angle.] (Geom.) A plane figure of six angles.

Regular hexagon, a hexagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides are also all equal.

 Hex*ag"o*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. hexagonal.] Having six sides and six angles; sixsided.

Hexagonal system. (Crystal.) See under Crystallization.

 Hex*ag"o*nal*ly, adv. In an hexagonal manner.

 Hex*ag"o*ny (?), n. A hexagon. [Obs.] Bramhall.
 ||Hex'a*gyn"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "e'x six + gynh^ a woman, female: cf. F. hexagynie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan order of plants having six pistils.

 Hex'a*gyn"i*an (?), Hex*ag"y*nous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. hexagyne.]
 (Bot.) Having six pistils.

 Hex'a*he"dral (?), a. In the form of a hexahedron; having six sides or faces.

 Hex'a*he"dron (?), n.; pl. E. Hexahedrons (#), L. Hexahedra (#). [Hexa- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit: cf. F. hexaèdre.]
 (Geom.) A solid body of six sides or faces.

Regular hexahedron, a hexagon having six equal squares for its sides; a cube.

 Hex'a*hem"er*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "e'x six + &?; day; cf.
 L. hexaëmeron, Gr. &?;.]

1. A term of six days. Good.
2. The history of the six day's work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis.

 Hex*am"er*ous (?), a. [Hexa- + Gr.&?; part.] (Bot.)
 In six parts; in sixes.

 Hex*am"e*ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; of six meters; (sc. &?;) hexameter verse; "e'x six + &?; measure: cf. F. hexamètre.
 See Six, and Meter.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a spondee. In this species of verse are composed the Iliad of Homer and the Æneid of Virgil. In English hexameters accent takes the place of quantity.

 Leaped like the | roe when he | hears in the | woodland the | voice of the | huntsman.

Longfellow.
 Strongly it | bears us a- | long on | swelling and | limitless | billows, Nothing be- | fore and | nothing be- | hind but the | sky and the | ocean.

Coleridge.
 Hex*am"e*ter, a. Having six metrical feet, especially dactyls and spondees. Holland.
 { Hex'a*met"ric (?), Hex'a*met"ric*al (?), } a. Consisting of six metrical feet.

 Hex*am"e*trist (?), n. One who writes in hexameters. "The Christian hexametrists." Milman.
 ||Hex*an"dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "e'x six + &?;, &?;, a man, male: cf. F. hexandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having six stamens.

 { Hex*an"dri*an (?), Hex-an"drous (?), } a. [Cf. F. hexandre.]
 (Bot.) Having six stamens.

 Hex"ane (?), n. [Gr. "e'x six.] (Chem.) Any one of five hydrocarbons, C6H14, of the paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, and are so called because the molecule has six carbon atoms.

 Hex*an"gu*lar (?), a. [Hex- + angular. Cf. Sexangular.]
 Having six angles or corners.

 Hex'a*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Hexa- + petal: cf. F. hexapétale.]
 (Bot.) Having six petals.

 Hex*aph"yl*lous (?), a. [Hexa- + Gr. &?; a leaf: cf. F.
 hexaphylle.] (Bot.) Having six leaves or leaflets.

 ||Hex"a*pla (?), n. Etym. pl., but syntactically sing.
 [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, contr. &?;, sixfold.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century.

 Hex"a*pod (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, sixfooted; "e'x six + &?;, &?;, foot: cf. F. hexapode.] Having six feet. -- n.
(Zoöl.) An animal having six feet; one of the Hexapoda.

 ||Hex*ap"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "e'x six + -poda.]
 (Zoöl.) The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids.

 The Hexapoda have the head, thorax, and abdomen differentiated, and are mostly winged. They have three pairs of mouth organs, viz., mandibles, maxillæ, and the second maxillæ or labial palpi; three pairs of thoracic legs; and abdominal legs, which are present only in some of the lowest forms, and in the larval state of some of the higher ones. Many (the Metabola) undergo a complete metamorphosis, having larvæ (known as maggots, grubs, caterpillars) very unlike the adult, and pass through a quiescent pupa state in which no food is taken; others (the Hemimetabola) have larvæ much like the adult, expert in lacking wings, and an active pupa, in which rudimentary wings appear. See Insecta. The Hexapoda are divided into several orders.

 Hex*ap"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having six feet; belonging to the Hexapoda.

 Hex*ap"ter*ous (?), a. [Hexa- + Gr. &?; wing.] (Bot.)
 Having six processes. Gray.
 { Hex"a*stich (?), ||Hex*as"ti*chon (?), } n. [L. hexastichus of six rows, lines, or verses, Gr. &?;; "e'x six + sti'chos row, line, verse.] A poem consisting of six verses or lines.

 Hex"a*style (?), a. [Gr. &?; with six columns; "e'x six + column: cf. F. hexastyle.] (Arch.) Having six columns in front; -- said of a portico or temple. -- n. A hexastyle portico or temple.

 Hex"a*teuch' (?), n. [Hexa- + &?; a tool, a book.] The first six books of the Old Testament.

 Hex'a*tom"ic (?), a. [Hex- + atomic.] (Chem.)
(a) Having six atoms in the molecule. [R.] (b) Having six replaceable radicals.

 Hex*av"a*lent (?), a. [Hexa- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of six; -- said


now, in Christ Jesus, ye who some time were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ." Eph. ii. 13. -- Far other, different by a great degree; not the same; quite unlike. Pope. -- Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. -- Far and wide, distantly and broadly; comprehensively. "Far and wide his eye commands." Milton. -- From far, from a great distance; from a remote place.

Far often occurs in self-explaining compounds, such as far-extended, far-reaching, far-spread.


images/cover.jpg CELEBRATED CRIMES, COMPLETE By Alexandre Dumas, Père In Eight Volumes 1910 CONTENTS NOTE: INTRODUCTION THE BORGIAS PROLOGUE CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI EPILOGUE THE CENCI—1598 MASSACRES OF THE SOUTH—_PHONE_ CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX MARY STUART—1587 CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X KARL-LUDWIG SAND—1819 URBAIN GRANDIER—1634 CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII NISIDA—1825 DERUES LA CONSTANTIN—1660 CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX JOAN OF NAPLES—_PHONE_ CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK [An Essay] MARTIN GUERRE ALI PACHA CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI THE COUNTESS DE SAINT-GERAN—1639 MURAT—1815 I—TOULON II—CORSICA III—PIZZO THE MARQUISE DE BRINVILLIERS VANINKA THE MARQUISE DE GANGES—1657 NOTE: Dumas's 'Celebrated Crimes' was not written for children. The novelist has spared no language—has minced no words—to describe the violent scenes of a violent time.
"In some instances facts appear distorted out of their true perspective, and in others the author makes unwarranted charges. It is not within our province to edit the historical side of Dumas, any more than it would be to correct the obvious errors in Dickens's Child's History of England. The careful, mature reader, for whom the books are intended, will recognize, and allow for, this fact.
INTRODUCTION The contents of these volumes of 'Celebrated Crimes', as well as the motives which led to their inception, are unique. They are a series of stories based upon historical records, from the pen of Alexandre Dumas, pere, when he was not "the elder," nor yet the author of D'Artagnan or Monte Cristo, but was a rising young dramatist and a lion in the literary set and world of fashion.
Dumas, in fact, wrote his 'Crimes Celebres' just prior to launching upon his wonderful series of historical novels, and they may therefore be considered as source books, whence he was to draw so much of that far-reaching and intimate knowledge of inner history which has perennially astonished his readers. The Crimes were published in Paris, in 1839-40, in eight volumes, comprising eighteen titles—all of which now appear in the present carefully translated text. The success of the original work was instantaneous. Dumas laughingly said that he thought he had exhausted the subject of famous crimes, until the work was off the press, when he immediately became deluged with letters from every province in France, supplying him with material upon other deeds of violence! The subjects which he has chosen, however, are of both historic and dramatic importance, and they have the added value of giving the modern reader a clear picture of the state of semi-lawlessness which existed in Europe, during the middle ages. "The Borgias, the Cenci, Urbain Grandier, the Marchioness of Brinvilliers, the Marchioness of Ganges, and the rest—what subjects for the pen of Dumas!" exclaims Garnett.
Space does not permit us to consider in detail the material here collected, although each title will be found to present points of special interest. The first volume comprises the annals of the Borgias and the Cenci. The name of the noted and notorious Florentine family has become a synonym for intrigue and violence, and yet the Borgias have not been without stanch defenders in history.
Another famous Italian story is that of the Cenci. The beautiful Beatrice Cenci—celebrated in the painting of Guido, the sixteenth century romance of Guerrazi, and the poetic tragedy of Shelley, not to mention numerous succeeding works inspired by her hapless fate—will always remain a shadowy figure and one of infinite pathos.
The second volume chronicles the sanguinary deeds in the south of France, carried on in the name of religion, but drenching in blood the fair country round about Avignon, for a long period of years.
The third volume is devoted to the story of Mary Queen of Scots, another woman who suffered a violent death, and around whose name an endless controversy has waged. Dumas goes carefully into the dubious episodes of her stormy career, but does not allow these to blind his sympathy for her fate. Mary, it should be remembered, was closely allied to France by education and marriage, and the French never forgave Elizabeth the part she played in the tragedy.
The fourth volume comprises three widely dissimilar tales. One of the strangest stories is that of Urbain Grandier, the innocent victim of a cunning and relentless religious plot. His story was dramatised by Dumas, in 1850. A famous German crime is that of Karl-Ludwig Sand, whose murder of Kotzebue, Councillor of the Russian Legation, caused an international upheaval which was not to subside for many years.
An especially interesting volume is number six, containing, among other material, the famous "Man in the Iron Mask." This unsolved puzzle of history was later incorporated by Dumas in one of the D'Artagnan Romances a section of the Vicomte de Bragelonne, to which it gave its name. But in this later form, the true story of this singular man doomed to wear an iron vizor over his features during his entire lifetime could only be treated episodically. While as a special subject in the Crimes, Dumas indulges his curiosity, and that of his reader, to the full. Hugo's unfinished tragedy,'Les Jumeaux', is on the same subject; as also are others by Fournier, in French, and Zschokke, in German.
Other stories can be given only passing mention. The beautiful poisoner, Marquise de Brinvilliers, must have suggested to Dumas his later portrait of Miladi, in the Three Musketeers, the mast celebrated of his woman characters. The incredible cruelties of Ali Pacha, the Turkish despot, should not be charged entirely to Dumas, as he is said to have been largely aided in this by one of his "ghosts," Mallefille.
"Not a mere artist"—writes M. de Villemessant, founder of the Figaro,—"he has nevertheless been able to seize on those dramatic effects which have so much distinguished his theatrical career, and to give those sharp and distinct reproductions of character which alone can present to the reader the mind and spirit of an age. Not a mere historian, he has nevertheless carefully consulted the original sources of information, has weighed testimonies, elicited theories, and... has interpolated the poetry of history with its most thorough prose."
THE BORGIAS PROLOGUE On the 8th of April, 1492, in a bedroom of the Carneggi Palace, about three miles from Florence, were three men grouped about a bed whereon a fourth lay dying.
The first of these three men, sitting at the foot of the bed, and half hidden, that he might conceal his tears, in the gold-brocaded curtains, was Ermolao Barbaro, author of the treatise 'On Celibacy', and of 'Studies in Pliny': the year before, when he was at Rome in the capacity of ambassador of the Florentine Republic, he had been appointed Patriarch of Aquileia by Innocent VIII.
The second, who was kneeling and holding one hand of the dying man between his own, was Angelo Poliziano, the Catullus of the fifteenth century, a classic of the lighter sort, who in his Latin verses might have been mistaken for a poet of the Augustan age.
The third, who was standing up and leaning against one of the twisted columns of the bed-head, following with profound sadness the progress of the malady which he read in the face of his departing friend, was the famous Pico della Mirandola, who at the age of twenty could speak twenty-two languages, and who had offered to reply in each of these languages to any seven hundred questions that might be put to him by the twenty most learned men in the whole world, if they could be assembled at Florence


h, grabh, to seize. Cf. Grip, v. t., Grope.]

1. To catch with the hand; to clasp closely with the fingers; to clutch.

2. To seize and hold fast; to embrace closely.

 Wouldst thou gripe both gain and pleasure?

Robynson (More's Utopia).
3. To pinch; to distress. Specifically, to cause pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of, as by the effects of certain purgative or indigestible substances.

 How inly sorrow gripes his soul.

Shak.
 Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp.
 money, with a gripe or as with a gripe.

2. To suffer griping pains. Jocke.
3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship which, when sailing closehauled, requires constant labor at the helm. R. H. Dana, Jr.
 Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch.

 A barren scepter in my gripe.

Shak.
2. That on which the grasp is put; a handle; a grip; as, the gripe of a sword.

3. (Mech.) A device for grasping or holding anything; a brake to stop a wheel.

4. Oppression; cruel exaction; affiction; pinching distress; as, the gripe of poverty.

5. Pinching and spasmodic pain in the intestines; -- chiefly used in the plural.

6. (Naut.) (a) The piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end; the forefoot. (b) The compass or sharpness of a ship's stern under the water, having a tendency to make her keep a good wind. (c) pl. An assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hocks, fastened to ringbolts in the deck, to secure the boats when hoisted; also, broad bands passed around a boat to secure it at the davits and prevent swinging.

Gripe penny, a miser; a niggard. D. L. Mackenzie.
 Gripe"ful (?), a. Disposed to gripe; extortionate.

 Grip"er (?), a. One who gripes; an oppressor; an extortioner. Burton.
 Grip"ing*ly (?), adv. In a griping or oppressive manner. Bacon.
 Grip"man (?), n. The man who manipulates a grip.

 Grippe (?), n. [F.] (Med.) The influenza or epidemic catarrh. Dunglison.
 Grip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, grips or seizes.

2. pl. In printing presses, the fingers or nippers.

 Grip"ple (?), n. A grasp; a gripe. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Grip"ple, a. [Dim. fr. gripe.] Griping; greedy; covetous; tenacious. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Grip"ple*ness, n. The quality of being gripple. [Obs.]

 Grip"sack' (?), n. A traveler's handbag. [Colloq.]

 ||Gris (?), a. [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus; of German origin; cf. MHG. gris, G. greis, hoary. Cf. Grizzle.] Gray.
 [R.] Chaucer.
 Gris (?), n. [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See Gris, a.]
 A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Gris (grs), n. sing. & pl. [See Grice a pig.] A little pig.
 [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
 ||Gri"saille' (?), n. [F., from gris gray.] 1. (Fine Arts) Decorative painting in gray monochrome; -- used in English especially for painted glass.

2. A kind of French fancy dress goods. Knight.
 Gris"am'ber (?), n. [See Ambergris.] Ambergris. [Obs.] Milton.
 Grise (grs), n. See Grice, a pig. [Prov. Eng.]

 Grise (grs or grs), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.]

 Every grise of fortune Is smoothed by that below.

Shak.
 Gris"e*ous (?), a. [LL. griseus. See Gris.] Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly. Maunder.
 ||Gri*sette" (?), n. [F., fr. grisette a gray woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes were so called because they wore gray gowns made of this stuff. See Gars.] A French girl or young married woman of the lower class; more frequently, a young working woman who is fond of gallantry. Sterne.
 Gris"kin (?), n. [Grise a pig + - kin.] The spine of a hog.
 [Obs.]

 Gri"sled (?), a. [Obs.] See Grizzled.

 Gris"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being grisly; horrid.
 Sir P. Sidney.
 Gris"ly (?), a. [OE, grisly, grislich, AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. gr&?;san to shudder; cf. OD. grijselick horrible, OHG. grisenl?ch, and also AS. gre?san to frighten, and E. gruesome.] Frightful; horrible; dreadful; harsh; as, grisly locks; a grisly specter. "Grisly to behold." Chaucer.
 A man of grisly and stern gravity.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
Grisly bear. (Zoöl.) See under Grizzly.

 Gri"son (?), n. [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, gris gray. See Gris.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American animal of the family Mustelidae (Galictis vittata). It is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail. Its under parts are black. Also called South American glutton. (b) A South American monkey (Lagothrix infumatus), said to be gluttonous.

 Gri"sons (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geog.) (a) Inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. (b) sing. The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons.

 Grist (?), n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.]

1. Ground corn; that which is ground at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces.

 Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store.

Tusser. Q.
2. Supply; provision. Swift.
3. In rope making, a given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands. Knight.
All is grist that comes to his mill, all that he has anything to do with is a source of profit. [Colloq.] -- To bring grist to the maill, to bring profitable business into one's hands; to be a source of profit.
 [Colloq.] Ayliffe.
 Gris"tle (?), n. [OE. gristel, gristil, AS. gristl; akin to OFries. gristel, grestel. Perh. a dim. of grist but cf. OHG. krustila, krostela. Cf. Grist.] (Anat.)
 Cartilage. See Cartilage. Bacon.
 Gris"tly (?), a. (Anat.)


), a. [Cf. F. fluorique.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, obtained from, or containing, fluorine.

 Flu"or*ide (? or?; 104), n. [Cf. F. fluoride.] (Chem.)
 A binary compound of fluorine with another element or radical.

Calcium fluoride (Min.), fluorite, CaF2. See Fluorite.

 Flu"or*ine (fl"r*n or -n; 104), n. [NL. fluorina: cf. G. fluorin, F. fluorine. So called from its occurrence in the mineral fluorite.]
 (Chem.) A non-metallic, gaseous element, strongly acid or negative, and associated with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in the halogen group of which it is the first member. It always occurs combined, is very active chemically, and possesses such an avidity for most elements, and silicon especially, that it can neither be prepared nor kept in glass vessels. If set free it immediately attacks the containing material, so that it was not isolated until 1886. It is a pungent, corrosive, colorless gas. Symbol F. Atomic weight 19.

Fluorine unites with hydrogen to form hydrofluoric acid, which is the agent employed in etching glass. It occurs naturally, principally combined as calcium fluoride in fluorite, and as a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium in cryolite.

 Flu"or*ite (?), n. (Min.) Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colors, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc., often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor.

 Flu"or*oid (?), n. [Fluor + - oid.] (Crystallog.)
 A tetrahexahedron; -- so called because it is a common form of fluorite.

 Flu*or"o*scope (?), n. [Fluorescence + -scope.] (Phys.)
 An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluorescence.

 Flu"or*ous (?), a. Pertaining to fluor.

 Flu"or spar' (?). (Min.) See Fluorite.

 Flu'o*sil"i*cate (?), n. [Cf. F. fluosilicate.] (Chem.)
 A double fluoride of silicon and some other (usually basic) element or radical, regarded as a salt of fluosilicic acid; -- called also silicofluoride.

 Flu'o*si*lic"ic (?), a. [Fluo- + silicic: cf. F. fluosilicique.]
 (Chem.) Composed of, or derived from, silicon and fluorine.

Fluosilicic acid, a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon, H2F6Si, obtained in solution in water as a sour fuming liquid, and regarded as the type of the fluosilicates; -- called also silicofluoric acid, and hydrofluosilicic acid.

 Flur"ried (?), a. Agitated; excited. -- Flur"ried*ly adv.
 Flur"ry (?), n.; pl. Flurries (#). [Prov. E. flur to ruffle.] 1. A sudden and brief blast or gust; a light, temporary breeze; as, a flurry of wind.

2. A light shower or snowfall accompanied with wind.

 Like a flurry of snow on the whistling wind.

Longfellow.
3. Violent agitation; commotion; bustle; hurry.

 The racket and flurry of London.

Blakw. Mag.
4. The violent spasms of a dying whale.

 Flur"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flurried (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flurrying.] To put in a state of agitation; to excite or alarm. H. Swinburne.
 Flurt (?), n. A flirt. [Obs.] Quarles.
 Flush (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flushed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flushing.] [Cf. OE. fluschen to fly up, penetrate, F. fluz a flowing, E. flux, dial. Sw. flossa to blaze, and E. flash; perh. influenced by blush. √84.]
 1. To flow and spread suddenly; to rush; as, blood flushes into the face.

 The flushing noise of many waters.

Boyle.
 It flushes violently out of the cock.

Mortimer.
2. To become suddenly suffused, as the cheeks; to turn red; to blush.

3. To snow red; to shine suddenly; to glow.

 In her cheek, distemper flushing glowed.

Milton.
4. To start up suddenly; to take wing as a bird.

Flushing from one spray unto another.

W. Browne.
 Flush, v. t. 1. To cause to be full; to flood; to overflow; to overwhelm with water; as, to flush the meadows; to flood for the purpose of cleaning; as, to flush a sewer.

2. To cause the blood to rush into (the face); to put to the blush, or to cause to glow with excitement.

 Nor flush with shame the passing virgin's cheek.

Gay.
 Sudden a thought came like a full-blown rose, Flushing his brow.

Keats.
3. To make suddenly or temporarily red or rosy, as if suffused with blood.

 How faintly flushed. how phantom fair, Was Monte Rosa, hanging there!

Tennyson.
4. To excite; to animate; to stir.

 Such things as can only feed his pride and flush his ambition.

South.
5. To cause to start, as a hunter a bird. Nares.
To flush a joints (Masonry), to fill them in; to point the level; to make them flush.

 Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing; a rush which fills or overflows, as of water for cleansing purposes.

 In manner of a wave or flush.

Ray.
2. A suffusion of the face with blood, as from fear, shame, modesty, or intensity of feeling of any kind; a blush; a glow.

 The flush of angered shame.

Tennyson.
3. Any tinge of red color like that produced on the cheeks by a sudden rush of blood; as, the flush on the side of a peach; the flush on the clouds at sunset.

4. A sudden flood or rush of feeling; a thrill of excitement.
 animation, etc.; as, a flush of joy.

5. A flock of birds suddenly started up or flushed.

6. [From F. or Sp. flux. Cf. Flux.] A hand of cards of the same suit.

 Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor; fresh; glowing; bright.

 With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May.

Shak.
2. Affluent; abounding; well furnished or suppled; hence, liberal; prodigal.

 Lord Strut was not very flush in ready.

Arbuthnot.
3. (Arch. & Mech.) Unbroken or even in surface; on a level with the adjacent surface; forming a continuous surface; as, a flush panel; a flush joint.

4. (Card Playing) Consisting of cards of one suit.

Flush bolt. (a) A screw bolt whose head is countersunk, so as to be flush with a surface. (b) A sliding bolt let into the face or edge of a door, so as to be flush therewith. -- Flush deck. (Naut.)
 See under Deck, n., 1. -- Flush tank, a water tank which can be emptied rapidly for flushing drainpipes, etc.

 Flush (?), adv. So as to be level or even.

 Flush"board' (?), n. Same as Flashboard.


Little by little; gradually.

 In"cho*ate (?), a. [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, p. p. of incohare to begin.] Recently, or just, begun; beginning; partially but not fully in existence or operation; existing in its elements; incomplete. -- In"cho*ate*ly, adv.
 Neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate.

Raleigh.
 In"cho*ate (?), v. t. To begin. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 In'cho*a"tion (?), n. [L. inchoatio, incohatio.] Act of beginning; commencement; inception.

 The setting on foot some of those arts, in those parts, would be looked on as the first inchoation of them.

Sir M. Hale.
 It is now in actual progress, from the rudest inchoation to the most elaborate finishing.

I. Taylor.
 In*cho"a*tive (?; 277), a. [L. inchoativus, incohativus: cf. F. inchoatif.] Expressing or pertaining to a beginning; inceptive; as, an inchoative verb. "Some inchoative or imperfect rays." W. Montagu. -- n. An inchoative verb. See Inceptive.

 Inch"pin (?), n. [Written also inchipin, inche-pinne, inne-pinne.] [Cf. Gael. inne, innidh, bowel, entrail.] The sweetbread of a deer. Cotgrave.
 Inch"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid.

 In*cic"u*ra*ble (?), a. [L. incicur not tame; pref. innot + cicur name.] Untamable. [R.]

 In*cide" (?), v. t. [L. incidere; pref. inin + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Incise.] To cut; to separate and remove; to resolve or break up, as by medicines. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.
 In"ci*dence (?), n. [Cf. F. incidence.]

1. A falling on or upon; an incident; an event. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
2. (Physics) The direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, falls on any surface.

 In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of refractions.

Sir I. Newton.
Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or the line of incidence of a body, falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that surface; also formerly, the complement of this angle. -- Line of incidence, the line in the direction of which a surface is struck by a body, ray of light, and the like.

 In"ci*den*cy (?), n. Incidence. [Obs.] Shak.
 In"ci*dent (?), a. [L. incidens, -entis, p. pr. & of incidere to fall into or upon; pref. inin, on + cadere to fall: cf. F. incident. See Cadence.]

1. Falling or striking upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface.

2. Coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation; casual; fortuitous.

 As the ordinary course of common affairs is disposed of by general laws, so likewise men's rarer incident necessities and utilities should be with special equity considered.

Hooker.
3. Liable to happen; apt to occur; befalling; hence, naturally happening or appertaining.

 All chances incident to man's frail life.

Milton.
 The studies incident to his profession.

Milward.
4. (Law) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal.

Incident proposition (Logic), a proposition subordinate to another, and introduced by who, which, whose, whom, etc.; as, Julius, whose surname was Cæsar, overcame Pompey.
 I. Watts.
 In"ci*dent, n. [Cf. F. incident.] 1. That which falls out or takes place; an event; casualty; occurrence.

 2. That which happens aside from the main design; an accidental or subordinate action or event.

 No person, no incident, in a play but must be of use to carry on the main design.

Dryden.
3. (Law) Something appertaining to, passing with, or depending on, another, called the principal. Tomlins.
Syn. -- Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingency; chance; accident; casualty. See Event.

 In'ci*den"tal (?), a. Happening, as an occasional event, without regularity; coming without design; casual; accidental; hence, not of prime concern; subordinate; collateral; as, an incidental conversation; an incidental occurrence; incidental expenses.

 By some, religious duties... appear to be regarded... as an incidental business.

Rogers.
Syn. -- Accidental; casual; fortuitous; contingent; chance; collateral. See Accidental.

 -- In'ci*den"tal*ly, adv. -- In'ci*den"tal*ness, n. I treat either or incidentally of colors.

Boyle.
 In'ci*den"tal, n. An incident; that which is incidental; esp., in the plural, an aggregate of subordinate or incidental items not particularized; as, the expense of tuition and incidentals. Pope.
 In"ci*dent*ly (?), adv. Incidentally. [Obs.]

 In*cin"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being incinerated or reduced to ashes. Sir T. Browne.
 In*cin"er*ate (?), [LL. incineratus, p. p. of incinerare to incinerate; L. pref. inin + cinis, cineris, ashes.]
 Reduced to ashes by burning; thoroughly consumed. [Obs.] Bacon.
 In*cin"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incinerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incinerating (?).] To burn to ashes; to consume; to burn. Bacon.
 It is the fire only that incinerates bodies.

Boyle.
 In*cin'er*a"tion (?), n. [LL. incineratio: cf. F. incinération.]
 The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation.

 The phenix kind, Of whose incineration, There riseth a new creation.

Skelton.
 { In*cip"i*ence (?), In*cip"i*en*cy (?), } n. [L. incipientia.]
 Beginning; commencement; incipient state.

 In*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. incipiens, p. pr. of incipere to begin. See Inception.] Beginning to be, or to show itself; commencing; initial; as, the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light of day. -- In*cip"i*ent*ly, adv.
 In*cir"cle (?), v. t. See Encircle.

 In*cir"clet (?), n. [Cf. Encirclet.] A small circle. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
 In*cir'cum*scrip"ti*ble (?), a. [Pref. innot + circumscriptible: cf. LL. incircumscriptibilis.] Incapable of being circumscribed or limited. Cranmer.
 In*cir'cum*scrip"tion (?), n. Condition or quality of being incirc


his Continuation, if genuine, would be the earliest of all.
The oldest German version, by Talander, seems to have appeared in volumes, as the French was issued; and these volumes were certainly reprinted when required, without indication of separate editions, but in slightly varied style, and with alteration of date. The old German version is said to be rarer than the French.
It is in twelve parts—some, however, being double. The set before me is clearly made up of different reprints, and the first title-page is as follows: "Die Tausend und eine Nacht, worinnen seltzame Arabische Historien und wunderbare Begebenheiten, benebst artigen Liebes-Intriguen, auch Sitten und Gewohnheiten der Morgenländer, auf sehr anmuthige Weise, erzehlet werden; Erstlich vom Hru. Galland, der Königl. Academie Mitgliede aus der Arabischen Sprache in die Französische und aus selbiger anitzo ins Deutsche übersetzt: Erster und Anderer Theil. Mit der Vorrede Herru Talanders. Leipzig Verlegts Moritz Georg Weidmann Sr.
Konigl. Maj. in Hohlen und Churfürstl. Durchl. zu Sachsen Buchhändler, Anno 1730." Talander's Preface relates chiefly to the importance of the work as illustrative of Arabian manners and customs, &c. It is dated from "Liegnitz, den 7 Sept., Anno 1710," which fixes the approximate date of publication of the first part of this translation. Vols. i. and ii. of my set (double vol. with frontispiece) are dated 1730, and have Talander's preface; vols.
iii. and iv. (divided, but consecutively paged, and with only one title-page and frontispiece and reprint of Talander's preface) are dated 1719; vols. v. and vi. (same remarks, except that Talander's preface is here dated 1717) are dated 1737; vol. vii.
(no frontispiece; preface dated 1710) is dated 1721; vol. viii (no frontispiece nor preface, nor does Talander's name appear on the title-page) is dated 1729; vols. ix. and x. (divided, but consecutively paged, and with only one title-page and frontispiece; Talander's name and preface do not appear, but Galland's preface to vol. ix., already mentioned, is prefixed) are dated 1731; and vols. xi. and xii. (same remarks, but no preface) are dated 1732.
Galland's notes are translated, but not his preface and dedication.
There is a later German translation (6 vols. 8vo, Bremen, 1781- 1785) by J. H. Voss, the author of the standard German translation of Homer.
The British Museum has just acquired a Portuguese translation of Galland, in 4 volumes: "As Mil e uma Noites, Contos Arabes," published by Ernesto Chardron, Editor, Porto e Braga, 1881.
There are two editions of a modern Greek work in the British Museum (1792 and 1804), published at Venice in three small volumes. The first volume contains Galland (Nos. 1-6 of the table) and vols. ii. and iii. chiefly contain the Thousand and One Days. It is, apparently, translated from some Italian work.
Several editions in Italian (Mille ed una Notte) have appeared at Naples and Milan; they are said by Sir R. F. Burton to be mere reprints of Galland.
There are, also, several in Dutch, one of which, by C. Van der Post, in 3 vols. 8vo, published at Utrecht in 1848, purports, I believe, to be a translation from the Arabic, and has been reprinted several times. The Dutch editions are usually entitled, "Arabische Vertellinge." A Danish edition appeared at Copenhagen in 1818, under the title of "Prindsesses Schehezerade.
Fortällinger eller de saakatle Tusende og een Nat. Udgivna paa Dansk vid Heelegaan." Another, by Rasmassen, was commenced in 1824; and a third Danish work, probably founded on the Thousand and One Nights, and published in 1816, bears the title, "Digt og Eventyr fra Osterland, af arabiska og persischen utrykta kilder." I have seen none of these Italian, Dutch or Danish editions; but there is little doubt that most, if not all, are derived from Galland's work.
The following is the title of a Javanese version, derived from one of the Dutch editions, and published at Leyden in 1865, "Eenige Vertellingen uit de Arabisch duizend en één Nacht. Naar de Nederduitsche vertaling in het Javaansch vertaald, door Winter-Roorda." Mr. A. G. Ellis has shown me an edition of Galland's Aladdin (No.
193) in Malay, by M. Van der Lawan (?) printed in Batavia, A.D.
1869.
 CAZZOTTE'S CONTINUATION, AND THE COMPOSITE EDITIONS OF THE ARABIAN NIGHTS.
We shall speak elsewhere of the Cabinet des Fées; but the last four volumes of this great collection (38 to 41), published at Geneva from 1788 to 1793, contain a work entitled, "Les Veillées du Sultan Schahriar avec la Sultane Scheherazade; histoires incroyables, amusantes et morales, traduites de l'arabe par M. Cazotte et D. Chavis. Faisant suite aux Mille et une Nuits." Some copies bear the abridged title of "La suite des Mille et une Nuits. Contes Arabes, traduits par Dom Chavis et M. Cazotte." This collection of tales was pronounced to be spurious by many critics, and even has been styled "a bare-faced forgery" by a writer in the Edinburgh Review of July, 1886. It is, however, certain that the greater part, if not all, of these tales are founded on genuine Eastern sources, though very few have any real claim to be regarded as actually part of the Thousand and One Nights.
Translations of the originals of most of these tales have been published by Caussin de Perceval and Gauttier; and a comparison clearly shows the great extent to which Chavis and Cazotte have altered, amplified and (in a literary sense) improved their materials.
It is rather surprising that no recent edition of this work seems to have been issued, perhaps owing to the persistent doubts cast upon its authenticity, only a few of the tales, and those not the best, having appeared in different collections. My friend, Mr. A. G. Ellis, himself an Oriental scholar, has remarked to me that he considers these tales as good as the old "Arabian Nights"; and I quite agree with him that Chavis and Cazotte's Continuation is well worthy of re-publication in its entirety.
The following are the principal tales comprised in this collection, those included in our Table from later authors being indicated.
1. The Robber Caliph, or the Adventures of Haroun Alraschid with the Princess of Persia, and the beautiful Zutulbe. (No. 246.)
2. The Power of Destiny, being the History of the Journey of Giafar to Damas, containing the Adventures of Chelih and his Family. (No. 280.)
3. History of Halechalbe and the Unknown Lady. (No. 204c.)
4. Story of Xailoun the Idiot.
5. The Adventures of Simoustapha and the Princess Ilsetilsone.
(No. 247.)
6. History of Alibengiad, Sultan of Herak, and of the False Birds of Paradise.
7. History of Sinkarib and his Two Viziers. (No. 249.)
8. History of the Family of the Schebandad of Surat.
9. Story of Bohetzad and his Ten Viziers. (No. 174.


just disappeared. According to the general principle explained above this is a form of bifurcation, and corresponds to the form denoted A. The specific difference a of this family must be regarded as the excess of the ellipticity of this figure above that of all the earlier ones, beginning with the slightly flattened planetary spheroid. Accordingly the specific difference a of the family has gradually diminished from the beginning and vanishes at this stage.

 According to Poincare's principle the vanishing of the stability serves us with notice that we have reached a figure of bifurcation, and it becomes necessary to inquire what is the nature of the specific difference of the new family of figures which must be coalescent with the old one at this stage. This difference is found to reside in the fact that the equator, which in the planetary family has hitherto been circular in section, tends to become elliptic. Hitherto the rotational momentum has been kept up to its constant value partly by greater speed of rotation and partly by a symmetrical bulging of the equator. But now while the speed of rotation still increases (The mathematician familiar with Jacobi's ellipsoid will find that this is correct, although in the usual mode of exposition, alluded to above in a footnote, the speed diminishes.), the equator tends to bulge outwards at two diametrically opposite points and to be flattened midway between these protuberances. The specific difference in the new family, denoted in the general sketch by b, is this ellipticity of the equator. If we had traced the planetary figures with circular equators beyond this stage A, we should have found them to have become unstable, and the stability has been shunted off along the A + b family of forms with elliptic equators.

 This new series of figures, generally named after the great mathematician Jacobi, is at first only just stable, but as the density increases the stability increases, reaches a maximum and then declines. As this goes on the equator of these Jacobian figures becomes more and more elliptic, so that the shape is considerably elongated in a direction at right angles to the axis of rotation.

 At length when the longest axis of the three has become about three times as long as the shortest (The three axes of the ellipsoid are then proportional to 1000, 432, 343.), the stability of this family of figures vanishes, and we have reached a new form of bifurcation and must look for a new type of figure along which the stable development will presumably extend. Two sections of this critical Jacobian figure, which is a figure of bifurcation, are shown by the dotted lines in a figure titled "The 'pear-shaped figure' and the Jocobian figure from which it is derived" (Fig. 3.) comprising two figures, one above the other: the upper figure is the equatorial section at right angles to the axis of rotation, the lower figure is a section through the axis.

 Now Poincare has proved that the new type of figure is to be derived from the figure of bifurcation by causing one of the ends to be prolonged into a snout and by bluntening the other end. The snout forms a sort of stalk, and between the stalk and the axis of rotation the surface is somewhat flattened. These are the characteristics of a pear, and the figure has therefore been called the "pear-shaped figure of equilibrium." The firm line shows this new type of figure, whilst, as already explained, the dotted line shows the form of bifurcation from which it is derived. The specific mark of this new family is the protrusion of the stalk together with the other corresponding smaller differences. If we denote this difference by c, while A + b denotes the Jacobian figure of bifurcation from which it is derived, the new family may be called A + b + c, and c is zero initially. According to my calculations this series of figures is stable (M. Liapounoff contends that for constant density the new series of figures, which M. Poincare discovered, has less rotational momentum than that of the figure of bifurcation. If he is correct, the figure of bifurcation is a limit of stable figures, and none can exist with stability for greater rotational momentum. My own work seems to indicate that the opposite is true, and, notwithstanding M. Liapounoff's deservedly great authority, I venture to state the conclusions in accordance with my own work.), but I do not know at what stage of its development it becomes unstable.

 Professor Jeans has solved a problem which is of interest as throwing light on the future development of the pear-shaped figure, although it is of a still more ideal character than the one which has been discussed. He imagines an INFINITELY long circular cylinder of liquid to be in rotation about its central axis. The existence is virtually postulated of a demon who is always occupied in keeping the axis of the cylinder straight, so that Jeans has only to concern himself with the stability of the form of the section of the cylinder, which as I have said is a circle with the axis of rotation at the centre. He then supposes the liquid forming the cylinder to shrink in diameter, just as we have done, and finds that the speed of rotation must increase so as to keep up the constancy of the rotational momentum. The circularity of section is at first stable, but as the shrinkage proceeds the stability diminishes and at length vanishes.
 This stage in the process is a form of bifurcation, and the stability passes over to a new series consisting of cylinders which are elliptic in section. The circular cylinders are exactly analogous with our planetary spheroids, and the elliptic ones with the Jacobian ellipsoids.

 With further shrinkage the elliptic cylinders become unstable, a new form of bifurcation is reached, and the stability passes over to a series of cylinders whose section is pear-shaped. Thus far the analogy is complete between our problem and Jeans's, and in consequence of the greater simplicity of the conditions, he is able to carry his investigation further. He finds that the stalk end of the pear-like section continues to protrude more and more, and the flattening between it and the axis of rotation becomes a constriction. Finally the neck breaks and a satellite cylinder is born. Jeans's figure for an advanced stage of development is shown in a figure titled "Section of a rotating cylinder of liquid" (Fig.
 4.), but his calculations do not enable him actually to draw the state of affairs after the rupture of the neck.

 There are certain difficulties in admitting the exact parallelism between this problem and ours, and thus the final development of our pear-shaped figure and the end of its stability in a form of bifurcation remain hidden from our view, but the successive changes as far as they have been definitely traced are very suggestive in the study of stellar evolution.

 Attempts have been made to attack this problem from the other end. If we begin with a liquid satellite revolving about a liquid planet and proceed backwards in time, we must make the two masses expand so that their density will be diminished. Various figures have been drawn exhibiting the shapes of two masses until their surfaces approach close to one another and even until they just coalesce, but the discussion of their stability is not easy. At present it would seem to be impossible to reach coalescence by any series of stable transformations, and if this is so Professor Jeans's investigation has ceased to be truly analogous to our problem at some undetermined stage. However this may be this line of research throws an instructive light on what we may expect to find in the evolution of real stellar systems.

 In the second part of this paper I shall point out the bearing which this investigation of the evolution of an ideal liquid star may have on the genesis of double stars.

 II.

 There are in the heavens many stars which shine with a variable brilliancy. Amongst these there is a class which exhibits special peculiarities; the members of this class are generally known as Algol Variables, because the variability of the star Beta Persei or Algol was the first of such cases to attract the attention of astronomers, and because it is perhaps still the most remarkable of the whole class. But the circumstances which led to this discovery were so extraordinary that it seems worth while to pause a moment before entering on the subject.

 John Goodricke, a deaf-mute, was born in 1764; he was grandson and heir of Sir John Goodricke of Ribston Hall, Yorkshire


p.
Syn. -- Estimate, Estimation, Esteem. The noun estimate, like its verb, supposes chiefly an exercise of judgment in determining the amount, importance, or magnitude of things, with their other exterior relations; as, an estimate of expenses incurred; a true estimate of life, etc. Esteem is a moral sentiment made up of respect and attachment, -- the valuation of a person as possessing useful qualities or real worth. Thus we speak of the esteem of the wise and good as a thing greatly to be desired. Estimation seems to waver between the two. In our version of the Scriptures it is used simply for estimate; as, "If he be poorer than thy estimation." Lev. xxvii. 8. In other cases, it verges toward esteem; as, "I know him to be of worth and worthy estimation." Shak. It will probably settle down at last on this latter sense. "Esteem is the value we place upon some degree of worth. It is higher than simple approbation, which is a decision of judgment. It is the commencement of affection." Gogan.
 No; dear as freedom is, and in my heart's Just estimation prized above all price.

Cowper.
 Es'ti*ma"tion (?), n. [L. aestimatio, fr. aestimare: cf. F. estimation. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. The act of estimating. Shak.
2. An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as, estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities.

 If he be poorer that thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest, and the priest shall value him.

Lev. xxvii. 8.
3. Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor.

 I shall have estimation among multitude, and honor with the elders.

Wisdom viii. 10.
4. Supposition; conjecture.

 I speak not this in estimation, As what I think might be, but what I know.

Shak.
Syn. -- Estimate; calculation; computation; appraisement; esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate, n. Es"ti*ma*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. estimatif.] 1.
 Inclined, or able, to estimate; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating.

 We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty.

Sir M. Hale.
2. Pertaining to an estimate. [R.]

 Es"ti*ma'tor (?), n. [L. aestimator.] One who estimates or values; a valuer. Jer. Taylor.
 Es"ti*val (?), a., Es"ti*vate (&?;), v. i., Es'ti*va"tion (&?;), n. Same as Æstival, Æstivate, etc.

 ||Es'toile" (?), n. [OF.] (Her.) A six-pointed star whose rays are wavy, instead of straight like those of a mullet. [Written also étoile.]

Estoile of eight points, a star which has four straight and four wavy rays. -- Estoile of four points. Same as Cross estoilé, under Cross.

 Es*top" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estophed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Estopping.] [OF. estoper to stop, plug, close, F. étouper, LL. stuppare to close with tow, obstruct, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum, cf. Gr. sty'pph. Cf. Stop.] (Law) To impede or bar by estoppel.

 A party will be estopped by his admissions, where his intent is to influence another, or derive an advantage to himself.

Abbott.
 Es*top"pel (?), n. [From Estop.] (Law) (a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to one's alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an admission, by words or conduct, which induces another to purchase rights, against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission. (b) The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions, which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. Wharton.
Stephen. Burrill.
 Es*to"vers (s*t"vrz), n. pl. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, necessary, necessity, need, prop. an infin. meaning to suit, be fit, be necessary. See Stover.] (Law) Necessaries or supplies; an allowance to a person out of an estate or other thing for support; as of wood to a tenant for life, etc., of sustenance to a man confined for felony out of his estate, or alimony to a woman divorced out of her husband's estate. Blackstone.
Common of estovers. See under Common, n. Es'trade" (s'trd"), n. [F., fr. Sp. estrado, orig., a carpet on the floor of a room, also, a carpeted platform, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stratum.] (Arch.) A portion of the floor of a room raised above the general level, as a place for a bed or a throne; a platform; a dais.

 He [the teacher] himself should have his desk on a mounted estrade or platform.

J. G. Fitch.
 ||Es'tra'ma'con" (?), n. [F.] 1. A straight, heavy sword with two edges, used in the 16th and 17th centuries.

2. A blow with edge of a sword. Farrow.
 Es*trange" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging.] [OF. estrangier to remove, F. étranger, L. extraneare to treat as a stranger, from extraneus strange. See Strange.] 1. To withdraw; to withhold; hence, reflexively, to keep at a distance; to cease to be familiar and friendly with.

 We must estrange our belief from everything which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced.

Glanvill.
 Had we... estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent.

Hooker.
2. To divert from its original use or purpose, or from its former possessor; to alienate.

 They... have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods.

Jer. xix. 4.
3. To alienate the affections or confidence of; to turn from attachment to enmity or indifference.

 I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged him from me.

Pope.
 He... had pretended to be estranged from the Whigs, and had promised to act as a spy upon them.

Macaulay.
 Es*tran"ged*ness (?), n. State of being estranged; estrangement. Prynne.
 Es*trange"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. estrangement.] The act of estranging, or the state of being estranged; alienation.

 An estrangement from God.

J. C. Shairp.
 A long estrangement from better things.

South.
 Es*tran"ger (?), n. One who estranges.

 Es*tran"gle (?), v. t. To strangle. [Obs.]

 Es'tra*pade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, plunges, and kicks furiously.

 Es*tray"


(O. Eng. Law) A subsequent disseizin committed by one of lands which the disseizee had before recovered of the same disseizor; a writ founded on such subsequent disseizin, now abolished. Burrill. Tomlins.
 Post'-dis*sei"zor (?), n. [Pref. post- + disseizor.]
 (O. Eng. Law) A person who disseizes another of lands which the disseizee had before recovered of the same disseizor. Blackstone.
 ||Post"e*a (?), n. [L., after these or those (things), afterward.]
 (Law) The return of the judge before whom a cause was tried, after a verdict, of what was done in the cause, which is indorsed on the nisi prius record. Wharton.
 Pos"tel (?), n. Apostle. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Post'en*ceph"a*lon (?), n. (Anat.) The metencephalon.

 Post"en*try (?), n. [Pref. post- + entry.] 1.
 A second or subsequent, at the customhouse, of goods which had been omitted by mistake.

2. (Bookkeeping) An additional or subsequent entry.

 Post"er (?), n. 1. A large bill or placard intended to be posted in public places.

2. One who posts bills; a billposter.

 Post"er, n. 1. One who posts, or travels expeditiously; a courier. "Posters of the sea and land." Shak.
2. A post horse. "Posters at full gallop." C. Lever.
 Pos*te"ri*or (ps*t"r*r), a. [L. posterior, compar. of posterus coming after, from post after. See Post-.] 1. Later in time; hence, later in the order of proceeding or moving; coming after; -- opposed to prior.

 Hesiod was posterior to Homer.

Broome.
2. Situated behind; hinder; -- opposed to anterior.

3. (Anat.) At or toward the caudal extremity; caudal; -- in human anatomy often used for dorsal.

4. (Bot.) On the side next the axis of inflorescence; -- said of an axillary flower. Gray.
 Pos*te'ri*or"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. postériorité.]
 The state of being later or subsequent; as, posteriority of time, or of an event; -- opposed to priority.

 Pos*te"ri*or*ly (?), adv. Subsequently in time; also, behind in position.

 Pos*te"ri*ors (?), n. pl. The hinder parts, as of an animal's body.
 Swift.
 Pos*ter"i*ty (?), n. [L. posteritas: cf. F. postérité.
 See Posterior.] 1. The race that proceeds from a progenitor; offspring to the furthest generation; the aggregate number of persons who are descended from an ancestor of a generation; descendants; -- contrasted with ancestry; as, the posterity of Abraham.

 If [the crown] should not stand in thy posterity.

Shak.
2. Succeeding generations; future times. Shak.
 Their names shall be transmitted to posterity.

Shak.
 Their names shall be transmitted to posterity.

Smalridge.
 Pos"tern (?), n. [OF. posterne, posterle, F. poterne, fr. L. posterula, fr. posterus coming after. See Posterior.]
 1. Originally, a back door or gate; a private entrance; hence, any small door or gate.

 He by a privy postern took his flight.

Spenser.
 Out at the postern, by the abbey wall.

Shak.
2. (Fort.) A subterraneous passage communicating between the parade and the main ditch, or between the ditches and the interior of the outworks. Mahan.
 Pos"tern, a. Back; being behind; private. "The postern door." Dryden.
 Pos"te*ro- (&?;). A combining form meaning posterior, back; as, postero-inferior, situated back and below; postero-lateral, situated back and at the side.

 Post'ex*ist" (?), v. i. [Pref. post- + exist.] To exist after; to live subsequently. [Obs. or R.]

 Post'ex*ist"ence (?), n. Subsequent existence.

 Post'ex*ist"ent (?), a. Existing or living after. [R.] "Postexistent atoms." Cudworth.
 Post"fact' (?), a. [See Post-, and Fact.] Relating to a fact that occurs after another.

 Post"fact', n. A fact that occurs after another. "Confirmed upon the postfact." Fuller.
 ||Post'fac"tum (?), n. [LL.] (Rom. & Eng. Law) Same as Postfact.

 Post"-fine' (?), n. [Pref. post- + fine.] (O. Eng.
 Law) A duty paid to the king by the cognizee in a fine of lands, when the same was fully passed; -- called also the king's silver.

 Post"fix (?), n.; pl. Postfixes (#). [Pref. post- + -fix, as in prefix: cf. F. postfixe.] (Gram.)
 A letter, syllable, or word, added to the end of another word; a suffix.
 Parkhurst.
 Post*fix" (?), v. t. To annex; specifically (Gram.), to add or annex, as a letter, syllable, or word, to the end of another or principal word; to suffix. Parkhurst.
 Post*fron"tal (?), a. [Pref. post- + frontal.] (Anat.)
 Situated behind the frontal bone or the frontal region of the skull; -- applied especially to a bone back of and below the frontal in many animals. -- n. A postfrontal bone.

 ||Post*fur"ca (?), n.; pl. Postfurcæ (#). [NL., fr. post behind + furca a fork.] (Zoöl.) One of the internal thoracic processes of the sternum of an insect.

 Post*gen"i*ture (?; 135), n. [Pref. post- + L. genitura birth, geniture.] The condition of being born after another in the same family; -- distinguished from primogeniture. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Post*gle"noid (?), a. [Pref. post- + glenoid.] (Anat.)
 Situated behind the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.

 Post'haste" (?), n. Haste or speed in traveling, like that of a post or courier. Shak.
 Post'haste, adv. With speed or expedition; as, he traveled posthaste; to send posthaste. Shak.
 Pos*thet"o*my (?), n. [Gr. po'sqh prepuce + te'mnein to cut.] (Med.)
 Circumcision. Dunglison.
 Post"house' (?), n. 1. A house established for the convenience of the post, where relays of horses can be obtained.

2. A house for distributing the malls; a post office.

 { Post"hume (?), Post"humed (?), } a. Posthumous. [Obs.] I. Watts. Fuller.
 Post"hu*mous (?; 277), a. [L. posthumus, postumus, properly, last; hence, late born (applied to children born after the father's death, or after he had made his will), superl. of posterus, posterior. See Posterior.] 1. Born after the death of the father, or taken from the dead body of the mother; as, a posthumous son or daughter.

2. Published after the death of the author; as


2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; -- opposed to negation or denial.

3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive statement; an averment; as, an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality.

4. (Law) A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier.
 Af*firm"a*tive (&?;), a. [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.]
 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law.

2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering "yes" to a question; -- opposed to negative; as, an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote.

3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor.
 Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito. Berkeley.
4. (logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition.

5. (Alg.) Positive; -- a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted.

 Af*firm"a*tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an affirmative proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; -- opposed to negative; as, there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative.

 Whether there are such beings or not, 't is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative. Dryden.
2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as, yes, that is so, etc.

 Af*firm"a*tive*ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; -- opposed to negatively.

 Af*firm"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey.
 Af*firm"er (&?;), n. One who affirms.

 Af*fix" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere.
 See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as, to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one's name to a writing.

2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically.

 Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food. Ray.
3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one.

4. To fix or fasten figuratively; -- with on or upon; as, eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser.
Syn. -- To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite.

 Af"fix (&?;), n.; pl. Affixes (#). [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix.

 Af*fix"ion (&?;), n. [L. affixio, fr. affigere.]
 Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams.
 Af*fix"ture (?; 135), n. The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment.

 Af*fla"tion (&?;), n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] A blowing or breathing on; inspiration.

 Af*fla"tus (&?;), n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.]
 1. A breath or blast of wind.

2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration.

 A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus.
Spence.
 Af*flict" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] "Reassembling our afflicted powers." Milton.
2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment.

 They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. Exod. i. 11.
 That which was the worst now least afflicts me. Milton.
3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth. Jer. Taylor.
Syn. -- To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt.

 Af*flict", p. p. & a. [L. afflictus, p. p.] Afflicted.
 [Obs.] Becon.
 Af*flict"ed*ness, n. The state of being afflicted; affliction.
 [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Af*flict"er (&?;), n. One who afflicts.

 Af*flict"ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as, an afflicting event. -- Af*flict"ing*ly, adv.

 Af*flic"tion (&?;), n. [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief.

 To repay that money will be a biting affliction. Shak.
2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief.

 Some virtues are seen only in affliction. Addison.
Syn. -- Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. -- Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear -- friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as "an affliction," though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering.
 Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as, grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as, the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of


large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.

 Jo*ne"sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Jones.

The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones.

 { Jon"gleur (?), Jon"gler (?), } n. [F. jongleur. See Juggler.]

1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour.

 Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur's verse.

J R. Green.
2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton.
 { Jon"quil, Jon"quille }, n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil.
 See Illust. of Corona.

 Jo"ram (?), n. See Jorum.

 { Jor"dan (?), Jor"den (?), } n. [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.]

1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell.
2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.
 Jo"rum (?), n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.]
 A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby.
 Jo"seph (?), n. An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman's riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.
 Jo"seph's flow"er (?). (Bot.) A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.

 Jo"so (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small gudgeon.

 Joss (?), n. [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.]
 A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. "Critic in jars and josses."
 Colman (1761).
Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. -- Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; -- burned by the Chinese before an idol.

 Jos"sa (?), interj. A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still." [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Jos"tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Jostling (?).] [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.] To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. "Bullies jostled him." Macaulay.
 Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other.

I. Taylor.
 Jos"tle, v. i. To push; to crowd; to hustle.

 None jostle with him for the wall.

Lamb.
 Jos"tle, n. A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference.

 The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization.

The Nation.
 Jos"tle*ment (?), n. Crowding; hustling.

 Jot (?), n. [L. iota, Gr. &?; the name of the letter (E. i, Heb. y&?;d), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.] An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle.
 Cf. Bit, n. Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

Matt. v. 18.
 Neither will they bate One jot of ceremony.

Shak.
 Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Jotting.] To set down; to make a brief note of; -- usually followed by down.

 Jot"ter (?), n. 1. One who jots down memoranda.

2. A memorandum book.

 Jougs (?), n. [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.]
 An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott.
 Jou"is*sance (?), n. [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Jouk (?), v. i. See Juke.

 Joul (?), v. t. See Jowl.

 Joule (jl), n. [From the distinguished English physicist, James P.
 Joule.] (Physics.) A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds.

Joule's equivalent. See under Equivalent, n. Jounce (jouns), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced (jounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing (joun"sng).] [Cf. Jaunce.]
 To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.

 Jounce, n. A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.

 Jour"nal (?), a. [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.] Daily; diurnal.
 [Obs.]

 Whiles from their journal labors they did rest.

Spenser.
 Jour"nal, n. [F. journal. See Journal, a.]

1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events.
 Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc.; a periodical; a magazine.

 2. That which has occurred in a day; a day's work or travel; a day's journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson.
3. (Mach.) That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust.
 of Axle box.

Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.

 Jour"nal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. journalisme.]

1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.]

2. The


eness.

 The queen's declination from marriage.

Stow.
5. (Astron.) The angular distance of any object from the celestial equator, either northward or southward.

6. (Dialing) The arc of the horizon, contained between the vertical plane and the prime vertical circle, if reckoned from the east or west, or between the meridian and the plane, reckoned from the north or south.

7. (Gram.) The act of inflecting a word; declension. See Decline, v. t., 4.

Angle of declination, the angle made by a descending line, or plane, with a horizontal plane. -- Circle of declination, a circle parallel to the celestial equator. -- Declination compass (Physics), a compass arranged for finding the declination of the magnetic needle. -- Declination of the compass or needle, the horizontal angle which the magnetic needle makes with the true north-and-south line.

 Dec"li*na'tor (?), n. [Cf. F. déclinateur. See Decline.] 1. An instrument for taking the declination or angle which a plane makes with the horizontal plane.

2. A dissentient. [R.] Bp. Hacket.
 De*clin"a*to*ry (?; 277), a. [LL. declinatorius, fr. L. declinare: cf. F. déclinatoire.] Containing or involving a declination or refusal, as of submission to a charge or sentence. Blackstone.
Declinatory plea (O. Eng. Law), the plea of sanctuary or of benefit of clergy, before trial or conviction; -- now abolished.

 De*clin"a*ture (?; 135), n. The act of declining or refusing; as, the declinature of an office.

 De*cline" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Declining.] [OE. declinen to bend down, lower, sink, decline (a noun), F. décliner to decline, refuse, fr.
 L. declinare to turn aside, inflect (a part of speech), avoid; de- + clinare to incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean, v. i.]
 1. To bend, or lean downward; to take a downward direction; to bend over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despondency, etc.; to condescend. "With declining head." Shak.
 He... would decline even to the lowest of his family.

Lady Hutchinson.
 Disdaining to decline, Slowly he falls, amidst triumphant cries.

Byron.
 The ground at length became broken and declined rapidly.

Sir W. Scott.
2. To tend or draw towards a close, decay, or extinction; to tend to a less perfect state; to become diminished or impaired; to fail; to sink; to diminish; to lessen; as, the day declines; virtue declines; religion declines; business declines.

 That empire must decline Whose chief support and sinews are of coin.

Waller.
 And presume to know... Who thrives, and who declines.

Shak.
3. To turn or bend aside; to deviate; to stray; to withdraw; as, a line that declines from straightness; conduct that declines from sound morals.

 Yet do I not decline from thy testimonies.

Ps. cxix. 157.
4. To turn away; to shun; to refuse; -- the opposite of accept or consent; as, he declined, upon principle.

 De*cline", v. t. 1. To bend downward; to bring down; to depress; to cause to bend, or fall.

 In melancholy deep, with head declined.

Thomson.
 And now fair Phoebus gan decline in haste His weary wagon to the western vale.

Spenser.
2. To cause to decrease or diminish. [Obs.] "You have declined his means." Beau. & Fl.
 He knoweth his error, but will not seek to decline it.

Burton.
3. To put or turn aside; to turn off or away from; to refuse to undertake or comply with; reject; to shun; to avoid; as, to decline an offer; to decline a contest; he declined any participation with them.

 Could I Decline this dreadful hour?

Massinger.
4. (Gram.) To inflect, or rehearse in order the changes of grammatical form of; as, to decline a noun or an adjective.

 Now restricted to such words as have case inflections; but formerly it was applied both to declension and conjugation.

 After the first declining of a noun and a verb.

Ascham.
5. To run through from first to last; to repeat like a schoolboy declining a noun. [R.] Shak.
 De*cline" (?), n. [F. déclin. See Decline, v. i.]
 1. A falling off; a tendency to a worse state; diminution or decay; deterioration; also, the period when a thing is tending toward extinction or a less perfect state; as, the decline of life; the decline of strength; the decline of virtue and religion.

 Their fathers lived in the decline of literature.

Swift.
2. (Med.) That period of a disorder or paroxysm when the symptoms begin to abate in violence; as, the decline of a fever.

3. A gradual sinking and wasting away of the physical faculties; any wasting disease, esp. pulmonary consumption; as, to die of a decline.
 Dunglison.
Syn. -- Decline, Decay, Consumption. Decline marks the first stage in a downward progress; decay indicates the second stage, and denotes a tendency to ultimate destruction; consumption marks a steady decay from an internal exhaustion of strength. The health may experience a decline from various causes at any period of life; it is naturally subject to decay with the advance of old age; consumption may take place at almost any period of life, from disease which wears out the constitution. In popular language decline is often used as synonymous with consumption. By a gradual decline, states and communities lose their strength and vigor; by progressive decay, they are stripped of their honor, stability, and greatness; by a consumption of their resources and vital energy, they are led rapidly on to a completion of their existence.

 De*clined" (?), a. Declinate.

 De*clin"er (?), n. He who declines or rejects.

 A studious decliner of honors.

Evelyn.
 Dec'li*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Decline + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle.

 De*clin"ous (?), a. Declinate.

 { De*cliv"i*tous (?), De*cli"vous (?), } a. Descending gradually; moderately steep; sloping; downhill.

 De*cliv"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Declivities (#). [L. declivitas, fr. declivis sloping, downhill; de + clivus a slope, a hill; akin to clinare to incline: cf. F. déclivité.
 See Decline.] 1. Deviation from a horizontal line; gradual descent of surface; inclination downward; slope; -- opposed to acclivity, or ascent; the same slope, considered as descending, being a declivity, which, considered as ascending, is an acclivity.

2. A descending surface; a sloping place.

 Commodious declivities and channels for the passage of the waters.

Derham.
 De*coct" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decocted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Decocting.] [L. decoctus, p. p. of decoquere to boil down; de- + coquere to cook, boil.


church of God in the world; the catholic church. See the Note under Catholic, a., 1. — Universal coupling. (Mach.) Same as Universal joint, below. — Universal dial, a dial by which the hour may be found in any part of the world, or under any elevation of the pole. — Universal instrument (Astron.), a species of altitude and azimuth instrument, the peculiarity of which is, that the object end of the telescope is placed at right angles to the eye end, with a prism of total reflection at the angle, and the eye end constitutes a portion of the horizontal axis of the instrument, having the eyepiece at the pivot and in the center of the altitude circle, so that the eye has convenient access to both at the same time. — Universal joint (Mach.), a contrivance used for joining two shafts or parts of a machine endwise, so that the one may give rotary motion to the other when forming an angle with it, or may move freely in all directions with respect to the other, as by means of a cross connecting the forked ends of the two shafts (Fig. 1). Since this joint can not act when the angle of the shafts is less than 140°, a double joint of the same kind is sometimes used for giving rotary motion at angles less than 140° (Fig. 2). — Universal umbel (Bot.), a primary or general umbel; the first or largest set of rays in a compound umbel; — opposed to partial umbel. A universal involucre is not unfrequently placed at the foot of a universal umbel.

Syn. — General; all; whole; total. See General.

 U'ni*ver"sal, n. 1. The whole; the general system of the universe; the universe. [Obs.]

 Plato calleth God the cause and original, the nature and reason, of the universal.

Sir W. Raleigh.
2. (Logic) (a) A general abstract conception, so called from being universally applicable to, or predicable of, each individual or species contained under it. (b) A universal proposition. See Universal, a., 4.

 U'ni*ver*sa"li*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Universalism; Universalist. [R.]

 U'ni*ver"sal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. universalisme.] (Theol.)
 The doctrine or belief that all men will be saved, or made happy, in the future state.

 U'ni*ver"sal*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. universaliste.]

1. (Theol.) One who believes in Universalism; one of a denomination of Christians holding this faith.

2. One who affects to understand all the particulars in statements or propositions. [Obs.] Bentley.
 U'ni*ver"sal*ist (?), a. Of or pertaining to Unversalists of their doctrines.

 U'ni*ver'sal*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the whole; universal.

 U'ni*ver*sal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Universalties (#).
 [Cf. F. universalité.] The quality or state of being universal; unlimited extension or application; generality; — distinguished from particularity; as, the unversality of a proposition; the unversality of sin; the unversality of the Deluge.

 U'ni*ver"sal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Universalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Universalizing (?).] [Cf. F. universaliser.]
 To make universal; to generalize. Coleridge.
 U'ni*ver"sal*ly, adv. In a universal manner; without exception; as, God's laws are universally binding on his creatures.

 U'ni*ver"sal*ness, n. The quality or state of being universal; universality.

 U"ni*verse (?), n. [L. universum, from universus universal; unus one + vertere, versum, to turn, that is, turned into one, combined into one whole; cf. F. univers. See One, and Verse.] All created things viewed as constituting one system or whole; the whole body of things, or of phenomena; the &?; &?; of the Greeks, the mundus of the Latins; the world; creation.

 How may I Adore thee, Author of this universe And all this good to man!

Milton.
 U'ni*ver"si*ty (?), n.; pl. Universities (#). [OE. universite, L. universitas all together, the whole, the universe, a number of persons associated into one body, a society, corporation, fr. universus all together, universal: cf. F. université. See Universe.]
 1. The universe; the whole. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
2. An association, society, guild, or corporation, esp. one capable of having and acquiring property. [Obs.]

 The universities, or corporate bodies, at Rome were very numerous. There were corporations of bakers, farmers of the revenue, scribes, and others.

Eng. Cyc.
3. An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning.

 The present universities of Europe were, originally, the greater part of them, ecclesiastical corporations, instituted for the education of churchmen... What was taught in the greater part of those universities was suitable to the end of their institutions, either theology or something that was merely preparatory to theology.

A. Smith.
 From the Roman words universitas, collegium, corpus, are derived the terms university, college, and corporation, of modern languages; and though these words have obtained modified significations in modern times, so as to be indifferently applicable to the same things, they all agree in retaining the fundamental signification of the terms, whatever may have been added to them. There is now no university, college, or corporation, which is not a juristical person in the sense above explained [see def. 2, above]; wherever these words are applied to any association of persons not stamped with this mark, it is an abuse of terms. Eng. Cyc.
 U'ni*ver'so*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to universology.

 U'ni*ver*sol"o*gist (?), n. One who is versed in universology.

 U'ni*ver*sol"o*gy (?), n. [Universe + -logy.] The science of the universe, and the relations which it involves.

 U*niv"o*ca*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being univocal. [R.]
 Sir T. Browne.
 U*niv"o*cal (?), a. [L. univocus; unus one + vox, vocis, a voice, word. See One, and Voice.] 1. Having one meaning only; — contrasted with equivocal.

2. Having unison of sound, as the octave in music. See Unison, n., 2.

3. Having always the same drift or tenor; uniform; certain; regular. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
4. Unequivocal; indubitable. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
 U*niv"o*cal, n. 1. (Aristotelian Logic) A generic term,


happen that. "In case we are surprised, keep by me." W. Irving. -- In good case, in good condition, health, or state of body. -- To put a case, to suppose a hypothetical or illustrative case.

Syn. -- Situation, condition, state; circumstances; plight; predicament; occurrence; contingency; accident; event; conjuncture; cause; action; suit.

 Case, v. i. To propose hypothetical cases. [Obs.] "Casing upon the matter." L'Estrange.
 Ca'se*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. caséation. See Casein.]
 (Med.) A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass.

 Case"-bay' (?), n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring.

 Case"hard'en (?), v. t. 1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel.

2. To render insensible to good influences.

 Case"hard'ened (?), a. 1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools.

2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; -- said of persons.

 Case"hard'en*ing, n. The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure.
Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation.

 Ca"se*ic (?), a. [Cf. F. caséique, fr. L. caseus cheese.] Of or pertaining to cheese; as, caseic acid.

 Ca"se*in (?), n. [Cf. F. caséine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kingdom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.]

 Case" knife' (?). 1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison.
2. A large table knife; -- so called from being formerly kept in a case.

 Case"mate (?), n. [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.]

1. (Fort.) A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops.

2. (Arch.) A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices.

 Case"ma'ted (?), a. Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell.
 Case"ment (?), n. [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.) A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted.
 (Poetically) A window.

 A casement of the great chamber window. Shak.
 Case"ment*ed, a. Having a casement or casements.

 Ca"se*ous (?), a. [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy.

Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized.

 Ca"sern (?), n. [F. caserne.] A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle.
 Case" shot' (?). (Mil.) A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister.

 In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; -- called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm.
 ||Ca"se*um (?), n. [L. caseus cheese.] Same as Casein.

 Case"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice.

 Cash (?), n. [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.] A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.]

 This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money. Sir W. Temple.
 £20,000 are known to be in her cash. Sir R. Winwood.
2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as, to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash.

Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. -- Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] -- Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; -- called also bank credit and cash account. -- Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction.

Syn. -- Money; coin; specie; currency; capital.

 Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as, cash a note or an order.

 Cash, v. t. [See Cashier.] To disband. [Obs.] Garges.
 Cash, n.sing & pl. A Chinese coin.

 The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar.

 Cash"book (ksh"bk), n. (Bookkeeping) A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out.

 Ca*shew" (k*sh"), n. [F. acajou, for cajou, prob.
 from Malay kyu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.)
 A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac.
 It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pearshaped hypocarp, about three inches long.

Cashew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut.

 Cash*ier" (ksh*r"), n. [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See


.
 Reef"er (-?r), n. 1. (Naut.) One who reefs; -- a name often given to midshipmen. Marryat.
2. A close-fitting lacket or short coat of thick cloth.

 Reef"ing, n. (Naut.) The process of taking in a reef.

Reefing bowsprit, a bowsprit so rigged that it can easily be run in or shortened by sliding inboard, as in cutters.

 Reef"y (-?), a. Full of reefs or rocks.

 Reek (rk), n. A rick. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Reek, n. [AS. rc; akin to OFries. rk, LG. & D. rook, G. rauch, OHG. rouh, Dan. rög, Sw. rök, Icel. reykr, and to AS. reócan to reek, smoke, Icel.
 rjka, G. riechen to smell.] Vapor; steam; smoke; fume.

 As hateful to me as the reek of a limekiln.

Shak.
 Reek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reeked (rkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeking.] [As. rcan. See Reek vapor.] To emit vapor, usually that which is warm and moist; to be full of fumes; to steam; to smoke; to exhale.

 Few chimneys reeking you shall espy.

Spenser.
 I found me laid In balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed.

Milton.
 The coffee rooms reeked with tobacco.

Macaulay.
 Reek"y (-?), a. [From 2d Reek; cf. Reechy.] 1. Soiled with smoke or steam; smoky; foul. Shak.
2. Emitting reek. "Reeky fen." Sir W. Scott.
 Reel (r?l), n. [Gael. righil.] A lively dance of the Highlanders of Scotland; also, the music to the dance; -- often called Scotch reel.

Virginia reel, the common name throughout the United States for the old English "country dance," or contradance (contredanse). Bartlett.
 Reel, n. [AS. kre&?;l: cf. Icel. kr&?;ll a weaver's reed or sley.] 1. A frame with radial arms, or a kind of spool, turning on an axis, on which yarn, threads, lines, or the like, are wound; as, a log reel, used by seamen; an angler's reel; a garden reel.

2. A machine on which yarn is wound and measured into lays and hanks, -- for cotton or linen it is fifty-four inches in circuit; for worsted, thirty inches. McElrath.
3. (Agric.) A device consisting of radial arms with horizontal stats, connected with a harvesting machine, for holding the stalks of grain in position to be cut by the knives.

Reel oven, a baker's oven in which bread pans hang suspended from the arms of a kind of reel revolving on a horizontal axis. Knight.
 Reel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reeled (r?ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeling. ] 1. To roll. [Obs.]

 And Sisyphus an huge round stone did reel.

Spenser.
2. To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread.

 Reel, v. i. [Cf. Sw. ragla. See 2d Reel.] 1. To incline, in walking, from one side to the other; to stagger.

 They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man.

Ps. cvii. 27.
 He, with heavy fumes oppressed, Reeled from the palace, and retired to rest.

Pope.
 The wagons reeling under the yellow sheaves.

Macaulay.
2. To have a whirling sensation; to be giddy.

 In these lengthened vigils his brain often reeled.

Hawthorne.
 Reel, n. The act or motion of reeling or staggering; as, a drunken reel. Shak.
 Re'ë*lect" (r?'?*l?kt"), v. t. To elect again; as, to reëlect the former governor.

 Re'ë*lec"tion (-l?k"sh?n), n. Election a second time, or anew; as, the reëlection of a former chief.

 Reel"er (r?l"?r), n. 1. One who reels.

2. (Zoöl.) The grasshopper warbler; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

 Re*ël"i*gi*ble (r*l"*j*b'l), a. Eligible again; capable of reëlection; as, reëligible to the same office. -- Re*ël'i*gi*bil"i*ty (r*l'*j*bl"*t), n. Reem (r?m), n. [Heb.] (Zoöl.) The Hebrew name of a horned wild animal, probably the Urus.

 In King James's Version it is called unicorn; in the Revised Version, wild ox. Job xxxix. 9.
 Reem, v. t. [Cf. Ream to make a hole in.] (Naut.) To open (the seams of a vessel's planking) for the purpose of calking them.

Reeming iron (Naut.), an iron chisel for reeming the seams of planks in calking ships.

 Re'ëm*bark" (r?'?m*b?rk"), v. t. & i. To put, or go, on board a vessel again; to embark again.

 Re*ëm'bar*ka"tion (r?*?m'b?r*k?"sh?n), n. A putting, or going, on board a vessel again.

 Re'ëm*bod"y (r?'?m*b?d"?), v. t. To embody again.

 Re'ëm*brace" (-br?s"), v. i. To embrace again.

 Re'ë*merge" (r?'?*m?rj"), v. i. To emerge again.

 Re'ë*mer"gence (-m?r"jens), n. Act of reëmerging.

 Re'ën*act" (r?'?n*?kt"), v. t. To enact again.

 Re'ën*ac"tion (-?k"sh?n), n. The act of reënacting; the state of being reënacted.

 Re'ën*act"ment (-?kt"ment), n. The enacting or passing of a law a second time; the renewal of a law.

 Re'ën*cour"age (-k?r"?j;), v. t. To encourage again.

 Re'ën*dow" (-dou"), v. t. To endow again.

 Re'ën*force" (-f?rs"), v. t. [Pref. re- + enforce: cf. F. renforcer.] To strengthen with new force, assistance, material, or support; as, to reënforce an argument; to reënforce a garment; especially, to strengthen with additional troops, as an army or a fort, or with additional ships, as a fleet. [Written also reinforce.]

 Re'ën*force", n. [See Reënforce, v., and cf.
 Ranforce, Reinforce.] Something which reënforces or strengthens.
 Specifically: (a) That part of a cannon near the breech which is thicker than the rest of the piece, so as better to resist the force of the exploding powder. See Illust. of Cannon. (b) An additional thickness of canvas, cloth, or the like, around an eyelet,