kettle of hot fat.

2. To simmer; to boil. [Obs.]

 With crackling flames a caldron fries.

Dryden The frothy billows fry.

Spenser.
3. To undergo or cause a disturbing action accompanied with a sensation of heat.

 To keep the oil from frying in the stomach.

Bacon.
4. To be agitated; to be greatly moved. [Obs.]

 What kindling motions in their breasts do fry.

Fairfax.
 Fry, n. 1. A dish of anything fried.

2. A state of excitement; as, to be in a fry. [Colloq.]

 Fry, n. [OE. fri, fry, seed, descendants, cf. OF. froye spawning, spawn of. fishes, little fishes, fr. L. fricare tosub (see Friction), but cf. also Icel. fræ, frj, seed, Sw.
 & Dan. frö, Goth. fraiw seed, descendants.]

1. (Zoöl.) The young of any fish.

2. A swarm or crowd, especially of little fishes; young or small things in general.

 The fry of children young.

Spenser.
 To sever... the good fish from the other fry.

Milton.
 We have burned two frigates, and a hundred and twenty small fry.

Walpole.
 Fry"ing, n. The process denoted by the verb fry.

Frying pan, an iron pan with a long handle, used for frying meat, vegetables, etc.

 Fu"age (?), n. Same as Fumage.

 Fu"ar (?), n. Same as Feuar.

 Fub (?), Fubs (&?;), n. [Cf. Fob a pocket.] A plump young person or child. [Obs.] Smart.
 Fub, v. t. [The same word as fob to cheat.] To put off by trickery; to cheat. [Obs.]

 I have been fubbed off, and fubbed off, and fabbed off, from this day to that day.

Shak.
 Fub"ber*y (?), n. Cheating; deception. Marston.
 { Fub"by (?), Fub"sy (?) } a. Plump; chubby; short and stuffy; as a fubsy sofa. [Eng.]

 A fubsy, good-humored, silly... old maid.

Mme. D'Arblay.
 { Fu"cate (?), Fu"ca*ted (?) } a. [L. fucatus, p. p. of fucare to color, paint, fr. fucus.] Painted; disguised with paint, or with false show.

 ||Fuchs (?), n. [G., prop., a fox.] (German Univ.) A student of the first year.

 Fuch"si*a (?), n.; pl. E. Fuchsias (#), L. Fuchsiæ (#). [NL. Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] (Bot.)
 A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Doubleflowered varieties are now common in cultivation.

 Fuch"sine (?), n. [Named by the French inventor, from Fuchs a fox, the German equivalent of his own name, Renard.] (Chem.)
 Aniline red; an artificial coal-tar dyestuff, of a metallic green color superficially, resembling cantharides, but when dissolved forming a brilliant dark red. It consists of a hydrochloride or acetate of rosaniline. See Rosaniline.

 Fu*civ"o*rous (?), a. [Fucus + L. vorare to eat.] (Zoöl.)
 Eating fucus or other seaweeds.

 Fu"coid (?), a. [Fucus + - oid.] (Bot.) (a) Properly, belonging to an order of alga: (Fucoideæ) which are blackish in color, and produce oöspores which are not fertilized until they have escaped from the conceptacle. The common rockweeds and the gulfweed (Sargassum) are fucoid in character. (b) In a vague sense, resembling seaweeds, or of the nature of seaweeds.

 Fu"coid, n. (Bot.) A plant, whether recent or fossil, which resembles a seaweed. See Fucoid, a. Fu*coid"al (?), a. 1. (Bot.) Fucoid.

2. (Geol.) Containing impressions of fossil fucoids or seaweeds; as, fucoidal sandstone.

 Fu"cus (?), n.; pl. Fuci (#). [L. rock lichen, orchil, used as a red dye, red or purple color, disguise, deceit.] 1.
 A paint; a dye; also, false show. [Obs.]

2. (Bot.) A genus of tough, leathery seaweeds, usually of a dull brownish green color; rockweed.

 Formerly most marine algæ were called fuci.

 Fu"cu*sol (?), n. [Fucus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)
 An oily liquid, resembling, and possibly identical with, furfurol, and obtained from fucus, and other seaweeds.

 Fud (?), n. [Of uncertain origin.] 1. The tail of a hare, coney, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.
2. Woolen waste, for mixing with mungo and shoddy.

 Fud"der (?), n. See Fodder, a weight.

 Fud"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p., Fuddled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fuddling (?).] [Perh. formed as a kind of dim. of full.
 Cf. Fuzzle.] To make foolish by drink; to cause to become intoxicated.
 [Colloq.]

 I am too fuddled to take care to observe your orders.

Steele.
 Fud"dle, v. i. To drink to excess. [Colloq.]

 Fud"dler (?), n. A drunkard. [Colloq.] Baxter.
 Fudge (?), n. [Cf. Prov. F. fuche, feuche, an interj.
 of contempt.] A made-up story; stuff; nonsense; humbug; -- often an exclamation of contempt.

 Fudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fudged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fudging.] 1. To make up; to devise; to contrive; to fabricate; as, he never did the experiment, and merely fudged the data.

Fudged up into such a smirkish liveliness.

N. Fairfax.
2. To foist; to interpolate.

 That last "suppose" is fudged in.

Foote.
 Fudge" wheel" (?). (Shoemaking) A tool for ornamenting the edge of a sole.

 Fu*e"gi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Terra del Fuego. -- n. A native of Terra del Fuego.

 Fu"el (?), n. [OF. fouail, fuail, or fouaille, fuaille, LL. focalium, focale, fr. L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL., fire. See Focus.] [Formerly written also fewel.]
 1. Any matter used to produce heat by burning; that which feeds fire; combustible matter used for fires, as wood, coal, peat, etc.

2. Anything that serves to feed or increase passion or excitement.

Artificial fuel, fuel consisting of small particles, as coal dust, sawdust, etc., consolidated into lumps or blocks.

 Fu"el, v. t.


n. [F.] Debeige.

 Beild (&?;), n. [Prob. from the same root as build, v.
 t.] A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.]

 The random beild o' clod or stane. Burns.
 Be"ing (&?;), p. pr. from Be. Existing.

Being was formerly used where we now use having. "Being to go to a ball in a few days." Miss Edgeworth.
 In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past participle following (as built, made, etc.)
 indicates the process toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers.
 The older expression was is, or was, a-building or in building.

 A man who is being strangled. Lamb.
 While the article on Burns was being written. Froude.
 Fresh experience is always being gained. Jowett (Thucyd. )
 Be"ing, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence.

 In Him we live, and move, and have our being. Acts xvii.
 28.
2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as, a human being; spiritual beings.

 What a sweet being is an honest mind! Beau. & Fl.
 A Being of infinite benevolence and power. Wordsworth.
3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.]

 Claudius, thou Wast follower of his fortunes in his being.
Webster (1654).
4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
 It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger's servants] into little beings within my manor. Steele.
 Be"ing, adv. Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.]

 And being you have Declined his means, you have increased his malice. Beau. & Fl.
 Be*jade" (&?;), v. t. To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton.
 Be*jape" (&?;), v. t. To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.]
 Chaucer.
 Be*jaun"dice (&?;), v. t. To infect with jaundice.

 Be*jew"el (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.]
 To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. "Bejeweled hands." Thackeray.
 Be*jum"ble (&?;), v. t. To jumble together.

 ||Be"kah (&?;), n. [Heb.] Half a shekel.

 Be*knave" (&?;), v. t. To call knave. [Obs.] Pope.
 Be*know" (&?;), v. t. To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bel (bl), n. The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41.
 Be*la"bor (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belabored (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] 1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. "If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn." Barrow.
2. To beat soundly; to cudgel.

 Ajax belabors there a harmless ox. Dryden.
 Bel'-ac*coyle" (&?;), n. [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.] A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.]

 Be*lace" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaced (&?;).]

1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.]

2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont.
3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright.
 Be*lam" (&?;), v. t. [See Lam.] To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd.
 Bel"a*mour (&?;), n. [F. bel amour fair love.] 1.
 A lover. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.]

 Her snowy brows, like budded belamours. Spenser.
 Bel"a*my (&?;), n. [F. bel ami fair friend.] Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Be*late" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.] To retard or make too late. Davenant.
 Be*lat"ed, a. Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. "Some belated peasant." Milton. -- Be*lat"ed*ness, n. Milton.
 Be*laud" (&?;), v. t. To laud or praise greatly.

 Be*lay" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Belayed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be-, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be-, and Lay to place.] 1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.]

 Jacket... belayed with silver lace. Spenser.
2. (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten.
3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden.
Belay thee! Stop.

 Be*lay"ing pin' (b*l"ng pn'). (Naut.) A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed.

 Belch (blch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched (blcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct.

 I belched a hurricane of wind. Swift.
2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to emit; to give vent to; to vent.

 Within the gates that now Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame. Milton.
 Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate.

2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden.
 Belch, n. 1. The act of belching; also, that which is belched; an eructation.

2. Malt liquor; -- vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.]
 Dennis.
 Belch"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, belches.

 { Bel"dam Bel"dame } (&?;), n. [Pref. bel-, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It.


&?; to sing; for comedy was originally of a lyric character. See Home, and Ode.] A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; -- opposed to tragedy.

 With all the vivacity of comedy. Macaulay.
 Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shak.
 Come"li*ly (?), adv. In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood.
 Come"li*ness (?), n. [See Comely.] The quality or state of being comely.

Comeliness is a disposing fair Of things and actions in fit time and place. Sir J. Davies.
 Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit. Milton.
Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness. Johnson.
 Come"ly (km"l), a. [Compar. Comelier (?); superl.
 Comeliest.] [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlc; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lc like.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; wellproportioned; good-looking; handsome.

 He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young. South.
 Not once perceive their foul disfigurement But boast themselves more comely than before. Milton.
2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable.

 This is a happier and more comely time Than when these fellows ran about the streets, Crying confusion. Shak.
 It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely. Ps. cxlvii. 1.
 Come"ly, adv. In a becoming manner. Ascham.
 Come-out"er (?), n. One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.]

 Com"er (?), n. One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present.

All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. "To prove it against all comers."
 Bp. Stillingfleet.
 ||Co"mes (?), n. [L., a companion.] (Mus.) The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue.

 Com'es*sa"tion (?), n. [L. comissatio, comessatio.] A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Co*mes"ti*ble (?), a. [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. of comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.] Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent.

 Some herbs are most comestible. Sir T. Elyot.
 Co*mes"ti*ble, n. Something suitable to be eaten; -- commonly in the plural. Thackeray.
 Com"et (?), n. [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. &?; comet, prop. long-haired, fr. &?; to wear long hair, fr. &?; hair, akin to L. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix.

 ||Com'e*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL.] (Astron.) An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton.
 Com"et*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. cométaire.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne.
 { Com"et-find'er (?), or Com"etseek'er (?) }, n. (Astron.)
 A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets.

 Co*met"ic (?), a. Relating to a comet.

 Com'et*og"ra*pher (?), n. One who describes or writes about comets.

 Com'et*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cométographie.]
 A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets.

 Com'et*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Comet + -logy.] The department of astronomy relating to comets.

 Com"fit (?), n. [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection.

 Com"fit, v. t. To preserve dry with sugar.

 The fruit which does so quickly waste,... Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last. Cowley.
 Com"fi*ture (?; 135), n. [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.]
 See Comfit, n. Com"fort (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Comforting.] [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.] 1.
 To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 God's own testimony... doth not a little comfort and confirm the same. Hooker.
2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.]

 I... can not help the noble chevalier: God comfort him in this necessity! Shak.
3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer.

 Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men. Bacon.
 That we may be able to comfort them that are in any affliction.
2 Cor. i. 4 (Rev. Ver.).
 A perfect woman, nobly planned, To warn, to comfort, and command. Wordsworth.
Syn. -- To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. -- To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console is confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as, the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as, "They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted." Acts xx. 12. Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as, to solace one's self with reflections, with books, or with active employments.


specifically, a bundle of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver, or the allowance of each archer, -- usually twenty-four.

 The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case.

Dryden.
 Sheaf, v. t. To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves; as, to sheaf wheat.

 Sheaf (?), v. i. To collect and bind cut grain, or the like; to make sheaves.

 They that reap must sheaf and bind.

Shak.
 Sheaf"y (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a sheaf or sheaves; resembling a sheaf.

 Sheal (?), n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

 Sheal, v. t. To put under a sheal or shelter. [Scot.]

 Sheal, v. t. [See Shell.] To take the husks or pods off from; to shell; to empty of its contents, as a husk or a pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.
 & Scot.] Jamieson.
 That's a shealed peascod.

Shak.
 Sheal, n. A shell or pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Sheal"ing, n. The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Sheal"ing, n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

 Shear (?), v. t. [imp. Sheared (?) or Shore (&?;);p.
 p. Sheared or Shorn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shearing.]
 [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to D. & G. scheren, Icel.
 skera, Dan. ski&?;re, Gr. &?;&?;&?;. Cf.
 Jeer, Score, Shard, Share, Sheer to turn aside.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever anything from with shears or a like instrument; as, to shear sheep; to shear cloth.

 It is especially applied to the cutting of wool from sheep or their skins, and the nap from cloth.

2. To separate or sever with shears or a similar instrument; to cut off; to clip (something) from a surface; as, to shear a fleece.

 Before the golden tresses... were shorn away.

Shak.
3. To reap, as grain. [Scot.] Jamieson.
4. Fig.: To deprive of property; to fleece.

5. (Mech.) To produce a change of shape in by a shear. See Shear, n., 4.

 Shear, n. [AS. sceara. See Shear, v. t.] 1. A pair of shears; -- now always used in the plural, but formerly also in the singular. See Shears.

 On his head came razor none, nor shear.

Chaucer.
 Short of the wool, and naked from the shear.

Dryden.
2. A shearing; -- used in designating the age of sheep.

 After the second shearing, he is a two-shear ram;... at the expiration of another year, he is a threeshear ram; the name always taking its date from the time of shearing.

Youatt.
3. (Engin.) An action, resulting from applied forces, which tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact; -- also called shearing stress, and tangential stress.

4. (Mech.) A strain, or change of shape, of an elastic body, consisting of an extension in one direction, an equal compression in a perpendicular direction, with an unchanged magnitude in the third direction.

Shear blade, one of the blades of shears or a shearing machine. -- Shear hulk. See under Hulk. -- Shear steel, a steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments, prepared from fagots of blistered steel by repeated heating, rolling, and tilting, to increase its malleability and fineness of texture.

 Shear, v. i. 1. To deviate. See Sheer.

2. (Engin.) To become more or less completely divided, as a body under the action of forces, by the sliding of two contiguous parts relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.

 Shear"bill', n. (Zoöl.) The black skimmer. See Skimmer.

 Sheard (?), n. See Shard. [Obs.]

 Shear"er (?), n. 1. One who shears.

 Like a lamb dumb before his shearer.

Acts viii. 32.
2. A reaper. [Scot.] Jamieson.
 Shear"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine, as the wool from sheep, or the nap from cloth.

2. The product of the act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine; as, the whole shearing of a flock; the shearings from cloth.

3. Same as Shearling. Youatt.
4. The act or operation of reaping. [Scot.]

5. The act or operation of dividing with shears; as, the shearing of metal plates.

6. The process of preparing shear steel; tilting.

7. (Mining) The process of making a vertical side cutting in working into a face of coal.

Shearing machine. (a) A machine with blades, or rotary disks, for dividing plates or bars of metal. (b) A machine for shearing cloth.

 Shear"ling (?), n. A sheep but once sheared.

 Shear"man (?), n.; pl. Shearmen (&?;). One whose occupation is to shear cloth.

 Shearn (?), n. [AS. scearn. Cf. Scarn.] Dung; excrement.
 [Obs.] [Written also shern.] Holland.
 Shears (?), n. pl. [Formerly used also in the singular. See Shear, n., 1.] 1. A cutting instrument. Specifically: (a) An instrument consisting of two blades, commonly with bevel edges, connected by a pivot, and working on both sides of the material to be cut, -- used for cutting cloth and other substances.

 Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain.

Pope.
(b) A similar instrument the blades of which are extensions of a curved spring, -- used for shearing sheep or skins. (c) A shearing machine; a blade, or a set of blades, working against a resisting edge.

2. Anything in the form of shears. Specifically: (a) A pair of wings. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) An apparatus for raising heavy weights, and especially for stepping and unstepping the lower masts of ships. It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, steadied by a guy or guys, and furnished with the necessary tackle. [Written also sheers.]

3. (Mach.) The bedpiece of a machine tool, upon which a table or slide rest is secured; as, the shears of a lathe or planer. See Illust. under Lathe.

Rotary shears. See under Rotary.

 Shear"tail' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern.
 (b) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Thaumastura having a long forked tail.

 Shear"wa'ter (?), n. [Shear + water; cf. G. wassersherer; -- so called from its running lightly along the surface of the water.] (Zoöl.)
 Any one of numerous species of long-winged oceanic birds of the genus Puffinus and related genera. They are allied to the petrels, but are larger. The Manx shearwater (P. Anglorum), the dusky shearwater (P. obscurus), and the greater shearwater (P. major), are well-known species


2 inches to 3 inches diameter, and from 8 to 12 inches focal length will answer much better. For single lenses, the aperture in front should be placed at a distance from it, corresponding to the diameter, and of a size not more than one third of the same. A variety of movable diaphragms or caps, to cover the aperture in front, are very useful, as the intensity of the light may be modified by them and more or less distinctness and clearness of delineation obtained. These caps alway come with Voitlander instruments and should be secured by the purchaser.
Though the single acromatic lens answers very well for copying engravings; taking views from nature or art, for portraits the double should always be used. The extensive manufacture of the most approved cameras, both in Europe and in this country, obviates all necessity for any one attempting to construct one for their own use. Lenses are now made so perfect by some artisans that, what is called the "quick working camera" will take a picture in one second, while the ordinary cameras require from eight to sixty.
The camera in most general use is that manufactured by Voitlander and Son of Germany. Their small size consists of two seperate acromatic lenses; the first, or external one, has a free aperture of 1 1/2 inches; the second, or internal, 1 5/8 inches; and both have the same focus, viz: 5 3/4 inches. The larger size differs from the smaller.
The inner lens is an achromatic 3 1/4 inches diameter, its focal length being 30 inches. The outer lens is a meniscus--that is bounded by a concave and convex spherical surface which meet--having a focal length of 18 inches. For every distant view, the aperture in front is contracted by a diaphram to 1/8 of an inch. By this means the light is reflected with considerable intensity and the clearness and correctness of the pictures are truly surprising.
THE AMERICA instruments are constructed on the same principle and many of them are equally perfect. Mr. Edward Anthony of 205 Broadway, New York city, has constructed, and sold cameras fully equal to the German and for which Voitlander instruments have been refused in exchange by the purchaser.
The ordinary camera box (see fig. 5, a) varies in size to suit the tube, and is termed medium, half, or whole. Within the box is a slide to assist in regulating the focus, and in enlarging or diminishing the picture. In one end of this slide is a springed groove into which the ground-glass spectrum (g fig. 5) is slid, for the purpose of more conveniently arranging the focus. After the plate is prepared it is placed in the holder--partly seen at e, fig. 5, and covered with the dark slide f, fig. 5; the spectrum is then withdrawn and the holder takes its place, and the lids d, d, are closed after removing the dark slide f. The plate is now ready to receive the image, and the cap c may be removed to admit the light into the box.
A camera constructed by Voitlander is thus described by Mr. Fisher.
"It is made entirely of brass, so that variations of climate has no effect upon it. It is very portable and when packed in its box, with all the necessary apparatus and materials for practising the Daguerreotype art, occupies but very little space. It is not, however, well adapted for the Calotype process."
Fig. 7 (HIPHO_7.GIF) "The brass foot A (fig. 7.), is placed on a table, or other firm support, and the pillar B. screwed into it; the body of the camera, C, C is laid into the double forked bearing D. D. The instrument is now properly adjusted by means of the set screws, e, e, e, in the brass foot, or it may be raised, lowered, or moved, by the telescope stand, and when correct, fixed by the screw b. The landscape to be delineated is viewed either through the small lens, g, or with the naked eye on the ground glass plate H, the focus being adjusted by the screw I. The optical part of the instrument consist of the small set of achromatic lenses already described. When the portrait or view is deliniated on the ground glass to the entire satisfaction of the operator, the brass cap L is placed over the lens, and the entire body is removed away into the dark, taking care not to disturb the position of the stand. The body is now detached at the part H, and the prepared paper or plate enclosed in the brass frame work introduced in its place; the whole is again placed upon the pedestal, the brass cap L is removed, by which the paper or plate is exposed to the full influence of the light, after which the cap is again replaced.
Mr. Woodbridge, of this city, has constructed an instrument for taking full length portraits on plates 10 by 13 inches, which is worthy of some notice. It is a double camera, consisting of two boxes, placed in a frame, one above the other, and so arranged as to slide easily up and down. After the focus has been adjusted, on the object, in both cameras, the plate is put into the upper box, in the manner already described, until the superior portion of the figure is complete; it is then placed in the second box and the lower extremities obtained. The adjustment of the instrument is so complete that a perfect union of the parts is effected in the picture without the least possible line of demarkation being visible. Fig. 8 gives a front view of this instrument.
Fig. 8 (HIPHO_8.GIF) Fig. 9 represents Talbot's Calotype Camera,--a very beautiful instrument.
The copying camera box has an extra slide in the back end, by which it may be considerably lengthened at pleasure.
II.--CAMERA STAND.--The best constructed stands are made of maple or black walnut wood, having a cast iron socket (a, Fig. 12,) through which the sliding rod b passes, and into which the legs c, c, with iron screw ferules are inserted. The platform d is made of two pieces, hinged together, as at e, and having a thumb screw for the purpose of elevating or depressing the instrument.
Fig. 9 (HIPHO_9.GIF) III. MERCURY BATH.--Fig. 13 gives a front view of the mercury bath now in general use in this country for mercurializing and bringing out the picture. It is quite an improvement on those first used. To make it more portable it is in three pieces, a b and c; having a groove e on one side to receive the thermometre tube and scale by which the proper degree of heating the mercury is ascertained. Into the top are nicely fitted two or three iron frames, with shoulders, for the plate to rest in, suitable for the different sizes of plates. The bath is heated by means of a spirit lamp placed under it. From two to four ounces of highly purified mercury are put into the bath at a time.
IV. PLATE BLOCKS AND VICES.--There are several kinds of this article in use; I shall describe the two best only.
Fig. 10 (HIPHO_10.GIF) Fig. 10 gives an idea of the improvement on the English hand block.
The top a is perfectly flat and smooth--a little smaller than the plate, so as to permit the latter to project a very little all around--having at opposite angles c c two clasps, one fixed the other moveable, but capable of being fastened by the thumb screw d, so as to secure the plate tightly upon the block. This block turns upon a swivle, b, which is attached to the table by the screw c, This block is only used for holding the plate while undergoing the first operation in cleaning.
Fig. 11 (HIPHO_11.GIF) Fig. 11, shows the form of Lewis' newly patented plate vice, which for durability, simplicity and utility is preferable to all others. It consists of a simple platform and arm of cast iron, the former, a, having a groove, d, in the centre for fixing the different sizes of


:toy, Up:= T = toy language n. A language useful for instructional purposes or as a proof-of-concept for some aspect of computer-science theory, but inadequate for general-purpose programming. Bad Things can result when a toy language is promoted as a general purpose solution for programming (see bondage-and-discipline language); the classic example is Pascal. Several moderately well-known formalisms for conceptual tasks such as programming Turing machines also qualify as toy languages in a less negative sense.
See also MFTL.
Node:toy problem, Next:toy program, Previous:toy language, Up:= T = toy problem n.
[AI] A deliberately oversimplified case of a challenging problem used to investigate, prototype, or test algorithms for a real problem. Sometimes used pejoratively. See also gedanken, toy program.
Node:toy program, Next:trampoline, Previous:toy problem, Up:= T = toy program n.
1. One that can be readily comprehended; hence, a trivial program (compare noddy). 2. One for which the effort of initial coding dominates the costs through its life cycle. See also noddy.
Node:trampoline, Next:trap, Previous:toy program, Up:= T = trampoline n. An incredibly hairy technique, found in some HLL and program-overlay implementations (e.g., on the Macintosh), that involves on-the-fly generation of small executable (and, likely as not, self-modifying) code objects to do indirection between code sections. Under BSD and possibly in other Unixes, trampoline code is used to transfer control from the kernel back to user mode when a signal (which has had a handler installed) is sent to a process. hese pieces of live data are called 'trampolines'. Trampolines are notoriously difficult to understand in action; in fact, it is said by those who use this term that the trampoline that doesn't bend your brain is not the true trampoline. See also snap.
Node:trap, Next:trap door, Previous:trampoline, Up:= T = trap 1. n. A program interrupt, usually an interrupt caused by some exceptional situation in the user program. In most cases, the OS performs some action, then returns control to the program. 2. vi.
To cause a trap. "These instructions trap to the monitor." Also used transitively to indicate the cause of the trap. "The monitor traps all input/output instructions."
This term is associated with assembler programming ('interrupt' or 'exception' is more common among HLL programmers) and appears to be fading into history among programmers as the role of assembler continues to shrink. However, it is still important to computer architects and systems hackers (see system, sense 1), who use it to distinguish deterministically repeatable exceptions from timing-dependent ones (such as I/O interrupts).
Node:trap door, Next:trash, Previous:trap, Up:= T = trap door n.
(alt. 'trapdoor') 1. Syn. back door -- a Bad Thing. 2.
[techspeak] A 'trap-door function' is one which is easy to compute but very difficult to compute the inverse of. Such functions are Good Things with important applications in cryptography, specifically in the construction of public-key cryptosystems.
Node:trash, Next:trawl, Previous:trap door, Up:= T = trash vt.
To destroy the contents of (said of a data structure). The most common of the family of near-synonyms including mung, mangle, and scribble.
Node:trawl, Next:tree-killer, Previous:trash, Up:= T = trawl v. To sift through large volumes of data (e.g., Usenet postings, FTP archives, or the Jargon File) looking for something of interest.
Node:tree-killer, Next:treeware, Previous:trawl, Up:= T = tree-killer n.
[Sun] 1. A printer. 2. A person who wastes paper. This epithet should be interpreted in a broad sense; 'wasting paper' includes the production of spiffy but content-free documents. Thus, most suits are tree-killers. The negative loading of this term may reflect the epithet 'tree-killer' applied by Treebeard the Ent to the Orcs in J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" (see also elvish, elder days).
Node:treeware, Next:trit, Previous:tree-killer, Up:= T = treeware /tree'weir/ n. Printouts, books, and other information media made from pulped dead trees. Compare tree-killer, see documentation.
Node:trit, Next:trivial, Previous:treeware, Up:= T = trit /trit/ n.
[by analogy with 'bit'] One base-3 digit; the amount of information conveyed by a selection among one of three equally likely outcomes (see also bit). Trits arise, for example, in the context of a flag that should actually be able to assume three values -- such as yes, no, or unknown. Trits are sometimes jokingly called '3-state bits'. A trit may be semi-seriously referred to as 'a bit and a half', although it is linearly equivalent to _PHONE_ bits (that is, log2(3) bits).
Node:trivial, Next:troff, Previous:trit, Up:= T = trivial adj.
1. Too simple to bother detailing. 2. Not worth the speaker's time. 3. Complex, but solvable by methods so well known that anyone not utterly cretinous would have thought of them already. 4. Any problem one has already solved (some claim that hackish 'trivial' usually evaluates to 'I've seen it before'). Hackers' notions of triviality may be quite at variance with those of non-hackers.
See nontrivial, uninteresting.
The physicist Richard Feynman, who had the hacker nature to an amazing degree (see his essay "Los Alamos From Below" in "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!"), defined 'trivial theorem' as "one that has already been proved".
Node:troff, Next:troglodyte, Previous:trivial, Up:= T = troff /T'rof/ or /trof/ n.
[Unix] The gray eminence of Unix text processing; a formatting and phototypesetting program, written originally in PDP-11 assembler and then in barely-structured early C by the late Joseph Ossanna, modeled after the earlier ROFF which was in turn modeled after the Multics and CTSS program RUNOFF by Jerome Saltzer (that name came from the expression "to run off a copy"). A companion program, nroff, formats output for terminals and line printers.
In 1979, Brian Kernighan modified troff so that it could drive phototypesetters other than the Graphic Systems CAT. His paper describing that work ("A Typesetter-independent troff," AT&T CSTR #97) explains troff's durability. After discussing the program's "obvious deficiencies -- a rebarbative input syntax, mysterious and undocumented properties in some areas, and a voracious appetite for computer resources" and noting the ugliness and extreme hairiness of the code and internals, Kernighan concludes: None of these remarks should be taken as denigrating Ossanna's accomplishment with TROFF. It has proven a remarkably robust tool, taking unbelievable abuse from a variety of preprocessors and being forced into uses that were never conceived of in the original design, all with considerable grace under fire.
The success of TeX and desktop publishing systems have reduced troff's relative importance, but this tribute perfectly captures the strengths that secured troff a place in hacker folklore; indeed, it could be taken more generally as an indication of those qualities of good programs that, in the long run, hackers most admire.
Node:troglodyte, Next:troglodyte mode, Previous:troff, Up:= T = troglodyte n.
[Commodore] 1. A hacker who never leaves his cubicle. The term 'gnoll' (from Dungeons & Dragons) is also reported. 2. A curmudgeon attached to an obsolescent computing environment. The combination 'ITS troglodyte' was flung around some during


.), a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with ankerite. -- Brown stone.
 See Brownstone. -- Brown stout, a strong kind of porter or malt liquor. -- Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving.
 Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red, black, and yellow; a tawny, dusky hue.

 Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Browning.] 1. To make brown or dusky.

 A trembling twilight o'er welkin moves, Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves. Barlow.
2. To make brown by scorching slightly; as, to brown meat or flour.

3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels, by forming a thin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure.
 Brown, v. i. To become brown.

 Brown"back' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher.

 Brown" bill' (&?;). [Brown + bill cutting tool.] A bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th Bill.

 Many time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft with a brown bill. Shak.
 The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown bill, was a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a woodman's bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and another from the head. Grose.
 Brown"i*an (&?;), a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the motion described below.

Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of substances when suspended in water or other fluids.

 Brown"ie (&?;), n. [So called from its supposed tawny or swarthy color.] An imaginary goodnatured spirit, who was supposed often to perform important services around the house by night, such as thrashing, churning, sweeping. [Scot.]

 Brown"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of giving a brown color, as to gun barrels, etc.

2. (Masonry) A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster.

 Brown"ish, a. Somewhat brown.

 Brown"ism (&?;), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The views or teachings of Robert Brown of the Brownists. Milton.
 Brown"ism, n. (Med.) The doctrines of the Brunonian system of medicine. See Brunonian.

 Brown"ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that every church is complete and independent in itself when organized, and consists of members meeting in one place, having full power to elect and depose its officers.

 Brown"ist, n. (Med.) One who advocates the Brunonian system of medicine.

 Brown"ness, n. The quality or state of being brown.

 Now like I brown (O lovely brown thy hair); Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there. Drayton.
 Brown"stone' (&?;), n. A dark variety of sandstone, much used for building purposes.

 Brown" thrush" (&?;). (Zoöl.) A common American singing bird (Harporhynchus rufus), allied to the mocking bird; -- also called brown thrasher.

 Brown"wort' (&?;), n. (Bot.) A species of figwort or Scrophularia (S. vernalis), and other species of the same genus, mostly perennials with inconspicuous coarse flowers.

 Brown"y (&?;), a. Brown or, somewhat brown. "Browny locks." Shak.
 Brow"post' (&?;), n. (Carp.) A beam that goes across a building.

 Browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot, F. brout browse, browsewood, prob. fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle; cf. also Armor. brousta to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, n.] The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals; green food. Spenser.
 Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed, On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed. Dryden.
 Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed (brouzd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Browsing.] [For broust, OF. brouster, bruster, F. brouter. See Browse, n., and cf. Brut.] 1. To eat or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc.; -- said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals.

 Yes, like the stag, when snow the plasture sheets, The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shak.
2. To feed on, as pasture; to pasture on; to graze.

 Fields... browsed by deep-uddered kine. Tennyson.
 Browse (brouz), v. i. 1. To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer.

2. To pasture; to feed; to nibble. Shak.
 Brows"er (brouz"r), n. An animal that browses.

 Browse"wood' (&?;), n. Shrubs and bushes upon which animals browse.

 Brows"ing, n. Browse; also, a place abounding with shrubs where animals may browse.

Browsings for the deer. Howell.
 Brow"spot' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A rounded organ between the eyes of the frog; the interocular gland.

 ||Bru*ang" (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Malayan sun bear.

 Bru"cine (&?;), n. [Cf. F. brucine, fr. James Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the seeds of different species of Strychnos, especially in the Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine.
 Called also brucia and brucina.

 Bru"cite (&?;), n. [Named after Dr. A. Bruce of New York.] (Min.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous; a native magnesium hydrate. (b) The mineral chondrodite. [R.]

 Bruck"eled (&?;), a. Wet and dirty; begrimed. [Obs. or Dial.]
 Herrick.
 ||Bruh (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The rhesus monkey. See Rhesus.

 Bru"in (&?;), n. [D. bruin brown. In the epic poem of "Reynard the Fox" the bear is so called from his color. See Brown, a.]
 A bear; -- so called in popular tales and fables.

 Bruise (brz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised (brzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen, bresen, AS. brsan or fr. OF. bruiser, br


, large nails; as, to spike down planks.

2. To set or furnish with spikes.

3. To fix on a spike. [R.] Young.
4. To stop the vent of (a gun or cannon) by driving a spike nail, or the like into it.

 Spike, n. [Cf. G. spieke, L. spica an ear of grain.
 See Spikenard.] (Bot.) Spike lavender. See Lavender.

Oil of spike (Chem.), a colorless or yellowish aromatic oil extracted from the European broad-leaved lavender, or aspic (Lavendula Spica), used in artist's varnish and in veterinary medicine. It is often adulterated with oil of turpentine, which it much resembles.

 Spike"bill' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hooded merganser. (b) The marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa).

 Spiked (?), a. Furnished or set with spikes, as corn; fastened with spikes; stopped with spikes.

 A youth, leaping over the spiked pales,... was caught by those spikes.

Wiseman.
 Spike"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Sailfish (a) Spike"let (?), n. (Bot.) A small or secondary spike; especially, one of the ultimate parts of the in florescence of grasses.
 See Illust. of Quaking grass.

 Spike"nard (?), n.[For spiked nard; cf. G. spieknarde, NL. spica nardi. See Spike an ear, and Nard.] 1. (Bot.)
 An aromatic plant. In the United States it is the Aralia racemosa, often called spignet, and used as a medicine. The spikenard of the ancients is the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a native of the Himalayan region. From its blackish roots a perfume for the hair is still prepared in India.

2. A fragrant essential oil, as that from the Nardostachys Jatamansi.

 Spike"tail' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.]

 Spik"y (?), a. 1. Like a spike; spikelike.

 These spiky, vivid outbursts of metallic vapors.

C. A. Young.
2. Having a sharp point, or sharp points; furnished or armed with spikes.

 Or by the spiky harrow cleared away.

Dyer.
 The spiky wheels through heaps of carnage tore.

Pope.
 Spile (?), n. [Cf. LG. spile, dial. G. speil, speiler, D. spijl. √170.] 1. A small plug or wooden pin, used to stop a vent, as in a cask.

 2. A small tube or spout inserted in a tree for conducting sap, as from a sugar maple.

3. A large stake driven into the ground as a support for some superstructure; a pile.

Spile hole, a small air hole in a cask; a vent.

 Spile (?), v. t. To supply with a spile or a spigot; to make a small vent in, as a cask.

 Spil"i*kin (?), n. [OD. spelleken a small pin. See Spill a splinter.] One of a number of small pieces or pegs of wood, ivory, bone, or other material, for playing a game, or for counting the score in a game, as in cribbage. In the plural (spilikins), a game played with such pieces; pushpin. [Written also spillikin, spilliken.]

 Spill (?), n. [√170. Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A bit of wood split off; a splinter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. A slender piece of anything. Specifically: -- (a) A peg or pin for plugging a hole, as in a cask; a spile.

(b) A metallic rod or pin.

(c) A small roll of paper, or slip of wood, used as a lamplighter, etc.

(d) (Mining) One of the thick laths or poles driven horizontally ahead of the main timbering in advancing a level in loose ground.

3. A little sum of money. [Obs.] Ayliffe.
 Spill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilt (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] To cover or decorate with slender pieces of wood, metal, ivory, etc.; to inlay. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Spill (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilled (?), or Spilt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] [OE. spillen,sually, to destroy, AS. spillan, spildan, to destroy; akin to Icel. spilla to destroy, Sw. spilla to spill, Dan. spilde,G. & D. spillen to squander, OHG. spildan.] 1. To destroy; to kill; to put an end to. [Obs.]

 And gave him to the queen, all at her will To choose whether she would him save or spill.

Chaucer.
 Greater glory think [it] to save than spill.

Spenser.
2. To mar; to injure; to deface; hence, to destroy by misuse; to waste. [Obs.]

 They [the colors] disfigure the stuff and spill the whole workmanship.

Puttenham.
Spill not the morning, the quintessence of day, in recreations.

Fuller.
3. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose, or suffer to be scattered; -- applied to fluids and to substances whose particles are small and loose; as, to spill water from a pail; to spill quicksilver from a vessel; to spill powder from a paper; to spill sand or flour.

Spill differs from pour in expressing accidental loss, -- a loss or waste contrary to purpose.

4. To cause to flow out and be lost or wasted; to shed, or suffer to be shed, as in battle or in manslaughter; as, a man spills another's blood, or his own blood.

 And to revenge his blood so justly spilt.

Dryden.
5. (Naut.) To relieve a sail from the pressure of the wind, so that it can be more easily reefed or furled, or to lessen the strain.

Spilling line (Naut.), a rope used for spilling, or dislodging, the wind from the belly of a sail. Totten.
 Spill, v. i. 1. To be destroyed, ruined, or wasted; to come to ruin; to perish; to waste. [Obs.]

 That thou wilt suffer innocents to spill.

Chaucer.
2. To be shed; to run over; to fall out, and be lost or wasted. "He was so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the company."
 I. Watts.
 Spill"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, spills.

2. A kind of fishing line with many hooks; a boulter.

 { Spil"let fish'ing (?), Spil"liard fish'ing (?), } A system or method of fishing by means of a number of hooks set on snoods all on one line; -- in North America, called trawl fishing, bultow, or bultow fishing, and long-line fishing.

 Spil"li*kin (?), n. See Spilikin.

 Spill"way' (?), n. A sluiceway or passage for superfluous water in a reservoir, to prevent too great pressure on the dam.

 Spilt (?), imp. & p. p. of Spill. Spilled.

 Spil"ter (?), n. [From Spill, n.] Any one of the small branches on a stag's head. [Obs.] Howell.
 Spilth (?), n. [From Spill.] Anything spilt, or freely poured out; slop;


which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year.

2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar.

 There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old "white beet", cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla).

 { Beete, Bete } (bt), v. t. [AS. btan to mend. See Better.]
 1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bee"tle (b"t'l), n. [OE. betel, AS. btl, b&?;tl, mallet, hammer, fr. beátan to beat. See Beat, v. t.]
 1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc.

2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; -- called also beetling machine. Knight.
 Bee"tle (b"t'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beetled (-t'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet.

2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as, to beetle cotton goods.

 Bee"tle, n. [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. btel, fr.
 btan to bite. See Bite, v. t.] Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera.

Beetle mite (Zoöl.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatidæ, parasitic on beetles. -- Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis).

 Bee"tle, v. i. [See Beetlebrowed.] To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut.

 To the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shak.
 Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime. Wordsworth.
 Bee"tle brow' (&?;). An overhanging brow.

 Bee"tle-browed' (&?;), a. [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.] Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen.

 The earlier meaning was, "Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows."

 Bee"tle*head' (&?;), n. [Beetle a mallet + head.]
 1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott.
2. (Zoöl.) The black-bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover.

 Bee"tle-head'ed (&?;), a. Dull; stupid. Shak.
 Bee"tle*stock' (&?;), n. The handle of a beetle.

 Beet" rad'ish (&?;). Same as Beetrave.

 Beet"rave' (&?;), n. [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.] The common beet (Beta vulgaris).

 Beeve (&?;), n. [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.]
 A beef; a beef creature.

 They would knock down the first beeve they met with. W. Irving.
 Beeves (bvz), n. plural of Beef, the animal.

 Be*fall" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Befell (&?;); p. p. Befallen (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] [AS. befeallan; pref. be- + feallan to fall.] To happen to.

 I beseech your grace that I may know The worst that may befall me. Shak.
 Be*fall", v. i. To come to pass; to happen.

 I have revealed... the discord which befell. Milton.
 Be*fit" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.] To be suitable to; to suit; to become.

 That name best befits thee. Milton.
 Be*fit"ting, a. Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting.

 Be*fit"ting*ly, adv. In a befitting manner; suitably.

 Be*flat"ter (&?;), v. t. To flatter excessively.

 Be*flow"er (&?;), v. t. To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes.
 Be*fog" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befogged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging (&?;).] 1. To involve in a fog; -- mostly as a participle or part. adj.

2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify.

 Be*fool" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befooled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] [OE. befolen; pref. be- + fol fool.] 1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive.

 This story... contrived to befool credulous men. Fuller.
2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. "Some befooling drug." G. Eliot.
 Be*fore" (&?;), prep. [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be- + foran, fore, before.
 See Be-, and Fore.] 1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as, to stand before the fire; before the house.

 His angel, who shall go Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire. Milton.
2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; -- sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that.

Before Abraham was, I am. John viii. 58.
Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary.
Swift.
 Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. "Before that Philip called thee... I saw thee." John i. 48.
3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time.

 The golden age... is before us. Carlyle.
4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than.

 He that cometh after me is preferred before me. John i.
 15.
 The eldest son is before the younger in succession. Johnson.
5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing.

 Abraham bowed down himself before the people. Gen. xxiii.
 12.
 Wherewith shall I come before the Lord? Micah vi. 6.
6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of.

 If a suit be begun before an archdeacon. Ayliffe.
7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of.

 The world was all before them where to choose. Milton.
Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, -- because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. -- Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft.

 Be*fore", adv. 1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; -- opposed to in the


trades union. [Cant, Eng.]

 Knock (nk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked (nkt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Knocking.] [OE. knoken, AS. cnocian, cnucian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. Sw. knacka. Cf. Knack.] 1. To drive or be driven against something; to strike against something; to clash; as, one heavy body knocks against another. Bacon.
2. To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to rap; as, to knock with a club; to knock on the door.

 For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.

Dryden.
 Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.

Matt. vii. 7.
To knock about, to go about, taking knocks or rough usage; to wander about; to saunter. [Colloq.] "Knocking about town." W. Irving. -- To knock up, to fail of strength; to become wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out. "The horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service." De Quincey. -- To knock off, to cease, as from work; to desist. -- To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one's self conquered; -- an expression probably borrowed from the practice of knocking under the table with the knuckles, when conquered. "Colonel Esmond knocked under to his fate." Thackeray.
 Knock (nk), v. t. 1. To strike with something hard or heavy; to move by striking; to drive (a thing) against something; as, to knock a ball with a bat; to knock the head against a post; to knock a lamp off the table.

 When heroes knock their knotty heads together.

Rowe.
2. To strike for admittance; to rap upon, as a door.

 Master, knock the door hard.

Shak.
To knock down. (a) To strike down; to fell; to prostrate by a blow or by blows; as, to knock down an assailant. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow or knock; to knock off. -- To knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon the head; hence, to put am end to; to defeat, as a scheme or project; to frustrate; to quash. [Colloq.] -- To knock off. (a) To force off by a blow or by beating. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow on the counter. (c) To leave off (work, etc.).
 [Colloq.] -- To knock out, to force out by a blow or by blows; as, to knock out the brains. - - To knock up. (a) To arouse by knocking. (b) To beat or tire out; to fatigue till unable to do more; as, the men were entirely knocked up. [Colloq.] "The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers." Petherick. (c) (Bookbinding) To make even at the edges, or to shape into book form, as printed sheets.

 Knock, n. 1. A blow; a stroke with something hard or heavy; a jar.

2. A stroke, as on a door for admittance; a rap. " A knock at the door." Longfellow.
 A loud cry or some great knock.

Holland.
Knock off, a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

 Knock"down' (?), n. A felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal.

 Knock"down', a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument.
 [Colloq.]

 Knock"er (?), n. One who, or that which, knocks; specifically, an instrument, or kind of hammer, fastened to a door, to be used in seeking for admittance.

 Shut, shut the door, good John! fatigued, I said; Tie up the knocker; say I'm sick, I'm dead.

Pope.
 Knock"ing, n. A beating; a rap; a series of raps.

 The... repeated knockings of the head upon the ground by the Chinese worshiper.

H. Spencer.
 Knock"ings (?), n. pl. (Mining) Large lumps picked out of the sieve, in dressing ore.

 Knock"-knee' (?), n. (Med.) A condition in which the knees are bent in so as to touch each other in walking; inknee.

 Knock"-kneed' (?), a. Having the legs bent inward so that the knees touch in walking. [Written also knack-kneed.]

 Knock"stone' (?), n. (Mining) A block upon which ore is broken up.

 Knoll (?), n. [AS. cnoll; akin to G. knolle, knollen, clod, lump, knob, bunch, OD. knolle ball, bunch, Sw. knöl, Dan. knold.] A little round hill; a mound; a small elevation of earth; the top or crown of a hill.

 On knoll or hillock rears his crest, Lonely and huge, the giant oak.

Sir W. Scott.
 Knoll (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knolled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Knolling.] [OE. knollen, AS. cnyllan. See Knell.] To ring, as a bell; to strike a knell upon; to toll; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. "Knolled to church." Shak.
 Heavy clocks knolling the drowsy hours.

Tennyson.
 Knoll, v. i. To sound, as a bell; to knell. Shak.
 For a departed being's soul The death hymn peals, and the hollow bells knoll.

Byron.
 Knoll, n. The tolling of a bell; a knell. [R.] Byron.
 Knoll"er, n. One who tolls a bell. [Obs.] Sherwood.
 Knop (?), n. [OE. knop, knoppe; cf. D. knop, knoop, G. knopf, Dan. knap, knop, Sw. knapp, knopp, button, bud, Icel. knappr, and E. knap, n. Cf. Knap, Knob.] 1. A knob; a bud; a bunch; a button.

 Four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.

Ex. xxv. 21.
2. (Arch.) Any boldly projecting sculptured ornament; esp., the ornamental termination of a pinnacle, and then synonymous with finial; -- called also knob, and knosp.

Knop sedge (Bot.), the bur reed (Sparganium); -- so called from its globular clusters of seed vessels. Prior.
 Knopped (?), a. Having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons.
 [Obs.] Rom. of R. Knop"pern (?), n. [Cf. G. knopper. See Knop.] (Zoöl.)
 A kind of gall produced by a gallfly on the cup of an acorn, -- used in tanning and dyeing.

 Knop"weed' (?), n. Same as Knapweed.

 Knor (?), n. See Knur. [Obs.]

 Knosp (?), n. [Cf. G. knospe bud, E. knop, knar.]
 (Arch.) Same as Knop,2. Milman.
 Knot (?), n. [OE. knot, knotte, AS. cnotta


THE 14 GILBERT AND SULLIVAN PLAYS By William S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan William S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan collaborated on 14 operas in the period from 1871 to 1896.

CONTENTS THE GONDOLIERS ACT I ACT II THE GRAND DUKE ACT I. ACT II.
 H.M.S. PINAFORE ACT I ACT II IOLANTHE ACT I ACT II THE MIKADO ACT I. ACT II.
 THE PIRATES OF PENZANCE ACT I ACT II PRINCESS IDA ACT I. ACT II ACT III RUDDIGORE ACT I ACT II THE SORCERER ACT I. ACT II THESPIS ACT I ACT II TRIAL BY JURY UTOPIA LIMITED ACT I. ACT II THE YEOMEN OF THE GUARD ACT I ACT II PATIENCE ACT I ACT II THE GONDOLIERS ACT I ACT II THE GRAND DUKE ACT I. ACT II.

 H.M.S. PINAFORE ACT I ACT II IOLANTHE ACT I ACT II THE MIKADO ACT I. ACT II.

 THE PIRATES OF PENZANCE ACT I ACT II PRINCESS IDA ACT I. ACT II ACT III RUDDIGORE ACT I ACT II THE SORCERER ACT I. ACT II THESPIS ACT I ACT II TRIAL BY JURY UTOPIA LIMITED ACT I. ACT II THE YEOMEN OF THE GUARD ACT I ACT II PATIENCE ACT I ACT II


mat on the earth, covered it with palay, and then tread, or rather "rubbed," out the kernels with their bare feet. They often scraped up the mass with their feet, bunching it and rubbing it in a way that strongly suggested hands.
Rice is cooked in water without salt. An earthern pot is half filled with the grain and is then filled to the brim with cold water. In about twenty minutes the rice is cooked, filling the vessel, and the water is all absorbed or evaporated. If there is no great haste, the rice sets ten or fifteen minutes longer while the kernels dry out somewhat. As the Igorot cooks rice, or, for that matter, as the native anywhere in the Islands cooks it, the grains are not mashed and mussed together, but each kernel remains whole and separate from the others.
Cooked rice, ma-kan′, is almost always eaten with the fingers, being crowded into the mouth with the back of the thumb. In Bontoc, Page 140Samoki, Titipan, Mayinit, and Ganang salt is either sprinkled on the rice after it is dished out or is tasted from the finger tips during the eating. In some pueblos, as at Tulubin, almost no salt is eaten at any time. When rice alone is eaten at a meal a family of five adults eats about ten Bontoc manojo of rice per day.
Beans are cooked in the form of a thick soup, but without salt. Beans and rice, each cooked separately, are frequently eaten together; such a dish is called "sĭb-fan′." Salt is eaten with sĭb-fan′ by those pueblos which commonly consume salt.
Maize is husked, silked, and then cooked on the cob. It is eaten from the cob, and no salt is used either in the cooking or eating.
Camotes are eaten raw a great deal about the pueblo, the sementera, and the trail. Before they are cooked they are pared and generally cut in pieces about 2 inches long; they are boiled without salt. They are eaten alone at many meals, but are relished best when eaten with rice. They are always eaten from the fingers.
One dish, called "ke-le′-ke," consists of camotes, pared and sliced, and cooked and eaten with rice. This is a ceremonial dish, and is always prepared at the lis-lis ceremony and at a-su-fal′-i-wis or sugar-making time.
Camotes are always prepared immediately before being cooked, as they blacken very quickly after paring.
Millet is stored in the harvest bunches, and must be threshed before it is eaten. After being threshed in the wooden mortar the winnowed seeds are again returned to the mortar and crushed. This crushed grain is cooked as is rice and without salt.
It is eaten also with the hands—"fingers" is too delicate a term.
Some other vegetable foods are also cooked and eaten by the Igorot. Among them is taro which, however, is seldom grown in the Bontoc area. Outside the area, both north and south, there are large sementeras of it cultivated for food. Several wild plants are also gathered, and the leaves cooked and eaten as the American eats "greens." The Bontoc Igorot also has preferences among his regular flesh foods. The chicken is prized most; next he favors pork; third, fish; fourth, carabao; and fifth, dog. Chicken, pork (except wild hog), and dog are never eaten except ceremonially. Fish and carabao are eaten on ceremonial occasions, but are also eaten at other times—merely as food.
The interesting ceremonial killing, dressing, and eating of chickens is presented elsewhere, in the sections on "Death" and "Ceremonials." It is unnecessary to repeat the information here, as the processes are everywhere the same, excepting that generally no part of the fowl, except the feathers, is unconsumed—head, feet, intestines, everything, is devoured.
The hog is ceremonially killed by cutting its throat, not by "sticking," Page 141as is the American custom, but the neck is cut, half severing the head. At Ambuklao, on the Agno River in Benguet Province, I saw a hog ceremonially killed by having a round-pointed stick an inch in diameter pushed and twisted into it from the right side behind the foreleg, through and between the ribs, and into the heart. The animal bled internally, and, while it was being cut up by four men with much ceremony and show, the blood was scooped from the rib basin where it had gathered, and was mixed with the animal's brains. The intestines were then emptied by drawing between thumb and fingers, and the blood and brain mixture poured into them from the stomach as a funnel. A string of blood-and-brain sausages resulted, when the intestines were cooked. The mouth of the Bontoc hog is held or tied shut until the animal is dead.
The Benguet hog could be heard for fifteen minutes at least a quarter of a mile.
After the Bontoc hog is killed it is singed, cut up, and all put in the large shallow iron boiler. When cooked it is cut into smaller pieces, which are passed around to those assembled at the ceremonial.
Fish are eaten both ceremonially and privately whenever they may be obtained. The small fish, the kacho, are in no way cleaned or dressed. Two or three times I saw them cooked and eaten ceremonially, and was told they are prepared the same way for private consumption. The fish, scarcely any over 2 inches in length, were strung on twisted green-grass strings about 6 inches in length. Several of these strings were tied together and placed in an olla of water. When cooked they were lifted out, the strings broken apart, and the fish stripped off into a wooden bowl. Salt was then liberally strewn over them. A large green leaf was brought as a plate for each person present, and the fish were divided again and again until each had an equal share. However, the old men present received double share, and were served before the others. At one time a man was present with a nursing babe in his arms, and he was given two leaves, or two shares, though no one expected the babe could eat its share. After the fish food was passed to each, the broth was also liberally salted and then poured into several wooden bowls.
At one fish feast platters of cooked rice and squash were also brought and set among the people. Handful after handful of solid food followed its predecessor rapidly to the always-crammed mouth. The fish was eaten as one might eat sparingly of a delicacy, and the broth was drunk now and then between mouthfuls.
Two other fish are also eaten by the Igorot of the area, the liling, about 4 to 6 inches in length—also cooked and eaten without dressing—and the chalit, a large fish said to acquire the length of 4 feet.
Several small animals, crustaceans and mollusks, gathered in the river and picked up in the sementeras by the women, are cooked and eaten. All these are considered similar to fish and are eaten similarly. Among Page 142these is a bright-red crab called "agkama."8 This is boiled and all eaten except part of the back shell and the hard "pinchers." A shrimp-like crustacean obtained in the irrigated sementeras is also boiled and eaten entire. A few mollusks are eaten after being cooked. One, called kitan, I have seen eaten many times; it is a snail-like animal, and after being boiled it is sucked into the mouth after the apex of the shell has been bitten or broken off. Two other animals said to be somewhat similar are called finga and lischug.
The carabao is killed by spearing and, though also eaten simply as food, it is seldom killed except on ceremonial occasions, such as marriages, funerals, the building of a dwelling, and peace and war feasts whether actual events at the time or feasts in commemoration.
The chief occasion for eating carabao merely as a food is when an animal is injured or ill at a time when no ceremonial event is at hand. The animal is then killed and eaten. All is eaten that can be masticated. The animal is neither skinned, singed, nor scraped. All is cut up and cooked together—hide, hair, hoofs, intestines, and head, excepting the horns. Carabao is generally not salted in cooking, and the use of salt in eating the flesh depends on the individual eater.
Sometimes large pieces of raw carabao meat are laid on high racks near the dwelling and "dried" in the sun. There are several such racks in Bontoc, and one can know a long distance from them whether they hold "dried" meat.


Editorial Note: The Way We Live Now was first published in twenty monthly parts from February, 1874, to September, 1875, and in book form by Chapman and Hall in 1875.
 Both the monthly parts and the Chapman and Hall first edition contained the forty illustrations included in this e-book. The artist, whose name is not listed on the title page, was long thought to be Samuel Luke Fildes, but recent scholarship attributes the illustrations to Lionel Grimston Fawkes.
 Images of the original illustrations for Chapters I-L are available through the Google Books Library Project. See _URL_
 Those for Chapters LI-C are available through Internet Archive. See _URL_ THE WAY WE LIVE NOW by ANTHONY TROLLOPE CONTENTS Chapter I. THREE EDITORS.
II. THE CARBURY FAMILY.
III. THE BEARGARDEN.
IV. MADAME MELMOTTE'S BALL.
V. AFTER THE BALL.
VI. ROGER CARBURY AND PAUL MONTAGUE.
VII. MENTOR.
VIII. LOVE-SICK.
IX. THE GREAT RAILWAY TO VERA CRUZ.
X. MR. FISKER'S SUCCESS.
XI. LADY CARBURY AT HOME.
XII. SIR FELIX IN HIS MOTHER'S HOUSE.
XIII. THE LONGESTAFFES.
XIV. CARBURY MANOR.
XV. "YOU SHOULD REMEMBER THAT I AM HIS MOTHER."
XVI. THE BISHOP AND THE PRIEST.
XVII. MARIE MELMOTTE HEARS A LOVE TALE.
XVIII. RUBY RUGGLES HEARS A LOVE TALE.
XIX. HETTA CARBURY HEARS A LOVE TALE.
XX. LADY POMONA'S DINNER PARTY.
XXI. EVERYBODY GOES TO THEM.
XXII. LORD NIDDERDALE'S MORALITY.
XXIII. "YES;—I'M A BARONET."
XXIV. MILES GRENDALL'S TRIUMPH.
XXV. IN GROSVENOR SQUARE.
XXVI. MRS. HURTLE.
XXVII. MRS. HURTLE GOES TO THE PLAY.
XXVIII. DOLLY LONGESTAFFE GOES INTO THE CITY.
XXIX. MISS MELMOTTE'S COURAGE.
XXX. MR. MELMOTTE'S PROMISE.
XXXI. MR. BROUNE HAS MADE UP HIS MIND.
XXXII. LADY MONOGRAM.
XXXIII. JOHN CRUMB.
XXXIV. RUBY RUGGLES OBEYS HER GRANDFATHER.
XXXV. MELMOTTE'S GLORY.
XXXVI. MR. BROUNE'S PERILS.
XXXVII. THE BOARD-ROOM.
XXXVIII. PAUL MONTAGUE'S TROUBLES.
XXXIX. "I DO LOVE HIM."
XL. "UNANIMITY IS THE VERY SOUL OF THESE THINGS."
XLI. ALL PREPARED.
XLII. "CAN YOU BE READY IN TEN MINUTES?"
XLIII. THE CITY ROAD.
XLIV. THE COMING ELECTION.
XLV. MR. MELMOTTE IS PRESSED FOR TIME.
XLVI. ROGER CARBURY AND HIS TWO FRIENDS.
XLVII. MRS. HURTLE AT LOWESTOFT.
XLVIII. RUBY A PRISONER.
XLIX. SIR FELIX MAKES HIMSELF READY.
L. THE JOURNEY TO LIVERPOOL.
LI. WHICH SHALL IT BE?
LII. THE RESULTS OF LOVE AND WINE.
LIII. A DAY IN THE CITY.
LIV. THE INDIA OFFICE.
LV. CLERICAL CHARITIES.
LVI. FATHER BARHAM VISITS LONDON.
LVII. LORD NIDDERDALE TRIES HIS HAND AGAIN.
LVIII. MR. SQUERCUM IS EMPLOYED.
LIX. THE DINNER.
LX. MISS LONGESTAFFE'S LOVER.
LXI. LADY MONOGRAM PREPARES FOR THE PARTY.
LXII. THE PARTY.
LXIII. MR. MELMOTTE ON THE DAY OF THE ELECTION.
LXIV. THE ELECTION.
LXV. MISS LONGESTAFFE WRITES HOME.
LXVI. "SO SHALL BE MY ENMITY."
LXVII. SIR FELIX PROTECTS HIS SISTER.
LXVIII. MISS MELMOTTE DECLARES HER PURPOSE.
LXIX. MELMOTTE IN PARLIAMENT.
LXX. SIR FELIX MEDDLES WITH MANY MATTERS.
LXXI. JOHN CRUMB FALLS INTO TROUBLE.
LXXII. "ASK HIMSELF."
LXXIII. MARIE'S FORTUNE.
LXXIV. MELMOTTE MAKES A FRIEND.
LXXV. IN BRUTON STREET.
LXXVI. HETTA AND HER LOVER.
LXXVII. ANOTHER SCENE IN BRUTON STREET.
LXXVIII. MISS LONGESTAFFE AGAIN AT CAVERSHAM.
LXXIX. THE BREHGERT CORRESPONDENCE.
LXXX. RUBY PREPARES FOR SERVICE.
LXXXI. MR. COHENLUPE LEAVES LONDON.
LXXXII. MARIE'S PERSEVERANCE.
LXXXIII. MELMOTTE AGAIN AT THE HOUSE.
LXXXIV. PAUL MONTAGUE'S VINDICATION.
LXXXV. BREAKFAST IN BERKELEY SQUARE.
LXXXVI. THE MEETING IN BRUTON STREET.
LXXXVII. DOWN AT CARBURY.
LXXXVIII. THE INQUEST.
LXXXIX. "THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE."
XC. HETTA'S SORROW.
XCI. THE RIVALS.
XCII. HAMILTON K. FISKER AGAIN.
XCIII. A TRUE LOVER.
XCIV. JOHN CRUMB'S VICTORY.
XCV. THE LONGESTAFFE MARRIAGES.
XCVI. WHERE "THE WILD ASSES QUENCH THEIR THIRST."
XCVII. MRS. HURTLE'S FATE.
XCVIII. MARIE MELMOTTE'S FATE.
XCIX. LADY CARBURY AND MR. BROUNE.
C. DOWN IN SUFFOLK.

ILLUSTRATIONS "JUST SO, MOTHER;—BUT HOW ABOUTTHE TWENTY POUNDS?" CHAPTER III.
THE DUCHESS FOLLOWED WITH THE MALE VICTIM. CHAPTER IV.
"THERE'S THE £20." CHAPTER VII.
THEN MR. FISKER BEGAN HIS ACCOUNT. CHAPTER IX.
THEN THE SQUIRE LED THE WAY OUT OFTHE ROOM, AND DOLLY FOLLOWED. CHAPTER XIII.
"YOU SHOULD REMEMBER THAT I AM HIS MOTHER." CHAPTER XV.
THE BISHOP THINKS THAT THE PRIEST'SANALOGY IS NOT CORRECT. CHAPTER XVI.
"YOU KNOW WHY I HAVE COME DOWN HERE?" CHAPTER XVII.
SHE MARCHED MAJESTICALLY OUT OF THE ROOM. CHAPTER XXI.
"IN THE MEANTIME WHAT IS YOUR OWN PROPERTY?" CHAPTER XXIII.
"I HAVE COME ACROSS THE ATLANTIC TO SEE YOU." CHAPTER XXVI.
"GET TO YOUR ROOM." CHAPTER XXIX.
SIR DAMASK SOLVING THE DIFFICULTY. CHAPTER XXXII.
"I LOIKS TO SEE HER LOIK O' THAT." CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE BOARD-ROOM. CHAPTER XXXVII.
LADY CARBURY ALLOWED HERSELFTO BE KISSED. CHAPTER XXXIX.
"IT'S NO GOOD SCOLDING." CHAPTER XLI.
"I DON'T CARE ABOUT ANY MAN'S COAT." CHAPTER XLIII.
THE SANDS AT LOWESTOFT. CHAPTER XLVI.
"YOU, I THINK, ARE MISS MELMOTTE." CHAPTER L. THE DOOR WAS OPENED FOR HIM BY RUBY. CHAPTER LI.
"CAN I MARRY THE MAN I DO NOT LOVE?" CHAPTER LII.
FATHER BARHAM. CHAPTER LVI.
MR. SQU


CIRCLE IN THE WATER.
 THE STORY OF A PLAY A Novel BY W. D. HOWELLS 1898 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XIX.
CHAPTER XX.
CHAPTER XXI.
CHAPTER XXII.
CHAPTER XXIII.
CHAPTER XXIV.
CHAPTER XXV.
 A FEARFUL RESPONSIBILITY AND OTHER STORIES BY WILLIAM D. HOWELLS CONTENTS.

A Fearful Responsibility At the Sign of the Savage Tonelli's Marriage THE FLIGHT OF PONY BAKER A Boy's Town Story By W.D. HOWELLS author of "A BOY'S TOWN" "CHRISTMAS EVERY DAY" ETC.

 ILLUSTRATED Contents CHAP.

 PAGE I Pony's Mother, and why he had a Right to run off 3 II The Right that Pony had to run off, from the way his Father acted 15 III Jim Leonard's Hair-breadth Escape 32 IV The Scrape that Jim Leonard got the Boys into 52 V About running away to the Indian Reservation on a Canal-boat, and how the Plan failed 77 VI How the Indians came to the Boy's Town and Jim Leonard acted the Coward 89 VII How Frank Baker spent the Fourth at Pawpaw Bottom, and saw the Fourth of July Boy 105 VIII How Pony Baker came pretty near running off with a Circus 141 IX How Pony did not quite get off with the Circus 152 X The Adventures that Pony's cousin, Frank Baker, had with a Pocketful of Money 165 XI How Jim Leonard planned for Pony Baker to run off on a Raft 192 XII How Jim Leonard backed out, and Pony had to give it up 208 Illustrations "ALL THE FELLOWS CAME ROUND AND ASKED HIM WHAT HE WAS GOING TO DO NOW" Frontispiece "BEING DRESSED SO WELL WAS ONE OF THE WORST THINGS THAT WAS DONE TO HIM BY HIS MOTHER"4 "'I'LL LEARN THAT LIMB TO SLEEP IN A COW-BARN!'" 50 "REAL INDIANS, IN BLANKETS, WITH BOWS AND ARROWS" 90 "VERY SMILING-LOOKING" 124 "HE BEGAN BEING COLD AND STIFF WITH HER THE VERY NEXT MORNING" 144 "FRANK BAKER WAS ONE OF THOSE FELLOWS THAT EVERY MOTHER WOULD FEEL HER BOY WAS SAFE WITH" 166 "'WHY, YOU AIN'T AFRAID, ARE YOU, PONY?'" 204 THE COAST OF BOHEMIA By W. D. Howells Biographical Edition 1899 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. XXI.
 II.
 XXII.
 III.
 XXIII.
 IV.
 XXIV.
 V. XXV.
 VI.
 XXVI.
 VII.
 XXVII.
 VIII.
 XXVIII.
 IX.
 XXIX.
 X. XXX.
 XI.
 XXXI.
 XII.
 XXXII.
 XIII.
 XXXIII.
 XIV.
 XXXIV.
 XV.
 XXXV.
 XVI.
 XXXVI.
 XVII.
 XXXVII.
 XVIII.
 XXXVIII.
 XIX.
 XXXIX.
 XX.
CHRISTMAS EVERY DAY AND OTHER STORIES TOLD FOR CHILDREN By W. D. Howells CONTENTS CHRISTMAS EVERY DAY 3 TURKEYS TURNING THE TABLES 25 THE PONY ENGINE AND THE PACIFIC EXPRESS 51 THE PUMPKIN-GLORY 71 BUTTERFLYFLUTTERBY AND FLUTTERBYBUTTERFLY 111 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE "Having Bonfires in the Back Yard of the Palace" Frontispiece "The Old Gobbler 'First Premium' said They were Going to Turn the Tables Now" 35 Two Little Pumpkin Seeds 75 Took the First Premium at the County Fair 83 "'Here's that little fool pumpkin,' said the farmer" 85 "Caught His Trousers on a Shingle-nail, and Stuck" 93 "'My sakes! it's comin' to life!'" 103 Tail-piece 107 "'Fix dusters! Make ready! Aim! Dust!'" 121 "The General-in-Chief used to go behind the Church and Cry" 125 "The Young Khan and Khant entered the Kingdom with a Magnificent Retinue" 131 "She was Going to Take the Case into Her own Hands" 135 "The Imam put His Head to the Floor" 139 "They began to scream, 'Oh, the cow! the cow!'" 143 BOY LIFE STORIES AND READINGS SELECTED FROM THE WORKS OF WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS AND ARRANGED FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS BY PERCIVAL CHUBB DIRECTOR OF ENGLISH IN THE ETHICAL CULTURE SCHOOL, NEW YORK ILLUSTRATED CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ix I. Adventures in a Boy's Town HOW PONY BAKER CAME PRETTY NEAR RUNNING OFF WITH A CIRCUS 3 THE CIRCUS


sketch of the work and Lt.-Col. Biddle made a few remarks. M. W. W. Frank Pierce, 33rd degree Mason, officiated.
The monument was erected to commemorate the raising of the American Flag at Monterey, the capital of California, July 7, 1846, by the forces under command of Com. Jonathan Drake Sloat, U. S. N. War had been declared between the U. S. and Mexico.
Nob Hill.
In later days, about 1877, the term Nob Hill was applied to the crown of California street from Powell street westward three blocks to Jones street, on account of its having been selected by the railroad magnates of the State upon which to build their new homes, it being their desire to live together in their home life as well as in their business life.
On the north side of California street commencing at Powell was the residence of Mr. David Porter. This was torn down to make way for the Fairmont Hotel, ground for which was broken October 15, 1902. There were other small homes on other parts of the block but they too were removed and the entire block was used as a site for this famous hostelry.
In the early days a long shanty 40 feet by 10 to 12 feet in width stood where the Porter residence formerly stood. A man by the name of McIntire owned it. It was literally covered with California honeysuckle, and a view point of the town. This entire block was acquired by the late James G. Fair, one of the famous mining men of Nevada, and it still remains in the family estate. The hotel was in the course of construction at the time of the great fire of April 18-21, 1906, and the interior had to be rebuilt entirely as well as the stonework about the exterior openings.
The next of the large homes was that of James C. Flood, a handsome and imposing structure of Connecticut brownstone. This building stood upon the eastern half of the block between Mason and Taylor streets and in order to build, a huge hill of rock as high as the building now is, had to be removed. This was in 1876. After the fire of 1906 this building was remodeled and is now occupied by the Pacific-Union Club.
Mason street had just been cut through this same hill. On the west half of the block stood the home of the late D. D. Colton, who made his fortune out of construction contracts on the Central Pacific railroad.
It was afterwards purchased by C. P. Huntington, another of the famous railroad magnates.
On the next corner stood the large frame mansion of Charles Crocker, one of the builders of the C. P. R. R., built at an expense of $2,500,000.
His son William H. built himself a home on the far corner of the same block. This takes us to Jones street. When the late Charles Crocker selected this site for his home there was one piece of property facing on Sacramento street that he could not buy, so in order to get even with the owner, a Mr. Young, he had a tall spite fence built around the house. The owner lived there for a while, but being shut off as he was from the sunlight, had his house removed; still he would not sell and the fence stood there for years afterwards.
On the south side of the street commencing at Powell stood the mansion of Ex-Governor Leland Stanford. When Stanford purchased the property there stood there a fine house built by the actress Julia Dean Hayne, with an entrance at the corner. This house was removed to the corner of Pine and Hyde streets.
The stone retaining wall on Powell and Pine streets, owing to a spring on the property, gave way and had to be taken down (at the corner) and rebuilt. At the corner it extends 20 feet below the sidewalk and is 20 feet thick and 30 feet high. The ground was then terraced.
The building cost in the neighborhood of $2,000,000.
On the corner above, Mark Hopkins built his home. At his death it passed into the hands of a Mr. Searles who had married Hopkins' widow and, not caring to live in California, he had it converted into an art gallery, and the beautiful conservatory into art rooms for the Art Association of the University of California, to whom he bequeathed the property. The building cost in the neighborhood Of $2,750,000.
On the next block, between Mason and Taylor streets, were the Hamilton home, the home of Ex-Mayor E. B. Pond and that of the Tobins. While on the block from Taylor to Jones street stood the A. N. Towne, H. H. Sherwood and George Whittell residences. Just beyond Jones street, on the same side, stood the home of E. J. (Lucky) Baldwin of race horse fame.
In 1861 I moved to 1211 Taylor street, between Clay and Washington, and resided there continuously until 1878, a period of 17 years. And I knew of Stanford, Hopkins, Crocker and Huntington, the quartet of railroad magnates, better than they knew of me. But what shall I say of them?
They have all gone beyond the boundaries of human existence and their mansions, together with all the other homes on the hill, were burned in the fire of April 18-21, 1906. They were all men of master minds and are deserving the highest praise for their enterprise, determination and perseverance in the great work they undertook. It was not their money that did it, it was their heads. And there is where the great indebtedness of the State of California comes in to these men.
Going down the eastern slope on California, just below Powell on the south side, at the corner of Prospect Place, stood a house once occupied by Lieut. John Charles Fremont, while on the corner below stood the home of Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson. This building was built in 1851 and had two tiers of verandas that extended entirely around the building. The Colonel died at the age of 94 but had not owned or lived there for many years. It had been converted into a hotel and known as the Harvey House.
Across the street on the other corner stood the Grace Episcopal Church.
The Crocker heirs, not desiring to rebuild on their property on California, between Taylor and Jones streets, bequeathed it to the Episcopal Diocese on which to build a new Grace Church. It is now in course of construction.
On Pine street, at the southwest corner of Stockton, stood the Wilson home. On the southeast corner of Mason stood the home of J. D. Oliver, while on the southwest corner stood the home of Mr. Fred McCrellish, the owner of the "Alta California," while just beyond were the homes of Woods, Jarboe and Harrison and others. On the next block was the old Stow residence while across the street Isaiah W. Lees, chief of police, resided. He was the greatest detective this coast has ever had—his was instinct and intuition, and his records will always remain a lasting monument. On the northwest corner of Jones stood the home of the late James G. Fair, of mining fame, of Nevada.
Going north on Powell street, at No. 812, Mr. Chilion Beach, the bookseller, lived, while next door, No. 814, Mr. D. D. Shattuck resided.
This building was erected in 1854—Mr. Shattuck came to California via the Isthmus and resided here 47 years. On the next block (same side) stood a little one-story house with a high basement in which J. D. Spencer, a brother of Spencer the sociologist, lived for many years.
Just beyond stood the old High School building. On the next block, at No. 1010, resided for many years another of the old booksellers, Mr.
George B. Hitchcock, proprietor of the "Pioneer Book Store," opposite the "Plaza."
At the northwest corner of Washington stood the first brick building built in San Francisco. It was built in 1851 by John Truebody, the brick being brought from New York. It was originally two stories high but upon the grading of the streets it was built another story downward to the new grade. He later added another story, the fourth, on top. Even to the time of the fire (1906) you could see the various stairway landings on the Washington street frontage. Mr. Truebody originally owned this


Transcribed from the 1887 Cassell & Company edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ cassell's national library THE HISTORY of the CALIPH VATHEK by WILLIAM BECKFORD.
Printer's mark CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK & MELBOURNE.
1887.
INTRODUCTION William Beckford, born in 1759, the year before the accession of King George the Third, was the son of an Alderman who became twice Lord Mayor of London. His family, originally of Gloucestershire, had thriven by the plantations in Jamaica; and his father, sent to school in England, and forming a school friendship at Westminster with Lord Mansfield, began the world in this country as a merchant, with inheritance of an enormous West India fortune. William Beckford the elder became Magistrate, Member of Parliament, Alderman. Four years before the birth of William Beckford the younger he became one of the Sheriffs of London, and three years after his son's birth he was Lord Mayor. As Mayor he gave very sumptuous dinners that made epochs in the lives of feeding men. His son's famous "History of the Caliph Vathek" looks as if it had been planned for an Alderman's dream after a very heavy dinner at the Mansion House. There is devotion in it to the senses, emphasis on heavy dining.
Vathek piqued himself on being the greatest eater alive; but when the Indian dined with him, though the tables were thirty times covered, there was still want of more food for the voracious guest. There is thirst: for at one part of the dream, when Vathek's mother, his wives, and some eunuchs "assiduously employed themselves in filling bowls of rock crystal, and emulously presented them to him, it frequently happened that his avidity exceeded their zeal, insomuch that he would prostrate himself upon the ground to lap up the water, of which he could never have enough." And the nightmare incidents of the Arabian tale all culminate in a most terrible heartburn. Could the conception of Vathek have first come to the son after a City dinner?
Though a magnificent host, the elder Beckford was no glutton. In the year of his first Mayoralty, 1763, Beckford, stood by the side of Alderman Wilkes, attacked for his No. 45 of The North Briton. As champion of the popular cause, when he had been again elected to the Mayoralty, Beckford, on the 23rd of May, 1770, went up to King George the Third at the head of the Aldermen and Livery with an address which the king snubbed with a short answer. Beckford asked leave to reply, and before His Majesty recovered breath from his astonishment, proceeded to reply in words that remain graven in gold upon his monument in Guildhall. Young Beckford, the author of "Vathek," was then a boy not quite eleven years old, an only son; and he was left three years afterwards, by his father's death, heir to an income of a hundred thousand a year, with a million of cash in hand.
During his minority young Beckford's mother, who was a granddaughter of the sixth Earl of Abercorn, placed him under a private tutor. He was taught music by Mozart; and the Earl of Chatham, who had been his father's friend, thought him so fanciful a boy—"all air and fire"—that he advised his mother to keep the Arabian Nights out of his way. Happily she could not, for Vathek adds the thousand and second to the thousand and one tales, with the difference that it joins to wild inventions in the spirit of the East touches of playful extravagance that could come only from an English humourist who sometimes laughed at his own tale, and did not mind turning its comic side to the reader. The younger William Beckford had been born at his father's seat in Wiltshire, Fonthill Abbey; and at seventeen amused himself with a caricature "History of Extraordinary Painters," encouraging the house-keeper of Fonthill to show the pictures to visitors as works of Og of Basan and other worthies in her usual edifying manner.
Young Beckford's education was continued for a year and a half at Geneva. He then travelled in Italy and the Low Countries, and it was at this time that he amused himself by writing, at the age of about twenty-two, "Vathek" in French, at a single sitting; but he gave his mind to it and the sitting lasted three days and two nights. An English version of it was made by a stranger, and published without permission in 1784. Beckford himself published his tale at Paris and Lausanne in 1787, one year after the death of a wife to whom he had been three years married, and who left him with two daughters.
Beckford went to Portugal and Spain; returned to France, and was present at the storming of the Bastille. He was often abroad; he bought Gibbon's library at Lausanne, and shut himself up with it for a time, having a notion of reading it through. He was occasionally in Parliament, but did not care for that kind of amusement. He wrote pieces of less enduring interest than "Vathek," including two burlesques upon the sentimental novel of his time. In 1796 he settled down at Fonthill, and began to spend there abundantly on building and rebuilding. Perhaps he thought of Vathek's tower when he employed workmen day and night to build a tower for himself three hundred feet high, and set them to begin it again when it fell down. He is said to have spent upon Fonthill a quarter of a million, living there in much seclusion during the last twenty years of his life. He died in 1844.
The happy thought of this William Beckford's life was "Vathek." It is a story that paints neither man nor outward nature as they are, but reproduces with happy vivacity the luxuriant imagery and wild incidents of an Arabian tale. There is a ghost of a moral in the story of a sensual Caliph going to the bad, as represented by his final introduction to the Halls of Eblis. But the enjoyment given by the book reflects the real enjoyment that the author had in writing it—enjoyment great enough to cause it to be written at a heat, in one long sitting, without flagging power. Young and lively, he delivered himself up to a free run of fancy, revelled in the piled-up enormities of the Wicked Mother, who had not brought up Vathek properly, and certainly wrote some parts of his nightmare tale as merrily as if he were designing matter for a pantomime.
Whoever, in reading "Vathek," takes it altogether seriously, does not read it as it was written. We must have an eye for the vein of caricature that now and then comes to the surface, and invites a laugh without disturbing the sense of Eastern extravagance bent seriously upon the elaboration of a tale crowded with incident and action. Taken altogether seriously, the book has faults of construction. But the faults turn into beauties when we catch the twinkle in the writer's eye.
H. M. THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPH VATHEK Vathek, ninth Caliph of the race of the Abassides, was the son of Motassem, and the grandson of Haroun Al Raschid. From an early accession to the throne, and the talents he possessed to adorn it, his subjects were induced to expect that his reign would be long and happy. His figure was pleasing and majestic; but when he was angry one of his eyes became so terrible that no person could bear to behold it, and the wretch upon whom it was fixed instantly fell backward, and sometimes expired. For fear, however, of depopulating his dominions and making his palace desolate he but rarely gave way to his anger.
Being much addicted to women and the pleasures of the table, he sought by his affability to procure agreeable companions


act which originates or begins.

 The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come.

I. Taylor.
2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as, the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives.

 In*i"ti*a'tor (?), n. [L.] One who initiates.

 In*i"ti*a*to*ry (?), a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as, an initiatory step. Bp.
 Hall.
2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary.

 Some initiatory treatises in the law.

Herbert.
 Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together.

J. M. Mason.
 In*i"ti*a*to*ry, n. An introductory act or rite. [R.]

 In*i"tion (?), n. [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.]
 Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton.
 In*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. inin + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.]

1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as, to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe.

2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill.

 Cæsar also, then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs.

Milton.
3. To cast or throw; -- with on. [R.]

 And mound inject on mound.

Pope.
 4. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as, to inject the blood vessels.

 In*jec"tion (?), n. [L. injectio : cf. F. injection.]
 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; -- applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc.

2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne.
3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection.

4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser.

Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. -- Injection condenser. See under Condenser. -- Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine.

 In*ject"or (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, injects.

2. (Mach.) A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; -- also called Giffard's injector, from the inventor.

 In*jel"ly (?), v. t. To place in jelly. [R.]

 In*join" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin.

 In*joint (?), v. t. [Pref. inin + joint.] To join; to unite. [R.] Shak.
 In*joint, v. t. [Pref. inin + joint.] To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.
 In'ju*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. injucunditas. See Innot, and Jocund.] Unpleasantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram.
 In*ju"di*ca*ble (?), a. Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey.
 In'ju*di"cial (?), a. Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.]

 In'ju*di"cious (?), a. [Pref. innot + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as, an injudicious adviser.

 An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory.

A. Murphy.
2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as, an injudicious measure.

Syn. -- Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent.

 In'ju*di"cious*ly, adv. In an injudicious manner.

 In'ju*di"cious*ness, n. The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock.
 In*junc"tion (?), n. [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting.

2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction.

 For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered, The high injunction, not to taste that fruit.

Milton.
 Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority.

South.
3. (Law) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ.

 It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell.
Story.
 In"jure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also, to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; -- used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind.

 When have I injured thee? when done thee wrong?

Shak.
Syn. -- To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor.

 In"jur*er (?), n. One who injures or wrongs.

 ||In*ju"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Injurie (#). [L.] (Law) Injury; invasion of another's rights.