom of cutting off the horse's tail is like the African custom of cutting off the tails of the oxen and sacrificing them to obtain a good crop. In both the Roman and the African custom the animal apparently stands for the corn-spirit, and its fructifying power is supposed to reside especially in its tail. The latter idea occurs, as we have seen, in European folk-lore. Again, the practice of fumigating the cattle in spring with the blood of the horse may be compared with the practice of giving the Old Wife, the Maiden, or the clyack sheaf as fodder to the horses in spring or the cattle at Christmas, and giving the Yule Boar to the ploughing oxen or horses to eat in spring. All these usages aim at ensuring the blessing of the corn-spirit on the homestead and its inmates and storing it up for another year.
The Roman sacrifice of the October horse, as it was called, carries us back to the early days when the Subura, afterwards a low and squalid quarter of the great metropolis, was still a separate village, whose inhabitants engaged in a friendly contest on the harvest-field with their neighbours of Rome, then a little rural town. The Field of Mars on which the ceremony took place lay beside the Tiber, and formed part of the king's domain down to the abolition of the monarchy. For tradition ran that at the time when the last of the kings was driven from Rome, the corn stood ripe for the sickle on the crown lands beside the river; but no one would eat the accursed grain and it was flung into the river in such heaps that, the water being low with the summer heat, it formed the nucleus of an island. The horse sacrifice was thus an old autumn custom observed upon the king's corn-fields at the end of the harvest. The tail and blood of the horse, as the chief parts of the corn-spirit's representative, were taken to the king's house and kept there; just as in Germany the harvest-cock is nailed on the gable or over the door of the farmhouse; and as the last sheaf, in the form of the Maiden, is carried home and kept over the fireplace in the Highlands of Scotland. Thus the blessing of the corn-spirit was brought to the king's house and hearth and, through them, to the community of which he was the head. Similarly in the spring and autumn customs of Northern Europe the May-pole is sometimes set up in front of the house of the mayor or burgomaster, and the last sheaf at harvest is brought to him as the head of the village. But while the tail and blood fell to the king, the neighbouring village of the Subura, which no doubt once had a similar ceremony of its own, was gratified by being allowed to compete for the prize of the horse's head. The Mamilian tower, to which the Suburans nailed the horse's head when they succeeded in carrying it off, appears to have been a peel-tower or keep of the old Mamilian family, the magnates of the village. The ceremony thus performed on the king's fields and at his house on behalf of the whole town and of the neighbouring village presupposes a time when each township performed a similar ceremony on its own fields. In the rural districts of Latium the villages may have continued to observe the custom, each on its own land, long after the Roman hamlets had merged their separate harvest-homes in the common celebration on the king's lands.
There is no intrinsic improbability in the supposition that the sacred grove of Aricia, like the Field of Mars at Rome, may have been the scene of a common harvest celebration, at which a horse was sacrificed with the same rude rites on behalf of the neighbouring villages. The horse would represent the fructifying spirit both of the tree and of the corn, for the two ideas melt into each other


a crack.
 [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.]

11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.]

 What is crack in English?... A crack is... a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it. P. P. Alexander.
 Crack, a. Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.]

 One of our crack speakers in the Commons. Dickens.
 Crack"-brained' (-brnd'), a. Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope.
 Cracked (krkt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken; as, cracked wheat.

2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.]

 Crack"er (krk"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks.

2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.]

 What cracker is this same that deafs our ears? Shak.
3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclosed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; -- often called firecracker.

4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as, a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker.

5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett.
6. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck.

7. pl. (Mach.) A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight.
 Crac"kle (krk"k'l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as, burning thorns crackle.

 The unknown ice that crackles underneath them. Dryden.
 Crac"kle, n. 1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling.

 The crackle of fireworks. Carlyle.
2. (Med.) A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as, dry crackle; moist crackle.
 Quain.
3. (Fine Arts) A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as, Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle.

 Crac"kled (-k'ld), a. (Fine Arts) Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; -- said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware.

 Crac"kle*ware' (-w?r'), n. See Crackle, n., 3.

 Crac"kling (kr?k"kl?ng), n. 1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated.

 As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool. Eccl. vii. 6.
2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork.

 For the first time in his life he tested crackling. Lamb.
3. pl. Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting.

 Crack"nel (kr?k"n?l), n. [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.] A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser.
 Cracks"man (kr?ks"man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men).
 A burglar. [Slang] Cra*co"vi*an (kr?-k?"v?-an), a. Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland.

 ||Cra*co'vi*enne" (kr?-k?'v?-?n"), n. [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.) A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time.

 Cra"cowes (kr?"k?z), n. pl. Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; -- so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt.
 Cra"dle (krd'l), n. [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinging on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as, a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty.

 The cradle that received thee at thy birth. Cowper.
 No sooner was I crept out of my cradle But I was made a king, at nine months old. Shak.
2. Infancy, or very early life.

 From their cradles bred together. Shak.
 A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles.
Clarendon.
3. (Agric.) An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it evenly in a swath.

4. (Engraving) A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground.

5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship.

6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb.
 (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from contact with the person.

7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; -- also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts.

8. (Carp.) The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight.
9. (Naut.) The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck.

Cat's cradle. See under Cat. -- Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. -- Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain.

 Cra"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d'ld); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cradling (-dl?ng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking.

 It cradles their fears to sleep. D. A. Clark.
2. To nurse or train in infancy.

 He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars. Glanvill.
3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain.

4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle.

 In Lombardy... boats are cradled and transported over the grade. Knight.
To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping.

 Cra"dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle.

 Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled. Shak.
 Cra"dling (-dl?ng), n. 1. The act of using a cradle.

2. (Coopering) Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being


. To strip or tear off; to remove by stripping, as the skin of an animal, the bark of a tree, etc.

 Peel, v. i. To lose the skin, bark, or rind; to come off, as the skin, bark, or rind does; -- often used with an adverb; as, the bark peels easily or readily.

 Peel, n. The skin or rind; as, the peel of an orange.

 Pee"le (?), n. (Zoöl.) A graceful and swift South African antelope (Pelea capreola). The hair is woolly, and ash-gray on the back and sides. The horns are black, long, slender, straight, nearly smooth, and very sharp. Called also rheeboc, and rehboc.

 Peel"er (?), n. One who peels or strips.

 Peel"er, n. [See Peel to plunder.] A pillager.

 Peel"er, n. A nickname for a policeman; -- so called from Sir Robert Peel. [British Slang] See Bobby.

 Peel"house' (?), n. See 1st Peel. Sir W. Scott.
 Peen (?), n. [Cf. G. pinne pane of a hammer.] (a) A round-edged, or hemispherical, end to the head of a hammer or sledge, used to stretch or bend metal by indentation. (b) The sharp-edged end of the head of a mason's hammer. [Spelt also pane, pein, and piend.]

 Peen, v. t. To draw, bend, or straighten, as metal, by blows with the peen of a hammer or sledge.

 Peenge (?), v. i. To complain. [Scot.]

 Peep (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peeped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Peeping.] [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. pipen, F. piper, pépier, L. pipire, pipare, pipiare, D. & G. piepen. Senses 2 and 3 perhaps come from a transfer of sense from the sound which chickens make upon the first breaking of the shell to the act accompanying it; or perhaps from the influence of peek, or peak. Cf. Pipe.] 1. To cry, as a chicken hatching or newly hatched; to chirp; to cheep.

 There was none that moved the wing, or opened the mouth, or peeped.

Is. x. 14.
2. To begin to appear; to look forth from concealment; to make the first appearance.

 When flowers first peeped, and trees did blossoms bear.

Dryden.
 3. To look cautiously or slyly; to peer, as through a crevice; to pry.

eep through the blanket of the dark.

Shak.
 From her cabined loophole peep.

Milton.
Peep sight, an adjustable piece, pierced with a small hole to peep through in aiming, attached to a rifle or other firearm near the breech.

 Peep (?), n. 1. The cry of a young chicken; a chirp.

2. First outlook or appearance.

 Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn.

Gray.
3. A sly look; a look as through a crevice, or from a place of concealment.

 To take t' other peep at the stars.

Swift.
4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any small sandpiper, as the least sandpiper (Trigna minutilla). (b) The European meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis).

Peep show, a small show, or object exhibited, which is viewed through an orifice or a magnifying glass. -- Peep-o'-day boys, the Irish insurgents of 1784; -- so called from their visiting the house of the loyal Irish at day break in search of arms. [Cant] Peep"er (?), n. 1. A chicken just breaking the shell; a young bird.

2. One who peeps; a prying person; a spy.

 Who's there? peepers,... eavesdroppers?

J. Webster.
3. The eye; as, to close the peepers. [Colloq.]

 Peep"hole' (?), n. A hole, or crevice, through which one may peep without being discovered.

 Peep"ing hole'. See Peephole.

 Pee"pul tree' (?). [Hind. ppal, Skr. pippala.] (Bot.)
 A sacred tree (Ficus religiosa) of the Buddhists, a kind of fig tree which attains great size and venerable age. See Bo tree. [Written also pippul tree, and pipal tree.]

 Peer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Peering.] [OF. parir, pareir equiv. to F. paraître to appear, L. parere. Cf. Appear.] 1.
 To come in sight; to appear. [Poetic] So honor peereth in the meanest habit.

Shak.
 See how his gorget peers above his gown!

B. Jonson.
2. [Perh. a different word; cf. OE. piren, LG. piren.
 Cf. Pry to peep.] To look narrowly or curiously or intently; to peep; as, the peering day. Milton.
Peering in maps for ports, and piers, and roads.

Shak.
 As if through a dungeon grate he peered.

Coleridge.
 Peer, n. [OE. per, OF. per, F. pair, fr. L. par equal. Cf. Apparel, Pair, Par, n., Umpire.] 1. One of the same rank, quality, endowments, character, etc.; an equal; a match; a mate.

 In song he never had his peer.

Dryden.
 Shall they consort only with their peers?

I. Taylor.
2. A comrade; a companion; a fellow; an associate.

 He all his peers in beauty did surpass.

Spenser.
3. A nobleman; a member of one of the five degrees of the British nobility, namely, duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron; as, a peer of the realm.

 A noble peer of mickle trust and power.

Milton.
House of Peers, The Peers, the British House of Lords. See Parliament. -- Spiritual peers, the bishops and archibishops, or lords spiritual, who sit in the House of Lords.

 Peer v. t. To make equal in rank. [R.] Heylin.
 Peer v. t. To be, or to assume to be, equal. [R.]

 Peer"age (?), n. [See Peer an equal, and cf. Parage.] 1. The rank or dignity of a peer. Blackstone.
2. The body of peers; the nobility, collectively.

 When Charlemain with all his peerage fell.

Milton.
 Peer"dom (?), n. Peerage; also, a lordship. [Obs.]

 Peer"ess, n. The wife of a peer; a woman ennobled in her own right, or by right of marriage.

 { Peer"ie, Peer"y } (?), a. [See 1st Peer, 2.] Inquisitive; suspicious; sharp. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] "Two peery gray eyes."
 Sir W. Scott.
 Peer"less (?), a. Having no peer or equal; matchless; superlative.
 "Her peerless feature." Shak.
 Unvailed her peerless light.

Milton.
 --Peer"less*ly, adv.


A place for catching fish.

3. (Law) The right to take fish at a certain place, or in particular waters. Abbott.
 Fish"ful (?), a. Abounding with fish. [R.] "My fishful pond." R. Carew.
 Fish"gig' (?), n. A spear with barbed prongs used for harpooning fish. Knight.
 Fish"hawk' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The osprey (Pandion haliaëtus), found both in Europe and America; -- so called because it plunges into the water and seizes fishes in its talons. Called also fishing eagle, and bald buzzard.

 Fish"hook' (?), n. 1. A hook for catching fish.

2. (Naut.) A hook with a pendant, to the end of which the fish-tackle is hooked. Dana.
 Fish"i*fy (?), v. t. To change to fish. [R.] Shak.
 Fish"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being fishy or fishlike. Pennant.
 Fish"ing, n. 1. The act, practice, or art of one who fishes.

2. A fishery. Spenser.
 Fish"ing, a. [From Fishing, n.] Pertaining to fishing; used in fishery; engaged in fishing; as, fishing boat; fishing tackle; fishing village.

Fishing fly, an artificial fly for fishing. -- Fishing line, a line used in catching fish. -- Fishing net, a net of various kinds for catching fish; including the bag net, casting net, drag net, landing net, seine, shrimping net, trawl, etc. -- Fishing rod, a long slender rod, to which is attached the line for angling. -- Fishing smack, a sloop or other small vessel used in sea fishing. -- Fishing tackle, apparatus used in fishing, as hook, line, rod, etc. -- Fishing tube (Micros.), a glass tube for selecting a microscopic object in a fluid.

 Fish"like (?), a. Like fish; suggestive of fish; having some of the qualities of fish.

 A very ancient and fishlike smell.

Shak.
 Fish"mon'ger (?), n. A dealer in fish.

 Fish"skin' (?), n. 1. The skin of a fish (dog fish, shark, etc.)

2. (Med.) See Ichthyosis.

 Fish"-tac'kle (?), n. A tackle or purchase used to raise the flukes of the anchor up to the gunwale. The block used is called the fish-block.

 Fish"-tail' (?), a. Like the of a fish; acting, or producing something, like the tail of a fish.

Fish-tail burner, a gas burner that gives a spreading flame shaped somewhat like the tail of a fish. -- Fish-tail propeller (Steamship), a propeller with a single blade that oscillates like the tail of a fish when swimming.

 Fish"wife' (?), n. A fishwoman.

 Fish"wom'an (?), n.; pl. Fishwomen (&?;). A woman who retails fish.

 Fish"y (?), a. 1. Consisting of fish; fishlike; having the qualities or taste of fish; abounding in fish. Pope.
2. Extravagant, like some stories about catching fish; improbable; also, rank or foul. [Colloq.]

 Fisk (?), v. i. [Cf. Sw. fjeska to bustle about.] To run about; to frisk; to whisk. [Obs.]

 He fisks abroad, and stirreth up erroneous opinions.

Latimer.
 Fis'si*gem*ma"tion (?), n. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. gemmation.] (Biol.) A process of reproduction intermediate between fission and gemmation.

 Fis"sile (?), a. [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p. p. of findere to split. See Fissure.] Capable of being split, cleft, or divided in the direction of the grain, like wood, or along natural planes of cleavage, like crystals.

 This crystal is a pellucid, fissile stone.

Sir I. Newton.
 Fis'si*lin"gual (?), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + E. lingual.] (Zoöl.) Having the tongue forked.

 ||Fis'si*lin"gui*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. o f findere to split) + lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards. [Written also Fissilingues.]

 Fis*sil"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being fissile.

 Fis"sion (?), n. [L. fissio. See Fissure.] 1. A cleaving, splitting, or breaking up into parts.

2. (Biol.) A method of asexual reproduction among the lowest (unicellular) organisms by means of a process of self-division, consisting of gradual division or cleavage of the into two parts, each of which then becomes a separate and independent organisms; as when a cell in an animal or plant, or its germ, undergoes a spontaneous division, and the parts again subdivide. See Segmentation, and Cell division, under Division.

3. (Zoöl.) A process by which certain coral polyps, echinoderms, annelids, etc., spontaneously subdivide, each individual thus forming two or more new ones. See Strobilation.

 Fis'si*pal"mate (?), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + palma palm.] (Zoöl.) Semipalmate and loboped, as a grebe's foot. See Illust. under Aves.

 ||Fis*sip"a*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Fissiparous.] (Zoöl.)
 Animals which reproduce by fission.

 Fis*sip"a*rism (?), n. [See Fissiparous.] (Biol.)
 Reproduction by spontaneous fission.

 Fis'si*par"i*ty (?), n. (Biol.) Quality of being fissiparous; fissiparism.

 Fis*sip"a*rous (?), a. [L. fissus (p. p. of findere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. fissipare.] (Biol.)
 Reproducing by spontaneous fission. See Fission. -- Fis*sip"a*rous*ly, adv.
 Fis'si*pa"tion (?), n. (Biol.) Reproduction by fission; fissiparism.

 { Fis"si*ped (?), Fis*sip"e*dal (?) }, a. [Cf. F. fissipède.]
 (Zoöl.) Having the toes separated to the base. [See Aves.]

 Fis"si*ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fissipedia.

 ||Fis'si*pe"di*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fissus (p. p. of findere to cleave) + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.)
 A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; -- opposed to Pinnipedia.

 Fis'si*ros"tral (?), a. [Cf. F. fissirostre.] (Zoöl.)
 Having the bill cleft beyond the horny part, as in the case of swallows and goatsuckers.

 ||Fis'si*ros"tres (?), n. pl


THE PURCELL PAPERS.

 BY THE LATE JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU, AUTHOR OF 'UNCLE SILAS.'

 With a Memoir by ALFRED PERCEVAL GRAVES IN THREE VOLUMES.

 VOL. I. Contents MEMOIR OF JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU.
 THE GHOST AND THE BONE SETTER.
 THE FORTUNES OF SIR ROBERT ARDAGH.
 THE LAST HEIR OF CASTLE CONNOR.
 THE DRUNKARD'S DREAM.

 MEMOIR OF JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU.

 A noble Huguenot family, owning considerable property in Normandy, the Le Fanus of Caen, were, upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, deprived of their ancestral estates of Mandeville, Sequeville, and Cresseron; but, owing to their possessing influential relatives at the court of Louis the Fourteenth, were allowed to quit their country for England, unmolested, with their personal property. We meet with John Le Fanu de Sequeville and Charles Le Fanu de Cresseron, as cavalry officers in William the Third's army; Charles being so distinguished a member of the King's staff that he was presented with William's portrait from his master's own hand. He afterwards served as a major of dragoons under Marlborough.

 At the beginning of the eighteenth century, William Le Fanu was the sole survivor of his family. He married Henrietta Raboteau de Puggibaut, the last of another great and noble Huguenot family, whose escape from France, as a child, by the aid of a Roman Catholic uncle in high position at the French court, was effected after adventures of the most romantic danger.

 Joseph Le Fanu, the eldest of the sons of this marriage who left issue, held the office of Clerk of the Coast in Ireland. He married for the second time Alicia, daughter of Thomas Sheridan and sister of Richard Brinsley Sheridan; his brother, Captain Henry Le Fanu, of Leamington, being united to the only other sister of the great wit and orator.

 Dean Thomas Philip Le Fanu, the eldest son of Joseph Le Fanu, became by his wife Emma, daughter of Dr. Dobbin, F.T.C.D., the father of Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, the subject of this memoir, whose name is so familiar to English and American readers as one of the greatest masters of the weird and the terrible amongst our modern novelists.

 Born in Dublin on the 28th of August, 1814, he did not begin to speak until he was more than two years of age; but when he had once started, the boy showed an unusual aptitude in acquiring fresh words, and using them correctly.

 The first evidence of literary taste which he gave was in his sixth year, when he made several little sketches with explanatory remarks written beneath them, after the manner of Du Maurier's, or Charles Keene's humorous illustrations in 'Punch.'

 One of these, preserved long afterwards by his mother, represented a balloon in mid-air, and two aeronauts, who had occupied it, falling headlong to earth, the disaster being explained by these words: 'See the effects of trying to go to Heaven.'

 As a mere child, he was a remarkably good actor, both in tragic and comic pieces, and was hardly twelve years old when he began to write verses of singular spirit for one so young. At fourteen, he produced a long Irish poem, which he never permitted anyone but his mother and brother to read.
 To that brother, Mr. William Le Fanu, Commissioner of Public Works, Ireland, to whom, as the suggester of Sheridan Le Fanu's 'Phaudrig Croohore' and 'Shamus O'Brien,' Irish ballad literature owes a delightful debt, and whose richly humorous and passionately pathetic powers as a raconteur of these poems have only doubled that obligation in the hearts of those who have been happy enough to be his hearers—to Mr. William Le Fanu we are indebted for the following extracts from the first of his works, which the boy-author seems to have set any store by: To Mr. William Le Fanu we are further indebted for the accompanying specimens of his brother's serious and humorous powers in verse, written when he was quite a lad, as valentines to a Miss G. K.: 'My dear good Madam, You can't think how very sad I'm. I sent you, or I mistake myself foully, A very excellent imitation of the poet Cowley, Containing three very fair stanzas, Which number Longinus, a very critical man, says, And Aristotle, who was a critic ten times more caustic, To a nicety fits a valentine or an acrostic. And yet for all my pains to this moving epistle, I have got no answer, so I suppose I may go whistle.
 Perhaps you'd have preferred that like an old monk I had pattered on In the style and after the manner of the unfortunate Chatterton; Or that, unlike my reverend daddy's son, I had attempted the classicalities of the dull, though immortal Addison.

 But besides the poetical powers with which he was endowed, in common with the great Brinsley, Lady Dufferin, and the Hon. Mrs. Norton, young Sheridan Le Fanu also possessed an irresistible humour and oratorical gift that, as a student of Old Trinity, made him a formidable rival of the best of the young debaters of his time at the 'College Historical,' not a few of whom have since reached the highest eminence at the Irish Bar, after having long enlivened and charmed St. Stephen's by their wit and oratory.

 Amongst his compeers he was remarkable for his sudden fiery eloquence of attack, and ready and rapid powers of repartee when on his defence. But Le Fanu, whose understanding was elevated by a deep love of the classics, in which he took university honours, and further heightened by an admirable knowledge of our own great authors, was not to be tempted away by oratory from literature, his first and, as it proved, his last love.

 Very soon after leaving college, and just when he was called to the Bar, about the year 1838, he bought the 'Warder,' a Dublin newspaper, of which he was editor, and took what many of his best friends and admirers, looking to his high prospects as a barrister, regarded at the time as a fatal step in his career to fame.

 Just before this period, Le Fanu had taken to writing humorous Irish stories, afterwards published in the 'Dublin University Magazine,' such as the 'Quare Gander,' 'Jim Sulivan's Adventure,' 'The Ghost and the Bone-setter,' etc.

 These stories his brother William Le Fanu was in the habit of repeating for his friends' amusement, and about the year 1837, when he was about twenty-three years of age, Joseph Le Fanu said to him that he thought an Irish story in verse would tell well, and that if he would choose him a subject suitable for recitation, he would write him one. 'Write me an Irish "Young Lochinvar,"' said his brother; and in a few days he handed him 'Phaudrig Croohore'—Anglice, 'Patrick Crohore.'

 Of course this poem has the disadvantage not only of being written after 'Young Lochinvar,' but also that of having been directly inspired by it; and yet, although wanting in the rare and graceful finish of the original, the Irish copy has, we feel, so much fire and feeling that it at least tempts us to regret that Scott's poem was not written in that heart-stirring Northern dialect without which the noblest of our British ballads would lose half their spirit. Indeed, we may safely say that some of Le Fanu's lines are finer than any in 'Young Lochinvar,' simply because they seem to speak straight from a people's heart, not to be the mere echoes of medieval romance.

 'Phaudrig Croohore' did not appear in print in the 'Dublin University Magazine' till 1844, twelve years after its composition, when


past events; as, "I expect you to write me from Liverpool." "John expects to see his father to-morrow." Among the expressions that can most readily and appropriately be substituted for expect are suspect, suppose, think, believe, presume, daresay.
Over with "After the supper was over with the guests departed." Omit with.
Overflown "The lowlands along the river are overflown." Use overflowed. The perfect participle of overflow is overflowed, not overflown.
Good piece "I have come a good piece to see you." Say "I have come a long distance to see you." Stand a chance "He does not stand any chance of an election." Say, "It is not probable that he will be elected." No more than I could help "As I was not in sympathy with the cause, I gave no more than I could help." So accustomed are we to hearing this awkward, blundering expression that we readily understand the meaning it is intended to convey, and should be sorely puzzled to interpret the correct form. Let us analyze it. I gave five dollars. That much I could not help (giving). I gave no more. Hence, "I gave no more than I could not help." This last form appears to be correct. By changing the phraseology the sentence can be greatly improved.
"I gave no more than I felt compelled to give." "I made my contribution as small as possible." "My gift was limited to the measure of my sense of obligation." Above, More than, Preceding "It is above a week since I heard from my brother." We may say "above the earth," "above the housetops," but in the preceding sentence it is better to say, "It is more than a week since I heard from my brother." "In the above paragraph he quotes from Horace." Say, "In the preceding or foregoing paragraph," etc. The awkwardness of the use of the word above becomes very apparent when the line in which it occurs is found at the top of a page, and the passage to which reference is made appears at the bottom of the previous page.
Climax The Greek word climax means literally a ladder, and implies ascent, upward movement. The best authors use it only in this sense, and not to denote the highest point.
Factor This word, from the Latin factor, a doer, an agent, signifies working, doing, effecting. Its frequent use in the sense of source or part should be avoided.
"All are but factors of one stupendous whole, Whose body Nature is, and God the soul." Pope employs the better word parts.
Hung, Hanged Pictures, signs, bells, and other inanimate objects are hung; men are hanged. While some writers ignore this distinction, the best authorities observe it.
Healthy, Healthful A lady wrote to a paper asking, "Are plants in a sleeping-room unhealthy?" The answer came, "Not necessarily; we have seen some very healthy plants growing in sleeping-rooms." Persons are healthy or unhealthy. A plant or tree is healthy or unhealthy according as it possesses vigor. Food, surroundings and conditions are healthful or unhealthful according as they promote or destroy health.
Idea, Opinion "Many persons think that the interior of the earth is a mass of fire; what is your idea?" Say, "What is your opinion?" Alone, Only "An only child" is one that has neither brother nor sister.
"A child alone" is one that is left to itself. "Virtue alone makes us happy" means that virtue unaccompanied by any other advantages is sufficient to make us happy. "Virtue only makes us happy" means that nothing else can do it.
Grow, Raise, Rear "We grow wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes on our farm." "We raise wheat," etc., would be better. With the same propriety we might use sleep for lodge, and eat for feed, or supply with food; as, "We can eat and sleep fifty persons at one time." The word raise is often incorrectly used in the sense of rear; as, "She raised a family of nine children." It is sometimes employed in the sense of increase, as, "The landlord raised my rent." Increased would be better.
Has went "He goes to school," "He went to school yesterday," "He has gone to the West." Avoid such ungrammatical forms as "He has went," "I have saw." Badly, Greatly Badly is often incorrectly used for greatly or very much, as, "I need it badly," "He was badly hurt." "That fence wants painting badly, I think I'll do it myself," said the economical husband.
"Yes," said his wife, "you had better do it yourself if you think it wants to be done badly." At you "If you don't stop teasing me I will do something at you," meaning "I will punish you." That form of expression is very common in some localities, and it is even more inelegant than common. The use of the preposition to instead of at would be a slight improvement, but the sentence should be entirely recast.
Haply, Happily In the reading of the Scriptures the word happily is sometimes used where the archaic word haply should be employed. In like manner the word thoroughly is substituted for the old form throughly. Both words should be pronounced as they are spelled.
Thanks To say "I thank you" requires but little more effort than to say "Thanks," and it will be received as a more sincere token of thankfulness.
Got to This inelegant expression is often employed where must would serve the purpose better. "This work has got to be done." Say, "Must be done." Hangs on "The cold weather hangs on." Better, "The cold weather continues." Under the Weather "Are you well?" "No; I have been quite under the weather." Substitute sick or ill, for the colloquial expression under the weather.
Again, Against Again is often erroneously used for against; as, "He leaned again the tree for support." Say, "He leaned against the tree for support." Could, Can, Will Could is often incorrectly employed where can or will would be more appropriate.
"Could you lend me a dollar this morning?" If the thought of the inquirer is, "Are you willing to lend," etc., he should have used will instead of could; but if his thought was, "Are you able to lend," or "Do you have a dollar to spare this morning," he should have used can.
Bravery, Courage Bravery is inborn; courage is the result of reason and determination. The brave are often reckless; the courageous are always cautious.
Hate Avoid the use of hate for dislike, and all other intensive words when the thought is more correctly expressed by a milder word.
Pretty, Very Pretty is often incorrectly used in the sense of very or moderately, as "He was pretty badly hurt," "He is a pretty good scholar," "She is pretty wealthy," "Thomas is pretty ugly." So common is this provincialism in some localities that the incongruity of such an expression as the last would pass undiscovered.
Lot, Number The use of lot for number or many is a colloquialism that should be avoided. "He collected a lot (large number) of books on the subject." "A lot of policemen were gathered there" "I ate lots of oranges while I was in Florida." Lead a dance "He led his companion a fine dance." This expression, as generally used, is ironical, and implies that the leader conducts those who are led through experiences unfamiliar to them and usually to their disadvantage. To lead astray, to deceive, to corrupt the morals of, may be substituted for the foregoing inelegant expression.
Try and "Have you been to the country this summer?" "No; but I will try and go next week.". The second speaker intends to convey the idea that it is his purpose


U*biq"ui*ta*ry, n.; pl. Ubiquitaries (&?;). 1.
 One who exists everywhere. B. Jonson.
2. (Eccl. Hist.) A ubiquist. Bp. Hall.
 U*biq"ui*tist (?), n. Same as Ubiquist.

 U*biq"ui*tous (?), a. [See Ubiquity.] Existing or being everywhere, or in all places, at the same time; omnipresent. — U*biq"ui*tous*ly, adv.
 In this sense is he ubiquitous.

R. D. Hitchcock.
 U*biq"ui*ty (?), n. [L. ubique everywhere, fr. ubi where, perhaps for cubi, quobi (cf. alicubi anywhere), and if so akin to E. who: cf. F. ubiquité.]
 1. Existence everywhere, or in places, at the same time; omnipresence; as, the ubiquity of God is not disputed by those who admit his existence.

 The arms of Rome... were impeded by... the wide spaces to be traversed and the ubiquity of the enemy.

C. Merivale.
2. (Theol.) The doctrine, as formulated by Luther, that Christ's glorified body is omnipresent.

 U"chees (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians belonging to the Creek confederation.

 Uck'e*wal"list (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of rigid Anabaptists, which originated in 1637, and whose tenets were essentially the same as those of the Mennonists. In addition, however, they held that Judas and the murderers of Christ were saved. So called from the founder of the sect, Ucke Wallis, a native of Friesland. Eadie.
 U"dal ("dal), n. [Icel. ðal allodium, an hereditary estate; akin to Sw. odal allodial, Dan. odel.] In Shetland and Orkney, a freehold; property held by udal, or allodial, right.

 U"dal, a. Allodial; — a term used in Finland, Shetland, and Orkney. See Allodial. Burrill.
 { U"dal*er (?), U"dal*man (?), } n. In the Shetland and Orkney Islands, one who holds property by udal, or allodial, right. Sir W. Scott.
 Ud"der (?), n. [OE. uddir, AS. der; akin to D. uijer, G. euter, OHG. tar, tiro, Icel. jgr, Sw. jufver, jur, Dan. yver, L. uber, Gr. o"y^qar, Skr. dhar.
 √216. Cf. Exuberant.] 1. (Anat.) The glandular organ in which milk is secreted and stored; — popularly called the bag in cows and other quadrupeds. See Mamma.

 A lioness, with udders all drawn dry.

Shak.
2. One of the breasts of a woman. [R.]

 Yon Juno of majestic size, With cowlike udders, and with oxlike eyes.

Pope.
 Ud"dered (?), a. Having an udder or udders.

 Ud"der*less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of an udder.

2. Hence, without mother's milk; motherless; as, udderless lambs. [Poetic] Keats.
 U*dom"e*ter (?), n. [L. udus wet, moist + -meter.] (Meteor.)
 A rain gauge.

 Ugh (), interj. An exclamation expressive of disgust, horror, or recoil. Its utterance is usually accompanied by a shudder.

 Ug"le*some (g"'l*sm), a. [√3. See Ugly.] Ugly. [Obs.] "Such an uglesome countenance." Latimer.
 Ug"li*fy (?), v. t. [Ugly + - fy.] To disfigure; to make ugly. [R.] Mad. D'Arblay.
 Ug"li*ly, adv. In an ugly manner; with deformity.

 Ug"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being ugly.

 Ug"ly (?), a. [Compar. Uglier (?); superl. Ugliest.]
 [Icel. uggligr fearful, dreadful; uggr fear (akin to ugga to fear) + -ligr (akin to E. -ly, like). &?;&?;.
 Cf. Awe.] 1. Offensive to the sight; contrary to beauty; being of disagreeable or loathsome aspect; unsightly; repulsive; deformed.

 The ugly view of his deformed crimes.

Spenser.
 Like the toad, ugly and venomous.

Shak.
 O, I have passed a miserable night, So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams.

Shak.
2. Ill-natured; crossgrained; quarrelsome; as, an ugly temper; to feel ugly. [Colloq. U. S.]

3. Unpleasant; disagreeable; likely to cause trouble or loss; as, an ugly rumor; an ugly customer. [Colloq.]

 Ug"ly (?), n. A shade for the face, projecting from the bonnet.
 [Colloq. Eng.] C. Kingsley.
 Ug"ly, v. t. To make ugly. [R.] Richardson.
 U"gri*an (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A Mongolian race, ancestors of the Finns. [Written also Uigrian.]

 Ug"some (?), a. [&?;&?;. See Ugly.] Ugly; offensive; loathsome. [Obs.] — Ug"some*ness, n. [Obs.] "The horror and ugsomeness of death." Latimer.
 Uh"lan (?), n. [G. uhlan, Pol. ulan, hulan, from Turk. ogln a youth, lad; of Tartar origin.] [Written also ulan, and formerly hulan.] 1. One of a certain description of militia among the Tartars.

2. (Mil.) One of a kind of light cavalry of Tartaric origin, first introduced into European armies in Poland. They are armed with lances, pistols, and sabers, and are employed chiefly as skirmishers.

 ||U*in'ta*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Uinta, the Indian name of the region where the animals were discovered + Gr. qhri'on beast.] (Paleon.)
 An extinct genus of large Eocene ungulates allied to Dinoceras. This name is sometimes used for nearly all the known species of the group. See Dinoceras.

 U*kase" (?), n. [F., fr. Russ. ukas'; pref. u- + kazate to show, to say.] In Russia, a published proclamation or imperial order, having the force of law.

 U"lan (?), n. See Uhlan.

 U*lar"bu*rong (?), n. [From the native Malay name.] (Zoöl.)
 A large East Indian nocturnal tree snake (Dipsas dendrophila). It is not venomous.

 Ul"cer (?), n. [F. ulcère, L. ulcus, gen. ulceris, akin to Gr. &?;.] 1. (Med.) A solution of continuity in any of the soft parts of the body, discharging purulent matter, found on a surface, especially one of the natural surfaces of the body, and originating generally in a constitutional disorder; a sore discharging pus. It is distinguished from an abscess, which has its beginning, at least, in


lique arch. See under Oblique. -- Skew back.
 (Civil Engin.) (a) The course of masonry, the stone, or the iron plate, having an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch. (b) A plate, cap, or shoe, having an inclined face to receive the nut of a diagonal brace, rod, or the end of an inclined strut, in a truss or frame. -- Skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. -- Skew curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. See Plane curve, under Curve. -- Skew gearing, or Skew bevel gearing (Mach.), toothed gearing, generally resembling bevel gearing, for connecting two shafts that are neither parallel nor intersecting, and in which the teeth slant across the faces of the gears. -- Skew surface (Geom.), a ruled surface such that in general two successive generating straight lines do not intersect; a warped surface; as, the helicoid is a skew surface. -- Skew symmetrical determinant (Alg.), a determinant in which the elements in each column of the matrix are equal to the elements of the corresponding row of the matrix with the signs changed, as in (1), below.

 (1) 0 2 -3-2 0 53 -5 0 (2) 4 -1 71 8 - 2-7 2 1 This requires that the numbers in the diagonal from the upper left to lower right corner be zeros. A like determinant in which the numbers in the diagonal are not zeros is a skew determinant, as in (2), above.

 Skew (?), n. (Arch.) A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place.

 Skew, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely; to go sidling; to lie or move obliquely.

 Child, you must walk straight, without skewing.

L'Estrange.
2. To start aside; to shy, as a horse. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To look obliquely; to squint; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. Beau. & Fl.
 Skew, v. t. [See Skew, adv.] 1. To shape or form in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position.

2. To throw or hurl obliquely.

 Skew"bald' (?), a. Marked with spots and patches of white and some color other than black; -- usually distinguished from piebald, in which the colors are properly white and black. Said of horses.

 Skew"er (?), n. [Probably of Scand, origin; cf. Sw. & Dan. skifer a slate. Cf. Shuver a fragment.] A pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting.

 Meat well stuck with skewers to make it look round.

Swift.
 Skew"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skewered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Skewering.] To fasten with skewers.

 Skid (skd), n. [Icel. skð a billet of wood. See Shide.]
 [Written also skeed.] 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, attached to a chain, and placed under the wheel of a wagon to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag; a skidpan; also, by extension, a hook attached to a chain, and used for the same purpose.

2. A piece of timber used as a support, or to receive pressure.
 Specifically: (a) pl. (Naut.) Large fenders hung over a vessel's side to protect it in handling a cargo. Totten. (b) One of a pair of timbers or bars, usually arranged so as to form an inclined plane, as form a wagon to a door, along which anything is moved by sliding or rolling. (c) One of a pair of horizontal rails or timbers for supporting anything, as a boat, a barrel, etc.

 Skid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skidded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skidding.] 1. To protect or support with a skid or skids; also, to cause to move on skids.

2. To check with a skid, as wagon wheels. Dickens.
 Skid"daw' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The black guillemot. [Prov.
 Eng.]

 Skid"pan' (?), n. See Skid, n., 1. [Eng.]

 Skied (?), imp. & p. p. of Sky, v. t. Ski"ey (?), a. See Skyey. Shelley.
 Skiff (?), n. [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff.
 See Ship.] A small, light boat.

 The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff.

Milton.
Skiff caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of a moth (Limacodes scapha); -- so called from its peculiar shape.

 Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skiffing.] To navigate in a skiff. [R.]

 Skif"fling (?), n. (Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections; knobbing.

 Skil"der (?), v. i. To beg; to pilfer; to skelder. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Skil"ful (?), a. See Skilful.

 Skill (?), n. [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment; akin to skilja to separate, divide, distinguish, Sw. skilja,. skille to separate, skiel reason, right, justice, Sw. skäl reason, Lith. skelli to cleave. Cf. Shell, Shoal, a multitude.] 1.
 Discrimination; judgment; propriety; reason; cause. [Obs.] Shak.
 "As it was skill and right." Chaucer.
 For great skill is, he prove that he wrought.

 [For with good reason he should test what he created.] Chaucer.
2. Knowledge; understanding. [Obsoles.]

 That by his fellowship he color might Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.

Spenser.
 Nor want we skill or art.

Milton.
3. The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes; power to discern and execute; ability to perceive and perform; expertness; aptitude; as, the skill of a mathematician, physician, surgeon, mechanic, etc.

 Phocion,... by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted Alexander from the conquest of Athens.

Swift.
 Where patience her sweet skill imparts.

Keble.
4. Display of art; exercise of ability; contrivance; address. [Obs.]

 Richard... by a thousand princely skills, gathering so much corn as if he meant not to return.

Fuller.
5. Any particular art. [Obs.]

 Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning unskillful.

Hooker.
Syn. -- Dexterity; adroitness; expertness; art; aptitude; ability.
 -- Skill, Dexterity, Adroitness. Skill is more intelligent, denoting familiar knowledge united to readiness of performance. Dexterity, when applied to the body, is more mechanical, and refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness involves the same image with dexterity, and differs from it as implaying a general facility of movement (especially in avoidance of danger or in escaping from a difficalty). The same distinctions apply to the figurative sense of the words. A man is skillful in any employment when he understands both its theory and


and divine grace.

 Jan"sen*ist, n. [F. Janséniste.] (Eccl. Hist.)
 A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace.

 Jant (?), v. i. See Jaunt.

 ||Jan"thi*na (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Ianthina.

 Jan"ti*ly (?), adv. See Jauntily.

 Jan"ti*ness, n. See Jauntiness.

 ||Jan"tu (?) n. A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight.
 Jan"ty (?), a. See Jaunty.

 Jan"u*a*ry (?), n. [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. y to go.] The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

 Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25.

 Ja"nus (?), n. [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith.
Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, -- used for reversible garments.

 Ja"nus-faced' (?), a. Doublefaced; deceitful.

Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently.
 Knight.
 Ja"nus-head'ed (?), a. Doubleheaded.

 Ja*pan" (j*pn"), n. [From Japan, the country.] Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also, the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.

 Ja*pan", a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as, Japan ware.

Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. -- Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; -- called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. -- Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. -- Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. -- Japan earth. See Catechu. -- Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry.
 -- Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac.

 Ja*pan" (j*pn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned (j*pnd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.]

1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer.

2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay.
 Jap'a*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants.

 Jap'a*nese", n. sing. & pl.
1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan.

2. sing. The language of the people of Japan.

 Ja*panned" (?), a. Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner.

Japanned leather, leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight.
 Ja*pan"ner (?), n. 1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art.

2. A bootblack. [R.]

 Ja*pan"ning (?), n. The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner.

 Ja*pan"nish (?), a. After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle.
 Jape (?), v. i. [Prob. from the same source as gab, influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.] To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Jape, v. t. To mock; to trick. Chaucer.
 I have not been putting a jape upon you.

Sir W. Scott.
 The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape.

W. Besant.
 Jap"er (?), n. A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Jap"er*y (?), n. [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.] Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ja"pheth*ite (?), n. A Japhetite. Kitto.
 Ja*phet"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as, Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages.

 Ja"phet*ite (?), n. A descendant of Japheth.

 Ja*pon"i*ca (?), n. [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.)
 A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

 Jar (jär), n. [See Ajar.] A turn. [Only in phrase.]

On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door.

 Jar (jär), n. [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.] 1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as, a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden.
2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as, a jar of oil; a jar of preserves.

Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary.

 Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Jarring (?).] [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.]

1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as, the notes jarred on my ears.

 When such strings jar, what hope of harmony?

Shak.
 A string may jar in the best master's hand.

Roscommon.
2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute.

 When those renowned noble peers Greece Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar.

Spenser.
 For orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist.

Milton.
 Jar, v. t


blossoms in early spring. See Bloodroot.

2. The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc.

 San"gui*na*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sanguinary manner.

 San"gui*na*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sanguinary.

 San"gui*na*ry (?), a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinaire.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed; bloody; murderous; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle.

 We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force consciences.

Bacon.
2. Bloodthirsty; cruel; eager to shed blood.

 Passion... makes us brutal and sanguinary.

Broome.
Syn. -- Bloody; murderous; bloodthirsty; cruel.

 San"gui*na*ry, n. [L. herba sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood: cf. F. sanguinaire. See Sanguinary, a.] (Bot.)
(a) The yarrow. (b) The Sanguinaria.

 San"guine (?), a. [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. sanguis blood. Cf. Sanguineous.] 1. Having the color of blood; red.

 Of his complexion he was sanguine.

Chaucer.
 Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe.

Milton.
2. Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood; as, a sanguine bodily temperament.

3. Warm; ardent; as, a sanguine temper.

4. Anticipating the best; not desponding; confident; full of hope; as, sanguine of success.

Syn. -- Warm; ardent; lively; confident; hopeful.

 San"guine, n. 1. Blood color; red. Spenser.
2. Anything of a blood-red color, as cloth. [Obs.]

 In sanguine and in pes he clad was all.

Chaucer.
3. (Min.) Bloodstone.

4. Red crayon. See the Note under Crayon, 1.

 San"guine, v. t. To stain with blood; to impart the color of blood to; to ensanguine.

 San"guine*less, a. Destitute of blood; pale. [R.]

 San"guine*ly, adv. In a sanguine manner.

 I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does.

Burke.
 San"guine*ness, n. The quality of being sanguine.

 San*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. sanguineus. See Sanguine.] 1.
 Abounding with blood; sanguine.

2. Of or pertaining to blood; bloody; constituting blood. Sir T. Browne.
3. Blood-red; crimson. Keats.
 san*guin"i*ty, n. The quality of being sanguine; sanguineness. Swift.
 San"gui*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis + vorare to devour.]
 Subsisting on blood.

 San*guin"o*len*cy (?), n. The state of being sanguinolent, or bloody.

 San*guin"o*lent (?), a. [L. sanguinolentus, from sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinolent.] Tinged or mingled with blood; bloody; as, sanguinolent sputa.

 San"gui*suge (?), n. [L. sanguisuga; sanguis blood + sugere to suck.] (Zoöl.) A bloodsucker, or leech.

 San*guiv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Subsisting upon blood; -- said of certain blood-sucking bats and other animals. See Vampire.

 { San"he*drin (?), San"he*drim (?) }, n. [Heb. sanhedrn, fr.
 Gr. &?;; &?; with + &?; a seat, fr. &?; to sit. See Sit.]
 (Jewish Antiq.) the great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction of religious matters.

 San"he*drist (?), n. A member of the sanhedrin. Schaeffer (Lange's Com.).
 ||San"hi*ta (?), n. [Skr. samhita, properly, combination.] A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda.

 San"i*cle (?), n. [F., from L. sanare to heal.] (Bot.)
 Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sanicula, reputed to have healing powers.

 San"i*dine (?), n. [Gr. &?;. &?;, a board. So called in allusion to the tabular crystals.] (Min.) A variety of orthoclase feldspar common in certain eruptive rocks, as trachyte; -- called also glassy feldspar.

 ||Sa"ni*es (?), n. [L.] (Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds.

 Sa"ni*ous (?), a. [L. saniosus, fr. sanies: cf. F. sanieux.]
 1. (Med.) Pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as, the sanious matter of an ulcer.

2. (med.) Discharging sanies; as, a sanious ulcer.

 San'i*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to health, or the laws of health; sanitary.

 San'i*ta"ri*an, n. An advocate of sanitary measures; one especially interested or versed in sanitary measures.

 San"i*ta*rist (?), n. A sanitarian.

 San'i*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanitary.] A health station or retreat; a sanatorium. "A sanitarium for troops." L. Oliphant.
 San"i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sanitas health: cf. F. sanitaire.
 See Sanity.] Of or pertaining to health; designed to secure or preserve health; relating to the preservation or restoration of health; hygienic; as, sanitary regulations. See the Note under Sanatory.

Sanitary Commission. See under Commission.

 San'i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of rendering sanitary; the science of sanitary conditions; the preservation of health; the use of sanitary measures; hygiene.

 How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century.

H. Hartshorne.
 San"i*ty (?), n. [L. sanitas, from sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] The condition or quality of being sane; soundness of health of body or mind, especially of the mind; saneness.

 San"jak (?), n. [Turk. sanjg.] A district or a subvision of a vilayet. [Turkey] Sank (?), imp. of Sink.

 ||Sank"ha (?), n. [Skr. çankha a shell.] A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell.

 ||Sankh"ya (?), n. A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness. Whitworth.
 San"nop (sn"np), n. Same as Sannup. Bancroft.
 San"nup (-np), n. A male Indian; a brave; -- correlative of squaw.

 San"ny (?), n. The sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

 ||Sans


engage in making public addresses for electioneering purposes; -- a phrase derived from the practice of using a stump for a speaker's platform in newly-settled districts. Hence also the phrases stump orator, stump speaker, stump speech, stump oratory, etc. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumping.] 1. To cut off a part of; to reduce to a stump; to lop.

 Around the stumped top soft moss did grow.

Dr. H. More.
2. To strike, as the toes, against a stone or something fixed; to stub. [Colloq.]

3. To challenge; also, to nonplus. [Colloq.]

4. To travel over, delivering speeches for electioneering purposes; as, to stump a State, or a district. See To go on the stump, under Stump, n. [Colloq. U.S.]

5. (Cricket) (a) To put (a batsman) out of play by knocking off the bail, or knocking down the stumps of the wicket he is defending while he is off his allotted ground; -- sometimes with out.
 T. Hughes. (b) To bowl down the stumps of, as, of a wicket.

 A herd of boys with clamor bowled, And stumped the wicket.

Tennyson.
To stump it. (a) To go afoot; hence, to run away; to escape.
 [Slang] Ld. Lytton. (b) To make electioneering speeches.
 [Colloq. U.S.]

 Stump, v. i. To walk clumsily, as if on stumps.

To stump up, to pay cash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Stump"age (?), n. 1. Timber in standing trees, -- often sold without the land at a fixed price per tree or per stump, the stumps being counted when the land is cleared. [Local, U.S.]

 Only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land.

C. S. Sargent.
2. A tax on the amount of timber cut, regulated by the price of lumber. [Local, U.S.] The Nation.
 Stump"er (?), n. 1. One who stumps.

2. A boastful person. [Slang] 3. A puzzling or incredible story. [Slang, U.S.]

 Stump"i*ness (?), n. The state of being stumpy.

 Stump"-tailed' (?), a. Having a short, thick tail.

Stump-tailed lizard (Zoöl.), a singular Australian scincoid lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus) having a short, thick tail resembling its head in form; -- called also sleeping lizard.

 Stump"y (?), a. 1. Full of stumps; hard; strong.

2. Short and thick; stubby. [Colloq.] "A stumpy little man."
 J. C. Harris.
 Stun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stunning.] [OE. stonien, stownien; either fr. AS. stunian to resound (cf. D. stenen to groan, G. stöhnen, Icel. stynja, Gr. &?;, Skr. stan to thunder, and E. thunder), or from the same source as E. astonish. √168.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by violence; to render senseless by a blow, as on the head.

 One hung a poleax at his saddlebow, And one a heavy mace to stun the foe.

Dryden.
2. To dull or deaden the sensibility of; to overcome; especially, to overpower one's sense of hearing.

 And stunned him with the music of the spheres.

Pope.
3. To astonish; to overpower; to bewilder.

 William was quite stunned at my discourse.

De Foe.
 Stun, n. The condition of being stunned.

 Stung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sting.

 Stunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Stink.

 Stun"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stuns.

2. Something striking or amazing in quality; something of extraordinary excellence. [Slang] Thackeray.
 Stun"ning (?), a. 1. Overpowering consciousness; overpowering the senses; especially, overpowering the sense of hearing; confounding with noise.

2. Striking or overpowering with astonishment, especially on account of excellence; as, stunning poetry. [Slang] C. Kingsley.
 -- Stun"ning*ly, adv. [Slang] Stun"sail (?), n. (Naut.) A contraction of Studding sail.

 With every rag set, stunsails, sky scrapers and all.

Lowell.
 Stunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunted (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stunting.] [See Stint.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to prevent the growth of; to stint, to dwarf; as, to stunt a child; to stunt a plant.

 When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, and stunt the growth of its active energies, the ill or may do is beyond all calculation.

Burke.
 Stunt (?), n. 1. A check in growth; also, that which has been checked in growth; a stunted animal or thing.

2. Specifically: A whale two years old, which, having been weaned, is lean, and yields but little blubber.

 Stunt"ed, a. Dwarfed. -- Stunt"ed*ness, n. Stunt"ness, n. Stuntedness; brevity. [R.] Earle.
 ||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [Skr. stpa.] A mound or monument commemorative of Buddha.

 ||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [L.] (Med.) See 1st Stupe.

 Stupe (?), n. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf.
 Stop, v. t.] (Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm water or medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore.

 Stupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuping.] To foment with a stupe. Wiseman.
 Stupe, n. [See Stupid.] A stupid person. [Obs.]

 Stu'pe*fa"cient (?), a. [L. stupefaciens, p. pr. of stupefacere to stupefy; stupere to be stupefied + facere to make. Cf.
 Stupefy.] [Written also stupifacient.] Producing stupefaction; stupefactive. -- n. (Med.) Anything promoting stupefaction; a narcotic.

 Stu'pe*fac"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stupéfaction. See Stupefacient.] The act of stupefying, or the state of being stupefied.
 [Written also stupifaction.]

 Resistance of the dictates of conscience brings a hardness and stupefaction upon it.

South.
 Stu'pe*fac"tive (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. stupéfactif, LL. stupefactivus.] Same as Stupefacient. [Written also stupifactive.]

 Stu"pe*fied (?), a. Having been made stupid.

 Stu"pe*fied'ness, n. Quality of being stupid.

 Stu"pe*fi'er (?), n. One who, or that which, stupefies; a stupefying agent.

 Stu"pe*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stupefied (?); p. pr.


t. 1. To strike or seize with the talons; to pierce, as with the talons. [Archaic] Stooped from his highest pitch to pounce a wren.

Cowper.
 Now pounce him lightly, And as he roars and rages, let's go deeper.

J. Fletcher.
2. To punch; to perforate; to stamp holes in, or dots on, by way of ornament. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.
 Pounce, v. i. To fall suddenly and seize with the claws; -- with on or upon; as, a hawk pounces upon a chicken. Also used figuratively.

 Derision is never so agonizing as when it pounces on the wanderings of misguided sensibility.

Jeffrey.
 Pounced (?), a. 1. Furnished with claws or talons; as, the pounced young of the eagle. Thomson.
2. Ornamented with perforations or dots. [Obs.] "Gilt bowls pounced and pierced." Holinshed.
 Poun"cet box' (?). [Cf. F. poncette, fr. ponce pounce. See Pounce a powder.] A box with a perforated lid, for sprinkling pounce, or for holding perfumes. Shak.
 Poun"cing (?), n. 1. The art or practice of transferring a design by means of pounce.

2. Decorative perforation of cloth. [Obs.]

 Pound (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pounding.] [OE. pounen, AS. punian to bruise. Cf.
 Pun a play on words.] 1. To strike repeatedly with some heavy instrument; to beat.

 With cruel blows she pounds her blubbered cheeks.

Dryden.
2. To comminute and pulverize by beating; to bruise or break into fine particles with a pestle or other heavy instrument; as, to pound spice or salt.

 Pound, v. i. 1. To strike heavy blows; to beat.

2. (Mach.) To make a jarring noise, as in running; as, the engine pounds.

 Pound, n. [AS. pund an inclosure: cf. forpyndan to turn away, or to repress, also Icel. pynda to extort, torment, Ir.
 pont, pond, pound. Cf. Pinder, Pinfold, Pin to inclose, Pond.] 1.
 An inclosure, maintained by public authority, in which cattle or other animals are confined when taken in trespassing, or when going at large in violation of law; a pinfold. Shak.
2. A level stretch in a canal between locks.

3. (Fishing) A kind of net, having a large inclosure with a narrow entrance into which fish are directed by wings spreading outward.

Pound covert, a pound that is close or covered over, as a shed. -- Pound overt, a pound that is open overhead.

 Pound, v. t. To confine in, or as in, a pound; to impound. Milton.
 Pound, n.; pl. Pounds (#), collectively Pound or Pounds. [AS. pund, fr. L. pondo, akin to pondus a weight, pendere to weigh. See Pendant.] 1. A certain specified weight; especially, a legal standard consisting of an established number of ounces.

 The pound in general use in the United States and in England is the pound avoirdupois, which is divided into sixteen ounces, and contains 7,000 grains. The pound troy is divided into twelve ounces, and contains 5,760 grains. 144 pounds avoirdupois are equal to 175 pounds troy weight.
 See Avoirdupois, and Troy.

2. A British denomination of money of account, equivalent to twenty shillings sterling, and equal in value to about $4.86. There is no coin known by this name, but the gold sovereign is of the same value.

 The pound sterling was in Saxon times, about a. d. 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was its twentieth part; consequently the latter was three times as large as it is at present. Peacham.
 Pound"age (?), n. 1. A sum deducted from a pound, or a certain sum paid for each pound; a commission.

2. A subsidy of twelve pence in the pound, formerly granted to the crown on all goods exported or imported, and if by aliens, more. [Eng.] Blackstone.
3. (Law) The sum allowed to a sheriff or other officer upon the amount realized by an execution; -- estimated in England, and formerly in the United States, at so much of the pound. Burrill. Bouvier.
 Pound"age, v. t. To collect, as poundage; to assess, or rate, by poundage. [R.]

 Pound"age, n. [See 3d Pound.] 1. Confinement of cattle, or other animals, in a public pound.

2. A charge paid for the release of impounded cattle.

 Pound"al (?), n. [From 5th Pound.] (Physics & Mech.) A unit of force based upon the pound, foot, and second, being the force which, acting on a pound avoirdupois for one second, causes it to acquire by the of that time a velocity of one foot per second. It is about equal to the weight of half an ounce, and is 13,825 dynes.

 Pound"-breach' (?), n. The breaking of a public pound for releasing impounded animals. Blackstone.
 Pound"cake' (?), n. A kind of rich, sweet cake; -- so called from the ingredients being used by pounds, or in equal quantities.

 Pound"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, pounds, as a stamp in an ore mill.

2. An instrument used for pounding; a pestle.

3. A person or thing, so called with reference to a certain number of pounds in value, weight, capacity, etc.; as, a cannon carrying a twelve-pound ball is called a twelve pounder.

 Before the English reform act of 1867, one who was an elector by virtue of paying ten pounds rent was called a ten pounder.

 Pound"ing (?), n. 1. The act of beating, bruising, or breaking up; a beating.

2. A pounded or pulverized substance. [R.] "Covered with the poundings of these rocks." J. S. Blackie.
 Pound"keep'er (?), n. The keeper of a pound.

 Pound"*rate' (?), n. A rate or proportion estimated at a certain amount for each pound; poundage.

 Poup (?), v. i. See Powp. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pou*part's" lig"a*ment (?). (Anat.) A ligament, of fascia, extending, in most mammals, from the ventral side of the ilium to near the symphysis of the pubic bones.

 Pou"pe*ton (?), n. [See Puppet.] A puppet, or little baby. [Obs.]
 Palsgrave.
 Pour (?), a. Poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pour (?), v. i. To pore. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pour (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pouring.] [OE. pouren, of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwrw to cast, throw, shed, bwrw gwlaw to rain.] 1. To cause to flow in a stream, as a liquid or anything flowing like a liquid, either out of a vessel or into it; as, to pour water from a pail; to pour wine into a decanter; to pour oil upon the waters; to pour out sand or dust.

2. To send forth as in a stream or a


DAMAGED GOODS The Great Play "Les Avaries" of Eugene Brieux Novelized with the approval of the author by Upton Sinclair THE PRODUCTION OF EUGENE BRIEUX'S PLAY, "LES AVARIES," OR, TO GIVE IT ITS ENGLISH TITLE, "DAMAGED GOODS," HAS INITIATED A MOVEMENT IN THIS COUNTRY WHICH MUST BE REGARDED AS EPOCH-MAKING.—New York Times +++Page 4 is a virtually unreadable letter in handwritten script from M. Brieux.+++ Contents PREFACE PRESS COMMENTS ON THE PLAY CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI PREFACE My endeavor has been to tell a simple story, preserving as closely as possible the spirit and feeling of the original. I have tried, as it were, to take the play to pieces, and build a novel out of the same material. I have not felt at liberty to embellish M. Brieux's ideas, and I have used his dialogue word for word wherever possible. Unless I have mis-read the author, his sole purpose in writing LES AVARIES was to place a number of most important facts before the minds of the public, and to drive them home by means of intense emotion. If I have been able to assist him, this bit of literary carpentering will be worth while. I have to thank M. Brieux for his kind permission to make the attempt, and for the cordial spirit which he has manifested.

 Upton Sinclair PRESS COMMENTS ON THE PLAY DAMAGED GOODS was first presented in America at a Friday matinee on March 14th, 1913, in the Fulton Theater, New York, before members of the Sociological Fund. Immediately it was acclaimed by public press and pulpit as the greatest contribution ever made by the Stage to the cause of humanity. Mr. Richard Bennett, the producer, who had the courage to present the play, with the aid of his co-workers, in the face of most savage criticism from the ignorant, was overwhelmed with requests for a repetition of the performance.

 Before deciding whether of not to present DAMAGED GOODS before the general public, it was arranged that the highest officials in the United States should pass judgment upon the manner in which the play teaches its vital lesson. A special guest performance for members of the Cabinet, members of both houses of Congress, members of the United States Supreme Court, representatives of the Diplomatic corps and others prominent in national life was given in Washington, D.C.

 Although the performance was given on a Sunday afternoon (April 6, 1913), the National Theater was crowded to the very doors with the most distinguished audience ever assembled in America, including exclusively the foremost men and women of the Capital. The most noted clergymen of Washington were among the spectators.

 The result of this remarkable performance was a tremendous endorsement of the play and of the manner in which Mr. Bennett and his co-workers were presenting it.

 This reception resulted in the continuance of the New York performances until mid-summer and is responsible for the decision on the part of Mr.
 Bennett to offer the play in every city in America where citizens feel that the ultimate welfare of the community is dependent upon a higher standard of morality and clearer understanding of the laws of health.

 The WASHINGTON POST, commenting on the Washington performance, said: The play was presented with all the impressiveness of a sermon; with all the vigor and dynamic force of a great drama; with all the earnestness and power of a vital truth.

 In many respects the presentation of this dramatization of a great social evil assumed the aspects of a religious service. Dr. Donald C. Macleod, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, mounted the rostrum usually occupied by the leader of the orchestra, and announced that the nature of the performance, the sacredness of the play, and the character of the audience gave to the play the significance of a tremendous sermon in behalf of mankind, and that as such it was eminently fitting that a divine blessing be invoked. Dr. Earle Wilfley, pastor of the Vermont Avenue Christian Church, asked all persons in the audience to bow their heads in a prayer for the proper reception of the message to be presented from the stage. Dr. MacLeod then read the Bernard Shaw preface to the play, and asked that there be no applause during the performance, a suggestion which was rigidly followed, thus adding greatly to the effectiveness and the seriousness of the dramatic portrayal.

 The impression made upon the audience by the remarkable play is reflected in such comments as the following expressions voiced after the performance: RABBI SIMON, OF THE WASHINGTON HEBREW CONGREGATION—If I could preach from my pulpit a sermon one tenth as powerful, as convincing, as far-reaching, and as helpful as this performance of DAMAGED GOODS must be, I would consider that I had achieved the triumph of my life.

 COMMISSIONER CUNO H. RUDOLPH—I was deeply impressed by what I saw, and I think that the drama should be repeated in every city, a matinee one day for father and son and the next day for mother and daughter.

 REV. EARLE WILFLEY—I am confirmed in the opinion that we must take up our cudgels in a crusade against the modern problems brought to the fore by DAMAGED GOODS. The report that these diseases are increasing is enough to make us get busy on a campaign against them.

 SURGEON GENERAL BLUE—It was a most striking and telling lesson. For years we have been fighting these condition in the navy. It is high time that civilians awakened to the dangers surrounding them and crusaded against them in a proper manner.

 MRS. ARCHIBALD HOPKINS—The play was a powerful presentation of a very important question and was handled in a most admirable manner. The drama is a fine entering wedge for this crusade and is bound to do considerable good in conveying information of a very serious nature.

 MINISTER PEZET, OF PERU—There can be no doubt but that the performance will have great uplifting power, and accomplish the good for which it was created. Fortunately, we do not have the prudery in South America that you of the north possess, and have open minds to consider these serious questions.

 JUSTICE DANIEL THEW WRIGHT—I feel quite sure that DAMAGED GOODS will have considerable effect in educating the people of the nature of the danger that surrounds them.

 SENATOR KERN, OF INDIANA—There can be no denial of the fact that it is time to look at the serious problems presented in the play with an open mind.

 Brieux has been hailed by Bernard Shaw as "incomparably the greatest writer France has produced since Moliere," and perhaps no writer ever wielded his pen more earnestly in the service of the race. To quote from an article by Edwin E. Slosson in the INDEPENDENT: Brieux is not one who believes that social evils are to be cured by laws and yet more laws. He believes that most of the trouble is caused by ignorance and urges education, public enlightenment and franker recognition of existing conditions. All this may be needed, but still we may well doubt its effectiveness as a remedy. The drunken Helot argument is not a strong one, and those who lead a vicious life know more about its risks than any teacher or preacher could tell them. Brieux also urges the requirement of health certificates for marriage, such as many clergymen now insist upon and which doubtless will