the great gods after the last pair of primaeval deities, mention is duly made of Anu and Nudimmud (the latter a title of Ea), corresponding to the {'Anos} and {'Aos} of Damascius; and there appears to be no reference to Enlil, the original of {'Illinos}. It is just possible that his name occurred at the end of one of the broken lines, and, if so, we should have a complete parallel to Damascius. But the traces are not in favour of the restoration;(1) and the omission of Enlil's name from this part of the poem may be readily explained as a further tribute to Marduk, who definitely usurps his place throughout the subsequent narrative. Anu and Ea had both to be mentioned because of the parts they play in the Epic, but Enlil's only recorded appearance is in the final assembly of the gods, where he bestows his own name "the Lord of the World"(2) upon Marduk. The evidence of Damascius suggests that Enlil's name was here retained, between those of Anu and Ea, in other versions of the poem. But the occurrence of the name in any version is in itself evidence of the antiquity of this strand of the narrative. It is a legitimate inference that the myth of the Birth of the Gods goes back to a time at least before the rise of Babylon, and is presumably of Sumerian origin.

 Further evidence of this may be seen in the fact that Anu, Enlil, and Ea (i.e. Enki), who are here created together, are the three great gods of the Sumerian Version of Creation; it is they who create mankind with the help of the goddess Ninkharsagga, and in the fuller version of that myth we should naturally expect to find some account of their own origin. The reference in Damascius to Marduk ({Belos}) as the son of Ea and Damkina ({Dauke}) is also of interest in this connexion, as it exhibits a goddess in close connexion with one of the three great gods, much as we find Ninkharsagga associated with them in the Sumerian Version.(1) Before leaving the names, it may be added that, of the primaeval deities, Anshar and Kishar are obviously Sumerian in form.

 It may be noted that the character of Apsû and Tiamat in this portion of the poem(1) is quite at variance with their later actions. Their revolt at the ordered "way" of the gods was a necessary preliminary to the incorporation of the Dragon myths, in which Ea and Marduk are the heroes.
 Here they appear as entirely beneficent gods of the primaeval water, undisturbed by storms, in whose quiet depths the equally beneficent deities Lakhmu and Lakhamu, Anshar and Kishar, were generated.(2) This interpretation, by the way, suggests a more satisfactory restoration for the close of the ninth line of the poem than any that has yet been proposed. That line is usually taken to imply that the gods were created "in the midst of (heaven)", but I think the following rendering, in connexion with ll. 1-5, gives better sense: If the ninth line of the poem be restored as suggested, its account of the Birth of the Gods will be found to correspond accurately with the summary from Berossus, who, in explaining the myth, refers to the Babylonian belief that the universe consisted at first of moisture in which living creatures, such as he had already described, were generated.(1) The primaeval waters are originally the source of life, not of destruction, and it is in them that the gods are born, as in Egyptian mythology; there Nu, the primaeval water-god from whom Ra was self-created, never ceased to be the Sun-god's supporter. The change in the Babylonian conception was obviously introduced by the combination of the Dragon myth with that of Creation, a combination that in Egypt would never have been justified by the gentle Nile. From a study of some aspects of the names at the beginning of the Babylonian poem we have already seen reason to suspect that its version of the Birth of the Gods goes back to Sumerian times, and it is pertinent to ask whether we have any further evidence that in Sumerian belief water was the origin of all things.

 For many years we have possessed a Sumerian myth of Creation, which has come to us on a late Babylonian tablet as the introductory section of an incantation. It is provided with a Semitic translation, and to judge from its record of the building of Babylon and Egasila, Marduk's temple, and its identification of Marduk himself with the Creator, it has clearly undergone some editing at the hands of the Babylonian priests. Moreover, the occurrence of various episodes out of their logical order, and the fact that the text records twice over the creation of swamps and marshes, reeds and trees or forests, animals and cities, indicate that two Sumerian myths have been combined. Thus we have no guarantee that the other cities referred to by name in the text, Nippur, Erech, and Eridu, are mentioned in any significant connexion with each other.(1) Of the actual cause of Creation the text appears to give two versions also, one in its present form impersonal, and the other carried out by a god. But these two accounts are quite unlike the authorized version of Babylon, and we may confidently regard them as representing genuine Sumerian myths. The text resembles other early accounts of Creation by introducing its narrative with a series of negative statements, which serve to indicate the preceding non-existence of the world, as will be seen from the following extract:(2) Here we have the definite statement that before Creation all the world was sea. And it is important to note that the primaeval water is not personified; the ordinary Sumerian word for "sea" is employed, which the Semitic translator has faithfully rendered in his version of the text.(4) The reference to a channel in the sea, as the cause of Creation, seems at first sight a little obscure; but the word implies a "drain" or "water-channel", not a current of the sea itself, and the reference may be explained as suggested by the drainage of a flood-area. No doubt the phrase was elaborated in the original myth, and it is possible that what appears to be a second version of Creation later on in the text is really part of the more detailed narrative of the first myth. There the Creator himself is named. He is the Sumerian god Gilimma, and in the Semitic translation Marduk's name is substituted. To the following couplet, which describes Gilimma's method of creation, is appended a further extract from a later portion of the text, there evidently displaced, giving additional details of the Creator's work: Here the Sumerian Creator is pictured as forming dry land from the primaeval water in much the same way as the early cultivator in the Euphrates Valley procured the rich fields for his crops. The existence of the earth is here not really presupposed. All the world was sea until the god created land out of the waters by the only practical method that was possible in Mesopotamia.

 In another Sumerian myth, which has been recovered on one of the early tablets from Nippur, we have a rather different picture of beginnings. For there, though water is the source of life, the existence of the land is presupposed. But it is bare and desolate, as in the Mesopotamian season of "low water". The underlying idea is suggestive of a period when some progress in systematic irrigation had already been made, and the filling of the dry canals and subsequent irrigation of the parched ground by the rising flood of Enki was not dreaded but eagerly desired. The myth is only one of several that have been combined to form the introductory sections of an incantation; but in all of them Enki, the god of the deep water, plays the leading part, though associated with different consorts.(1) The incantation is directed against various diseases, and the recitation of the closing mythical section was evidently intended to enlist the aid of special gods in combating them. The creation of these deities is recited under set formulae in a


ion. (b) The sacrament of the eucharist; the holy communion. -- The Lord's Table.
 (a) The altar or table from which the sacrament is dispensed. (b) The sacrament itself.

 Lord, v. t. 1. To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord. [R.] Shak.
2. To rule or preside over as a lord. [R.]

 Lord, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lorded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Lording.] To play the lord; to domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway; -- sometimes with over; and sometimes with it in the manner of a transitive verb.

 The whiles she lordeth in licentious bliss.

Spenser.
 I see them lording it in London streets.

Shak.
 And lorded over them whom now they serve.

Milton.
 Lord"ing, n. [Lord + - ing, 3.] 1. The son of a lord; a person of noble lineage. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. A little lord; a lordling; a lord, in contempt or ridicule.
 [Obs.] Swift.
 In the plural, a common ancient mode of address equivalent to "Sirs" or "My masters."

 Therefore, lordings all, I you beseech.

Chaucer.
 Lord"kin (?), n. A little lord. Thackeray.
 Lord"like', a. [2d lord + like. Cf. Lordly.]

1. Befitting or like a lord; lordly.

2. Haughty; proud; insolent; arrogant.

 Lord"li*ness (?), n. [From Lordly.] The state or quality of being lordly. Shak.
 Lord"ling (?), n. [Lord + - ling.] A little or insignificant lord. Goldsmith.
 Lord"ly, a. [Compar. Lordlier (?); superl. Lordliest.]
 [Lord + -ly. Cf. Lordlike.] 1. Suitable for a lord; of or pertaining to a lord; resembling a lord; hence, grand; noble; dignified; honorable.

 She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.

Judges v. 25.
Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them.

South.
 The maidens gathered strength and grace And presence, lordlier than before.

Tennyson.
2. Proud; haughty; imperious; insolent.

 Lords are lordliest in their wine.

Milton.
Syn. -- Imperious; haughty; overbearing; tyrannical; despotic; domineering; arrogant. See Imperious.

 Lord"ly, adv. In a lordly manner.

 Lord*ol"a*try (?), n. [Lord + -olatry, as in idolatry.]
 Worship of, or reverence for, a lord as such. [Jocose] But how should it be otherwise in a country where lordolatry is part of our creed?

Thackeray.
 ||Lor*do"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; bent so as to be convex in front.] (Med.) (a) A curvature of the spine forwards, usually in the lumbar region. (b) Any abnormal curvature of the bones.

 Lords" and La"dies (?). (Bot.) The European wake-robin (Arum maculatum), -- those with purplish spadix the lords, and those with pale spadix the ladies. Dr. Prior.
 Lord"ship (?), n. 1. The state or condition of being a lord; hence (with his or your), a title applied to a lord (except an archbishop or duke, who is called Grace) or a judge (in Great Britain), etc.

2. Seigniory; domain; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor.

 What lands and lordships for their owner know My quondam barber.

Dryden.
3. Dominion; power; authority.

 They which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them.

Mark x. 42.
 Lore (lr), n. [F. lore, L. lorum thong.] (Zoöl.)
(a) The space between the eye and bill, in birds, and the corresponding region in reptiles and fishes. (b) The anterior portion of the cheeks of insects.

 Lore, obs. imp. & p. p. of Lose.. [See Lose.] Lost.

 Neither of them she found where she them lore.

Spenser.
 Lore, n. [OE. lore, lare, AS. lr, fr. lran to teach; akin to D. leer teaching, doctrine, G. lehre, Dan.
 lære, Sw. lära. See Learn, and cf. Lere, v. t.]
 1. That which is or may be learned or known; the knowledge gained from tradition, books, or experience; often, the whole body of knowledge possessed by a people or class of people, or pertaining to a particular subject; as, the lore of the Egyptians; priestly lore; legal lore; folklore. "The lore of war." Fairfax.
 His fair offspring, nursed in princely lore.

Milton.
2. That which is taught; hence, instruction; wisdom; advice; counsel. Chaucer.
 If please ye, listen to my lore.

Spenser.
3. Workmanship. [Obs.] Spenser.
 { Lor"e*al (?), Lor"al (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lore; -- said of certain feathers of birds, scales of reptiles, etc.

 Lor"el (?), n. [&?;. Cf. Losel.] A good for nothing fellow; a vagabond. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lor"en (?), obs. strong p. p. of Lose. Chaucer.
 Lores"man (?), n. [Lore learning + man.] An instructor. [Obs.] Gower.
 ||Lo'rette" (?), n. [F.] In France, a name for a woman who is supported by her lovers, and devotes herself to idleness, show, and pleasure; -- so called from the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, in Paris, near which many of them resided.

 Lo'ret*tine" (?), n. (R. C. Ch.) One of a order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. The members of the order (called also Sisters of Loretto, or Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) devote themselves to the cause of education and the care of destitute orphans, their labors being chiefly confined to the Western United States.

 Lor'gnette" (?) n. [F.] An opera glass; pl. elaborate double eyeglasses.

 Lo"ri (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lory.

 Lo*ri"ca (?), n.; pl. Loricæ (#). [L., lit., a corselet of thongs, fr. lorum thong.] 1. (Anc. Armor) A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like.

2. (Chem.) Lute for protecting vessels from the fire.

3. (Zoöl.) The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer.

 ||Lor'i*ca"ta (lr'*k"t), n. pl. [NL. See Loricate.] (Zoöl.)
(a) A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos. (b) The crocodilia.

 Lor"i*cate (lr"*kt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loricated (lr"*k'


ivus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] 1. Taking away or removing.
 [Obs.]

 Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablative directions are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn truth.
Bp. Hall.
2. (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, -- the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away.

 Ab"la*tive, (Gram.) The ablative case.

ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (either expressed or implied), agreeing with it in gender, number, and case, both words forming a clause by themselves and being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the sentence; as, Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit, i. e., Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came.

 ||Ab"laut (&?;), n. [Ger., off-sound; ab off + laut sound.] (Philol.) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation; as, get, gat, got; sing, song; hang, hung. Earle.
 A*blaze" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blaze.]
 1. On fire; in a blaze, gleaming. Milman.
 All ablaze with crimson and gold. Longfellow.
2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire.

 The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos.
Carlyle.
 A"ble (&?;), a. [Comp. Abler (&?;); superl.
 Ablest (&?;).] [OF. habile, L. habilis that may be easily held or managed, apt, skillful, fr. habere to have, hold.
 Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit; adapted; suitable. [Obs.]

 A many man, to ben an abbot able. Chaucer.
2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill, means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the object; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for some end; competent; qualified; capable; as, an able workman, soldier, seaman, a man able to work; a mind able to reason; a person able to be generous; able to endure pain; able to play on a piano.

3. Specially: Having intellectual qualifications, or strong mental powers; showing ability or skill; talented; clever; powerful; as, the ablest man in the senate; an able speech.

 No man wrote abler state papers. Macaulay.
4. (Law) Legally qualified; possessed of legal competence; as, able to inherit or devise property.

Able for, is Scotticism. "Hardly able for such a march."
Robertson.
Syn. -- Competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; capable; skillful; clever; vigorous; powerful.

 A"ble, v. t. [See Able, a.] [Obs.] 1. To make able; to enable; to strengthen. Chaucer.
2. To vouch for. "I 'll able them." Shak.
 -a*ble (-*b'l). [F. -able, L. -abilis.] An adjective suffix now usually in a passive sense; able to be; fit to be; expressing capacity or worthiness in a passive sense; as, movable, able to be moved; amendable, able to be amended; blamable, fit to be blamed; salable.

 The form -ible is used in the same sense.

 It is difficult to say when we are not to use -able instead of -ible.
 "Yet a rule may be laid down as to when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex -able only." Fitzed. Hall.
 A'ble-bod"ied (&?;), a. Having a sound, strong body; physically competent; robust. "Able-bodied vagrant." Froude. -- A'ble-bod"ied*ness, n.. Ab"le*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. ablegatus, p. p. of ablegare; ab + legare to send with a commission. See Legate.] To send abroad. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Ab"le*gate (&?;), n. (R. C. Ch.) A representative of the pope charged with important commissions in foreign countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly named cardinal his insignia of office.

 Ab'le*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. ablegatio.] The act of sending abroad. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
 A'ble-mind"ed (#), a. Having much intellectual power. -- A'ble-mind"ed*ness, n. A"ble*ness (&?;), n. Ability of body or mind; force; vigor.
 [Obs. or R.]

 Ab"lep*sy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to see.]
 Blindness. [R.] Urquhart.
 A"bler (&?;), a., comp. of Able. -- A"blest (&?;), a., superl. of Able.

 Ab"let (&?;), Ab"len [F. ablet, ablette, a dim. fr. LL.
 abula, for albula, dim. of albus white. Cf. Abele.]
 (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Leuciscus alburnus); the bleak.

 Ab"li*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. ab + ligatus, p. p. of ligare to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.]

 Ab*lig'u*ri"tion (&?;), n. [L. abligurito, fr. abligurire to spend in luxurious indulgence; ab + ligurire to be lickerish, dainty, fr. lingere to lick.] Prodigal expense for food.
 [Obs.] Bailey.
 A"blins (&?;), adv. [See Able.] Perhaps. [Scot.]

 A*bloom" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + bloom.] In or into bloom; in a blooming state. Masson.
 Ab*lude" (&?;), v. t. [L. abludere; ab + ludere to play.] To be unlike; to differ. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Ab"lu*ent (&?;), a. [L. abluens, p. pr. of. abluere to wash away; ab + luere (lavere, lavare). See Lave.] Washing away; carrying off impurities; detergent. -- n. (Med.)
 A detergent.

 A*blush" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blush.]
 Blushing; ruddy.

 Ab*lu'tion (&?;), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere: cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of washing or cleansing; specifically, the washing of the body, or some part of it, as a religious rite.

2. The water used in cleansing. "Cast the ablutions in the main." Pope.
3. (R. C. Ch.) A small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wash the priest's thumb and index finger after the communion, and which then, as perhaps containing portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk by the priest.

 Ab*lu"tion*a*ry (&?;), a


the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat; to indulge in laughter.

 Queen Hecuba laughed that her eyes ran o'er.

Shak.
 He laugheth that winneth.

Heywood's Prov.
2. Fig.: To be or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or brilliant; to sparkle; to sport.

 Then laughs the childish year, with flowerets crowned.

Dryden.
 In Folly's cup still laughs the bubble Joy.

Pope.
To laugh at, to make an object of laughter or ridicule; to make fun of; to deride.

 No wit to flatter left of all his store, No fool to laugh at, which he valued more.

Pope.
 -- To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at. -- To laugh out, to laugh in spite of some restraining influence; to laugh aloud. -- To laugh out of the other corner (or side) of the mouth, to weep or cry; to feel regret, vexation, or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang] Laugh, v. t. 1. To affect or influence by means of laughter or ridicule.

 Will you laugh me asleep, for I am very heavy?

Shak.
 I shall laugh myself to death.

Shak.
2. To express by, or utter with, laughter; -- with out.

 From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.

Shak.
To laugh away. (a) To drive away by laughter; as, to laugh away regret. (b) To waste in hilarity. "Pompey doth this day laugh away his fortune." Shak. -- To laugh down.
 (a) To cause to cease or desist by laughter; as, to laugh down a speaker. (b) To cause to be given up on account of ridicule; as, to laugh down a reform. -- To laugh one out of, to cause one by laughter or ridicule to abandon or give up; as, to laugh one out of a plan or purpose. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn; to despise.

 Laugh (?), n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species; the sound heard in laughing; laughter. See Laugh, v. i. And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind.

Goldsmith.
 That man is a bad man who has not within him the power of a hearty laugh.

F. W. Robertson.
 Laugh"a*ble (?), a. Fitted to excite laughter; as, a laughable story; a laughable scene.

Syn. -- Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See Droll, and Ludicrous.

 -- Laugh"a*ble*ness, n. -- Laugh"a*bly, adv.
 Laugh"er (?), n. 1. One who laughs.

2. A variety of the domestic pigeon.

 Laugh"ing (?), a. & n. from Laugh, v. i. Laughing falcon (Zoöl.), a South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans); -- so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laugh. -- Laughing gas (Chem.), hyponitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen; -- so called from the exhilaration and laughing which it sometimes produces when inhaled. It is much used as an anæsthetic agent. -- Laughing goose (Zoöl.), the European white-fronted goose. -- Laughing gull. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gull (Xema ridibundus); -- called also pewit, black cap, red-legged gull, and sea crow. (b) An American gull (Larus atricilla). In summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black. -- Laughing hyena (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. See Hyena. -- Laughing jackass (Zoöl.), the great brown kingfisher (Dacelo gigas), of Australia; -- called also giant kingfisher, and gogobera.
 -- Laughing owl (Zoöl.), a peculiar owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, said to be on the verge of extinction. The name alludes to its notes.

 Laugh"ing*ly (?), adv. With laughter or merriment.

 Laugh"ing*stock' (?), n. An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Shak.
 When he talked, he talked nonsense, and made himself the laughingstock of his hearers.

Macaulay.
 Laugh"some (?), a. Exciting laughter; also, addicted to laughter; merry. [R.]

 Laugh"ter (?), n. [AS. hleahtor; akin to OHG. hlahtar, G. gelächter, Icel. hltr, Dan. latter. See Laugh, v. i. ] A movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. See Laugh, v. i. The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal organs, is not merely, or totally within the jurisdiction of ourselves.

Sir T. Browne.
 Archly the maiden smiled, and with eyes overrunning with laughter.

Longfellow.
 Laugh"ter*less, a. Not laughing; without laughter.

 Laugh"wor'thy (?), a. Deserving to be laughed at. [R.] B. Jonson.
 Lau"mont*ite (?), n. [From Dr. Laumont, the discoverer.] (Min.)
 A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles. [Written also laumonite.]

 Launce (?), n. A lance. [Obs.]

 Launce, n. [It. lance, L. lanx, lancis, plate, scale of a balance. Cf. Balance.] A balance. [Obs.]

 Fortune all in equal launce doth sway.

Spenser.
 Launce, n. (Zoöl.) See Lant, the fish.

 Launce"gaye' (?), n. See Lancegaye. [Obs.]

 Launch (länch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Launched (läncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] [OE. launchen to throw as a lance, OF. lanchier, another form of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] [Written also lanch.] 1.
 To throw, as a lance or dart; to hurl; to let fly.

2. To strike with, or as with, a lance; to pierce. [Obs.]

Launch your hearts with lamentable wounds.

Spenser.
3. To cause to move or slide from the land into the water; to set afloat; as, to launch a ship.

 With stays and cordage last he rigged the ship, And rolled on levers, launched her in the deep.

Pope.
4. To send out; to start (one) on a career; to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation; as, to launch a son in the world; to launch a business project or enterprise.

 All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in England.

Eikon Basilike.
 Launch, v. i. To move with


University "Studies;" also by E. P. Tanner, "The Province of New Jersey" (1908) and by E. J. Fisher, "New Jersey as a Royal Province, _PHONE_" (1911) in the Columbia University "Studies." Several county histories yield excellent material concerning the life and times of the colonists, notably Isaac Mickle's "Reminiscences of Old Gloucester" (1845) and L. T. Stevens's "The History of Cape May County" (1897) which are real histories written in scholarly fashion and not to be confused with the vulgar county histories gotten up to sell.

 The Dutch and Swedish occupation of the lands bordering on the Delaware may be followed in the following histories: Benjamin Ferris, "A History of the Original Settlements of the Delaware" (1846); Francis Vincent, "A History of the State of Delaware" (1870); J. T. Scharf, "History of Delaware, _PHONE_," 2 vols. (1888); Karl K. S. Sprinchorn, Kolonien Nya Sveriges Historia (1878), translated in the "Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography," vols. VII and VIII. In volume IV of Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America" is a chapter contributed by G. B. Keen on "New Sweden, or The Swedes on the Delaware." The most recent minute work on the subject is "The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware," 2 vols. (1911) by Amandus Johnson.


on the high seas.

 Pi"rate, v. t. To publish, as books or writings, without the permission of the author.

 They advertised they would pirate his edition.

Pope.
 Pi*rat"ic (?), a. Piratical.

 Pi*rat"ic*al (?), a. [L. piraticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. piratique.]
 Of or pertaining to a pirate; acquired by, or practicing, piracy; as, a piratical undertaking. "Piratical printers." Pope. -- Pi*rat"ic*al*ly, adv.
 ||Pi*ra"ya (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A large voracious fresh-water fish (Serrasalmo piraya) of South America, having lancet-shaped teeth.

 Pir"ie (?), n. (Naut.) See Pirry.

 Pir"ie, n. [See Pear.] (Bot.) A pear tree. [Written also pery, pyrie.] [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Pi'ri*ri"gua (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.)
 A South American bird (Guira guira) allied to the cuckoos.

 Pirl (?), v. t. [Cf. Purl.] 1. To spin, as a top.

2. To twist or twine, as hair in making fishing lines.

 Pirn (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A quill or reed on which thread or yarn is wound; a bobbin; also, the wound yarn on a weaver's shuttle; also, the reel of a fishing rod. [Scot.]

 Pi*rogue" (?), n. [Originally an American Indian word: cf. F. pirogue, Sp. piroga, piragua.] A dugout canoe; by extension, any small boat. [Written variously periauger, perogue, piragua, periagua, etc.]

 Pir'ou*ette" (?), n. [F.; of uncertain origin.] 1. A whirling or turning on the toes in dancing.

2. (Man.) The whirling about of a horse.

 Pir'ou*ette", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirouetted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pirouetting.] [F. pirouetter.] To perform a pirouette; to whirl, like a dancer.

 { Pir"ry, Pir"rie } (?), n. [Cf. Scot. pirr a gentle breeze, Icel. byrr a prosperous wind, bylr a blast of wind.] A rough gale of wind. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.
 Pis'as*phal"tum (?), n. See Pissasphalt.

 Pi"say (?), n. (Arch.) See Pisé.

 Pis"ca*ry (?), n. [L. piscarius relating to fishes or to fishing, fr. piscis a fish.] (Law) The right or privilege of fishing in another man's waters. Blackstone.
 Pis*ca"tion (?), n. [L. piscatio, fr. piscari to fish.] Fishing; fishery. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 ||Pis*ca"tor (?), n. [L.] A fisherman; an angler.

 { Pis'ca*to"ri*al (?), Pis"ca*to*ry (?), } a. [L. piscatorius, fr. piscator a fisherman, fr. piscari to fish, fr. piscis a fish. See Fish the animal.] Of or pertaining to fishes or fishing. Addison.
 ||Pis"ces (?), n. pl. [L. piscis a fish.] 1. (Astron.)
(a) The twelfth sign of the zodiac, marked in almanacs. (b) A zodiacal constellation, including the first point of Aries, which is the vernal equinoctial point; the Fish.

2. (Zoöl.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the fishes. The principal divisions are Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, and Teleostei.

 Pis"ci*cap'ture (?), n. Capture of fishes, as by angling. [R.] W. H. Russell.
 Pis'ci*cul"tur*al (?), a. Relating to pisciculture.

 Pis'ci*cul"ture (?), n. [L. piscis a fish + E. culture.]
 Fish culture. See under Fish.

 Pis'ci*cul"tur*ist, n. One who breeds fish.

 Pis"ci*form (?), a. [L. piscis fish + -form.] Having the form of a fish; resembling a fish.

 ||Pis*ci"na (?), n. [L., a certain, fishpond, fr. piscis a fish.] (Arch.) A niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin for rinsing altar vessels.

 Pis"ci*nal (?), a. [L. piscinalis: cf. F. piscinal.]
 Belonging to a fishpond or a piscina.

 Pis"cine (?), a. [L. piscis a fish.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a fish or fishes; as, piscine remains.

 Pis*civ"o*rous (?), a. [L. piscis a fish + vorare to devour: cf. F. piscivore.] (Zoöl.) Feeding or subsisting on fish.

 ||Pi'sé" (?), n. [F. pisé, from piser to stamp, pound, L. pisare.] (Arch.) A species of wall made of stiff earth or clay rammed in between molds which are carried up as the wall rises; -- called also pisé work. Gwilt.
 Pish (?), interj. An exclamation of contempt.

 Pish (?), v. i. To express contempt. Pope.
 ||Pi"shu (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Canada lynx. [Written also peeshoo.]

 Pi"si*form (?), a. [L. pisum a pea + -form: cf. F. pisiforme.]
 Resembling a pea or peas in size and shape; as, a pisiform iron ore.

 Pi"si*form, n. (Anat.) A small bone on the ulnar side of the carpus in man and many mammals. See Illust. of Artiodactyla.

 Pis"mire (?), n. [Piss + mire; so called because it discharges a moisture vulgarly considered urine. See Mire an ant.] (Zoöl.)
 An ant, or emmet.

 Pi"so*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a pea + - lite: cf. F. pisolithe.]
 (Min.) A variety of calcite, or calcium carbonate, consisting of aggregated globular concretions about the size of a pea; -- called also peastone, peagrit.

 Oölite is similar in structure, but the concretions are as small as the roe of a fish.

 Pi'so*lit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pisolithique.] (Min.)
 Composed of, containing, or resembling, pisolite.

 Pis"o*phalt (?), n. [For pissasphalt.] (Min.)
 Pissasphalt. [Obs.]

 Piss (?), v. t. & i. [OE. pissen, F. pisser; akin to It. pisciare, D. & G. pissen, Dan. pisse, Icel. pissa.] To discharge urine, to urinate. Shak.
 Piss, n. Urine.

 Piss"a*bed' (?), n. (Bot.) A name locally applied to various wild plants, as dandelion, bluet, oxeye daisy, etc.

 Pis"sas*phalt (?), n. [L. pissas


thetic remark.

 A parenthetical observation of Moses himself.

Hales.
2. Using or containing parentheses.

 Par'en*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a parenthetical manner; by way of parenthesis; by parentheses.

 Par"ent*hood (?), n. The state of a parent; the office or character of a parent.

 Pa*ren"ti*cide (?), n. [L. parenticida a parricide; parens parent + caedere to kill.]

1. The act of one who kills one's own parent. [R.]

2. One who kills one's own parent; a parricide. [R.]

 Par"ent*less (?), a. Deprived of parents.

 Par*ep'i*did"y*mis (?), n. [NL. See Para-, and Epididymis.] (Anat.)
 A small body containing convoluted tubules, situated near the epididymis in man and some other animals, and supposed to be a remnant of the anterior part of the Wolffian body.

 Par"er (?), n. [From Pare, v. t.] One who, or that which, pares; an instrument for paring.

 ||Pa*rer"gon (?), n. [L.] See Parergy.

 Par"er*gy (?), n. [L. parergon, Gr. &?;; para' beside + &?; work.] Something unimportant, incidental, or superfluous. [Obs.]
 Sir T. Browne.
 ||Par"e*sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to let go; &?; from + &?; to send.] (Med.) Incomplete paralysis, affecting motion but not sensation.

 Par*eth"moid (?), a. [Pref. para- + ethmoid.] (Anat.)
 Near or beside the ethmoid bone or cartilage; -- applied especially to a pair of bones in the nasal region of some fishes, and to the ethmoturbinals in some higher animals. -- n. A parethmoid bone.

 Pa*ret"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to paresis; affected with paresis.

 Par*fay" (?), interj. [Par + fay.] By my faith; verily. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Par"fit (?), a. Perfect. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Par"fit*ly, adv. Perfectly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Par*forn" (?), Par*fourn" (?) }, v. t. To perform. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Piers Plowman.
 Par"gas*ite (?), n. [So called from Pargas, in Finland.] (Min.)
 A dark green aluminous variety of amphibole, or hornblende.

 Parge"board' (?), n. See Bargeboard.

 Par"get (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pargeted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pargeting.] [OE. pargeten, also spargeten, sparchen; of uncertain origin.] 1. To coat with parget; to plaster, as walls, or the interior of flues; as, to parget the outside of their houses. Sir T. Herbert.
 The pargeted ceiling with pendants.

R. L. Stevenson.
2. To paint; to cover over. [Obs.]

 Par"get, v. i. 1. To lay on plaster.

2. To paint, as the face. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Par"get, n. 1. Gypsum or plaster stone.

2. Plaster, as for lining the interior of flues, or for stuccowork.
 Knight.
3. Paint, especially for the face. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Par"get*er (?), n. A plasterer. Johnson.
 Par"get*ing, n. [Written also pargetting.] Plasterwork; esp.: (a) A kind of decorative plasterwork in raised ornamental figures, formerly used for the internal and external decoration of houses.
 (b) In modern architecture, the plastering of the inside of flues, intended to give a smooth surface and help the draught.

 Par"get*o*ry (?), n. Something made of, or covered with, parget, or plaster. [Obs.] Milton.
 Par*he"lic (?), a. Of or pertaining to parhelia.

 Par*hel"ion (?), n.; pl. Parhelia (#). [L. parelion, Gr. &?;, &?;; para' beside + &?; the sun.] A mock sun appearing in the form of a bright light, sometimes near the sun, and tinged with colors like the rainbow, and sometimes opposite to the sun.
 The latter is usually called an anthelion. Often several mock suns appear at the same time. Cf. Paraselene.

 ||Par*he"li*um (?), n. See Parhelion.

 Par"i- (?). [L. par, paris, equal.] A combining form signifying equal; as, paridigitate, paripinnate.

 Pa"ri*ah (?), n. [From Tamil paraiyan, pl. paraiyar, one of the low caste, fr. parai a large drum, because they beat the drums at certain festivals.]

1. One of an aboriginal people of Southern India, regarded by the four castes of the Hindoos as of very low grade. They are usually the serfs of the Sudra agriculturalists. See Caste. Balfour (Cyc. of India).
2. An outcast; one despised by society.

Pariah dog (Zoöl.), a mongrel race of half-wild dogs which act as scavengers in Oriental cities. -- Pariah kite (Zoöl.), a species of kite (Milvus govinda) which acts as a scavenger in India.

 Pa*ri"al (?), n. See Pair royal, under Pair, n. Pa"ri*an (?), a. [L. Parius.] Of or pertaining to Paros, an island in the Ægean Sea noted for its excellent statuary marble; as, Parian marble.

Parian chronicle, a most ancient chronicle of the city of Athens, engraved on marble in the Isle of Paros, now among the Arundelian marbles.

 Pa"ri*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Paros.

2. A ceramic ware, resembling unglazed porcelain biscuit, of which are made statuettes, ornaments, etc.

 ||Par'i*dig'i*ta"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pari-, and Digitate.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Artiodactyla.

 Par'i*dig"i*tate (?), a. (Anat.) Having an even number of digits on the hands or the feet. Qwen.
 ||Pa"ri*es (?), n.; pl. Parietes (#). [See Parietes.]
 (Zoöl.) The triangular middle part of each segment of the shell of a barnacle.

 Pa*ri"e*tal (?), a. [L. parietalis, fr. paries, -ietis, a wall: cf. F. pariétal. Cf. Parietary, Pellitory.]

1. Of or pertaining to a wall; hence, pertaining to buildings or the care of them.

2. Resident within the walls or buildings of a college.

 At Harvard College, the officers resident within the college walls constitute a permanent standing committee, called the Parietal Committee.

B. H. Hall (1856).
3. (Anat.) (a) Of pertaining to the parietes. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the parietal bones, which form the upper and middle part of the cranium, between the frontals and occipitals.

4.


los whole.

 Hol"o*blast (?), n. [Holo + - blast.] (Biol.)
 an ovum composed entirely of germinal matter. See Meroblast.

 Hol'o*blas"tic (?), a. (Biol.) Undergoing complete segmentation; composed entirely of germinal matter, the whole of the yolk undergoing fission; -- opposed to meroblastic.

 Hol"o*caust (?), n. [L. holocaustum, Gr. &?;, neut. of &?;, &?;, burnt whole; "o'los whole + kaysto's burnt, fr. kai'ein to burn (cf. Caustic): cf. F. holocauste.] 1. A burnt sacrifice; an offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire, among the Jews and some pagan nations. Milton.
2. Sacrifice or loss of many lives, as by the burning of a theater or a ship. [An extended use not authorized by careful writers.]

 ||Hol'o*ceph"a*li (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. "o'los whole + kefalh' head.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranch fishes, including, among living species, only the chimæras; -- called also Holocephala.
 See Chimæra; also Illustration in Appendix.

 Hol'o*cryp"tic (?), a. [Holo- + Gr. kry'ptein to conceal.]
 Wholly or completely concealing; incapable of being deciphered.

Holocryptic cipher, a cipher so constructed as to afford no clew to its meaning to one ignorant of the key.

 Hol'o*crys"tal*line (?), a. [Holo + crystalline.] (Min.)
 Completely crystalline; -- said of a rock like granite, all the constituents of which are crystalline.

 Hol"o*graph (?), n. [L. holographus entirely autograph, Gr.
 "olo'grafos; "o'los whole + gra'fein to write: cf. F. holographe, olographe.] A document, as a letter, deed, or will, wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be.

 Hol'o*graph"ic (?), a. Of the nature of a holograph; pertaining to holographs.

 Hol'o*he"dral (?), a. [Holo- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr.
 &?; to sit.] (Crystallog.) Having all the planes required by complete symmetry, -- in opposition to hemihedral.

 Hol'o*hem'i*he"dral (?), a. [Holo- + hemihedral.] (Crystallog.)
 Presenting hemihedral forms, in which all the sectants have halt the whole number of planes. Dana.
 ||Hol'o*me*tab"o*la (?), n. pl. [NL. See Holo-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.)
 Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola.

 Hol'o*met'a*bol"ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a complete metamorphosis; -- said of certain insects, as the butterflies and bees.

 Ho*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Holo + -meter: cf. F. holometre.]
 An instrument for making all kinds of angular measurements.

 Hol'o*phan"er*ous (?), a. [Holo + Gr. &?; visible, fr.
 &?; to appear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holometabolic.

 Hol'o*pho"tal (?), a. [Holo + Gr. &?;, &?;, light.]
 (Opt.) Causing no loss of light; -- applied to reflectors which throw back the rays of light without perceptible loss.

 Hol"o*phote (?), n. A lamp with lenses or reflectors to collect the rays of light and throw them in a given direction; -- used in lighthouses.

 Hol'o*phras"tic (?), a. [Holo + Gr. &?; to speak: cf. F.
 holophrastique.] Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word, -- as is the case in the aboriginal languages of America.

 Hol'o*phyt"ic (?), a. [Holo + Gr.&?; a plant.] Wholly or distinctively vegetable.

Holophytic nutrition (&?;), that form of nutrition, characteristic of vegetable organisms, in which carbonic acid, ammonia, and nitrates are absorbed as food, in distinction from the animal mode of nutrition, by the ingestion of albuminous matter.

 Hol'o*rhi"nal (?), a. [Holo + Gr.&?;, nose.] (Anat.)
 Having the nasal bones contiguous.

 Hol'o*sid"er*ite (?), n. [Holo + siderite.] (Min.)
 Meteoric iron; a meteorite consisting of metallic iron without stony matter.

 Ho*los"te*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Holostei.

 ||Ho*los"te*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "o'los whole + &?; a bone.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of ganoids, including the gar pike, bowfin, etc.; the bony ganoids. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Hol'o*ster"ic (?), a. [Holo + Gr.stereo's solid.] Wholly solid; -- said of a barometer constructed of solid materials to show the variations of atmospheric pressure without the use of liquids, as the aneroid.

 ||Hol'o*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "o'los whole + sto'ma, -atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture.

 Ho*los"to*mate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Holostomatous.

 Hol'o*stom"a*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having an entire aperture; -- said of many univalve shells.

 Hol"o*stome (?), n. [Holo + Gr. sto'ma mouth.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the Holostomata.

 ||Ho*los"tra*ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "o'los whole + &?; shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell.

 Hol"o*thure (?), n. [L. holothuria, pl., a sort of water polyp, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A holothurian.

 Hol'o*thu"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Holothurioidea. -- n. One of the Holothurioidea.

 Some of the species of Holothurians are called sea cucumbers, sea slugs, trepang, and bêche de mèr. Many are used as food, esp. by the Chinese. See Trepang.

 ||Hol'o*thu'ri*oi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Holothure, and -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the classes of echinoderms. They have a more or less elongated body, often flattened beneath, and a circle of tentacles, which are usually much branched, surrounding the mouth; the skin is more or less flexible, and usually contains calcareous plates of various characteristic forms, sometimes becoming large and scalelike. Most of the species have five bands (ambulacra) of sucker-bearing feet along the sides; in others these are lacking. In one group (Pneumonophora) two branching internal gills are developed; in


winter buds.

 They are protected by a firm covering, and are usually destined to perpetuate the species during the winter season. They burst open and develop in the spring. In some fresh-water sponges they serve to preserve the species during the dry season. See Illust. under Phylactolæmata.

 Sta*toc"ra*cy (?), n. [State + -cracy, as in democracy.]
 Government by the state, or by political power, in distinction from government by ecclesiastical power. [R.] O. A. Brownson.
 Stat"u*a (?), n. [L.] A statue. [Obs.]

 They spake not a word; But, like dumb statuas or breathing stones, Gazed each on other.

Shak.
 Stat"u*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Statuaries (#). [L. statuarius, n., fr. statuarius, a., of or belonging to statues, fr. statua statue: cf. F. statuaire. See Statue.] 1. One who practices the art of making statues.

 On other occasions the statuaries took their subjects from the poets.

Addison.
2. [L. statuaria (sc. ars): cf. F. statuaire.]
 The art of carving statues or images as representatives of real persons or things; a branch of sculpture. Sir W. Temple.
3. A collection of statues; statues, collectively.

 Stat"ue (?), n. [F., fr. L. statua (akin to stativus standing still), fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1.
 The likeness of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid substance, as marble, bronze, or wax; an image; as, a statue of Hercules, or of a lion.

 I will raise her statue in pure gold.

Shak.
2. A portrait. [Obs.] Massinger.
 Stat"ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Statued (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Statuing.] To place, as a statue; to form a statue of; to make into a statue. "The whole man becomes as if statued into stone and earth." Feltham.
 Stat"ued (?), a. Adorned with statues. "The statued hall."
 Longfellow. "Statued niches." G. Eliot.
 Stat"ue*less (?), a. Without a statue.

 Stat"ue*like' (?), a. Like a statue; motionless.

 Stat'u*esque" (?), a. Partaking of, or exemplifying, the characteristics of a statue; having the symmetry, or other excellence, of a statue artistically made; as, statuesquelimbs; a statuesque attitude.

 Their characters are mostly statuesque even in this respect, that they have no background.

Hare.
 Stat'u*esque"ly, adv. In a statuesque manner; in a way suggestive of a statue; like a statue.

 A character statuesquely simple in its details.

Lowell.
 Stat'u*ette" (?), n. [F., cf. It. statuetta.] A small statue; -- usually applied to a figure much less than life size, especially when of marble or bronze, or of plaster or clay as a preparation for the marble or bronze, as distinguished from a figure in terra cotta or the like. Cf. Figurine.

 Sta*tu"mi*nate (?), v. t. [L. statuminatus, p. p. of statuminare to prop, fr. statumen a prop, fr. statuere to place.] To prop or support. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Stat"ure (?), n. [F. stature, OF. estature, from L. statura, originally, an upright posture, hence, height or size of the body, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] The natural height of an animal body; -- generally used of the human body.

 Foreign men of mighty stature came.

Dryden.
 Stat"ured (?), a. Arrived at full stature. [R.]

 ||Sta"tus (?), n. [L.] State; condition; position of affairs.

 { ||Sta"tus in' quo" (?), ||Sta"tus quo" }. [L., state in which.] The state in which anything is already. The phrase is also used retrospectively, as when, on a treaty of place, matters return to the status quo ante bellum, or are left in statu quo ante bellum, i.e., the state (or, in the state) before the war.

 Stat"u*ta*ble (?), a. 1. Made or introduced by statute; proceeding from an act of the legistature; as, a statutable provision or remedy.

2. Made or being in conformity to statute; standard; as, statutable measures.

 Stat"u*ta*bly, adv. Conformably to statute.

 Stat"ute (?), n. [F. statut, LL. statutum, from L. statutus, p. p. of statuere to set, station, ordain, fr. status position, station, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constitute, Destitute.] 1. An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the written will of the legislature expressed with all the requisite forms of legislation; -- used in distinction fraom common law.
 See Common law, under Common, a. Bouvier.
Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives. In monarchies, legislature laws of the sovereign are called edicts, decrees, ordinances, rescripts, etc. In works on international law and in the Roman law, the term is used as embracing all laws imposed by competent authority. Statutes in this sense are divided into statutes real, statutes personal, and statutes mixed; statutes real applying to immovables; statutes personal to movables; and statutes mixed to both classes of property.

2. An act of a corporation or of its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law; as, the statutes of a university.

3. An assemblage of farming servants (held possibly by statute) for the purpose of being hired; -- called also statute fair. [Eng.] Cf.
 3d Mop, 2. Halliwell.
Statute book, a record of laws or legislative acts. Blackstone.
 -- Statute cap, a kind of woolen cap; -- so called because enjoined to be worn by a statute, dated in 1571, in behalf of the trade of cappers.
 [Obs.] Halliwell. -- Statute fair. See Statute, n., 3, above. -- Statute labor, a definite amount of labor required for the public service in making roads, bridges, etc., as in certain English colonies. -- Statute merchant (Eng. Law), a bond of record pursuant to the stat. 13 Edw. I., acknowledged in form prescribed, on which, if not paid at the day, an execution might be awarded against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, and the obligee might hold the lands until out of the rents and profits of them the debt was satisfied; -- called also a pocket judgment. It is now fallen into disuse. Tomlins.
Bouvier. -- Statute mile. See under Mile. -- Statute of limitations (Law), a statute assigned a certain time, after which rights can not be enforced by action. -- Statute staple, a bond of record acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, by virtue of which the creditor may, on nonpayment, forthwith have execution against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, as in the statute merchant.
 It is now disused. Blackstone.
Syn. -- Act; regulation; edict; decree. See Law.

 Stat"u*to*ry (?), a. Enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority; as, a statutory provision.

 { Staunch (?), Staunch"ly, Staunch"ness, etc. } See Stanch, Stanchly, etc.


akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr.
 &?; haste, zeal, &?; to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. étude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.]
 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge.

 Hammond... spent thirteen hours of the day in study.

Bp. Fell.
Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace.

Sir W. Temple.
2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation.

 Just men they seemed, and all their study bent To worship God aright, and know his works.

Milton.
3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.

 The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study.

Law.
 The proper study of mankind is man.

Pope.
4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work.
 "His cheery little study." Hawthorne.
5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture.

6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude.

 Stud"y (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Studied (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Studying (?).] [OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. étudier. See Study, n.] 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. Chaucer.
 I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable.

Swift.
2. To apply the mind to books or learning. Shak.
3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous. 1 Thes. iv. 11.
 Stud"y, v. t. 1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.

2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature.

Study thyself; what rank or what degree The wise Creator has ordained for thee.

Dryden.
3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech.

4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.

 For their heart studieth destruction.

Prov. xxiv. 2.
 ||Stu"fa (?), n. [It. stufa a stove. See Stove.] A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth.

 Stuff (?), n. [OF. estoffe, F. étoffe; of uncertain origin, perhaps of Teutonic origin and akin to E. stop, v.t. Cf. Stuff, v. t.] 1. Material which is to be worked up in any process of manufacture.

 For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much.

Ex. xxxvi. 7.
 Ambitions should be made of sterner stuff.

Shak.
 The workman on his stuff his skill doth show, And yet the stuff gives not the man his skill.

Sir J. Davies.
2. The fundamental material of which anything is made up; elemental part; essence.

 Yet do I hold it very stuff o' the conscience To do no contrived murder.

Shak.
3. Woven material not made into garments; fabric of any kind; specifically, any one of various fabrics of wool or worsted; sometimes, worsted fiber.

 What stuff wilt have a kirtle of?

Shak.
 It [the arras] was of stuff and silk mixed, though, superior kinds were of silk exclusively.

F. G. Lee.
4. Furniture; goods; domestic vessels or utensils.

 He took away locks, and gave away the king's stuff.

Hayward.
5. A medicine or mixture; a potion. Shak.
6. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, also, foolish or irrational language; nonsense; trash.

 Anger would indite Such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write.

Dryden.
7. (Naut.) A melted mass of turpentine, tallow, etc., with which the masts, sides, and bottom of a ship are smeared for lubrication.
 Ham. Nav. Encyc.
8. Paper stock ground ready for use.

 When partly ground, called half stuff. Knight.
Clear stuff. See under Clear. -- Small stuff (Naut.), all kinds of small cordage. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Stuff gown, the distinctive garb of a junior barrister; hence, a junior barrister himself. See Silk gown, under Silk.

 Stuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuffing.] [OE. stoffen; cf. OF. estoffer, F. étoffer, to put stuff in, to stuff, to line, also, OF. estouffer to stifle, F. étouffer; both perhaps of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stop. Cf. Stop, v. t., Stuff, n.] 1. To fill by crowding something into; to cram with something; to load to excess; as, to stuff a bedtick.

 Sometimes this crook drew hazel bought adown, And stuffed her apron wide with nuts so brown.

Gay.
 Lest the gods, for sin, Should with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin.

Dryden.
2. To thrust or crowd; to press; to pack.

 Put roses into a glass with a narrow mouth, stuffing them close together... and they retain smell and color.

Bacon.
3. To fill by being pressed or packed into.

 With inward arms the dire machine they load, And iron bowels stuff the dark abode.

Dryden.
4. (Cookery) To fill with a seasoning composition of bread, meat, condiments, etc.; as, to stuff a turkey.

5. To obstruct, as any of the organs; to affect with some obstruction in the organs of sense or respiration.

 I'm stuffed, cousin; I can not smell.

Shak.
6. To fill the skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen; -- said of birds or other animals.

7. To form or fashion by packing with the necessary material.

 An Eastern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence, and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and placed upon the tribunal.

Swift.
8. To crowd with facts; to cram the mind of; sometimes, to crowd or fill with false or idle tales or fancies.

9. To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). [U. S.]

 Stuff (?), v. i. To feed gluttonously; to cram.

 Taught harmless man to cram and stuff.

Swift.
 Stuff"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stuffs.

 Stuff"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being stuffy.

 Stuff"ing, n. 1. That which is used for filling anything; as, the stuffing of a saddle or cushion.

2. (Cookery) Any seasoning preparation used to stuff meat; especially, a composition of bread, condiments, spices, etc.; forcemeat; dressing.

3. A mixture of oil and tallow used in softening and dressing leather.

Stuffing box, a device for rendering a joint impervious where there is a hole through which a movable cylindrical body, as the paston rod of a steam engine, or the plunger of a pump, slides back and forth, or in which a


legacies.

3. (Chem.) That which remains of a molecule after the removal of a portion of its constituents; hence, an atom or group regarded as a portion of a molecule; -- used as nearly equivalent to radical, but in a more general sense.

 The term radical is sometimes restricted to groups containing carbon, the term residue being applied to the others.

4. (Theory of Numbers) Any positive or negative number that differs from a given number by a multiple of a given modulus; thus, if 7 is the modulus, and 9 the given number, the numbers -5, 2, 16, 23, etc., are residues.

Syn. -- Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum; remains; leavings; relics.

 Re*sid"u*ous (r?-z?d"?-?s), a. [L. residuus.] Remaining; residual. Landor.
 Re*sid"u*um (-?m), n. [L. See Residue.] That which is left after any process of separation or purification; that which remains after certain specified deductions are made; residue.

 "I think so," is the whole residuum... after evaporating the prodigious pretensions of the zealot demagogue.

L. Taylor.
 Re*siege" (r?-s?j"), v. t. [Pref. re- + siege a seat.] To seat again; to reinstate. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Re-sign" (r?-s?n"), v. t. [Pref. re- + sign.] To affix one's signature to, a second time; to sign again.

 Re*sign" (r?-z?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resigned (-z?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resigning.] [F. résigner, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. rere- + signare to seal, stamp. See Sign, and cf. Resignation.]

1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively.

 I here resign my government to thee.

Shak.
 Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost.

Milton.
 What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God?

Tiilotson.
2. To relinquish; to abandon.

 He soon resigned his former suit.

Spenser.
3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.]

 Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors.

Evelyn.
Syn. -- To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. -- Resign, Relinquish. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. "Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it." Steele.
 See Abdicate.

 Re sign", n. Resignation. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Res'ig*na"tion (r?z'?g-n?"sh?n), n. [F. résignation.
 See Resign.] 1. The act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession, office, or the like; surrender; as, the resignation of a crown or comission.

2. The state of being resigned or submissive; quiet or patient submission; unresisting acquiescence; as, resignation to the will and providence of God.

Syn. -- Patience; surrender; relinquisment; forsaking; abandonment; abdication; renunciation; submission; acquiescence; endurance. See Patience.

 Re*signed" (r?-z?nd"), a. Submissive; yielding; not disposed to resist or murmur.

 A firm, yet cautious mind; Sincere, thought prudent; constant, yet resigned.

Pope.
 Re*sign"ed*ly (r?-z?n"?d-l?), adv. With submission.

 Res'ign*ee" (r?z'?-n?"), n. One to whom anything is resigned, or in whose favor a resignation is made.

 Re*sign"er (r?-z?n"?r), n. One who resigns.

 Re*sign"ment (-ment), n. The act of resigning.

 Re*sile" (r?-z?l"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resiled (-z?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resiling.] [L. resilire to leap or spring back; pref. rere- + salire to leap, spring.
 See Salient.] To start back; to recoil; to recede from a purpose. J. Ellis.
 { Re*sil"i*ence (r?-z?l"?-ens), Re*sil"i*en*cy (-en-s?), } n. 1. The act of resiling, springing back, or rebounding; as, the resilience of a ball or of sound.

2. (Mech. & Engyn.) The mechanical work required to strain an elastic body, as a deflected beam, stretched spring, etc., to the elastic limit; also, the work performed by the body in recovering from such strain.

 Re*sil"i*ent (-ent), a. [L. resiliens, p. pr.]
 Leaping back; rebounding; recoiling.

 Res'i*li"tion (r?z'?-l?sh"?n), n. Resilience. [R.]

 Res"in (r?z"?n), n. [F. résine, L. resina; cf.
 Gr. "rhti'nh Cf. Rosin.] Any one of a class of yellowish brown solid inflammable substances, of vegetable origin, which are nonconductors of electricity, have a vitreous fracture, and are soluble in ether, alcohol, and essential oils, but not in water; specif., pine resin (see Rosin).

Resins exude from trees in combination with essential oils, gums, etc., and in a liquid or semiliquid state. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are supposed to be formed by the oxidation of the essential oils. Copal, mastic, guaiacum, and colophony or pine resin, are some of them. When mixed with gum, they form the gum resins, like asafetida and gamboge; mixed with essential oils, they form balsams, or oleoresins.

Highgate resin (Min.), a fossil resin resembling copal, occuring in blue clay at Highgate, near London. -- Resin bush (Bot.), a low composite shrub (Euryops speciosissimus) of South Africa, having smooth pinnately parted leaves and abounding in resin.

 Res'in*a"ceous (-?"sh?s), a. Having the quality of resin; resinous.

 Res"in*ate (r?z"?n-?t), n. (Chem.) Any one of the salts the resinic acids.


. Having the quality of converting organic matter into stone; petrifying.

2. Pertaining to, or characterized by, petrifaction.

 The... petrifactive mutations of hard bodies.

Sir T. Browne.
 Pe*trif"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pétrifique.] Petrifying; petrifactive.

 Death with his mace petrific, cold and dry.

Milton.
 Pet"ri*fi*cate (?), v. t. To petrify. [Obs.]

 Our hearts petrificated were.

J. Hall (1646).
 Pet'ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. pétrification. See Petrify.] 1. See Petrifaction.

2. Fig.: Obduracy; callousness. Hallywell.
 Pet"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petrified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Petrifying (?).] [L. petra rock, Gr. &?; (akin to &?; a stone) + -fy: cf. F. pétrifier.
 Cf. Parrot, Petrel, Pier.] 1. To convert, as any animal or vegetable matter, into stone or stony substance.

 A river that petrifies any sort of wood or leaves.

Kirwan.
2. To make callous or obdurate; to stupefy; to paralyze; to transform; as by petrifaction; as, to petrify the heart. Young.
 "Petrifying accuracy." Sir W. Scott.
 And petrify a genius to a dunce.

Pope.
 The poor, petrified journeyman, quite unconscious of what he was doing.

De Quincey.
 A hideous fatalism, which ought, logically, to petrify your volition.

G. Eliot.
 Pet"ri*fy, v. i. 1. To become stone, or of a stony hardness, as organic matter by calcareous deposits.

2. Fig.: To become stony, callous, or obdurate.

 Like Niobe we marble grow, And petrify with grief.

Dryden.
 Pe"trine (?), a. Of or pertaining to St.Peter; as, the Petrine Epistles.

 Pet"ro- (?). A combining form from Gr. &?; a rock, &?; a stone; as, petrology, petroglyphic.

 Pe*trog"a*le (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a rock + &?; a weasel.] (Zoöl.) Any Australian kangaroo of the genus Petrogale, as the rock wallaby (P. penicillata).

 Pet'ro*glyph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to petroglyphy.

 Pe*trog"ly*phy (?), n. [Petro + Gr. &?; to carve.] The art or operation of carving figures or inscriptions on rock or stone.

 { Pet'ro*graph"ic (?), Pet'ro*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to petrography.

 Pe*trog"ra*phy (?), n. [Petro + -graphy.] 1.
 The art of writing on stone.

2. The scientific description of rocks; that department of science which investigates the constitution of rocks; petrology.

 Pet'ro*hy"oid (?), a. [Petro + hyoid.] (Anat.)
 Pertaining to petrous, oe periotic, portion of the skull and the hyoid arch; as, the petrohyoid muscles of the frog.

 Pe*trol" (?), n. Petroleum. [R.]

 Pet'ro*la"tum (?), n. (Chem. & Pharm.) A semisolid unctuous substance, neutral, and without taste or odor, derived from petroleum by distilling off the lighter portions and purifying the residue. It is a yellowish, fatlike mass, transparent in thin layers, and somewhat fluorescent. It is used as a bland protective dressing, and as a substitute for fatty materials in ointments. U. S. Pharm.
Petrolatum is the official name for the purified product. Cosmoline and vaseline are commercial names for substances essentially the same, but differing slightly in appearance and consistency or fusibility.

 Pe*tro"le*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. petra a rock + oleum oil: cf. F. pétrole. Cf. Petrify, and Oil.] Rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil, a dark brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which, at certain points, exists in the upper strata of the earth, from whence it is pumped, or forced by pressure of the gas attending it. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and properties. It is refined by distillation, and the products include kerosene, benzine, gasoline, paraffin, etc.

Petroleum spirit, a volatile liquid obtained in the distillation of crude petroleum at a temperature of 170° Fahr., or below. The term is rather loosely applied to a considerable range of products, including benzine and ligroin. The terms petroleum ether, and naphtha, are sometimes applied to the still more volatile products, including rhigolene, gasoline, cymogene, etc.

 { ||Pé'tro'leur" (?), n. m. ||Pé'tro'leuse" (?), n. f. }[F.] One who makes use of petroleum for incendiary purposes.

 Pet"ro*line (?), n. (Chem.) A paraffin obtained from petroleum from Rangoon in India, and practically identical with ordinary paraffin.

 { Pet'ro*log"ic (?), Pet'ro*log"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to petrology.

 Pet'ro*log"ic*al*ly, adv. According to petrology.

 Pe*trol"o*gist (?), n. One who is versed in petrology.

 Pe*trol"o*gy (?), n. [Petro + -logy.] 1. The department of science which is concerned with the mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks, and with their classification: lithology.

2. A treatise on petrology.

 Pet'ro*mas"toid (?), a. [Petro + mastoid.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone, periotic.

 Pet'ro*my"zont (?), n. [Petro + Gr. &?; to suck in.] (Zoöl.)
 A lamprey.

 Pet'ro*nel (?), n. [OF. petrinal, fr. peitrine, petrine, the breast, F. poitrine; so called because it was placed against the breast in order to fire. See Poitrel.] A sort of hand cannon, or portable firearm, used in France in the 15th century.

 Pe*tro"sal (?), a. [See Petrous.] (Anat.) (a) Hard; stony; petrous; as, the petrosal bone; petrosal part of the temporal bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the petrous, or petrosal, bone, or the corresponding part of the temporal bone.

Petrosal bone (Anat.), a bone corresponding to the petrous portion of the temporal bone of man; or one forming more or less of the periotic capsule.

 Pe*tro"sal, n. (Anat.) (a) A petrosal bone. (b) The auditory capsule. Owen.
 Pet'ro*si"lex (?), n. [Petro + silex.] (Min.)
 Felsite.

 Pet


impressions or influences; as, they were passive spectators, not actors in the scene.

 The passive air Upbore their nimble tread.

Milton.
 The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas.

Locke.
2. Receiving or enduring without either active sympathy or active resistance; without emotion or excitement; patient; not opposing; unresisting; as, passive obedience; passive submission.

 The best virtue, passive fortitude.

Massinger.
3. (Chem.) Inactive; inert; not showing strong affinity; as, red phosphorus is comparatively passive.

4. (Med.) Designating certain morbid conditions, as hemorrhage or dropsy, characterized by relaxation of the vessels and tissues, with deficient vitality and lack of reaction in the affected tissues.

Passive congestion (Med.), congestion due to obstruction to the return of the blood from the affected part. -- Passive iron (Chem.), iron which has been subjected to the action of heat, of strong nitric acid, chlorine, etc. It is then not easily acted upon by acids. -- Passive movement (Med.), a movement of a part, in order to exercise it, made without the assistance of the muscles which ordinarily move the part.
 -- Passive obedience (as used by writers on government), obedience or submission of the subject or citizen as a duty in all cases to the existing government. -- Passive prayer, among mystic divines, a suspension of the activity of the soul or intellectual faculties, the soul remaining quiet, and yielding only to the impulses of grace. -- Passive verb, or Passive voice (Gram.), a verb, or form of a verb, which expresses the effect of the action of some agent; as, in Latin, doceor, I am taught; in English, she is loved; the picture is admired by all; he is assailed by slander.

Syn. -- Inactive; inert; quiescent; unresisting; unopposing; suffering; enduring; submissive; patient.

 Pas"sive*ly, adv. 1. In a passive manner; inertly; unresistingly.

2. As a passive verb; in the passive voice.

 Pas"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being passive; unresisting submission.

 To be an effect implies passiveness, or the being subject to the power and action of its cause.

J. Edwards.
 Pas*siv"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. passivité.] 1.
 Passiveness; -- opposed to activity. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Physics) The tendency of a body to remain in a given state, either of motion or rest, till disturbed by another body; inertia.
 Cheyne.
3. (Chem.) The quality or condition of any substance which has no inclination to chemical activity; inactivity.

 Pass"-key' (?), n. A key for opening more locks than one; a master key.

 Pass"less, a. Having no pass; impassable. Cowley.
 Pass"man (?), n.; pl. Passmen (&?;). One who passes for a degree, without honors. See Classman, 2. [Eng. Univ.]

 Pass"o'ver (?), n. [Pass + over. See Pasch.] (Jewish Antiq.) (a) A feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the sparing of the Hebrews in Egypt, when God, smiting the firstborn of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Israelites which were marked with the blood of a lamb. (b) The sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover; the paschal lamb. Ex. xii.
 Pass'-pa*role" (?), n. [F. passeparole.] (Mil.) An order passed from front to rear by word of mouth.

 Pass"port (&?;), n. [F. passeport, orig., a permission to leave a port or to sail into it; passer to pass + port a port, harbor. See Pass, and Port a harbor.] 1. Permission to pass; a document given by the competent officer of a state, permitting the person therein named to pass or travel from place to place, without molestation, by land or by water.

 Caution in granting passports to Ireland.

Clarendon.
2. A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to certify their nationality and protect them from belligerents; a sea letter.

3. A license granted in time of war for the removal of persons and effects from a hostile country; a safeconduct. Burrill.
4. Figuratively: Anything which secures advancement and general acceptance. Sir P. Sidney.
 His passport is his innocence and grace.

Dryden.
 ||Pas"sus (?), n.; pl. L. Passus, E. Passuses (&?;). [L., a step, a pace. See Pace.] A division or part; a canto; as, the passus of Piers Plowman. See 2d Fit.

 Pass"word' (?), n. A word to be given before a person is allowed to pass; a watchword; a countersign. Macaulay.
 Pas"sy*meas'ure (?), n. [Corrupted fr. It. passamezzo.]
 [Obs.] See Paspy. Shak.
 Past (?), a. [From Pass, v.] Of or pertaining to a former time or state; neither present nor future; gone by; elapsed; ended; spent; as, past troubles; past offences. "Past ages." Milton.
Past master. See under Master.

 Past, n. A former time or state; a state of things gone by. "The past, at least, is secure." D. Webster.
 The present is only intelligible in the light of the past, often a very remote past indeed.

Trench.
 Past, prep. 1. Beyond, in position, or degree; further than; beyond the reach or influence of. "Who being past feeling." Eph.
 iv. 19. "Galled past endurance." Macaulay.
 Until we be past thy borders.

Num. xxi. 22.
 Love, when once past government, is consequently past shame.

L'Estrange.
 2. Beyond, in time; after; as, past the hour.

 Is it not past two o'clock?

Shak.
3. Above; exceeding; more than. [R.]

 Not past three quarters of a mile.

Shak.
 Bows not past three quarters of a yard long.

Spenser.
 Past (?), adv. By; beyond; as, he ran past.

 The alarum of drums swept past.

Longfellow.
 Paste (?), n. [OF. paste, F. pâte, L. pasta, fr. Gr. &?; barley broth; cf. &?; barley porridge, &?; sprinkled with salt, &?; to sprinkle. Cf. Pasty, n., Patty.] 1.
 A soft composition, as of flour moistened with water or milk, or of earth moistened to the consistence of dough, as in making potter's ware.

2. Specifically, in cookery, a dough prepared for the crust of pies and the like; pastry dough.

3. A kind of cement made of flour and water, starch and water, or the like, -- used for uniting paper or other substances, as in bookbinding, etc., -- also used in calico printing as a vehicle for mordant or color.

4. A highly refractive vitreous composition, variously colored, used in making imitations of precious stones or gems. See Strass.

5. A soft confection made of the inspissated juice of fruit, licorice, or the like, with sugar, etc.

6. (Min.) The mineral substance in which other minerals are imbedded.

Paste eel (Zoöl.), the vinegar eel. See under Vinegar.

 Paste, v. t.


, and cf. Fortalice.] A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; a fort; a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security.

Syn. -- Fortress, Fortification, Castle, Citadel. A fortress is constructed for military purposes only, and is permanently garrisoned; a fortification is built to defend harbors, cities, etc.; a castle is a fortress of early times which was ordinarily a palatial dwelling; a citadel is the stronghold of a fortress or city, etc.

 For"tress, v. t. To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard; to fortify. Shak.
 For*tu"i*tous (?), a. [L. fortuitus; akin to forte, adv., by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance. See Fortune.] 1. Happening by chance; coming or occuring unexpectedly, or without any known cause; chance; as, the fortuitous concourse of atoms.

 It was from causes seemingly fortuitous... that all the mighty effects of the Reformation flowed.

Robertson.
 So as to throw a glancing and fortuitous light upon the whole.

Hazlitt.
2. (LAw) Happening independently of human will or means of foresight; resulting from unavoidable physical causes. Abbott.
Syn. -- Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. See Accidental.

 -- For*tu"i*tous*ly, adv. -- For*tu"i*tous*ness, n. For*tu"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. fortuité.] Accident; chance; casualty. D. Forbes (1750).
 For"tu*nate (?; 135), a. [L. fortunatus, p. p. of fortunare to make fortunate or prosperous, fr. fortuna. See Fortune, n.]
 1. Coming by good luck or favorable chance; bringing some good thing not foreseen as certain; presaging happiness; auspicious; as, a fortunate event; a fortunate concurrence of circumstances; a fortunate investment.

2. Receiving same unforeseen or unexpected good, or some good which was not dependent on one's own skill or efforts; favored with good forune; lucky.

Syn. -- Auspicious; lucky; prosperous; successful; favored; happy.
 -- Fortunate, Successful, Prosperous. A man is fortunate, when he is favored of fortune, and has unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which men commonly desire. One may be fortunate, in some cases, where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if he has been mistaken in the value of what he has aimed at, he may for that reason fail to be prosperous.

 For"tu*nate*ly, adv. In a fortunate manner; luckily; successfully; happily.

 For"tu*nate*ness, n. The condition or quality of being fortunate; good luck; success; happiness.

 For"tune (fôr"tn; 135), n. [F. fortune, L. fortuna; akin to fors, fortis, chance, prob. fr. ferre to bear, bring. See Bear to support, and cf. Fortuitous.] 1. The arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner; chance; accident; luck; hap; also, the personified or deified power regarded as determining human success, apportioning happiness and unhappiness, and distributing arbitrarily or fortuitously the lots of life.

 'T is more by fortune, lady, than by merit.

Shak.
 O Fortune, Fortune, all men call thee fickle.

Shak.
2. That which befalls or is to befall one; lot in life, or event in any particular undertaking; fate; destiny; as, to tell one's fortune.

 You, who men's fortunes in their faces read.

Cowley.
3. That which comes as the result of an undertaking or of a course of action; good or ill success; especially, favorable issue; happy event; success; prosperity as reached partly by chance and partly by effort.

 Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give.

Dryden.
 There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.

Shak.
 His father dying, he was driven to seek his fortune.

Swift.
4. Wealth; large possessions; large estate; riches; as, a gentleman of fortune.

Syn. -- Chance; accident; luck; fate.

Fortune book, a book supposed to reveal future events to those who consult it. Crashaw. -- Fortune hunter, one who seeks to acquire wealth by marriage. -- Fortune teller, one who professes to tell future events in the life of another. -- Fortune telling, the practice or art of professing to reveal future events in the life of another.

 For"tune, v. t. [OF. fortuner, L. fortunare. See Fortune, n.] 1. To make fortunate; to give either good or bad fortune to. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To provide with a fortune. Richardson.
3. To presage; to tell the fortune of. [Obs.] Dryden.
 For"tune, v. i. To fall out; to happen.

 It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serving a Turk in the camp, secretely gave the watchmen warning.

Knolles.
 For"tune*less, a. Luckless; also, destitute of a fortune or portion. Spenser.
 For"tun*ize (?), v. t. To regulate the fortune of; to make happy.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 For"ty (fôr"t), a. [OE. forti, fourti, fowerti, AS. feówertig; feówer four + suff. - tig ten; akin to OS. fiwartig, fiartig, D. veertig, G. vierzig, Icel. fjörutu, Sw. fyratio, Dan. fyrretyve, Goth. fidwr tigjus. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Fourteen.] Four times ten; thirty-nine and one more.

 For"ty, n.; pl. Forties (-tz). 1. The sum of four tens; forty units or objects.

2. A symbol expressing forty units; as, 40, or xl.

 For"ty-spot' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Tasmanian forty-spotted diamond bird (Pardalotus quadragintus).

 Fo"rum (?), n.; pl. E. Forums (#), L. Fora (#). [L.; akin to foris, foras, out of doors. See Foreign.]
 1. A market place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people.

2. A tribunal; a court; an assembly empowered to hear and decide causes.

 He [Lord Camden] was... more eminent in the senate than in the forum.

Brougham.
 For*waked" (? or?), p. p. & a. Tired out with excessive waking or watching. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 For*wan"der (?), v. i. To wander away; to go astray; to wander far and to weariness. [Obs.]

 For"ward (?), n. [OE., fr. AS. foreweard; fore before + weard a ward. See Ward, n.] An agreement; a covenant; a promise. [Obs.]

 Tell us a tale anon, as forward is.

Chaucer.
 { For"ward (?), For"wards (?) }, adv. [AS. forweard, foreweard; for, fore + -weardes; akin to G.


of types and that in an array you can thus step right from the last byte of a previous component to the first byte of the next one. This is not only machinebut compiler-dependent.
The assumption that memory address space is globally flat and that the array reference foo[-1] is necessarily valid. Problem: this fails at 0, or other places on segment-addressed machines like Intel chips (yes, segmentation is universally considered a brain-damaged way to design machines (see moby), but that is a separate issue).
The assumption that objects can be arbitrarily large with no special considerations. Problem: this fails on segmented architectures and under non-virtual-addressing environments.
The assumption that the stack can be as large as memory.
Problem: this fails on segmented architectures or almost anything else without virtual addressing and a paged stack.
The assumption that bits and addressable units within an object are ordered in the same way and that this order is a constant of nature. Problem: this fails on big-endian machines.
The assumption that it is meaningful to compare pointers to different objects not located within the same array, or to objects of different types. Problem: the former fails on segmented architectures, the latter on word-oriented machines or others with multiple pointer formats.
The assumption that an int is 32 bits, or (nearly equivalently) the assumption that sizeof(int) == sizeof(long). Problem: this fails on PDP-11s, 286-based systems and even on 386 and 68000 systems under some compilers (and on 64-bit systems like the Alpha, of course).
The assumption that argv[] is writable. Problem: this fails in many embedded-systems C environments and even under a few flavors of Unix.
Note that a programmer can validly be accused of vaxocentrism even if he or she has never seen a VAX. Some of these assumptions (esp. 2-5) were valid on the PDP-11, the original C machine, and became endemic years before the VAX. The terms 'vaxocentricity' and 'all-the-world's-a-VAX syndrome' have been used synonymously.
Node:vdiff, Next:veeblefester, Previous:vaxocentrism, Up:= V = vdiff /vee'dif/ v.,n.
Visual diff. The operation of finding differences between two files by eyeball search.
The term 'optical diff' has also been reported, and is sometimes more specifically used for the act of superimposing two nearly identical printouts on one another and holding them up to a light to spot differences. Though this method is poor for detecting omissions in the 'rear' file, it can also be used with printouts of graphics, a claim few if any diff programs can make. See diff.
Node:veeblefester, Next:velveeta, Previous:vdiff, Up:= V = veeblefester /vee'b*l-fes'tr/ n.
[from the "Born Loser" comix via Commodore; prob. originally from "Mad" Magazine's 'Veeblefetzer' parodies beginning in #15, 1954] Any obnoxious person engaged in the (alleged) professions of marketing or management. Antonym of hacker. Compare suit, marketroid.
Node:velveeta, Next:ventilator card, Previous:veeblefester, Up:= V = velveeta n.
[Usenet: by analogy with spam. The trade name Velveeta is attached in the U.S. to a particularly nasty processed-cheese spread.] Also knows as ECP; a message that is excessively cross-posted, as opposed to spam which is too frequently posted. This term is widely recognized but not commonly used; most people refer to both kinds of abuse as spam.
Compare jello.
Node:ventilator card, Next:Venus flytrap, Previous:velveeta, Up:= V = ventilator card n. Syn. lace card.
Node:Venus flytrap, Next:verbage, Previous:ventilator card, Up:= V = Venus flytrap n.
[after the insect-eating plant] See firewall machine.
Node:verbage, Next:verbiage, Previous:Venus flytrap, Up:= V = verbage /ver'b*j/ n. A deliberate misspelling and mispronunciation of verbiage that assimilates it to the word 'garbage'. Compare content-free. More pejorative than 'verbiage'.
Node:verbiage, Next:Version 7, Previous:verbage, Up:= V = verbiage n. When the context involves a software or hardware system, this refers to documentation. This term borrows the connotations of mainstream 'verbiage' to suggest that the documentation is of marginal utility and that the motives behind its production have little to do with the ostensible subject.
Node:Version 7, Next:vgrep, Previous:verbiage, Up:= V = Version 7 alt. V7 /vee' se'vn/ n. The first widely distributed version of Unix, released unsupported by Bell Labs in 1978.
The term is used adjectivally to describe Unix features and programs that date from that release, and are thus guaranteed to be present and portable in all Unix versions (this was the standard gauge of portability before the POSIX and IEEE 1003 standards). Note that this usage does not derive from the release being the "seventh version of Unix"; research Unix at Bell Labs has traditionally been numbered according to the edition of the associated documentation. Indeed, only the widely-distributed Sixth and Seventh Editions are widely known as V[67]; the OS that might today be known as 'V10' is instead known in full as "Tenth Edition Research Unix" or just "Tenth Edition" for short. For this reason, "V7" is often read by cognoscenti as "Seventh Edition". See BSD, USG Unix, Unix.
Some old-timers impatient with commercialization and kernel bloat still maintain that V7 was the Last True Unix.
Node:vgrep, Next:vi, Previous:Version 7, Up:= V = vgrep /vee'grep/ v.,n.
Visual grep. The operation of finding patterns in a file optically rather than digitally (also called an 'optical grep').
See grep; compare vdiff.
Node:vi, Next:video toaster, Previous:vgrep, Up:= V = vi /V-I/, not /vi:/ and never /siks/ n.
[from 'Visual Interface'] A screen editor crufted together by Bill Joy for an early BSD release.
Became the de facto standard Unix editor and a nearly undisputed hacker favorite outside of MIT until the rise of EMACS after about 1984. Tends to frustrate new users no end, as it will neither take commands while expecting input text nor vice versa, and the default setup on older versions provides no indication of which mode the editor is in (years ago, a correspondent reported that he has often heard the editor's name pronounced /vi:l/; there is now a vi clone named 'vile'). Nevertheless vi (and variants such as vim and elvis) is still widely used (about half the respondents in a 1991 Usenet poll preferred it), and even EMACS fans often resort to it as a mail editor and for small editing jobs (mainly because it starts up faster than the bulkier versions of EMACS). See holy wars.
Node:video toaster, Next:videotex, Previous:vi, Up:= V = video toaster n. Historically, an Amiga fitted with a particular line of special video effects hardware from NewTek - long a popular platform at special-effects and video production houses. More generally, any computer system designed specifically for video production and manipulation. Compare web toaster and see toaster.
Node:videotex, Next:virgin, Previous:video toaster, Up:= V = videotex n. obs.
An electronic service offering people the privilege of paying to read the weather on their television screens instead of having somebody read it to them for free while they brush their teeth.
The idea bombed everywhere it wasn't government-subsidized, because by the time videotex was practical the installed base of personal computers could hook up to timesharing services and do the things for which videotex might have been worthwhile better and cheaper. Videotex planners badly overestimated both the appeal of getting information from a computer and the cost of local intelligence at the user's end. Like the gor


, the lucid orbs of heaven.

Lucid, like a glowworm.

Sir I. Newton.
 A court compact of lucid marbles.

Tennyson.
2. Clear; transparent. " Lucid streams." Milton.
3. Presenting a clear view; easily understood; clear.

 A lucid and interesting abstract of the debate.

Macaulay.
4. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not darkened or confused by delirium or madness; marked by the regular operations of reason; as, a lucid interval.

Syn. -- Luminous; bright; clear; transparent; sane; reasonable. See Luminous.

 Lu*cid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. lucidité. See Lucid.] The quality or state of being lucid.

 Lu"cid*ly (?), adv. In a lucid manner.

 Lu"cid*ness, n. The quality of being lucid; lucidity.

 Lu"ci*fer (?), n. [L., bringing light, n., the morning star, fr. lux, lucis, light + ferre to bring.]

1. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; -- applied in Isaiah by a metaphor to a king of Babylon.

 How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!
 how art thou cut down to the ground which didst weaken the nations!

Is. xiv. 12.
 Tertullian and Gregory the Great understood this passage of Isaiah in reference to the fall of Satan; in consequence of which the name Lucifer has since been applied to Satan.

Kitto.
2. Hence, Satan.

 How wretched Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favors!...
 When he falls, he falls like Lucifer, Never to hope again.

Shak.
3. A match made of a sliver of wood tipped with a combustible substance, and ignited by friction; -- called also lucifer match, and locofoco. See Locofoco.

4. (Zoöl.) A genus of freeswimming macruran Crustacea, having a slender body and long appendages.

 Lu'ci*fe"ri*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Lucifer; having the pride of Lucifer; satanic; devilish.

2. Of or pertaining to the Luciferians or their leader.

 Lu'ci*fe"ri*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the fourth century, who separated from the orthodox churches because they would not go as far as he did in opposing the Arians.

 Lu*cif"er*ous (?), a. [See Lucifer.] Giving light; affording light or means of discovery. Boyle.
 Lu*cif"er*ous*ly, adv. In a luciferous manner.

 Lu*cif"ic (?), a. [L. lucificus; lux, lucis, light + facere to make.] Producing light. Grew.
 Lu"ci*form (?), a. [L. lux, lucis, light = -form.]
 Having, in some respects, the nature of light; resembling light. Berkeley.
 Lu*cif"ri*an (?), a. Luciferian; satanic. [Obs.] Marston.
 Lu*cim"e*ter (?), n. [L. lux, lucis, light + -meter.]
 an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a photometer.

 Luck (?), n. [Akin to D. luk, geluk, G. glück, Icel. lukka, Sw. lycka, Dan. lykke, and perh. to G. locken to entice. Cf. 3d Gleck.] That which happens to a person; an event, good or ill, affecting one's interests or happiness, and which is deemed casual; a course or series of such events regarded as occurring by chance; chance; hap; fate; fortune; often, one's habitual or characteristic fortune; as, good, bad, ill, or hard luck. Luck is often used for good luck; as, luck is better than skill.

 If thou dost play with him at any game, Thou art sure to lose; and of that natural luck, He beats thee 'gainst the odds.

Shak.
Luck penny, a small sum given back for luck to one who pays money.
 [Prov. Eng.] -- To be in luck, to receive some good, or to meet with some success, in an unexpected manner, or as the result of circumstances beyond one's control; to be fortunate.

 Luck"i*ly (?), adv. [From Lucky.] In a lucky manner; by good fortune; fortunately; -- used in a good sense; as, they luckily escaped injury.

 Luck"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being lucky; as, the luckiness of a man or of an event.

2. Good fortune; favorable issue or event. Locke.
 Luck"less, a. Being without luck; unpropitious; unfortunate; unlucky; meeting with ill success or bad fortune; as, a luckless gamester; a luckless maid.

 Prayers made and granted in a luckless hour.

Dryden.
 -- Luck"less*ly, adv. -- Lock"less*ness, n. Luck"y (?), a. [Compar. Luckier (?); superl. Luckiest.]
 1. Favored by luck; fortunate; meeting with good success or good fortune; -- said of persons; as, a lucky adventurer. " Lucky wight." Spenser.
2. Producing, or resulting in, good by chance, or unexpectedly; favorable; auspicious; fortunate; as, a lucky mistake; a lucky cast; a lucky hour.

 We doubt not of a fair and lucky war.

Shak.
Syn. -- Successful; fortunate; prosperous; auspicious.

 Luck'y proach" (?). (Zoöl.) See Fatherlasher.

 Lu"cra*tive (?), a. [L. lucrativus, fr. lucrari to gain, fr. lucrum gain: cf. F. lucratif. See Lucre.]

1. Yielding lucre; gainful; profitable; making increase of money or goods; as, a lucrative business or office.

 The trade of merchandise being the most lucrative, may bear usury at a good rate.

Bacon.
2. Greedy of gain. [Obs.]

 Such diligence as the most part of our lucrative lawyers do use, in deferring and prolonging of matters and actions from term to term.

Latimer.
 Lu"cra*tive*ly, adv. In a lucrative manner.

 Lu"cre (?), n. [F. lucre, L. lucrum.] Gain in money or goods; profit; riches; -- often in an ill sense.

 The lust of lucre and the dread of death.

Pope.
 Lu*crif"er*ous (?), a. [L. lucrum gain +-ferous.]
 Gainful; profitable. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Lu*crif"ic (?), a. [L. lucrificus; lucrum gain + facere to make.] Producing profit; gainful. [Obs.]

 Luc*ta"tion (?), n. [L. luctatio, fr. luctari to wrestle, strive.] Effort to overcome in contest; struggle; endeavor. [R.]
 Farindon.
 Luc"tu*al (?), a. [L. luctus mourning, sorrow, fr. lugere, fr. luctum, to mourn.] Producing grief; saddening. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.
 Lu"cu*brate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lucubrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lucubrated (?).] [L. lucubratus, p. p. of lucubrare to work by lamplight, fr. lux light. See Light, n.] To study