.

 Con*struc"ture (?; 135), n. That which is constructed or formed; an edifice; a fabric. [Obs.]

 Con*strue (?; Archaic?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Construing (#).] [L. construere: cf. F. construire. See Construct.] 1. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure, arrangement, or connection of, or to discover the sense; to explain the construction of; to interpret; to translate.

2. To put a construction upon; to explain the sense or intention of; to interpret; to understand.

 Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our enemies. Bp.
 Stilingfleet.
 And to be dull was construed to be good. Pope.
 Con"stu*prate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Construprated; p. p. & vb. n. Constuprating.] [L. constupratus, p. p. of constuprare to ravish; con- + stuprare to ravish, stuprum rape.]
 To ravish; to debauch. Burton.
 Con'stu*pra"tion (?), n. The act of ravishing; violation; defilement. Bp. Hall.
 Con'sub*stan"tial (?), a. [L. consubstantialis; con- + substantialis: cf. F. consubstantiel. See Substantial.] Of the same kind or nature; having the same substance or essence; coessential.

 Christ Jesus... coeternal and consubstantial with the Father and with the Holy Ghost. Foxe.
 Con'sub*stan"tial*ism (?), n. The doctrine of consubstantiation.

 Con'sub*stan"tial*ist, n. One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow.
 Con'sub*stan"ti*al"i*ty (?; 106), n. [Cf. F. consubstantialité.]
 Participation of the same nature; coexistence in the same substance. "His [the Son's]... consubstantiality with the Father." Hammend.
 Con'sub*stan"tial*ly (?), adv. In a consubstantial manner; with identity of substance or nature.

 Con'sub*stan"ti*ate (?; 106), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Consubstantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Consubstantiating.] To cause to unite, or to regard as united, in one common substance or nature. [R.]

 His soul must be consubstantiated with reason. Jer.
 Taylor.
 Con'sub*stan"ti*ate, v. i. To profess or belive the doctrine of consubstantion.

 The consubstantiating church and priest. Dryden.
 Con'sub*stan"ti*ate (?), a. Partaking of the same substance; united; consubstantial.

 We must love her [the wife] that is thus consubstantiate with us.
Feltham.
 Con'sub*stan'ti*a"tion (?; 106), n. 1. An identity or union of substance.

2. (Theol.) The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; impanation; -- opposed to transubstantiation.

 This view, held by Luther himself, was called consubstantiation by non Lutheran writers in contradistinction to transsubstantiation, the Catholic view.

 Con"sue*tude (?; 144), n. [L. consuetudo. See Custom.]
 Custom, habit; usage. [R.]

 To observe this consuetude or law. Barnes.

 Con'sue*tu"di*nal (?), a. [LL. consuetudinalis.] According to custom; customary; usual. [R.]

 Con'sue*tu"di*na"ry (?), a. [LL. consuetudinarius.]
 Customary.

 Con'sue*tu"di*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Consuetudinaries (&?;).
 A manual or ritual of customary devotional exercises.

 Con"sul (kn"sl), n. [L., prob. fr. consulere to deliberate.
 See Consult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates of the republic.

 They were chosen annually, originally from the patricians only, but later from the plebeians also.

2. A senator; a counselor. [Obs.]

 Many of the consuls, raised and met, Are at the duke's already. Shak.
 With kings and consuls of the earth. Job. iii. 14 (Douay Ver. )
3. (Fr. Hist.) One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804, who were called, respectively, first, second, and third consul.

4. An official commissioned to reside in some foreign country, to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen.

Consul general, a consul of the first rank, stationed in an important place, or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consuls. -- Vice consul, a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul's absence or after he has been relieved.

 Con"sul*age (?), n. (Com.) A duty or tax paid by merchants for the protection of their commerce by means of a consul in a foreign place.

 Con"su*lar (?), a. [L. consularis; cf. F. consulaire.]
 Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul; as, consular power; consular dignity; consular officers.

 Con"su*la"ry (?), a. Consular. [Obs.] Holland.
 Con"su*late (?), n. [L. consulatus: cf. F. consulat.]
 1. The office of a consul. Addison.
2. The jurisdiction or residence of a consul. Kent.
3. Consular government; term of office of a consul.

 Con"sul*ship (?), n. 1. The office of a consul; consulate.

2. The term of office of a consul.

 Con*sult" (kn*slt"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Consulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Consulting.] [L. consultare, fr. consulere to consult: cf. f. consulter. Cf. Counsel.] To seek the opinion or advice of another; to take counsel; to deliberate together; to confer.

 Let us consult upon to-morrow's business. Shak.
 All the laws of England have been made by the kings England, consulting with the nobility and commons. Hobbes.
 Con*sult", v. t. 1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of; to apply to for information or instruction; to refer to; as, to consult a physician; to consult a dictionary.

 Men forgot, or feared, to consult nature... ; they were content to consult libraries. Whewell.
2. To have reference to, in judging or acting; to have regard to; to consider; as, to consult one's wishes.

 We are... to consult the necessities of life, rather than matters of ornament and delight. L'Estrange.
3. To deliberate upon; to take for. [Obs.]

 Manythings were there consulted for the future, yet nothing was positively resolved. Clarendon.
4. To bring about by counsel or contrivance; to devise; to contrive. [Obs.]

 Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by


with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver.

 { Clar"en*ceux, Clar"en*cieux } (?), n. (Her.) See King-atarms.

 Clar"en*don (?), n. A style of type having a narrow and heave face.
 It is made in all sizes.

 This line is in nonpareil Clarendon.

 Clare"-ob*scure" (?), n. [L. clarus clear + obscurus obscure; cf. F. clairobscur. Cf. Chiaroscuro.] (Painting) See Chiaroscuro.

 Clar"et (klr"t), n. [OE. claret, clare, clarry, OF. claret, claré, fr. cler, F. clair, clear, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] The name first given in England to the red wines of Médoc, in France, and afterwards extended to all the red Bordeaux wines. The name is also given to similar wines made in the United States.

 Clar'i*bel"la (?), n. [NL., from L. clarus clear + bellus fine.] (Mus.) A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

 Clar"i*chord (?), n. [F. clatocorde, fr.L. clarus clear + chorda string. See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet; -- called also manichord and clavichord.

 Clar'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. clarification, L. clarificatio glorification.] 1. The act or process of making clear or transparent, by freeing visible impurities; as, the clarification of wine.

2. The act of freeing from obscurities.

 The clarification of men's ideas. Whewell.
 Clar"i*fi'er (?), n. 1. That which clarifies.

2. A vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted; as, the clarifier in sugar works. Ure.
 Clar"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clarified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] [F. clarifier, from L. clarificare; clarus clear + facere to make. See Clear, and Fact.] 1.
 To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; -- said of liquids, as wine or sirup. "Boiled and clarified."
 Ure.
2. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate.

 To clarify his reason, and to rectify his will. South.
3. To glorify. [Obs.]

 Fadir, clarifie thi name. Wyclif (John ii. 28).
 Clar"i*fy, v. i. 1. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification.

2. To grow clear or bright; to clear up.

 Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the discoursing with another. Bacon.
 Clar"i*gate (?), v. i. [L. clarigare] To declare war with certain ceremonies. [Obs.] Holland.
 Clar"i*net' (?), n. [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine, from L. clarus. See Clear, and cf. Clarion.] (Mus.) A wind instrument, blown by a single reed, of richer and fuller tone than the oboe, which has a double reed. It is the leading instrument in a military band. [Often improperly called clarionet.]

 ||Cla*ri"no (?), n. [It. a trumpet.] (Mus.) A reed stop in an organ.

 Clar"i*on (?), n. [OE. clarioun, OF. clarion, F. clairon, LL. clario, claro; so called from its clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill.

 He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.
E. Everett.
 Clar'i*o*net" (?), n. [See Clarion, Clarinet.] (Mus.) See Clarinet.

 Cla*ris"o*nus (?), a. [L. clarisonus; clarus + sonus.]
 Having a clear sound. [Obs.] Ash.
 Clar"i*tude (?), n. [L. claritudo, fr. clarus clear.]
 Clearness; splendor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Clar"i*ty (?), n. [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear: cf.
 F. clarté.] Clearness; brightness; splendor.

 Floods, in whose more than crystal clarity, Innumerable virgin graces row. Beaumont.
 Cla"ro-ob*scu"ro (?), n. See Chiaroscuro.

 Clar'ré", n. [See Claret.] Wine with a mixture of honey and species. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Clart (?), v. t. [Cf. Armor. kalar mud, mire, kalara to dirt, Sw. lort mud.] To daub, smear, or spread, as with mud, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Clart"y (?), a. Sticky and foul; muddy; filthy; dirty. [Prov. Eng.]
 Halliwell.
 Clar"y (?), v. i. [Cf. Clarion.] To make a loud or shrill noise.
 [Obs.] Golding.
 Cla"ry (?), n. [Cf. LL. sclarea, scarlea, D. & G. scharlei, F. sclarée.] (Bot.) A plant (Salvia sclarea) of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups.

Clary water, a composition of clary flowers with brandy, etc., formerly used as a cardiac.

 Clash (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clashing.] [Of imitative origin; cf. G. klatschen, Prov. G. kleschen, D. kletsen, Dan. klaske, E. clack.]
 1. To make a noise by striking against something; to dash noisily together.

2. To meet in opposition; to act in a contrary direction; to come onto collision; to interfere.

 However some of his interests might clash with those of the chief adjacent colony. Palfrey.
 Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against or together.

 Clash n. 1. A loud noise resulting from collision; a noisy collision of bodies; a collision.

 The roll of cannon and clash of arms. Tennyson.
2. Opposition; contradiction; as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, etc.

Clashes between popes and kings. Denham.
 Clash"ing*ly, adv. With clashing.

 Clasp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clasping] [OE. claspen, clapsen, prob. akin to E. clap.] 1. To shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp; to shut or fasten (a clasp, or that which fastens with a clasp).

2. To inclose and hold in the hand or with the arms; to grasp; to embrace.

3. To surround and cling to; to entwine about. "Clasping ivy." Milton.
 Clasp, n. 1. An adjustable catch, bent plate, or hook, for holding together two objects or the parts of anything, as the ends of a belt, the covers of a


; jewels or gems, collectively.

 Gem"mate (?), a. [L. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare to put forth buds, fr. gemma bud.] (Bot.) Having buds; reproducing by buds.

 Gem"ma*ted (?), a. Having buds; adorned with gems or jewels.

 Gem*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. gemmation.]

1. (Biol.) The formation of a new individual, either animal or vegetable, by a process of budding; an asexual method of reproduction; gemmulation; gemmiparity. See Budding.

2. (Bot.) The arrangement of buds on the stalk; also, of leaves in the bud.

 Gem"me*ous (?), a. [L. gemmeus. See Gem.] Pertaining to gems; of the nature of gems; resembling gems. Pennant.
 Gem*mif"er*ous (?), a. [L. gemma bud + -ferous: cf.
 F. gemmifère.] Producing gems or buds; (Biol.)
 multiplying by buds.

 Gem'mi*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. gemma bud + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] (Biol.) The production of a bud or gem.

 Gem'mi*flo"rate (?), a. [L. gemma bud + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers like buds.

 Gem"mi*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being gemmy; spruceness; smartness.

 { ||Gem*mip"a*ra (?) ||Gem*mip"a*res (?) } n. pl. [NL., fr. L. gemma bud + parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Animals which increase by budding, as hydroids.

 Gem'mi*par"i*ty (?), n. (Biol.) Reproduction by budding; gemmation. See Budding.

 Gem*mip"a*rous (?), a. [Cf. F. gemmipare.] (Biol.)
 Producing buds; reproducing by buds. See Gemmation, 1.

 Gem*mos"i*ty (?), n. [L. gemmosus set with jewels. See Gem.]
 The quality or characteristics of a gem or jewel. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Gem'mu*la"tion (?), n. [From L. gemmula, dim. of gemma bud.] (Biol.) See Gemmation.

 Gem"mule (?), n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma: cf. F. gemmule. See Gem.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A little leaf bud, as the plumule between the cotyledons. (b) One of the buds of mosses. (c) One of the reproductive spores of algæ. (d) An ovule.

2. (Biol.) (a) A bud produced in generation by gemmation. (b) One of the imaginary granules or atoms which, according to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, are continually being thrown off from every cell or unit, and circulate freely throughout the system, and when supplied with proper nutriment multiply by self-division and ultimately develop into cells like those from which they were derived.
 They are supposed to be transmitted from the parent to the offspring, but are often transmitted in a dormant state during many generations and are then developed. See Pangenesis.

 Gem'mu*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Gemmule + -ferous.]
 Bearing or producing gemmules or buds.

 Gem"my (?), a. [From Gem, n.]

1. Full of gems; bright; glittering like a gem.

 The gemmy bridle glittered free.

Tennyson.
2. Spruce; smart. [Colloq. Eng.]

 Ge*mote" (?), n. [As. gem&?;t an assembly. See Meet, v.
 t.] (AS. Hist.) A meeting; -- used in combination, as, Witenagemote, an assembly of the wise men.

 Gems (?), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) The chamois.

 Gems"bok (?), n. [D.; akin to G. gemsbock the male or buck of the chamois; gemse chamois, goat of the Alps + bock buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Oryx Capensis), having long, sharp, nearly straight horns.

 Gems"-horn' (?), n. [G., prop., chamois horn.] (Mus.) An organ stop with conical tin pipes.

 Ge*mul" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer (Furcifer Chilensis), with simple forked horns. [Written also guemul.]

 -gen (?). [(1) From Gr. -gen-, from the same root as ge'nos race, stock (see Genus). (2) From Gr. suffix -genh's born. Cf. F. -gène.]
 1. A suffix used in scientific words in the sense of producing, generating: as, amphigen, amidogen, halogen.

2. A suffix meaning produced, generated; as, exogen.

 ||Ge"na (?), [L., the cheek.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird. (b) The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached.

 ||Ge*nappe" (?), n. [From Genappe, in Belgium.] A worsted yarn or cord of peculiar smoothness, used in the manufacture of braid, fringe, etc. Simmonds.
 ||Gen'darme" (?), n.; pl. Gendarmes (#), or Gens d'armes. [F.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of heavy cavalry.
 [Obs.] [France] 2. An armed policeman in France. Thackeray.
 Gen*darm"er*y (?), n. [F. gendarmerie.] The body of gendarmes.

 Gen"der (jn"dr), n. [OF. genre, gendre (with excrescent d.), F. genre, fr. L. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, kind, gender, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born, akin to E. kin. See Kin, and cf.
 Generate, Genre, Gentle, Genus.]

1. Kind; sort. [Obs.] "One gender of herbs." Shak.
2. Sex, male or female. [Obs. or Colloq.]

3. (Gram.) A classification of nouns, primarily according to sex; and secondarily according to some fancied or imputed quality associated with sex.

Gender is a grammatical distinction and applies to words only.
 Sex is natural distinction and applies to living objects.

R. Morris.
 Adjectives and pronouns are said to vary in gender when the form is varied according to the gender of the words to which they refer.

 Gen"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gendered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gendering.] [OF. gendrer, fr. L. generare.
 See Gender, n.] To beget; to engender.

 Gen"der, v. i. To copulate; to breed. [R.] Shak.
 Gen"der*less, a. Having no gender.

 Gen'e*a*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; race + E. genesis.]
 (Biol.) Alternate generation. See under Generation.

 Gen'e*a*log"ic (?), a. Genealogical.

 Gen'e*a*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. généalogique.]
 Of or pertaining to genealogy; as, a genealogical table; genealogical order


bold and vehement in style; -- so called because fabled to have been invented by the Phrygian Marsyas. Moore (Encyc. of Music).
 -- Phrygian stone, a light, spongy stone, resembling a pumice, -- used by the ancients in dyeing, and said to be drying and astringent.

 Phryg"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) A Montanist.

 Phthal"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of phthalic acid.

 Phthal"e*in (?), n. [See Phthalic.] (Chem.) One of a series of artificial organic dyes made as condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid, and well represented by phenol phthaleïn. Their alkaline solutions are fluorescent.

Phenol phthalein, a white or yellowish white crystalline substance made from phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids, and as this reaction is exceedingly delicate it is used as an indicator.

 Phthal"ic (?), a. [Naphthalene + -ic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid obtained by the oxidation of naphthalene and allied substances.

Phthalic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO2H)2, analogous to benzoic acid, and employed in the brilliant dyestuffs called the phthaleins.

 Phthal"ide (?), n. [Phthalyl + anhydride.] (Chem.)
 A lactone obtained by reduction of phthalyl chloride, as a white crystalline substance; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which phthalide proper is the type. [Written also phthalid.]

 Phthal"i*mide (?), n. [Phthalic + imide.] (Chem.)
 An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido.

 Phthal"in (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance obtained by reduction from phthaleïn, into which it is easily converted by oxidation; hence, any one of the series of which phthalin proper is the type.

 Phthal"yl (?), n. [Phthalic + -yl.] (Chem.)
 The hypothetical radical of phthalic acid.

 ||Phthi*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; louse.]
 (Med.) A disease (morbus pediculous) consisting in the excessive multiplication of lice on the human body.

 Phthis"ic (?), n. Same as Phthisis.

 Phthis"ic*al (?), a. [L. phthisicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. phthisique.
 See Phthisis.] Of or pertaining to phthisis; affected with phthisis; wasting; consumptive.

 Phthis"ick*y (?), a. Having phthisis, or some symptom of it, as difficulty in breathing.

 Phthis'i*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Phthisis + -logy.] (Med.)
 A treatise on phthisis. Dunglison.
 { ||Phthis'ip*neu*mo"ni*a (?), Phthis'ip*neu"mo*ny (?), } n. [NL.
 See Phthisis, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Pulmonary consumption.

 Phthi"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to pass or waste away: cf. F. phthisie.] (Med.) A wasting or consumption of the tissues. The term was formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but is now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. See Consumption.

Fibroid phthisis. See under Fibroid.

 Phthon"gal (?), a. [Gr. &?; voice.] Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized; -- said of all the vowels and the semivowels, also of the vocal or sonant consonants g, d, b, l, r, v, z, etc.

 Phthon"gal, n. A vocalized element or letter.

 Phthon*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; voice + -meter.] An instrument for measuring vocal sounds. Whewell.
 Phthor (?), n. [F. phthore, Gr. &?; to destroy.] (Old Chem.) Fluorine. [Written also phthor.]

 Phy"cite (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed.] (Chem.) See Erythrite, 1.

 Phy"co*chrome (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + &?; color.] (Bot.)
 A bluish green coloring matter of certain algæ.

 { Phy'co*cy"a*nin (?), Phy'co*cy"a*nine (?), } n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + E. cyanin.] A blue coloring matter found in certain algæ.

 { Phy'co*e*ryth"rin (?), Phy'co*e*ryth"rine (?), } n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + E. erythrin, - ine.] A red coloring matter found in algæ of the subclass Florideæ.

 Phy*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + -graphy.] A description of seaweeds.

 Phy*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + -logy.] The science of algæ, or seaweeds; algology.

 ||Phy'co*ma"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; seaweed + L. mater mother.] (Bot.) A gelatin in which the algæ spores have been supposed to vegetate.

 Phy'co*phæ"ine (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + (&?;) dusky.] A brown coloring matter found in certain algæ.

 { Phy'co*xan"thin (?), Phy'co*xan"thine (?), } n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + &?; yellow.] A yellowish coloring matter found in certain algæ.

 Phy*lac"ter (?), n. A phylactery. Sandys.
 Phy*lac"tered (?), a. Wearing a phylactery.

 { Phyl'ac*ter"ic (?), Phyl'ac*ter"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to phylacteries.

 Phy*lac"ter*y (?), n.; pl. Phylacteries (#). [OE. filateri, OF. filatire, filatiere, F. phylactère, L. phylacterium, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a watcher, guard, &?; to watch, guard. Cf.
 Philatory.] 1. Any charm or amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease.

2. A small square box, made either of parchment or of black calfskin, containing slips of parchment or vellum on which are written the scriptural passages Exodus xiii. 2-10, and 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13-22.
 They are worn by Jews on the head and left arm, on week-day mornings, during the time of prayer. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.
3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which the relics of the dead were inclosed.

 Phy*lac"to*carp (?), n. [Gr. &?; to guard + &?; fruit


[Cf. Accessory and LL. accessarius.] (Law) One who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense.

Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or counsels an offense, not being present at its commission. -- Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists or shelters the offender, not being present at the commission of the offense.

 This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by Blackstone and many others; but in this sense is spelt accessary by Bouvier, Burrill, Burns, Whishaw, Dane, and the Penny Cyclopedia; while in other senses it is spelt accessory. In recent text-books on criminal law the distinction is not preserved, the spelling being either accessary or accessory.

 Ac*cess'i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. accessibilitas: cf. F.
 accessibilité.] The quality of being accessible, or of admitting approach; receptibility. Langhorne.
 Ac*cess"i*ble (&?;), a. [L. accessibilis, fr. accedere: cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of access or approach; approachable; as, an accessible town or mountain, an accessible person.

2. Open to the influence of; -- with to. "Minds accessible to reason." Macaulay.
3. Obtainable; to be got at.

 The best information... at present accessible. Macaulay.
 Ac*cess"i*bly (&?;), adv. In an accessible manner.

 Ac*ces"sion (&?;), n. [L. accessio, fr. accedere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to; the act of acceding and becoming joined; as, a king's accession to a confederacy.

2. Increase by something added; that which is added; augmentation from without; as, an accession of wealth or territory.

 The only accession which the Roman empire received was the province of Britain. Gibbon.
3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus, the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. (b) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers. Kent.
4. The act of coming to or reaching a throne, an office, or dignity; as, the accession of the house of Stuart; -- applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty.

5. (Med.) The invasion, approach, or commencement of a disease; a fit or paroxysm.

Syn. -- Increase; addition; augmentation; enlargement.

 Ac*ces"sion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to accession; additional.
 [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ac*ces"sive (&?;), a. Additional.

 Ac'ces*so"ri*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an accessory; as, accessorial agency, accessorial guilt.

 Ac*ces"so*ri*ly (&?;), adv. In the manner of an accessory; auxiliary.

 Ac*ces"so*ri*ness, n. The state of being accessory, or connected subordinately.

 Ac*ces"so*ry (#; 277), a. [L. accessorius. See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding in a secondary way; additional; connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal; contributing or contributory; said of persons and things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense; as, he was accessory to the riot; accessory sounds in music.

 Ash accents the antepenult; and this is not only more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of pronunciation. Most orhoëpists place the accent on the first syllable.

Syn. -- Accompanying; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; subservient; additional; acceding.

 Ac*ces"so*ry, n.; pl. Accessories (&?;). 1.
 That which belongs to something else deemed the principal; something additional and subordinate. "The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti." Carlyle.
2. (Law) Same as Accessary, n.
3. (Fine Arts) Anything that enters into a work of art without being indispensably necessary, as mere ornamental parts. Elmes.
Syn. -- Abettor; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See Abettor.

 ||Ac*ciac'ca*tu"ra (&?;), n. [It., from acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; -- used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.

 Ac"ci*dence (&?;), n. [A corruption of Eng. accidents, pl. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The accidents, of inflections of words; the rudiments of grammar. Milton.
2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell.
 Ac"ci*dent (&?;), n. [F. accident, fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen; ad + cadere to fall. See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event; chance; contingency; often, an undesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an afflictive or unfortunate character; a casualty; a mishap; as, to die by an accident.

 Of moving accidents by flood and field. Shak.
 Thou cam'st not to thy place by accident: It is the very place God meant for thee. Trench.
2. (Gram.) A property attached to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, case.

3. (Her.) A point or mark which may be retained or omitted in a coat of arms.

4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper; an attribute. (b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the substance, as sweetness, softness.

5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation; an accidental or nonessential; as, beauty is an accident.

 This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles from the sea. J. P. Mahaffy.
6. Unusual appearance or effect. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation.

 Ac'ci*den"tal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. accidentel, earlier accidental.]
 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as, an accidental visit.

2. Nonessential; not necessary belonging; incidental; as, are accidental to a play.

Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or more tones foreign to their proper harmony. -- Accidental colors (Opt.), colors depending on the hypersensibility of the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are purely subjective sensations of color which often result from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. -- Accidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line, drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts the perspective plane; so called to distinguish it from the principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this


000 files we hope to have online by the end of 2001 should take about 1-2% of a comparably priced drive in 2001.
This file was never copyrighted, Sharewared, etc., and is thus for all to use and copy in any manner they choose. Please feel free to make your own edition using this as a base.
In my research for creating this transcription of our first Etext, I have come across enough discrepancies [even within that official documentation provided by the United States] to conclude that even "facsimiles" of the Declaration of Indendence will NOT going to be all the same as the original, nor of other "facsimiles." There is a plethora of variations in capitalization, punctuation, and, even where names appear on the documents [which names I have left out].
The resulting document has several misspellings removed from those parchment "facsimiles" I used back in 1971, and which I should not be able to easily find at this time, including "Brittain."


[Contents] Newly Designed Front Cover.
[Contents] Albert Einstein.Albert Einstein.
[Contents] Original Title Page.
Relativity The Special and General TheoryA Popular Exposition By Albert Einstein, Ph.D.
Professor of Physics in the University of Berlin Authorised Translation by Robert W. Lawson, D.Sc.
University of Sheffield 1916 Table of Contents Preface I. The Special Theory of Relativity I. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions II.
The System of Co-ordinates III.
Space and Time in Classical Mechanics IV.
The Galileian System of Co-ordinates V. The Principle of Relativity in the Restricted Sense VI.
The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities Employed in Classical Mechanics VII.
The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity VIII.
On the Idea of Time in Physics IX.
The Relativity of Simultaneity X. On the Relativity of the Conception of Distance XI.
The Lorentz Transformation XII.
The Behaviour of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in Motion XIII.
Theorem of the Addition of Velocities.
The Experiment of Fizeau XIV.
The Heuristic Value of the Theory of Relativity XV.
General Results of the Theory XVI.
Experience and the Special Theory of Relativity XVII.
Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space II.
The General Theory of Relativity XVIII.
Special and General Principle of Relativity XIX.
The Gravitational Field XX.
The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity XXI.
In What Respects Are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity Unsatisfactory?
XXII.
A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity XXIII.
Behaviour of Clocks and Measuring-Rods on a Rotating Body of Reference XXIV.
Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Continuum XXV.
Gaussian Co-Ordinates XXVI.
The Space-Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum XXVII.
The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity is Not a Euclidean Continuum XXVIII.
Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity XXIX.
The Solution of the Problem of Gravitation on the Basis of the General Principle of Relativity III.
Considerations on the Universe as a Whole XXX.
Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory XXXI.
The Possibility of a "Finite" and yet "Unbounded" Universe XXXII.
The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity I. Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation [Supplementary to Section XI] II.
Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space ("World") [Supplementary to Section XVII] III.
The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity (a).
 Motion of the Perihelion of Mercury (b).
 Deflection of Light by a Gravitational Field (c).
 Displacement of Spectral Lines Towards the Red IV.
The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity [Supplementary to Section XXXII] [Contents] Preface The present book is intended, as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics. The work presumes a standard of education corresponding to that of a university matriculation examination, and, despite the shortness of the book, a fair amount of patience and force of will on the part of the reader. The author has spared himself no pains in his endeavour to present the main ideas in the simplest and most intelligible form, and on the whole, in the sequence and connection in which they actually originated. In the interest of clearness, it appeared to me inevitable that I should repeat myself frequently, without paying the slightest attention to the elegance of the presentation. I adhered scrupulously to the precept of that brilliant theoretical physicist L. Boltzmann, according to whom matters of elegance ought to be left to the tailor and to the cobbler. I make no pretence of having withheld from the reader difficulties which are inherent to the subject. On the other hand, I have purposely treated the empirical physical foundations of the theory in a "step-motherly" fashion, so that readers unfamiliar with physics may not feel like the wanderer who was unable to see the forest for the trees. May the book bring some one a few happy hours of suggestive thought!
December, 1916 A. EINSTEIN PART I The Special Theory of Relativity [Contents] I Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions In your schooldays most of you who read this book made acquaintance with the noble building of Euclid's geometry, and you remember—perhaps with more respect than love—the magnificent structure, on the lofty staircase of which you were chased about for uncounted hours by conscientious teachers. By reason of our past experience, you would certainly regard everyone with disdain who should pronounce even the most out-of-the-way proposition of this science to be untrue. But perhaps this feeling of proud certainty would leave you immediately if some one were to ask you: "What, then, do you mean by the assertion that these propositions are true?" Let us proceed to give this question a little consideration.
Geometry sets out form certain conceptions such as "plane," "point," and "straight line," with which we are able to associate more or less definite ideas, and from certain simple propositions (axioms) which, in virtue of these ideas, we are inclined to accept as "true." Then, on the basis of a logical process, the justification of which we feel ourselves compelled to admit, all remaining propositions are shown to follow from those axioms, i.e. they are proven. A proposition is then correct ("true") when it has been derived in the recognised manner from the axioms. The question of "truth" of the individual geometrical propositions is thus reduced to one of the "truth" of the axioms. Now it has long been known that the last question is not only unanswerable by the methods of geometry, but that it is in itself entirely without meaning. We cannot ask whether it is true that only one straight line goes through two points. We can only say that Euclidean geometry deals with things called "straight lines," to each of which is ascribed the property of being uniquely determined by two points situated on it. The concept "true" does not tally with the assertions of pure geometry, because by the word "true" we are eventually in the habit of designating always the correspondence with a "real" object; geometry, however, is not concerned with the relation of the ideas involved in it to objects of experience, but only with the logical connection of these ideas among themselves.
It is not difficult to understand why, in spite of this, we feel constrained to call the propositions of geometry "true." Geometrical ideas correspond to more or less exact objects in nature, and these last are undoubtedly the exclusive cause of the genesis of those ideas. Geometry ought to refrain from such a course, in order to give to its structure the largest possible logical unity. The practice, for example, of seeing in a "distance" two marked positions on a practically rigid body is something which is lodged deeply in our habit of thought. We are accustomed further to regard three points as being situated on a straight line, if their apparent positions can be made to coincide for observation with one eye, under suitable choice of our place of observation.
If, in pursuance of our habit of thought, we now supplement the propositions of Euclidean geometry by the single proposition that two points on a practically rigid body always correspond to the same distance (line-interval), independently of any changes in position to which we may subject the body, the propositions of Euclidean geometry then resolve themselves into propositions on the possible relative position of practically rigid bodies.1


PORTRAITS.

 1838: Water-colour by G. Richmond in the possession of The Family.

 1851: Lithograph by Ipswich British Association Series.

 1853: Chalk Drawing by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of The Family.

 1853?: Chalk Drawing (Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings for the last mentioned.) by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of Prof. Hughes, Cambridge.

 1869: Bust, marble, by T. Woolner, R.A. in the possession of The Family.

 1875: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of Christ's College, Cambridge.) by W. Ouless, R.A., etched by P. Rajon, in the possession of The Family.

 1879: Oil Painting by W.B. Richmond in the possession of The University of Cambridge.

 1881: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of W.E.
 Darwin, Esq., Southampton.) by the Hon. John Collier, in the possession of The Linnaean Society, etched by Leopold Flameng.

 CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.

 Statue by Joseph Boehm, R.A., in the possession of Museum, South Kensington.

 Bust by Chr. Lehr, Junr.

 Plaque by T. Woolner, R.A., and Josiah Wedgwood and Sons in the possession of Christ's College, in Charles Darwin's Room.

 Deep Medallion by J. Boehm, R.A. to be placed in Westminster Abbey.

 CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.

 1854?: By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for 'Harper's Magazine' (October 1884).

 1870?: By O.J. Rejlander, engraved on steel by C.H. Jeens for 'Nature' (June 4, 1874).

 1874?: By Captain Darwin, R.E., engraved on wood for the 'Century Magazine' (January 1883). Frontispiece, volume i.

 (The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and his business was broken up. My brother, captain Darwin, has no record of the date at which his photograph was taken.)

 1881: By Messrs. Elliott and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for the present work.

 APPENDIX IV.

 HONOURS, DEGREES, SOCIETIES, ETC.

 (The list has been compiled from the diplomas and letters in my father's possession, and is no doubt incomplete, as he seems to have lost or mislaid some of the papers received from foreign Societies. Where the name of a foreign Society (excluding those in the United States) is given in English, it is a translation of the Latin (or in one case Russian) of the original Diploma.)

 ORDER.—Prussian Order, 'Pour le Merite.' 1867.

 OFFICE.—County Magistrate. 1857.

 DEGREES.

 Cambridge: B.A. 1831 [1832]. See volume i. M.A. 1837. Hon. LL.D. 1877.

 Breslau: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1862.

 Bonn: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1868.

 Leyden: Hon. M.D. 1875.

 SOCIETIES.—London: Zoological. Corresponding Member. 1831. (He afterwards became a Fellow of the Society.) Entomological. 1833, Original Member. Geological. 1836.
 Wollaston Medal, 1859. Royal Geographical. 1838. Royal. 1839. Royal Medal, 1853. Copley Medal, 1864. Linnean. 1854. Ethnological. 1861.
 Medico-Chirurgical. Hon. Member. 1868. Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians, 1879.

 SOCIETIES.—PROVINCIAL, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN.

 Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1865. Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, 1826. Hon. Member, 1861. Royal Irish Academy. Hon. Member, 1866. Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Hon. Member, 1868. Watford Natural History Society. Hon. Member, 1877. Asiatic Society of Bengal.
 Hon. Member, 1871. Royal Society of New South Wales. Hon. Member, 1879.
 Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. Hon. Member, 1863. New Zealand Institute. Hon. Member, 1872.

 FOREIGN SOCIETIES.—AMERICA.

 Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. Hon. Member, 1877. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Argentine Republic. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad Zoologica Arjentina. Hon. Member, 1874. Boston Society of Natural History. Hon.
 Member, 1873. American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston). Foreign Hon.
 Member, 1874. California Academy of Sciences. Hon. Member, 1872.
 California State Geological Society. Corresponding Member, 1877. Franklin Literary Society, Indiana. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad de Naturalistas Neo-Granadinos. Hon. Member, 1860. New York Academy of Sciences. Hon.
 Member, 1879. Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura em Pernambuco. Corresponding Member, 1879. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Correspondent, 1860. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Member, 1869.

 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

 Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. Foreign Corresponding Member, 1871; Hon. Foreign Member, 1875. Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.
 Hon. Member, 1872. K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien.
 Member, 1867. Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, 1872.

 BELGIUM.

 Societe Royale des Sciences Medicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles. Hon.
 Member, 1878. Societie Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 'Membre Associe,' 1881. Academie Royale des Sciences, etc., de Belgique. 'Associe de la Classe des Sciences.' 1870.

 DENMARK.

 Royal Society of Copenhagen. Fellow, 1879.

 FRANCE.

 Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Foreign Member, 1871. Societe Entomologique de France. Hon. Member, 1874. Societe Geologique de France (Life Member), 1837. Institut de France. 'Correspondant' Section of Botany, 1878.

 GERMANY.

 Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin). Corresponding Member, 1863; Fellow, 1878. Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, etc. Corresponding Member, 1877. Schlesische Gesellschaft fur Vaterlandische Cultur (Breslau). Hon. Member 1878. Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina Academia Naturae Curiosorum (Dresden). 1857. (The diploma contains the words "accipe... ex antiqua nostra consuetudine cognomen Forster." It was formerly the custom in the "Caesarea Leopoldin-Carolina Academia", that each new member should receive as a 'cognomen,' a name celebrated in that branch of science to which he belonged. Thus a physician might be christened Boerhave, or an astronomer, Kepler. My father seems to have been named after the traveller John Reinhold Forster.) Senkenbergische Naturf


), adv. In a short manner; briefly; limitedly; abruptly; quickly; as, to stop short in one's course; to turn short.

 He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.

Howell.
To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future delivery, what the party selling does not own, but hopes to buy at a lower rate.

 Short, v. t. [AS. sceortian.] To shorten. [Obs.]

 Short, v. i. To fail; to decrease. [Obs.]

 Short"age (?), n. Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as, a shortage in money accounts.

 Short"-breathed' (?), a. 1. Having short-breath, or quick respiration.

2. Having short life.

 Short"cake' (?), n. An unsweetened breakfast cake shortened with butter or lard, rolled thin, and baked.

 Short" cir"cuit (?). (Elec.) A circuit formed or closed by a conductor of relatively low resistance because shorter or of relatively great conductivity.

 Short"-cir'cuit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Short-circuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Short-circuiting.] (Elec.) To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance.

 Short"clothes' (?), n. Coverings for the legs of men or boys, consisting of trousers which reach only to the knees, -- worn with long stockings.

 Short"com'ing (?), n. The act of falling, or coming short; as: (a) The failure of a crop, or the like. (b) Neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty.

 Short"-dat'ed (?), a. Having little time to run from the date. "Thy short-dated life." Sandys.
 Short"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened &?;; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] [See Short, a.] 1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as, to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity.

2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as, to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc.

 Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain.

Dryden.
3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; -- with of.

 Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears.

Dryden.
4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like.

To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in.

 Short"en, v. i. To become short or shorter; as, the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold.

 Short"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, shortens.

 Short"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter.

2. (Cookery) That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc.

 Short"hand' (?), n. A compendious and rapid method or writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for letters, words, etc.; short writing; stenography. See Illust. under Phonography.

 Short'-hand"ed, a. Short of, or lacking the regular number of, servants or helpers.

 Short"head' (?), n. A sucking whale less than one year old; -- so called by sailors.

 Short"horn' (?), a. One of a breed of large, heavy domestic cattle having short horns. The breed was developed in England.

 Short"-joint'ed (?), a. Having short intervals between the joints; -- said of a plant or an animal, especially of a horse whose pastern is too short.

 Short"-lived' (?), a. Not living or lasting long; being of short continuance; as, a short-lived race of beings; short-lived pleasure; short-lived passion.

 Short"ly, adv. [AS. sceortlice.] 1. In a short or brief time or manner; soon; quickly. Chaucer.
 I shall grow jealous of you shortly.

Shak.
 The armies came shortly in view of each other.

Clarendon.
2. In few words; briefly; abruptly; curtly; as, to express ideas more shortly in verse than in prose.

 Short"ness, n. The quality or state of being short; want of reach or extension; brevity; deficiency; as, the shortness of a journey; the shortness of the days in winter; the shortness of an essay; the shortness of the memory; a shortness of provisions; shortness of breath.

 Short"sight'ed (?), a. 1. Not able to see far; nearsighted; myopic. See Myopic, and Myopia.

2. Fig.: Not able to look far into futurity; unable to understand things deep; of limited intellect.

3. Having little regard for the future; heedless.

 -- Short"sight'ed*ly, adv. -- Short"sight'ed*ness, n. Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness.

Addison.
 Short"-spo'ken (?), a. Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.]

 Short"stop' (?), n. (Baseball) The player stationed in the field bewtween the second and third bases.

 Short"-waist'ed (?), a. Having a short waist.

 Short"-wind'ed (?), a. Affected with shortness of breath; having a quick, difficult respiration, as dyspnoic and asthmatic persons. May.
 Short"wing' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small wrenlike Asiatic birds having short wings and a short tail. They belong to Brachypterix, Callene, and allied genera.

 Short"-wit'ed (?), a. Having little wit; not wise; having scanty intellect or judgment.

 Shor"y (?), a. Lying near the shore. [Obs.]

 Sho*sho"nes (?), n. pl.; sing. Shoshone (&?;). (Ethnol.)
 A linguistic family or stock of North American Indians, comprising many tribes, which extends from Montana and Idaho into Mexico. In a restricted sense the name is applied especially to the Snakes, the most northern of the tribes.

 Shot (?), imp. & p. p. of Shoot.

 Shot, a. Woven in such a way as to produce an effect of variegation, of changeable tints, or of being figured; as, shot silks. See Shoot, v. t., 8.

 Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceótan to shoot; akin to D. sschot, Icel. skot. √159. See Scot a share, Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shot a shooting.] A share or proportion; a reckoning; a scot.

 Here no shots are where all shares be.

Chapman.
 A man is never... welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid and the hostess say "Welcome."

Shak.
 Shot, n.; pl. Shotor Shots (#). [OE. shot, schot, AS. gesceot a missile; akin to D. schot a shot, shoot, G. schuss, geschoss a missile, Icel. skot a throwing, a javelin, and E. shoot, v.t. √159. See Shoot, and cf. Shot a share.] 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a firearm or other weapon which


Infinite, a.] Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assignable quantity or value; very small.

Infinitesimal calculus, the different and the integral calculus, when developed according to the method used by Leibnitz, who regarded the increments given to variables as infinitesimal.

 In'fin*i*tes"i*mal, n. (Math.) An infinitely small quantity; that which is less than any assignable quantity.

 In'fin*i*tes"i*mal*ly, adv. By infinitesimals; in infinitely small quantities; in an infinitesimal degree.

 In*fin'i*ti"val (?), a. Pertaining to the infinite mood. "Infinitival stems." Fitzed. Hall.
 In*fin"i*tive (?), n. [L. infinitivus: cf. F. infinitif.
 See Infinite.] Unlimited; not bounded or restricted; undefined.

Infinitive mood (Gram.), that form of the verb which merely names the action, and performs the office of a verbal noun. Some grammarians make two forms in English: (a) The simple form, as, speak, go, hear, before which to is commonly placed, as, to speak; to go; to hear. (b) The form of the imperfect participle, called the infinitive in -ing; as, going is as easy as standing.

 With the auxiliary verbs may, can, must, might, could, would, and should, the simple infinitive is expressed without to; as, you may speak; they must hear, etc. The infinitive usually omits to with the verbs let, dare, do, bid, make, see, hear, need, etc.; as, let me go; you dare not tell; make him work; hear him talk, etc.

 In Anglo-Saxon, the simple infinitive was not preceded by to (the sign of modern simple infinitive), but it had a dative form (sometimes called the gerundial infinitive) which was preceded by to, and was chiefly employed in expressing purpose. See Gerund, 2.

 The gerundial ending (-anne) not only took the same form as the simple infinitive (-an), but it was confounded with the present participle in -ende, or -inde (later - inge).

 In*fin"i*tive, n. (Gram.) An infinitive form of the verb; a verb in the infinitive mood; the infinitive mood.

 In*fin"i*tive, adv. (Gram.) In the manner of an infinitive mood.

 ||In'fi*ni"to (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Infinite; perpetual, as a canon whose end leads back to the beginning. See Infinite, a., 5.

 In*fin"i*tude (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being infinite, or without limits; infiniteness.

2. Infinite extent; unlimited space; immensity; infinity. "I am who fill infinitude." Milton.
 As pleasing to the fancy, as speculations of eternity or infinitude are to the understanding.

Addison.
3. Boundless number; countless multitude. "An infinitude of distinctions." Addison.
 In*fin"i*tu'ple (?), a. [Cf. Quadruple.] Multiplied an infinite number of times. [R.] Wollaston.
 In*fin"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Infinities (#). [L. infinitas; pref. innot + finis boundary, limit, end: cf. F. infinité.
 See Finite.]

1. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; eternity; boundlessness; immensity. Sir T. More.
 There can not be more infinities than one; for one of them would limit the other.

Sir W. Raleigh.
2. Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, or knowledge; as, the infinity of God and his perfections. Hooker.
3. Endless or indefinite number; great multitude; as an infinity of beauties. Broome.
 4. (Math.) A quantity greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind.

 Mathematically considered, infinity is always a limit of a variable quantity, resulting from a particular supposition made upon the varying element which enters it. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.).
5. (Geom.) That part of a line, or of a plane, or of space, which is infinitely distant. In modern geometry, parallel lines or planes are sometimes treated as lines or planes meeting at infinity.

Circle at infinity, an imaginary circle at infinity, through which, in geometry of three dimensions, every sphere is imagined to pass. -- Circular points at infinity. See under Circular.

 In*firm" (n*frm"), a. [L. infirmus: cf. F. infirme.
 See Innot, and Firm, a.] 1. Not firm or sound; weak; feeble; as, an infirm body; an infirm constitution.

 A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.

Shak.
2. Weak of mind or will; irresolute; vacillating. "An infirm judgment." Burke.
Infirm of purpose!

Shak.
3. Not solid or stable; insecure; precarious.

 He who fixes on false principles treads or infirm ground.

South.
Syn. -- Debilitated; sickly; feeble; decrepit; weak; enfeebled; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile.

 In*firm", v. t. [L. infirmare : cf. F. infirmer.] To weaken; to enfeeble. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
 In'fir*ma"ri*an (n'fr*m"r*an), n. A person dwelling in, or having charge of, an infirmary, esp. in a monastic institution.

 In*firm"a*ry (n*frm"*r), n.; pl. Infirmaries (- rz).
 [Cf. OE. fermerie, OF. enfermerie, F. infirmerie, LL.
 infirmaria. See Infirm.] A hospital, or place where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed gratuitously, or where out-patients are treated.

 In*firm"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. infirmatif.] Weakening; annulling, or tending to make void. [Obs.]

 In*firm"a*to*ry (?), n. An infirmary. [Obs.]

 In*firm"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Infirmities (#). [L. infirmitas : cf. F. infirmite. See Infirm, a.] 1. The state of being infirm; feebleness; an imperfection or weakness; esp., an unsound, unhealthy, or debilitated state; a disease; a malady; as, infirmity of body or mind.

 'T is the infirmity of his age.

Shak.
2. A personal frailty or failing; foible; eccentricity; a weakness or defect.

 Will you be cured of your infirmity?

Shak.
 A friend should bear his friend's infirmities.

Shak.
 The house has also its infirmities.

Evelyn.
Syn. -- Debility; imbecility; weakness; feebleness; failing; foible; defect; disease; malady. See Debility.

 In*firm"ly, adv. In an infirm manner.

 In*firm"ness, n. Infirmity; feebleness. Boyle.
 In*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infixed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Infixing.] [L. infixus, p. p of infigere to infix; pref. inin + figere to fix: cf. F. infixer.
 See


Robert A. Heinlein, where it is a Martian word meaning literally 'to drink' and metaphorically 'to be one with'] The emphatic form is 'grok in fullness'. 1. To understand, usually in a global sense.
Connotes intimate and exhaustive knowledge. Contrast zen, which is similar supernal understanding experienced as a single brief flash. See also glark. 2. Used of programs, may connote merely sufficient understanding. "Almost all C compilers grok the void type these days."
Node:gronk, Next:gronk out, Previous:grok, Up:= G = gronk /gronk/ vt.
[popularized by Johnny Hart's comic strip "B.C." but the word apparently predates that] 1. To clear the state of a wedged device and restart it. More severe than 'to frob' (sense 2). 2. [TMRC] To cut, sever, smash, or similarly disable. 3. The sound made by many 3.5-inch diskette drives. In particular, the microfloppies on a Commodore Amiga go "grink, gronk".
Node:gronk out, Next:gronked, Previous:gronk, Up:= G = gronk out vi.
To cease functioning. Of people, to go home and go to sleep.
"I guess I'll gronk out now; see you all tomorrow."
Node:gronked, Next:grovel, Previous:gronk out, Up:= G = gronked adj.
1. Broken. "The teletype scanner was gronked, so we took the system down." 2. Of people, the condition of feeling very tired or (less commonly) sick. "I've been chasing that bug for 17 hours now and I am thoroughly gronked!" Compare broken, which means about the same as gronk used of hardware, but connotes depression or mental/emotional problems in people.
Node:grovel, Next:grue, Previous:gronked, Up:= G = grovel vi.
1. To work interminably and without apparent progress. Often used transitively with 'over' or 'through'. "The file scavenger has been groveling through the /usr directories for 10 minutes now." Compare grind and crunch. Emphatic form: 'grovel obscenely'. 2.
To examine minutely or in complete detail. "The compiler grovels over the entire source program before beginning to translate it."
"I grovelled through all the documentation, but I still couldn't find the command I wanted."
Node:grue, Next:grunge, Previous:grovel, Up:= G = grue n.
[from archaic English verb for 'shudder', as with fear] The grue was originated in the game Zork (Dave Lebling took the name from Jack Vance's "Dying Earth" fantasies) and used in several other Infocom games as a hint that you should perhaps look for a lamp, torch or some type of light source.
Wandering into a dark area would cause the game to prompt you, "It is very dark. If you continue you are likely to be eaten by a grue." If you failed to locate a light source within the next couple of moves this would indeed be the case.
The grue, according to scholars of the Great Underground Empire, is a sinister, lurking presence in the dark places of the earth. Its favorite diet is either adventurers or enchanters, but its insatiable appetite is tempered by its extreme fear of light.
No grues have ever been seen by the light of day, and only a few have been observed in their underground lairs. Of those who have seen grues, few have survived their fearsome jaws to tell the tale. Grues have sharp claws and fangs, and an uncontrollable tendency to slaver and gurgle. They are certainly the most evil-tempered of all creatures; to say they are touchy is a dangerous understatement. "Sour as a grue" is a common expression, even among themselves.
All this folklore is widely known among hackers.
Node:grunge, Next:gubbish, Previous:grue, Up:= G = grunge /gruhnj/ n.
1. That which is grungy, or that which makes it so. 2.
[Cambridge] Code which is inaccessible due to changes in other parts of the program. The preferred term in North America is dead code.
Node:gubbish, Next:Guido, Previous:grunge, Up:= G = gubbish /guhb'*sh/ n.
[a portmanteau of 'garbage' and 'rubbish'; may have originated with SF author Philip K. Dick] Garbage; crap; nonsense. "What is all this gubbish?" The opposite portmanteau 'rubbage' is also reported; in fact, it was British slang during the 19th century and appears in Dickens.
Node:Guido, Next:guiltware, Previous:gubbish, Up:= G = Guido /gwee'do/ or /khwee'do/ Without qualification, Guido van Rossum (author of Python). Note that Guido answers to English /gwee'do/ but in Dutch it's /khwee'do/.
Node:guiltware, Next:gumby, Previous:Guido, Up:= G = guiltware /gilt'weir/ n.
1. A piece of freeware decorated with a message telling one how long and hard the author worked on it and intimating that one is a no-good freeloader if one does not immediately send the poor suffering martyr gobs of money. 2. A piece of shareware that works.
Node:gumby, Next:gun, Previous:guiltware, Up:= G = gumby /guhm'bee/ n.
[from a class of Monty Python characters, poss. with some influence from the 1960s claymation character] 1. An act of minor but conspicuous stupidity, often in 'gumby maneuver' or 'pull a gumby'. 2. [NRL] n. A bureaucrat, or other technical incompetent who impedes the progress of real work. 3. adj. Relating to things typically associated with people in sense 2. (e.g. "Ran would be writing code, but Richard gave him gumby work that's due on Friday", or, "Dammit! Travel screwed up my plane tickets. I have to go out on gumby patrol.")
Node:gun, Next:gunch, Previous:gumby, Up:= G = gun vt.
[ITS, now rare: from the :GUN command] To forcibly terminate a program or job (computer, not career). "Some idiot left a background process running soaking up half the cycles, so I gunned it." Usage: now rare. Compare can, blammo.
Node:gunch, Next:gunpowder chicken, Previous:gun, Up:= G = gunch /guhnch/ vt.
[TMRC] To push, prod, or poke at a device that has almost (but not quite) produced the desired result. Implies a threat to mung.
Node:gunpowder chicken, Next:gurfle, Previous:gunch, Up:= G = gunpowder chicken n. Same as laser chicken.
Node:gurfle, Next:guru, Previous:gunpowder chicken, Up:= G = gurfle /ger'fl/ interj.
An expression of shocked disbelief. "He said we have to recode this thing in FORTRAN by next week. Gurfle!" Compare weeble.
Node:guru, Next:guru meditation, Previous:gurfle, Up:= G = guru n.
[Unix] An expert. Implies not only wizard skill but also a history of being a knowledge resource for others. Less often, used (with a qualifier) for other experts on other systems, as in 'VMS guru'.
See source of all good bits.
Node:guru meditation, Next:gweep, Previous:guru, Up:= G = guru meditation n. Amiga equivalent of 'panic' in Unix (sometimes just called a 'guru' or 'guru event'). When the system crashes, a cryptic message of the form "GURU MEDITATION _TAG_.YYYYYYYY" may appear, indicating what the problem was. An Amiga guru can figure things out from the numbers. Sometimes a guru event must be followed by a Vulcan nerve pinch


recognized convention of romance.
So ends our unfolding of the Mystery of Edwin Drood.

THE END PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SON, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
FOOTNOTES [11] Landless is not "Lackland," but a form of de Laundeles, a Lothian name of the twelfth century, merged later in that of Ormistoun.
[48] Life of Dickens, vol. iii.
pp. 425–439.
[74] J. Cuming Walters, p. 102; Proctor, pp. 131–135. Mr. Cuming Walters used an edition of 1896, apparently a reprint of a paper by Proctor, written earlier than his final book of 1887. Hence the error as to Mr. Proctor's last theory.
[77] Mrs. Perugini, the books say, but certainly a daughter.
[91] What would Weissmann say to all this?
[96] So Mr. Cuming Walters quotes Mr.
Hughes, who quotes Sir L. Fildes. He believes that Jasper strangled Edwin with the black-silk scarf, and, no doubt, Jasper was for long of that opinion himself.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PUZZLE OF DICKENS'S LAST PLOT***


acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity transferred by one ampère in one second. Formerly called weber.

 Coul"ter (kl"tr), n. Same as Colter.

 Coul"ter*neb' (-nb'), n. (Zoöl.) The puffin.

 Cou*mar"ic (k??-m?r"?k), a. Relating to, derived from, or like, the Dipterix odorata, a tree of Guiana.

Coumaric acid (Chem.), one of a series of aromatic acids, related to cinnamic acid, the most important of which is a white crystalline substance, HO.C6H4.C2H2.CO2 H, obtained from the tonka bean, sweet clover, etc., and also produced artificially.

 Cou"ma*rin (k"m*rn), n. [F., fr. coumarou, a tree of Guiana.] (Chem.) The concrete essence of the tonka bean, the fruit of Dipterix (formerly Coumarouna) odorata and consisting essentially of coumarin proper, which is a white crystalline substance, C9H6O2, of vanilla-like odor, regarded as an anhydride of coumaric acid, and used in flavoring. Coumarin in also made artificially.

 Coun"cil (koun"sl), n. [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; con- + calare to call, akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?; to call, and E. hale, v., haul. Cf. Conciliate. This word is often confounded with counsel, with which it has no connection.]

1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice; as, a council of physicians for consultation in a critical case.

2. A body of man elected or appointed to constitute an advisory or a legislative assembly; as, a governor's council; a city council.

 An old lord of the council rated me the other day. Shak.
3. Act of deliberating; deliberation; consultation.

 Satan... void of rest, His potentates to council called by night. Milton.
 O great in action and in council wise. Pope.
Aulic council. See under Aulic. -- Cabinet council. See under Cabinet. -- City council, the legislative branch of a city government, usually consisting of a board of aldermen and common council, but sometimes otherwise constituted. -- Common council. See under Common. -- Council board, Council table, the table round which a council holds consultation; also, the council itself in deliberation. -- Council chamber, the room or apartment in which a council meets. -- Council fire, the ceremonial fire kept burning while the Indians hold their councils. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Council of war, an assembly of officers of high rank, called to consult with the commander in chief in regard to measures or importance or nesessity.
 -- Ecumenical council (Eccl.), an assembly of prelates or divines convened from the whole body of the church to regulate matters of doctrine or discipline. -- Executive council, a body of men elected as advisers of the chief magistrate, whether of a State or the nation.
 [U.S.] -- Legislative council, the upper house of a legislature, usually called the senate. -- Privy council. See under Privy.
 [Eng.]

Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; congress; diet; parliament; convention; convocation; synod.

 Coun"cil*ist (koun"s?l-?st), n. One who belongs to a council; one who gives an opinion. [Obs.]

 I will in three months be an expert counsilist. Milton.
 Coun"cil*man (koun"sl*man), n.; pl. Councilmen (- men). A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city; a councilor.

 Coun"cil*or (koun"s?l-?r), n. A member of a council. [Written also councillor.]

 The distinction between councilor, a member of a council, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed.

 Co'-une" (k?'?n"), v. t. [L. co- + unus one.] To combine or unite. [Obs.] "Co-uned together." Feltham.
 Co'-u*nite" (k?'?-n?t"), v. t. To unite. [Obs.]

 Co'-u*nite", a. United closely with another. [Obs.]

 Coun"sel (koun"sl), n. [OE. conseil, F. conseil, fr.
 L. consilium, fr. the root of consulere to consult, of uncertain origin. Cf. Consult, Consul.] 1. Interchange of opinions; mutual advising; consultation.

 All the chief priest and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death. Matt. xxvii. 1.
2. Examination of consequences; exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence.

 They all confess, therefore, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used. Hooker.
3. Result of consultation; advice; instruction.

 I like thy counsel; well hast thou advised. Shak.
 It was ill counsel had misled the girl. Tennyson.
4. Deliberate purpose; design; intent; scheme; plan.

 The counsel of the Lord standeth forever. Ps. xxxiii. 11.
 The counsels of the wicked are deceit. Prov. xii. 5.
5. A secret opinion or purpose; a private matter.

 Thilke lord... to whom no counsel may be hid. Gower.
6. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; one professionally engaged in the trial or management of a cause in court; also, collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case; as, the defendant has able counsel.

 The King found his counsel as refractory as his judges. Macaulay.
 In some courts a distinction is observed between the attorney and the counsel in a cause, the former being employed in the management of the more mechanical parts of the suit, the latter in attending to the pleadings, managing the cause at the trial, and in applying the law to the exigencies of the case during the whole progress of the suit. In other courts the same person can exercise the powers of each. See Attorney. Kent.
In counsel, in secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To keep counsel, or To keep one's own counsel, to keep one's thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed.

 The players can not keep counsel: they 'll tell all. Shak.
Syn. -- Advice; consideration; consultation; purpose; scheme; opinion.

 Coun"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-sld) or Counselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counselling.] [OE. conseilen, counseilen, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliari, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. To give advice to; to advice, admonish, or instruct, as a person.

 Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you To leave this place. Shak.
2. To advise or recommend, as an act or course.

 They who counsel war. Milton.
 Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb, Counseled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth. Milton.
 Coun"sel*a*ble (-*b'l), a. [Written also counsellable.] 1.
 Willing to receive counsel or follow advice. [R.]

 Few men of so great parts were upon all occasions more counselable than he. Clarendon.
2. Suitable to be advised; advisable, wise. [Obs.]

 He did not believe it counselable. Cl


. See 2d Herd.] One who herds or assembles domestic animals; a herdsman; -- much used in composition; as, a shepherd; a goatherd, and the like. Chaucer.
 Herd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Herding.] [See 2d Herd.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd; to feed or run together, or in company; as, sheep herd on many hills.

2. To associate; to ally one's self with, or place one's self among, a group or company.

 I'll herd among his friends, and seem One of the number.

Addison.
3. To act as a herdsman or a shepherd. [Scot.]

 Herd, v. t. To form or put into a herd.

 Herd"book' (?), n. A book containing the list and pedigrees of one or more herds of choice breeds of cattle; -- also called herd record, or herd register.

 Herd"er (?), n. A herdsman. [R.]

 Her"der*ite (?), n. [Named after Baron von Herder, who discovered it.] (Min.) A rare fluophosphate of glucina, in small white crystals.

 Herd"ess (?), n. A shepherdess; a female herder. Sir P. Sidney.
Chaucer.
 Herd"groom' (?), n. A herdsman. [Obs.]

 Her"dic (?), n. [Named from Peter Herdic, the inventor.] A kind of low-hung cab.

 { Herd"man (?), Herds"man (?), } n.; pl. -men (&?;).
 The owner or keeper of a herd or of herds; one employed in tending a herd of cattle.

 Herds"wom'an (?), n.; pl. - women (&?;). A woman who tends a herd. Sir W. Scott.
 Here (?), n. Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Here (?), pron. 1. See Her, their. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. Her; hers. See Her. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Here (?), adv. [OE. her, AS. h&?;r; akin to OS.
 h&?;r, D. hier, OHG. hiar, G. hier, Icel.
 & Goth. h&?;r, Dan. her, Sw. här; fr.
 root of E. he. See He.] 1. In this place; in the place where the speaker is; -- opposed to there.

 He is not here, for he is risen.

Matt. xxviii. 6.
2. In the present life or state.

 Happy here, and more happy hereafter.

Bacon.
3. To or into this place; hither. [Colloq.] See Thither.

Here comes Virgil.

B. Jonson.
 Thou led'st me here.

Byron.
4. At this point of time, or of an argument; now.

 The prisoner here made violent efforts to rise.

Warren.
Here, in the last sense, is sometimes used before a verb without subject; as, Here goes, for Now (something or somebody) goes; -- especially occurring thus in drinking healths. "Here's [a health] to thee, Dick." Cowley.
Here and there, in one place and another; in a dispersed manner; irregularly. "Footsteps here and there." Longfellow. -- It is neither, here nor there, it is neither in this place nor in that, neither in one place nor in another; hence, it is to no purpose, irrelevant, nonsense. Shak.
 { Here"a-bout' (?), Here"a*bouts' (?), } adv. 1. About this place; in this vicinity.

2. Concerning this. [Obs.]

 Here*aft"er (?), adv. [AS. hræfter.] In time to come; in some future time or state.

Hereafter he from war shall come.

Dryden.
 Here*aft"er, n. A future existence or state.

 'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter.

Addison.
 Here*aft"er*ward (?), adv. Hereafter. [Obs.]

 Thou shalt hereafterward... come.

Chaucer.
 Here-at" (?), adv. At, or by reason of, this; as, he was offended hereat. Hooker.
 Here*by" (?), adv. 1. By means of this.

 And hereby we do know that we know him.

1 John ii. 3.
2. Close by; very near. [Obs.] Shak.
 He*red'i*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. State of being hereditable. Brydges.
 He*red"i*ta*ble (?), a. [LL. hereditabilis, fr. hereditare to inherit, fr. L. hereditas heirship inheritance, heres heir: cf. OF. hereditable. See Heir, and cf. Heritable.] 1.
 Capable of being inherited. See Inheritable. Locke.
2. Qualified to inherit; capable of inheriting.

 He*red"i*ta*bly, adv. By inheritance. W. Tooke.
 Her'e*dit"a*ment (?), n. [LL. hereditamentum. See Hereditable.] (Law) Any species of property that may be inherited; lands, tenements, anything corporeal or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. Blackstone.
 A corporeal hereditament is visible and tangible; an incorporeal hereditament is not in itself visible or tangible, being an hereditary right, interest, or obligation, as duty to pay rent, or a right of way.

 He*red"i*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. By inheritance; in an hereditary manner. Pope.
 He*red"i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. hereditarius, fr. hereditas heirship, inheritance, fr. heres heir: cf. F. héréditaire.
 See Heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of descending, from an ancestor to an heir at law; received or passing by inheritance, or that must pass by inheritance; as, an hereditary estate or crown.

2. Transmitted, or capable of being transmitted, as a constitutional quality or condition from a parent to a child; as, hereditary pride, bravery, disease.

Syn. -- Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable.

 He*red"i*ty (?), n. [L. hereditas heirship.] (Biol.)
 Hereditary transmission of the physical and psychical qualities of parents to their offspring; the biological law by which living beings tend to repeat their characteristics in their descendants. See Pangenesis.

 Her"e*ford (?), n. One of a breed of cattle originating in Herefordshire, England. The Herefords are good working animals, and their beef-producing quality is excellent.

 Here"hence' (?), adv. From hence. [Obs.]

 Here*in" (?), adv. [AS. h&?;rinne.] In this.

Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit.

John xv. 8.
 Here'in*aft"er (?), adv. In the following part of this (writing, document, speech, and the like).

 Here'in*be*fore", adv. In the preceding part of this (writing, document, book, etc.).

 Here'in*to" (?; 277), adv. Into this. Hooker.
 { Her"e*mit (?), Her"e*mite (?), } n. [See Hermit.] A hermit.
 [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Her'e*mit"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a hermit;


Chase, n. (b) A stern chaser. -- Stern chaser (Naut.), a cannon placed in a ship's stern, pointing backward, and intended to annoy a ship that is in pursuit. -- Stern fast (Naut.), a rope used to confine the stern of a ship or other vessel, as to a wharf or buoy. -- Stern frame (Naut.), the framework of timber forms the stern of a ship. -- Stern knee. See Sternson. -- Stern port (Naut.), a port, or opening, in the stern of a ship. -- Stern sheets (Naut.), that part of an open boat which is between the stern and the aftmost seat of the rowers, -- usually furnished with seats for passengers. -- Stern wheel, a paddle wheel attached to the stern of the steamboat which it propels.

 Stern"age (?), n. Stern. [R.] Shak.
 Ster"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum; in the region of the sternum.

Sternal ribs. See the Note under Rib, n., 1.

 Stern"berg*ite (?), n. [So named after Count Kaspar Sternberg of Prague.] (Min.) A sulphide of silver and iron, occurring in soft flexible laminæ varying in color from brown to black.

 ||Ster"ne*bra (?), n.; pl. Sternebræ (#). [NL., fr. sternum + - bra of vertebra.] (Anat.) One of the segments of the sternum. -- Ster"ne*bral (#), a. Sterned (?), a. Having a stern of a particular shape; -- used in composition; as, squaresterned.

 Stern"er (?), n. [See 3d Stern.] A director. [Obs. & R.] Dr.
 R. Clerke.
 Stern'fore"most' (?), adv. With the stern, instead of the bow, in advance; hence, figuratively, in an awkward, blundering manner.

 A fatal genius for going sternforemost.

Lowell.
 Ster"nite (?), n. [From Sternum.] (Zoöl.) The sternum of an arthropod somite.

 Stern"ly (?), adv. In a stern manner.

 Stern"most' (?), a. Farthest in the rear; farthest astern; as, the sternmost ship in a convoy.

 Stern"ness, n. The quality or state of being stern.

 Ster"no- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sternum; as, sternocostal, sternoscapular.

 Ster'no*cor"a*coid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the coracoid.

 Ster'no*cos"tal (?), a. [Sterno- + costal.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the sternum and the ribs; as, the sternocostal cartilages.

 Ster'no*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the hyoid bone or cartilage.

 Ster'no*mas"toid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the mastoid process.

 Ster'no*thy"roid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sternum and the thyroid cartilage.

 Stern"post' (?), n. (Naut.) A straight piece of timber, or an iron bar or beam, erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rudder, and receive the ends of the planks or plates of the vessel.

 Sterns"man (?), n. A steersman. [Obs.]

 Stern"son (?), n. [See Stern, n., and cf. Stemson.] (Naut.)
 The end of a ship's keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted; -- called also stern knee.

 Ster"num (?), n.; pl. L. Sterna (#), E. Sternums (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, the breast, chest.] 1. (Anat.)
 A plate of cartilage, or a series of bony or cartilaginous plates or segments, in the median line of the pectoral skeleton of most vertebrates above fishes; the breastbone.

 The sternum is connected with the ribs or the pectorial girdle, or with both. In man it is a flat bone, broad anteriorly, narrowed behind, and connected with the clavicles and the cartilages of the seven anterior pairs of ribs. In most birds it has a high median keel for the attachment of the muscles of the wings.

2. (Zoöl.) The ventral part of any one of the somites of an arthropod.

 Ster'nu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sternutatio, fr. sternutare to sneeze, intens. from sternuere.] The act of sneezing. Quincy.
 Ster*nu"ta*tive (?), a. Having the quality of provoking to sneeze.

 Ster*nu"ta*to*ry (?), a. Sternutative. -- n. A sternutatory substance or medicine.

 Stern"way' (?), n. (Naut.) The movement of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost.

 Stern"-wheel' (?), a. Having a paddle wheel at the stern; as, a stern-wheel steamer.

 Stern"-wheel'er (?), n. A steamboat having a stern wheel instead of side wheels. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Ster*quil"i*nous (?), a. [L. sterquilinium a dung pit, fr.
 stercus dung.] Pertaining to a dunghill; hence, mean; dirty; paltry. [Obs.] Howell.
 Ster"re (?), n. A star. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ster"rink (?), n. (Zoöl.) The crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) of the Antarctic Ocean.

 Ster"ro*met'al (?), n. [Gr. &?; firm, solid + E. metal.]
 Any alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and iron, of which cannon are sometimes made.

 Stert (?), obs. p. p. of Start. Started. Chaucer.
 Ster"te (?), obs. p. p. of Start. Chaucer.
 Ster*to"ri*ous (str*t"r*s), a. Stertorous. [R.]

 Ster"to*rous (str"t*rs), a. [L. stertere to snore: cf. F. stertoreux.]
 Characterized by a deep snoring, which accompanies inspiration in some diseases, especially apoplexy; hence, hoarsely breathing; snoring.

 Burning, stertorous breath that hurt her cheek.

Mrs. Browning.
 The day has ebbed away, and it is night in his room, before his stertorous breathing lulls.

Dickens.
 Sterve (strv), v. t. & i. To die, or cause to die; to perish.
 See Starve. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.
 Stet (stt), L., subj. 3d pers. sing. of stare to stand, remain. [See Stand.] (Print.) Let it stand; -- a word used by proof readers to signify that something once erased, or marked for omission, is to remain.

 Stet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stetted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stetting.] (Print.) To cause or direct to remain after having been marked for omission; to mark with the word stet, or with a series of dots below or beside the matter; as, the proof reader stetted a deled footnote.

 Steth"al (?), n. [Stearic + ethal.] (Chem.)
 One of the higher alcohols of the methane series, homologous with ethal, and found in small quantities as an ethereal salt of stearic acid in spermaceti.

 Steth"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; the breast + -graph.] (Physiol.)
 See Pneumatograph.

 Ste*


meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, held on Thursday, the 14th of June, 1877, after the reading of the records of the preceding meeting, the president, the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, spoke as follows: After a most interesting and cordial tribute to his friend, Mr. Quincy, Mr. Winthrop continued: The President now called on Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, who said:— The President appointed Professor Lowell to write the Memoir of Mr.
 Quincy, and Dr. Holmes that of Mr. Motley, for the Society's "Proceedings." Professor William Everett then spoke as follows: G. POEM BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.

 I cannot close this Memoir more appropriately than by appending the following poetical tribute:—


the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere. This plan, however, requires a long time and cannot be adopted in practice, even if it were advisable. The time more usually required in developing the image over the mercurial vapors, is about two minutes, and the temperature is raised to a point necessary to produce the desired effect in that time. This point varies as indicated by different scales, but for the ordinary scales it is not far from 90 deg. cen.
The mercury bath is accompanied with a centigrade thermometer, by which the heat is regulated. Those furnished by the manufacturers are not always correct, and it requires some experience to find the proper degree on the scale.
I would here remark that it is advisable, when placing the spirit lamp under the bath, to so arrange it that the position of applied heat should always be on the same point, viz., should the heat be directly under the bulb containing the thermometer it would raise the mercury in the tube to the point marked, and the temperature of that in the bath would be far below what it should be; hence it is (where time is followed for developing) that many failures occur. This is observed more readily in the large baths made of thick iron, particularly upon first heating. In practice I apply the heat as nearly as possible between the centre of the bottom of the bath and the bulb containing the mercury tube. It is advisable to keep the lamp lighted under the bath from the time of commencing in the morning to the close of business at night. By this means you have a uniformity of action, that cannot be otherwise obtained.
It is well known to the experienced Daguerreotypist, that different atmospheres have a decided effect upon the mercury in developing the Daguerreotype. It will require a greater degree of heat for one atmosphere than for another. Experience alone determines this little difference.
In summer, on cloudy and stormy days, mercurial vapors rise more readily and quickly than in the temperature of autumn or winter. From 60 degrees upwards towards the boiling point (660 deg.), the vapors of mercury rise in greater abundance and collect in larger globules on cold surfaces.
For various reasons I prefer a high temperature and short exposure. It accelerates the process. It renders the lights of the picture more strong and clear, while the deep shades are more intense. It gives a finer lustre to the drapery. The solarized portions also are very seldom blue, especially after gilding. If heated too high, however, the light parts become of a dead, chalky white, and the shadows are injured by numerous little globules of mercury deposited over them. Just the right quantity of mercury leaves the impression of a transparent, pearly white tone, which improves in the highest degree in gilding. To mercurialize with exactness is a nice point. If there is reason to suspect having timed rather short in the camera, reduce the time over mercury in a corresponding proportion.
A dark impression will be ruined by the quantity of mercury which would only improve a light one.
If practicable, it is most expedient that the plate be submitted to the action of mercury immediately on coming from the camera. I have frequently, however, carried plates for miles in the plate-holders and after exposing in the camera, brought them back to expose to mercury, and obtained fair proofs; but for the reason before given, it is advisable to carry along the bath, and bring out the impression on the spot.
It is sometimes the practice of inexperienced operators to take the plate off the bath and examine the impression by solar light. This plan should be abandoned, as it is almost sure to produce a dense blue film over the shadows.
This I am led to believe is occasioned by the action of light on the yet sensitive portions of the plate, and made to appear only by subsequent exposure to mercury, being equivalent to solarization.
There has been little said by our professors upon the subject of the position of the plates while exposed to the mercurial vapour. Mr. Hunt, in referring to this subject, says: "Daguerre himself laid much stress upon the necessity of exposing the plate to the mercury at an angle of about 45 deg.. This, perhaps, is the most convenient position as it enables the operator to view the plate distinctly, and watch the development of the design; but beyond this, I am satisfied there exists no real necessity for angular position. Both horizontally and vertically, I have often produced equally effective Daguerreotypes." I presume from the last sentence of Mr.
Hunt, that he has confined his experiments to the smaller sized plates.
Hence he may not have thought of the effect of the vertical exposure of a large plate.
In America this is a subject of no little importance. When an impression is to be developed upon a plate fifteen by seventeen inches, were we to use an angle of about 45 deg., it would be found to make a perceptible difference in the appearance of the image. By examining the wood tops of our baths as formerly made, it will be found that there is a great variation in the distance from the mercury to the different portions of the plate. By measuring one of these tops for the size plate above mentioned, I find the distance to the nearest point between the mercury and the plate, to be thirteen, and the middle point sixteen, and the furthest point twenty-one and a half inches: by this we see that one point of the plate is eight and a half inches further from the mercury than the nearest point; even this is not the variation there would necessarily be, were we to adopt the angle of 45 deg. as urged by Daguerre.
Among our principal professors, the bevel top will not be found in use where the large plates are used. Should any one feel desirous to test more minutely the effect produced by a bevel top bath, I would suggest to them to place a frame, so constructed as to hold three sixth size plates, and fit it to the top of the bath, and so arrange it with openings that the plates may be placed, one at the nearest point of the mercury, the second midway, and the third to the greatest distance, and by placing the plates over at one and the same time, the experimenter will be enabled to judge if there exists a difference in the developing. In speaking of the above, reference is had to baths to the ordinary heights used by operators.
We will now proceed to examine the effect produced by mercurial vapor upon the plate at different lengths of exposure. In some investigations which I have made upon the appearance of the Daguerreotype impressions when developed over mercury at 90 deg. C. (194 deg. F.), the following was the result. Plates, coated and exposed to light in our usual manner of operating, produced on exposure of 1/2 minute, whole impression, deep blue.
1 minute, ashy and flat; no shadows; linen, deep blue.
1 1/2 minute, coarse and spongy; shadows, muddy; drapery, dirty reddish brown.
2 minutes, shallow or watery; shadows, yellowish; drapery, brown.
2 1/4 minutes, soft; face, scarcely white; shadows, neutral; drapery, fine dark brown linen somewhat blue.
2 1/2 minutes, clear and pearly; shadows, clear and positive, of a purple tint; drapery, jet black, with the dark shades slightly frosted with mercury.
2 3/4 to 3 minutes, hard and chalky; shadows, harsh; drapery, roughened, and misty with excess of mercury.
The foregoing results will be found general.
There are numerous opinions among our operators in regard to the quantity of mercury necessary for a bath. As regards this, I need only say, similar results occur when two pounds or two ounces are used, but the quantity generally employed is about a quarter of a pound. I am of the opinion that one ounce will answer as well as a larger quantity. I know of no better proof in favor of a small quantity than that presented in the following incident. Several years since, an operator (Mr. Senter, of Auburn, N.Y.)
of my acquaintance, was requested to go several miles to take a Daguerreotype portrait of a deceased person. He packed up his apparatus and proceeded over a rough road for some distance to the house where he was to take the portrait, and arranging his apparatus, with all the expedition which the occasion required, after having everything in usual order (as was supposed), he proceeded and took some ten or twelve very superior


operations of the cycle can be performed in reverse order with a reversal of their effects.

 Pro*ces"sion (?), n. [F., fr. L. processio. See Proceed.]

1. The act of proceeding, moving on, advancing, or issuing; regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress; continuous course. Bp.
 Pearson.
 That the procession of their life might be More equable, majestic, pure, and free.

Trench.
2. That which is moving onward in an orderly, stately, or solemn manner; a train of persons advancing in order; a ceremonious train; a retinue; as, a procession of mourners; the Lord Mayor's procession.

 Here comes the townsmen on procession.

Shak.
3. (Eccl.) An orderly and ceremonial progress of persons, either from the sacristy to the choir, or from the choir around the church, within or without. Shipley.
4. pl. (Eccl.) An old term for litanies which were said in procession and not kneeling. Shipley.
Procession of the Holy Ghost, a theological term applied to the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Father and the Son, the Eastern Church affirming that the Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and the Western Church that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. Shipley.
 -- Procession week, a name for Rogation week, when processions were made; Cross-week. Shipley.
 Pro*ces"sion, v. t. (Law) To ascertain, mark, and establish the boundary lines of, as lands. [Local, U. S. (North Carolina and Tennessee).] "To procession the lands of such persons as desire it." Burrill.
 Pro*ces"sion, v. i. To march in procession. [R.]

 Pro*ces"sion, v. i. To honor with a procession. [R.]

 Pro*ces"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a procession; consisting in a procession.

 The processional services became more frequent.

Milman.
 Pro*ces"sion*al, n. [F. processionnal, LL. processionale.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) A service book relating to ecclesiastical processions. J. Gregory.
2. A hymn, or other selection, sung during a church procession; as, the processional was the 202d hymn.

 Pro*ces"sion*al*ist, n. One who goes or marches in a procession.
 [R.]

 Pro*ces"sion*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. LL. processionarius, F. processionnaire.]
 Pertaining to a procession; consisting in processions; as, processionary service.

Processionary moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cnethocampa, especially C. processionea of Europe, whose larvæ make large webs on oak trees, and go out to feed in regular order. They are covered with stinging hairs.

 Pro*ces"sion*er (?), n.
1. One who takes part in a procession.

2. A manual of processions; a processional. Fuller.
3. An officer appointed to procession lands. [Local, U. S. (North Carolina and Tennessee).] Burrill.
 Pro*ces"sion*ing, n. A proceeding prescribed by statute for ascertaining and fixing the boundaries of land. See 2d Procession. [ Local, U. S.] Bouvier.
 Pro*ces"sive (?), a. Proceeding; advancing.

 Because it is language, -- ergo, processive.

Coleridge.
 ||Pro'cès" ver'bal" (?). [ F.] (French Law) An authentic minute of an official act, or statement of facts.

 Pro"chein (?), a. [F. prochain, fr. L. (assumed) proximanus, fr. proximus.] Next; nearest.

Prochein ami or amy (&?;) (Law), the next friend.
 See under Next.

 Pro*chor"dal (?), a. [Pref. pro + chordal.] (Anat.)
 Situated in front of the notochord; -- applied especially to parts of the cartilaginous rudiments in the base of the skull.

 Pro"chro*nism (?), n. [Gr. &?; preceding in time; &?; before + &?; time: cf. F. prochronisme.] The dating of an event before the time it happened; an antedating; -- opposed to metachronism.

 Pro"chro*nize (?), v. t. To antedate. Fitzed. Hall.
 { Proc"i*dence, ||Proc*i*den"ti*a (?), }, n. [L. procidentia, fr. procidens, p. pr. of procidere to fall down forward.] (Med.)
 A falling down; a prolapsus. [R.] Parr.
 Pro*cid"u*ous (&?;), a. [ L. prociduus.] Falling from its proper place.

 Pro*cinct" (?), n. [L. procinctus, fr. procingere, procinctum, to gird up.] A state of complete readiness for action. [Obs.] "War in procinct."
 Milton.
 Pro*claim" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proclaimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proclaiming.] [OE. proclamen, L. proclamare; pro before, forward + clamare to call or cry out: cf. F. proclamer.
 See Claim.]

1. To make known by public announcement; to give wide publicity to; to publish abroad; to promulgate; to declare; as, to proclaim war or peace.

 To proclaim liberty to the captives.

Isa. lxi. 1.
 For the apparel oft proclaims the man.

Shak.
 Throughout the host proclaim A solemn council forthwith to be held.

Milton.
2. To outlaw by public proclamation.

 I heard myself proclaimed.

Shak.
Syn. -- To publish; promulgate; declare; announce. See Announce.

 Pro*claim"er (?), n. One who proclaims.

 Proc'la*ma"tion (?), n. [F. proclamation, L. proclamatio.
 See Proclaim.]

1. The act of proclaiming; official or general notice; publication.

 King Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah; none was exempted.

1 Kings xv. 22.
2. That which is proclaimed, publicly announced, or officially declared; a published ordinance; as, the proclamation of a king; a Thanksgiving proclamation.

 Pro*clit"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; to lean forward; &?; forward + &?; to lean or incline. Cf. Enclitic.] (Gr. Gram.) Leaning forward; -- said of certain monosyllabic words which are so closely attached to the following word as not to have a separate accent.

 Pro*clive" (?), a. [L. proclivis sloping, inclined; pro forward + clivus hill: cf. F. proclive. See Declivity, and cf. Proclivous.] Having a tendency by nature; prone; proclivous. [R.] Mrs.
 Browning.
 Pro*cliv"i*ty (?), n. [L. proclivitas: cf. F. proclivité.]

1. Inclination; propensity; proneness; tendency. "A proclivity to steal." Abp. Bramhall.
2. Readiness; facility; aptitude.

 He had such a dexterous proclivity as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness.

Sir H. Wotton.
 Pro*cli"vous (?), a. [L. proclivus. See Proclive.]