horizontal dotted line AA, projecting a root upwards.) The root is oblique to the axis of rotation, and the extreme tip projects beyond that axis. Line AA represents the axis of rotation, T is the tip of the root just above the line AA, and B is the region just below line AA in which curvature takes place. If the motile region B is directly sensitive to gravitation (and is the only part which is sensitive) the root will curve (down and away from the vertical) away from the axis of rotation, just as in Knight's experiment. But if the tip T is alone sensitive to gravitation the result will be exactly reversed, the stimulus originating in T and conveyed to B will produce curvature (up towards the vertical). We may think of the line AA as a plane dividing two worlds. In the lower one gravity is of the earthly type and is shown by bodies falling and roots curving downwards: in the upper world bodies fall upwards and roots curve in the same direction. The seedling is in the lower world, but its tip containing the supposed sense-organ is in the strange world where roots curve upwards. By observing whether the root bends up or down we can decide whether the impulse to bend originates in the tip or in the motile region.

 Piccard's results showed that both curvatures occurred and he concluded that the sensitive region is not confined to the tip. (Czapek (Pringsheim's "Jahrb." XXXV. 1900, page 362) had previously given reasons for believing that, in the root, there is no sharp line of separation between the regions of perception and movement.)

 Haberlandt (Pringsheim's "Jahrb." XLV. 1908, page 575.) has recently repeated the experiment with the advantage of better apparatus and more experience in dealing with plants, and has found as Piccard did that both the tip and the curving region are sensitive to gravity, but with the important addition that the sensitiveness of the tip is much greater than that of the motile region. The case is in fact similar to that of the oat and canary-grass. In both instances my father and I were wrong in assuming that the sensitiveness is confined to the tip, yet there is a concentration of irritability in that region and transmission of stimulus is as true for geotropism as it is for heliotropism. Thus after nearly thirty years the controversy of the root-tip has apparently ended somewhat after the fashion of the quarrels at the "Rainbow" in "Silas Marner"—"you're both right and you're both wrong." But the "brain-function" of the root-tip at which eminent people laughed in early days turns out to be an important part of the truth. (By using Piccard's method I have succeeded in showing that the gravitational sensitiveness of the cotyledon of Sorghum is certainly much greater than the sensitiveness of the hypocotyl—if indeed any such sensitiveness exists. See Wiesner's "Festschrift", Vienna, 1908.)

 Another observation of Darwin's has given rise to much controversy.
 ("Power of Movement", page 133.) If a minute piece of card is fixed obliquely to the tip of a root some influence is transmitted to the region of curvature and the root bends away from the side to which the card was attached. It was thought at the time that this proved the root-tip to be sensitive to contact, but this is not necessarily the case. It seems possible that the curvature is a reaction to the injury caused by the alcoholic solution of shellac with which the cards were cemented to the tip. This agrees with the fact given in the "Power of Movement" that injuring the root-tip on one side, by cutting or burning it, induced a similar curvature. On the other hand it was shown that curvature could be produced in roots by cementing cards, not to the naked surface of the root-tip, but to pieces of gold-beaters skin applied to the root; gold-beaters skin being by itself almost without effect. But it must be allowed that, as regards touch, it is not clear how the addition of shellac and card can increase the degree of contact. There is however some evidence that very close contact from a solid body, such as a curved fragment of glass, produces curvature: and this may conceivably be the explanation of the effect of gold-beaters skin covered with shellac. But on the whole it is perhaps safer to classify the shellac experiments with the results of undoubted injury rather than with those of contact.

 Another subject on which a good deal of labour was expended is the sleep of leaves, or as Darwin called it their NYCTITROPIC movement. He showed for the first time how widely spread this phenomenon is, and attempted to give an explanation of the use to the plant of the power of sleeping. His theory was that by becoming more or less vertical at night the leaves escape the chilling effect of radiation. Our method of testing this view was to fix some of the leaves of a sleeping plant so that they remained horizontal at night and therefore fully exposed to radiation, while their fellows were partly protected by assuming the nocturnal position. The experiments showed clearly that the horizontal leaves were more injured than the sleeping, i.e. more or less vertical, ones. It may be objected that the danger from cold is very slight in warm countries where sleeping plants abound. But it is quite possible that a lowering of the temperature which produces no visible injury may nevertheless be hurtful by checking the nutritive processes (e.g. translocation of carbohydrates), which go on at night. Stahl ("Bot. Zeitung", 1897, page 81.) however has ingeniously suggested that the exposure of the leaves to radiation is not DIRECTLY hurtful because it lowers the temperature of the leaf, but INDIRECTLY because it leads to the deposition of dew on the leaf-surface. He gives reasons for believing that dew-covered leaves are unable to transpire efficiently, and that the absorption of mineral food-material is correspondingly checked. Stahl's theory is in no way destructive of Darwin's, and it is possible that nyctitropic leaves are adapted to avoid the indirect as well as the direct results of cooling by radiation.

 In what has been said I have attempted to give an idea of some of the discoveries brought before the world in the "Power of Movement" (In 1881 Professor Wiesner published his "Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen", a book devoted to the criticism of "The Power of Movement in Plants". A letter to Wiesner, published in "Life and Letters", III. page 336, shows Darwin's warm appreciation of his critic's work, and of the spirit in which it is written.) and of the subsequent history of the problems. We must now pass on to a consideration of the central thesis of the book,—the relation of circumnutation to the adaptive curvatures of plants.

 Darwin's view is plainly stated on pages 3-4 of the "Power of Movement".
 Speaking of circumnutation he says, "In this universally present movement we have the basis or groundwork for the acquirement, according to the requirements of the plant, of the most diversified movements." He then points out that curvatures such as those towards the light or towards the centre of the earth can be shown to be exaggerations of circumnutation in the given directions. He finally points out that the difficulty of conceiving how the capacities of bending in definite directions were acquired is diminished by his conception. "We know that there is always movement in progress, and its amplitude, or direction, or both, have only to be modified for the good of the plant in relation with internal or external stimuli."

 It may at once be allowed that the view here given has not been accepted by physiologists. The bare fact that circumnutation is a general property of plants (other than climbing species) is not generally rejected. But the botanical world is no nearer to believing in the theory of reaction built on it.

 If we compare the movements of plants with those of the lower animals we find a certain resemblance between the two. According to Jennings (H.S.
 Jennings, "The Behavior of the Lower Animals". Columbia U. Press, N.Y.
 1906.) a Paramoecium constantly tends to swerve towards the aboral side of its body owing to certain peculiarities in the set and power of its cilia.
 But the tendency to swim in a circle, thus produced, is neutralised by the rotation of the creature about its longitudinal axis


a very high satiety value. Fats make a person feel full for a long time because their presence in the stomach makes it churn and churn and churn. Fats coat proteins and starches and delay their digestion, often causing them to begin fermenting (starches) or putrefying (proteins) in the digestive tract.
 The best fats contain high levels of monosaturated vegetable oils that have never been exposed to heat or chemicals--like virgin olive oil. Use small quantities of olive oil for salad dressing. Monosaturated fats also have far less tendency to go rancid than any other type. Vegetable oils with high proportions of unsaturated fats, the kind that all the authorities push because they contain no cholesterol, go rancid rapidly upon very brief exposure to air. The danger here is that rancidity in vegetable oil is virtually unnoticeable. Rancid animal fat on the other hand, smells "off." Eating rancid oil is a sure-fire way to accelerate aging, invite degenerative conditions in general, and enhance the likelihood of cancer.
I recommend that you use only high-quality virgin olive oil, the only generally-available fat that is largely monosaturated. (Pearson and Shaw, 1983) When you buy vegetable oil, even olive oil, get small bottles so you use them up before the oil has much time being exposed to air (as you use the oil air fills the bottle) or, if you buy olive oil in a large can to save money, immediately upon opening it, transfer the oil to pint jars filled to the very brim to exclude virtually all air, and seal the jars securely. In either case, keep now-opened, in-use small bottles of oil in the refrigerator because rancidity is simply the combination of oil with oxygen from the air and this chemical reaction is accelerated at warmer temperatures and slowed greatly at cold ones.
 Chemical reactions typically double in speed with every 10 degrees C. increase in temperature. So oil goes rancid about six times faster at normal room temperature than it does in the fridge. If you'll think about the implications of this data you'll see there are two powerful reasons not to fry food. One, the food is coated with oil and gains in satiety value at the expense of becoming relatively indigestible and productive of toxemia. Secondly, if frying occurs at 150 degrees Centigrade and normal room temperature is 20 degrees Centigrade, then oil goes rancid 2 to the 13th power faster in the frying pan, or about 8,200 times faster. Heating oil for only ten minutes in a hot skillet induces as much rancidity as about 6 weeks of sitting open and exposed to air at room temperature. Think about that the next time you're tempted to eat something from a fast food restaurant where the hot fat in the deep fryer has been reacting with oxygen all day, or even for several days.
 Back to butter, where we started. If you must have something traditionally northern European on your bread, you are far better off to use butter, not margarine. However, Mediterranean peoples traditionally dip their bread in high-quality extra-virgin olive oil that smells and tastes like olives. Its delicious, why not try it. But best yet, put low-sugar fruit preserves on your toast or develop a taste for dry toast. Probably the finest use for butter is melted over steamed vegetables.
This way only small quantities are needed and the fat goes on something that is otherwise very easy to digest so its presence will not produce as many toxins in the digestive tract.
Milk, Meat, And Other Protein Foods Speaking of butter, how about milk? The dairy lobby is very powerful in North America. Its political clout and campaign contributions have the governments of both the United States and especially that of Canada eating out of its hand (literally), providing the dairy industry with price supports. Because of these price supports, in Canada cheese costs half again more than it does in the United States. The dairy lobby is also very cozy with the medical profession so licensed nutritionists constantly bombard us with "drink milk" and "cheese is good for you" propaganda.
 And people naturally like dairy foods. They taste good and are fat-rich with a high satiety value. Dairy makes you feel full for a long time.
Dairy is also high in protein; protein is hard to digest and this too keeps one feeling full for a long time. But many people, especially those from cultures who traditionally (genetically) didn't have dairy cows, particularly Africans, Asians and Jews, just do not produce the enzymes necessary to digest cows milk. Some individuals belonging to these groups can digest goats milk. Some can't digest any kind except human breast milk. And some can digest fermented milk products like yogurt and kiefer. Whenever one eats a protein food that is not fully digestible, it putrefies in the digestive tract, with all the bad consequences previously described.
 But no one, absolutely no one can fully digest pasteurized cows milk, which is what most people use because they have been made to fear cow-transmitted diseases and/or they are forced to use pasteurized dairy products by health authorities.
I suspect drinking pasteurized milk or eating cheese made from pasteurized milk is one of the reasons so many people develop allergic reactions to milk. Yet many states do not allow unpasteurized dairy to be sold, even privately between neighbors. To explain all this, I first have to explain a bit more about protein digestion in general and then talk about allergies and how they can be created.
 Proteins are long, complex molecules, intricate chains whose individual links are amino acids. Proteins are the very stuff of life. All living protoplasm, animal or plant, is largely composed of proteins. There are virtually an infinite number of different proteins but all are composed of the same few dozen amino acids hooked together in highly variable patterns. Amino acids themselves are highly complex organic molecules too. The human body custom-assembles all its proteins from amino acids derived from digesting protein foods, and can also manufacture small quantities of certain of its own amino acids to order, but there are eight amino acids it cannot make and these are for that reason called essential amino acids.
Essential amino acids must be contained in the food we eat..
 Few proteins are water soluble. When we eat proteins the digestive apparatus must first break them down into their water-soluble components, amino acids, so these can pass into the blood and then be reassembled into the various proteins the body uses. The body has an interesting mechanism to digest proteins; it uses enzymes. An enzyme is like the key for a lock. It is a complex molecule that latches to a protein molecule and then breaks it apart into amino acids. Then the enzyme finds yet another protein molecule to free. Enzymes are efficient, reusable many many times.
 Enzymes that digest proteins are effective only in the very acid environment of the stomach, are manufactured by the pancreas and are released when protein foods are present. The stomach then releases hydrochloric acid and churns away like a washing machine, mixing the enzymes and the acid with the proteins until everything has digested.
 So far so good. That's how its supposed to be. But. Dr. Henry Bieler, who wrote Food Is Your Best Medicine, came up with the finest metaphor I know of to explain how protein digestion goes wrong. He compared all proteins to the white of an egg (which is actually a form of protein). When raw and liquid, the long chains of albumen (egg white) proteins are in their natural form. However, cook the egg and the egg white both solidifies and becomes smaller. What has happened is that the protein chains have shriveled and literally tied themselves into knots.
Once this happens, pancreatic enzymes no longer fit and cannot separate all the amino acids. Cooked proteins may churn and churn and churn in the presence of acid and pancreatic enzymes but they will not digest completely. Part becomes water soluble; part does not.
 But, indigestible protein is still subject to an undesirable form of consumption in the gut. Various bacteria make their home in our airless, warm intestines. Some of these live on protein. In the process of consuming undigested proteins, they release highly toxic substances. They poison us.
 What is true of the white of an egg is also true of flesh foods and dairy. Raw meat and raw fish are actually easily digestible foods and if not wrongly combined will not produce toxemia in a person that still has a strong pancreas. However, eating raw meat and fish can be a dicey proposition, both for


.

Prov. xiv. 29.
5. Behind in time; indicating a time earlier than the true time; as, the clock or watch is slow.

6. Not advancing or improving rapidly; as, the slow growth of arts and sciences.

7. Heavy in wit; not alert, prompt, or spirited; wearisome; dull.
 [Colloq.] Dickens. Thackeray.
Slow is often used in the formation of compounds for the most part self-explaining; as, slow-gaited, slowpaced, slow-sighted, slow-winged, and the like.

Slow coach, a slow person. See def.7, above. [Colloq.] -- Slow lemur, or Slow loris (Zoöl.), an East Indian nocturnal lemurine animal (Nycticebus tardigradus) about the size of a small cat; -- so called from its slow and deliberate movements. It has very large round eyes and is without a tail. Called also bashful Billy. -- Slow match. See under Match.

Syn. -- Dilatory; late; lingering; tardy; sluggish; dull; inactive.
 -- Slow, Tardy, Dilatory. Slow is the wider term, denoting either a want of rapid motion or inertness of intellect. Dilatory signifies a proneness to defer, a habit of delaying the performance of what we know must be done. Tardy denotes the habit of being behind hand; as, tardy in making up one's acounts.

 Slow, adv. Slowly.

 Let him have time to mark how slow time goes In time of sorrow.

Shak.
 Slow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slowing.] To render slow; to slacken the speed of; to retard; to delay; as, to slow a steamer. Shak.
 Slow, v. i. To go slower; -- often with up; as, the train slowed up before crossing the bridge.

 Slow, n. A moth. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Slow"back' (?), n. A lubber; an idle fellow; a loiterer. [Old Slang] Dr. Favour.
 Slowh (?), obs. imp. of Slee,to slay. Chaucer.
 Slow"hound' (?), n. A sleuthhound. [R.]

 Slow"ly, adv. In a slow manner; moderately; not rapidly; not early; not rashly; not readly; tardly.

 Slow"ness, n. The quality or state of being slow.

 Slows (?), n. (Med.) Milk sickness.

 Slow"-wit'ted (?), a. Dull of apprehension; not possessing quick intelligence.

 Slow"worm' (?), n. [AS. slwyrm; the first part is probably akin to sleán to strike, the reptile being supposed to be very poisonous. See Slay, v. t., and Worm.] (Zoöl.) A lecertilian reptile; the blindworm.

 Slub (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A roll of wool slightly twisted; a rove; -- called also slubbing.

 Slub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbing.] To draw out and twist slightly; -- said of slivers of wool.

 Slub"ber (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbering.] [Cf. Dan. slubbreto swallow, to sup up, D. slobberen to lap, to slabber. Cf. Slabber.] 1. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely.

Slubber not business for my sake.

Shak.
2. To daub; to stain; to cover carelessly.

 There is no art that hath more... slubbered with aphorisming pedantry than the art of policy.

Milton.
 Slub"ber, n. A slubbing machine.

 Slub"ber*de*gul'lion (?), n. [Slubber + Prov. E. gullion a wretch.] A mean, dirty wretch. [Low] Slub"ber*ing*ly, adv. In a slovenly, or hurried and imperfect, manner. [Low] Drayton.
 Slub"bing (?), a. & n. from Slub.

Slubbing billy, or Slubbing machine, the machine by which slubs are formed.

 Sludge (?), n. [CF. Slush.] 1. Mud; mire; soft mud; slush.
 Mortimer. Tennyson.
2. Small floating pieces of ice, or masses of saturated snow. Kane.
3. (Mining) See Slime, 4.

Sludge hole, the hand-hole, or manhole, in a steam boiler, by means of which sediment can be removed.

 Slud"ger (slj"r), n. A bucket for removing mud from a bored hole; a sand pump.

 Slud"y (?), a. Miry; slushy.

 Slue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slued (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sluing (&?;).] [Prov. E. slew to turn round, Scot. to lean or incline to a side; cf. Icel. sn&?;a to turn, bend.] [Written also slew.] 1. (Naut.) To turn about a fixed point, usually the center or axis, as a spar or piece of timber; to turn; -- used also of any heavy body.

2. In general, to turn about; to twist; -- often used reflexively and followed by round. [Colloq.]

 They laughed, and slued themselves round.

Dickens.
 Slue, v. i. To turn about; to turn from the course; to slip or slide and turn from an expected or desired course; -- often followed by round.

 Slue, n. See Sloough, 2. [Local] Slug (?), n. [OE. slugge slothful, sluggen to be slothful; cf. LG. slukk lowspirited, sad, E. slack, slouch, D. slak, slek, a snail.] 1. A drone; a slow, lazy fellow; a sluggard. Shak.
2. A hindrance; an obstruction. [Obs.] Bacon.
3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial pulmonate mollusks belonging to Limax and several related genera, in which the shell is either small and concealed in the mantle, or altogether wanting. They are closely allied to the land snails.

4. (Zoöl.) Any smooth, soft larva of a sawfly or moth which creeps like a mollusk; as, the pear slug; rose slug.

5. A ship that sails slowly. [Obs.] Halliwell.
 His rendezvous for his fleet, and for all slugs to come to, should be between Calais and Dover.

Pepys.
6. [Perhaps a different word.] An irregularly shaped piece of metal, used as a missile for a gun.

7. (Print.) A thick strip of metal less than type high, and as long as the width of a column or a page, -- used in spacing out pages and to separate display lines, etc.

Sea slug. (Zoöl.) (a) Any nudibranch mollusk. (b) A holothurian. -- Slug caterpillar. Same as Slugworm.

 Slug, v. i. To move slowly; to lie idle. [Obs.]

 To slug in sloth and sensual delight.

Spenser.
 Slug, v. t. To make sluggish. [Obs.] Milton.
 Slug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Slugging (?).] 1. To load with a slug or slugs; as, to slug a gun.

2. To strike heavily. [Cant or Slang] Slug,


3. That which is restored or renewed.

The restoration (Eng. Hist.), the return of King Charles II.
 in 1660, and the reëstablishment of monarchy. -- Universal restoration (Theol.), the final recovery of all men from sin and alienation from God to a state of happiness; universal salvation.

Syn. -- Recovery; replacement; renewal; renovation; redintegration; reinstatement; reëstablishment; return; revival; restitution; reparation.

 Res'to*ra"tion*er (-?r), n. A Restorationist.

 Res'to*ra"tion*ism (-?z'm), n. The belief or doctrines of the Restorationists.

 Res'to*ra"tion*ist, n. One who believes in a temporary future punishment and a final restoration of all to the favor and presence of God; a Universalist.

 Re*stor"a*tive (r?*st?r"?*t?v), a. [Cf. F. restoratif.] Of or pertaining to restoration; having power to restore.

 Destroys life's enemy, Hunger, with sweet restorative delight.

Milton.
 Re*stor"a*tive, n. Something which serves to restore; especially, a restorative medicine. Arbuthnot.
 Re*stor"a*tive*ly, adv. In a restorative manner.

 Res"to*ra'tor (r?s"t?*r?'t?r), n. A restaurateur.

 Re*stor"a*to*ry (r?*st?r"?*t?*r?), a. Restorative. [R.]

 Re-store" (r?*st?r"), v. t. [Pref. re- + store.] To store again; as, the goods taken out were re-stored.

 Re*store" (r?*st?r"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restored (r?-st?rd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Restoring.] [OE. restoren, OF. restorer, F. restaurer, fr. L. restaurare; pref.
 rere- + an unused word; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an upright pale or stake, Skr. sth&?;vara fixed, firm. Cf.
 Restaurant, Store.] To bring back to its former state; to bring back from a state of ruin, decay, disease, or the like; to repair; to renew; to recover. "To restore and to build Jerusalem." Dan. ix. 25.
 Our fortune restored after the severest afflictions.

Prior.
 And his hand was restored whole as the other.

Mark iii. 5.
2. To give or bring back, as that which has been lost., or taken away; to bring back to the owner; to replace.

 Now therefore restore the man his wife.

Gen. xx. 7.
 Loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us, and regain the blissful seat.

Milton.
 The father banished virtue shall restore.

Dryden.
3. To renew; to reëstablish; as, to restore harmony among those who are variance.

4. To give in place of, or as satisfaction for.

 He shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.

Ex. xxii. 1.
 5. To make good; to make amends for.

 But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, All losses are restored, and sorrows end.

Shak.
6. (Fine Arts) (a) To bring back from a state of injury or decay, or from a changed condition; as, to restore a painting, statue, etc. (b) To form a picture or model of, as of something lost or mutilated; as, to restore a ruined building, city, or the like.

Syn. -- To return; replace; refund; repay; reinstate; rebuild; reëstablish; renew; repair; revive; recover; heal; cure.

 Re*store" (?), n. Restoration. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Re*store"ment (?), n. Restoration. [Obs.]

 Re*stor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, restores.

 Re*strain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restrained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Restraining.] [OE. restreinen, F. restreindre, fr. L. restringere, restrictum; pref. rere- + stringere to draw, bind, or press together. See Strain, v. t., and cf.
 Restrict.] 1. To draw back again; to hold back from acting, proceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral force, or by any interposing obstacle; to repress or suppress; to keep down; to curb.

Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose!

Shak.
2. To draw back toghtly, as a rein. [Obs.] Shak.
3. To hinder from unlimited enjoiment; to abridge.

 Though they two were committed, at least restrained of their liberty.

Clarendon.
4. To limit; to confine; to restrict. Trench.
 Not only a metaphysical or natural, but a moral, universality also is to be restrained by a part of the predicate.

I. Watts.
5. To withhold; to forbear.

 Thou restrained prayer before God.

Job. xv. 4.
Syn. -- To check; hinder; stop; withhold; repress; curb; suppress; coerce; restrict; limit; confine.

 Re*strain"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being restrained; controllable.
 Sir T. Browne.
 Re*strain"ed*ly, adv. With restraint. Hammond.
 Re*strain"er (?), n. One who, or that which, restrains.

 Re*strain"ment (?), n. The act of restraining.

 Re*straint" (?), n. [OF. restraincte, fr. restrainct, F. restreint, p. p. of restraindre, restrendre. See Restrain.] 1. The act or process of restraining, or of holding back or hindering from motion or action, in any manner; hindrance of the will, or of any action, physical or mental.

 No man was altogether above the restrains of law, and no man altogether below its protection.

Macaulay.
2. The state of being restrained.

3. That which restrains, as a law, a prohibition, or the like; limitation; restriction.

 For one restraint, lords of the world besides.

Milton.
Syn. -- Repression; hindrance; check; stop; curb;&?;oercion; confinement; limitation; restriction.

 Re*strength"en (?), v. t. To strengthen again; to fortify anew.

 Re*strict" (?), a. [L. restrictus, p. p. of restringere.
 See Restrain.] Restricted. [Obs.]

 Re*strict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restricted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Restricting.] To restrain within bounds; to limit; to confine; as, to restrict worlds to a particular meaning; to restrict a patient to a certain diet.

Syn. -- To limit; bound; circumscribe; restrain; repress; curb; coerce.

 Re*stric"tion (?), n. [F. restriction, L. restrictio.]
 1. The act of restricting, or state of being restricted; confinement within limits or bounds.

 This is to have the same restriction with all other recreations,that it be made a divertisement.

Giv. of Tonque.
2. That which restricts; limitation; restraint; as, restrictions on trade.

 Re*stric"tion*a*ry (?), a.


ii Books by Hamlin Garland Border Edition Main-Travelled Roads Other Main-Travelled Roads Boy Life Rose of Dutcher's Coolly The Eagle's Heart The Captain of the Gray Horse Troop Hesper Mart Haney's Mate Cavanaugh, Forest Rangers They of the High Trails The Long Trail The Forester's Daughter Regular Edition The Light of the Star Prarie Folks The Shadow World Trail of the Gold-Seekers The Tyranny of the Dark Victor Ollnee's Discipline Harper & Brothers Publishers Other Editions Under the Wheel Jason Edwards A Member of the Third House A Little Norsk A Spoil of Office Prairie Songs Crumbling Idols Wayside Courtships The Spirit of Sweetwater Ulysses S. Grant, his life and character Her Mountain Lover Witch's Gold Money Magic Moccassin Ranch A Son of the Middle Border A Daughter of the Middle Border A Prairie Mother iii Main-Travelled Roads By Hamlin Garland Author of Other Main-Travelled Roads, etc.
Border Edition Harper & Brothers Publishers New York and London iv Main-Travelled Roads Copyright, 1891, by The Arena Publishing Company Copyright, 1893, by The Century Co.
 Copyright, 1893, 1899, by Hamlin Garland v Dedication To My Father and Mother Whose Half-Century Pilgrimage on the Main-Travelled Road of Life Has Brought Them Only Toil and Deprivation, This Book of Stories Is Dedicated By a Son to Whom Every Day Brings a Deepening Sense of His Parents' Silent Heroism vii Opening Thought The main-travelled road in the West (as everywhere) is hot and dusty in summer, and desolate and drear with mud in fall and spring, and in winter the winds sweep the snow across it; but it does sometimes cross a rich meadow where the songs of the larks and bobolinks and blackbirds are tangled. Follow it far enough, it may lead past a bend in the river where the water laughs eternally over its shallows.
Mainly it is long and wearyful, and has a dull little town at one end and a home of toil at the other. Like the main-travelled road of life it is traversed by many classes of people, but the poor and the weary predominate.
ix Table of Contents.
Main-Travelled Roads Foreword xi Introduction 1 A Branch Road 7 Up the Coolly 67 Among the Corn-Rows 131 The Return of a Private 167 Under the Lion's Paw 195 The Creamery Man 219 A Day's Pleasure 245 Mrs. Ripley's Trip 261 Uncle Ethan Ripley 281 God's Ravens 301 A "Good-Fellow's" Wife 327 xi Foreword In the summer of 1887, after having been three years in Boston, and six years absent from my old home in northern Iowa, I found myself with money enough to pay my railway fare to Ordway, South Dakota, where my father and mother were living, and as it cost very little extra to go by way of Dubuque and Charles City, I planned to visit Osage, Iowa, and the farm we had opened on Dry Run prairie in 1871.
Up to this time I had written only a few poems, and some articles descriptive of boy life on the prairie, although I was doing a good deal of thinking and lecturing on land reform, and was regarded as a very intense disciple of Herbert Spencer and Henry George—a singular combination, as I see it now. On my way westward, that summer day in 1887, rural life presented itself from an entirely new angle. The ugliness, the endless drudgery, and the loneliness of the farmer's lot smote me with stern insistence. I was the militant reformer.
The farther I got from Chicago the more depressing the landscape became. It was bad enough in our former home in Mitchell County, but my pity grew more intense as I passed from northwest Iowa into southern Dakota. The houses, bare as boxes, dropped on the xii treeless plains, the barbed-wire fences running at right angles, and the towns mere assemblages of flimsy wooden sheds with painted-pine battlement, produced on me the effect of an almost helpless and sterile poverty.
My dark mood was deepened into bitterness by my father's farm, where I found my mother imprisoned in a small cabin on the enormous sunburned, treeless plain, with no expectation of ever living anywhere else. Deserted by her sons and failing in health, she endured the discomforts of her life uncomplainingly—but my resentment of "things as they are" deepened during my talks with her neighbors who were all housed in the same unshaded cabins in equal poverty and loneliness. The fact that at twenty-seven I was without power to aid my mother in any substantial way added to my despairing mood.
My savings for the two years of my teaching in Boston were not sufficient to enable me to purchase my return ticket, and when my father offered me a stacker's wages in the harvest field I accepted and for two weeks or more proved my worth with the fork, which was still mightier—with me—than the pen.
However, I did not entirely neglect the pen. In spite of the dust and heat of the wheat ricks I dreamed of poems and stories. My mind teemed with subjects for fiction, and one Sunday morning I set to work on a story which had been suggested to me by a talk with my mother, and a few hours later I read to her (seated on the low sill of that treeless cottage) the first two thousand xiii words of Mrs.
Ripley's Trip, the first of the series of sketches which became Main Travelled Roads.
I did not succeed in finishing it, however, till after my return to Boston in September. During the fall and winter of '87 and the winter and spring of '88, I wrote the most of the stories in Main Travelled Roads, a novelette for the Century Magazine, and a play called "Under the Wheel." The actual work of the composition was carried on in the south attic room of Doctor Cross's house at 21 Seaverns Avenue, Jamaica Plain.
The mood of bitterness in which these books were written was renewed and augmented by a second visit to my parents in 1889, for during my stay my mother suffered a stroke of paralysis due to overwork and the dreadful heat of the summer. She grew better before the time came for me to return to my teaching in Boston, but I felt like a sneak as I took my way to the train leaving my mother and sister on that bleak and sun-baked plain.
"Old Paps Flaxen," "Jason Edwards," "A Spoil of Office," and most of the stories gathered into the second volume of Main Travelled Roads were written in the shadow of these defeats.
If they seem unduly austere, let the reader remember the times in which they were composed. That they were true of the farms of that day no one can know better than I, for I was there—a farmer.
Life on the farms of Iowa and Wisconsin—even on the farms of Dakota—has gained in beauty and security, I will admit, but there are still wide stretches of xiv territory in Kansas and Nebraska where the farmhouse is a lonely shelter. Groves and lawns, better roads, the rural free delivery, the telephone, and the motor car have done much to bring the farmer into a frame of mind where he is contented with his lot, but much remains to be done before the stream of young life from the country to the city can be checked.
The two volumes of Main Travelled Roads can now be taken to be what William Dean Howells called them, "historical fiction," for they form a record of the farmer's life as I lived it and studied it


. Call.]
 1. Talking much, especially about commonplace or trivial things; talkative; loquacious.

 The most garrulous people on earth.

De Quincey.
2. (Zoöl.) Having a loud, harsh note; noisy; -- said of birds; as, the garrulous roller.

Syn. -- Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious. A garrulous person indulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and lengthened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talkative; a lively woman is loquacious; an old man in his dotage is garrulous.

 -- Gar"ru*lous*ly, adv. -- Gar"ru*lous*ness, n. Gar*ru"pa (?), n. [Prob. fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Grouper the fish.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; -- called also rockfish.
 See Rockfish.

 Gar"ter (?), n. [OE. gartier, F. jarretière, fr. OF. garet bend of the knee, F. jarret; akin to Sp. garra claw, Prov. garra leg. See Garrote.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from slipping down on the leg.

2. The distinguishing badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.; also, the Order itself.

3. (Her.) Same as Bendlet.

Garter fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the genus Lepidopus, having a long, flat body, like the blade of a sword; the scabbard fish. -- Garter king-atarms, the chief of the official heralds of England, king-at-arms to the Order of the Garter; -- often abbreviated to Garter.
 -- Garter snake (Zoöl.), one of several harmless American snakes of the genus Eutænia, of several species (esp. E. saurita and E. sirtalis); one of the striped snakes; -- so called from its conspicuous stripes of color.

 Gar"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gartered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter.

 He... could not see to garter his hose.

Shak.
2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. T. Warton.
 Garth (gärth), n. [Icel. garðr yard. See Yard.] 1.
 A close; a yard; a croft; a garden; as, a cloister garth.

 A clapper clapping in a garth To scare the fowl from fruit.

Tennyson.
2. A dam or weir for catching fish.

 Garth, n. [Girth.] A hoop or band. [Prov. Eng.]

 ||Ga"rum (g"rm), n. [L., fr. Gr. ga'ros.] A sauce made of small fish. It was prized by the ancients.

 Gar"vie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sprat; -- called also garvie herring, and garvock. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Gas (gs), n.; pl. Gases (-z). [Invented by the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 1. An aëriform fluid; -- a term used at first by chemists as synonymous with air, but since restricted to fluids supposed to be permanently elastic, as oxygen, hydrogen, etc., in distinction from vapors, as steam, which become liquid on a reduction of temperature. In present usage, since all of the supposed permanent gases have been liquified by cold and pressure, the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and is applied to any substance in the elastic or aëriform state.

2. (Popular Usage) (a) A complex mixture of gases, of which the most important constituents are marsh gas, olefiant gas, and hydrogen, artificially produced by the destructive distillation of gas coal, or sometimes of peat, wood, oil, resin, etc. It gives a brilliant light when burned, and is the common gas used for illuminating purposes.
 (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any irrespirable aëriform fluid.

Gas is often used adjectively or in combination; as, gas fitter or gasfitter; gas meter or gas-meter, etc.

Air gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing air through some volatile hydrocarbon, as the lighter petroleums. The air is so saturated with combustible vapor as to be a convenient illuminating and heating agent. -- Gas battery (Elec.), a form of voltaic battery, in which gases, especially hydrogen and oxygen, are the active agents. -- Gas carbon, Gas coke, etc. See under Carbon, Coke, etc. -- Gas coal, a bituminous or hydrogenous coal yielding a high percentage of volatile matters, and therefore available for the manufacture of illuminating gas. R. W. Raymond. -- Gas engine, an engine in which the motion of the piston is produced by the combustion or sudden production or expansion of gas; -- especially, an engine in which an explosive mixture of gas and air is forced into the working cylinder and ignited there by a gas flame or an electric spark. -- Gas fitter, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. -- Gas fitting. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl.
 The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. -- Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gasburner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. -- Gas generator, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas, for aërating water, bread, etc. Knight. -- Gas jet, a flame of illuminating gas. -- Gas machine, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. -- Gas meter, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. -- Gas retort, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas.
 -- Gas stove, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas.
 -- Gas tar, coal tar. -- Gas trap, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th Trap, 5. -- Gas washer (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. Knight.
 -- Gas water, water through which gas has been passed for purification; -- called also gas liquor and ammoniacal water, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. Tomlinson. -- Gas well, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Raymond. -- Gas works, a manufactory of gas, with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. -- Laughing gas. See under Laughing. -- Marsh gas (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, CH4, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas, and is the first member of the paraff


machinist, tailor, etc.

 The carpenter... marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes.

Is. xliv. 13.
3. To supply with something that is suitable or fit, or that is shaped and adjusted to the use required.

 No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves.

Shak.
4. To be suitable to; to answer the requirements of; to be correctly shaped and adjusted to; as, if the coat fits you, put it on.

 That's a bountiful answer that fits all questions.

Shak.
 That time best fits the work.

Shak.
To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means; to furnish; to equip; as, to fit out a privateer. -- To fit up, to furnish with things suitable; to make proper for the reception or use of any person; to prepare; as, to fit up a room for a guest.

 Fit (?), v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming.

 Nor fits it to prolong the feast.

Pope.
2. To be adjusted to a particular shape or size; to suit; to be adapted; as, his coat fits very well.

 Fit, n. 1. The quality of being fit; adjustment; adaptedness; as of dress to the person of the wearer.

2. (Mach.) (a) The coincidence of parts that come in contact. (b) The part of an object upon which anything fits tightly.

Fit rod (Shipbuilding), a gauge rod used to try the depth of a bolt hole in order to determine the length of the bolt required. Knight.
 Fit, n. [AS. fit strife, fight; of uncertain origin. √ 77.] 1. A stroke or blow. [Obs. or R.]

 Curse on that cross, quoth then the Sarazin, That keeps thy body from the bitter fit.

Spenser.
2. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder; a stroke of disease, as of epilepsy or apoplexy, which produces convulsions or unconsciousness; a convulsion; a paroxysm; hence, a period of exacerbation of a disease; in general, an attack of disease; as, a fit of sickness.

 And when the fit was on him, I did mark How he did shake.

Shak.
3. A mood of any kind which masters or possesses one for a time; a temporary, absorbing affection; a paroxysm; as, a fit of melancholy, of passion, or of laughter.

 All fits of pleasure we balanced by an equal degree of pain.

Swift.
 The English, however, were on this subject prone to fits of jealously.

Macaulay.
4. A passing humor; a caprice; a sudden and unusual effort, activity, or motion, followed by relaxation or inaction; an impulsive and irregular action.

 The fits of the season.

Shak.
5. A darting point; a sudden emission. [R.]

 A tongue of light, a fit of flame.

Coleridge.
By fits, By fits and starts, by intervals of action and repose; impulsively and irregularly; intermittently.

 Fitch (?; 224), n.; pl. Fitches (#). [See Vetch.] 1.
(Bot.) A vetch. [Obs.]

2. pl. (Bot.) A word found in the Authorized Version of the Bible, representing different Hebrew originals. In Isaiah xxviii.
 25, 27, it means the black aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, still used as a flavoring in the East. In Ezekiel iv. 9, the Revised Version now reads spelt.

 Fitch, n. [Contr. of fitched.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; also, its fur.

 Fitch"é (?), a. [Cf. F. fiché, lit. p. p. of ficher to fasten, OF. fichier to pierce. Cf. 1st Fish.] (Her.)
 Sharpened to a point; pointed.

Cross fitché, a cross having the lower arm pointed.

 Fitched (?), a. (her.) Fitché. [Also fiched.]

 { Fitch"et (?), Fitch"ew (?) }, n. [Cf. OF. fisseau, fissel, OD. fisse, visse, vitsche, D. vies nasty, loathsome, E. fizz.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat (Putorius fœtidus). See Polecat.

 Fitch"y (?), a. Having fitches or vetches.

 Fitch"y, a. [See Fitché.] (Her.) Fitché.

 Fit"ful (?), a. [From 7th Fit.] Full of fits; irregularly variable; impulsive and unstable.

 After life's fitful fever, he sleeps well.

Shak.
 -- Fit"ful*ly, adv. -- Fit"ful*ness, n. The victorious trumpet peal Dies fitfully away.

Macaulay.
 { Fith"el (?), Fith"ul (?) }, n. [OE. See Fiddle.] A fiddle. [Obs.]
 Chaucer.
 Fit"ly (?), adv. In a fit manner; suitably; properly; conveniently; as, a maxim fitly applied.

 Fit"ment (?), n. The act of fitting; that which is proper or becoming; equipment. [Obs.] Shak.
 Fit"ness, n. The state or quality of being fit; as, the fitness of measures or laws; a person's fitness for office.

 Fitt (?), n. See 2d Fit.

 Fit"ta*ble (?), a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.] Sherwood.
 Fit"ted*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being fitted; adaptation. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Fit"ter (?), n. 1. One who fits or makes to fit; esp.: (a) One who tries on, and adjusts, articles of dress. (b) One who fits or adjusts the different parts of machinery to each other.

2. A coal broker who conducts the sales between the owner of a coal pit and the shipper. [Eng.] Simmonds.
 Fit"ter, n. A little piece; a flitter; a flinder. [Obs.]

 Where's the Frenchman? Alas, he's all fitters.

Beau. & Fl.
 Fit"ting (?), n. Anything used in fitting up; especially (pl.), necessary fixtures or apparatus; as, the fittings of a church or study; gas fittings.

 Fit"ting, a. Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. -- Fit"ting*ly, adv.
 -- Fit"ting*ness, n. Jer. Taylor.
 Fit"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Eryngium fœtidum) supposed to be a remedy for fits.

 Fitz (?), n. [OF. fils, filz, fiz, son, F. fils, L. filius. See Filial.] A son; -- used in compound names, to indicate paternity, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes of the blood; as, Fitzroy, the son of the king; Fitzclarence, the son of the duke of Clarence.

 Five (?), a. [OE. fif, five, AS. ff, ffe; akin to D. vijf, OS. ff, OHG. finf, funf, G. fünf, Icel. fimm, Sw. & Sw. Dan. fem, Goth.
 fimf, Lith. penki, W. pump, OIr. cóic, L. quinque, Gr. &?;, Æol. &?;, Skr. pa&?;can.
 √303. Cf. Fifth, Cinque, Pentagon, Punch the drink, Quinary.] Four and one added; one more than four.


low story above the main order or orders of a facade, in the classical styles; -- a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence: (b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior; all the rooms immediately below the roof.

2. An Athenian; an Athenian author.

 At"tic*al (&?;), a. Attic. [Obs.] Hammond.
 At"ti*cism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] 1. A favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians.

2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by the Athenians; a concise and elegant expression.

 At"ti*cize (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To conform or make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of Attica.

 At"ti*cize, v. i. 1. To side with the Athenians.

2. To use the Attic idiom or style; to conform to the customs or modes of thought of the Athenians.

 At*tig"u*ous (&?;), a. [L. attiguus, fr. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Touching; bordering; contiguous. [Obs.]

 -- At*tig"u*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

 At*tinge" (&?;), v. t. [L. attingere to touch. See Attain.] To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles.
 At*tire" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] [OE. atiren to array, dispose, arrange, OF. atirier; à (L. ad) + F. tire rank, order, row; of Ger. origin: cf. As. tier row, OHG. ziar, G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf.
 Tire a headdress.] To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe with elegant or splendid garments.

 Finely attired in a robe of white. Shak.
 With the linen miter shall he be attired. Lev. xvi. 4.
 At*tire", n. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything which dresses or adorns; esp., ornamental clothing.

 Earth in her rich attire. Milton.
 I 'll put myself in poor and mean attire. Shak.
 Can a maid forget her ornament, or a bride her attire? Jer.
 ii. 32.
2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck.

3. (Bot.) The internal parts of a flower, included within the calyx and the corolla. [Obs.] Johnson.
 At*tired" (&?;), p. p. (Her.) Provided with antlers, as a stag.

 At*tire"ment (&?;), n. Attire; adornment.

 At*tir"er (&?;), n. One who attires.

 At"ti*tude (&?;), n. [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus suited, fitted: cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.]
 1. (Paint. & Sculp.) The posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue.

2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose; as, a threatening attitude; an attitude of entreaty.

3. Fig.: Position as indicating action, feeling, or mood; as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm attitude; one's mental attitude in respect to religion.

 The attitude of the country was rapidly changing. J. R. Green.
To strike an attitude, to take an attitude for mere effect.

Syn. -- Attitude, Posture. Both of these words describe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates to their position merely; attitude refers to their fitness for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to set forth exhibit some internal feeling; as, attitude of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore, essentially and designedly expressive. Its object is the same with that of gesture; viz., to hold forth and represent. Posture has no such design. If we speak of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only the natural disposition of the limbs, without any intention to show forth or exhibit.

 'T is business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (posituræ) to foresee the effect and harmony of the lights and shadows. Dryden.
 Never to keep the body in the same posture half an hour at a time. Bacon.
 At'ti*tu"di*nal (&?;), a. Relating to attitude.

 At'ti*tu'di*na"ri*an (&?;), n. One who attitudinizes; a posture maker.

 At'ti*tu'di*na"ri*an*ism (&?;), n. A practicing of attitudes; posture making.

 At'ti*tu"di*nize (&?;), v. i. To assume affected attitudes; to strike an attitude; to pose.

 Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudinize at the harp. Hannah More.
 At'ti*tu"di*ni'zer (&?;), n. One who practices attitudes.

 At"tle (&?;), n. [Cf. Addle mire.] (Mining) Rubbish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little or no ore. Weale.
 At*tol"lent (&?;), a. [L. attollens, p. pr. of attollere; ad + tollere to lift.] Lifting up; raising; as, an attollent muscle. Derham.
 At*tonce" (&?;), adv. [At + once.] At once; together. [Obs.] Spenser.
 At*tone" (&?;), adv. See At one. [Obs.]

 At*torn" (&?;), v. i. [OF. atorner, aturner, atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE. atornen to return, adorn); à (L. ad) + torner to turn; cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to attorn; ad + tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off. See Turn, v.
 t.] 1. (Feudal Law) To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation of the estate. Blackstone.
2. (Modern Law) To agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted.

 At*tor"ney (&?;), n.; pl. Attorneys (&?;).
 [OE. aturneye, OF. atorné, p. p. of atorner: cf. LL. atturnatus, attornatus, fr. attornare. See Attorn.] 1. A substitute; a proxy; an agent. [Obs.]

 And will have no attorney but myself. Shak.
2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another to transact any business for him; an attorney in fact. (b) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defendants in legal proceedings; an attorney at law.

 An attorney is either public or private. A private attorney, or an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by another, by a letter or power of attorney, to transact any business for him out of court; but in a more extended sense, this class includes any agent employed in any business, or to do any act in pais, for another. A public attorney, or attorney at


delivery is the abortion, "causing or procuring abortion" is the full name of the offense. Abbott.
 2. The immature product of an untimely birth.

3. (Biol.) Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed.

4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which in its progress, before it is matured or perfect; a complete failure; as, his attempt proved an abortion.

 A*bor"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to abortion; miscarrying; abortive. Carlyle.
 A*bor"tion*ist, n. One who procures abortion or miscarriage.

 A*bor"tive (&?;), a. [L. abortivus, fr. aboriri.
 See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as, an abortive child. [R.]

2. Made from the skin of a still-born animal; as, abortive vellum. [Obs.]

3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [Obs.] "Plunged in that abortive gulf." Milton.
4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarrying; fruitless; unsuccessful; as, an abortive attempt. "An abortive enterprise." Prescott.
5. (Biol.) Imperfectly formed or developed; rudimentary; sterile; as, an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc.

6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion; as, abortive medicines. Parr. (b) Cutting short; as, abortive treatment of typhoid fever.

 A*bor"tive, n. 1. That which is born or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. [Obs.] Shak.
2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Obs.]

3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of causing abortion. Dunglison.
 A*bor"tive*ly, adv. In an abortive or untimely manner; immaturely; fruitlessly.

 A*bor"tive*ness, n. The quality of being abortive.

 A*bort"ment (*bôrt"ment), n. Abortion. [Obs.]

 A*bought" (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Aby. [Obs.]

 A*bound" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] [OE. abounden, F. abonder, fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound; ab + unda wave.
 Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent; to be plentiful.

 The wild boar which abounds in some parts of the continent of Europe. Chambers.
 Where sin abounded grace did much more abound. Rom.
 v. 20.
2. To be copiously supplied; -- followed by in or with.

To abound in, to possess in such abundance as to be characterized by. -- To abound with, to be filled with; to possess in great numbers.

 Men abounding in natural courage. Macaulay.
 A faithful man shall abound with blessings. Prov. xxviii.
 20.
 It abounds with cabinets of curiosities. Addison.
 A*bout" (&?;), prep. [OE. aboute, abouten, abuten; AS. butan, onbutan; on + butan, which is from be by + utan outward, from ut out. See But, Out.]

1. Around; all round; on every side of. "Look about you." Shak.
 "Bind them about thy neck." Prov. iii. 3.
2. In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one's person). "Have you much money about you?" Bulwer.
3. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout.

 Lampoons... were handed about the coffeehouses. Macaulay.
 Roving still about the world. Milton.
4. Near; not far from; -- determining approximately time, size, quantity. "To-morrow, about this time." Exod. ix. 18. "About my stature." Shak.
 He went out about the third hour. Matt. xx. 3.
 This use passes into the adverbial sense.

5. In concern with; engaged in; intent on.

 I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49.
6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive: On the point or verge of; going; in act of.

 Paul was now aboutto open his mouth. Acts xviii. 14.
7. Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching. "To treat about thy ransom." Milton.
 She must have her way about Sarah. Trollope.
 A*bout", adv. 1. On all sides; around.

 'Tis time to look about. Shak.
2. In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as, a mile about, and a third of a mile across.

3. Here and there; around; in one place and another.

 Wandering about from house to house. 1 Tim. v. 13.
4. Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as, about as cold; about as high; -- also of quantity, number, time. "There fell... about three thousand men." Exod. xxii. 28.
5. To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as, to face about; to turn one's self about.

To bring about, to cause to take place; to accomplish. -- To come about, to occur; to take place. See under Come. -- To go about, To set about, to undertake; to arrange; to prepare. "Shall we set about some revels?" Shak. -- Round about, in every direction around.

 A*bout"-sledge" (&?;), n. The largest hammer used by smiths. Weale.
 A*bove" (&?;), prep. [OE. above, aboven, abuffe, AS. abufon; an (or on) on + be by + ufan upward; cf. Goth. uf under. √199. See Over.] 1. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface; over; -- opposed to below or beneath.

 Fowl that may fly above the earth. Gen. i. 20.
2. Figuratively, higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; beyond; higher in measure or degree than; as, things above comprehension; above mean actions; conduct above reproach.
 "Thy worth... is actions above my gifts." Marlowe.
 I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun. Acts xxxvi. 13.
3. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than; as, above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See Above, adv., 4.)

above all, before every other consideration; chiefly; in preference to other things.

Over and above, prep. or adv., besides; in addition to.

 A*bove" (&?;), adv. 1. In a higher place; overhead; into or from heaven; as, the clouds above.

2. Earlier in order; higher in the same page; hence, in a foregoing page. "That was said above." Dryden.
3. Higher in rank or power; as, he appealed to the court above.

4. More than; as, above five hundred were present.

Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word mentioned, quoted, or the like; as, the above observations, the above reference, the above articles. -- Above


hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other.
 -- Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. -- Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. -- Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. -- Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

 Con'ju*gate (?), n. [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification.

 We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. Abp. Bramhall.
2. (Chem.) A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

 Con"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
2. (Gram.) To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

 Con"ju*gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

 Con'ju*ga"tion (?), n. [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage.
 [Obs.]

 Mixtures and conjugations of atoms. Bentley.
2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.]

 The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves. Sir T. Browne.
3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner.

4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union; -- applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

 Con'ju*ga"tion*al (?), a. relating to conjugation. Ellis.
 Con*ju"gi*al (?), a. [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium.
 Cf. Conjugal.] Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.
 ||Con*ju"gi*um (?), n. [L.] (Rom. Law) The marriage tie.

 Con*junct" (?), a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See Conjoin.] 1.
 United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic] 2. (Her.) Same as Conjoined.

 Con*junc"tion (?), n. [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction.
 See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league.

 He will unite the white rose and the red: Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction. Shak.
 Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others. South.
2. (Astron.) The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6.

 Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth.

3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if.

 Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive. Harris.
 Con*junc"tion*al (?), a. Relating to a conjunction.

 ||Con'junc*ti"va (?), n. [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

 Con'junc*ti"val (?), a. 1. Joining; connecting.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

 Con*junc"tive (?), a. [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together.

2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak.
Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. -- Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; -- called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

 Con*junc"tive*ly, adv. In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.
 Con*junc"tive*ness, n. The state or quality of being conjunctive.
 Johnson.
 Con*junc'ti*vi"tis (? or &?;), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

 Con*junct"ly (?), adv. In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Con*junc"ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.]
 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination.

 The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity. Hobbes.
 A fit conjuncture or circumstances. Addison.
2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions.

 He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity. Macaulay.
 Con'ju*ra"tion (?), n. [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.]
 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration.

 We charge you, in the name of God, take heed;... Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shak.
2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment.

 Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event. Hallam.
3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] "The conjuration of Catiline." Sir T. Elyot.
 Con"ju*ra'tor (?), n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.
 Con*jure" (kn*jr"), v. t


THE EXPEDITION OF HUMPHRY CLINKER by Tobias Smollett CONTENTS To Mr HENRY DAVIS, Bookseller, in London.
 To the Revd. Mr JONATHAN DUSTWICH, at— THE EXPEDITION OF HUMPHRY CLINKER To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs GWYLLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.

 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Mrs JERMYN at her house in Gloucester.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LYDIA MELFORD.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LETTY WILLIS, at Gloucester To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS. BATH, April 23. DEAR DOCTOR, To Miss WILLIS at Gloucester. BATH, April 26. MY DEAREST COMPANION, To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Mrs GWYLLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall, &c. To Mrs GWYLLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.
 MRS GWYLLIM, To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs GWILLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Mrs JERMYN, at her house in Gloucester.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs GWYLLIM, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.

 To Mr HENRY DAVIS, Bookseller, in London.

 ABERGAVENNY, Aug. 4.

 RESPECTED SIR, I have received your esteemed favour of the 13th ultimo, whereby it appeareth, that you have perused those same Letters, the which were delivered unto you by my friend, the reverend Mr Hugo Behn; and I am pleased to find you think they may be printed with a good prospect of success; in as much as the objections you mention, I humbly conceive, are such as may be redargued, if not entirely removed—And, first, in the first place, as touching what prosecutions may arise from printing the private correspondence of persons still living, give me leave, with all due submission, to observe, that the Letters in question were not written and sent under the seal of secrecy; that they have no tendency to the mala fama, or prejudice of any person whatsoever; but rather to the information and edification of mankind: so that it becometh a sort of duty to promulgate them in usum publicum. Besides, I have consulted Mr Davy Higgins, an eminent attorney of this place, who, after due inspection and consideration, declareth, That he doth not think the said Letters contain any matter which will be held actionable in the eye of the law. Finally, if you and I should come to a right understanding, I do declare in verbo sacerdotis, that, in case of any such prosecution, I will take the whole upon my own shoulders, even quoad fine and imprisonment, though, I must confess, I should not care to undergo flagellation: Tam ad turpitudinem, quam ad amaritudinem poenoe spectans—Secondly, concerning the personal resentment of Mr Justice Lismahago, I may say, non flocci facio—I would not willingly vilipend any Christian, if, peradventure, he deserveth that epithet: albeit, I am much surprised that more care is not taken to exclude from the commission all such vagrant foreigners as may be justly suspected of disaffection to our happy constitution, in church and state—God forbid that I should be so uncharitable, as to affirm, positively, that the said Lismahago is no better than a Jesuit in disguise; but this I will assert and maintain, totis viribus, that, from the day he qualified, he has never been once seen intra templi parietes, that is to say,


the support: the latter meaning seems to me preferable.]

 Mr. Whitelaw suggests to me that {epikarsios} ({epi kar}) may mean rather "head-foremost," which seems to be its meaning in Homer (Odyss. ix. 70), and from which might be obtained the idea of intersection, one line running straight up against another, which it has in other passages. In that case it would here mean "heading towards the Pontus."]

 35 (return) [ {tas men pros tou Pontou tes eteres}. Most commentators would supply {gephures} with {tes eteres}, but evidently both bridges must have been anchored on both sides.]

 36 (return) [ {eurou}: Stein adopts the conjecture {zephurou}.]

 37 (return) [ {ton pentekonteron kai triereon trikhou}: the MSS. give {ton pentekonteron kai trikhou}, "between the fifty-oared galleys in as many as three places," but it is strange that the fifty-oared galleys should be mentioned alone, and there seems no need of {kai} with {trikhou}. Stein reads {ton pentekonteron kai triereon} (omitting {trikhou} altogether), and this may be right.]

 38 (return) [ i.e. in proportion to the quantity: there was of course a greater weight altogether of the papyrus rope.]

 39 (return) [ {autis epezeugnuon}.]

 40 (return) [ {ekleipsin}: cp.
 {eklipon} above.]

 41 (return) [ Or, according to some MSS., "Nisaian."]

 42 (return) [ i.e. not downwards.]

 43 (return) [ {tina autou sukhnon omilon}.]

 44 (return) [ {to Priamou Pergamon}.]

 45 (return) [ {en Abudo mese}: some inferior authorities (followed by most Editors) omit {mese}: but the district seems to be spoken of, as just above.]

 46 (return) [ {proexedre lothou leukou}: some kind of portico or loggia seems to be meant.]

 47 (return) [ {daimonie andoon}.]

 48 (return) [ {ena auton}.]

 49 (return) [ {to proso aiei kleptomenos}: "stealing thy advance continually," i.e. "advancing insensibly further." Some take {kleptomenos} as passive, "insensibly lured on further."]

 50 (return) [ {neoteron ti poiesein}.]

 51 (return) [ Or, according to some MSS., "the Persian land."]

 52 (return) [ Lit. "the name of which happens to be Agora."]

 53 (return) [ i.e. 1,700,000.]

 54 (return) [ {sunnaxantes}: a conjectural emendation very generally adopted of {sunaxantes} or {sunapsantes}.]

 55 (return) [ {apageas}, i.e. not stiffly standing up; the opposite to {pepeguias} (ch. 64).]

 56 (return) [ {lepidos siderees opsin ikhthueideos}: many Editors suppose that some words have dropped out. The {kithon} spoken of may have been a coat of armour, but elsewhere the body armour {thorex} is clearly distinguished from the {kithon}, see ix. 22.]

 57 (return) [ {gerra}: cp. ix. 61 and 102.]

 58 (return) [ Cp. i. 7.]

 59 (return) [ {mitrephoroi esan}: the {mitre} was perhaps a kind of turban.]

 60 (return) [ {tesi Aiguptiesi}, apparently {makhairesi} is meant to be supplied: cp. ch. 91.]

 61 (return) [ {eklethesan}, "were called" from the first.]

 62 (return) [ These words are by some Editors thought to be an interpolation. The Chaldeans in fact had become a caste of priests, cp. i. 181.]

 63 (return) [ {kurbasias}: supposed to be the same as the tiara (cp. v. 49), but in this case stiff and upright.]

 64 (return) [ i.e. Areians, cp. iii.
 93.]

 65 (return) [ {sisurnas}: cp. iv.
 109.]

 66 (return) [ {akinakas}.]

 67 (return) [ {sisurnophoroi}.]

 68 (return) [ {zeiras}.]

 69 (return) [ {toxa palintona}.]

 70 (return) [ {spathes}, which perhaps means the stem of the leaf.]

 71 (return) [ {gupso}, "white chalk."]

 72 (return) [ {milto}, "red ochre."]

 73 (return) [ Some words have apparently been lost containing the name of the nation to which the following description applies. It is suggested that this might be either the Chalybians or the Pisidians.]

 74 (return) [ {lukioergeas}, an emendation from Athenæus of {lukoergeas} (or {lukergeas}), which might perhaps mean "for wolf-hunting."]

 75 (return) [ {anastpastous}: cp. iii.
 93.]

 76 (return) [ Some Editors place this clause before the words: "and Smerdomenes the son of Otanes," for we do not hear of Otanes or Smerdomenes elsewhere as brother and nephew of Dareios. On the other hand Mardonios was son of the sister of Dareios.]

 77 (return) [ {tukhe}, "hits."]

 78 (return) [ {keletas}, "single horses."]

 79 (return) [ This name is apparently placed here wrongly. It has been proposed to read {Kaspeiroi} or {Paktues}.]

 80 (return) [ {ippeue}: the greater number of MSS. have {ippeuei} here as at the beginning of ch. 84, to which this is a reference back, but with a difference of meaning. There the author seemed to begin with the intention of giving a full list of the cavalry force of the Persian Empire, and then confined his account to those actually present on this occasion, whereas here the word in combination with {mouna} refers only to those just enumerated.]

 81 (return) [ i.e. 80,000.]

 82 (return) [ {Suroisi}, see note on ii. 104.]

 83 (return) [ {tukous}, which appears to mean ordinarily a tool for stone-cutting.]

 84 (return) [ {mitresi}, perhaps "turbans."]

 85 (return) [ {kithonas}: there is some probability in the suggestion of {kitarias} here, for we should expect mention of a head-covering, and the word {kitaris} (which is explained to mean the same as {tiara}), is quoted by Pollux as occurring in Herodotus.]

 86 (return) [ {kithonas}.]

 87 (return) [ {drepana}, "reaping-hooks," cp. v. 112.]

 88 (return) [ See i. 171.]

 89 (return) [ {Pelasgoi Aigialees}.]

 90 (return


a thing: cf. F. réel. Cf. Rebus.] 1. Actually being or existing; not fictitious or imaginary; as, a description of real life.

 Whereat I waked, and found Before mine eyes all real, as the dream Had lively shadowed.

Milton.
2. True; genuine; not artificial, counterfeit, or factitious; often opposed to ostensible; as, the real reason; real Madeira wine; real ginger.

 Whose perfection far excelled Hers in all real dignity.

Milton.
3. Relating to things, not to persons. [Obs.]

 Many are perfect in men's humors that are not greatly capable of the real part of business.

Bacon.
4. (Alg.) Having an assignable arithmetical or numerical value or meaning; not imaginary.

5. (Law) Pertaining to things fixed, permanent, or immovable, as to lands and tenements; as, real property, in distinction from personal or movable property.

Chattels real (Law), such chattels as are annexed to, or savor of, the realty, as terms for years of land. See Chattel. -- Real action (Law), an action for the recovery of real property. -- Real assets (Law), lands or real estate in the hands of the heir, chargeable with the debts of the ancestor. -- Real composition (Eccl. Law), an agreement made between the owner of lands and the parson or vicar, with consent of the ordinary, that such lands shall be discharged from payment of tithes, in consequence of other land or recompense given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Blackstone.
 -- Real estate or property, lands, tenements, and hereditaments; freehold interests in landed property; property in houses and land. Kent. Burrill. -- Real presence (R. C.
 Ch.), the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist, or the conversion of the substance of the bread and wine into the real body and blood of Christ; transubstantiation. In other churches there is a belief in a form of real presence, not however in the sense of transubstantiation. -- Real servitude, called also Predial servitude (Civil Law), a burden imposed upon one estate in favor of another estate of another proprietor. Erskine. Bouvier.
Syn. -- Actual; true; genuine; authentic. -- Real, Actual. Real represents a thing to be a substantive existence; as, a real, not imaginary, occurrence. Actual refers to it as acted or performed; and, hence, when we wish to prove a thing real, we often say, "It actually exists," "It has actually been done." Thus its reality is shown by its actuality. Actual, from this reference to being acted, has recently received a new signification, namely, present; as, the actual posture of affairs; since what is now in action, or going on, has, of course, a present existence. An actual fact; a real sentiment.

 For he that but conceives a crime in thought, Contracts the danger of an actual fault.

Dryden.
 Our simple ideas are all real; all agree to the reality of things.

Locke.
 Re"al (r"al), n. A realist. [Obs.] Burton.
 Re*al"gar (r*l"gr), n. [F. réalgar, Sp. rejalgar, Ar. rahj al ghr powder of the mine.] (Min.) Arsenic sulphide, a mineral of a brilliant red color; red orpiment. It is also an artificial product.

 Re"al*ism (r"al*z'm), n. [Cf. F. réalisme.] 1.
(Philos.) (a) As opposed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and species are real things or entities, existing independently of our conceptions. According to realism the Universal exists ante rem (Plato), or in re (Aristotle).
 (b) As opposed to idealism, the doctrine that in sense perception there is an immediate cognition of the external object, and our knowledge of it is not mediate and representative.

2. (Art & Lit.) Fidelity to nature or to real life; representation without idealization, and making no appeal to the imagination; adherence to the actual fact.

 Re"al*ist, n. [Cf. F. réaliste.] 1. (Philos.)
 One who believes in realism; esp., one who maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote the genera and species of things, represent real existences, and are not mere names, as maintained by the nominalists.

2. (Art. & Lit.) An artist or writer who aims at realism in his work. See Realism, 2.

 Re'al*is"tic (-s"tk), a. Of or pertaining to the realists; in the manner of the realists; characterized by realism rather than by imagination.

 Re'al*is"tic*al*ly, adv. In a realistic manner.

 Re*al"i*ty (r*l"*t), n.; pl. Realities (- tz). [Cf.
 F. réalité, LL. realitas. See 3d Real, and cf.
 2d Realty.] 1. The state or quality of being real; actual being or existence of anything, in distinction from mere appearance; fact.

 A man fancies that he understands a critic, when in reality he does not comprehend his meaning.

Addison.
2. That which is real; an actual existence; that which is not imagination, fiction, or pretense; that which has objective existence, and is not merely an idea.

 And to realities yield all her shows.

Milton.
 My neck may be an idea to you, but it is a reality to me.

Beattie.
3. [See 1st Realty, 2.] Loyalty; devotion. [Obs.]

 To express our reality to the emperor.

Fuller.
4. (Law) See 2d Realty, 2.

 Re"al*i'za*ble (r"al*'z*b'l), a. Capable of being realized.

 Re'al*i*za"tion (-*z"shn), n. [Cf. F. réalisation.]
 The act of realizing, or the state of being realized.

 Re"al*ize (r"al*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Realized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Realizing (- 'zng).] [Cf. F. réaliser.]
 1. To make real; to convert from the imaginary or fictitious into the actual; to bring into concrete existence; to effectuate; to accomplish; as, to realize a scheme or project.

 We realize what Archimedes had only in hypothesis, weighing a single grain against the globe of earth.

Glanvill.
2. To cause to seem real; to impress upon the mind as actual; to feel vividly or strongly; to make one's own in apprehension or experience.

 Many coincidences... soon begin to appear in them [Greek inscriptions] which realize ancient history to us.

Jowett.
 We can not realize it in thought, that the object... had really no being at any past moment.

Sir W. Hamilton.
3. To convert into real property; to make real estate of; as, to realize his fortune.

4. To acquire as an actual possession; to obtain as the result of plans and efforts; to gain; to get; as, to realize large profits from a speculation.

 Knighthood was not beyond the reach of any man who could by diligent thrift realize a good estate.

Macaulay.
5. To convert into actual money; as, to realize assets.

 Re"al*ize, v. i. To convert


ious*ness, n. (Biol.) The state or quality of being diœcious.

 Di*œ"cism (?), n. (Biol.) The condition of being diœcious.

 Di*og"e*nes (?), n. A Greek Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B. C.) who lived much in Athens and was distinguished for contempt of the common aims and conditions of life, and for sharp, caustic sayings.

Diogenes' crab (Zoöl.), a species of terrestrial hermit crabs (Cenobita Diogenes), abundant in the West Indies and often destructive to crops. -- Diogenes' tub, the tub which the philosopher Diogenes is said to have carried about with him as his house, in which he lived.

 Di*oi"cous (?), a. See Diœcious.

 ||Di*om'e*de"a (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large sea birds, including the albatross. See Albatross.

 ||Di'o*næ"a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a name of Aphrodite.] (Bot.) An insectivorous plant. See Venus's flytrap.

 Di'o*ny"sian (?), a. Relating to Dionysius, a monk of the 6th century; as, the Dionysian, or Christian, era.

Dionysian period, a period of 532 years, depending on the cycle of the sun, or 28 years, and the cycle of the moon, or 19 years; -- sometimes called the Greek paschal cycle, or Victorian period.

 Di'o*phan"tine (?), a. Originated or taught by Diophantus, the Greek writer on algebra.

Diophantine analysis (Alg.), that branch of indeterminate analysis which has for its object the discovery of rational values that satisfy given equations containing squares or cubes; as, for example, to find values of x and y which make x2 + y2 an exact square.

 Di*op"side (?), n. [Gr. di- = di's- twice + &?; a sight, fr.
 the root of &?; I shall see: cf. F. diopside.] (Min.) A crystallized variety of pyroxene, of a clear, grayish green color; mussite.

 Di*op"tase (?), n. [Gr. &?; = dia' through + &?; to see: cf. F. dioptase.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals.

 { Di*op"ter (?), ||Di*op"tra (?), } n. [L. dioptra, fr. Gr.
 &?;. See 2d Dioptric.] An optical instrument, invented by Hipparchus, for taking altitudes, leveling, etc.

 ||Di*op"tre (?), n. [F. See 2d Dioptric.] (Optics) A unit employed by oculists in numbering glasses according to the metric system; a refractive power equal to that of a glass whose principal focal distance is one meter.

 Di*op"tric (?), a. (Optics) Of or pertaining to the dioptre, or to the metric system of numbering glasses. -- n. A dioptre. See Dioptre.

 { Di*op"tric (?), Di*op"tric*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; belonging to the use of the &?;; &?; = dia' through + the root of &?; I shall see: cf. F. dioptrique.] Of or pertaining to dioptrics; assisting vision by means of the refraction of light; refractive; as, the dioptric system; a dioptric glass or telescope. "Dioptrical principles." Nichol.
Dioptric curve (Geom.), a Cartesian oval. See under Cartesian.

 Di*op"trics (?), n. [Gr. &?; &?;: cf. F. dioptrique.]
 (Optics) The science of the refraction of light; that part of geometrical optics which treats of the laws of the refraction of light in passing from one medium into another, or through different mediums, as air, water, or glass, and esp. through different lenses; -- distinguished from catoptrics, which refers to reflected light.

 Di*op"try (?), n. (Optics) A dioptre.

 Di'o*ra"ma (?), n. [Gr. &?; to see through; &?; = dia' through + &?; to see; cf. &?; that which is seen, a sight: cf. F. diorama. Cf. Panorama.] 1. A mode of scenic representation, invented by Daguerre and Bouton, in which a painting is seen from a distance through a large opening. By a combination of transparent and opaque painting, and of transmitted and reflected light, and by contrivances such as screens and shutters, much diversity of scenic effect is produced.

2. A building used for such an exhibition.

 Di'o*ram"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a diorama.

 Di"o*rism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to distinguish; &?; = dia' through + &?; to divide from, fr. &?; a boundary.]
 Definition; logical direction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Di'o*ris"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Distinguishing; distinctive; defining. [R.] -- Di'o*ris"tic*al*ly (#), adv. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 Di"o*rite (?), n. [Cf. F. diorite. See Diorism.] (Min.)
 An igneous, crystalline in structure, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and hornblende. It includes part of what was called greenstone.

 Di'o*rit"ic (?), a. Containing diorite.

 Di'or*thot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; = &?; + &?; to set straight.] Relating to the correcting or straightening out of something; corrective.

 ||Di'os*co"re*a (?), n. [NL. Named after Dioscorides the Greek physician.] (Bot.) A genus of plants. See Yam.

 ||Di*o"ta (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; twohandled; di- = di's- twice + &?;, &?;, ear, handle.] (Rom. Antiq.) A vase or drinking cup having two handles or ears.

 Di*ox"ide (?; 104), n. [Pref. di- + oxide.] (Chem.)
(a) An oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in each molecule; binoxide. (b) An oxide containing but one atom or equivalent of oxygen to two of a metal; a suboxide. [Obs.]

Carbon dioxide. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

 Di'ox*in"dol (?), n. [Pref. di- + oxygen + indol.]
 (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance obtained by the reduction of isatin. It is a member of the indol series; -- hence its name.

 Dip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dipped (?) or Dipt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Dipping.] [OE. dippen, duppen, AS. dyppan; akin to Dan. dyppe, Sw. doppa, and to AS.
 d&?;pan to baptize, OS. d&?;pian, D. doopen, G. taufen, Sw. döpa, Goth. daupjan, Lith. dubus deep, hollow


ery part, of milk, separated from the more thick or coagulable part, esp. in the process of making cheese. In this process, the thick part is called curd, and the thin part whey.

 Whey"ey (?), a. Of the nature of, or containing, whey; resembling whey; wheyish. Bacon.
 Whey"face' (?), n. One who is pale, as from fear.

 Whey"-faced' (?), a. Having a pale or white face, as from fright. "Whey-faced cavaliers." Aytoun.
 Whey"ish (?), a. Somewhat like whey; wheyey. J. Philips. — Whey"ish*ness, n. Which (?), pron. [OE. which, whilk, AS. hwilc, hwylc, hwelc, from the root of hw who + lc body; hence properly, of what sort or kind; akin to OS. hwilik which, OFries. hwelik, D. welk, G. welch, OHG. welh, hwelh, Icel. hvlkr, Dan. & Sw. hvilken, Goth. hwileiks, hw&?;leiks; cf. L. qualis. &?;&?;&?;&?;.
 See Who, and Like, a., and cf. Such.]

1. Of what sort or kind; what; what a; who. [Obs.]

 And which they weren and of what degree.

Chaucer.
2. A interrogative pronoun, used both substantively and adjectively, and in direct and indirect questions, to ask for, or refer to, an individual person or thing among several of a class; as, which man is it? which woman was it? which is the house? he asked which route he should take; which is best, to live or to die? See the Note under What, pron., 1.

Which of you convinceth me of sin?

John viii. 46.
3. A relative pronoun, used esp. in referring to an antecedent noun or clause, but sometimes with reference to what is specified or implied in a sentence, or to a following noun or clause (generally involving a reference, however, to something which has preceded). It is used in all numbers and genders, and was formerly used of persons.

 And when thou fail'st — as God forbid the hour! — Must Edward fall, which peril heaven forfend!

Shak.
 God... rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.

Gen. ii. 2.
 Our Father, which art in heaven.

Matt. vi. 9.
 The temple of God is holy, which temple ye are.

1 Cor. iii. 17.
4. A compound relative or indefinite pronoun, standing for any one which, whichever, that which, those which, the ... which, and the like; as, take which you will.

The which was formerly often used for which. The expressions which that, which as, were also sometimes used by way of emphasis.

 Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called?

James ii. 7.
Which, referring to a series of preceding sentences, or members of a sentence, may have all joined to it adjectively. "All which, as a method of a proclamation, is very convenient." Carlyle.
 { Which*ev"er (?), Which'so*ev"er (?), } pron. & a. Whether one or another; whether one or the other; which; that one (of two or more) which; as, whichever road you take, it will lead you to town.

 Whid"ah bird' (?), (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of finchlike birds belonging to the genus Vidua, native of Asia and Africa. In the breeding season the male has very long, drooping tail feathers. Called also vida finch, whidah finch, whydah bird, whydah finch, widow bird, and widow finch.

 Some of the species are often kept as cage birds, especially Vidua paradisea, which is dark brownish above, pale buff beneath, with a reddish collar around the neck.

 Whid"er (?), adv. Whither. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Whiff (?), n. [OE. weffe vapor, whiff, probably of imitative origin; cf. Dan. vift a puff, gust, W. chwiff a whiff, puff.]

1. A sudden expulsion of air from the mouth; a quick puff or slight gust, as of air or smoke.

 But with the whiff and wind of his fell sword The unnerved father falls.

Shak.
 The skipper, he blew a whiff from his pipe, And a scornful laugh laughed he.

Longfellow.
2. A glimpse; a hasty view. [Prov. Eng.]

3. (Zoöl.) The marysole, or sail fluke.

 Whiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whiffing.]

1. To throw out in whiffs; to consume in whiffs; to puff.

2. To carry or convey by a whiff, or as by a whiff; to puff or blow away.

 Old Empedocles,... who, when he leaped into Etna, having a dry, sear body, and light, the smoke took him, and whiffed him up into the moon.

B. Jonson.
 Whiff, v. i. To emit whiffs, as of smoke; to puff.

 Whif"fet (?), n. A little whiff or puff.

 Whiff"ing (?), n.
1. The act of one who, or that which, whiffs.

2. A mode of fishing with a hand line for pollack, mackerel, and the like.

 Whif"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whiffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whiffling (?).] [Freq. of whiff to puff, perhaps influenced by D. weifelen to waver.]

1. To waver, or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind; to shift, turn, or veer about. D&?;mpier.
2. To change from one opinion or course to another; to use evasions; to prevaricate; to be fickle.

 A person of whiffing and unsteady turn of mind can not keep close to a point of controversy.

I. Watts.
 Whif"fle, v. t.
1. To disperse with, or as with, a whiff, or puff; to scatter.
 [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
2. To wave or shake quickly; to cause to whiffle.

 Whif"fle, n. A fife or small flute. [Obs.] Douce.
 Whif"fler (?), n.
1. One who whiffles, or frequently changes his opinion or course; one who uses shifts and evasions in argument; hence, a trifler.

 Every whiffler in a laced coat who frequents the chocolate house shall talk of the constitution.

Swift.
2. One who plays on a whiffle; a fifer or piper. [Obs.]

3. An officer who went before procession to clear the way by blowing a horn, or otherwise; hence, any person who marched at the head of a procession; a harbinger.

 Which like a mighty whiffler 'fore the king, Seems to prepare his way.

Shak.
 "Whifflers, or fifers, generally went first in a procession, from which circumstance the name was transferred to other persons who succeeded to that