JOE WILSON AND HIS MATES by Henry Lawson An incomplete glossary of Australian, British, or antique terms and concepts which may prove helpful to understanding this book: "A house where they took in cards on a tray" (from Joe Wilson's Courtship): An upper class house, with servants who would take a visitor's card (on a tray) to announce their presence, or, if the family was out, to keep a record of the visit.

 Anniversary Day: Mentioned in the text, is now known as Australia Day. It commemorates the establishment of the first English settlement in Australia, at Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), on 26 January 1788.

 Gin: An obvious abbreviation of "aborigine", it only refers to *female* aborigines, and is now considered derogatory. It was not considered derogatory at the time Lawson wrote.

 Jackaroo: At the time Lawson wrote, a Jackaroo was a "new chum" or newcomer to Australia, who sought work on a station to gain experience.
 The term now applies to any young man working as a station hand. A female station hand is a Jillaroo. Variant: Jackeroo.

 Old-fashioned child: A child that acts old for their age. Americans would say 'Precocious'.

 'Possum: In Australia, a class of marsupials that were originally mistaken for possums. They are not especially related to the possums of North and South America, other than both being marsupials.

 Public/Pub.: The traditional pub. in Australia was a hotel with a "public" bar—hence the name. The modern pub has often (not always) dispensed with the lodging, and concentrated on the bar.

 Tea: In addition to the regular meaning, Tea can also mean a light snack or a meal (i.e., where Tea is served). In particular, Morning Tea (about 10 AM) and Afternoon Tea (about 3 PM) are nothing more than a snack, but Evening Tea (about 6 PM) is a meal. When just "Tea" is used, it usually means the evening meal. Variant: Tea-time.

 Tucker: Food.

 Shout: In addition to the regular meaning, it also refers to buying drinks for all the members of a group, etc. The use of this term can be confusing, so the first instance is footnoted in the text.

 Sly-grog-shop: An unlicensed bar or liquor-store.

 Station: A farm or ranch, especially one devoted to cattle or sheep.

 Store Bullock: Lawson makes several references to these. A bullock is a castrated bull. Bullocks were used in Australia for work that was too heavy for horses. 'Store' may refer to those cattle, and their descendants, brought to Australia by the British government, and sold to settlers from the 'Store'—hence, the standard draft animal.

 Also: a hint with the seasons—remember that the seasons are reversed from those in the northern hemisphere, hence June may be hot, but December is even hotter. Australia is at a lower latitude than the United States, so the winters are not harsh by US standards, and are not even mild in the north. In fact, large parts of Australia are governed more by "dry" versus "wet" than by Spring-Summer-Fall-Winter.

 —A. L. JOE WILSON AND HIS MATES Author of "While the Billy Boils", "On the Track and Over the Sliprails", "When the World was Wide, and other verses", "Verses, Popular and Humorous", "Children of the Bush", "When I was King, and other verses", etc.

 The Author's Farewell to the Bushmen.

CONTENTS JOE WILSON AND HIS MATES The Author's Farewell to the Bushmen.
 Part I. Joe Wilson's Courtship.
 Brighten's Sister-In-Law.
 'Water Them Geraniums'.
 I. A Lonely Track.
 II. 'Past Carin''.
 A Double Buggy at Lahey's Creek.
 I. Spuds, and a Woman's Obstinacy.
 II. Joe Wilson's Luck.
 III. The Ghost of Mary's Sacrifice.
 IV. The Buggy Comes Home.
 The Writer Wants to Say a Word.
 Part II.
 The Golden Graveyard.
 The Chinaman's Ghost.
 The Loaded Dog.
 Poisonous Jimmy Gets Left.
 I. Dave Regan's Yarn.
 II. Told by One of the Other Drovers.
 The Ghostly Door.
 A Wild Irishman.
 The Babies in the Bush.
 A Bush Dance.
 The Buck-Jumper.
 Jimmy Grimshaw's Wooing.
 At Dead Dingo.
 Telling Mrs Baker.
 A Hero in Dingo-Scrubs.
 The Little World Left Behind.
 The Never-Never Country.

 Part I. Joe Wilson's Courtship.

 There are many times in this world when a healthy boy is happy. When he is put into knickerbockers, for instance, and 'comes a man to-day,' as my little Jim used to say. When they're cooking something at home that he likes. When the 'sandy-blight' or measles breaks out amongst the children, or the teacher or his wife falls dangerously ill—or dies, it doesn't matter which—'and there ain't no school.' When a boy is naked and in his natural state for a warm climate like Australia, with three or four of his schoolmates, under the shade of the creek-oaks in the bend where there's a good clear pool with a sandy bottom. When his father buys him a gun, and he starts out after kangaroos or 'possums. When he gets a horse, saddle, and bridle, of his own. When he has his arm in splints or a stitch in his head—he's proud then, the proudest boy in the district.

 I wasn't a healthy-minded, average boy: I reckon I was born for a poet by mistake, and grew up to be a Bushman, and didn't know what was the matter with me—or the world—but that's got nothing to do with it.

 There are times when a man is happy. When he finds out that the girl loves him. When he's just married. When he's a lawful father for the first time, and everything is going on all right: some men make fools of themselves then—I know I did. I'm happy to-night because I'm out of debt and can see clear ahead, and because I haven't been easy for a long time.

 But I think that the happiest time in a man's life is when he's courting a girl and finds out for sure that she loves him and hasn't a thought for any one else. Make the most of your courting days, you young chaps, and keep them clean, for they're about the only days when there's a chance of poetry and beauty coming into this life. Make the best of them and you'll never regret it the longest day you live. They're the days that the wife will look back to, anyway, in the brightest of times as well as in the blackest, and there shouldn't be anything in those days that might hurt her when she looks back. Make the most of your courting days, you young chaps, for they will never come again.

 A married man knows all about it—after a while: he sees the woman world through the eyes of his wife; he knows what an extra moment's pressure of the hand means, and, if he has had a hard life, and is inclined to be cynical, the knowledge does him no good. It leads him into awful messes sometimes, for a married man, if he's inclined that way, has three


is in typhus, or opium poisoning) as to resemble a pin hole. Dunglison.
 Pu"pil, n. [F. pupille, n. masc. & fem., L. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus boy, pupa girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil of the eye.] 1. A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor or tutor.

 Too far in years to be a pupil now.

Shak.
 Tutors should behave reverently before their pupils.

L'Estrange.
2. A person under a guardian; a ward. Dryden.
3. (Civil Law) A boy or a girl under the age of puberty, that is, under fourteen if a male, and under twelve if a female.

Syn. -- Learner; disciple; tyro. -- See Scholar.

 Pu"pil*age (?), n. The state of being a pupil.

 As sons of kings, loving in pupilage, Have turned to tyrants when they came to power.

Tennyson.
 Pu'pil*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pupillarité. See Pupillary.] (Scots Law) The period before puberty, or from birth to fourteen in males, and twelve in females.

 Pu"pil*la*ry (?), a. [L. pupillaris: cf. F. pupillaire.
 See Pupil.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pupil or ward. Johnson.
2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye.

 Pu'pil*lom"e*ter (?), n. [L. pupilla pupil of the eye + -meter.]
 (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of the pupil of the eye.

 ||Pu*pip"a*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pupiparous.] (Zoöl.)
 A division of Diptera in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa. It includes the sheep tick, horse tick, and other parasites. Called also Homaloptera.

 Pu*pip"a*rous (?), a. [Pupa + L. parere to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) (a) Bearing, or containing, a pupa; -- said of the matured larvæ, or larval skins, of certain Diptera. (b) Of or pertaining to the Pupipara.

 ||Pu*piv"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pupivorous.] (Zoöl.)
 A group of parasitic Hymenoptera, including the ichneumon flies, which destroy the larvæ and pupæ of insects.

 Pu*piv"o*rous (?), a. [Pupa + L. vorare to devour.]
 (Zoöl.) Feeding on the pupæ of insects.

 Pup"li*can (?), n. Publican. [Obs.]

 Pup"pet (?), n. [OE. popet, OF. poupette; akin to F. poupée a doll, probably from L. puppa, pupa, a girl, doll, puppet. Cf. Poupeton, Pupa, Pupil, Puppy.] [Written also poppet.]
 1. A small image in the human form; a doll.

 2. A similar figure moved by the hand or by a wire in a mock drama; a marionette; a wooden actor in a play.

 At the pipes of some carved organ move, The gilded puppets dance.

Pope.
3. One controlled in his action by the will of another; a tool; -- so used in contempt. Sir W. Scott.
4. (Mach.) The upright support for the bearing of the spindle in a lathe.

Puppet master. Same as Puppetman. -- Puppet play, a puppet show. -- Puppet player, one who manages the motions of puppets. -- Puppet show, a mock drama performed by puppets moved by wires. -- Puppet valve, a valve in the form of a circular disk, which covers a hole in its seat, and opens by moving bodily away from the seat while remaining parallel with it, -- used in steam engines, pumps, safety valves, etc. Its edge is often beveled, and fits in a conical recess in the seat when the valve is closed. See the valves shown in Illusts.
 of Plunger pump, and Safety valve, under Plunger, and Safety.

 Pup"pet*ish (?), a. Resembling a puppet in appearance or action; of the nature of a puppet.

 Pup"pet*man (?), n. A master of a puppet show.

 Pup"pet*ry (?), n. Action or appearance resembling that of a puppet, or puppet show; hence, mere form or show; affectation.

Puppetry of the English laws of divorce.

Chambers.
 Pup"py (?), n.; pl. Puppies (#). [F. poupée doll, puppet. See Puppet, and cf. Pup, n.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 The young of a canine animal, esp. of the common dog; a whelp.

2. A name of contemptuous reproach for a conceited and impertinent person.

 I found my place taken by an ill-bred, awkward puppy with a money bag under each arm.

Addison.
 Pup"py, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puppied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Puppying.] To bring forth whelps; to pup.

 Pup"py*hood (?), n. The time or state of being a puppy; the time of being young and undisciplined.

 Pup"py*ish, a. Like a puppy.

 Pup"py*ism (?), n. Extreme meanness, affectation, conceit, or impudence. A. Chalmers.
 Pur (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Purred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purring.] [Of imitative origin; cf. Prov. G. purren.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, as a cat does when pleased.
 [Written also purr.]

 Pur, v. t. To signify or express by purring. Gray.
 Pur, n. The low, murmuring sound made by a cat to express contentment or pleasure. [Written also purr.]

 ||Pu*ra"na (?), n. [Skr. pur&?;, properly. old, ancient, fr. pur formerly.] One of a class of sacred Hindoo poetical works in the Sanskrit language which treat of the creation, destruction, and renovation of worlds, the genealogy and achievements of gods and heroes, the reigns of the Manus, and the transactions of their descendants. The principal Puranas are eighteen in number, and there are the same number of supplementary books called Upa Puranas.

 Pu*ran"ic (?), a. Pertaining to the Puranas.

 Pur"beck beds' (?). [So called from the Isle of Purbeck in England.] (Geol.) The strata of the Purbeck stone, or Purbeck limestone, belonging to the Oölitic group. See the Chart of Geology.

 Pur"beck stone' (?). (Geol.) A limestone from the Isle of Purbeck in England.

 Pur"blind' (?), a. [For pureblind, i. e., wholly blind.
 See Pure, and cf. Poreblind.] 1. Wholly blind. "Purblind Argus, all eyes and no sight." Shak.
2. Nearsighted, or dim-sighted; seeing obscurely; as, a purblind eye; a purblind mole.

 The saints have not so sharp eyes to see down from heaven; they be purblindand sand-blind.

Latimer.
 O purblind race of miserable men.


.
 Last"ing, a. Existing or continuing a long while; enduring; as, a lasting good or evil; a lasting color.

Syn. -- Durable; permanent; undecaying; perpetual; unending. -- Lasting, Permanent, Durable. Lasting commonly means merely continuing in existence; permanent carries the idea of continuing in the same state, position, or course; durable means lasting in spite of agencies which tend to destroy.

 Last"ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. Locke.
2. A species of very durable woolen stuff, used for women's shoes; everlasting.

3. The act or process of shaping on a last.

 Last"ing*ly, adv. In a lasting manner.

 Last"ly, adv. 1. In the last place; in conclusion.

2. at last; finally.

 Lat (lt), v. t. To let; to allow. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lat'a*ki"a (?), n. [Turk.] A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea.

 Latch (lch), v. t. [Cf. F. lécher to lick (of German origin). Cf. Lick.] To smear; to anoint. [Obs.] Shak.
 Latch, n. [OE. lacche, fr. lacchen to seize, As. læccan.]
 1. That which fastens or holds; a lace; a snare. [Obs.] Rom. of R.
2. A movable piece which holds anything in place by entering a notch or cavity; specifically, the catch which holds a door or gate when closed, though it be not bolted.

3. (Naut.) A latching.

4. A crossbow. [Obs.] Wright.
 Latch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latched (lcht); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Latching.] [OE. lacchen. See Latch. n.] 1.
 To catch so as to hold. [Obs.]

 Those that remained threw darts at our men, and latching our darts, sent them again at us.

Golding.
2. To catch or fasten by means of a latch.

 The door was only latched.

Locke.
 Latch"et (?), n. [OE. lachet, from an OF. dialect form of F. lacet plaited string, lace dim. of lacs. See Lace.] The string that fastens a shoe; a shoestring.

 Latch"ing, n. (Naut.) A loop or eye formed on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is attached to the foot of a sail; -- called also latch and lasket. [Usually in pl.]

 Latch"key' (?), n. A key used to raise, or throw back, the latch of a door, esp. a night latch.

 Latch"string' (?), n. A string for raising the latch of a door by a person outside. It is fastened to the latch and passed through a hole above it in the door.

To find the latchstring out, to meet with hospitality; to be welcome. (Intrusion is prevented by drawing in the latchstring.) [Colloq.
 U.S.]

 Late (lt), a. [Compar. Later (lt"r), or latter (lt"tr); superl.
 Latest (lt"st) or Last (lst).] [OE. lat slow, slack, AS. læt; akin to OS. lat, D. laat late, G. lass weary, lazy, slack, Icel. latr, Sw. lat, Dan. lad, Goth. lats, and to E. let, v. See Let to permit, and cf. Alas, Lassitude.]
 1. Coming after the time when due, or after the usual or proper time; not early; slow; tardy; long delayed; as, a late spring.

2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as, a late hour of the day; a late period of life.

3. Existing or holding some position not long ago, but not now; lately deceased, departed, or gone out of office; as, the late bishop of London; the late administration.

4. Not long past; happening not long ago; recent; as, the late rains; we have received late intelligence.

5. Continuing or doing until an advanced hour of the night; as, late revels; a late watcher.

 Late, adv. [AS. late. See Late, a.] 1. After the usual or proper time, or the time appointed; after delay; as, he arrived late; -- opposed to early.

2. Not long ago; lately.

3. Far in the night, day, week, or other particular period; as, to lie abed late; to sit up late at night.

Of late, in time not long past, or near the present; lately; as, the practice is of late uncommon. -- Too late, after the proper or available time; when the time or opportunity is past.

 Lat"ed (?), a. Belated; too late. [Obs.] Shak.
 La*teen" (?), a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to a peculiar rig used in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, esp. on the northern coast of Africa. See below.

Lateen sail. [F. voile latine a sail in the shape of a right-angled triangle; cf. It. & Sp. vela latina; properly Latin sail. See Latin.] (Naut.) A triangular sail, extended by a long yard, which is slung at about one fourth of its length from the lower end, to a low mast, this end being brought down at the tack, while the other end is elevated at an angle or about forty-five degrees; -- used in small boats, feluccas, xebecs, etc., especially in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Some lateen sails have also a boom on the lower side.

 Late"ly (?), adv. Not long ago; recently; as, he has lately arrived from Italy.

 La"tence (?), n. Latency. Coleridge.
 La"ten*cy (?), n. [See Latent.] The state or quality of being latent.

 To simplify the discussion, I shall distinguish three degrees of this latency.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 Late"ness (?), n. The state, condition, or quality, of being late; as, the lateness of his arrival; the lateness of the hour; the lateness of the season.

 La"tent (l"tent), a. [L. latens, -entis, p. pr. of latere to lie hid or concealed; cf. Gr. lanqa'nein, E. lethargy: cf. F. latent.] Not visible or apparent; hidden; concealed; secret; dormant; as, latent springs of action.

 The evils latent in the most promising contrivances are provided for as they arise.

Burke.
Latent buds (Bot.), buds which remain undeveloped or dormant for a long time, but may at length grow. Latent heat (Physics), that quantity of heat which disappears or becomes concealed in a body while producing some change in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or expansion, the quantity being constant for each particular body and for each species of change. -- Latent period.
 (a) (Med.) The regular time in which a disease is supposed to be existing without manifesting itself. (b) (Physiol.)
 One of the phases in a simple muscular contraction, in which invisible preparatory changes are taking place in the nerve and muscle. (c) (Biol.) One of those periods or resting stages in the development of the ovum, in which development is arrested prior to renewed activity.

 La"tent*ly, adv. In a secret or concealed manner; invisibly.

 ||La"ter (?), n.; pl. Lateres (#). [L.] A brick or


. But the Crackling is Superb.
An Anthology on Food and Drink by Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society. Bristol, England: A. Hilger, 1988.
Carol A. Bryant, et al. The Cultural Feast. An Introduction to Food and Society. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1985.
Hilary Wilson. Egyptian Food and Drink. Aylesbury, Bucks, England: Shire, 1988.
Reay Tannahill. Food in History. New York: Stein and Day, 1973.
Charles Bixler Heiser. Seed to Civilization. The Story of Food.
Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Margaret Visser. Much Depends on Dinner. The Extraordinary History and Mythology, Allure and Obsessions, Perils and Taboos, of an Ordinary Meal. Toronto, Ont.: McClelland and Stewart, 1986.
Esther B. Aresty. The Delectable Past. The Joys of the Table, from Rome to the Renaissance, from Queen Elizabeth I to Mrs.
Beeton. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1978.
Maria P. Robbins, Editor. The Cook's Quotation Book. A Literary Feast. Wainscott NY: Pushcart Press, 1983.
The Pleasures of the Table (compiled by Theodore FitzGibbon). New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Charles Dickens. American Notes. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. (pp. 154-155). On the symbolism of food, informative reading can be found in: Carol A. Bryant. The Cultural Feast: An Introduction to Food and Society. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1985.
Lindsey Tucker. Stephen and Bloom at Life's Feast: Alimentary Symbolism and the Creative Process in James Joyce's Ulysses.
Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
In L'aile ou la cuisse (Wing or Drumstick), a 1976 French film directed by Claude Zidi, Luis de Funés became, as the French press put it, "the Napoleon of gastronomy" fighting the barbarian taste of industrial food, seen as a real danger to the authentic taste of France.
At the initiative of the Minister of Culture, a Conseil National des Arts Culinaires (CNAC) was founded in 1989. Culinary art and gastronomic heritage were made part of the French national identity. Awakening of Taste (Le reveil du goût) is a program launched in the elementary schools. A curriculum originating from the French Institute of Taste is used to explain what makes French food taste good. The CNAC provides a nationwide inventory of local foods. A University of Taste (Centre de Goût) would be established in the Loire Valley.
Jean Bottero. Mythes et Rites de Babylone. Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1985.
Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Vol. III, Getränke (Drinks), pp.
303-306; Gewürze (Spices), pp. 340-341; Vol. VI, Küche (Cuisine), pp. 277-298. Berlin/New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1982.
La Plus Vieille Cuisine du Monde, in L'Histoire, 49, 1982, pp.
72-82.
M. Gabeus Apicius. De re conquinaria (rendered into English by Joseph Sommers Vehling, New York: Dover Publications, 1977) first appeared in England in 1705, in a Latin version, based on the manuscripts of this work dating to the 8th and 9th centuries. Apicius was supposed to have lived from 80 BCE to 40 CE. This book has since been questioned as a hoax, although it remains a reference text.
Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella. De re rustica. (12 volumes on agriculture. Latin text with German translation by Will Richter). München: Artemis Verlag, 1981.
Roland Barthes. Empire of Signs. New York: Hill and Wang. 1982.
(Originally published in French as L'Empire des Signes, Geneva: Editions d'Art Albert Skira, S.A.
"The dinner tray seems a picture of the most delicate order: its frame containing, against a dark background, various objects (bowls, boxes, saucers, chopsticks, tiny piles of food, a little gray ginger, a few shreds of orange vegetable, a background of brown sauce)…it might be said that these trays fulfill the definition of painting which according to Piero della Francesca is merely demonstration of surfaces and bodies becoming even smaller or larger according to their term" (p. 11).
"Entirely visual (conceived, concerted, manipulated for sight, and even for a painter's eye), food thereby says that it is not deep: the edible substance is without a precious heart, without a buried power, without a vital secret: no Japanese dish is endowed with a center (the alimentary center implied in the West by the rite which consists of arranging the meal, of surrounding or covering the article of food); here everything is the ornament of another ornament: first of all because on the table, on the tray, food is never anything but a collection of fragments, none of which appears privileged by an order of ingestion; to eat is not to respect a menu (an itinerary of dishes), but to select, with a light touch of the chopsticks, sometimes one color, sometimes another, depending on the kind of inspiration which appears in its slowness as the detached, indirect accompaniment of the conversation…." (p. 22).
The writings of the various religions (Koran, Torah, New Testament) contain strictures and ceremonial rules concerning food. For cooking and eating restrictions in various cultures, see Nourritures, Sociétés et Religions: Commensalités (introduction by Solange Thierry). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1990.
On the microwave revolution in cooking, see: Lori Longbotham. Better by Microwave. New York: Dutton, 1990.
Maria Luisa Scott. Mastering Microwave Cooking. Mount Vernon NY: Consumers Union, 1988.
Eric Quayle. Old Cook Books: An Illustrated History. New York: Dutton. 1978; and Daniel S. Cutler. The Bible Cookbook. New York: Morrow, 1985, offer a good retrospective of what people used to eat.
In World Hunger. A Reference Handbook (Patricia L. Kutzner, Santa Barbara CA: ABC-Clio, 1991), the author gives a stark description of the problem of hunger in today's world: "With more than enough food in the world to feed everyone, hundreds of millions of men, women, and children still go hungry" (p. ix).
It is not the first time in history that starvation and famine affect people all over the world. What is new is the scale of the problem, affecting well over one billion human beings. In June, 1974, in the Assessment of the World Food Situation, commissioned by the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the situation was described in terms still unchanged: "The causes of inadequate nutrition are many and closely interrelated, including ecological, sanitary, and cultural constraints, but the principal cause is poverty. This in turn results from socioeconomic development patterns that in most of the poorer countries have been characterized by a high degree of concentration of power, wealth, and incomes in the hands of relatively small elites of national and foreign individuals or groups. […] The percentage of undernourished is highest in Africa, the Far East, and Latin America; the hunger distribution is highest in the Far East (in the range of 60%). Of the hungry, the majority (up to 90%) is in rural areas.
Data is collected and managed by the World Food Council. The Bellagio Declaration, Overcoming hunger in the 1990's, adopted by a group of 23 prominent development and food policy planners, development practitioners, and scientists noticed that 14 million children under the age of five years die annually from hunger related causes.
Among the organizations created to help feed the world are CARE, Food for Peace, OXFAM, Action Hunger, The Hunger Project, Save the Children, World Vision, the Heifer Project. This list does not include the many national and local organizations that feed the hungry in their respective countries and cities.
Science and


affections; 'enanti'os opposite + &?; suffering, affection, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer.] 1. An opposite passion or affection. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. (Med.) Allopathy; -- a term used by followers of Hahnemann, or homeopathists.

 ||E*nan'ti*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; contradiction, fr.
 'enanti'os opposite.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which what is to be understood affirmatively is stated negatively, and the contrary; affirmation by contraries.

 En*arch" (?), v. t. To arch. [Obs.] Lydgate.
 En*arched" (?), a. (Her.) Bent into a curve; -- said of a bend or other ordinary.

 En*ar"gite (?), n. (Min.) An iron-black mineral of metallic luster, occurring in small orthorhombic crystals, also massive. It contains sulphur, arsenic, copper, and often silver.

 En*armed" (?), a. (Her.) Same as Armed, 3.

 En'ar*ra"tion (?), n. [L. enarratio. See Narration.] A detailed exposition; relation. [Obs.] Hakewill.
 ||En'ar*thro"di*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; in + &?;. See Arthrodia.] (Anat.) See Enarthrosis. -- En'ar*thro"di*al, a.
 ||En'ar*thro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; jointed; &?; in + &?; joint.] (Anat.) A ball and socket joint, or the kind of articulation represented by such a joint. See Articulation.

 E*nas"cent (?), a. [L. enascens, p. pr. of enasci to spring up; e out + nasci to be born.] Coming into being; nascent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.
 E'na*ta"tion (?), n. [L. enatare to swim out. See Natation.]
 A swimming out. [Obs.] Bailey.
 E*nate" (?), a. [L. enatus, p. p. of enasci. See Enascent.] Growing out.

 E*na"tion (?), n. (Bot.) Any unusual outgrowth from the surface of a thing, as of a petal; also, the capacity or act of producing such an outgrowth.

 E*naun"ter (?), adv. [Pref. en- + aunter.] Lest that.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 E*nav"i*gate (?), v. t. [L. enavigatus, p. p. of enavigare.]
 To sail away or over. [Obs.] Cockeram.
 En*bat"tled (?), a. Embattled. [Obs.]

 En*bibe" (?), v. t. To imbibe. [Obs.] Skelton.
 En*broud"e (?), v. t. See Embroude.

 En*cage" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encaged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Engaging.] [Pref. en- + cage: cf. F. encager.]
 To confine in a cage; to coop up. Shak.
 En*cal"en*dar (?), v. t. To register in a calendar; to calendar. Drayton.
 En*camp" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encamped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Encamping.] To form and occupy a camp; to prepare and settle in temporary habitations, as tents or huts; to halt on a march, pitch tents, or form huts, and remain for the night or for a longer time, as an army or a company traveling.

 The host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.

1 Chron. xi. 15.
 En*camp", v. t. To form into a camp; to place in a temporary habitation, or quarters.

 Bid him encamp his soldiers.

Shak.
 En*camp"ment (?), n. 1. The act of pitching tents or forming huts, as by an army or traveling company, for temporary lodging or rest.

2. The place where an army or a company is encamped; a camp; tents pitched or huts erected for temporary lodgings.

 A square of about seven hundred yards was sufficient for the encampment of twenty thousand Romans.

Gibbon.
 A green encampment yonder meets the eye.

Guardian.
 En*can"ker (?), v. t. To canker. [Obs.]

 En*cap'su*la"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The act of inclosing in a capsule; the growth of a membrane around (any part) so as to inclose it in a capsule.

 En*car"nal*ize (?), v. t. To carnalize; to make gross. [R.] "Encarnalize their spirits." Tennyson.
 ||En*car"pus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; containing fruit; &?; in + &?; fruit; cf. L. encarpa, pl., Gr. &?;.] (Arch.)
 An ornament on a frieze or capital, consisting of festoons of fruit, flowers, leaves, etc. [Written also encarpa.]

 En*case" (?), v. t. [Cf. Enchase.] To inclose as in a case. See Incase. Beau. & Fl.
 En*case"ment (?), n. [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act of encasing; also, that which encases.

2. (Biol.) An old theory of generation similar to emboîtement.
 See Ovulist.

 En*cash" (?), v. t. (Eng. Banking) To turn into cash; to cash. Sat. Rev.
 En*cash"ment (?), n. (Eng. Banking) The payment in cash of a note, draft, etc.

 En*cau"ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; mark caused by burning, fr. &?;. See Encaustic.] (Med.) An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors. Dunglison.
 En*caus"tic (?), a. [L. encausticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to burn in; &?; in + &?; to burn: cf. F. encaustique. See Caustic, and cf. Ink.] (Fine Arts) Prepared by means of heat; burned in.

Encaustic painting (Fine Arts), painting by means of wax with which the colors are combined, and which is afterwards fused with hot irons, thus fixing the colors. -- Encaustic tile (Fine Arts), an earthenware tile which has a decorative pattern and is not wholly of one color.

 En*caus"tic, n. [L. encaustica, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;): cf. F. encaustique. See Encaustic, a.] The method of painting in heated wax, or in any way where heat is used to fix the colors.

 En*cave" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + cave: cf. F. encaver.
 Cf. Incavated.] To hide in, or as in, a cave or recess. "Do but encave yourself." Shak.
 -ence (?). [F. -ence, L. -entia.] A noun suffix signifying action, state, or quality; also, that which relates to the action or state; as in emergence, diffidence, diligence


, and this, compared with the reading of one in the air, determines the humidity.

 { Hy'gro*met"ric (?), Hy'gro*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. hygrométrique.]
 1. Of or pertaining to hygrometry; made with, or according to, the hygrometer; as, hygrometric observations.

2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture; as, hygrometric substances, like potash.

 Hy*grom"e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. hygrométrie.] (Physics) That branch of physics which relates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, particularly of the atmosphere, with the theory and use of the instruments constructed for this purpose.

 Hy*groph"a*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; wet + &?; to show.] Having such a structure as to be diaphanous when moist, and opaque when dry.

 Hy'groph*thal"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; wet + E. ophthalmic.]
 (Anat.) Serving to moisten the eye; -- sometimes applied to the lachrymal ducts.

 Hy"gro*plasm (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + &?; form, mold.] (Biol.)
 The fluid portion of the cell protoplasm, in opposition to stereoplasm, the solid or insoluble portion. The latter is supposed to be partly nutritive and partly composed of idioplasm.

 Hy"gro*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + -scope: cf. F. hygroscope.]
 (Physics) An instrument which shows whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, without indicating its amount.

 Hy'gro*scop"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. hygroscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or indicated by, the hygroscope; not readily manifest to the senses, but capable of detection by the hygroscope; as, glass is often covered with a film of hygroscopic moisture.

2. Having the property of readily inbibing moisture from the atmosphere, or of the becoming coated with a thin film of moisture, as glass, etc.

 Hy'gro*sco*pic"i*ty (?), n. (Bot.) The property possessed by vegetable tissues of absorbing or discharging moisture according to circumstances.

 Hy'gro*stat"ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; wet + &?;. See Statics.]
 The science or art of comparing or measuring degrees of moisture. Evelyn.
 Hyke (?), n. See Haik, and Huke.

 { Hy"læ*o*saur' (?), ||Hy'læ*o*sau"rus (?), } n. [NL.
 hylaeosaurus, fr. Gr. &?; belonging to a forest (fr. &?; wood) + &?; a lizard.] (Paleon.) A large Wealden dinosaur from the Tilgate Forest, England. It was about twenty feet long, protected by bony plates in the skin, and armed with spines.

 Hy*lar"chi*cal (?), a. [Gr. &?; wood, matter + &?;: cf. F. hylarchique. See Archical.] Presiding over matter. [Obs.] Hallywell.
 Hy"le*o*saur" (?), n. Same as Hylæosaur.

 Hyl"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to matter; material; corporeal; as, hylic influences.

 Hy"li*cist (?), n. [Gr. &?; adj., material, fr. &?; wood, matter.] A philosopher who treats chiefly of matter; one who adopts or teaches hylism.

 Hy"lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter.] (Metaph.) A theory which regards matter as the original principle of evil.

 Hy"lo*bate (?), n. [Gr. &?; one that walks or inhabits the woods: &?; a wood + &?; to go.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Hylobates; a gibbon, or long-armed ape. See Gibbon.

 ||Hy*lo"des (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; woody, wooded, muddy; &?; a wood + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) The piping frog (Hyla Pickeringii), a small American tree frog, which in early spring, while breeding in swamps and ditches, sings with high, shrill, but musical, notes.

 Hy"lo*ism (?), n. Same as Hylotheism.

 Hy"lo*ist, n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter.] Same as Hylotheist.

 Hy*lop"a*thism (?), n. [Gr. &?; matter + &?;, &?;, to suffer.] The doctrine that matter is sentient. Krauth-Fleming.
 Hy*lop"a*thist (?), n. One who believes in hylopathism.

 Hy*loph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; wood + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.)
 Eating green shoots, as certain insects do.

 Hy"lo*the*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter + &?; God.] The doctrine of belief that matter is God, or that there is no God except matter and the universe; pantheism. See Materialism.

 Hy"lo*the*ist, n. One who believes in hylotheism.

 Hy'lo*zo"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to hylozoism.

 Hy'lo*zo"ism (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood, matter + &?; life, fr.
 &?; to live: cf. F. hylozoïsme.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable. [R.] Cudworth.
 Hy'lo*zo"ist, n. A believer in hylozoism. A. Tucker.
 Hy*mar" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wild ass of Persia.

 Hy"men (?), n. [Gr. &?; skin, membrane.] (Anat.) A fold of muscous membrane often found at the orifice of the vagina; the vaginal membrane.

 Hy"men, n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Class Myth.) A fabulous deity; according to some, the son of Apollo and Urania, according to others, of Bacchus and Venus. He was the god of marriage, and presided over nuptial solemnities.

 Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour, There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower.

Campbell.
2. Marriage; union as if by marriage.

Hymen of element and race.

Emerson.
 { Hy'me*ne"al (?), Hy'me*ne"an (?), } a. [L. hymeneius, a., also Hymenaeus, n., Hymen, Gr. &?; the wedding song, also &?; Hymen: cf. F. hyménéal, hyménéen.]
 Of or pertaining to marriage; as, hymeneal rites. Pope.
 { Hy'me*ne"al, Hy'me*ne"an, } n. A marriage song. Milton.
 ||Hy*me"ni*um (?), n.; pl. L. Hymenia (#), E. Hymeniums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a membrane.] (Bot.) The spore-bearing surface of certain fungi, as that on the gills of a mushroom.

 Hy'me*nog"e*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; a membrane + root of &?; to be born.] The production of


express slight augmentation of the positive degree, and sometimes equivalent to very; as, he is ready enough to embrace the offer.

 I know you well enough; you are Signior Antonio.

Shak.
 Thou knowest well enough... that this is no time to lend money.

Shak.
3. In a tolerable degree; -- used to express mere acceptableness or acquiescence, and implying a degree or quantity rather less than is desired; as, the song was well enough.

Enough usually follows the word it modifies.

 E*nough", n. A sufficiency; a quantity which satisfies desire, is adequate to the want, or is equal to the power or ability; as, he had enough to do take care of himself. "Enough is as good as a feast."

 And Esau said, I have enough, my brother.

Gen. xxxiii. 9.
 E*nough", interj. An exclamation denoting sufficiency, being a shortened form of it is enough.

 E*nounce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enounced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enouncing (?).] [F. énoncer, L. enuntiare; e out + nuntiare to announce, fr. nuntius messenger.
 See Nuncio, and cf. Enunciate.] 1. To announce; to declare; to state, as a proposition or argument. Sir W. Hamilton.
2. To utter; to articulate.

 The student should be able to enounce these [sounds] independently.

A. M. Bell.
 E*nounce"ment (?), n. Act of enouncing; that which is enounced.

 E*now" (?). A form of Enough. [Archaic] Shak.
 En*pa"tron (?), v. t. To act the part of a patron towards; to patronize. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*pierce" (?), v. t. [See Empierce.] To pierce. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*quere" (?), v. i. To inquire. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*quick"en (?), v. t. To quicken; to make alive. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 En*quire" (?), v. i. & t. See Inquire.

 En*quir"er (?), n. See Inquirer.

 En*quir"y (?), n. See Inquiry.

 En*race" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + race lineage.] To enroot; to implant. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*rage" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Enraging (?).] [F. enrager to be enraged; pref. en- (L. in) + rage rage. See Rage.] To fill with rage; to provoke to frenzy or madness; to make furious.

Syn. -- To irritate; incense; inflame; exasperate; provoke; anger; madden; infuriate.

 En*rage"ment (?), n. Act of enraging or state of being enraged; excitement. [Obs.]

 En*range" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + range. Cf. Enrank, Arrange.] 1. To range in order; to put in rank; to arrange. [Obs.]
 Spenser.
2. To rove over; to range. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*rank" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + rank.] To place in ranks or in order. [R.] Shak.
 En*rapt" (?), p. a. [Pref. en- + rapt. Cf. Enravish.]
 Thrown into ecstasy; transported; enraptured. Shak.
 En*rap"ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraptured (?; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Enrapturing.] To transport with pleasure; to delight beyond measure; to enravish. Shenstone.
 En*rav"ish (?), v. t. To transport with delight; to enrapture; to fascinate. Spenser.
 En*rav"ish*ing*ly, adv. So as to throw into ecstasy.

 En*rav"ish*ment (?), n. The state of being enravished or enraptured; ecstasy; rapture. Glanvill.
 En*reg"is*ter (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + register: cf.
 F. enregistrer. Cf. Inregister.] To register; to enroll or record; to inregister.

 To read enregistered in every nook His goodness, which His beauty doth declare.

Spenser.
 En*rheum" (?), v. i. [Pref. en- + rheum: cf. F. s'enrhumer.]
 To contract a rheum. [Obs.] Harvey.
 En*rich" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enriched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enriching.] [F. enrichir; pref. en- (L. in) + riche rich. See Rich.] 1. To make rich with any kind of wealth; to render opulent; to increase the possessions of; as, to enrich the understanding with knowledge.

 Seeing, Lord, your great mercy Us hath enriched so openly.

Chaucer's Dream.
2. To supply with ornament; to adorn; as, to enrich a ceiling by frescoes.

3. To make rich with manure; to fertilize; -- said of the soil; as, to enrich land by irrigation.

4. To supply with knowledge; to instruct; to store; -- said of the mind. Sir W. Raleigh.
 En*rich"er (?), n. One who enriches.

 En*rich"ment (?), n. The act of making rich, or that which enriches; increase of value by improvements, embellishment, etc.; decoration; embellishment.

 En*ridge" (?), v. t. To form into ridges. Shak.
 En*ring" (?), v. t. To encircle. [R.]

 The Muses and the Graces, grouped in threes, Enringed a billowing fountain in the midst.

Tennyson.
 En*rip"en (?), v. t. To ripen. [Obs.] Donne.
 En*rive" (?), v. t. To rive; to cleave. [Obs.]

 En*robe" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + robe: cf. OF. enrober.]
 To invest or adorn with a robe; to attire.

 En*rock"ment (?), n. [Pref. en- + rock.] A mass of large stones thrown into water at random to form bases of piers, breakwaters, etc.

 En*roll" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enrolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enrolling.] [Pref. en- + roll: cf. F. enrôler; pref. en- (L. in) + rôle roll or register. See Roll, n.] [Written also enrol.] 1.
 To insert in a roil; to register or enter in a list or catalogue or on rolls of court; hence, to record; to insert in records; to leave in writing; as, to enroll men for service; to enroll a decree or a law; also, reflexively, to enlist.

 An unwritten law of common right, so engraven in the hearts of our ancestors, and by them so constantly enjoyed and claimed, as that it needed not enrolling.

Milton.
 All the citizen capable of bearing arms enrolled themselves.

Prescott.
2. To envelop; to inwrap; to involve. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*roll"er (?), n. One who enrolls or registers.

 En*roll"ment (?), n. [Cf


En*dear"ed*ly (?), adv. With affection or endearment; dearly.

 En*dear"ed*ness, n. State of being endeared.

 En*dear"ing, a. Making dear or beloved; causing love. -- En*dear"ing*ly, adv.
 En*dear"ment (?), n. The act of endearing or the state of being endeared; also, that which manifests, excites, or increases, affection.
 "The great endearments of prudent and temperate speech." Jer.
 Taylor.
 Her first endearments twining round the soul.

Thomson.
 En*deav"or (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeavored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Endeavoring.] [OE. endevor; pref. en- + dever, devoir, duty, F. devoir: cf. F. se mettre en devoir de faire quelque chose to try to do a thing, to go about it.
 See Devoir, Debt.] [Written also endeavour.] To exert physical or intellectual strength for the attainment of; to use efforts to effect; to strive to achieve or reach; to try; to attempt.

 It is our duty to endeavor the recovery of these beneficial subjects.

Ld. Chatham.
To endeavor one's self, to exert one's self strenuously to the fulfillment of a duty. [Obs.] "A just man that endeavoreth himself to leave all wickedness." Latimer.
 En*deav"or, v. i. To exert one's self; to work for a certain end.

 And such were praised who but endeavored well.

Pope.
 Usually with an infinitive; as, to endeavor to outstrip an antagonist.

 He had... endeavored earnestly to do his duty.

Prescott.
Syn. -- To attempt; try; strive; struggle; essay; aim; seek.

 En*deav"or, n. [Written also endeavour.] An exertion of physical or intellectual strength toward the attainment of an object; a systematic or continuous attempt; an effort; a trial.

 To employ all my endeavor to obey you.

Sir P. Sidney.
To do one's endeavor, to do one's duty; to put forth strenuous efforts to attain an object; -- a phrase derived from the Middle English phrase "to do one's dever" (duty). "Mr. Prynne proceeded to show he had done endeavor to prepare his answer." Fuller.
Syn. -- Essay; trial; effort; exertion. See Attempt.

 En*deav"or*er (?), n. One who makes an effort or attempt. [Written also endeavourer.]

 En*deav"or*ment (?), n. Act of endeavoring; endeavor. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*dec"a*gon (?), n. [See Hendecagon.] (Geom.) A plane figure of eleven sides and angles.

 En'de*cag"y*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; eleven + &?; female.] (Bot.)
 Having eleven pistils; as, an endecagynous flower.

 En"de*cane (?), n. [Gr. &?; eleven.] (Chem.) One of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series, C11H24, found as a constituent of petroleum. [Written also hendecane.]

 En'de*caph"yl*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; eleven + &?; leaf.] (Bot.)
 Composed of eleven leaflets; - - said of a leaf.

 En*deic"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to point out, show; &?; in + &?; to show.] Serving to show or exhibit; as, an endeictic dialogue, in the Platonic philosophy, is one which exhibits a specimen of skill. Enfield.
 ||En*deix"is (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; indication. See Endeictic.] (Med.) An indication.

 En*de"mi*al (?), a. Endemic. [R.]

 { En*de"mic (?), En*de"mic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; + &?; the people: cf. F. endémique.] (Med.)
 Peculiar to a district or particular locality, or class of persons; as, an endemic disease.

 An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place, as distinguished from an epidemic disease, which prevails widely at some one time, or periodically, and from a sporadic disease, of which a few instances occur now and then.

 En*dem"ic, n. (Med.) An endemic disease.

 Fear, which is an endemic latent in every human heart, sometimes rises into an epidemic.

J. B. Heard.
 En*dem"ic*al*ly, adv. In an endemic manner.

 En*dem'i*ol"o*gy (?), n. The science which treats of endemic affections.

 En*den'i*za"tion (?), n. The act of naturalizing. [R.]

 En*den"ize (?), v. t. To endenizen. [Obs.]

 En*den"i*zen (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + denizen. Cf.
 Indenizen.] To admit to the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [Obs.]
 B. Jonson.
 End"er (?), n. One who, or that which, makes an end of something; as, the ender of my life.

 En'der*mat"ic (?), a. Endermic.

 En*der"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; in + &?; skin.] (Med.)
 Acting through the skin, or by direct application to the skin.

Endermic method, that in which the medicine enters the system through the skin, being applied either to the sound skin, or to the surface denuded of the cuticle by a blister.

 En*der"mic*al*ly (?), adv. By the endermic method; as, applied endermically.

 ||En"de*ron (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; in + &?; skin.] (Anat.)
 The deep sensitive and vascular layer of the skin and mucous membranes. -- En'de*ron"ic, a. En*di"a*demed (?), a. Diademed. [R.]

 En*di"a*per (?), v. t. [See Diaper.] To decorate with a diaper pattern.

 En*dict" (?), v. t. See Indict.

 En*dict"ment (?), n. See Indictment.

 End"ing (?), n. 1. Termination; concluding part; result; conclusion; destruction; death.

2. (Gram.) The final syllable or letter of a word; the part joined to the stem. See 3d Case, 5.

Ending day, day of death. Chaucer.
 En*dite (?), v. t. See Indite. Spenser.
 En"dive (?), n. [F. endive (cf. Pr., Sp. Pg., & It. endivia), fr. a deriv. of L. intibus, intybus, endive.] (Bot.)
 A composite herb (Cichorium Endivia). Its finely divided and much curled leaves, when blanched, are used for salad.

Wild endive (Bot.), chicory or succory.

 End"less (?), a. [AS. endeleás. See End.] 1.
 Without end; having no end or conclusion; perpetual; interminable; -- applied to length, and to duration; as, an endless line; endless time; endless bliss; endless praise; endless clamor.

2. Infinite; excessive; unlimited. Shak.
3. Without profitable end; fruitless;


lische Schopfungsbericht, 1881, pp. 15, 16) on such pranks of "Auslegungskunst" should be final. Why do the reconcilers take Goethe's advice seriously?— Next Volume


f. F. crystallographique.] Pertaining to crystallography.

 Crys'tal*lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. In the manner of crystallography.

 Crys'tal*log"ra*phy (krs"tal*lg"r*f), n. [Gr. kry'stallos crystal + - graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.]
 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation.

2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization.

 Crys"tal*loid (krs"tal*loid), a. [Gr. kry'stallos crystal + - oid.] Crystal-like; transparent like crystal.

 Crys"tal*loid, n. 1. (Chem.) A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; -- opposed to colloid.

2. (Bot.) One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; -- called also protein crystal.

 Crys'tal*lol"o*gy (krs'tal*ll"*j), n. [Gr. kry'stallos crystal + - logy.] The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies.

 Crys"tal*lo*man'cy (-l?-m?n's?), n. [Gr. kry'stallos crystal + -mancy.]
 Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl.

 Crys'tal*lom"e*try (-l?m"?-tr?), n. [Gr. kry'stallos crystal + -metry.]
 The art of measuring crystals.

 Crys"tal*lur'gy (-l?r'j?), n. [Gr. kry'stallos crystal + 'e'rgon work.] Crystallization.

 Cte"no*cyst (t"n*sst), n. [Gr. ktei's, kteno's, comb + ky'stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory.

 Cte"noid (t"noid or tn"oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. -- n. A ctenoidean.

 Cte*noid"e*an (t*noid"*an), a. (Zoöl.) Relating to the Ctenoidei. -- n. One of the Ctenoidei.

 ||Cte*noid"e*i (-?-?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, comb + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.

 ||Cte*noph"o*ra (t?-n?f"?-r?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, comb + &?;&?;&?;&?; to carry.] (Zoöl.)
 A class of Cœlenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

 Cten"o*phore (t?n"?-f?r), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora.

 { Cten'o*phor"ic (t?n'?-f?r"?k), Cte*noph"o*rous (t?-n?f"?-r?s), } a.
(Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora.

 ||Cten'o*stom"a*ta (t?n'?-st?m"?-t?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, comb + &?;&?;&?;&?;, -&?;&?;&?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

 Cub (kb), n. [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, Ir. & Gael. cu dog; akin to E. hound.] 1. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear.

2. Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, ill-mannered boy.

 O, thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be When time hath sowed a grizzle on thy case? Shak.
 Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubbing.] To bring forth; -- said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. "Cubb'd in a cabin." Dryden.
 Cub, n. [Cf. Cub a young animal.] 1. A stall for cattle.
 [Obs.]

 I would rather have such....in cub or kennel than in my closet or at my table. Landor.
2. A cupboard. [Obs.] Laud.
 Cub, v. t. To shut up or confine. [Obs.] Burton.
 Cu"ban (k?"ban), a. Of or pertaining to Cuba or its inhabitants. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Cuba.

 Cu*ba"tion (k?-b?"sh?n), n. [L. cubatio, fr. cubare to lie down.] The act of lying down; a reclining. [Obs.]

 Cu"ba*to*ry (k?"b?-t?-r?), a. [L. cubator he who lies down, fr. cubare.] Lying down; recumbent. [R.]

 Cu"ba*ture (k?"b?-t?r; 135), n. [L. cubus cube: cf. F. cubature.
 See Cube.] The process of determining the solid or cubic contents of a body.

 Cub"bridge-head' (k?b"r?jj-h?d), n. (Naut.) A bulkhead on the forecastle and half deck of a ship.

 { Cub"by (k?b"b?), Cub"by*hole' (-h?l'), } n. [See Cub a stall.] A snug or confined place.

 Cub"*drawn' (k?b"dr?n'), a. Sucked by cubs. [R.]

 This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch. Shak.
 Cube (k?b), n. [F. cube, L. cubus, fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a cube, a cubical die.] 1. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with six equal square sides.

2. (Math.) The product obtained by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as, 4x4=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of 4.

Cube ore (Min.), pharmacosiderite. It commonly crystallizes in cubes of a green color. -- Cube root. (Math.), the number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the given cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3x3 = 27.
 -- Cube spar (Min.), anhydrite; anhydrous calcium sulphate.

 Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed (k?bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.] To raise to the third power; to obtain the cube of.

 Cu"beb (k?"b?b), n. [F. cub&?;be (cf. It. cubebe, Pr., Sp., Pg., & NL


by the bank of the Tiber. While he is taking his repose, the three-headed monster Cacus, a son of Vulcan and a formidable brigand, comes and steals his cattle, and drags them tail-foremost to a secret cavern in the rocks. But the lowing of the cows arouses Hercules, and he runs toward the cavern where the robber, already frightened, has taken refuge. Armed with a huge flinty rock, he breaks open the entrance of the cavern, and confronts the demon within, who vomits forth flames at him and roars like the thunder in the storm-cloud. After a short combat, his hideous body falls at the feet of the invincible hero, who erects on the spot an altar to Jupiter Inventor, in commemoration of the recovery of his cattle. Ancient Rome teemed with reminiscences of this event, which Livy regarded as first in the long series of the exploits of his countrymen. The place where Hercules pastured his oxen was known long after as the Forum Boarium; near it the Porta Trigemina preserved the recollection of the monster's triple head; and in the time of Diodorus Siculus sight-seers were shown the cavern of Cacus on the slope of the Aventine. Every tenth day the earlier generations of Romans celebrated the victory with solemn sacrifices at the Ara Maxima; and on days of triumph the fortunate general deposited there a tithe of his booty, to be distributed among the citizens.

 In this famous myth, however, the god Hercules did not originally figure.
 The Latin Hercules was an essentially peaceful and domestic deity, watching over households and enclosures, and nearly akin to Terminus and the Penates. He does not appear to have been a solar divinity at all. But the purely accidental resemblance of his name to that of the Greek deity Herakles, 110 and the manifest identity of the Cacus-myth with the story of the victory of Herakles over Geryon, led to the substitution of Hercules for the original hero of the legend, who was none other than Jupiter, called by his Sabine name Sancus. Now Johannes Lydus informs us that, in Sabine, Sancus signified "the sky," a meaning which we have already seen to belong to the name Jupiter. The same substitution of the Greek hero for the Roman divinity led to the alteration of the name of the demon overcome by his thunderbolts. The corrupted title Cacus was supposed to be identical with the Greek word kakos, meaning "evil" and the corruption was suggested by the epithet of Herakles, Alexikakos, or "the averter of ill." Originally, however, the name was Caecius, "he who blinds or darkens," and it corresponds literally to the name of the Greek demon Kaikias, whom an old proverb, preserved by Aulus Gellius, describes as a stealer of the clouds. 111 Thus the significance of the myth becomes apparent. The three-headed Cacus is seen to be a near kinsman of Geryon's three-headed dog Orthros, and of the three-headed Kerberos, the hell-hound who guards the dark regions below the horizon. He is the original werewolf or Rakshasa, the fiend of the storm who steals the bright cattle of Helios, and hides them in the black cavernous rock, from which they are afterwards rescued by the schamir or lightning-stone of the solar hero. The physical character of the myth is apparent even in the description of Virgil, which reads wonderfully like a Vedic hymn in celebration of the exploits of Indra. But when we turn to the Veda itself, we find the correctness of the interpretation demonstrated again and again, with inexhaustible prodigality of evidence. Here we encounter again the three-headed Orthros under the identical title of Vritra, "he who shrouds or envelops," called also Cushna, "he who parches," Pani, "the robber," and Ahi, "the strangler." In many hymns of the Rig-Veda the story is told over and over, like a musical theme arranged with variations. Indra, the god of light, is a herdsman who tends a herd of bright golden or violet-coloured cattle.
 Vritra, a snake-like monster with three heads, steals them and hides them in a cavern, but Indra slays him as Jupiter slew Caecius, and the cows are recovered. The language of the myth is so significant, that the Hindu commentators of the Veda have themselves given explanations of it similar to those proposed by modern philologists. To them the legend never became devoid of sense, as the myth of Geryon appeared to Greek scholars like Apollodoros. 112 These celestial cattle, with their resplendent coats of purple and gold, are the clouds lit up by the solar rays; but the demon who steals them is not always the fiend of the storm, acting in that capacity. They are stolen every night by Vritra the concealer, and Caecius the darkener, and Indra is obliged to spend hours in looking for them, sending Sarama, the inconstant twilight, to negotiate for their recovery. Between the storm-myth and the myth of night and morning the resemblance is sometimes so close as to confuse the interpretation of the two. Many legends which Max Muller explains as myths of the victory of day over night are explained by Dr. Kuhn as storm-myths; and the disagreement between two such powerful champions would be a standing reproach to what is rather prematurely called the SCIENCE of comparative mythology, were it not easy to show that the difference is merely apparent and non-essential. It is the old story of the shield with two sides; and a comparison of the ideas fundamental to these myths will show that there is no valid ground for disagreement in the interpretation of them. The myths of schamir and the divining-rod, analyzed in a previous paper, explain the rending of the thunder-cloud and the procuring of water without especial reference to any struggle between opposing divinities. But in the myth of Hercules and Cacus, the fundamental idea is the victory of the solar god over the robber who steals the light. Now whether the robber carries off the light in the evening when Indra has gone to sleep, or boldly rears his black form against the sky during the daytime, causing darkness to spread over the earth, would make little difference to the framers of the myth. To a chicken a solar eclipse is the same thing as nightfall, and he goes to roost accordingly. Why, then, should the primitive thinker have made a distinction between the darkening of the sky caused by black clouds and that caused by the rotation of the earth? He had no more conception of the scientific explanation of these phenomena than the chicken has of the scientific explanation of an eclipse. For him it was enough to know that the solar radiance was stolen, in the one case as in the other, and to suspect that the same demon was to blame for both robberies.

 The Veda itself sustains this view. It is certain that the victory of Indra over Vritra is essentially the same as his victory over the Panis.
 Vritra, the storm-fiend, is himself called one of the Panis; yet the latter are uniformly represented as night-demons. They steal Indra's golden cattle and drive them by circuitous paths to a dark hiding-place near the eastern horizon. Indra sends the dawn-nymph, Sarama, to search for them, but as she comes within sight of the dark stable, the Panis try to coax her to stay with them: "Let us make thee our sister, do not go away again; we will give thee part of the cows, O darling." 113 According to the text of this hymn, she scorns their solicitations, but elsewhere the fickle dawn-nymph is said to coquet with the powers of darkness. She does not care for their cows, but will take a drink of milk, if they will be so good as to get it for her. Then she goes back and tells Indra that she cannot find the cows. He kicks her with his foot, and she runs back to the Panis, followed by the god, who smites them all with his unerring arrows and recovers the stolen light. From such a simple beginning as this has been deduced the Greek myth of the faithlessness of Helen. 114


some very fine specimens of pottery which are as symmetrical and well finished as if they had been turned on a potter's wheel, and covered with an opaque enamel of stanniferous glaze composed of lead and tin that originated with the Phoenicians, and is as old as history. Can it be possible that the cliff dwellers are a lost fragment of Egyptian civilization?
The cliff ruins in Arizona are not only found in the canons of the Colorado river, but also in many other places. The finest of them are Montezuma's Castle on Beaver creek, and the Casa Blanca in Canon de Chelly. Numerous other ruins are found on the Rio Verde, Gila river, Walnut Canon and elsewhere.
The largest and finest group of cliff dwellings are those on the Mesa Verde in Colorado. They are fully described in the great work[1] of Nordenskiold, who spent much time among them. The different houses are named after some peculiarity of appearance or construction, like the Cliff Palace, which contains more than one hundred rooms, Long House, Balcony House, Spruce Tree House, etc.
He obtained a large quantity of relics, which are also fully described, consisting of stone implements, pottery, cotton and feather cloth, osier and palmillo mats, yucca sandals, weaving sticks, bone awls, corn and beans.
Many well-preserved mummies were found buried in graves that were carefully closed and sealed. The bodies were wrapped in a fine cotton cloth of drawn work, which was covered by a coarser cloth resembling burlap, and all inclosed in a wrapping of palmillo matting tied with a cord made of the fiber of cedar bark. The hair is fine and of a brown color, and not coarse and black like the hair of the wild Indians.
Mummies have been exhumed that have red or light colored hair such as usually goes with a fair skin. This fact has led some to believe that the cliff dwellers belonged to the white race, but not necessarily so, as this quality of hair also belongs to albinos, who doubtless lived among the cliff dwellers as they do among the Moquis and Zunis at the present day, and explains the peculiarity of hair just mentioned.
These remains may be very modern, as some choose to believe, but, in all probability, they are more ancient than modern. Mummies encased in wood and cloth have been taken from the tombs of Egypt in an almost perfect state of preservation which cannot be less than two thousand years old, and are, perhaps, more than double that age. As there is no positive knowledge as to when the cliff dwellers flourished, one man's guess on the subject is as good as another's.
An important discovery was recently made near Mancos, Colorado, where a party of explorers found in some old cliff dwellings graves beneath graves that were entirely different from anything yet discovered. They were egg-shaped, built of stone and plastered smoothly with clay. They contained mummies, cloth, sandals, beads and various other trinkets.
There was no pottery, but many well-made baskets, and their owners have been called the basket makers. There was also a difference in the skulls found. The cliff dwellers' skull is short and flattened behind, while the skulls that were found in these old graves were long, narrow and round on the back.[2] Rev. H. M. Baum, who has traveled all over the southwest and visited every large ruin in the country, considers that Canon de Chelly and its branch, del Muerto, is the most interesting prehistoric locality in the United States. The Navajos, who now live in the canon, have a tradition that the people who occupied the old cliff houses were all destroyed in one day by a wind of fire.[3] The occurrence, evidently, was similar to what happened recently on the island of Martinique, when all the inhabitants of the village of St. Pierre perished in an hour by the eruption of Mont Pelee.
Contemporaneous with the cliff dwellers there seems to have lived a race of people in the adjoining valleys who built cities and tilled the soil. Judged by their works they must have been an industrious, intelligent and numerous people. All over the ground are strewn broken pieces of pottery that are painted in bright colors and artistic designs which, after ages of exposure to the weather, look as fresh as if newly made, The relics that have been taken from the ruins are similar to those found in the cliff houses, and consist mostly of stone implements and pottery.
In the Gila valley, near the town of Florence, stands the now famous Casa Grande ruin, which is the best preserved of all these ancient cities. It was a ruin when the Spaniards first discovered it, and is a type of the ancient communal house. Its thick walls are composed of a concrete adobe that is as hard as rock, and its base lines conform to the cardinal points of, the compass. It is an interesting relic of a past age and an extinct race and, if it cannot yield up its secrets to science, it at least appeals to the spirit of romance and mystery.
Irrigating ditches which were fed from reservoirs supplied their fields and houses with water. Portions of these old canals are yet in existence and furnish proof of the diligence and skill of their builders. The ditches were located on levels that could not be improved upon for utilizing the land and water to the best advantage.
Modern engineers have not been able to better them and in many places the old levels are used in new ditches at the present time.
Whatever may have been the fate of this ancient people their destruction must be sought in natural causes rather than by human warfare. An adverse fate probably cut off their water supply and laid waste their productive fields. With their crops a failure and all supplies gone what else could the people do but either starve or move, but as to the nature of the exodus history is silent.
Just how ancient these works are might be difficult to prove, but they are certainly not modern. The evidence denotes that they have existed a long time. Where the water in a canal flowed over solid rock the rock has been much worn. Portions of the old ditches are filled with lava and houses lie buried in the vitreous flood. It is certain that the country was inhabited prior to the last lava flow whether that event occurred hundreds or thousands of years ago.
It is claimed that the Pueblo Indians and cliff dwellers are identical and that the latter were driven from their peaceful valley homes by a hostile foe to find temporary shelter among the rocks, but such a conclusion seems to be erroneous in view of certain facts.
The cliff dwellings were not temporary camps, as such a migration would imply, but places of permanent abode. The houses are too numerous and well constructed to be accounted for on any other hypothesis. A people fleeing periodically to the cliffs to escape from an enemy could not have built such houses. Indeed, they are simply marvelous when considered as to location and construction. The time that must necessarily have been consumed in doing the work and the amount of danger and labor involved--labor in preparing and getting the material into place and danger in scaling the dizzy heights over an almost impassible trail, it seems the boldest assumption to assert that the work was done by a fleeing and demoralized mob.
Again, it would be a physical impossibility for a people who were only accustomed to agricultural pursuits to suddenly and completely change their habits of life such as living among the rocks would necessitate.
Only by native instinct and daily practice from childhood would it be possible for any people to follow the narrow and difficult paths which were habitually traveled by the cliff dwellers. It requires a clear head and steady nerves to perform the daring feat in safety--to the truth of which statement modern explorers can testify who have made the attempt in recent years at the peril of life and limb while engaged in searching for archaeological treasures.
Judged by the everyday life that is familiar to us it seems incredible that houses should ever have been built or homes established in such hazardous places, or that any people should have ever lived there. But that they did is an established fact as there stand the houses which were built and occupied by human beings in the midst of surroundings that might appall the stoutest heart. Children played and men and women wrought on the brink of frightful precipices in a space so


Saltest.]
 [AS. sealt, salt. See Salt, n.] 1. Of or relating to salt; abounding in, or containing, salt; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt; salted; as, salt beef; salt water. "Salt tears." Chaucer.
2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water; as, a salt marsh; salt grass.

3. Fig.: Bitter; sharp; pungent.

 I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me.

Shak.
4. Fig.: Salacious; lecherous; lustful. Shak.
Salt acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. -- Salt block, an apparatus for evaporating brine; a salt factory. Knight. -- Salt bottom, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences.
 [Western U.S.] Bartlett. -- Salt cake (Chem.), the white caked mass, consisting of sodium sulphate, which is obtained as the product of the first stage in the manufacture of soda, according to Leblanc's process. -- Salt fish. (a) Salted fish, especially cod, haddock, and similar fishes that have been salted and dried for food.
 (b) A marine fish. -- Salt garden, an arrangement for the natural evaporation of sea water for the production of salt, employing large shallow basins excavated near the seashore. -- Salt gauge, an instrument used to test the strength of brine; a salimeter. -- Salt horse, salted beef. [Slang] -- Salt junk, hard salt beef for use at sea. [Slang] -- Salt lick. See Lick, n. -- Salt marsh, grass land subject to the overflow of salt water. -- Salt-marsh caterpillar (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Spilosoma acræa which is very destructive to the salt-marsh grasses and to other crops. Called also woolly bear. See Illust. under Moth, Pupa, and Woolly bear, under Woolly. -- Salt-marsh fleabane (Bot.), a strong-scented composite herb (Pluchea camphorata) with rayless purplish heads, growing in salt marshes. -- Salt-marsh hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under Rail. -- Saltmarsh terrapin (Zoöl.), the diamondback. -- Salt mine, a mine where rock salt is obtained. -- Salt pan. (a) A large pan used for making salt by evaporation; also, a shallow basin in the ground where salt water is evaporated by the heat of the sun. (b) pl. Salt works. -- Salt pit, a pit where salt is obtained or made. -- Salt rising, a kind of yeast in which common salt is a principal ingredient. [U.S.] -- Salt raker, one who collects salt in natural salt ponds, or inclosures from the sea. -- Salt sedative (Chem.), boracic acid. [Obs.] -- Salt spring, a spring of salt water. -- Salt tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Halimodendron argenteum) growing in the salt plains of the Caspian region and in Siberia. -- Salt water, water impregnated with salt, as that of the ocean and of certain seas and lakes; sometimes, also, tears.

 Mine eyes are full of tears, I can not see; And yet salt water blinds them not so much But they can see a sort of traitors here.

Shak.
 -- Salt-water sailor, an ocean mariner. -- Salt-water tailor.
 (Zoöl.) See Bluefish.

 Salt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Salting.] 1. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; to preserve with salt or in brine; to supply with salt; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork; to salt cattle.

2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber.

To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] -- To salt away, To salt down, to prepare with, or pack in, salt for preserving, as meat, eggs, etc.; hence, colloquially, to save, lay up, or invest sagely, as money.

 Salt (?), v. i. To deposit salt as a saline solution; as, the brine begins to salt.

 Salt (?), n. [L. saltus, fr. salire to leap.] The act of leaping or jumping; a leap. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Sal"tant (?), a. [L. saltans, p. pr. of saltare to dance, v. intens. fr. salire to leap: cf. F. sautant. See Sally, v.] 1. Leaping; jumping; dancing.

2. (Her.) In a leaping position; springing forward; -- applied especially to the squirrel, weasel, and rat, also to the cat, greyhound, monkey, etc.

 ||Sal'ta*rel"la (?), n. See Saltarello.

 ||Sal'ta*rel"lo (?), n. [It., fr. L. saltare to jump.] A popular Italian dance in quick 3-4 or 6-8 time, running mostly in triplets, but with a hop step at the beginning of each measure. See Tarantella.

 Sal"tate (?), v. i. [See Saltant.] To leap or dance. [R.]

 Sal*ta"tion (?), n. [L. saltatio: cf. F. saltation.]
 1. A leaping or jumping.

 Continued his saltation without pause.

Sir W. Scott.
2. Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the great artery.

3. (Biol.) An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races.

 We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms.

Huxley.
 ||Sal'ta*to"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.

 Sal'ta*to"ri*al (?), a. 1. Relating to leaping; saltatory; as, saltatorial exercises.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Saltatorious. (b) Of or pertaining to the Saltatoria.

 Sal'ta*to"ri*ous (?), a. Capable of leaping; formed for leaping; saltatory; as, a saltatorious insect or leg.

 Sal"ta*to"ry (?), a. [L. saltatorius. See Saltant, and cf.
 Saltire.] Leaping or dancing; having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing.

Saltatory evolution (Biol.), a theory of evolution which holds that the transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden and marked variations. See Saltation. -- Saltatory spasm (Med.), an affection in which pressure of the foot on a floor causes the patient to spring into the air, so as to make repeated involuntary motions of hopping and jumping. J. Ross.
 Salt"bush' (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian plant (Atriplex nummularia) of the Goosefoot family.

 Salt"cat' (?), n. A mixture of salt, coarse meal, lime, etc., attractive to pigeons.

 Salt"cel*lar (?), n. [OE. saltsaler; salt + F. salière saltcellar, from L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Salary.] Formerly a large vessel, now a small vessel of glass or other material, used for holding salt on the table.

 Salt"er (?), n. One who makes, sells, or applies salt; one who salts meat or fish.

 Salt"ern (?), n. A building or place where salt is made by boiling or by evaporation


PAUL PRESCOTT'S CHARGE.

 By Horatio Alger, Jr.

 Alger Series For Boys. {About 50 Titles} Uniform With This Volume.

 TO The Boys Whose Memory Goes Back With Me To The Boarding School At Potowome This Volume Is Affectionately Dedicated By The Author.

CONTENTS PREFACE PAUL PRESCOTT'S CHARGE I. -- SQUIRE NEWCOME.
 II. -- PAUL PRESCOTT'S HOME.
 III. -- PAUL'S BRILLIANT PROSPECTS.
 IV. -- LIFE IN A NEW PHASE.
 V. -- A CRISIS.
 VI. -- PAUL'S DETERMINATION VII. -- PAUL BEGINS HIS JOURNEY.
 VIII. -- A FRIEND IN NEED.
 IX. -- A CLOUD IN THE MUDGE HORIZON.
 X. -- MR. MUDGE MEETS HIS MATCH.
 XI. -- WAYSIDE GOSSIP.
 XII. -- ON THE BRINK OF DISCOVERY.
 XIII. -- PAUL REACHES THE CITY.
 XIV. -- A STRANGE BED-CHAMBER.
 XV. -- A TURN OF FORTUNE.
 XVI. -- YOUNG STUPID.
 XVII. -- BEN'S PRACTICAL JOKE.
 XVIII. -- MORE ABOUT BEN.
 XIX. -- MRS. MUDGE'S DISCOMFITURE.
 XX. -- PAUL OBTAINS A SITUATION.
 XXI. -- SMITH AND THOMPSON'S YOUNG MAN.
 XXII. -- MR. BENTON'S ADVENTURE.
 XXIII. -- PAUL LOSES HIS SITUATION AND GAINS A FRIEND.
 XXIV. -- PAUL CALLS ON MRS. DANFORTH.
 XXV. -- AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE.
 XXVI. -- A VULGAR RELATION.
 XXVII. -- MR. MUDGE'S FRIGHT.
 XXVIII. -- HOW BEN GOT HOME.
 XXIX. -- DAWKINS IN DIFFICULTIES.
 XXX. -- A TRAP IS LAID FOR PAUL.
 XXXI. -- CONVICTED OF THEFT.
 XXXII. -- RIGHT TRIUMPHANT.
 XXXIII. -- PAUL REDEEMS HIS PLEDGE.
 XXXIV. -- HOW PAUL GOES BACK TO WRENVILLE.
 XXXV. -- CONCLUSION.

 PREFACE "PAUL PRESCOTT'S CHARGE" is presented to the public as the second volume of the Campaign Series. Though wholly unlike the first volume, it is written in furtherance of the same main idea, that every boy's life is a campaign, more or less difficult, in which success depends upon integrity and a steadfast adherence to duty.

 How Paul Prescott gained strength by battling with adverse circumstances, and, under all discouragements, kept steadily before him the charge which he received from his dying father, is fully told; and the author will be glad if the record shall prove an incentive and an encouragement to those boys who may have a similar campaign before them.

 PAUL PRESCOTT'S CHARGE.

 I. SQUIRE NEWCOME.

 "HANNAH!" The speaker was a tall, pompous-looking man, whose age appeared to verge close upon fifty. He was sitting bolt upright in a high-backed chair, and looked as if it would be quite impossible to deviate from his position of unbending rigidity.

 Squire Benjamin Newcome, as he was called, in the right of his position as Justice of the Peace, Chairman of the Selectmen, and wealthiest resident of Wrenville, was a man of rule and measure. He was measured in his walk, measured in his utterance, and measured in all his transactions. He might be called a dignified machine. He had a very exalted conception of his own position, and the respect which he felt to be his due, not only from his own household, but from all who approached him. If the President of the United States had called upon him, Squire Newcome would very probably have felt that he himself was the party who conferred distinction, and not received it.

 Squire Newcome was a widower. His wife, who was as different from himself as could well be conceived, did not live long after marriage. She was chilled to death, as it was thought, by the dignified iceberg of whose establishment she had become a part. She had left, however, a child, who had now grown to be a boy of twelve. This boy was a thorn in the side of his father, who had endeavored in vain to mould him according to his idea of propriety. But Ben was gifted with a spirit of fun, sometimes running into mischief, which was constantly bursting out in new directions, in spite of his father's numerous and rather prosy lectures.

 "Han-nah!" again called Squire Newcome, separating the two syllables by a pause of deliberation, and strongly accenting the last syllable,—a habit of his with all proper names.

 Hannah was the Irish servant of all work, who was just then engaged in mixing up bread in the room adjoining, which was the kitchen.

 Feeling a natural reluctance to appear before her employer with her hands covered with dough, she hastily washed them. All this, however, took time, and before she responded to the first summons, the second "Han-nah!" delivered with a little sharp emphasis, had been uttered.

 At length she appeared at the door of the sitting-room.

 "Han-nah!" said Squire Newcome, fixing his cold gray eye upon her, "when you hear my voice a calling you, it is your duty to answer the summons IMMEJIATELY." I have endeavored to represent the Squire's pronunciation of the last word.

 "So I would have come IMMEJOUSLY," said Hannah, displaying a most reprehensible ignorance, "but me hands were all covered with flour." "That makes no difference," interrupted the Squire. "Flour is an accidental circumstance." "What's that?" thought Hannah, opening her eyes in amazement.

 "And should not be allowed to interpose an obstacle to an IMMEJIATE answer to my summons." "Sir," said Hannah, who guessed at the meaning though she did not understand the words, "you wouldn't have me dirty the door-handle with me doughy hands?" "That could easily be remedied by ablution." "There ain't any ablution in the house," said the mystified Hannah.

 "I mean," Squire Newcome condescended to explain, "the application of water—in short, washing." "Shure," said Hannah, as light broke in upon her mind, "I never knew that was what they called it before." "Is Ben-ja-min at home?" "Yes, sir. He was out playin' in the yard a minute ago. I guess you can see him from the winder." So saying she stepped forward, and looking out, all at once gave a shrill scream, and rushed from the room, leaving her employer in his bolt-upright attitude gazing after her with as much astonishment as he was capable of.

 The cause of her sudden exit was revealed on looking out of the window.

 Master Benjamin, or Ben, as he was called everywhere except in his own family, had got possession of the black kitten, and appeared to be submerging her in the hogshead of rainwater.

 "O, you wicked, cruel boy, to drown poor Kitty!" exclaimed the indignant Hannah, rushing into the yard and endeavoring to snatch her feline favorite—an attempt which Ben stoutly resisted.

 Doubtless the poor kitten would have f


JACQUELINE By (Mme. Blanc) Therese Bentzon With a Preface by M. THUREAU-DANGIN, of the French Academy CONTENTS TH. BENTZON JACQUELINE BOOK 1. CHAPTER I. A PARISIENNE'S "AT HOME" CHAPTER II. A CLEVER STEPMOTHER CHAPTER III. THE FRIEND OF THE FAY CHAPTER IV. A DANGEROUS MODEL CHAPTER V. SURPRISES CHAPTER VI. A CONVENT FLOWER BOOK 2. CHAPTER VII. THE BLUE BAND CHAPTER VIII. A PUZZLING CORRESPONDENCE CHAPTER IX. BEAUTY AT THE FAIR CHAPTER X. GISELLE'S CONSOLATION CHAPTER XI. FRED ASKS A QUESTION CHAPTER XII. A COMEDY AND A TRAGEDY CHAPTER XIII. THE STORM BREAKS BOOK 3. CHAPTER XIV. BITTER DISILLUSION CHAPTER XV. TREACHEROUS KINDNESS CHAPTER XVI. THE SAILOR'S RETURN CHAPTER XVII. TWIN DEVILS CHAPTER XVIII. "AN AFFAIR OF HONOR" CHAPTER XIX. GENTLE CONSPIRATORS CHAPTER XX. A CHIVALROUS SOUL TH. BENTZON It is natural that the attention and affection of Americans should be attracted to a woman who has devoted herself assiduously to understanding and to making known the aspirations of our country, especially in introducing the labors and achievements of our women to their sisters in France, of whom we also have much to learn; for simple, homely virtues and the charm of womanliness may still be studied with advantage on the cherished soil of France.

 Marie-Therese Blanc, nee Solms—for this is the name of the author who writes under the nom de plume of Madame Bentzon—is considered the greatest of living French female novelists. She was born in an old French chateau at Seine-Porte (Seine et Oise), September 21, 1840. This chateau was owned by Madame Bentzon's grandmother, the Marquise de Vitry, who was a woman of great force and energy of character, "a ministering angel" to her country neighborhood. Her grandmother's first marriage was to a Dane, Major-General Adrien-Benjamin de Bentzon, a Governor of the Danish Antilles. By this marriage there was one daughter, the mother of Therese, who in turn married the Comte de Solms. "This mixture of races," Madame Blanc once wrote, "surely explains a kind of moral and intellectual cosmopolitanism which is found in my nature. My father of German descent, my mother of Danish—my nom de plume (which was her maiden-name) is Danish—with Protestant ancestors on her side, though she and I were Catholics—my grandmother a sound and witty Parisian, gay, brilliant, lively, with superb physical health and the consequent good spirits—surely these materials could not have produced other than a cosmopolitan being." Somehow or other, the family became impoverished. Therese de Solms took to writing stories. After many refusals, her debut took place in the 'Revue des Deux Mondes', and her perseverance was largely due to the encouragement she received from George Sand, although that great woman saw everything through the magnifying glass of her genius. But the person to whom Therese Bentzon was most indebted in the matter of literary advice—she says herself—was the late M. Caro, the famous Sorbonne professor of philosophy, himself an admirable writer, "who put me through a course of literature, acting as my guide through a vast amount of solid reading, and criticizing my work with kindly severity." Success was slow. Strange as it may seem, there is a prejudice against female writers in France, a country that has produced so many admirable women-authors. However, the time was to come when M. Becloz found one of her stories in the 'Journal des Debats'. It was the one entitled 'Un Divorce', and he lost no time in engaging the young writer to become one of his staff. From that day to this she has found the pages of the Revue always open to her.

 Madame Bentzon is a novelist, translator, and writer of literary essays.
 The list of her works runs as follows: 'Le Roman d'un Muet (1868); Un Divorce (1872); La Grande Sauliere (1877); Un remords (1878); Yette and Georgette (1880); Le Retour (1882); Tete folle (1883); Tony, (1884); Emancipee (1887); Constance (1891); Jacqueline (1893). We need not enter into the merits of style and composition if we mention that 'Un remords, Tony, and Constance' were crowned by the French Academy, and 'Jacqueline' in 1893. Madame Bentzon is likewise the translator of Aldrich, Bret Harte, Dickens, and Ouida. Some of her critical works are 'Litterature et Moeurs etrangeres', 1882, and 'Nouveaux romanciers americains', 1885.

 JACQUELINE BOOK 1.

 CHAPTER I. A PARISIENNE'S "AT HOME" Despite a short frock, checked stockings, wide turned-over collar, and a loose sash around the waist of her blouse in other words, despite the childish fashion of a dress which seemed to denote that she was not more than thirteen or fourteen years of age, she seemed much older. An observer would have put her down as the oldest of the young girls who on Tuesdays, at Madame de Nailles's afternoons, filled what was called "the young girls' corner" with whispered merriment and low laughter, while, under pretence of drinking tea, the noise went on which is always audible when there is anything to eat.

 No doubt the amber tint of this young girl's complexion, the raven blackness of her hair, her marked yet delicate features, and the general impression produced by her dark coloring, were reasons why she seemed older than the rest. It was Jacqueline's privilege to exhibit that style of beauty which comes earliest to perfection, and retains it longest; and, what was an equal privilege, she resembled no one.

 The deep bow-window—her favorite spot—which enabled her to have a reception-day in connection with that of her mamma, seemed like a great basket of roses when all her friends assembled there, seated on low chairs in unstudied attitudes: the white rose of the group was Mademoiselle d'Etaples, a specimen of pale and pensive beauty, frail almost to transparency; the Rose of Bengal was the charming Colette Odinska, a girl of Polish race, but born in Paris; the dark-red rose was Isabelle Ray-Belle she was called triumphantly—whose dimpled cheeks flushed scarlet for almost any cause, some said for very coquetry. Then there were three little girls called Wermant, daughters of an agent de change—a spray of May roses, exactly alike in features, manners, and dress, sprightly and charming as little girls could be. A little pompon rose was tiny Dorothee d'Avrigny, to whom the pet name Dolly was appropriate, for never had any doll's waxen face been more lovely than her little round one, with its mouth shaped like a little heart—a mouth smaller than her eyes, and these were round eyes, too, but so bright, and blue, and soft, that it was easy to overlook their too frequently startled expression.

 Jacqueline had nothing in common with a rose of any kind, but she was not the less charming to look at. Such was the unspoken reflection of a man


A HERO OF OUR TIME By J. H. Wisdom & Marr Murray Translated From The Russian Of M. Y. Lermontov FOREWORD THIS novel, known as one of the masterpieces of Russian Literature, under the title "A Hero of our Time," and already translated into at least nine European languages, is now for the first time placed before the general English Reader.

 The work is of exceptional interest to the student of English Literature, written as it was under the profound influence of Byron and being itself a study of the Byronic type of character.

 The Translators have taken especial care to preserve both the atmosphere of the story and the poetic beauty with which the Poet-novelist imbued his pages.

CONTENTS FOREWORD BOOK I BELA CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI BOOK II MAKSIM MAKSIMYCH FOREWORD TO BOOKS III, IV, AND V BOOK III THE FIRST EXTRACT FROM PECHORIN'S DIARY TAMAN BOOK IV THE SECOND EXTRACT FROM PECHORIN'S DIARY BOOK V THE THIRD EXTRACT FROM PECHORIN'S DIARY CHAPTER I. 11th May.
 CHAPTER II. 13th May.
 CHAPTER III. 16th May.
 CHAPTER IV. 21st May.
 CHAPTER V. 29th May.
 CHAPTER VI. 30th May.
 CHAPTER VII. 6th June.
 CHAPTER VIII. 11th June.
 CHAPTER IX. 12th June.
 CHAPTER X. 13th June.
 CHAPTER XI. 14th June.
 CHAPTER XII. 15th June.
 CHAPTER XIII. 18th June.
 CHAPTER XIV. 22nd June.
 CHAPTER XV. 24th June.
 CHAPTER XVI. 25th June.
 CHAPTER XVII. 26th June.
 CHAPTER XVIII. 27th June.
 CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII APPENDIX PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION FOOTNOTES BOOK I BELA THE HEART OF A RUSSIAN CHAPTER I I was travelling post from Tiflis.

 All the luggage I had in my cart consisted of one small portmanteau half filled with travelling-notes on Georgia; of these the greater part has been lost, fortunately for you; but the portmanteau itself and the rest of its contents have remained intact, fortunately for me.

 As I entered the Koishaur Valley the sun was disappearing behind the snow-clad ridge of the mountains. In order to accomplish the ascent of Mount Koishaur by nightfall, my driver, an Ossete, urged on the horses indefatigably, singing zealously the while at the top of his voice.

 What a glorious place that valley is! On every hand are inaccessible mountains, steep, yellow slopes scored by water-channels, and reddish rocks draped with green ivy and crowned with clusters of plane-trees.
 Yonder, at an immense height, is the golden fringe of the snow. Down below rolls the River Aragva, which, after bursting noisily forth from the dark and misty depths of the gorge, with an unnamed stream clasped in its embrace, stretches out like a thread of silver, its waters glistening like a snake with flashing scales.

 Arrived at the foot of Mount Koishaur, we stopped at a dukhan. 1 About a score of Georgians and mountaineers were gathered there in a noisy crowd, and, close by, a caravan of camels had halted for the night. I was obliged to hire oxen to drag my cart up that accursed mountain, as it was now autumn and the roads were slippery with ice. Besides, the mountain is about two versts 2 in length.

 There was no help for it, so I hired six oxen and a few Ossetes. One of the latter shouldered my portmanteau, and the rest, shouting almost with one voice, proceeded to help the oxen.

 Following mine there came another cart, which I was surprised to see four oxen pulling with the greatest ease, notwithstanding that it was loaded to the top. Behind it walked the owner, smoking a little, silver-mounted Kabardian pipe. He was wearing a shaggy Circassian cap and an officer's overcoat without epaulettes, and he seemed to be about fifty years of age.
 The swarthiness of his complexion showed that his face had long been acquainted with Transcaucasian suns, and the premature greyness of his moustache was out of keeping with his firm gait and robust appearance. I went up to him and saluted. He silently returned my greeting and emitted an immense cloud of smoke.

 "We are fellow-travellers, it appears." Again he bowed silently.

 "I suppose you are going to Stavropol?" "Yes, sir, exactly—with Government things." "Can you tell me how it is that that heavily-laden cart of yours is being drawn without any difficulty by four oxen, whilst six cattle are scarcely able to move mine, empty though it is, and with all those Ossetes helping?" He smiled slyly and threw me a meaning glance.

 "You have not been in the Caucasus long, I should say?" "About a year," I answered.

 He smiled a second time.

 "Well?" "Just so, sir," he answered. "They're terrible beasts, these Asiatics! You think that all that shouting means that they are helping the oxen? Why, the devil alone can make out what it is they do shout. The oxen understand, though; and if you were to yoke as many as twenty they still wouldn't budge so long as the Ossetes shouted in that way of theirs.... Awful scoundrels! But what can you make of them? They love extorting money from people who happen to be travelling through here. The rogues have been spoiled! You wait and see: they will get a tip out of you as well as their hire. I know them of old, they can't get round me!" "You have been serving here a long time?" "Yes, I was here under Aleksei Petrovich," 3 he answered, assuming an air of dignity. "I was a sub-lieutenant when he came to the Line; and I was promoted twice, during his command, on account of actions against the mountaineers." "And now—?" "Now I'm in the third battalion of the Line. And you yourself?" I told him.

 With this the conversation ended, and we continued to walk in silence, side by side. On the summit of the mountain we found snow. The sun set, and—as usually is the case in the south—night followed upon the day without any interval of twilight. Thanks, however, to the sheen of the snow, we were able easily to distinguish the road, which still went up the mountain-side, though not so steeply as before. I ordered the Ossetes to put my portmanteau into the cart, and to replace the oxen by horses.
 Then for the last time I gazed down upon the valley; but the thick mist