near Paris. (From 1889 to 1960, the meter was defined to be the distance between two scratches in a platinum-iridium bar kept in that same vault -- this replaced an earlier definition as 10^(-7) times the distance between the North Pole and the Equator along a meridian through Paris; unfortunately, this had been based on an inexact value of the circumference of the Earth. From 1960 to 1984 it was defined to be _PHONE_.73 wavelengths of the orange-red line of krypton-86 propagating in a vacuum. It is now defined as the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum in the time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. The kilogram is now the only unit of measure officially defined in terms of a unique artifact.) "This garbage-collection algorithm has been tested against the platinum-iridium cons cell in Paris." Compare golden.
Node:playpen, Next:playte, Previous:platinum-iridium, Up:= P = playpen n.
[IBM] A room where programmers work. Compare salt mines.
Node:playte, Next:plingnet, Previous:playpen, Up:= P = playte /playt/ 16 bits, by analogy with nybble and byte. Usage: rare and extremely silly. See also dynner and crumb. General discussion of such terms is under nybble.
Node:plingnet, Next:plokta, Previous:playte, Up:= P = plingnet /pling'net/ n. Syn. UUCPNET. Also see Commonwealth Hackish, which uses 'pling' for bang (as in bang path).
Node:plokta, Next:plonk, Previous:plingnet, Up:= P = plokta /plok't*/ v.
[acronym: Press Lots Of Keys To Abort] To press random keys in an attempt to get some response from the system. One might plokta when the abort procedure for a program is not known, or when trying to figure out if the system is just sluggish or really hung. Plokta can also be used while trying to figure out any unknown key sequence for a particular operation. Someone going into 'plokta mode' usually places both hands flat on the keyboard and mashes them down, hoping for some useful response.
A slightly more directed form of plokta can often be seen in mail messages or Usenet articles from new users -- the text might end with as the user vainly tries to find the right exit sequence, with the incorrect tries piling up at the end of the message.... Node:plonk, Next:plug-and-pray, Previous:plokta, Up:= P = plonk excl.,vt.
[Usenet: possibly influenced by British slang 'plonk' for cheap booze, or 'plonker' for someone behaving stupidly (latter is lit. equivalent to Yiddish 'schmuck')] The sound a newbie makes as he falls to the bottom of a kill file. While it originated in the newsgroup talk.bizarre, this term (usually written "*plonk*") is now (1994) widespread on Usenet as a form of public ridicule.
Node:plug-and-pray, Next:plugh, Previous:plonk, Up:= P = plug-and-pray adj.,vi.
Parody of the techspeak term 'plug-and-play', describing a PC peripheral card which is claimed to have no need for hardware configuration via DIP switches, and which should be work as soon as it is inserted in the PC. Unfortunately, even the PCI bus is not up to pulling this off reliably, and people who have to do installation or troubleshoot PCs soon find themselves longing for the DIP switches.
Node:plugh, Next:plumbing, Previous:plug-and-pray, Up:= P = plugh /ploogh/ v.
[from the ADVENT game] See xyzzy.
Node:plumbing, Next:PM, Previous:plugh, Up:= P = plumbing n.
[Unix] Term used for shell code, so called because of the prevalence of 'pipelines' that feed the output of one program to the input of another. Under Unix, user utilities can often be implemented or at least prototyped by a suitable collection of pipelines and temp-file grinding encapsulated in a shell script; this is much less effort than writing C every time, and the capability is considered one of Unix's major winning features. A few other OSs such as IBM's VM/CMS support similar facilities. Esp. used in the construction 'hairy plumbing' (see hairy). "You can kluge together a basic spell-checker out of sort(1), comm(1), and tr(1) with a little plumbing." See also tee.
Node:PM, Next:pnambic, Previous:plumbing, Up:= P = PM /P-M/ 1. v. (from 'preventive maintenance') To bring down a machine for inspection or test purposes. See provocative maintenance; see also scratch monkey. 2. n. Abbrev. for 'Presentation Manager', an elephantine OS/2 graphical user interface.
Node:pnambic, Next:pod, Previous:PM, Up:= P = pnambic /p*-nam'bik/ [Acronym from the scene in the film version of "The Wizard of Oz" in which the true nature of the wizard is first discovered: "Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain."] 1. A stage of development of a process or function that, owing to incomplete implementation or to the complexity of the system, requires human interaction to simulate or replace some or all of the actions, inputs, or outputs of the process or function. 2. Of or pertaining to a process or function whose apparent operations are wholly or partially falsified. 3. Requiring prestidigitization.
The ultimate pnambic product was "Dan Bricklin's Demo", a program which supported flashy user-interface design prototyping.
There is a related maxim among hackers: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from a rigged demo." See magic, sense 1, for illumination of this point.
Node:pod, Next:point-and-drool interface, Previous:pnambic, Up:= P = pod n.
[allegedly from abbreviation POD for 'Prince Of Darkness'] A Diablo 630 (or, latterly, any letter-quality impact printer).
From the DEC-10 PODTYPE program used to feed formatted text to it. Not to be confused with P.O.D.. Node:point-and-drool interface, Next:pointy hat, Previous:pod, Up:= P = point-and-drool interface n. Parody of the techspeak term 'point-and-shoot interface', describing a windows, icons, and mouse-based interface such as is found on the Macintosh. The implication, of course, is that such an interface is only suitable for idiots. See for the rest of us, WIMP environment, Macintrash, drool-proof paper. Also 'point-and-grunt interface'.
Node:pointy hat, Next:pointy-haired, Previous:point-and-drool interface, Up:= P = pointy hat n. See wizard hat. This synonym specifically refers to the wizards of Unseen University in Terry Pratchett's "Discworld" serious of humorous fantasies; these books are extremely popular among hackers.
Node:pointy-haired, Next:poke, Previous:pointy hat, Up:= P = pointy-haired adj.
[after the character in the Dilbert comic strip] Describes the extreme form of the property that separates suits and marketroids from hackers. Compare brain-dead; demented; see PHB.
Always applied to people, never to ideas. The plural form is often used as a noun. "The pointy-haireds ordered me to use Windows NT, but I set up a Linux server with Samba instead."
Node:poke, Next:poll, Previous:pointy-haired, Up:= P = poke n.,vt.
See peek.
Node:poll, Next:polygon pusher, Previous:poke, Up:= P = poll v.,n.
1. [techspeak] The action of checking the status of an input line, sensor, or memory location to see if a particular external event has been registered. 2. To repeatedly call or check with someone: "I keep polling him


. To satisfy the expectations of; to pay; to requite.

 Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you. Shak.
Syn. -- To satisfy; appease; please. See Satiate.

 Con*tent", n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's present condition; freedom from discontent; satisfaction; contentment; moderate happiness.

 Such is the fullness of my heart's content. Shak.
2. Acquiescence without examination. [Obs.]

 The sense they humbly take upon content. Pope.
3. That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy.

 So will I in England work your grace's full content. Shak.
4. (Eng. House of Lords) An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmative vote; also, a member who votes "Content.".

 Supposing the number of "Contents" and "Not contents" strictly equal in number and consequence. Burke.
 Con'ten*ta"tion (?), n. [LL. contentatio.] Content; satisfaction. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Con*tent"ed (?), a. Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing. -- Con*tent"ed*ly, adv. -- Con*tent"ed*ness, n. Con*tent"ful (?), a. Full of content. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Con*ten"tion (?), n. [F. contention, L. contentio.
 See Contend.] 1. A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife.

 I would my arms could match thee in contention. Shak.
2. Strife in words; controversy; altercation; quarrel; dispute; as, a bone of contention.

Contentions and strivings about the law. Titus iii. 9.
3. Vehemence of endeavor; eagerness; ardor; zeal.

 An end... worthy our utmost contention to obtain. Rogers.
4. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion or strife; a position taken or contended for.

 All men seem agreed what is to be done; the contention is how the subject is to be divided and defined. Bagehot.
 This was my original contention, and I still maintain that you should abide by your former decision. Jowett.
Syn. -- Struggle; strife; contest; quarrel; combat; conflict; feud; litigation; controversy; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation. -- Contention, Strife. A struggle between two parties is the idea common to these two words. Strife is a struggle for mastery; contention is a struggle for the possession of some desired object, or the accomplishment of some favorite end. Neither of the words is necessarily used in a bad sense, since there may be a generous strife or contention between two friends as to which shall incur danger or submit to sacrifices. Ordinarily, however, these words denote a struggle arising from bad passions. In that case, strife usually springs from a quarrelsome temper, and contention from, a selfish spirit which seeks its own aggrandizement, or is fearful lest others should obtain too much. Strife has more reference to the manner than to the object of a struggle, while contention takes more account of the end to be gained.

 Con*ten"tious (?), a. [L. contentiosus: cf. F. contentieux.]
 1. Fond of contention; given to angry debate; provoking dispute or contention; quarrelsome.

 Despotic and contentious temper. Macaulay.
2. Relating to contention or strife; involving or characterized by contention. Spenser.
 More cheerful, though not less contentious, regions. Brougham.
3. (Law) Contested; litigated; litigious; having power to decide controversy.

Contentious jurisdiction (Eng. Eccl. Law), jurisdiction over matters in controversy between parties, in contradistinction to voluntary jurisdiction, or that exercised upon matters not opposed or controverted.

Syn. -- Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissentious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish.

 -- Con*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Con*ten"tious*ness, n. Con*tent"less (?), a. [Content + -less.]
 Discontented; dissatisfied. [R.] Shak.
 Con*tent"ly, adv. In a contented manner. [Obs.]

 Con*tent"ment (kn*tnt"ment), n. [Cf. F. contentement.
 See Content, v. t.] 1. The state of being contented or satisfied; content.

Contentment without external honor is humility. Grew.
 Godliness with contentment is great gain. 1 Tim. vi. 6.
2. The act or process of contenting or satisfying; as, the contentment of avarice is impossible.

3. Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction. [Obs.]

 At Paris the prince spent one whole day to give his mind some contentment in viewing of a famous city. Sir H. Wotton.
 Con*tents (? or?; 277), n. pl. See Content, n. Con*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. Having the same bounds; terminating at the same time or place; conterminous.

 Love and life not conterminable. Sir H. Wotton.
 Con*ter"mi*nal (?), a. [LL. conterminalis.] Conterminous.

 Con*ter"mi*nant (?), a. Having the same limits; ending at the same time; conterminous. Lamb.
 Con*ter"mi*nate (?), a. [L. conterminare to border upon, fr.
 conterminus conterminous; con- + terminus border.]
 Having the same bounds; conterminous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Con*ter"mi*nous (?), a. [L. conterminus. Cf. Conterminous.]
 Having the same bounds, or limits; bordering upon; contiguous.

 This conformed so many of them as were conterminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws. Sir M. Hale.
 { Con'ter*ra"ne*an (?), Con'ter*ra"ne*ous (?), } a. [L. conterraneus; con- + terra country.] Of or belonging to the same country.
 Howell.
 Con*tes'ser*a"tion (?), n. [L. contesseratio, from contesserare to contract friendship by means of the tesserae (friendship tokens).] An assemblage; a collection; harmonious union. [Obs.]

 That person of his [George Herbert], which afforded so unusual a contesseration of elegancies. Oley.
 Con*test" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contested; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Contesting.] [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses, to bring an action; con- + testari to be a witness, testic witness. See Testify.] 1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute.

 The people... contested not what was done. Locke.
 Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty repeated, few more contested than this. J. D. Morell.
2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend; as, the troops contested every inch of ground.

3. (Law) To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law; to controvert.

To contest an election. (Polit.) (a) To strive to be elected. (b) To dispute the


our first source, the newsletters of Rome, and the letters of Kent, the dates in each case prove that Kent, with variations, follows the newsletters. The gazzetta of March 23, 1669, is the source of Kent's despatch of March 30. On the gazzette of April 6, 13, and 20, he makes no comment, but his letter of June 16 varies more or less from the newsletter of June 11. His despatch of September 7 corresponds to the newsletter of the same date, but is much more copious.

 Taking these authorities in order of date, we find the newsletter of Rome (March 23, 1669) averring that an unknown English gentleman has been 'for some months' at Naples, that is, since January at least, and has fallen in love with the daughter of a poor innkeeper, or host (locandiere). He is a Catholic and has married the girl. The newly made father-in-law has been spending freely the money given to him by the bridegroom. Armanni, as summarised by Mr. Brady, states the matter of the money thus: 'The Prince was anxious to make it appear that his intended father-in-law was not altogether a pauper, and accordingly he gave a sum of money to Signor Francesco Corona to serve as a dowry for Teresa. Signor Corona could not deny himself the pleasure of exhibiting this money before his friends, and he indiscreetly boasted before his neighbours concerning his rich son-in-law.' From Armanni's version, derived from the confessor of James Stuart, it appears that nothing was said as to James's royal birth till after his arrest, when he informed the Viceroy of Naples in self-defence.

 To return to the newsletter of March 23, it represents that the Viceroy heard of the unwonted expenditure of money by Corona, and seized the English son-in-law on suspicion. In his possession the Viceroy found about 200 doppie, many jewels, and some papers in which he was addressed as Altezza (Highness). The word doppie is used by Charles (in Boero's Italian translation) for the 800 coins which he asks Oliva to give to de la Cloche for travelling expenses. Were James Stuart's 200 doppie the remains of the 800? Lord Acton exaggerates when he writes vaguely that Stuart possessed 'heaps of pistoles.' Two hundred doppie (about 150 or 160 pounds) are not 'heaps.' To return to the newsletter, the idea being current that the young man was a natural son of the King of England, he was provisionally confined in the castle of St. Elmo. On April 6, he is reported to be shut up in the castle of Gaeta. On the 20th, we hear that fifty scudi monthly have been assigned to the prisoner for his support. The Viceroy has written (to England) to ask what is to be done with him.

 On June 11, it is reported that, after being removed to the Vicaria, a prison for vulgar malefactors, the captive has been released. He is NOT the son of the King of England.

 Kent's letter of March 30 follows the newsletter of March 23. He adds that the unknown Englishman 'seems' to have 'vaunted to bee the King of England's sonne BORNE AT GERSEY,' a fact never expressly stated about de la Cloche. It is not clear that James Stuart vaunted his birth before his arrest made it necessary for him to give an account of himself. Kent also says that the unknown sent for the English consul, Mr. Browne, 'to assist his delivery out of the castle. But it seems he could not speake a word of English nor give any account of the birth he pretended to.' On Kent's showing, he had no documentary proofs of his royal birth. French was de la Cloche's language, if this unknown was he, and if Kent is right, he had not with him the two documents and the letter of Charles II. and the certificate of the Queen of Sweden. 'This is all the light I can picke out of the Nation, or others, of his extravagant story, which whether will end in Prince or cheate I shall endeavour to inform you hereafter.' Kent's next letter (June 16) follows, with variations, the newsletter of June 11:—Kent to J. Williamson June 16, 1669.

 The Gentleman who WOULD HAVE BEENE HIS MAT'YS BASTARD at Naples, vpon the receipt of his Ma'ties Letters to that Vice King was immediately taken out of the Castle of Gaetta brought to Naples and Cast into the Grand Prison called the Vicaria, where being thrust amongst the most Vile and infamous Rascalls, the Vice King intended to have Caused him to bee whipt about the Citty, but meanes was made by his wife's kindred (Who was Likewise taken with this pretended Prince) to the Vice-Queene, who, in compassion to her and her kindred, prevailed with Don Pedro to deliver him from that Shame [and from gaol, it seems], and soe ends the Story of this fourb WHO SPEAKS NOE LANGUADGE BUT FFRENCH.

 The newsletter says nothing of the intended whipping, or of the intercession of the family of the wife of the unknown. These points may be the additions of gossips.

 In any case the unknown, with his wife, after a stay of no long time in the Vicaria, is set at liberty. His release might be explained on the ground that Charles disavowed and cast him off, which he might safely do, if the man was really de la Cloche, but had none of the papers proving his birth, the papers which are still in the Jesuit archives. Or he may have had the papers, and they may have been taken from him and restored to the Jesuit General.

 So far, the betting as to whether de la Cloche and the Naples pretender were the same man or not is at evens. Each hypothesis is beset by difficulties. It is highly improbable that the unworldly and enthusiastic Jesuit novice threw up, at its very crisis, a mission which might lead his king, his father, and the British Empire back into the one Fold. De la Cloche, forfeiting his chances of an earthly crown, was on the point of gaining a heavenly one. It seems to the last degree unlikely that he would lose this and leave the Jesuits to whom he had devoted himself, and the quiet life of study and religion, for the worldly life which he disliked, and for that life on a humble capital of a few hundred pounds, and some jewels, presents, perhaps from the two Queens, his grandmother and stepmother. De la Cloche knew that Charles, if the novice clung to religion, had promised to procure for him, if he desired it, a cardinal's hat; while if, with Charles's approval, he left religion, he might be a prince, perhaps a king. He had thus every imaginable motive for behaving with decorum—in religion or out of it. Yet, if he is the Naples pretender, he suddenly left the Jesuits without Charles's knowledge and approval, but by a freakish escapade, like 'The Start' of Charles himself as a lad, when he ran away from Argyll and the Covenanters. And he did this before he ever saw Teresa Corona. He reminds one of the Huguenot pastor in London, whom an acquaintance met on the Turf. 'I not preacher now, I gay dog,' explained the holy man.

 All this is, undeniably, of a high improbability. But on the other side, de la Cloche was freakish and unsettled. He had but lately (1667) asked for and accepted a pension to be paid while he remained an Anglican, then he was suddenly received into the Roman Church, and started off


"ae" and "oe" combinations are represented as (ae) and (oe), [\], [/], [~], [^] and [-] represent the accent that looks like them which would appear above the preceding letter. [=] represents an accent that looks like the bottom half of a circle, also appearing above the letter, ["] is an umlaut, and [,] represents a cedilla.


of a mud fight in the sementeras, mud being thrown by each contending party.
Loskod This ceremony occurs once each year at the time of planting camotes, in the period of Ba-li′-lĭng.
Som-kad′ of ato Sigichan is the pueblo "priest" who performs the los-kod′ ceremony. He kills a chicken or pig, and then petitions Lumawig as follows: "Lo-mos-kod′-kay to-ki′." This means, "May there be so many camotes that the ground will crack and burst open." Okiad Som-kad′ of ato Sigichan performs the o-ki-ad′ ceremony once each year during the time of planting the black beans, or ba-la′-tong, also in the period of Ba-li′-lĭng.
The petition addressed to Lumawig is said after a pig or chicken has been ceremonially killed; it runs as follows: "Ma-o′-yĕd si ba-la′-tong, Ma-o′-yĕd si fu′-tug, Ma-o′-yĕd nan i-pu-kao′." A free translation is, "May the beans grow rapidly; may the pigs grow rapidly; and may the people [the children] grow rapidly." Kopus Ko′-pus is the name given the three days of rest at the close of the period of Ba-li′-lĭng. They say there is no special ceremony for ko′-pus, but some time during the three days the pa′-tay ceremony is performed.
Ceremonies connected with climate Fakil The Fa-kil′ ceremony for rain occurs four times each year, on four succeeding days, and is performed by four different priests.
The ceremony is simple. There is the usual ceremonial pig killing by the priest, and each night preceding the ceremony all the people cry: "I-tĕng′-ao ta-ko nan fa-kĭl′." This is only an exclamation, meaning, "Rest day! We observe the ceremony for rain!" I was informed that the priest has no separate oral petition or ceremony, though it is probable that he has.
Page 214 Kalob Once or twice each year, or maybe once in two years, in January or February, a cold, driving rain pours itself on Bontoc from the north. It often continues for two or three days, and is a miserable storm to be out in.
If this storm continues three or four days, Le-yod′, of ato Lowingan, performs the following ceremony in his dwelling: "Ma-kĭs-kĭs′-kay li-fo′-o min-chi-kang′-ka ay fat-a′-wa ta-a′-yu nan fa′-ki lo-lo′-ta." A very free translation of this is as follows: "You fogs, rise up rolling. Let us have good weather in all the world! All the people are very poor." Following this ceremony Le-yod′ goes to Chao′-wi, the site of Lumawig's former dwelling in the pueblo, shown in Pl. CLIII, and there he builds a large fire. It is claimed the fierce storm always ceases shortly after the ka-lob′ is performed.
Chinamwi Ang′-way of ato Somowan performs the chi-nam′-wi ceremony once or twice each year during the cold and fog of the period Sama, when the people are standing in the water-filled sementeras turning the soil, frequently working entirely naked.
Many times I have seen the people shake—arms, legs, jaw, and body—during those cold days, and admit that I was touched by the ceremony when I saw it.
A hog is killed and each household gives Ang′-way a manojo of palay. He pleads to Lumawig: "Tum-ke′-ka ay li-fo′-o ta-a-ye′-o nan in sa-ma′-mi." This prayer is: "No more cold and fog! Pity those working in the sementera!" Ceremonies connected with head taking1 Kafokab Ka-fo′-kab is the name of a ceremony performed as soon as a party of successful head-hunters returns home. The old man in charge at the fawi says: "Cha-kay′-yo fo′-so-mi ma-pay-ĭng′-an. Cha-kay′-mi ĭn-kĕd-se′-ka-mi nan ka-nĭn′-mi to-kom-ke′-ka." This is an exultant boast—it is the crow of the winning cock. It runs as follows: "You, our enemies, we will always kill you!
We are strong; the food we eat makes us strong!" Changtu There is a peculiar ceremony, called "chang′-tü," performed now and then when i′-chu, the small omen bird, visits the pueblo.
This ceremony is held before each dwelling and each pabafunan in Page 215the pueblo. A chicken is killed, and usually both pork and chicken are eaten. The man performing the Chang′-tü says: "Sĭk′-a tan-ang′-a sĭk′-a lu′-fûb ad Sa-dang′-a nan ay-yam′ Sĭk′-a ta-lo′-lo ad La′-god nan ay-yam′ Sĭk′-a ta-lo′-lo ye′-mod La′-god nan fa-no wat′-mo yad Ap′-lay." This speech is a petition running as follows: "You, the anito of a person beheaded by Bontoc, and you, the anito of a person who died in a dwelling, you all go to the pueblo of Sadanga [that is, you destructive spirits, do not visit Bontoc; but we suggest that you carry your mischief to the pueblo of Sadanga, an enemy of ours]. You, the anito of a Bontoc person beheaded by some other pueblo, you go into the north country, and you, the anito of a Bontoc person beheaded by some other pueblo, you carry the palay-straw torch into the north country and the south country [that is, friendly anito, once our fellow-citizens, burn the dwellings of our enemies both north and south of us]." In this petition the purpose of the Chang′-tü is clearly defined. The faithful i′-chu has warned the pueblo that an anito, perhaps an enemy, perhaps a former friend, threatens the pueblo; and the people seek to avert the calamity by making feasts—every dwelling preparing a feast. Each household then calls the names of the classes of malignant anito which destroy life and property, and suggests to them that they spend their fury elsewhere.
Ceremony connected with ato Young men sometimes change their membership from one a′-to to another. It is said that old men never do. There is a ceremony of adoption into a new a′-to when a change is made; it is called "pu-ke′" or "pal-ûg-pĕg′." At the time of the ceremony a feast is made. and some old man welcomes the new member as follows: If you die first, you must look out for us, since we wish to live long [that is, your spirit must protect us against destructive spirits], do not let other pueblos take our heads. If you do not take this care, your spirit will find no food when it comes to the a′-to, because the a′-to will be empty—we will all be dead.
Page 216 1 See also the story, "Who took my father's head?" Chapter IX, p 225.
Chapter IX Mental Life The Igorot does not know many things in common with enlightened men, and yet one constantly marvels at his practical knowledge.
Tylor says primitive man has "rude, shrewd sense." The Igorot has more—he has practical wisdom.
Actual knowledge Concerning cosmology, the Igorot believes Lumawig gave the earth and all things connected with it. Lumawig makes it rain and storm, gives day and night, heat and cold. The earth is "just as you see it." It ceases somewhere a short distance beyond the most distant place an Igorot has visited. He does not know how it is supported. "Why should it fall?" he asks. "A pot on the earth does not fall." Above is chayya, the sky—the Igorot does not know or attempt to say what it is. It is up above the earth and extends beyond and below the visible horizon and the limit


hög, prob. from the root of E. heave.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous species and genera of rapacious birds of the family Falconidæ.
 They differ from the true falcons in lacking the prominent tooth and notch of the bill, and in having shorter and less pointed wings. Many are of large size and grade into the eagles. Some, as the goshawk, were formerly trained like falcons. In a more general sense the word is not infrequently applied, also, to true falcons, as the sparrow hawk, pigeon hawk, duck hawk, and prairie hawk.

 Among the common American species are the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis); the red-shouldered (B. lineatus); the broad-winged (B. Pennsylvanicus); the rough-legged (Archibuteo lagopus); the sharp-shinned (Accipiter fuscus). See Fishhawk, Goshawk, Marsh hawk, under Marsh, Night hawk, under Night.

Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. -- Eagle hawk.
 See under Eagle. -- Hawk eagle (Zoöl.), an Asiatic bird of the genus Spizætus, or Limnætus, intermediate between the hawks and eagles. There are several species. -- Hawk fly (Zoöl.), a voracious fly of the family Asilidæ.
 See Hornet fly, under Hornet. -- Hawk moth. (Zoöl.)
 See Hawk moth, in the Vocabulary. -- Hawk owl. (Zoöl.)
(a) A northern owl (Surnia ulula) of Europe and America. It flies by day, and in some respects resembles the hawks. (b) An owl of India (Ninox scutellatus). -- Hawk's bill (Horology), the pawl for the rack, in the striking mechanism of a clock.

 Hawk (hk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawked (hkt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hawking.] 1. To catch, or attempt to catch, birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose, and let loose on the prey; to practice falconry.

 A falconer Henry is, when Emma hawks.

Prior.
2. To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk; -- generally with at; as, to hawk at flies. Dryden.
 A falcon, towering in her pride of place, Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.

Shak.
 Hawk, v. i. [W. hochi.] To clear the throat with an audible sound by forcing an expiratory current of air through the narrow passage between the depressed soft palate and the root of the tongue, thus aiding in the removal of foreign substances.

 Hawk, v. t. To raise by hawking, as phlegm.

 Hawk, n. [W. hoch.] An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, accompanied with noise.

 Hawk, v. t. [Akin to D. hauker a hawker, G. höken, höcken, to higgle, to retail, höke, höker, a higgler, huckster. See Huckster.] To offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle; as, to hawk goods or pamphlets.

 His works were hawked in every street.

Swift.
 Hawk, n. (Masonry) A small board, with a handle on the under side, to hold mortar.

Hawk boy, an attendant on a plasterer to supply him with mortar.

 Hawk"bill' (-bl'), n. (Zoöl.) A sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which yields the best quality of tortoise shell; -- called also caret.

 Hawk"bit' (-bt'), n. (Bot.) The fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnale).

 Hawked (hkt), a. Curved like a hawk's bill; crooked.

 Hawk"er (hk"r), n. One who sells wares by crying them in the street; hence, a peddler or a packman. Swift.
 Hawk"er, v. i. To sell goods by outcry in the street. [Obs.] Hudibras.
 Hawk"er, n. [Cf. AS. hafecere. See 1st Hawk.] A falconer.

 Hawk"ey (-), n. See Hockey. Holloway.
 Hawk"-eyed' (-d'), a. Having a keen eye; sharpsighted; discerning.

 Hawk" moth' (mth'; 115). (Zoöl.) Any moth of the family Sphingidæ, of which there are numerous genera and species. They are large, handsome moths, which fly mostly at twilight and hover about flowers like a humming bird, sucking the honey by means of a long, slender proboscis. The larvæ are large, hairless caterpillars ornamented with green and other bright colors, and often with a caudal spine. See Sphinx, also Tobacco worm, and Tomato worm.

 Tobacco Hawk Moth (Macrosila Carolina), and its Larva, the Tobacco Worm.

 The larvæ of several species of hawk moths feed on grapevines. The elm-tree hawk moth is Ceratomia Amyntor.

 Hawk"weed' (-wd'), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Hieracium; -- so called from the ancient belief that birds of prey used its juice to strengthen their vision. (b) A plant of the genus Senecio (S. hieracifolius). Loudon.
 Hawm (hm), n. See Haulm, straw.

 Hawm, v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To lounge; to loiter. [Prov. Eng.]
 Tennyson.
 Hawse (hz or hs; 277), n. [Orig. a hawse hole, or hole in the bow of the ship; cf. Icel. hals, hls, neck, part of the bows of a ship, AS. heals neck. See Collar, and cf. Halse to embrace.] 1. A hawse hole. Harris.
2. (Naut.) (a) The situation of the cables when a vessel is moored with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on the port bow. (b) The distance ahead to which the cables usually extend; as, the ship has a clear or open hawse, or a foul hawse; to anchor in our hawse, or athwart hawse. (c) That part of a vessel's bow in which are the hawse holes for the cables.

Athwart hawse. See under Athwart. -- Foul hawse, a hawse in which the cables cross each other, or are twisted together. -- Hawse block, a block used to stop up a hawse hole at sea; -- called also hawse plug. -- Hawse hole, a hole in the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes. -- Hawse piece, one of the foremost timbers of a ship, through which the hawse hole is cut. -- Hawse plug. Same as Hawse block (above). -- To come in at the hawse holes, to enter the naval service at the lowest grade. [Cant] -- To freshen the hawse, to veer out a little more cable and bring the chafe and strain on another part.

 Haws"er (hz"r or hs"r), n. [From F. hausser to lift, raise (cf. OF. hausserée towpath, towing, F. haussière hawser), LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high. See Haughty.] A large rope made of three strands each containing


percursor one who runs through, fr. percurrere. See Percurrent.] Running over slightly or in haste; cursory. [R.]

 Per*cuss" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percussed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Percussing.] [L. percussus, p. p. of percutere; per + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] To strike smartly; to strike upon or against; as, to percuss the chest in medical examination.

 Flame percussed by air giveth a noise.

Bacon.
 Per*cuss", v. i. (Med.) To strike or tap in an examination by percussion. See Percussion, 3. Quain.
 Per*cus"sion (?), n. [L. percussio: cf. F. percussion.
 See Percuss.] 1. The act of percussing, or striking one body against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives a sound or report.
 Sir I. Newton.
2. Hence: The effect of violent collision; vibratory shock; impression of sound on the ear.

 The thunderlike percussion of thy sounds.

Shak.
3. (Med.) The act of tapping or striking the surface of the body in order to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the sound emitted or the sensation imparted to the fingers. Percussion is said to be immediate if the blow is directly upon the body; if some interventing substance, as a pleximeter, is, used, it is called mediate.

Center of percussion. See under Center. -- Percussion bullet, a bullet containing a substance which is exploded by percussion; an explosive bullet. -- Percussion cap, a small copper cap or cup, containing fulminating powder, and used with a percussion lock to explode gunpowder. -- Percussion fuze. See under Fuze. -- Percussion lock, the lock of a gun that is fired by percussion upon fulminating powder. -- Percussion match, a match which ignites by percussion.
 -- Percussion powder, powder so composed as to ignite by slight percussion; fulminating powder. -- Percussion sieve, Percussion table, a machine for sorting ores by agitation in running water.

 Per*cuss"ive (?), a. Striking against; percutient; as, percussive force.

 Per*cu"tient (?), a. [L. percutiens, p. pr. of percutere.
 See Percuss.] Striking; having the power of striking. -- n. That which strikes, or has power to strike. Bacon.
 Per"di*cine (?), a. [See Perdix.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Perdicidæ, or partridges.

 Per*die" (?), adv. See Parde. Spenser.
 Per"di*foil (?), n. [L. perdere to lose + folium leaf.] (Bot.) A deciduous plant; - - opposed to evergreen.
 J. Barton.
 Per*di"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. perditio, fr. perdere, perditum, to ruin, to lose; per (cf. Skr. par away) + -dere (only in comp.) to put; akin to Gr. &?;, E. do.
 See Do.] 1. Entire loss; utter destruction; ruin; esp., the utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness in a future state; future misery or eternal death.

 The mere perdition of the Turkish fleet.

Shak.
 If we reject the truth, we seal our own perdition.

J. M. Mason.
2. Loss of diminution. [Obs.] Shak.
 Per*di"tion*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being ruined; worthy of perdition. [R.] Pollok.
 ||Per"dix (pr"dks), n. [L., a partridge, Gr. pe'rdix.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of birds including the common European partridge. Formerly the word was used in a much wider sense to include many allied genera.

 Per*du" (pr*d" or pr"d), n. [See Perdu, a.] 1.
 One placed on watch, or in ambush.

2. A soldier sent on a forlorn hope. Shak.
 { Per*du", Per*due" } (pr*d" or pr"d), a. [F. perdu, f. perdue, lost, p. p. of perdre to lose, L. perdere.
 See Perdition.] 1. Lost to view; in concealment or ambush; close.

 He should lie perdue who is to walk the round.

Fuller.
2. Accustomed to, or employed in, desperate enterprises; hence, reckless; hopeless. "A perdue captain." Beau. & Fl.
 Per'du*el"lion (?), n. [L. perduellio; per + duellum, bellum, war.] (Civil Law) Treason.

 Per"du*lous (?), a. [See Perdu, a.] Lost; thrown away.
 [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.
 Per*dur'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Durability; lastingness. [Archaic] Chaucer.
 Per*dur"a*ble (pr*dr"*b'l; 277), n. [Cf. F. perdurable, OE.
 pardurable. See Perdure.] Very durable; lasting; continuing long.
 [Archaic] Chaucer. Shak.
 -- Per*dur"a*bly, adv. [Archaic] { Per*dur"ance (pr*dr"ans), Per'du*ra"tion (pr'd*r"shn), } n. Long continuance. [Archaic] Per*dure" (pr*dr"), v. i. [L. perdurare; per through + durare to last.] To last or endure for a long time; to be perdurable or lasting. [Archaic] The mind perdures while its energizing may construct a thousand lines.

Hickok.
 Per*dy" (?), adv. Truly. See Parde. [Obs.]

 Ah, dame! perdy ye have not done me right.

Spenser.
 Pere (?), n. A peer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Per*e"gal (?), a. [OF. par very (L. per) + egal equal, L. aequalis.] Fully equal. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Peregal to the best." Spenser.
 Per"e*gri*nate (?), v. i. [L. peregrinatus, p. p. of peregrinari to travel. See Pilgrim.] To travel from place to place, or from one country to another; hence, to sojourn in foreign countries.

 Per"e*gri*nate (?), a. [L. peregrinatus, p. p.] Having traveled; foreign. [Obs.] Shak.
 Per'e*gri*na"tion (?), n. [L. peregrinatio: cf. F. pérégrination.]
 A traveling from one country to another; a wandering; sojourn in foreign countries. "His peregrination abroad." Bacon.
 Per"e*gri*na'tor (?), n. [L.] One who peregrinates; one who travels about.

 Per"e*grine (?), a. [L. peregrinus. See Pilgrim.] Foreign; not native; extrinsic or from without; exotic. [Spelt also pelegrine.]
 "Peregrine and preternatural heat." Bacon.
Peregrine falcon (Zoöl.), a courageous and swift falcon (Falco peregrinus), remarkable for its wide distribution over all the continents. The adult plumage is dark bluish ash on the back, nearly black on the head and cheeks, white beneath, barred with black below the


parts of the system relative to its center of mass. The potential energy of a body or system is that energy which is not kinetic; -- energy due to configuration. Kinetic energy is sometimes called actual energy. Kinetic energy is exemplified in the vis viva of moving bodies, in heat, electric currents, etc.; potential energy, in a bent spring, or a body suspended a given distance above the earth and acted on by gravity.

 Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, ∧ Degradation of energy, etc. (Physics) See under Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, etc.

Syn. -- Force; power; potency; vigor; strength; spirit; efficiency; resolution.

 E*ner"vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enervated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enervating.] [L. enervatus, p. p. of enervare, fr. enervis nerveless, weak; e out + nervus nerve.
 See Nerve.] To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or courage; to render feeble or impotent; to make effeminate; to impair the moral powers of.

 A man... enervated by licentiousness.

Macaulay.
 And rhyme began t' enervate poetry.

Dryden.
Syn. -- To weaken; enfeeble; unnerve; debilitate.

 E*ner"vate (?), a. [L. enervatus, p. p.] Weakened; weak; without strength of force. Pope.
 En'er*va"tion (?), n. [L. enervatio: cf. F. énervation.]
 1. The act of weakening, or reducing strength.

2. The state of being weakened; effeminacy. Bacon.
 E*ner"va*tive (?), a. Having power, or a tendency, to enervate; weakening. [R.]

 E*nerve" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. énerver. See Enervate.]
 To weaken; to enervate. [Obs.] Milton.
 E*nerv"ous (?), a. [L. enervis, enervus.] Lacking nerve or force; enervated. [R.]

 En*fam"ish (?), v. t. To famish; to starve.

 En*fect" (?), a. [See Infect, a.] Contaminated with illegality. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*fee"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeebled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeebling (?).] [OF. enfeblir, enfeiblir; pref. en- (L. in) + feble, F. faible, feeble.
 See Feeble.] To make feeble; to deprive of strength; to reduce the strength or force of; to weaken; to debilitate.

Enfeebled by scanty subsistence and excessive toil.

Prescott.
Syn. -- To weaken; debilitate; enervate.

 En*fee"ble*ment (?), n. The act of weakening; enervation; weakness.

 En*fee"bler (?), n. One who, or that which, weakens or makes feeble.

 En*fee"blish, v. i. To enfeeble. [Obs.] Holland.
 En*fel"oned (?), a. [Pref. en- + felon: cf. OF. enfelonner.]
 Rendered fierce or frantic. [Obs.] "Like one enfeloned or distraught." Spenser.
 En*feoff" (?; see Feoff, 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeoffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeoffing.] [Pref. en- + feoff, fief: cf. LL. infeofare, OF. enfeffer, enfeofer.] 1. (Law) To give a feud, or right in land, to; to invest with a fief or fee; to invest (any one) with a freehold estate by the process of feoffment. Mozley & W.
2. To give in vassalage; to make subservient. [Obs.]

 [The king] enfeoffed himself to popularity.

Shak.
 En*feoff"ment (?), n. (Law) (a) The act of enfeoffing. (b) The instrument or deed by which one is invested with the fee of an estate.

 En*fes"ter (?), v. t. To fester. [Obs.] "Enfestered sores."
 Davies (Holy Roode).
 En*fet"ter (?), v. t. To bind in fetters; to enchain. "Enfettered to her love." Shak.
 En*fe"ver (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + fever: cf. F. enfiévrer.]
 To excite fever in. [R.] A. Seward.
 En*fierce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfierced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfiercing (?).] To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En'fi*lade" (?; 277), n. [F., fr. enfiler to thread, go trough a street or square, rake with shot; pref. en- (L. in) + fil thread. See File a row.] 1. A line or straight passage, or the position of that which lies in a straight line. [R.]

2. (Mil.) A firing in the direction of the length of a trench, or a line of parapet or troops, etc.; a raking fire.

 En'fi*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfiladed; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Enfilading.] (Mil.) To pierce, scour, or rake with shot in the direction of the length of, as a work, or a line of troops. Campbell.
 En*filed" (?), p. a. [F. enfiler to pierce, thread.] (Her.)
 Having some object, as the head of a man or beast, impaled upon it; as, a sword which is said to be "enfiled of" the thing which it pierces.

 En*fire" (?), v. t. To set on fire. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*flesh" (?), v. t. To clothe with flesh. [Obs.]

 Vices which are... enfleshed in him.

Florio.
 En*flow"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enflowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enflowering.] To cover or deck with flowers. [Poetic] These odorous and enflowered fields.

B. Jonson.
 En*fold" (?), v. t. To infold. See Infold.

 En*fold"ment (?), n. The act of infolding. See Infoldment.

 En*force" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enforced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enforcing (?).] [OF. enforcier to strengthen, force, F. enforcir; pref. en- (L. in) + F. force.
 See Force.] 1. To put force upon; to force; to constrain; to compel; as, to enforce obedience to commands.

 Inward joy enforced my heart to smile.

Shak.
2. To make or gain by force; to obtain by force; as, to enforce a passage. "Enforcing furious way." Spenser.
3. To put in motion or action by violence; to drive.

 As swift as stones Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.

Shak.
4. To give force to; to strengthen; to invig


of a vessel and wheat, or of a jar and wine; a jar is said to 'have' wine, and a corn-measure wheat. The expression in such cases has reference to content. Or it refers to that which has been acquired; we are said to 'have' a house or a field. A man is also said to 'have' a wife, and a wife a husband, and this appears to be the most remote meaning of the term, for by the use of it we mean simply that the husband lives with the wife.
Other senses of the word might perhaps be found, but the most ordinary ones have all been enumerated.


ly, scon, skone, skon, etc.] [Scot.] Burns.
 Scoop (?), n. [OE. scope, of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. skopa, akin to D. schop a shovel, G. schüppe, and also to E. shove. See Shovel.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle, used for dipping liquids; a utensil for bailing boats.

2. A deep shovel, or any similar implement for digging out and dipping or shoveling up anything; as, a flour scoop; the scoop of a dredging machine.

3. (Surg.) A spoon-shaped instrument, used in extracting certain substances or foreign bodies.

4. A place hollowed out; a basinlike cavity; a hollow.

 Some had lain in the scoop of the rock.

J. R. Drake.
5. A sweep; a stroke; a swoop.

6. The act of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle; a motion with a scoop, as in dipping or shoveling.

Scoop net, a kind of hand net, used in fishing; also, a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. -- Scoop wheel, a wheel for raising water, having scoops or buckets attached to its circumference; a tympanum.

 Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scooping.] [OE. scopen. See Scoop, n.] 1.
 To take out or up with, a scoop; to lade out.

 He scooped the water from the crystal flood.

Dryden.
2. To empty by lading; as, to scoop a well dry.

3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate; to dig out; to form by digging or excavation.

 Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint.

Arbuthnot.
 Scoop"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scoops.

2. (Zoöl.) The avocet; -- so called because it scoops up the mud to obtain food.

 Scoot (?), v. i. To walk fast; to go quickly; to run hastily away.
 [Colloq. & Humorous, U. S.]

 Sco"pa*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow gelatinous or crystalline substance found in broom (Cytisus scoparius) accompanying sparteïne.

 Sco"pate (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom.] (Zoöl.)
 Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush.

 -scope (&?;). [Gr. skopo's a watcher, spy. See Scope.] A combining form usually signifying an instrument for viewing (with the eye) or observing (in any way); as in microscope, telescope, altoscope, anemoscope.

 Scope (?), n. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr.
 skopo's, a watcher, mark, aim; akin to &?;, &?; to view, and perh.
 to E. spy. Cf. Skeptic, Bishop.] 1. That at which one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs its view; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished; hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; intention; drift; object. "Shooting wide, do miss the marked scope."
 Spenser.
 Your scope is as mine own, So to enforce or qualify the laws As to your soul seems good.

Shak.
 The scope of all their pleading against man's authority, is to overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church.

Hooker.
2. Room or opportunity for free outlook or aim; space for action; amplitude of opportunity; free course or vent; liberty; range of view, intent, or action.

 Give him line and scope.

Shak.
 In the fate and fortunes of the human race, scope is given to the operation of laws which man must always fail to discern the reasons of.

I. Taylor.
 Excuse me if I have given too much scope to the reflections which have arisen in my mind.

Burke.
 An intellectual cultivation of no moderate depth or scope.

Hawthorne.
3. Extended area. [Obs.] "The scopes of land granted to the first adventurers." Sir J. Davies.
4. Length; extent; sweep; as, scope of cable.

 Sco"pe*line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scopeloid.

 Sco"pe*loid (?), a. [NL. Scopelus, typical genus (fr. Gr.
 &?; a headland) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to fishes of the genus Scopelus, or family Scopelodæ, which includes many small oceanic fishes, most of which are phosphorescent. -- n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Scopelidæ.

 Sco*pif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa + -ferous.]
 (Zoöl.) Bearing a tuft of brushlike hairs.

 Sco"pi*form (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + -form.]
 Having the form of a broom or besom. "Zeolite, stelliform or scopiform."
 Kirwan.
 Sco"pi*ped (?; 277), n. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scopuliped.

 Scop"pet (?), v. t. [From Scoop, v. t.] To lade or dip out.
 [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Scops" owl' (?). [NL. scops, fr. Gr. &?; the little horned owl.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small owls of the genus Scops having ear tufts like those of the horned owls, especially the European scops owl (Scops giu), and the American screech owl (S. asio).

 { Scop"tic (?), Scop"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. skwptiko's, from skw'ptein to mock, to scoff at.] Jesting; jeering; scoffing. [Obs.] South.
 -- Scop"tic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.]

 ||Scop"u*la (?), n.; pl. E. Scopulas (#), L. Scopulæ (#). [L. scopulae, pl. a little broom.] (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web. (b) A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee.

 Scop"u*li*ped (?), n. [L. scopulae, pl., a little broom (fr.
 scopae a broom) + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.)
 Any species of bee which has on the hind legs a brush of hairs used for collecting pollen, as the hive bees and bumblebees.

 Scop"u*lous (?), a. [L. scopulosus, fr. scopulus a rock, Gr. &?;.] Full of rocks; rocky. [Obs.]

 Scor"bute (?), n. [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scorbut. See Scurvy, n.] Scurvy. [Obs.] Purchas.
 { Scor*bu"tic (?), Scor*bu"tic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. scorbutique.]
 (Med.) Of or pertaining to scurvy; of the nature of, or resembling, scurvy; diseased with scurvy; as, a scorbutic person; scorbutic complaints or symptoms. -- Scor*bu"tic*al*ly, adv.
 ||Scor*bu"tus (?), n. [LL. See Scorbute.] (Med.) Scurvy.

 Scorce (?), n. Barter. [Obs.] See Scorse.

 Scorch (skôrch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched (?);


.]

1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A room in which a number of the officers or ship's company mess and reside. (c) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf.

2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or employment. "He has a good berth." Totten.
3. A place in a ship to sleep in; a long box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for sleeping in.

Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck. Ham. Nav.
 Encyc. -- To give (the land or any object) a wide berth, to keep at a distance from it.

 Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berthed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Berthing.] 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to lie at; to place in a berth; as, she was berthed stem to stern with the Adelaide.

2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard; as, to berth a ship's company. Totten.
 Ber"tha (&?;), n. [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman's name.] A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

 Berth"age (&?;), n. A place for mooring vessels in a dock or harbor.

 Ber"thi*er*ite (&?;), n. [From Berthier, a French naturalist.] (Min.) A double sulphide of antimony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color.

 Berth"ing (&?;), n. (Naut.) The planking outside of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth.
 Ber"tram (&?;), n. [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum, Gr. &?; a hot spicy plant, fr. &?; fire.] (Bot.) Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum).

 Ber"y*coid (br"*koid), a. [NL. beryx, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Berycidæ, a family of marine fishes.

 Ber"yl (br"l), n. [F. béryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. bh'ryllos, prob. fr. Skr. vairya. Cf. Brilliant.] (Min.)
 A mineral of great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink, and white. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum (beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep color, which is probably due to the presence of a little oxide of chromium.

 Ber"yl*line (&?;), a. Like a beryl; of a light or bluish green color.

 Be*ryl"li*um (&?;), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum.

 Ber"yl*loid (&?;), n. [Beryl + - oid.] (Crystallog.)
 A solid consisting of a double twelvesided pyramid; -- so called because the planes of this form occur on crystals of beryl.

 { Be*saiel", Be*saile", Be*sayle" (&?;) }, n. [OF. beseel, F. bisaïeul, fr. L. bis twice + LL. avolus, dim.
 of L. avus grandfather.] 1. A great-grandfather. [Obs.]

2. (Law) A kind of writ which formerly lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and kept the heir out. This is now abolished. Blackstone.
 Be*saint" (&?;), v. t. To make a saint of.

 Be*sant" (&?;), n. See Bezant.

 Bes-ant"ler (&?;), n. Same as Bezantler.

 Be*scat"ter (&?;), v. t. 1. To scatter over.

2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something); to strew. "With flowers bescattered." Spenser.
 Be*scorn" (&?;), v. t. To treat with scorn. "Then was he bescorned."
 Chaucer.
 Be*scratch" (&?;), v. t. To tear with the nails; to cover with scratches.

 Be*scrawl" (&?;), v. t. To cover with scrawls; to scribble over. Milton.
 Be*screen" (&?;), v. t. To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak.
 Be*scrib"ble (&?;), v. t. To scribble over. "Bescribbled with impertinences." Milton.
 { Be*scum"ber (&?;), Be*scum"mer (&?;), } v. t. [Pref. be- + scumber, scummer.] To discharge ordure or dung upon.
 [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Be*see" (&?;), v. t. & i. [AS. beseón; pref.
 be- + &?;eón to see.] To see; to look; to mind.
 [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Be*seech" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] [OE. bisechen, biseken (akin to G. besuchen to visit); pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek. See Seek.] 1. To ask or entreat with urgency; to supplicate; to implore.

 I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts. Shak.
 But Eve... besought his peace. Milton.
Syn. -- To beg; to crave. -- To Beseech, Entreat, Solicit, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in marking that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor. To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of earnestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a superior. To entreat implies greater urgency, usually enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of poetry and imagination. To implore denotes increased fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or superiors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty, and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men solicit by virtue of their interest with another; they entreat in the use of reasoning and strong representations; they beseech with importunate earnestness; they implore from a sense of overwhelming distress; they supplicate with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and dependence.

 Be*seech", n. Solicitation; supplication. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.
 Be*seech"er (&?;), n. One who beseeches.

 Be*seech"ing, a. Entreating urgently; imploring; as, a beseeching look. -- Be*seech"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seech"ing*ness, n. Be*seech"ment (&?;), n. The act of beseeching or entreating earnestly. [R.] Goodwin.
 Be*seek" (&?;), v. t. To beseech. [Obs.] Chauc


budded on each other.
Farm. Dict.
 Bud"dha (&?;), n. [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.] The title of an incarnation of selfabnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

 Bud"dhism (&?;), n. The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, "the awakened or enlightened," in the sixth century b. c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha's teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.

 Bud"dhist (&?;), n. One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism.

 Bud"dhist, a. Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists.

 Bud*dhis"tic (&?;), a. Same as Buddhist, a. Bud"ding (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of producing buds.

2. (Biol.) A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea.

3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.

 Bud"dle (&?;), n. [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining) An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of running water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions.

 Bud"dle, v. i. (Mining) To wash ore in a buddle.

 Bude" burn'er (&?;). [See Bude light.] A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.

 Bude" light' (&?;). [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.] A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.

 Budge (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] To move off; to stir; to walk away.

 I'll not budge an inch, boy. Shak.
 The mouse ne'er shunned the cat as they did budge From rascals worse than they. Shak.
 Budge, a. [See Budge, v.] Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South.
 Budge, n. [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr.
 L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.] A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; -- used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.

 Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. "Budge gowns." Milton.
2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics.

 Those budge doctors of the stoic fur. Milton.
Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. -- Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.

 Budge"ness (&?;), n. Sternness; severity. [Obs.]

 A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness. Stanyhurst.
 Budg"er (&?;), n. One who budges. Shak.
 ||budg"e*row (&?;), n. [Hindi bajr.] A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.

 Budg"et (&?;), n. [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as, a budget of inventions.

2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries.

To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government.

 Budg"y, a. [From Budge, n.] Consisting of fur. [Obs.]

 Bud"let (&?;), n. [Bud + -let.] A little bud springing from a parent bud.

 We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring. E. Darwin.
 Buff (bf), n. [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also, the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. "A suit of buff."
 Shak.
2. The color of buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown.

 A visage rough, Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff.
Dryden.
3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak.
4. (Med.) The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a.
5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc.

6. The bare skin; as, to strip to the buff. [Colloq.]

 To be in buff is equivalent to being naked. Wright.
 Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith.
2. Of the color of buff.

Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. -- Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. -- Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing.

 Buff, v. t. To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5


2. (Physics) The amount or degree of energy with which a force operates or a cause acts; effectiveness, as estimated by results produced.

3. (Mech.) The magnitude of a distributed force, as pressure, stress, weight, etc., per unit of surface, or of volume, as the case may be; as, the measure of the intensity of a total stress of forty pounds which is distributed uniformly over a surface of four square inches area is ten pounds per square inch.

4. (Photog.) The degree or depth of shade in a picture.

 In*ten"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. intensif. See Intense.]

1. Stretched; admitting of intension, or increase of degree; that can be intensified. Sir M. Hale.
2. Characterized by persistence; intent; unremitted; assiduous; intense. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
3. (Gram.) Serving to give force or emphasis; as, an intensive verb or preposition.

 In*ten"sive, n. That which intensifies or emphasizes; an intensive verb or word.

 In*ten"sive*ly, adv. In an intensive manner; by increase of degree.
 Abp. Bramhall.
 In*ten"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being intensive; intensity. Sir M. Hale.
 In*tent" (?), a. [L. intentus, p. p. of intendere.
 See Intend, and cf. Intense.]

1. Closely directed; strictly attentive; bent; -- said of the mind, thoughts, etc.; as, a mind intent on self-improvement.

2. Having the mind closely directed to or bent on an object; sedulous; eager in pursuit of an object; -- formerly with to, but now with on; as, intent on business or pleasure. "Intent on mischief." Milton.
 Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the speaker.

I. Watts.
 In*tent", n. [OE. entent, entente, attention, purpose, OF. entente, F. entente understanding, meaning; a participial noun, fr. F. & OF. entendre. See Intend.] The act of turning the mind toward an object; hence, a design; a purpose; intention; meaning; drift; aim.

 Be thy intents wicked or charitable.

Shak.
 The principal intent of Scripture is to deliver the laws of duties supernatural.

Hooker.
 >To all intents and purposes, in all applications or senses; practically; really; virtually; essentially. "He was miserable to all intents and purpose." L'Estrange.
Syn. -- Design; purpose; intention; meaning; purport; view; drift; object; end; aim; plan.

 In'ten*ta"tion (?), n. Intention. [Obs.]

 In*ten"tion (?), n. [F. intention, L. intentio. See Intend, and cf. Intension.]

1. A stretching or bending of the mind toward an object; closeness of application; fixedness of attention; earnestness.

Intention is when the mind, with great earnestness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea.

Locke.
2. A determination to act in a certain way or to do a certain thing; purpose; design; as, an intention to go to New York.

 Hell is paved with good intentions.

Johnson.
3. The object toward which the thoughts are directed; end; aim.

 In [chronical distempers], the principal intention is to restore the tone of the solid parts.

Arbuthnot.
4. The state of being strained. See Intension. [Obs.]

5. (Logic) Any mental apprehension of an object.

First intention (Logic), a conception of a thing formed by the first or direct application of the mind to the individual object; an idea or image; as, man, stone. -- Second intention (Logic), a conception generalized from first intuition or apprehension already formed by the mind; an abstract notion; especially, a classified notion, as species, genus, whiteness. -- To heal by the first intention (Surg.), to cicatrize, as a wound, without suppuration. -- To heal by the second intention (Surg.), to unite after suppuration.

Syn. -- Design; purpose; object; aim; intent; drift; purport; meaning. See Design.

 In*ten"tion*al (?), a. [Cf. F. intentionnel.] Done by intention or design; intended; designed; as, the act was intentional, not accidental.

 In*ten'tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being intentional; purpose; design. Coleridge.
 In*ten"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In an intentional manner; with intention; by design; of purpose.

 In*ten"tioned (?), a. Having designs; -- chiefly used in composition; as, well-intentioned, having good designs; ill-intentioned, having ill designs.

 In*ten"tive (?), a. [OE. ententif, OF. ententif, fr.
 L. intentivus intensive. See Intent, n., and cf. Intensive.]
 Attentive; intent. [Obs.] Spenser.
 In*ten"tive*ly, adv. Attentively; closely. [Obs.] "Intentively to observe." Holland.
 In*ten"tive*ness, n. Closeness of attention or application of mind; attentiveness. [Obs.] W. Montagu.
 In*tent"ly (?), adv. In an intent manner; as, the eyes intently fixed.

Syn. -- Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly; attentively; sedulously; diligently; eagerly.

 In*tent"ness, n. The state or quality of being intent; close application; attention.

 Extreme solicitude or intentness upon business.

South.
 In"ter- (?). [L. inter, prep., among, between, a compar. form of in in; akin to intra, intro, within, Skr. antar between, in, and E. in. See In, and cf. Entrails, Interior, Enter-, Exterior.]
 A prefix signifying among, between, amid; as, interact, interarticular, intermit.

 In*ter" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interred (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Interring (?).] [OE. enteren, OF. enterer, enterrer, LL. interrare; L. pref. inin + terra the earth. See Terrace.] To deposit and cover in the earth; to bury; to inhume; as, to inter a dead body. Shak.
 In'ter*act" (?), n. [Pref. inter- + act. Cf.
 Entr'acte.] A short act or piece between others, as in a play; an interlude; hence, intermediate employment or time. Chesterfield.
 In'ter*act", v. i. To act upon each other; as, two agents mutually interact. Emerson. Tyndall.
 In'ter*ac"tion (?), n. 1. Intermediate action.

2. Mutual or reciprocal action or influence; as, the interaction of the heart and lungs on each other.

 In'ter*ad"di*tive (?), a. Added or placed between the parts of another thing, as a clause inserted parenthetically in a sentence.

 In'ter*a"gen*cy (?), n. Intermediate agency.

 In'ter*a"gent (?), n. An intermediate agent.

 In"ter*all (?), n. Entrail or inside. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.
 In'ter*al"ve*o*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between alveoli; as, the interalveolar septa between adjacent air cells in the lungs.

 In'ter*am'


participle when used merely as an attribute of a noun, without reference to time, is called an adjective, or a participial adjective; as, a written constitution; a rolling stone; the exhausted army. The verbal noun in -ing has the form of the present participle. See Verbal noun, under Verbal, a.
2. Anything that partakes of the nature of different things. [Obs.]

 The participles or confines between plants and living creatures.

Bacon.
 Par"ti*cle (?), n. [L. particula, dim of pars, gen partis, a part: cf. F. particule. See Part, and cf. Parcel.] 1. A minute part or portion of matter; a morsel; a little bit; an atom; a jot; as, a particle of sand, of wood, of dust.

 The small size of atoms which unite To make the smallest particle of light.

Blackmore.
2. Any very small portion or part; the smallest portion; as, he has not a particle of patriotism or virtue.

 The houses had not given their commissioners authority in the least particle to recede.

Clarendon.
3. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A crumb or little piece of concecrated host. (b) The smaller hosts distributed in the communion of the laity. Bp. Fitzpatrick.
4. (Gram.) A subordinate word that is never inflected (a preposition, conjunction, interjection); or a word that can not be used except in compositions; as, ward in backward, ly in lovely.

 Par"ti*col'ored, a. Same as Party-colored.

 Par*tic"u*lar (?), a. [OE. particuler, F. particulier, L. particularis. See Particle.] 1. Relating to a part or portion of anything; concerning a part separated from the whole or from others of the class; separate; sole; single; individual; specific; as, the particular stars of a constellation. Shak.
 [/Make] each particular hair to stand an end, Like quills upon the fretful porpentine.

Shak.
 Seken in every halk and every herne Particular sciences for to lerne.

Chaucer.
2. Of or pertaining to a single person, class, or thing; belonging to one only; not general; not common; hence, personal; peculiar; singular.
 "Thine own particular wrongs." Shak.
 Wheresoever one plant draweth such a particular juice out of the earth.

Bacon.
3. Separate or distinct by reason of superiority; distinguished; important; noteworthy; unusual; special; as, he brought no particular news; she was the particular belle of the party.

4. Concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; circumstantial; precise; as, a full and particular account of an accident; hence, nice; fastidious; as, a man particular in his dress.

5. (Law) (a) Containing a part only; limited; as, a particular estate, or one precedent to an estate in remainder. (b) Holding a particular estate; as, a particular tenant. Blackstone.
6. (Logic) Forming a part of a genus; relatively limited in extension; affirmed or denied of a part of a subject; as, a particular proposition; -- opposed to universal: e. g. (particular affirmative) Some men are wise; (particular negative) Some men are not wise.

Particular average. See under Average. -- Particular Baptist, one of a branch of the Baptist denomination the members of which hold the doctrine of a particular or individual election and reprobation. -- Particular lien (Law), a lien, or a right to retain a thing, for some charge or claim growing out of, or connected with, that particular thing.
 -- Particular redemption, the doctrine that the purpose, act, and provisions of redemption are restricted to a limited number of the human race. See Calvinism.

Syn. -- Minute; individual; respective; appropriate; peculiar; especial; exact; specific; precise; critical; circumstantial. See Minute.

 Par*tic"u*lar (?), n. 1. A separate or distinct member of a class, or part of a whole; an individual fact, point, circumstance, detail, or item, which may be considered separately; as, the particulars of a story.

Particulars which it is not lawful for me to reveal.

Bacon.
 It is the greatest interest of particulars to advance the good of the community.

L'Estrange.
2. Special or personal peculiarity, trait, or character; individuality; interest, etc. [Obs.]

 For his particular I'll receive him gladly.

Shak.
 If the particulars of each person be considered.

Milton.
 Temporal blessings, whether such as concern the public... or such as concern our particular.

Whole Duty of Man.
3. (Law) One of the details or items of grounds of claim; -- usually in the pl.; also, a bill of particulars; a minute account; as, a particular of premises.

 The reader has a particular of the books wherein this law was written.

Ayliffe.
Bill of particulars. See under Bill. - - In particular, specially; peculiarly. "This, in particular, happens to the lungs."
 Blackmore. -- To go into particulars, to relate or describe in detail or minutely.

 Par*tic"u*lar*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. particularisme.] 1.
 A minute description; a detailed statement. [R.]

2. (Theol.) The doctrine of particular election.

3. (German Politics) Devotion to the interests of one's own kingdom or province rather than to those of the empire.

 Par*tic"u*lar*ist, n. [Cf. F. particulariste.] One who holds to particularism. -- Par*tic'u*lar*is"tic, a. Par*tic'u*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Particularities (#).
 [Cf. F. particularité.] 1. The state or quality of being particular; distinctiveness; circumstantiality; minuteness in detail.

2. That which is particular; as: (a) Peculiar quality; individual characteristic; peculiarity. "An old heathen altar with this particularity."
 Addison. (b) Special circumstance; minute detail; particular. "Even descending to particularities." Sir P. Sidney.
(c) Something of special or private concern or interest.

 Let the general trumpet blow his blast, Particularities and petty sounds To cease!

Shak.
 Par*tic'u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of particularizing. Coleridge.
 Par*tic"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Particularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Particularizing (?).] [Cf.
 F. particulariser.] To give as a particular, or as the particulars; to mention particularly; to give the particulars of; to enumerate or specify in detail.

 He not only boasts of his parentage as an Israelite, but particularizes his descent from Benjamin.

Atterbury.
 Par*tic"u*lar*ize, v. i. To mention or attend to particulars; to give minute details; to be circumstantial; as, to particularize in a narrative.

 Par*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. 1. In a particular manner; expressly; with a specific reference or interest; in particular; distinctly.

2. In an especial manner; in a high degree; as, a particularly fortunate man; a particularly bad failure.

 The exact propriety of Virgil I particularly regarded as a great part of his character.

Dryden.
 Par*tic"u*lar*ment (?), n


eating at the same time. See also since time T equals minus infinity.
Node:times-or-divided-by, Next:TINC, Previous:time T, Up:= T = times-or-divided-by quant.
[by analogy with 'plus-or-minus'] Term occasionally used when describing the uncertainty associated with a scheduling estimate, for either humorous or brutally honest effect. For a software project, the scheduling uncertainty factor is usually at least 2.
Node:TINC, Next:Tinkerbell program, Previous:times-or-divided-by, Up:= T = TINC // [Usenet] Abbreviation: "There Is No Cabal". See backbone cabal and NANA, but note that this abbreviation did not enter use until long after the dispersal of the backbone cabal.
Node:Tinkerbell program, Next:TINLC, Previous:TINC, Up:= T = Tinkerbell program n.
[Great Britain] A monitoring program used to scan incoming network calls and generate alerts when calls are received from particular sites, or when logins are attempted using certain IDs.
Named after 'Project Tinkerbell', an experimental phone-tapping program developed by British Telecom in the early 1980s.
Node:TINLC, Next:tip of the ice-cube, Previous:Tinkerbell program, Up:= T = TINLC // Abbreviation: "There Is No Lumber Cartel". See Lumber Cartel. TINLC is a takeoff on TINC.
Node:tip of the ice-cube, Next:tired iron, Previous:TINLC, Up:= T = tip of the ice-cube n. // [IBM] The visible part of something small and insignificant.
Used as an ironic comment in situations where 'tip of the iceberg' might be appropriate if the subject were at all important.
Node:tired iron, Next:tits on a keyboard, Previous:tip of the ice-cube, Up:= T = tired iron n.
[IBM] Hardware that is perfectly functional but far enough behind the state of the art to have been superseded by new products, presumably with sufficient improvement in bang-per-buck that the old stuff is starting to look a bit like a dinosaur.
Node:tits on a keyboard, Next:TLA, Previous:tired iron, Up:= T = tits on a keyboard n. Small bumps on certain keycaps to keep touch-typists registered. Usually on the 5 of a numeric keypad, and on the F and J of a QWERTY keyboard; but older Macs, perverse as usual, had them on the D and K keys (this changed in 1999).
Node:TLA, Next:(TM), Previous:tits on a keyboard, Up:= T = TLA /T-L-A/ n.
[Three-Letter Acronym] 1. Self-describing abbreviation for a species with which computing terminology is infested. 2. Any confusing acronym. Examples include MCA, FTP, SNA, CPU, MMU, SCCS, DMU, FPU, NNTP, TLA. People who like this looser usage argue that not all TLAs have three letters, just as not all four-letter words have four letters. One also hears of 'ETLA' (Extended Three-Letter Acronym, pronounced /ee tee el ay/) being used to describe four-letter acronyms. The term 'SFLA' (Stupid Four-Letter Acronym) has also been reported. See also YABA.
The self-effacing phrase "TDM TLA" (Too Damn Many...) is often used to bemoan the plethora of TLAs in use. In 1989, a random of the journalistic persuasion asked hacker Paul Boutin "What do you think will be the biggest problem in computing in the 90s?" Paul's straight-faced response: "There are only 17,000 three-letter acronyms." (To be exact, there are 26^3 = 17,576.) There is probably some karmic justice in the fact that Paul Boutin subsequently became a journalist.
Node:(TM), Next:TMRC, Previous:TLA, Up:= T = (TM) // [Usenet] ASCII rendition of the trademark-superscript symbol appended to phrases that the author feels should be recorded for posterity, perhaps in future editions of this lexicon. Sometimes used ironically as a form of protest against the recent spate of software and algorithm patents and 'look and feel' lawsuits. See also UN*X. Node:TMRC, Next:TMRCie, Previous:(TM), Up:= T = TMRC /tmerk'/ n. The Tech Model Railroad Club at MIT, one of the wellsprings of hacker culture. The 1959 "Dictionary of the TMRC Language" compiled by Peter Samson included several terms that became basics of the hackish vocabulary (see esp. foo, mung, and frob).
By 1962, TMRC's legendary layout was already a marvel of complexity and has grown in the years since. All the features described here were still present when the old layout was decomissioned in 1998 just before the demolition of MIT Building 20, and will almost certainly be retained when the old layout is rebuilt (expected in 2003). The control system alone featured about 1200 relays. There were scram switches located at numerous places around the room that could be thwacked if something undesirable was about to occur, such as a train going full-bore at an obstruction. Another feature of the system was a digital clock on the dispatch board, which was itself something of a wonder in those bygone days before cheap LEDs and seven-segment displays. When someone hit a scram switch the clock stopped and the display was replaced with the word 'FOO'; at TMRC the scram switches are therefore called 'foo switches'.
Steven Levy, in his book "Hackers" (see the Bibliography in Appendix C), gives a stimulating account of those early years. TMRC's Signals and Power Committee included many of the early PDP-1 hackers and the people who later became the core of the MIT AI Lab staff. Thirty years later that connection is still very much alive, and this lexicon accordingly includes a number of entries from a recent revision of the TMRC dictionary.
TMRC has a web page at _URL_
Node:TMRCie, Next:TMTOWTDI, Previous:TMRC, Up:= T = TMRCie /tmerk'ee/, n.
[MIT] A denizen of TMRC.
Node:TMTOWTDI, Next:to a first approximation, Previous:TMRCie, Up:= T = TMTOWTDI /tim-toh'-dee/ There's More Than One Way To Do It. This abbreviation of the official motto of Perl is frequently used on newsgroups and mailing lists related to that language.
Node:to a first approximation, Next:to a zeroth approximation, Previous:TMTOWTDI, Up:= T = to a first approximation adj.
1. [techspeak] When one is doing certain numerical computations, an approximate solution may be computed by any of several heuristic methods, then refined to a final value. By using the starting point of a first approximation of the answer, one can write an algorithm that converges more quickly to the correct result. 2. In jargon, a preface to any comment that indicates that the comment is only approximately true. The remark "To a first approximation, I feel good" might indicate that deeper questioning would reveal that not all is perfect (e.g., a nagging cough still remains after an illness).
Node:to a zeroth approximation, Next:toad, Previous:to a first approximation, Up:= T = to a zeroth approximation [from 'to a first approximation'] A really sloppy approximation; a wild guess. Compare social science number.
Node:toad, Next:toast, Previous:to a zeroth approximation, Up:= T = toad vt. [MUD] 1. Notionally, to change a MUD player into a toad. 2. To permanently and totally exile a player from the MUD. A very serious action, which can only be done by a MUD wizard; often involves a lot of debate among the other characters first. See also frog, FOD.
Node:toast, Next:toaster, Previous:toad, Up:= T = toast 1. n


or Aqua marina (&?;). Same as Aquamarine. -- Aqua regia (&?;). [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the "royal" metal. -- Aqua Tofana (&?;), a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. -- Aqua vitæ (&?;) [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak.
 ||A'qua for"tis (&?;). [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid.
 [Archaic] A'qua*ma*rine" (&?;), n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl.

 A'qua*punc"ture (&?;), n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain.

 ||Aq'ua*relle" (&?;), n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr.
 acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also, the mode of painting in such colors.

 Aq'ua*rel"list (&?;), n. A painter in thin transparent water colors.

 { A*qua"ri*al (&?;), A*qua"ri*an (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to an aquarium.

 A*qua"ri*an, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper.

 A*qua"ri*um (&?;), n.; pl. E. Aquariums (&?;), L. Aquaria (&?;). [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept.

 ||A*qua"ri*us (&?;), n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.)
(a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; -- so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus.

 A*quat"ic (&?;), a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique.
 See Aqua.] Pertaining to water; growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as, aquatic plants and fowls.

 A*quat'ic, n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant.

2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water.

 A*quat"ic*al (&?;), a. Aquatic. [R.]

 Aq"ua*tile (&?;), a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.]
 Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 { A"qua*tint (&?;), A'qua*tin"ta (&?;), } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method.

 Aq"ue*duct (&?;), n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.]
 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water.

 The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge.

2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as, the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

 A*que"i*ty (&?;), n. Wateriness. [Obs.]

 A"que*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery.

 The aqueous vapor of the air. Tyndall.
2. Made from, or by means of, water.

 An aqueous deposit. Dana.
Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. -- Aqueous humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) -- Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; -- called also sedimentary rocks.

 A'que*ous*ness, n. Wateriness.

 A*quif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + -ferous.]
 Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as, aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system.

 A"qui*form (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + -form.]
 Having the form of water.

 ||Aq"ui*la (&?;), n.; pl. Aquilæ (&?;).
 [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of eagles.

2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle.

Aquila alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel.
 Brande & C. Aq"ui*la'ted (&?;), a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles' heads.

 Aq"ui*line (?; 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle.

2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; -- applied particularly to the nose Terribly arched and aquiline his nose. Cowper.
 Aq"ui*lon (&?;), n. [L. aquilo, - lonis: cf. F.
 aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak.
 A*quip"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; -- applied to certain glands. Dunglison.
 Aq'ui*ta"ni*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony.

 A*quose" (&?;), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua.
 See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey.
 A*quos"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of


Kartoffel". In France the shape of the tubers suggested the name of earth-apple (pomme de terre), a name also adopted in Dutch (aard-appel), while dialectically in German a form "Grumbire" appears, which is a corruption of "Grund-birne", "ground pear". (Kluge "Etymologisches Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache" (Strassburg), s.v.
 "Kartoffel".) Here half the languages have adopted the original American word for an allied plant, while others have adopted a name originating in some more or less fanciful resemblance discovered in the tubers; the Germans alone in Western Europe, failing to see any meaning in their borrowed name, have modified it almost beyond recognition. To this English supplies an exact parallel in "parsnep" which, though representing the Latin "pastinaca" through the Old French "pastenaque", was first assimilated in the last syllable to the "nep" of "turnep" ("pasneppe" in Elizabethan English), and later had an "r" introduced into the first syllable, apparently on the analogy of "parsley".

 The turkey on the other hand seems never to be found with its original American name. In England, as the name implies, the turkey cock was regarded as having come from the land of the Turks. The bird no doubt spread over Europe from the Italian seaports. The mistake, therefore, was not unnatural, seeing that these towns conducted a great trade with the Levant, while the fact that America when first discovered was identified with India helped to increase the confusion. Thus in French the "coq d'Inde" was abbreviated to "d'Inde" much as "turkey cock" was to "turkey"; the next stage was to identify "dinde" as a feminine word and create a new "dindon" on the analogy of "chapon" as the masculine. In Italian the name "gallo d'India" besides survives, while in German the name "Truthahn" seems to be derived onomatopoetically from the bird's cry, though a dialectic "Calecutischer Hahn" specifies erroneously an origin for the bird from the Indian Calicut. In the Spanish "pavo", on the other hand, there is a curious confusion with the peacock. Thus in these names for objects of common knowledge, the introduction of which into Europe can be dated with tolerable definiteness, we see evinced the methods by which in remoter ages objects were named. The words were borrowed from the community whence came the new object, or the real or fancied resemblance to some known object gave the name, or again popular etymology might convert the unknown term into something that at least approached in sound a well-known word.

 "The Origin of Species" had not long been published when the parallelism of development in natural species and in languages struck investigators.
 At the time, one of the foremost German philologists was August Schleicher, Professor at Jena. He was himself keenly interested in the natural sciences, and amongst his colleagues was Ernst Haeckel, the protagonist in Germany of the Darwinian theory. How the new ideas struck Schleicher may be seen from the following sentences by his colleague Haeckel. "Speech is a physiological function of the human organism, and has been developed simultaneously with its organs, the larynx and tongue, and with the functions of the brain. Hence it will be quite natural to find in the evolution and classification of languages the same features as in the evolution and classification of organic species. The various groups of languages that are distinguished in philology as primitive, fundamental, parent, and daughter languages, dialects, etc., correspond entirely in their development to the different categories which we classify in zoology and botany as stems, classes, orders, families, genera, species and varieties. The relation of these groups, partly coordinate and partly subordinate, in the general scheme is just the same in both cases; and the evolution follows the same lines in both."
 (Haeckel, "The Evolution of Man", page 485, London, 1905. This represents Schleicher's own words: Was die Naturforscher als Gattung bezeichnen wurden, heisst bei den Glottikern Sprachstamm, auch Sprachsippe; naher verwandte Gattungen bezeichnen sie wohl auch als Sprachfamilien einer Sippe oder eines Sprachstammes... Die Arten einer Gattung nennen wir Sprachen eines Stammes; die Unterarten einer Art sind bei uns die Dialekte oder Mundarten einer Sprache; den Varietaten und Spielarten entsprechen die Untermundarten oder Nebenmundarten und endlich den einzelnen Individuen die Sprechweise der einzelnen die Sprachen redenden Menschen.
 "Die Darwinische Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft", Weimar, 1863, page 12 f. Darwin makes a more cautious statement about the classification of languages in "The Origin of Species", page 578, (Popular Edition, 1900).)
 These views were set forth in an open letter addressed to Haeckel in 1863 by Schleicher entitled, "The Darwinian theory and the science of language". Unfortunately Schleicher's views went a good deal farther than is indicated in the extract given above. He appended to the pamphlet a genealogical tree of the Indo-Germanic languages which, though to a large extent confirmed by later research, by the dichotomy of each branch into two other branches, led the unwary reader to suppose their phylogeny (to use Professor Haeckel's term) was more regular than our evidence warrants.

 Without qualification Schleicher declared languages to be "natural organisms which originated unconditioned by the human will, developed according to definite laws, grow old and die; they also are characterised by that series of phenomena which we designate by the term 'Life.'
 Consequently Glottic, the science of language, is a natural science; its method is in general the same as that of the other natural sciences."
 ("Die Darwinische Theorie", page 6 f.) In accordance with this view he declared (op. cit. page 23.) that the root in language might be compared with the simple cell in physiology, the linguistic simple cell or root being as yet not differentiated into special organs for the function of noun, verb, etc.

 In this probably all recent philologists admit that Schleicher went too far. One of the most fertile theories in the modern science of language originated with him, and was further developed by his pupil, August Leskien ("Die Declination im Slavisch-litanischen und Germanischen", Leipzig, 1876; Osthoff and Brugmann, "Morphologische Untersuchungen", I.
 (Introduction), 1878. The general principles of this school were formulated (1880) in a fuller form in H. Paul's "Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte", Halle (3rd edition, 1898). Paul and Wundt (in his "Volkerpsychologie") deal largely with the same matter, but begin their investigations from different points of view, Paul being a philologist with leanings to philosophy and Wundt a philosopher interested in language.), and by Leskien's colleagues and friends, Brugmann and Osthoff.
 This was the principle that phonetic laws have no exceptions. Under the influence of this generalisation much greater precision in etymology was insisted upon, and a new and remarkably active period in the study of language began. Stated broadly in the fashion given above the principle is not true. A more accurate statement would be that an original sound is represented in a given dialect at a given time and in a given environment only in one way; provided that the development of the original sound into its representation in the given dialect has not been influenced by the working of analogy.

 It is this proviso that is most important for the characterisation of the science of language. As I have said elsewhere, it is at this point that this science parts company with the natural sciences. "If the chemist compounds two pure simple elements, there can be but one result, and no power of the chemist can prevent it. But the minds of men do act upon the sounds which they produce. The result is that, when this happens, the phonetic law which would have acted in the case is stopped, and