Barlaam and Ioasaph by St. John Damascene (?)
("St. John of Damascus") c. 676-749 A.D.
It is not known where or when this story was written, but it is believed to have been translated into Greek (possibly from a Georgian original) sometime in the 11th Century A.D. Although the ultimate author is usually referred to as "John the Monk", it has been traditionally ascribed to St. John of Damascus.
The text of this edition is based on that published as ST. JOHN DAMASCENE: BARLAAM AND IOASAPH (Trans: G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914). This text is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN in he United States.
This electronic edition was edited, proofed, and prepared by Douglas B. Killings (_EMAIL_), November, 1996.
PREPARER'S NOTE: Readers of this work will note some startling similarities between the story of Ioasaph and the traditional Tale of Buddha. The work seems to be a retelling of the Buddha Legend from within a Christian context, with the singular difference that the "Buddha" in this tale reaches enlightenment through the love of Jesus Christ.
The popularity of the Greek version of this story is attested to by the number of translations made of it throughout the Christian world, including versions in Latin, Old Slavonic, Armenian, Christian Arabic, English, Ethiopic, and French. Such was its popularity that both Barlaam and Josaphat (Ioasaph) were eventually recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as Saints, and churches were dedicated in their honor from Portugal to Constantinople. It was only after Europeans began to have increased contacts with India that scholars began to notice the similarities between the two sets of stories. Modern scholars believe that the Buddha story came to Europe from Arabic, Caucasus, and/or Persian sources, all of which were active in trade between the European and Indian worlds.
--DBK SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY: ORIGINAL TEXT-- Woodward, G.R. & H. Mattingly (Ed. & Trans.): "St. John Damascene: Barlaam and Ioasaph" (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914).
English translation with side-by-side Greek text.
RECOMMENDED READING-- Lang, David Marshall (Trans.): "The Balavariani: A Tale from the Christian East" (California University Press, Los Angeles, 1966).
Translation of the Georgian work that probably served as a basis for the Greek text.
BARLAAM AND IOASAPH AN EDIFYING STORY FROM THE INNER LAND OF THE ETHIOPIANS, CALLED THE LAND OF THE INDIANS, THENCE BROUGHT TO THE HOLY CITY, BY JOHN THE MONK (AN HONOURABLE MAN AND A VIRTUOUS, OF THE MONASTERY OF SAINT SABAS); WHEREIN ARE THE LIVES OF THE FAMOUS AND BLESSED BARLAAM AND IOASAPH.
INTRODUCTION "As many as are led by the Spirit of God they are sons of God" saith the inspired Apostle. Now to have been accounted worthy of the Holy Spirit and to have become sons of God is of all things most to be coveted; and, as it is written, "They that have become his sons find rest from all enquiry." This marvellous, and above all else desirable, blessedness have the Saints from the beginning won by the practice of the virtues, some having striven as Martyrs, and resisted sin unto blood, and others having struggled in self-discipline, and having trodden the narrow way, proving Martyrs in will. Now, that one should hand down to memory the prowess and virtuous deeds of these, both of them that were made perfect by blood, and of them that by self-denial did emulate the conversation of Angels, and should deliver to the generations that follow a pattern of virtue, this hath the Church of Christ received as a tradition from the inspired Apostles, and the blessed Fathers, who did thus enact for the salvation of our race. For the pathway to virtue is rough and steep, especially for such as have not yet wholly turned unto the Lord, but are still at warfare, through the tyranny of their passions. For this reason also we need many encouragements thereto, whether it be exhortations, or the record of the lives of them that have travelled on the road before us; which latter draweth us towards it the less painfully, and doth accustom us not to despair on account of the difficulty of the journey. For even as with a man that would tread a hard and difficult path; by exhortation and encouragement one may scarce win him to essay it, but rather by pointing to the many who have already completed the course, and at the last have arrived safely. So I too, "walking by this rule," and heedful of the danger hanging over that servant who, having received of his lord the talent, buried it in the earth, and hid out of use that which was given him to trade withal, will in no wise pass over in silence the edifying story that hath come to me, the which devout men from the inner land Of the Ethiopians, whom our tale calleth Indians, delivered unto me, translated from trustworthy records. It readeth thus.
CONTENTS CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX CHAPTER XXXI CHAPTER XXXII CHAPTER XXXIII CHAPTER XXXIV CHAPTER XXXV CHAPTER XXXVI CHAPTER XXXVII CHAPTER XXXVIII CHAPTER XXXIX CHAPTER XL I. The country of the Indians, as it is called, is vast and populous, lying far beyond Egypt. On the side of Egypt it is washed by seas and navigable gulphs, but on the mainland it marcheth with the borders of Persia, a land formerly darkened with the gloom of idolatry, barbarous to the last degree, and wholly given up to unlawful practices. But when "the only-begotten Son of God, which is in the bosom of the Father," being grieved to see his own handiwork in bondage unto sin, was moved with compassion for the same, and shewed himself amongst us without sin, and, without leaving his Father's throne, dwelt for a season in the Virgin's womb for our sakes, that we might dwell in heaven, and be re-claimed from the ancient fall, and freed from sin by receiving again the adoption of sons; when he had fulfilled every stage of his life in the flesh for our sake, and endured the death of the Cross, and marvellously united earth and heaven; when he had risen again from the dead, and had been received up into heaven, and was seated at the right hand of the majesty of the Father, whence, according to his promise, he sent down the Comforter, the Holy Ghost, unto his eyewitnesses and disciples, in the shape of fiery tongues, and despatched them unto all nations, for to give light to them that sat in the darkness of ignorance, and to baptize them in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, whereby it fell to the lot of some of the Apostles to travel to the far-off East and to some to journey to the West-ward, while others traversed the regions North and South, fulfilling their appointed tasks then it was, I say, that one of the company of Christ's Twelve Apostles, most holy Thomas, was sent out to the land of the Indians, preaching the Gospel of Salvation.
"The Lord working with him


feet, English standard. Josephus tells of Eleazar, a Jew, among the hostages sent by the King of Persia to Rome, who was nearly 11 feet high. Saxo, the grammarian, mentions a giant 13 1/2 feet high and says he had 12 companions who were double his height. Ferragus, the monster supposed to have been slain by Roland, the nephew of Charlemagne, was said to have been nearly 11 feet high. It was said that there was a giant living in the twelfth century under the rule of King Eugene II of Scotland who was 11 1/2 feet high.
There are fabulous stories told of the Emperor Maximilian. Some accounts say that he was between 8 1/2 and 9 feet high, and used his wife's bracelet for a finger-ring, and that he ate 40 pounds of flesh a day and drank six gallons of wine. He was also accredited with being a great runner, and in his earlier days was said to have conquered single-handed eight soldiers. The Emperors Charlemagne and Jovianus were also accredited with great height and strength.
In the olden times there were extraordinary stories of the giants who lived in Patagonia. Some say that Magellan gave the name to this country because its inhabitants measured 5 cubits. The naturalist Turner says that on the river Plata near the Brazilian coast he saw naked savages 12 feet high; and in his description of America, Thevenot confirms this by saying that on the coast of Africa he saw on a boat the skeleton of an American giant who had died in 1559, and who was 11 feet 5 inches in height. He claims to have measured the bones himself.
He says that the bones of the leg measured 3 feet 4 inches, and the skull was 3 feet and 1 inch, just about the size of the skull of Borghini, who, however, was only of ordinary height. In his account of a voyage to the Straits of Magellan, Jacob Lemaire says that on December 17, 1615, he found at Port Desire several graves covered with stones, and beneath the stones were skeletons of men which measured between 10 and 11 feet. The ancient idea of the Spaniards was that the men of Patagonia were so tall that the Spanish soldiers could pass under their arms held out straight; yet we know that the Patagonians exhibit no exaggeration of height—in fact, some of the inhabitants about Terra del Fuego are rather diminutive. This superstition of the voyagers was not limited to America; there were accounts of men in the neighborhood of the Peak of Teneriffe who had 80 teeth in their head and bodies 15 feet in height.
Discoveries of "Giants' Bones."—Riolan, the celebrated anatomist, says that there was to be seen at one time in the suburbs of Saint Germain the tomb of the giant Isoret, who was reputed to be 20 feet tall; and that in 1509, in digging ditches at Rouen, near the Dominicans, they found a stone tomb containing a monstrous skeleton, the skull of which would hold a bushel of corn; the shin-bone measured about 4 feet, which, taken as a guide, would make his height over 17 feet. On the tomb was a copper plate which said that the tomb contained the remains of "the noble and puissant lord, the Chevalier Ricon de Vallemont."
Plater, the famous physician, declares that he saw at Lucerne the true human bones of a subject that must have been at least 19 feet high.
Valence in Dauphine boasted of possessing the bones of the giant Bucart, the tyrant of the Vivarias, who was slain by his vassal, Count de Cabillon. The Dominicans had the shin-bone and part of the knee-articulation, which, substantiated by the frescoes and inscriptions in their possession, showed him to be 22 1/2 feet high.
They claimed to have an os frontis in the medical school of Leyden measuring 9.1 X 12.2 X.5 inches, which they deduce must have belonged to a man 11 or 12 feet high.
It is said that while digging in France in 1613 there was disinterred the body of a giant bearing the title "Theutobochus Rex," and that the skeleton measured 25 feet long, 10 feet across the shoulders, and 5 feet from breast to back. The shin-bone was about 4 feet long, and the teeth as large as those of oxen. This is likely another version of the finding of the remains of Bucart.
Near Mezarino in Sicily in 1516 there was found the skeleton of a giant whose height was at least 30 feet; his head was the size of a hogshead, and each tooth weighed 5 ounces; and in 1548 and in 1550 there were others found of the height of 30 feet. The Athenians found near their city skeletons measuring 34 and 36 feet in height. In Bohemia in 758 it is recorded that there was found a human skeleton 26 feet tall, and the leg-bones are still kept in a medieval castle in that country. In September, 1691, there was the skull of a giant found in Macedonia which held 210 pounds of corn.
General Opinions.—All the accounts of giants originating in the finding of monstrous bones must of course be discredited, as the remains were likely those of some animal. Comparative anatomy has only lately obtained a hold in the public mind, and in the Middle Ages little was known of it. The pretended giants' remains have been those of mastodons, elephants, and other animals. From Suetonius we learn that Augustus Caesar pleased himself by adorning his palaces with so-called giants' bones of incredible size, preferring these to pictures or images. From their enormous size we must believe they were mastodon bones, as no contemporary animals show such measurements.
Bartholinus describes a large tooth for many years exhibited as the canine of a giant which proved to be nothing but a tooth of a spermaceti whale (Cetus dentatus), quite a common fish. Hand described an alleged giant's skeleton shown in London early in the eighteenth century, and which was composed of the bones of the fore-fin of a small whale or of a porpoise.
The celebrated Sir Hans Sloane, who treated this subject very learnedly, arrived at the conclusion that while in most instances the bones found were those of mastodons, elephants, whales, etc., in some instances accounts were given by connoisseurs who could not readily be deceived. However, modern scientists will be loath to believe that any men ever existed who measured over 9 feet; in fact, such cases with authentic references are extremely rare Quetelet considers that the tallest man whose stature is authentically recorded was the "Scottish Giant" of Frederick the Great's regiment of giants. This person was not quite 8 feet 3 inches tall. Buffon, ordinarily a reliable authority, comes to a loose conclusion that there is no doubt that men have lived who were 10, 12, and even 15 feet tall; but modern statisticians cannot accept this deduction from the references offered.
From the original estimation of the height of Adam (Henrion once calculated that Adam's height was 123 feet and that of Eve 118) we gradually come to 10 feet, which seemed to be about the favorite height for giants in the Middle Ages. Approaching this century, we still have stories of men from 9 to 10 feet high, but no authentic cases. It was only in the latter part of the last century that we began to have absolutely authentic heights of giants, and to-day the men showing through the country as measuring 8 feet generally exaggerate their height several inches, and exact measurement would show that but few men commonly called giants are over 7 1/2 feet or weigh over 350 pounds. Dana says that the number of giants figuring as public characters since 1700 is not more than 100, and of these about 20 were advertised to be over 8 feet. If we confine ourselves to those accurately and scientifically measured the list is surprisingly small.
Topinard measured the tallest man in the Austrian army and found that he was 8 feet 4 1/2 inches. The giant Winckelmeyer measured 8 feet 6


interior walls of the body in the Acanthocephala.

 Lem"on (lm"n), n. [F. limon, Per. lmn; cf. Ar. laimn, Sp. limon, It. limone. Cf. Lime a fruit.]

1. (Bot.) An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and containing a pulp usually intensely acid. It is produced by a tropical tree of the genus Citrus, the common fruit known in commerce being that of the species C. Limonum or C. Medica (var. Limonum).
 There are many varieties of the fruit, some of which are sweet.

2. The tree which bears lemons; the lemon tree.

Lemon grass (Bot.), a fragrant East Indian grass (Andropogon Shœnanthus, and perhaps other allied species), which yields the grass oil used in perfumery. - - Lemon sole (Zoöl.), a yellow European sole (Solea aurantiaca). -- Salts of lemon (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, inappropriately named, as it consists of an acid potassium oxalate and contains no citric acid, which is the characteristic acid of lemon; -- called also salts of sorrel. It is used in removing ink stains. See Oxalic acid, under Oxalic. [Colloq.]

 Lem'on*ade" (lm'n*d"), n. [F. limonade; cf. Sp. limonada, It. limonata. See Lemon.] A beverage consisting of lemon juice mixed with water and sweetened.

 Le"mur (l"mr), n. [L., a ghost, specter. So called on account of its habit of going abroad by night.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lemuridæ) of nocturnal mammals allied to the monkeys, but of small size, and having a sharp and foxlike muzzle, and large eyes. They feed upon birds, insects, and fruit, and are mostly natives of Madagascar and the neighboring islands, one genus (Galago) occurring in Africa. The slow lemur or kukang of the East Indies is Nycticebus tardigradus. See Galago, Indris, and Colugo.

 ||Lem"u*res (lm"*rz; E. l"mrz), n. pl. [L. See Lemur.] Spirits or ghosts of the departed; specters.

 The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.

Milton.
 Le*mu"ri*a (l*m"r*), n. [So named from the supposition that it was the original home of the lemurs.] A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant. Herschel.
 Lem"u*rid (lm"*rd), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroid.

 { Le*mu"ri*dous (l*m"r*ds), Lem"u*rine (lm"*rn or *rn), } a. (Zoöl.)
 Lemuroid.

 Lem"u*roid (lm"*roid), a. [Lemur + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like or pertaining to the lemurs or the Lemuroidea. -- n. One of the Lemuroidea.

 ||Lem'u*roi"de*a (lm'*roi"d*), n. pl. [NL. See Lemur, and -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species. [Written also Lemuroida.]

 ||Le"na (l"n), n. [L.] A procuress. J. Webster.
 Lend (lnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lent (lnt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Lending.] [OE. lenen, AS. lnan, fr. ln loan; akin to G. lehnen to lend. See Loan.] 1. To allow the custody and use of, on condition of the return of the same; to grant the temporary use of; as, to lend a book; -- opposed to borrow.

 Give me that ring. I'll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power To give it from me.

Shak.
2. To allow the possession and use of, on condition of the return of an equivalent in kind; as, to lend money or some article of food.

 Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.

Levit. xxv. 37.
3. To afford; to grant or furnish in general; as, to lend assistance; to lend one's name or influence.

 Cato, lend me for a while thy patience.

Addison.
 Mountain lines and distant horizons lend space and largeness to his compositions.

J. A. Symonds.
4. To let for hire or compensation; as, to lend a horse or gig.

 This use of the word is rare in the United States, except with reference to money.

To lend a hand, to give assistance; to help. [Colloq.] -- To lend an ear or one's ears, to give attention.

 Lend"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Such as can be lent. Sherwood.
 Lend"er (-r), n. One who lends.

 The borrower is servant to the lender.

Prov. xxii. 7.
 Lend"es (lnd"z), n. pl. See Lends. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lend"ing, n. 1. The act of one who lends.

2. That which is lent or furnished.

 Lends (lndz), n. pl. [AS. lend, lenden; akin to D.
 & G. lende, OHG. lenti, Icel. lend, and perh to E. loin.] Loins. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Lene (ln), v. t. [See Lend.] To lend; to grant; to permit. [Obs.]
 Chaucer.
 Le"ne (l"n), a. [L. lenis smooth.] (Phonetics) (a) Smooth; as, the lene breathing. (b) Applied to certain mute consonants, as p, k, and t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf.
 Le"ne, n. (Phonetics) (a) The smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). (b) Any one of the lene consonants, as p, k, or t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf.
 { Leng"er (lng"r), Leng"est }, a. Longer; longest; -- obsolete compar. and superl. of long. Chaucer.
 Length (lngth), n. [OE. lengthe, AS. lengð, fr.
 lang, long, long; akin to D. lengte, Dan. længde, Sw. längd, Icel. lengd. See Long, a. ] 1.
 The longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction from breadth or width; extent of anything from end to end; the longest line which can be drawn through a body, parallel to its sides; as, the length of a church, or of a ship; the length of a rope or line.

2. A portion of space or of time considered as measured by its length; -- often in the plural.

 Large lengths of seas and shores.

Shak.
 The future but a length behind the past.

Dryden.
3. The quality or state of being long, in space or time; extent; duration; as, some sea birds are remarkable for the length of their wings; he was tired by the length of the sermon, and the length of his walk.

4. A single piece or subdivision of a series, or of a number of long pieces which may be connected together; as, a length


or to the language of the Hebrews.

 He*bra"ic*al*ly (?), adv. After the manner of the Hebrews or of the Hebrew language.

 He"bra*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. hébraïsme.]

1. A Hebrew idiom or custom; a peculiar expression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. Addison.
2. The type of character of the Hebrews.

 The governing idea of Hebraism is strictness of conscience.

M. Arnold.
 He"bra*ist, n. [Cf. F. hébraïste.] One versed in the Hebrew language and learning.

 He'bra*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hebrew language or idiom.

 He'bra*is"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a Hebraistic sense or form.

 Which is Hebraistically used in the New Testament.

Kitto.
 He"bra*ize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?; to speak Hebrew: cf. F. hébraïser.]
 To convert into the Hebrew idiom; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. J. R. Smith.
 He"bra*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hebraizing.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs.

 He"brew (?), n. [F. Hébreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr.
 &?;, fr. Heb. 'ibhr.] 1. An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew.

 There came one that had escaped and told Abram the Hebrew.

Gen. xiv. 13.
2. The language of the Hebrews; -- one of the Semitic family of languages.

 He"brew, a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews; as, the Hebrew language or rites.

 He"brew*ess, n. An Israelitish woman.

 He*bri"cian (?), n. A Hebraist. [R.]

 { He*brid"e*an (?), He*brid"i*an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the islands called Hebrides, west of Scotland. -- n. A native or inhabitant of the Hebrides.

 Hec"a*tomb (?), n. [L. hecatombe, Gr. &?;; &?; hundred + &?; ox: cf. F. hécatombe.] (Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time; hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number of victims.

 Slaughtered hecatombs around them bleed.

Addison.
 More than a human hecatomb.

Byron.
 Hec'a*tom"pe*don (?), n. [Gr. &?; hundred feet long, &?; &?; the Parthenon; &?; hundred + &?; foot.] (Arch.) A name given to the old Parthenon at Athens, because measuring 100 Greek feet, probably in the width across the stylobate.

 Hec"de*cane (?), n. [Gr. &?; six + &?; ten.] (Chem.)
 A white, semisolid, spermaceti-like hydrocarbon, C16H34, of the paraffin series, found dissolved as an important ingredient of kerosene, and so called because each molecule has sixteen atoms of carbon; -- called also hexadecane.

 Heck (?), n. [See Hatch a half door.] [Written also hack.]
 1. The bolt or latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A rack for cattle to feed at. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A door, especially one partly of latticework; -- called also heck door. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
4. A latticework contrivance for catching fish.

5. (Weaving) An apparatus for separating the threads of warps into sets, as they are wound upon the reel from the bobbins, in a warping machine.

6. A bend or winding of a stream. [Prov. Eng.]

Half heck, the lower half of a door. -- Heck board, the loose board at the bottom or back of a cart. -- Heck box or frame, that which carries the heck in warping.

 Heck"i*mal (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus). [Written also heckimel, hackeymal, hackmall, hagmall, and hickmall.]

 Hec"kle (?), n. & v. t. Same as Hackle.

 Hec"tare' (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. are an are.] A measure of area, or superficies, containing a hundred ares, or 10,000 square meters, and equivalent to 2.471 acres.

 Hec"tic (?), a. [F. hectique, Gr. &?; habitual, consumptive, fr. &?; habit, a habit of body or mind, fr. &?; to have; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, endure; cf. AS. sige, sigor, victory, G. sieg, Goth. sigis. Cf. Scheme.] 1.
 Habitual; constitutional; pertaining especially to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption; as, a hectic type in disease; a hectic flush.

2. In a hectic condition; having hectic fever; consumptive; as, a hectic patient.

Hectic fever (Med.), a fever of irritation and debility, occurring usually at a advanced stage of exhausting disease, as a in pulmonary consumption.

 Hec"tic, n. 1. (Med.) Hectic fever.

2. A hectic flush.

 It is no living hue, but a strange hectic.

Byron.
 Hec'to*cot"y*lized (?), a. (Zoöl.) Changed into a hectocotylus; having a hectocotylis.

 ||Hec'to*cot"y*lus (?), n.; pl. Hectocotyli (#).
 [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hundred + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the arms of the male of most kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified in various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. In a special sense, the greatly modified arm of Argonauta and allied genera, which, after receiving the spermatophores, becomes detached from the male, and attaches itself to the female for reproductive purposes.

 Hec"to*gram (?), n. [F. hectogramme, fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. gramme a gram.] A measure of weight, containing a hundred grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois.

 Hec"to*gramme (?), n. [F.] The same as Hectogram.

 Hec"to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; hundred + -graph.] A contrivance for multiple copying, by means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. [Written also hectograph.]

 { Hec"to*li'ter, Hec"to*li'tre } (?), n. [F. hectolitre, fr.
 Gr. &?; hundred + F. litre a liter.] A measure of liquids, containing a hundred liters; equal to a tenth of a cubic meter, nearly 26½ gallons of wine measure, or 22.0097 imperial gallons. As a dry measure, it contains ten decaliters, or about 2 Winchester bushels.

 { Hec"to*me'ter, Hec"to*me'tre } (?),


The quality of being ambitious; ambition; pretentiousness.

 ||Am"bi*tus (m"b*ts), n. [L. See Ambit, Ambition.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A canvassing for votes.

 Am"ble (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambling (&?;).] [F. ambler to amble, fr. L. ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble, perh. fr. amb-, ambi-, and a root meaning to go: cf. Gr. &?; to go, E. base. Cf. Ambulate.] 1. To go at the easy gait called an amble; -- applied to the horse or to its rider.

2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse; to go easily or without hard shocks.

 The skipping king, he ambled up and down. Shak.
 Sir, your wit ambles well; it goes easily. Shak.
 Am"ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both legs on the same side are moved at the same time, alternating with the legs on the other side. "A fine easy amble." B. Jonson.
2. A movement like the amble of a horse.

 Am"bler (&?;), n. A horse or a person that ambles.

 Am"bling*ly, adv. With an ambling gait.

 Am*blot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; an abortion.] Tending to cause abortion.

 Am"bly*gon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; obtuse + &?; angle: cf.
 F. amblygone.] (Geom.) An obtuse-angled figure, esp. and obtuse-angled triangle. [Obs.]

 Am*blyg"o*nal (&?;), a. Obtuseangled. [Obs.] Hutton.
 { ||Am'bly*o"pi*a (&?;), Am"bly*o'py (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?;; &?; blunt, dim + &?; eye: cf. F. amblyopie.] (Med.)
 Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis.

 Am"bly*op"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amblyopy. Quain.
 ||Am*blyp"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; blunt + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Paleon.) A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States.

 ||Am"bo (&?;), n.; pl. Ambos (&?;). [LL. ambo, Gr. &?;, any rising, a raised stage, pulpit: cf. F. ambon.] A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. Gwilt.
 ||Am"bon (&?;), n. Same as Ambo.

 Am*boy"na wood (&?;). A beautiful mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is obtained from the Pterocarpus Indicus of Amboyna, Borneo, etc.

 Am"bre*ate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of ambreic acid with a base or positive radical.

 Am*bre"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to ambrein; -- said of a certain acid produced by digesting ambrein in nitric acid.

 Am"bre*in (&?;), n. [Cf. F. ambréine. See Amber.]
 (Chem.) A fragrant substance which is the chief constituent of ambergris.

 Am"brite (&?;), n. [From amber.] A fossil resin occurring in large masses in New Zealand.

 Am"brose (&?;), n. A sweet-scented herb; ambrosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner.
 Am*bro"sia (?; 277), n. [L. ambrosia, Gr. &?;, properly fem. of &?;, fr. &?; immortal, divine; 'a priv. + &?; mortal (because it was supposed to confer immortality on those who partook of it). &?; stands for &?;, akin to Skr. mrita, L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (b) An unguent of the gods.

 His dewy locks distilled ambrosia. Milton.
2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser.
3. Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.

 Am"bro"si*ac (&?;), a. [L. ambrosiacus: cf. F. ambrosiaque.]
 Having the qualities of ambrosia; delicious. [R.]"Ambrosiac odors."
 B. Jonson.
 Am*bro"sial (&?;), a. [L. ambrosius, Gr. &?;.] 1.
 Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. "Ambrosial food." "Ambrosial fragrance." Milton.
2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. "Shakes his ambrosial curls." Pope.
 Am*bro"sial*ly, adv. After the manner of ambrosia; delightfully.
 "Smelt ambrosially." Tennyson.
 Am*bro"sian (&?;), a. Ambrosial. [R.]. Jonson.
 Am*bro"sian, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose; as, the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose.

Ambrosian chant, the mode of signing or chanting introduced by St.
 Ambrose in the 4th century.

 Am"bro*sin (&?;), n. [LL. Ambrosinus nummus.] An early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback.

 Am"bro*type (-tp), n. [Gr. 'a'mbrotos immortal + -type.] (Photog.)
 A picture taken on a plate of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass.

 Am"bry (&?;), n.; pl. Ambries (&?;). [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. almarie, armarie, aumaire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. a repository for arms, fr. L. arama arms. The word has been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for utensils, vestments, etc.

2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc.

3. Almonry. [Improperly so used] Ambs"-ace (&?;), n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (fr.
 L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad


importune. "Entreat my wife to come." "I do entreat your patience." Shak.
 I must entreat of you some of that money.

Shak.
 Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door.

Poe.
 Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife.

Gen. xxv. 21.
3. To beseech or supplicate successfully; to prevail upon by prayer or solicitation; to persuade.

 It were a fruitless attempt to appease a power whom no prayers could entreat.

Rogers.
4. To invite; to entertain. [Obs.] "Pleasures to entreat."
 Spenser.
Syn. -- To beseech; beg; solicit; crave; implore; supplicate. See Beseech.

 En*treat", v. i. 1. To treat or discourse; hence, to enter into negotiations, as for a treaty. [Obs.]

 Of which I shall have further occasion to entreat.

Hakewill.
 Alexander... was first that entreated of true peace with them.

1 Mac. x. 47.
2. To make an earnest petition or request.

 The Janizaries entreated for them as valiant men.

Knolles.
 En*treat", n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Ford.
 En*treat"a*ble (?), a. That may be entreated.

 En*treat"ance (?), n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Fairfax.
 En*treat"er (?), n. One who entreats; one who asks earnestly; a beseecher.

 En*treat"ful (?), a. Full of entreaty. [R.] See Intreatful.

 En*treat"ing*ly, adv. In an entreating manner.

 En*treat"ive (?), a. Used in entreaty; pleading. [R.] "Entreative phrase." A. Brewer.
 En*treat"ment (?), n. Entreaty; invitation. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*treat"y, n.; pl. Entreaties (&?;). 1.
 Treatment; reception; entertainment. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
2. The act of entreating or beseeching; urgent prayer; earnest petition; pressing solicitation.

 Fair entreaty, and sweet blandishment.

Spenser.
Syn. -- Solicitation; request; suit; supplication; importunity.

 ||En'trée" (?), n. [F. See Entry.] 1. A coming in, or entrance; hence, freedom of access; permission or right to enter; as, to have the entrée of a house.

2. (Cookery) In French usage, a dish served at the beginning of dinner to give zest to the appetite; in English usage, a side dish, served with a joint, or between the courses, as a cutlet, scalloped oysters, etc.

 ||En'tre*mets" (?), n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. entre between + mets a dish, mess.] 1. (Cookery) A side dish; a dainty or relishing dish usually eaten after the joints or principal dish; also, a sweetmeat, served with a dinner.

2. Any small entertainment between two greater ones. [R.]

 En*trench" (?), v. t. See Intrench.

 ||En'tre*pôt" (?), n. [F.] A warehouse; a magazine for depositing goods, stores, etc.; a mart or place where merchandise is deposited; as, an entrepôt for shipping goods in transit.

 ||En'tre*pre*neur" (?), n. [F. See Enterprise.] (Polit. Econ.)
 One who creates a product on his own account; whoever undertakes on his own account an industrial enterprise in which workmen are employed. F. A. Walker.
 ||En'tre*sol" (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) A low story between two higher ones, usually between the ground floor and the first story; mezzanine. Parker.
 En*trick" (?), v. t. [Cf. OE. entriken to perplex, OF. entriquer.
 Cf. Trick, Intrigue.] To trick, to perplex. [Obs.] Rom. of R. En"tro*chal (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, entrochites, or the joints of encrinites; -- used of a kind of stone or marble.

 En"tro*chite (?), n. [Pref. en- + Gr. &?; wheel.] (Paleon.)
 A fossil joint of a crinoid stem.

 ||En*tro"pi*on (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Entropium.

 ||En*tro"pi*um (?), n. [NL. See Entropy.] (Med.) The inversion or turning in of the border of the eyelids.

 En"tro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; a turning in; &?; in + &?; a turn, fr. &?; to turn.] (Thermodynamics) A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h &?; t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function.

 The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum.

Clausius.
 En*trust" (?), v. t. See Intrust.

 En"try (?), n.; pl. Entries (#). [OE. entree, entre, F. entrée, fr. entrer to enter. See Enter, and cf. Entrée.] 1. The act of entering or passing into or upon; entrance; ingress; hence, beginnings or first attempts; as, the entry of a person into a house or city; the entry of a river into the sea; the entry of air into the blood; an entry upon an undertaking.

2. The act of making or entering a record; a setting down in writing the particulars, as of a transaction; as, an entry of a sale; also, that which is entered; an item.

 A notary made an entry of this act.

Bacon.
3. That by which entrance is made; a passage leading into a house or other building, or to a room; a vestibule; an adit, as of a mine.

 A straight, long entry to the temple led.

Dryden.
4. (Com.) The exhibition or depositing of a ship's papers at the customhouse, to procure license to land goods; or the giving an account of a ship's cargo to the officer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to land the goods. See Enter, v. t., 8, and Entrance, n., 5.

5. (Law) (a) The actual taking possession of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on them. (b) A putting upon record in proper form and order. (c) The act in addition to breaking essential to constitute the offense or burglary. Burrill.
Bill of entry. See under Bill. - - Double entry, Single entry. See Bookkeeping. -- Entry clerk (Com.), a clerk who makes the original entries of transactions in a business. -- Writ of entry (Law), a writ issued for the purpose of obtaining possession of land from one who has unlawfully entered and continues in possession. Bouvier.
 En"tryng (?), n. Am entrance. [Obs.]

 So great an entryng and so large.

Chaucer.
 En*tune" (?), v. t. To tune; to intone. Chaucer.
 En*twine" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + twine. Cf.
 Intwine


knowledge of something not known to them.

 Jesus... needed not that any should testify of man, for he knew what was in man.

John ii. 25.
2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration under oath or affirmation, for the purpose of establishing, or making proof of, some fact to a court; to give testimony in a cause depending before a tribunal.

 One witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die.

Num. xxxv. 30.
3. To declare a charge; to protest; to give information; to bear witness; — with against.

 O Israel,... I will testify against thee.

Ps. l. 7.
 I testified against them in the day wherein they sold victuals.

Neh. xiii. 15.
 Tes"ti*fy, v. t. 1. To bear witness to; to support the truth of by testimony; to affirm or declare solemny.

 We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness.

John iii. 11.
2. (Law) To affirm or declare under oath or affirmation before a tribunal, in order to prove some fact.

 Tes"ti*fy, adv. In a testy manner; fretfully; peevishly; with petulance.

 Tes'ti*mo"ni*al (?), n. [Cf. OF. testimoniale, LL. testimonialis, L. testimoniales (sc. litteræ). See Testimonial, a.]
 1. A writing or certificate which bears testimony in favor of one's character, good conduct, ability, etc., or of the value of a thing.

2. Something, as money or plate, presented to a preson as a token of respect, or of obligation for services rendered.

 Tes'ti*mo"ni*al, a. [L. testimonialis: cf. F. testimonial.]
 Relating to, or containing, testimony.

 Tes"ti*mo*ny (?), n.; pl. Testimonies (#). [L. testimonium, from testis a witness: cf. OF. testimoine, testemoine, testimonie. See Testify.] 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.

 Such declaration, in judicial proceedings, may be verbal or written, but must be under oath or affirmation.

2. Affirmation; declaration; as, these doctrines are supported by the uniform testimony of the fathers; the belief of past facts must depend on the evidence of human testimony, or the testimony of historians.

3. Open attestation; profession.

 [Thou] for the testimony of truth, hast borne Universal reproach.

Milton.
4. Witness; evidence; proof of some fact.

 When ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them.

Mark vi. 11.
5. (Jewish Antiq.) The two tables of the law.

 Thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee.

Ex. xxv. 16.
6. Hence, the whole divine revelation; the sacre&?; Scriptures.

 The testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple.

Ps. xix. 7.
Syn. — Proof; evidence; attestation; witness; affirmation; confirmation; averment. — Testimony, Proof, Evidence. Proof is the most familiar, and is used more frequently (though not exclusively) of facts and things which occur in the ordinary concerns of life. Evidence is a word of more dignity, and is more generally applied to that which is moral or intellectual; as, the evidences of Christianity, etc. Testimony is what is deposed to by a witness on oath or affirmation. When used figuratively or in a wider sense, the word testimony has still a reference to some living agent as its author, as when we speak of the testimony of conscience, or of doing a thing in testimony of our affection, etc. Testimony refers rather to the thing declared, evidence to its value or effect. "To conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities; ba proofs, meaning such arguments from experience as leave no room for doubt or opposition." Hume. "The evidence of sense is the first and highest kind of evidence of which human nature is capable." Bp. Wilkins. "The proof of everything must be by the testimony of such as the parties produce." Spenser.
 Tes"ti*mo*ny (?), v. t. To witness; to attest; to prove by testimony. [Obs.] Shak.
 Tes"ti*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being testy; fretfulness; petulance.

Testiness is a disposition or aptness to be angry.

Locke.
 Test"ing (?), n. 1. The act of testing or proving; trial; proof.

2. (Metal.) The operation of refining gold or silver in a test, or cupel; cupellation.

Testing machine (Engin.), a machine used in the determination of the strength of materials, as iron, stone, etc., and their behavior under strains of various kinds, as elongation, bending, crushing, etc.

 ||Tes"tis (?), n.; pl. Testes (#). [L.] (Anat.)
 A testicle.

 Tes"ton (?), n. A tester; a sixpence. [Obs.]

 Tes*tone" (?), n. [Cf. Pg. testão, tostão.
 See Testoon.] A silver coin of Portugal, worth about sixpence sterling, or about eleven cents. Homans.
 Tes*toon" (?), n. [It. testone. See Tester a coin.] An Italian silver coin. The testoon of Rome is worth 1s. 3d. sterling, or about thirty cents. Homans.
 Tes*tu"di*nal (?), a. [See Testudo.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a tortoise.

 Tes*tu'di*na"ri*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shell of a tortoise; resembling a tortoise shell; having the color or markings of a tortoise shell.

 ||Tes*tu'di*na"ta (?), n. pl. [Nl. See Testudo.] (Zoöl.)
 An order of reptiles which includes the turtles and tortoises. The body is covered by a shell consisting of an upper or dorsal shell, called the carapace, and a lower or ventral shell, called the plastron, each of which consists of several plates.

 { Tes*tu"di*nate (?), Tes*tu"di*na'ted (?), } a. [L. testudinatus, fr. testudo, - inis, a tortoise, an arch or vault.]
 Resembling a tortoise shell in appearance or structure; roofed; arched; vaulted.

 Tes'tu*din"e*ous (?), a. [L. testudineus.] Resembling the shell of a tortoise.

 ||Tes*tu"do (?), n.; pl. Testudines (#). [L., from testa the shell of shellfish, or of testaceous animals.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 A genus of tortoises which formerly included a large number of diverse forms, but is now restricted to certain terrestrial species, such as the European land tortoise (Testudo Græca) and the gopher of the Southern United States.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A cover or screen which a body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by holding them over their heads when standing close to each other. This cover resembled the back of a tortoise, and served to shelter the men from darts, stones, and other missiles. A similar defense was sometimes formed of boards, and moved on wheels.


ately the proper curves of the moldboard, and several models had been constructed for him. He was, however, interested in too many things ever to follow any one to the end, and his work seems to have had little publicity. The first real inventor of a practicable plough was Charles Newbold, of Burlington County, New Jersey, to whom a patent for a cast-iron plough was issued in June, 1797.
 But the farmers would have none of it. They said it "poisoned the soil" and fostered the growth of weeds. One David Peacock received a patent in 1807, and two others later. Newbold sued Peacock for infringement and recovered damages. Pieces of Newbold's original plough are in the museum of the New York Agricultural Society at Albany.

 Another inventor of ploughs was Jethro Wood, a blacksmith of Scipio, New York, who received two patents, one in 1814 and the other in 1819. His plough was of cast iron, but in three parts, so that a broken part might be renewed without purchasing an entire plough. This principle of standardization marked a great advance. The farmers by this time were forgetting their former prejudices, and many ploughs were sold. Though Wood's original patent was extended, infringements were frequent, and he is said to have spent his entire property in prosecuting them.

 In clay soils these ploughs did not work well, as the more tenacious soil stuck to the iron moldboard instead of curling gracefully away. In 1833, John Lane, a Chicago blacksmith, faced a wooden moldboard with an old steel saw. It worked like magic, and other blacksmiths followed suit to such an extent that the demand for old saws became brisk. Then came John Deere, a native of Vermont, who settled first in Grand Detour, and then in Moline, Illinois. Deere made wooden ploughs faced with steel, like other blacksmiths, but was not satisfied with them and studied and experimented to find the best curves and angles for a plough to be used in the soils around him. His ploughs were much in demand, and his need for steel led him to have larger and larger quantities produced for him, and the establishment which still bears his name grew to large proportions.

 Another skilled blacksmith, William Parlin, at Canton, Illinois, began making ploughs about 1842, which he loaded upon a wagon and peddled through the country. Later his establishment grew large. Another John Lane, a son of the first, patented in 1868 a "soft-center" steel plough.
 The hard but brittle surface was backed by softer and more tenacious metal, to reduce the breakage. The same year James Oliver, a Scotch immigrant who had settled at South Bend, Indiana, received a patent for the "chilled plough." By an ingenious method the wearing surfaces of the casting were cooled more quickly than the back. The surfaces which came in contact with the soil had a hard, glassy surface, while the body of the plough was of tough iron. From small beginnings Oliver's establishment grew great, and the Oliver Chilled Plow Works at South Bend is today one of the largest and most favorably known privately owned industries in the United States.

 From the single plough it was only a step to two or more ploughs fastened together, doing more work with approximately the same man power. The sulky plough, on which the ploughman rode, made his work easier, and gave him great control. Such ploughs were certainly in use as early as 1844, perhaps earlier. The next step forward was to substitute for horses a traction engine. Today one may see on thousands of farms a tractor pulling six, eight, ten, or more ploughs, doing the work better than it could be done by an individual ploughman. On the "Bonanza" farms of the West a fifty horsepower engine draws sixteen ploughs, followed by harrows and a grain drill, and performs the three operations of ploughing, harrowing, and planting at the same time and covers fifty acres or more in a day.

 The basic ideas in drills for small grains were successfully developed in Great Britain, and many British drills were sold in the United States before one was manufactured here. American manufacture of these drills began about 1840. Planters for corn came somewhat later. Machines to plant wheat successfully were unsuited to corn, which must be planted less profusely than wheat.

 The American pioneers had only a sickle or a scythe with which to cut their grain. The addition to the scythe of wooden fingers, against which the grain might lie until the end of the swing, was a natural step, and seems to have been taken quite independently in several places, perhaps as early as 1803. Grain cradles are still used in hilly regions and in those parts of the country where little grain is grown.

 The first attempts to build a machine to cut grain were made in England and Scotland, several of them in the eighteenth century; and in 1822 Henry Ogle, a schoolmaster in Rennington, made a mechanical reaper, but the opposition of the laborers of the vicinity, who feared loss of employment, prevented further development. In 1826, Patrick Bell, a young Scotch student, afterward a Presbyterian minister, who had been moved by the fatigue of the harvesters upon his father's farm in Argyllshire, made an attempt to lighten their labor. His reaper was pushed by horses; a reel brought the grain against blades which opened and closed like scissors, and a traveling canvas apron deposited the grain at one side. The inventor received a prize from the Highland and Agricultural Society of Edinburgh, and pictures and full descriptions of his invention were published.
 Several models of this reaper were built in Great Britain, and it is said that four came to the United States; however this may be, Bell's machine was never generally adopted.

 Soon afterward three men patented reapers in the United States: William Manning, Plainfield, New Jersey, 1831; Obed Hussey, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1833; and Cyrus Hall McCormick, Staunton, Virginia, 1834. Just how much they owed to Patrick Bell cannot be known, but it is probable that all had heard of his design if they had not seen his drawings or the machine itself. The first of these inventors, Manning of New Jersey, drops out of the story, for it is not known whether he ever made a machine other than his model. More persistent was Obed Hussey of Cincinnati, who soon moved to Baltimore to fight out the issue with McCormick. Hussey was an excellent mechanic. He patented several improvements to his machine and received high praise for the efficiency of the work. But he was soon outstripped in the race because he was weak in the essential qualities which made McCormick the greatest figure in the world of agricultural machinery. McCormick was more than a mechanic; he was a man of vision; and he had the enthusiasm of a crusader and superb genius for business organization and advertisement. His story has been told in another volume of this series.* Though McCormick offered reapers for sale in 1834, he seems to have sold none in that year, nor any for six years afterwards. He sold two in 1840, seven in 1842, fifty in 1844. The machine was not really adapted to the hills of the Valley of Virginia, and farmers hesitated to buy a contrivance which needed the attention of a skilled mechanic. McCormick made a trip through the Middle West. In the rolling prairies, mile after mile of rich soil without a tree or a stone, he saw his future dominion.
 Hussey had moved East. McCormick did the opposite; he moved West, to Chicago, in 1847.

 Chicago was then a town of hardly ten thousand, but McCormick foresaw its future, built a factory there, and manufactured five hundred machines for the harvest of 1848. From this time he went on from triumph to triumph. He formulated an elaborate business system. His machines were to be sold at a fixed price, payable in installments if desired, with a guarantee of satisfaction. He set up a system of agencies to give instruction or to supply spare parts. Advertising, chiefly by exhibitions and contests at fairs and other public gatherings, was another item of his programme. All would have failed,


but to be once more with Aunt Lily and Mysie was the greatest peace and bliss she could conceive. And she was a very different being from the angular defiant girl of those days which seemed so long ago.

 There is no need to say more at present of these old friends. There is no material for narrative in describing how the 'calm decay' of Dr. May in old age was cheered by the presence of his sailor son, nor in the scenes where the brothers, sisters, and friends exchanged happy recollections, brightened each other's lives with affection and stimulated one another in serving God in their generation.

 THE END


Shak.
 Sup*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supported; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Supporting.] [F. supporter, L. supportare to carry on, to convey, in LL., to support, sustain; sub under + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear by being under; to keep from falling; to uphold; to sustain, in a literal or physical sense; to prop up; to bear the weight of; as, a pillar supports a structure; an abutment supports an arch; the trunk of a tree supports the branches.

2. To endure without being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character; to sustain; as, to support pain, distress, or misfortunes.

 This fierce demeanor and his insolence The patience of a god could not support.

Dryden.
3. To keep from failing or sinking; to solace under affictive circumstances; to assist; to encourage; to defend; as, to support the courage or spirits.

4. To assume and carry successfully, as the part of an actor; to represent or act; to sustain; as, to support the character of King Lear.

5. To furnish with the means of sustenance or livelihood; to maintain; to provide for; as, to support a family; to support the ministers of the gospel.

6. To carry on; to enable to continue; to maintain; as, to support a war or a contest; to support an argument or a debate.

7. To verify; to make good; to substantiate; to establish; to sustain; as, the testimony is not sufficient to support the charges; the evidence will not support the statements or allegations.

 To urge such arguments, as though they were sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy.

J. Edwards.
8. To vindicate; to maintain; to defend successfully; as, to be able to support one's own cause.

9. To uphold by aid or countenance; to aid; to help; to back up; as, to support a friend or a party; to support the present administration.

 Wherefore, bold pleasant, Darest thou support a published traitor?

Shak.
10. A attend as an honorary assistant; as, a chairman supported by a vice chairman; O'Connell left the prison, supported by his two sons.

Support arms (Mil.), a command in the manual of arms in responce to which the piece is held vertically at the shoulder, with the hammer resting on the left forearm, which is passed horizontally across the body in front; also, the position assumed in response to this command.

Syn. -- To maintain; endure; verify; substantiate; countenance; patronize; help; back; second; succor; relieve; uphold; encourage; favor; nurture; nourish; cherish; shield; defend; protect; stay; assist; forward.

 Sup*port" (?), n. [F.] 1. The act, state, or operation of supporting, upholding, or sustaining.

2. That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from falling, as a prop, a pillar, or a foundation of any kind.

3. That which maintains or preserves from being overcome, falling, yielding, sinking, giving way, or the like; subsistence; maintenance; assistance; reënforcement; as, he gave his family a good support, the support of national credit; the assaulting column had the support of a battery.

Points of support (Arch.), the horizontal area of the solids of a building, walls, piers, and the like, as compared with the open or vacant spaces. -- Right of support (Law), an easement or servitude by which the owner of a house has a right to rest his timber on the walls of his neighbor's house. Kent.
Syn. -- Stay; prop; maintenance; subsistence; assistance; favor; countenance; encouragement; patronage; aid; help; succor; nutriment; sustenance; food.

 Sup*port"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. supportable.] Capable of being supported, maintained, or endured; endurable. -- Sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*port"a*bly, adv.
 Sup*port"ance (?), n. Support. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sup'por*ta"tion (?), n. Maintenance; support. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bacon.
 Sup*port"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, supports; as, oxygen is a supporter of life.

 The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured.

Bacon.
 The saints have a... supporter in all their miseries.

South.
2. Especially, an adherent; one who sustains, advocates, and defends; as, the supporter of a party, faction, or candidate.

3. (Shipbuilding) A knee placed under the cathead.

4. (Her.) A figure, sometimes of a man, but commonly of some animal, placed on either side of an escutcheon, and exterior to it.
 Usually, both supporters of an escutcheon are similar figures.

5. (Med.) A broad band or truss for supporting the abdomen or some other part or organ.

 Sup*port"ful (?), a. Abounding with support. [Obs.] Chapman.
 Sup*port"less, a. Having no support. Milton.
 Sup*port"ment (?), n. Support. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
 Sup*port"ress (?), n. A female supporter. [R.]

 You are my gracious patroness and supportress.

Massinger.
 Sup*pos"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being supposed, or imagined to exist; as, that is not a supposable case. -- Sup*pos"a*ble*ness, n.
 -- Sup*pos"a*bly, adv.
 Sup*pos"al (?), n. The act of supposing; also, that which is supposed; supposition; opinion. Shak.
 Interest, with a Jew, never proceeds but upon supposal, at least, of a firm and sufficient bottom.

South.
 Sup*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supposing.] [F. supposer; pref. subunder + poser to place; -- corresponding in meaning to L. supponere, suppositum, to put under, to substitute, falsify, counterfeit. See Pose.] 1. To represent to one's self, or state to another, not as true or real, but as if so, and with a view to some consequence or application which the reality would involve or admit of; to imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration; to assume to be true; as, let us suppose the earth to be the center of the system, what would be the result?

Suppose they take offence without a cause.

Shak.
 When we have as great assurance that a thing is, as we could possibly, supposing it were, we ought not to make any doubt of its existence.

Tillotson.
2. To imagine; to believe; to receive as true.

 How easy is a bush supposed a bear!

Shak.
 Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men, the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead.

2 Sam. xiii. 32.
3. To require to exist or to be true; to imply by the laws of thought or of nature; as, purpose supposes foresight.

 One falsehood always supposes another, and renders all you can say suspected.

Female Quixote.
4. To put by fraud in the place of another. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To imagine; believe; conclude; judge; consider; view; regard; conjecture; assume.

 Sup*pose" (?), v. i. To make supposition; to think; to be of opinion. Acts ii. 15.
 Sup*pose", n. Supposition. [Obs.] Shak. "A base suppose that he is honest." Dryden.
 Sup*pose"er (?), n. One who supposes.

 Sup'po*si


in moderation does not increase appetite, so that it is possible to consistently burn more calories in a day, and gradually reduce weight if that is desirable. It is necessary to burn 3,500 calories to lose a pound of weight. Most forms of exercise allow you to burn 300 to 600 calories per hour at a moderate pace which would be achieved by doubling the resting pulse. Without even considering the weight-loss benefit of achieving a raised metabolism, an hour of daily exercise continued for a week or two dependent upon the type of exercise and pace should lead to one pound of weight loss if the caloric intake is held constant.
 The flip side of having a higher metabolism is rarely appreciated but is extremely important. Recall the basic equation of health: Health = Nutrition / Calories. Exercise permits a person to eat somewhat more while not gaining weight.
If the food is nutrient rich, the body has a chance to extract more vitamins, more minerals, more amino acids. The person who remains slender by rigidly reducing their food intake to near starvation levels may lack vital, health-building nutrition.
 And only exercise moves lymphatic fluid. The blood is pumped through the body by the heart, but the lymphatic system, lacking a heart, requires muscular contractions to move from the extremities of the body to the central cavity.
The lymphatic system picks up cellular waste products and conducts these toxins to disposal. Frequently, people with rheumatic aches and pains or other generalized muscular discomforts physicians like to give Latin diagnostic names to can give up taking pain pills if they will but begin exercising regularly. Only when they begin moving their lymph can they begin to detoxify properly.
 There is another benefit from exercise which is not to be ignored, and that is that it gives the person a chemical sense of well being. It actually will help to emotionally boost up people who are chronically depressed and make them smile. After a good workout, especially one done outside, everything seems brighter, more positive; whatever was bothering you somehow just doesn't seem like that big of a deal now. I am not making pro-exercise propaganda. This is not a figment of the imagination. An exercising body really does make antidepressant neurochemicals called endorphins, but only after about 45 minutes to an hour of aerobic workout.
 Endorphins are powerful, with painkilling and euphoric effects equal to or greater than heroin, but without any undesirable side effects. If chemists could learn to cheaply synthesize endorphins I'm sure that millions of people would want to become addicted to them. Because I make such a point of getting in my workout every day, my husband has accused me of being an endorphin junkie, and he is right!
I admit it, I'm really hooked on the feeling of well being I consistently get from any sustained exercise. I defend my addiction staunchly because it is the healthiest addiction I know of.
 I have also been accused of carrying exercise to extremes, and I admit to that also. For a few years I trained for Ironman triathlons. I now think doing ironman distances is immoderate and except for a few remarkable individuals with "iron" constitutions, training that hard can only lead to a form of exhaustion that is not health promoting. I have become much more sensible in my "old" age, and in recent years have limited my participation to the Olympic distance triathlons.
I was on the Canadian team at the World Championship in 1992, and intend to do it again in 1995. I do not find the Olympic distance exhausting, in fact I think it is great fun and truly exhilarating. I get to see all these wonderful age group competitors from all over the world who look and feel fantastic. It does my soul good to see a group of people aging so gracefully, not buying into the popular notion that old age is inevitably disabling, depressing, and ugly. Sport brings a degree of balance to my life after spending so much time in the presence of the sick. I plan to maintain my athletic activities into old age, barring accident or other unforeseen obstacles to fitness.
 To maintain basic fitness it does not matter so much what form of exercise is chosen, as long as it is not damaging to the skeletal system or connective tissues. Many people are unable to run due to foot, knee, hip, or back problems, but almost everyone can walk. Walking outside is better than inside on a treadmill, and walking hills is better than walking on flat ground. Exercise machines such as stationary bikes, cross country ski machines, and stair steppers work well for a lot of people who live in the city, especially in the winter, or for those who hate exercise. Whatever you choose to do, it is important to at least double the resting pulse for 30 minutes no less than four days a week. This is the absolute minimum required to maintain the health and function of the cardiovascular-pulmonary system. If your resting pulse is 70, you must walk, jog, ski, bike, swim or what have you, fast enough to keep the pulse at 140 beats per minute for at least 30 minutes.
 I have a strong preference to exercising outside in isolated places where there is only me and the forest, or only me and the river. Running along logging roads in the hilly back country, or swimming in the green unpolluted water of a forest river is a spiritual experience for me. It is a time to meditate, to commune with nature, and to clear my mind and create new solutions. The repetitive action of running or walking or swimming, along with the regular deep breathing in clean air, with no distractions except what nature provides is truly health promoting.
Sharing these activities with friends or family can also be great fun and some of the best in social interactions. It is one of my favorite ways of visiting with people.
I don't expect other people to be as enthusiastic about exercise as I am, but I do hope that everyone will make an effort to be minimally fit as an ongoing part of their health program into old age.
Diet For A Long, Long Life Some people not only want to be healthy, but they want to live in good health long past the normal life span projected by statistical tables for Homo Sapiens. Dr. Roy Walford, a well-respected medical research gerontologist who has been actively studying longevity for many years, is one of those. He has scientifically demonstrated with accepted studies that a qualitative life span up to at least 115 years of age is reasonably attainable by the average person if they start working on it no later than about 50 years of age, though earlier is much better.
 Walford's principles of extending life are very simple. All you have to do is restrict your caloric intake to about 1,500 per day, and water fast two days a week. Or alternatively, reduce your caloric intake to 1,200 per day and fast only one day a week on water. And make sure that every single bit of food you do eat is packed with nutrition, every single calorie, without exception. You continue this program for the rest of your life along with moderate daily exercise and high but reasonable dosages of vitamins, minerals, and also take a few exotic food supplements. The supplement program is not particularly expensive nor extreme, Walford's supplement program is more moderate than the life extension program I recommend for all middle-aged and older people. The best foods for this type of program is a largely raw food diet (80%) with a predominance of sprouts and baby greens, some cooked vegetables, and raw nuts and seeds. And make sure you get 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise every other day.
 While Dr. Walford's focus is on caloric reduction while maintaining sufficient nutrition, most other life extensionists focus on increasing the nutrition side of the equation for health without bothering to reduce caloric intake. This approach is much easier because essentially, it involves gobbling nutritional supplements by the handfuls without requiring self-discipline, though it can get quite expensive.
I'll have more to say about this approach in the next chapter, which is about vitamins.
 In this book I can't explain all the aspects of prolongation of life through conscious life-style choice. Those who are interested are referred to the Bibliography.
Chapter Six Vitamins and Other Food Supplements From The Hygienic Dictionary Vitamins. [1] The staple foods may not contain the same nutritive substances as in former times.... Chemical fertilizers, by increasing the abundance of the crops without replacing all the exhausted elements of the soil, may have indirectly contributed to change the nutritive value of cereal grains and of vegetables.... Hygienists have not paid sufficient


a machine, a book, an agitation.

Syn. -- To obtain; gain; win; acquire. See Obtain.

 Get (gt), v. i. 1. To make acquisition; to gain; to profit; to receive accessions; to be increased.

 We mourn, France smiles; we lose, they daily get.

Shak.
2. To arrive at, or bring one's self into, a state, condition, or position; to come to be; to become; -- with a following adjective or past participle belonging to the subject of the verb; as, to get sober; to get awake; to get beaten; to get elected.

 To get rid of fools and scoundrels.

Pope.
 His chariot wheels get hot by driving fast.

Coleridge.
 It [get] gives to the English language a middle voice, or a power of verbal expression which is neither active nor passive. Thus we say to get acquitted, beaten, confused, dressed. Earle.
Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following preposition, or adverb of motion, to indicate, on the part of the subject of the act, movement or action of the kind signified by the preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to stir, to make one's way, to advance, to arrive, etc.; as, to get away, to leave, to escape; to disengage one's self from; to get down, to descend, esp. with effort, as from a literal or figurative elevation; to get along, to make progress; hence, to prosper, succeed, or fare; to get in, to enter; to get out, to extricate one's self, to escape; to get through, to traverse; also, to finish, to be done; to get to, to arrive at, to reach; to get off, to alight, to descend from, to dismount; also, to escape, to come off clear; to get together, to assemble, to convene.

To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. - - To get along, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. -- To get a mile (or other distance), to pass over it in traveling. -- To get among, to go or come into the company of; to become one of a number. -- To get asleep, to fall asleep. -- To get astray, to wander out of the right way.
 -- To get at, to reach; to make way to. To get away with, to carry off; to capture; hence, to get the better of; to defeat. -- To get back, to arrive at the place from which one departed; to return.
 -- To get before, to arrive in front, or more forward. -- To get behind, to fall in the rear; to lag. -- To get between, to arrive between. -- To get beyond, to pass or go further than; to exceed; to surpass. "Three score and ten is the age of man, a few get beyond it." Thackeray. -- To get clear, to disengage one's self; to be released, as from confinement, obligation, or burden; also, to be freed from danger or embarrassment. -- To get drunk, to become intoxicated. -- To get forward, to proceed; to advance; also, to prosper; to advance in wealth. -- To get home, to arrive at one's dwelling, goal, or aim. -- To get into. (a) To enter, as, "she prepared to get into the coach." Dickens. (b) To pass into, or reach; as, " a language has got into the inflated state." Keary. -- To get loose or free, to disengage one's self; to be released from confinement. -- To get near, to approach within a small distance. -- To get on, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. -- To get over. (a) To pass over, surmount, or overcome, as an obstacle or difficulty. (b) To recover from, as an injury, a calamity. -- To get through. (a) To pass through something. (b) To finish what one was doing. -- To get up. (a) To rise; to arise, as from a bed, chair, etc. (b) To ascend; to climb, as a hill, a tree, a flight of stairs, etc.

 Get, n. Offspring; progeny; as, the get of a stallion.

 Get"en (?), obs. p. p. of Get. Chaucer.
 Geth (?), the original third pers. sing. pres. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Get"-pen'ny (?), n. Something which gets or gains money; a successful affair. [Colloq.] Chapman.
 Get"ta*ble (?), a. That may be obtained. [R.]

 Get"ter (?), n. One who gets, gains, obtains, acquires, begets, or procreates.

 Get"ter*up', n. One who contrives, makes, or arranges for, anything, as a book, a machine, etc. [Colloq.]

 A diligent getter-up of miscellaneous works.

W. Irving.
 Get"ting (?), n. 1. The act of obtaining or acquiring; acquisition.

 With all thy getting, get understanding.

Prov. iv. 7.
2. That which is got or obtained; gain; profit.

 Get"-up (?), n. General composition or structure; manner in which the parts of a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress, etc. [Colloq.]
 H. Kingsley.
 Gew"gaw (?), n. [OE. gigawe, gugawe, gewgaude, prob. the same word as OE. givegove gewgaw, apparently a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan to give; cf. also F. joujou plaything, and E. gaud, n. See Give, and cf. Giffgaff.] A showy trifle; a toy; a splendid plaything; a pretty but worthless bauble.

 A heavy gewgaw called a crown.

Dryden.
 Gew"gaw, a. Showy; unreal; pretentious.

 Seeing his gewgaw castle shine.

Tennyson.
 Gey"ser (?), n. [Icel. geysir, fr. geysa to rush furiously, fr. gjsa to gush. Cf. Gush.] A boiling spring which throws forth at frequent intervals jets of water, mud, etc., driven up by the expansive power of steam.

Geysers were first known in Iceland, and later in New Zealand. In the Yellowstone region in the United States they are numerous, and some of them very powerful, throwing jets of boiling water and steam to a height of 200 feet. They are grouped in several areas called geyser basins.
 The mineral matter, or geyserite, with which geyser water is charged, forms geyser cones about the orifice, often of great size and beauty.

 Gey"ser*ite (?), n. [From Geyser.] (Min.) A loose hydrated form of silica, a variety of opal, deposited in concretionary cauliflowerlike masses, around some hot springs and geysers.

 ||Ghar"ry (?), n. [Hind. g&?;i.] Any wheeled cart or carriage. [India] Ghast (?), v. t. [OE. gasten. See Ghastly, a.] To strike aghast; to affright. [Obs.]

Ghasted by the noise I made. Full suddenly he fled.

Shak.
 Ghast"ful (?), a. [See Ghastly, a.] Fit to make one aghast; dismal. [Obs.] -- Ghast"ful*ly, adv.
 Ghast"li*ness (?), n. The state of being ghastly; a deathlike


, Putrid.] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as, a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water.

 My face is foul with weeping.

Job. xvi. 16.
2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as, foul words; foul language.

3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. "The foul with Sycorax." Shak.
 Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?

Milton.
4. Loathsome; disgusting; as, a foul disease.

5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.

Shak.
6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as, a foul wind; a foul road; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; -- said of the weather, sky, etc.

 So foul a sky clears not without a storm.

Shak.
7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as, foul play.

8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; -- opposed to clear; as, a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out.

 Foul anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. -- Foul ball (Baseball), a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. -- Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. -- Foul berth (Naut.), a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. -- Foul bill, or Foul bill of health, a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. -- Foul copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; -- opposed to fair or clean copy. "Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies." Cowper. -- Foul proof, an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. -- Foul strike (Baseball), a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. -- To fall foul, to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] "If they be any ways offended, they fall foul." Burton. -- To fall, or run, foul of. See under Fall. -- To make foul water, to sail in such shallow water that the ship's keel stirs the mud at the bottom.

 Foul (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as, to foul the face or hands with mire.

2. (Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing.

3. To cover (a ship's bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as, a bottom fouled with barnacles.

4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as, to foul a rope or cable in paying it out; to come into collision with; as, one boat fouled the other in a race.

 Foul, v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun.

2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as, the two boats fouled.

 Foul, n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race.

2. (Baseball) See Foul ball, under Foul, a.
 ||Fou'lard" (?), n. [F.] A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere.

 Foul"der (?), v. i. [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre, OF. also fouldre, fr. L. fulgur. See Fulgor.] To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] "Flames of fouldering heat." Spenser.
 Foul"e (?), adv. Foully. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Foul"ly (?), v. In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably.

 I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do.

Gay.
 Foul"-mouthed' (?), a. Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive.

 So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause.

Addison.
 Foul"ness, n. [AS. flnes.] The quality or condition of being foul.

 Foul"-spo'ken (?), a. Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language. Shak.
 Fou"mart' (?), n. [OE. folmard, fulmard; AS. f&?;l foul + mearð, meard, marten: cf. F. marte, martre.
 See Foul, a., and Marten the quadruped.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; -- called also European ferret, and fitchew.
 See Polecat. [Written also foulmart, foulimart, and fulimart.]

 Found (?), imp. & p. p. of Find.

 Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Founding.] [F. fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. "Whereof to found their engines." Milton.
 Found, n. A thin, single-cut file for combmakers.

 Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Founding.] [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom, and cf. Founder, v. i., Fund.] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly.

 I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock.

Shak.
 A man that all his time Hath founded his good fortunes on your love.

Shak.
 It fell not, for it was founded on a rock.

Matt. vii. 25.
2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as, to found a college; to found a family.

 There they shall found Their government, and their great senate choose.

Milton.
Syn. -- To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate.

 Foun*da"tion (?), n. [F. fondation, L. fundatio. See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect.

2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis.

 Behold, I


in Europe to establish in their country the underlying principles of democracy. The Scottish systems of land tenure—which may be said to be the theme of The Scotch Twins—are discussed in Beaton's "Highlands of Scotland."
Of particular bearing is his comment upon conditions resulting from the withdrawal of soil for purposes of sport, the poaching that followed, etc.
The spirit of Scottish history is epitomized in Burns's poem, "A Man's a Man for a' That," and the ingenious teacher will need no further prompting as to the ways in which this poem and the movement for which it stands are related to the history of our own country. A further debt to Scotland lies in the character of the Scotch immigrants to the United States and their descendants; Griffis's "Bonnie Scotland and What We Owe Her" will show how to apply this suggestion and others which will come to mind from these paragraphs.


in Hill Street, Berkeley Square. Who IS this Mrs. Flood? Frederick Flood (_PHONE_) married LADY Julia Annesley in 1782. The wife of the more famous Flood suits the case no better: his wife was LADY F. M. Flood; she was a Beresford. (The 'Dictionary of National Biography' is responsible for these facts.) At all events, on November 25, at breakfast, in Hill Street, Lord Lyttelton told the young ladies and their chaperon that he had had an extraordinary DREAM.

 He seemed to be in a room which a bird flew into; the bird changed into a woman in white, who told him he should die in three days.

 He 'did not much regard it, because he could in some measure account for it; for that a few days before he had been with Mrs. Dawson, when a robin-redbreast flew into her room.' On the morning of Saturday he told the same ladies that he was very well, and believed he should 'BILK THE GHOST.' The dream has become an apparition! On that day—Saturday—he, with the ladies, Fortescue, and Wolsley, went to Pitt Place; he went to bed after eleven, ordered rolls for breakfast, and, in bed, 'died without a groan,' as his servant was disengaging him from his waistcoat. During dinner he had 'a rising in his throat' (a slight sickness), 'a thing which had often happened to him before.' His physician, Dr. Fothergill, vaguely attributed his death to the rupture of some vessel in his side, where he had felt a pain in summer.

 From this version we may glean that Lord Lyttelton was not himself very certain whether his vision occurred when he was awake or asleep. He is made to speak of a 'dream,' and even to account for it in a probable way; but later he talks of 'bilking the GHOST.' The editor of 'Notes and Queries' now tries to annihilate this contemporary document by third-hand evidence, seventy years after date. In 1851 or 1852 the late Dowager Lady Lyttelton, Sarah, daughter of the second Earl Spencer, discussed the story with Mr. Fortescue, a son of the Mr. Fortescue who was at Pitt Place, and succeeded to the family title six years later, in 1785. The elder Mr.
 Fortescue, in brief, is said to have averred that he had heard nothing of the dream or prediction till 'some days after;' he, therefore, was inclined to disbelieve in it. We have demonstrated, however, that if Mr.
 Fortescue had heard nothing, yet the tale was all over the town before Lord Lyttelton died. Nay, more, we have contemporary proof that Mr.
 Fortescue HAD heard of the affair! Lyttelton died at midnight on the Saturday, November 27. In her diary for the following Tuesday (November 30), Lady Mary Coke says that she has just heard the story of the 'dream' from Lady Bute, who had it from Mr. Ross, WHO HAD IT FROM MR. FORTESCUE!* Mr. Fortescue, then, must have told the tale as early as the Monday after the fatal Saturday night. Yet in old age he seems to have persuaded himself that the tale came later to his knowledge. Some irrelevant, late, and fourth-hand versions will be found in 'Notes and Queries,' but they merely illustrate the badness of such testimony.

 One trifle of contemporary evidence may be added: Mrs. Delany, on December 9, 1779, wrote an account of the affair to her niece—here a bird turns into a woman.

 In pursuit of evidence, it is a long way from 1780 to 1816. In November of that year, T. J. wrote from Pitt Place, Epsom, in 'The Gentleman's Magazine;' but his letter is dated 'January 6.' T. J. has bought Pitt Place, and gives 'a copy of a document in writing, left in the house' (where Lyttelton died) 'as an heirloom which may be depended on.' This document begins, 'Lord Lyttelton's Dream and Death (see Admiral Wolsley's account).' But where IS Admiral Wolsley's account? Is it in the archives of Sir Charles Wolseley of Wolseley? Or is THIS (the Pitt Place document) Admiral Wolsley's account? The anonymous author says that he was one of the party at Pitt Place on November 27,1779, with 'Lord Fortescue,' 'Lady Flood,' and the two Misses Amphlett. Consequently this account is written after 1785, when Mr. Fortescue succeeded to his title. Lord Lyttelton, not long returned from Ireland, had been suffering from 'suffocating fits' in the last month. And THIS, not the purpose of suicide, was probably his reason for executing his will. 'While in his house in Hill Street, Berkeley Square, he DREAMT three days before his death he saw a bird fluttering, and afterwards a woman appeared in white apparel, and said, "Prepare to meet your death in three days." He was alarmed and called his servant. On the third day, while at breakfast with the above-named persons, he said, "I have jockeyed the ghost, as this is the third day."' Coulton places this incident at 10 P.M. on Saturday, and makes his lordship say, 'In two hours I shall jockey the ghost.' 'The whole party set out for Pitt Place,' which contradicts Coulton's statement that they set out on Friday, but agrees with Lord Westcote's. 'They had not long arrived when he was seized with a usual fit. Soon recovered. Dined at five. To bed at eleven.' Then we hear how he rebuked his servant for stirring his rhubarb 'with a tooth-pick' (a plausible touch), sent him for a spoon, and was 'in a fit' on the man's return. 'The pillow being high, his chin bore hard on his neck. Instead of relieving him, the man ran for help: on his return found him dead.' This undated and unsigned document, by a person who professes to have been present, is not, perhaps, very accurate in dates. The phrase 'dreamt' is to be taken as the common-sense way of stating that Lord Lyttelton had a vision of some sort. His lordship, who spoke of 'jockeying the GHOST,' may have believed that he was awake at the time, not dreaming; but no person of self-respect, in these unpsychical days, could admit more than a dream.
 Perhaps this remark also applies to Walpole's 'he dreamed.' The species of the bird is left in the vague.

 Moving further from the event, to 1828, we find a book styled 'Past Feelings Renovated,' a reply to Dr. Hibbert's 'Philosophy of Apparitions.' The anonymous author is 'struck with the total inadequacy of Dr. Hibbert's theory.' Among his stories he quotes Wraxall's 'Memoirs.' In 1783, Wraxall dined at Pitt Place, and visited 'the bedroom where the casement window at which Lord Lyttelton asserted the DOVE appeared to flutter* was pointed out to me.' Now the Pitt Place document puts the vision 'in Hill Street, Berkeley Square.' So does Lord Westcote. Even a bird cannot be in two places at once, and the 'Pitt Place Anonymous' does seem to know what he is talking about. Of course Lord Lyttelton MAY have been at Pitt Place on November 24, and had his dream there. He MAY have run up to Hill Street on the 25th and delivered his speech, and MAY have returned to Pitt Place on the Friday or Saturday.** But we have no evidence for this view


BOOK OF NONSENSE By Edward Lear TO THE GREAT-GRANDCHILDREN, GRAND-NEPHEWS, AND GRAND-NIECES OF EDWARD, 13th EARL OF DERBY, THIS BOOK OF DRAWINGS AND VERSES (The greater part of which were originally made and composed for their parents,) IS DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR, EDWARD LEAR CONTENTS 1.
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{ ||Sher"eef (?), ||Sher"if (?), } n. [Ar. sherf noble, holy, n., a prince.] A member of an Arab princely family descended from Mohammed through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima. The Grand Shereef is the governor of Mecca.

 ||Sher"i*at (?), n. [Turk. sher 'at] The sacred law of the Turkish empire.

 Sher"iff, n. [OE. shereve, AS. scr-ger&?;fa; scr a shire + ger&?;fa a reeve. See Shire, and Reeve, and cf.
 Shrievalty.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, the serving of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace.

 In England, sheriffs are appointed by the king. In the United States, sheriffs are elected by the legislature or by the citizens, or appointed and commissioned by the executive of the State. The office of sheriff in England is judicial and ministerial. In the United States, it is mainly ministerial. The sheriff, by himself or his deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout the county, has charge of the jail and prisoners, attends courts, and keeps the peace. His judicial authority is generally confined to ascertaining damages on writs of inquiry and the like. Sheriff, in Scotland, called sheriff depute, is properly a judge, having also certain ministerial powers. Sheriff clerk is the clerk of the Sheriff's Court in Scotland. Sheriff's Court in London is a tribunal having cognizance of certain personal actions in that city. Wharton, Tomlins. Erskine.
 { Sher"iff*al*ty (?), Sher"iff*dom (?), Sher"iff*ry (?), Sher"iff*ship (?), Sher"iff*wick (?), n. } The office or jurisdiction of sheriff.
 See Shrievalty.

 Shern (?), n. See Shearn. [Obs.]

 Sher"ris (?), n. Sherry. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sher"ry (?), n. [So called from Xeres, a Spanish town near Cadiz, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced like sh in English.] A Spanish light-colored dry wine, made in Andalusia. As prepared for commerce it is colored a straw color or a deep amber by mixing with it cheap wine boiled down.

Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc., and usually imbided through a straw or a glass tube.

 Sher"ry*val'lies (?), n. pl. [Cf. Sp. zaraquelles wide breeches or overalls.] Trousers or overalls of thick cloth or leather, buttoned on the outside of each leg, and generally worn to protect other trousers when riding on horseback. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.
 Shet (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Shet. (Obs. Shette (&?; or &?;)); p. pr. Shet; p. pr. & vb. n. Shetting.] To shut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.
 Shete (?), v. t. & i. To shoot. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Sheth (?), n. The part of a plow which projects downward beneath the beam, for holding the share and other working parts; -- also called standard, or post.

 Shet"land po"ny (?). One of a small, hardy breed of horses, with long mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands; a sheltie.

 Shew (?), v. t. & i. See Show.

 Shew, n. Show. [Obs. except in shewbread.]

 Shew"bread' (?). See Showbread.

 Shew"el (?), n. A scarecrow. [Obs.] Trench.
 Shew"er (?), n. One who shews. See Shower.

 Shewn (?), p. p. of Shew.

 Shi"ah (?), n. Same as Shiite.

 Shib"bo*leth (?), n. [Heb. shibbleth an ear of corn, or a stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the criterion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce sh, called the word sibboleth. See Judges xii.
 Without reprieve, adjudged to death, For want of well pronouncing shibboleth.

Milton.
 Also in an extended sense.

 The th, with its twofold value, is... the shibboleth of foreigners.

Earle.
2. Hence, the criterion, test, or watchword of a party; a party cry or pet phrase.

 Shide (?), n. [OE. shide, schide, AS. scde; akin to OHG. sct, G. scheit, Icel. skð, and E. shed, v.t.] A thin board; a billet of wood; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.]

 Shie (?), v. t. See Shy, to throw.

 Shied (?), imp. & p. p. of Shy.

 Shiel, n. A sheeling. [Scot.] Burns.
 Shield (?), n. [OE. sheld, scheld, AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld; akin to OS. scild, OFries. skeld, D. & G. schild, OHG. scilt, Icel.
 skjöldr, Sw. sköld, Dan. skiold, Goth. skildus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Sheldrake.] 1. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, -- formerly in general use in war, for the protection of the body. See Buckler.

 Now put your shields before your hearts and fight, With hearts more proof than shields.

Shak.
2. Anything which protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection. "My council is my shield." Shak.
3. Figuratively, one who protects or defends.

 Fear not, Abram; I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward.

Gen. xv. 1.
4. (Bot.) In lichens, a Hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci.

5. (Her.) The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. Cf. Lozenge. See Illust. of Escutcheon.

6. (Mining & Tunneling) A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses.

7. A spot resembling, or having the form of, a shield. "Bespotted as with shields of red and black." Spenser.
8. A coin, the old French crown, or écu, having on one side the figure of a shield. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Shield fern (Bot.), any fern of the genus Aspidium, in which the fructifications are covered with shield-shaped indusia; -- called also wood fern. See Illust. of Indusium.

 Shield (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Shielding.] [AS. scidan, scyldan. See Shield, n.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a shield; to cover from danger; to defend; to protect from assault or injury.

 Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field, To see the son the vanquished father shield.

Dryden.
 A woman's shape doth shield thee.

Shak.
2. To ward off; to keep off or out.

 They brought with them their usual weeds, fit to shield the cold to which they had been inured.

Spenser.
3. To avert, as a misfortune; hence, as a supplicatory exclamation, forbid! [Obs.]

 God shield that it should so befall.

Chaucer.
 God shield I should disturb devotion!

Sh