Zoöl.), the black-bellied plover (Charadrius squatarola); also sometimes applied to the Bartramian sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). -- Field spaniel (Zoöl.), a small spaniel used in hunting small game. -- Field sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American sparrow (Spizella pusilla). (b) The hedge sparrow.
 [Eng.] -- Field staff> (Mil.), a staff formerly used by gunners to hold a lighted match for discharging a gun. -- Field vole (Zoöl.), the European meadow mouse. -- Field of ice, a large body of floating ice; a pack. -- Field, or Field of view, in a telescope or microscope, the entire space within which objects are seen. -- Field magnet. see under Magnet. -- Magnetic field.
 See Magnetic. -- To back the field, or To bet on the field.
 See under Back, v. t. -- To keep the field. (a) (Mil.)
 To continue a campaign. (b) To maintain one's ground against all comers. -- To lay, or back, against the field, to bet on (a horse, etc.) against all comers. -- To take the field (Mil.), to enter upon a campaign.

 Field (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fielding.] 1. To take the field. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. (Ball Playing) To stand out in the field, ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball.

 Field, v. t. (Ball Playing) To catch, stop, throw, etc. (the ball), as a fielder.

 Field"ed, a. Engaged in the field; encamped. [Obs.]

 To help fielded friends.

Shak.
 Field"en (?), a. Consisting of fields. [Obs.]

 The fielden country also and plains.

Holland.
 Field"er (?), n. (Ball Playing) A ball payer who stands out in the field to catch or stop balls.

 Field"fare' (?; 277), n. [OE. feldfare, AS. feldfare; field + faran to travel.] (Zoöl.) a small thrush (Turdus pilaris) which breeds in northern Europe and winters in Great Britain.
 The head, nape, and lower part of the back are ash-colored; the upper part of the back and wing coverts, chestnut; -- called also fellfare.

 Field"ing, n. (Ball Playing) The act of playing as a fielder.

 Field"piece' (?), n. A cannon mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army; a piece of field artillery; -- called also field gun.

 Field"work' (?), n. (Mil.) Any temporary fortification thrown up by an army in the field; - - commonly in the plural.

 All works which do not come under the head of permanent fortification are called fieldworks.

Wilhelm.
 Field"y (?), a. Open, like a field. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Fiend (?), n. [OE. fend, find, fiend, feond, fiend, foe, AS. feónd; akin to OS. fond, D. vijand enemy, OHG. fant, G. feind, Icel. fjnd, Sw. & Dan. fiende, Goth. fijands; orig. p. pr. of a verb meaning to hate, AS. feón, feógan, OHG. f&?;n, Goth. fijan, Skr. py to scorn; prob. akin to E. feud a quarrel. √81. Cf. Foe, Friend.] An implacable or malicious foe; one who is diabolically wicked or cruel; an infernal being; -- applied specifically to the devil or a demon.

 Into this wild abyss the wary fiend Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while.

Milton.
 O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind Is bent, all hell contains no fouler fiend.

Pope.
 Fiend"ful (?), a. Full of fiendish spirit or arts. Marlowe.
 -- Fiend"ful*ly, adv.
 Fiend"ish (?), a. Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel; infernal; malignant; devilish; hellish. -- Fiend"ish*ly, adv. -- Fiend"ish*ness, n. Fiend"like' (?), a. Fiendish; diabolical. Longfellow.
 Fiend"ly, a. [AS. feóndlic.] Fiendlike; monstrous; devilish. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Fi'e*ras"fer (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small, slender fishes, remarkable for their habit of living as commensals in other animals. One species inhabits the gill cavity of the pearl oyster near Panama; another lives within an East Indian holothurian.

 Fierce (?), a. [Compar. Fiercer (?); superl. Fiercest (?).] [OE. fers, fiers, OF. fier, nom. fiers, fierce, savage, cruel, F. fier proud, from L. ferus wild, savage, cruel; perh. akin to E. bear the animal. Cf. Feral, Ferocity.] 1. Furious; violent; unrestrained; impetuous; as, a fierce wind.

 His fierce thunder drove us to the deep.

Milton.
2. Vehement in anger or cruelty; ready or eager to kill or injure; of a nature to inspire terror; ferocious. "A fierce whisper." Dickens.
 "A fierce tyrant." Pope.
 The fierce foe hung upon our broken rear.

Milton.
 Thou huntest me as a fierce lion.

Job. x. 16.
3. Excessively earnest, eager, or ardent.

Syn. -- Ferocious; savage; cruel; vehement; impetuous; barbarous; fell. See Ferocious.

 -- Fierce"ly, adv. -- Fierce"ness, n.
 ||Fi"e*ri fa"ci*as (?). [L., cause it to be done.] (Law) A judicial writ that lies for one who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. Blackstone. Cowell.
 Fi"er*i*ness (?), n. The quality of being fiery; heat; acrimony; irritability; as, a fieriness of temper. Addison.
 Fi"er*y (? or?), a. [Formerly written firy, fr. fire.]
 1. Consisting of, containing, or resembling, fire; as, the fiery gulf of Etna; a fiery appearance.

 And fiery billows roll below.

I. Watts.
2. Vehement; ardent; very active; impetuous.

 Hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails?

Shak.
 The fiery spirit of his forefathers.

W. Irwing.
3. Passionate; easily provoked; irritable.

 You know the fiery quality of the duke.

Shak.
4. Unrestrained; fierce; mettlesome; spirited.

 One curbed the fiery steed.

Dryden.
5. heated by fire, or as if by fire; burning hot; parched; feverish. Pope.
 The sword which is made fiery.

Hooker.
Fiery cross, a cross constructed of two firebrands, and pitched upon the point of a spear; formerly in Scotland borne by a runner as a signal for the clan to take up arms. Sir W. Scott.
 Fife (?), n. [F. fifre, OHG. pffa, LL.


.

 We start and boggle at every unusual appearance. Glanvill.
Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose. Barrow.
2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully.

3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble. Howell.
Syn. -- To doubt; hesitate; shrink; stickle; demur.

 Bog"gle, v. t. To embarrass with difficulties; to make a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.]

 Bog"gler (&?;), n. One who boggles.

 Bog"glish (&?;), a. Doubtful; skittish. [Obs.]

 Bog"gy (&?;), a. Consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs; of the nature of a bog; swampy; as, boggy land.

 Bo"gie (&?;), n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. & Scot.] A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a locomotive on a railway track.

 Bo"gle (&?;), n. [Scot. and North Eng. bogle, bogill, bugill, specter; as a verb, to terrify, fr. W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bug.]
 A goblin; a specter; a frightful phantom; a bogy; a bugbear. [Written also boggle.]

 Bog"suck'er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The American woodcock; -- so called from its feeding among the bogs.

 Bog"trot'ter (&?;), n. One who lives in a boggy country; -- applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. Halliwell.
 Bog"trot'ting (&?;), a. Living among bogs.

 Bogue (&?;), v. i. (Naut.) To fall off from the wind; to edge away to leeward; -- said only of inferior craft.

 Bogue (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The boce; -- called also bogue bream. See Boce.

 Bo"gus (&?;), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Spurious; fictitious; sham; -- a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit. [Colloq. U. S.]

 Bo"gus, n. A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.
 Bog"wood' (&?;), n. The wood of trees, esp. of oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments.

 Bo"gy (&?;), n.; pl. Bogies (&?;). [See Bogle.]
 A specter; a hobgoblin; a bugbear. "Death's heads and bogies." J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.]

 There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in the history of savages. C. Kingsley.
 Bo*hea" (&?;), n. [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.] Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea.

 The name was formerly applied to superior kinds of black tea, or to black tea in general.

 Bo*he"mi*a (&?;), n. 1. A country of central Europe.

2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3.

 She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia.
Compton Reade.
 Bo*he"mi*an (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian, n., 2.

2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and easy. [Modern] Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty.
Blackw. Mag.
 Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and customs nowadays. W. Black.
Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zoöl.), a small bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the waxwing.
 -- Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality, made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.

 Bo*he"mi*an (&?;), n. 1. A native of Bohemia.

2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects of the Slavic family.

3. A restless vagabond; -- originally, an idle stroller or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in later times often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern] In this sense from the French bohémien, a gypsy; also, a person of irregular habits.

 She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances. Thackeray.
 Bo*he"mi*an*ism (&?;), n. The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern] ||Bo"hun u"pas (&?;). See Upas.

 ||Bo*iar" (&?;), n. See Boyar.

 Boil (boil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled (boild); p. pr. & vb. n. Boiling.] [OE. boilen, OF. boilir, builir, F. bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubbling motion, from bulla bubble; akin to Gr. &?;, Lith. bumbuls. Cf.
 Bull an edict, Budge, v., and Ebullition.] 1. To be agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the generation and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of currents produced by heating it to the boiling point; to be in a state of ebullition; as, the water boils.

2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other cause than heat; to bubble; to effervesce; as, the boiling waves.

 He maketh the deep to boil like a pot. Job xii. 31.
3. To pass from a liquid to an aëriform state or vapor when heated; as, the water boils away.

4. To be moved or excited with passion; to be hot or fervid; as, his blood boils with anger.

 Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath. Surrey.
5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking; as, the potatoes are boiling.

To boil away, to vaporize; to evaporate or be evaporated by the action of heat. -- To boil over, to run over the top of a vessel, as liquid when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence; to be excited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control.

 Boil, v. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as to cause ebullition; as, to boil water.

2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation; as, to boil sugar or salt.

3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleansing, etc.; as, to boil meat; to boil clothes.

 The stomach cook is for the hall, And boileth


STRALIS.--Swamp Quail, or Partridge.
Synoicus Australis is a smaller bird than those just described, but the colour of the plumage is much the same. It is generally found in marshes, or marshy ground, and frequently in bevies.
107. SYNOICUS CHINENSIS.
This beautiful little quail is generally found in marshes, or in high rushy ground. It is not a common bird. In size this quail is not larger than a young guinea fowl that has just broken the shell. It has dark plumage on the back and head--a deep purple breast and belly, and a white horse-shoe on the upper part of the neck. The female has general dark plumage, speckled black.
108. DROMAIUS NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE.--The Emu.
This noble bird ranges over the whole of the continent, although we did not see any to the north of the Stony Desert. A good many were killed by the dogs at Fort Grey. They travel many miles during a single night to water, as was proved by a pack of thirteen coming down to the Depot Creek to drink, that we had seen the evening before more than 12 miles to the north. Those we saw in the distant interior did not differ from the common emu.
109. OTIS AUSTRALASIANUS.--The Bustard.
This fine and erectly walking bird is also common over the whole of the interior, migrating from the north in September and October. Several flights of these birds were seen by us thus migrating southwards in August, passing over our heads at a considerable elevation, as if they intended to be long on the wing. I have known this Otis weigh 28lbs. Its flesh is dark and varied in shade. The flavour is game and the meat is tender.
110. LOBIVANELLUS LOBATUS.--The wattled Peewit.
This bird is most abundant over all south-east Australia, on plains, marshes, and rivers, its cry and flight are very like that of our Peewit at home, and it adopts the same stratagem to draw the fowler from its young. It is a pretty bird, with bright yellow eye and a singular wattle coming from the bill along the cheek. It is also remarkable for a spur on the shoulder which it uses with much force in fighting with any crow or hawk.
111. EDICNEMUS GRALLARIUS.--The southern stone Plover.
There are few parts in the located districts of Australia in which this bird is not to be found. Its peculiar and melancholy cry, ran through the silence of the desert itself, and wherever rocks occurred near water they were also seen but not in any number. We caught a fine young bird at Flood's Creek, but as it was impossible to keep it, we let it go. This bird very much resembles the stone Plover of England, but there are some slight differences of plumage.
112. SARCIOPHORUS PECTORALIS.--Black-breasted Dottrel.
This bird is remarkable for a small red wattle protruding from the bill, with a grey back and wings. It takes its name from its black breast.
113. EUDROMIAS AUSTRALIS, GOULD.--Aust. Dottrel.
This singular bird like several others of different genera, made its appearance in 1841 suddenly on the plains of Adelaide, seeming to have come from the north. It occupied the sand hills at the edge of the Mangrove swamps and fed round the puddles of water on the plains. This bird afforded my friend Mr. Torrens, an abundant harvest, as they were numerous round his house, but although some few have visited South Australia every year, they have never appeared in such numbers as on the first occasion. The plumage is a reddish brown, with a dark horseshoe on the breast. It has a full eye, and runs very fast along the ground, Mr.
Browne and I met or rather crossed several flights of these birds in August of 1845, going south. They were in very large open plains and were very wild.
114. HIATICULA NIGRIFRONS.--Black-fronted Dotrell.
Much smaller than the preceding. A pretty little bird with a plaintive note, generally seen in pairs on the edge of muddy lagoons. Its plumage is a mixture of black, white, and brown, the first colour predominating on the head and breast. It runs with great swiftness, but delights more in flying from one side of a pond to the other.
115. CHLADORHYNCHUS PECTORALIS.--The Banded Stilt.
This singular bird, with legs so admirably adapted by their length for wading into the shallow lakes and sheets of water, near which it is found, is in large flocks in the interior. It was in great numbers on Lepson's Lake to the northward of Cooper's Creek, and on Strzelecki's Creek was sitting on the water with other wild fowl making a singular plaintive whistle. It is semipalmated, has black wings, and a band of brown on the breast, but it is otherwise white. Its bill is long, straight and slender, and its legs are naked for more than an inch and half above the knee.
116. HIMANTOPUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, GOULD.--The white-headed Stilt.
The present bird is about the size of Chladorhynchus pectoralis, and in plumage is nearly the same. This bird was not found in the distant interior but in the shallow basin and round the salt lagoons of Lake Torrens.
117. SCHOENICLUS AUSTRALIS.--Australian Sand-piper.
A bird very much resembling the British Dunlin. General plumage, grey with a white breast. A quick runner, and fond of low damp situations as well as open plains. Common on the banks of all rivers and lagoons.
118. SCOLOPAX AUSTRALIS, LATH.--Snipe.
Considerably larger than the Snipe of England. Common in South Australia but very scarce in the interior. In the valley of the Mypunga there are great numbers of snipe which build there, but it is only in such localities, where the ground is constantly soft that they are to be found. Their flesh is delicate and their flavour good.
119. RHYNCHAEA AUSTRALIS, GOULD.--Painted Snipe.
This beautiful bird was also very scarce in the interior, having been seen only on one occasion. It is not a common bird indeed any where. Some three or four couple visit my residence at Grange yearly, and remain in the high reeds at the bottom of the creek. As they are with us during the summer they doubtless build, but we never found one of their nests. They lay basking in the shade of a tree on the sand hills during the day, and separate when alarmed. It is full as large as Scolopax Australis, but its plumage is black-banded on the back with a general shade of green. Its head is black and brown. It has a black horse-shoe on the breast, the belly being white, and the quill feathers are grey with a small brown spot on each.
120. GRUS AUSTRALASIANUS.--Crane, or Native Companion.
This large sized Crane is common near the waters of the interior, but he is a wary bird, and seldom lets the fowler within shot. When seen in companies they often stand in a row, as they fly in a line like wild fowl. Their general plumage is slate colour, but they have a red ceres or skin on the head. One of these birds was tame in the Government domain at Paramatta in 1829, and a goose used daily to visit it and remain with it for many hours. I have frequently seen them together, and the goose has allowed me to approach quite close before he flew. At last I suppose the poor bird was shot, as he suddenly ceased to visit his friend, and the Native Companion died some little time afterwards.
121. HERODIAS SERMATOPHORUS, GOULD.--White Heron.
This beautiful Heron is common all over the inhabited parts of the Australian Continent, and is seen at a great distance in consequence of its snow-white plumage. It was not however seen in the interior, although it was frequently seen on the line both of the Darling and the Murray.
122. NYCTICORAX CALED


a kind of type used in printing; as, German text.

Text blindness. (Physiol.) See Word blindness, under Word. — Text letter, a large or capital letter. [Obs.] — Text pen, a kind of metallic pen used in engrossing, or in writing texthand.

 Text, v. t. To write in large characters, as in text hand. [Obs.]
 Beau. & Fl.
 Text"-book' (?), n. 1. A book with wide spaces between the lines, to give room for notes.

2. A volume, as of some classical author, on which a teacher lectures or comments; hence, any manual of instruction; a schoolbook.

 Text"-hand' (?), n. A large hand in writing; — so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in a large hand and the notes in a smaller hand.

 Tex"tile (?), a. [L. textilis, fr. texere to weave: cf. F. textile. See Text.] Pertaining to weaving or to woven fabrics; as, textile arts; woven, capable of being woven; formed by weaving; as, textile fabrics.

Textile cone (Zoöl.), a beautiful cone shell (Conus textilis) in which the colors are arranged so that they resemble certain kinds of cloth.

 Tex"tile, n. That which is, or may be, woven; a fabric made by weaving. Bacon.
 Text"man (?), n.; pl. Textmen (&?;). One ready in quoting texts. [R.] Bp. Sanderston.
 Tex*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. textorius, fr. textor a weaver, fr. texere, textum, to weave.] Of or pertaining to weaving. T. Warton.
 Tex"trine (?), a. [L. textrinus, for textorinus, fr.
 textor a weaver.] Of or pertaining to weaving, textorial; as, the textrine art. Denham.
 Tex"tu*al (?), a. [OE. textuel, F. textuel.] 1.
 Of, pertaining to, or contained in, the text; as, textual criticism; a textual reading. Milton.
2. Serving for, or depending on, texts. Bp. Hall.
3. Familiar with texts or authorities so as to cite them accurately. "I am not textuel." Chaucer.
 Tex"tu*al*ist, n. A textman; a textuary. Lightfoot.
 Tex"tu*al*ly, adv. In a textual manner; in the text or body of a work; in accordance with the text.

 Tex"tu*a*rist (?), n. A textuary. [R.]

 Tex"tu*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. textuaire.] 1. Contained in the text; textual. Sir T. Browne.
2. Serving as a text; authoritative. Glanvill.
 Tex"tu*a*ry, n. [Cf. F. textuaire.] 1. One who is well versed in the Scriptures; a textman. Bp. Bull.
2. One who adheres strictly or rigidly to the text.

 Tex"tu*el (?), a. Textual. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Tex"tu*ist, n. A textualist; a textman. [Obs.]

 The crabbed textualists of his time.

Milton.
 Tex"tur*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to texture.

 Tex"ture (?), n. [L. textura, fr. texere, textum, to weave: cf. F. texture. See Text.] 1. The act or art of weaving. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
2. That which woven; a woven fabric; a web. Milton.
 Others, apart far in the grassy dale, Or roughening waste, their humble texture weave.

Thomson.
3. The disposition or connection of threads, filaments, or other slender bodies, interwoven; as, the texture of cloth or of a spider's web.

4. The disposition of the several parts of any body in connection with each other, or the manner in which the constituent parts are united; structure; as, the texture of earthy substances or minerals; the texture of a plant or a bone; the texture of paper; a loose or compact texture.

5. (Biol.) A tissue. See Tissue.

 Tex"ture (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Textured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Texturing.] To form a texture of or with; to interweave. [R.]

 Tex"tur*y (?), n. The art or process of weaving; texture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Teyne (?), n. [See Tain.] A thin plate of metal. [Obs.] "A teyne of silver." Chaucer.
 Th. In Old English, the article the, when the following word began with a vowel, was often written with elision as if a part of the word.
 Thus in Chaucer, the forms thabsence, tharray, thegle, thend, thingot, etc., are found for the absence, the array, the eagle, the end, etc.

 { Thack (?), Thack"er (?) }. See Thatch, Thatcher. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.
 & Scot.]

 Thak (?), v. t. To thwack. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Thal'a*men*ceph"a*lon (?), n. [NL. See Thalamus, and Encephalon.]
 (Anat.) The segment of the brain next in front of the midbrain, including the thalami, pineal gland, and pituitary body; the diencephalon; the interbrain.

 Tha*lam"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a thalamus or to thalami.

 { Thal'a*mi*flo"ral (?), Thal'a*mi*flo"rous (?), } a. [See Thalamus, and Floral.] (Bot.) Bearing the stamens directly on the receptacle; — said of a subclass of polypetalous dicotyledonous plants in the system of De Candolle.

 Thal"a*mo*cœle' (?), n. [Thalamic + Gr. koi^los hollow.] (Anat.) The cavity or ventricle of the thalamencephalon; the third ventricle.

 ||Thal'a*moph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. qa'lamos chamber + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Foraminifera.

 ||Thal"a*mus (?), n.; pl. Thalami (#). [L. thalamus chamber, Gr. qa'lamos.] 1. (Anat.) A mass of nervous matter on either side of the third ventricle of the brain; — called also optic thalamus.

2. (Bot.) (a) Same as Thallus. (b) The receptacle of a flower; a torus.

 Tha*las"si*an (?), n. [From Gr. &?; the sea.] (Zoöl.)
 Any sea tortoise.

 Tha*las"sic (?), a. [Gr. &?; the sea.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the sea; — sometimes applied to rocks formed from sediments deposited upon the sea bottom.

 Thal'as*sin"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Thalaassinidæ, a family of burrowing macrurous Crustacea, having a long and soft abdomen.

 Thal'as*sog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; sea + -graphy


B. (c) To purchase the entire stock in trade and the good will of a business. -- To buy in, to purchase stock in any fund or partnership. -- To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. -- To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time.

 Buy, v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase.

 I will buy with you, sell with you. Shak.
 Buy"er (&?;), n. One who buys; a purchaser.

 Buz (&?;), v. & n. See Buzz. [Obs.]

 Buzz (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buzzed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buzzing.] [An onomatopœia.] To make a low, continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made by bees with their wings. Hence: To utter a murmuring sound; to speak with a low, humming voice.

 Like a wasp is buzzed, and stung him. Longfellow.
 However these disturbers of our peace Buzz in the people's ears. Shak.
 Buzz, v. t. 1. To sound forth by buzzing. Shak.
2. To whisper; to communicate, as tales, in an under tone; to spread, as report, by whispers, or secretly.

 I will buzz abroad such prophecies That Edward shall be fearful of his life. Shak.
3. To talk to incessantly or confidentially in a low humming voice.
 [Colloq.]

4. (Phonetics) To sound with a "buzz". H. Sweet.
 Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. "The constant buzz of a fly." Macaulay.
 I found the whole room in a buzz of politics. Addison.
 There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray.
2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously.

 There's a certain buzz Of a stolen marriage. Massinger.
3. (Phonetics) The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet.
 Buz"zard (bz"zrd), n. [O.E. busard, bosard, F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.]

1. (Zoöl.) A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera.

 The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B. borealis, B. Pennsylvanicus, and B. lineatus) are usually called hen hawks. -- The rough-legged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larvæ, with other insects, and reptiles. -- The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus æruginosus.
 See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard.

Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk.

2. A blockhead; a dunce.

 It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard. Goldsmith.
 Buz"zard, a. Senseless; stupid. [R. & Obs.] Milton.
 Buz"zard*et' (-t'), n. (Zoöl.) A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer.

 Buzz"er (bz"r), n. One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer.

 And wants not buzzers to infect his ear With pestilent speeches of his father's death. Shak.
 Buzz"ing*ly (&?;), adv. In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound.

 Buzz"saw' (&?;) A circular saw; -- so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed.

 By (b), prep. [OE. bi, AS. b, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. b, G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh.
 Gr. 'amfi'. E. prefix beis orig. the same word. √203. See pref. Be-.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. [1913 Webster] By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them both. Milton.
2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5.

 Long labors both by sea and land he bore. Dryden.
By land, by water, they renew the charge. Pope.
3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as, to go by a church.

4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty feet by forty.

5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4].
6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force.

 To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as, "Waverley", a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o'clock.

 In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is.

With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained


the doctrine that there is no God but the combined force and laws which are manifested in the existing universe; cosmotheism.

 Pan"the*ist, n. One who holds to pantheism.

 { Pan'the*is"tic (?), Pan'the*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to pantheism; founded in, or leading to, pantheism. -- Pan'the*is"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Pan'the*ol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in pantheology.

 Pan'the*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Pan- + theology.] A system of theology embracing all religions; a complete system of theology.

 Pan*the"on (?), n. [L. pantheon, pantheum, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; of all gods; &?;, &?;, all + &?; a god: cf. F. panthéon. See Pan-, and Theism.] 1. A temple dedicated to all the gods; especially, the building so called at Rome.

2. The collective gods of a people, or a work treating of them; as, a divinity of the Greek pantheon.

 Pan"ther (?), n. [OE. pantere, F. panthère, L. panthera, Gr. &?;, prob. fr. Skr. pundrka a tiger.]

1. (Zoöl.) A large dark-colored variety of the leopard, by some zoölogists considered a distinct species. It is marked with large ringlike spots, the centers of which are darker than the color of the body.

2. (Zoöl.) In America, the name is applied to the puma, or cougar, and sometimes to the jaguar.

Panther cat (Zoöl.), the ocelot. -- Panther cowry (Zoöl.), a spotted East Indian cowry (Cypræa pantherina); -- so called from its color.

 Pan"ther*ess, n. (Zoöl.) A female panther.

 Pan"ther*ine (?), a. Like a panther, esp. in color; as, the pantherine snake (Ptyas mucosus) of Brazil.

 Pan"tile' (?), n. [5th pan + tile.] (Arch.) A roofing tile, of peculiar form, having a transverse section resembling an elongated S laid on its side (&?;).

 Pant"ing*ly (?), adv. With palpitation or rapid breathing. Shak.
 Pan'ti*soc"ra*cy (?), n. [Panto- + Gr. &?; equal + &?; to rule.] A Utopian community, in which all should rule equally, such as was devised by Coleridge, Lovell, and Southey, in their younger days.

 Pan*tis"o*crat (?), n. A pantisocratist.

 Pan'ti*so*crat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a pantisocracy.

 Pan'ti*soc"ra*tist (?), n. One who favors or supports the theory of a pantisocracy. Macaulay.
 Pan"tler (?), n. [F. panetier. See Panter, Pantry.] The servant or officer, in a great family, who has charge of the bread and the pantry. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pan"to- (?). See Pan-.

 Pan'to*chro*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Panto- + chronometer.]
 An instrument combining a compass, sundial, and universal time dial. Brande & C. Pan*to"fle (?), n. [F. pantoufle.] A slipper for the foot.
 [Written also pantable and pantoble.]

 Pan"to*graph (?), n. [Panto- + -graph: cf. F. pantographe.]
 An instrument for copying plans, maps, and other drawings, on the same, or on a reduced or an enlarged, scale. [Written also pantagraph, and incorrectly pentagraph.]

Skew pantograph, a kind of pantograph for drawing a copy which is inclined with respect to the original figure; -- also called plagiograph.

 { Pan'to*graph"ic (?), Pan'to*graph"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. pantographique.]
 Of or pertaining to a pantograph; relating to pantography.

 Pan*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Cf. F. pantographie.] A general description; entire view of an object.

 Pan'to*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to pantology.

 Pan*tol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in pantology; a writer of pantology.

 Pan*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Panto- + -logy.] A systematic view of all branches of human knowledge; a work of universal information.

 Pan*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Panto- + -meter: cf. F. pantomètre.]
 An instrument for measuring angles for determining elevations, distances, etc.

 Pan*tom"e*try (?), n. Universal measurement. [R.] -- Pan'to*met"ric (#), a. [R.]

 Pan"to*mime (?), n. [F., fr. L. pantomimus, Gr. &?;, lit., all-imitating; &?;, &?;, all + &?; to imitate: cf. It.
 pantomimo. See Mimic.] 1. A universal mimic; an actor who assumes many parts; also, any actor. [Obs.]

2. One who acts his part by gesticulation or dumb show only, without speaking; a pantomimist.

 [He] saw a pantomime perform so well that he could follow the performance from the action alone.

Tylor.
3. A dramatic representation by actors who use only dumb show; hence, dumb show, generally.

4. A dramatic and spectacular entertainment of which dumb acting as well as burlesque dialogue, music, and dancing by Clown, Harlequin, etc., are features.

 Pan"to*mime, a. Representing only in mute actions; pantomimic; as, a pantomime dance.

 { Pan'to*mim"ic (?), Pan'to*mim"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. pantomimique.]
 Of or pertaining to the pantomime; representing by dumb show. "Pantomimic gesture." Bp. Warburton. -- Pan'to*mim"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Pan"to*mi'mist (?), n. An actor in pantomime; also, a composer of pantomimes.

 Pan"ton (?), n. [F. patin. See Patten.] (Far.) A horseshoe to correct a narrow, hoofbound heel.

 Pan*toph"a*gist (?), n. [See Pantophagous.] A person or an animal that has the habit of eating all kinds of food.

 Pan*toph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, all + &?; to eat.] Eating all kinds of food.

 Pan*toph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] The habit or power of eating all kinds of food.

 ||Pan*top"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Panto-, & -poda.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Pycnogonida.

 Pan'to*scop"ic (?), a. [Panto- + -scope + -ic.]
 Literally, seeing everything; -- a term applied to eyeglasses or spectacles divided into two segments, the upper being designed for distant vision, the lower for vision of near objects.

 Pan"try (?), n.; pl. Pantries


THE RED SEAL by Natalie Sumner Lincoln CONTENTS CHAPTER I. IN THE POLICE COURT CHAPTER II. THE GAME OF CONSEQUENCES CHAPTER III.
 THE ROOM WITH THE SEVEN DOORS CHAPTER IV. BARBARA ENGAGES COUNSEL CHAPTER V. THE VANISHING MAN CHAPTER VI. STRAIGHT QUESTIONS AND CROOKED ANSWERS CHAPTER VII. THE RED SEAL CHAPTER VIII. THE INQUEST CHAPTER IX. "B-B-B" CHAPTER X. AT THE CLUB DE VINGT CHAPTER XI. HALF A TRUTH CHAPTER XII. THE ECHO OF A LAUGH CHAPTER XIII. THE FACE AT THE WINDOW CHAPTER XIV. PAY CASH CHAPTER XV. WHEN THE LIGHT FAILED CHAPTER XVI. THE CRIMSON OUTLINE CHAPTER XVII. A QUESTION OF HOUSE-BREAKING CHAPTER XVIII. THE FATAL PERIOD CHAPTER XIX. THE RED SEAL AGAIN CHAPTER XX. THE UNKNOWN EQUATION CHAPTER XXI. THE RIDDLE ANSWERED CHAPTER I. IN THE POLICE COURT The Assistant District Attorney glanced down at the papers in his hand and then up at the well-dressed, stockily built man occupying the witness stand. His manner was conciliatory.

 "According to your testimony, Mr. Clymer, the prisoner, John Sylvester, was honest and reliable, and faithfully performed his duties as confidential clerk," he stated. "Just when was Sylvester in your employ?" "Sylvester was never in my employ," corrected Benjamin Augustus Clymer.
 The president of the Metropolis Trust Company was noted for his precision of speech. "During the winter of 1918 I shared an apartment with Judge James Hildebrand, who employed Sylvester." "Was Sylvester addicted to drink?" "No." "Was he quarrelsome?" "No." "Was Sylvester married at that date?" At the question a faint smile touched the corners of Clymer's clean shaven mouth and his eyes traveled involuntarily toward the over-dressed female whose charge of assault and battery against her husband had brought Clymer to the police court as a "character" witness in Sylvester's behalf.

 "Sylvester left Judge Hildebrand to get married," he explained. "He was a model clerk; honest, sober, and industrious." "That is all, Mr. Clymer." The Assistant District Attorney spoke in some haste. "You may retire, sir," and, as Clymer turned to vacate the witness box, he addressed the presiding judge.

 Clymer did not catch his remarks as, on stepping down, he was button-holed by a man whose entrance had occurred a few minutes before through the swing door which gave exit from the space reserved for witnesses and lawyers into the body of the court room.

 "Sit over here a second," the newcomer said in an undertone, indicating the long bench under the window. "Has Miss McIntyre been here?" "Miss McIntyre—here?" Clymer stared in amazement at his questioner.
 "No, certainly not." "Don't be so positive," retorted the lawyer heatedly, his color rising at the other's incredulous tone. "Helen McIntyre telephoned me to meet her, and—by Jove, here she comes," as a slight stir at the back of the court room caused him to glance in that direction.

 A gray-haired patrolman, cap in hand, was in the lead of the small procession which filed up the aisle, and Clymer gazed in astonishment at Helen McIntyre and her twin sister, Barbara. What had brought them at that hour to the police court?

 The court room was filled with men, both white and black, while a dozen or more slatternly negro women were seated here and there. The Assistant District Attorney's plea for a postponement of the Sylvester case on the ground of the absence of an important witness and the granting of his plea was entirely lost on the majority of those in the court room, their attention being wholly centered on Helen McIntyre and Barbara, whose bearing and clothes spoke of a fashionable and prosperous world to which nearly all present were utterly foreign.

 Barbara, sensitive to the concentrated regard which their entrance had attracted, drew closer to Dr. Amos Stone, their family physician, who had accompanied them at her particular request. Except for Mrs. Sylvester, she and her sister were the only white women in the room.

 Before they could take the seats to which they had been ushered, the clerk's stentorian tones sent the girls' names echoing down the court room and Barbara, much perturbed, found herself standing with Helen before the clerk's desk. There was a moment's wait and the deputy marshal, who had motioned to one of the prisoners sitting in the "cage" to step outside, emphasized his order with a muttered imprecation to hurry. A slouching figure finally shambled past him and stopped some little distance from the group in front of the Judge's bench.

 "House-breaking," announced the clerk. "Charge brought by—" He looked up at the two girls.

 "Miss Helen McIntyre," answered one of the twins composedly. "Daughter of Colonel Charles McIntyre of this city." "Charge brought by Miss Helen McIntyre," continued the clerk, "against—" and his pointed finger indicated the seedy looking man slouching before them.

 "Smith," said the latter, and his husky voice was barely audible.

 "Smith," repeated the clerk. "First name—?" "John," was the answer, given after a slight pause.

 "John Smith, you are charged by Miss Helen McIntyre with house-breaking.
 What say you—guilty or not guilty?" The man shifted his weight from one foot to the other and shot an uneasy look about him.

 "Not guilty," he responded.

 At that instant Helen caught sight of Benjamin Clymer and his companion, Philip Rochester, and her pale cheeks flushed faintly at the lawyer's approach. He had time but for a hasty handshake before the clerk administered the oath to the prisoner and the witnesses in the case.

 Rochester walked back and resumed his seat by Clymer. Propping himself in the corner made by the bench and the cage, inside of which sat the prisoners, he opened his right hand and unfolded a small paper. He read the brief penciled message it contained not once but a dozen times.
 Folding the paper into minute dimensions he tucked it carefully inside his vest pocket and glanced sideways at Clymer. The banker hardly noticed his uneasy movements as he sat regarding Helen McIntyre standing in the witness box. Although paler than usual, the girl's manner was quiet, but Clymer, a close student of human nature, decided she was keeping her composure by will power alone, and his interest grew.

 The Judge, from the Bench, was also regarding the handsome witness and the burglar with close attention. Colonel Charles McIntyre, a wealthy manufacturer, had, upon his retirement from active business, made the National Capital his home, and his name had become a household word for philanthropy, while his twin daughters were both popular in Washington's gay younger set. Several reporters of local papers, attracted by the mention of the McIntyre name, as well as by the twins' appearance, watched the scene with keen expectancy, eager for early morning "copy." As


not even the appearance of strength in sentimentalizing.
Besides the sentimentalizing about ourselves in our desire to live a better life, there is the same morbid practice in our love for others; and this is quite as weakening. It contains, of course, no jot of real affection. What wholesome love there is lives in spite of the sentimentalizing, and fortunately is sometimes strong enough on one side or the other to crowd it out and finally exterminate it.
It is curious to notice how often this sham sentiment for others is merely a matter of nerves. As an instance we can take an example, which is quite true, of a woman who fancied herself desperately fond of another, when, much to her surprise, an acute attack of toothache and dentist-fright put the "affection" quite out of her head. In this case the "love" was a nervous irritant, and the toothache a counter-irritant. Of course the sooner such superficial feeling is recognized and shaken off, the nearer we are to real sentiment.
"But," some one will say, "how are we to know what is real and what is not? I would much rather live my life and get more or less unreality than have this everlasting analyzing." There need be no abnormal analyzing; that is as morbid as the other state. Indulge to your heart's content in whatever seems to you real, in what you believe to be wholesome sentiment. But be ready to recognize it as sham at the first hint you get to that effect, and to drop it accordingly.
A perfectly healthy body will shed germs of disease without ever feeling their presence. So a perfectly healthy mind will shed the germs of sentimentality. Few of us are so healthy in mind but that we have to recognize a germ or two and apply a disinfectant before we can reach the freedom that will enable us to shed the germs unconsciously. A good disinfectant is, to refuse to talk of our own feelings or desires or affections, unless for some end which we know may help us to more light and better strength. Talking, however, is mild in its weakening effect compared with thinking. It is better to dribble sham sentiment in words over and over than to think it, and repress the desire to talk. The only clear way is to drop it from our minds the moment it appears; to let go of it as we would loosen our fingers and drop something disagreeable from our hands.
A good amount of exercise and fresh air helps one out of sentimentalizing. This morbid mental habit is often the result of a body ill in some way or another. Frequently it is simply the effect of tired nerves. We help others and ourselves out of it more rapidly by not mentioning the sentimentalizing habit, but by taking some immediate means towards rest, fresh air, vigorous exercise, and better nourishment.
Mistakes are often made and ourselves or others kept an unnecessary length of time in mental suffering because we fail to attribute a morbid mental state to its physical cause. We blame ourselves or others for behavior that we call wicked or silly, and increase the suffering, when all that is required is a little thoughtful care of the body to cause the silly wickedness to disappear entirely.
We are supposed to be indulging in sickly sentiment when we are really suffering from sickly nerves. An open sympathy will detect this mistake very soon, and save intense suffering by an early remedy.
Sentiment is as strengthening as sentimentality is weakening. It is as strong, as clear, and as fine in flavor as the other is sickly sweet. No one who has tasted the wholesome vigor of the one could ever care again for the weakening sweetness of the other, however much he might have to suffer in getting rid of it. True sentiment seeks us; we do not seek it. It not only seeks us, it possesses us, and runs in our blood like the new life which comes from fresh air on top of a mountain. With that true sentiment we can feel a desire to know better things and to live them. We can feel a hearty love for others; and a love that is, in its essence, the strongest of all human loves. We can give and receive a healthy sympathy which we could never have known otherwise. We can enjoy talking about ourselves and about "being good," because every word we say will be spontaneous and direct, with more thought of law than of self. This true sentiment seeks and finds us as we recognize the sham and shake it off, and as we refuse to dwell upon our actions and thoughts in the past or to look back at all except when it is a necessity to gain a better result.
We are like Orpheus, and true sentiment is our Eurydice with her touch on our shoulder; the spirits that follow are the sham-sentiments, the temptations to look back and pose. The music of our lyre is the love and thought we bring to our every-day life. Let us keep steadily on with the music, and lead our Eurydice right through Hades until we have her safely over the Lethe, and we know sentimentality only as a name.
XIV.
PROBLEMS.
THERE are very few persons who have not I had the experience of giving up a problem in mathematics late in the evening, and waking in the morning with the solution clear in their minds. That has been the experience of many, too, in real-life problems. If it were more common, a great amount of nervous strain might be saved.
There are big problems and little, real and imaginary; and some that are merely tired nerves. In problems, the useless nervous element often plays a large part. If the "problems" were dropped out of mind with sufferers from nervous prostration, their progress towards renewed health might be just twice as rapid. If they were met normally, many nervous men and women might be entirely saved from even a bowing acquaintance with nervous prostration. It is not a difficult matter, that of meeting a problem normally,—simply let it solve itself. In nine cases out of ten, if we leave it alone and live as if it were not, it will solve itself. It is at first a matter of continual surprise to see how surely this self-solution is the result of a wholesome ignoring both of little problems and big ones.
In the tenth case, where the problem must be faced at once, to face it and decide to the best of our ability is, of course, the only thing to do. But having decided, be sure that it ceases to be a problem. If we have made a mistake, it is simply a circumstance to guide us for similar problems to come.
All this is obvious; we know it, and have probably said it to ourselves dozens of times. If we are sufferers from nervous problems, we may have said it dozens upon dozens of times. The trouble is that we have said it and not acted upon it. When a problem will persist in worrying us, in pulling and dragging upon our nerves, an invitation to continue the worrying until it has worked itself out is a great help towards its solution or disappearance.
I remember once hearing a bright woman say that when there was anything difficult to decide in her life she stepped aside and let the opposing elements fight it out within her. Presumably she herself threw in a little help on one side or the other which really decided the battle. But the help was given from a clear standpoint, not from a brain entirely befogged in the thick of the fight.
Whatever form problems may take, however important they may seem, when they attack tired nerves they must be let alone. A good way is to go out into the open air and so identify one's self with Nature that one is drawn away in spite of one's self. A big wind will sometimes blow a brain clear of nervous problems in a very little while if we let it have its will. Another way out is to interest one's self in some game or other amusement, or to get a healthy interest in other people's affairs, and help where we can.
Each individual can find his own favorite escape. Of course we should never shirk a problem that must be decided, but let us always wait a reasonable time for it to decide itself first. The solving that is done for us is invariably better and clearer than any we could do for ourselves.
It will be curious, too, to see how many apparently serious problems, relieved of the importance given them by a strained nervous system, are recognized to be nothing at all. They fairly dissolve themselves and disappear.
XV.


[Illustration] EREWHON OR,OVER THE RANGE by Samuel Butler "Τοῦ γὰρ εἰναι δοκοῦντος ἀγαθοῦ χάριν πάντα πράττουσι πάντες."—ARIST. Pol.
"There is no action save upon a balance of considerations."—Paraphrase.
Contents PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION CHAPTER I. WASTE LANDS CHAPTER II. IN THE WOOL-SHED CHAPTER III. UP THE RIVER CHAPTER IV. THE SADDLE CHAPTER V. THE RIVER AND THE RANGE CHAPTER VI. INTO EREWHON CHAPTER VII. FIRST IMPRESSIONS CHAPTER VIII. IN PRISON CHAPTER IX. TO THE METROPOLIS CHAPTER X. CURRENT OPINIONS CHAPTER XI. SOME EREWHONIAN TRIALS CHAPTER XII. MALCONTENTS CHAPTER XIII. THE VIEWS OF THE EREWHONIANS CONCERNING DEATH CHAPTER XIV. MAHAINA CHAPTER XV. THE MUSICAL BANKS CHAPTER XVI. AROWHENA CHAPTER XVII. YDGRUN AND THE YDGRUNITES CHAPTER XVIII. BIRTH FORMULAE CHAPTER XIX. THE WORLD OF THE UNBORN CHAPTER XX. WHAT THEY MEAN BY IT CHAPTER XXI. THE COLLEGES OF UNREASON CHAPTER XXII. THE COLLEGES OF UNREASON—Continued CHAPTER XXIII. THE BOOK OF THE MACHINES CHAPTER XXIV. THE MACHINES—continued CHAPTER XXV. THE MACHINES—concluded CHAPTER XXVI. THE VIEWS OF AN EREWHONIAN PROPHET CONCERNING THE RIGHTS OF ANIMALS CHAPTER XXVII. THE VIEWS OF AN EREWHONIAN PHILOSOPHER CONCERNING THE RIGHTS OF VEGETABLES CHAPTER XXVIII. ESCAPE CHAPTER XXIX. CONCLUSION Footnotes PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The Author wishes it to be understood that Erewhon is pronounced as a word of three syllables, all short—thus, Ĕ-rĕ-whŏn.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION Having been enabled by the kindness of the public to get through an unusually large edition of "Erewhon" in a very short time, I have taken the opportunity of a second edition to make some necessary corrections, and to add a few passages where it struck me that they would be appropriately introduced; the passages are few, and it is my fixed intention never to touch the work again.
I may perhaps be allowed to say a word or two here in reference to "The Coming Race," to the success of which book "Erewhon" has been very generally set down as due. This is a mistake, though a perfectly natural one. The fact is that "Erewhon" was finished, with the exception of the last twenty pages and a sentence or two inserted from time to time here and there throughout the book, before the first advertisement of "The Coming Race" appeared. A friend having called my attention to one of the first of these advertisements, and suggesting that it probably referred to a work of similar character to my own, I took "Erewhon" to a well-known firm of publishers on the 1st of May 1871, and left it in their hands for consideration. I then went abroad, and on learning that the publishers alluded to declined the MS., I let it alone for six or seven months, and, being in an out-of-the-way part of Italy, never saw a single review of "The Coming Race," nor a copy of the work. On my return, I purposely avoided looking into it until I had sent back my last revises to the printer. Then I had much pleasure in reading it, but was indeed surprised at the many little points of similarity between the two books, in spite of their entire independence to one another.
I regret that reviewers have in some cases been inclined to treat the chapters on Machines as an attempt to reduce Mr. Darwin's theory to an absurdity.
Nothing could be further from my intention, and few things would be more distasteful to me than any attempt to laugh at Mr. Darwin; but I must own that I have myself to thank for the misconception, for I felt sure that my intention would be missed, but preferred not to weaken the chapters by explanation, and knew very well that Mr. Darwin's theory would take no harm. The only question in my mind was how far I could afford to be misrepresented as laughing at that for which I have the most profound admiration. I am surprised, however, that the book at which such an example of the specious misuse of analogy would seem most naturally levelled should have occurred to no reviewer; neither shall I mention the name of the book here, though I should fancy that the hint given will suffice.
I have been held by some whose opinions I respect to have denied men's responsibility for their actions. He who does this is an enemy who deserves no quarter. I should have imagined that I had been sufficiently explicit, but have made a few additions to the chapter on Malcontents, which will, I think, serve to render further mistake impossible.
An anonymous correspondent (by the hand-writing presumably a clergyman) tells me that in quoting from the Latin grammar I should at any rate have done so correctly, and that I should have written "agricolas" instead of "agricolae". He added something about any boy in the fourth form, &c., &c., which I shall not quote, but which made me very uncomfortable. It may be said that I must have misquoted from design, from ignorance, or by a slip of the pen; but surely in these days it will be recognised as harsh to assign limits to the all-embracing boundlessness of truth, and it will be more reasonably assumed that each of the three possible causes of misquotation must have had its share in the apparent blunder. The art of writing things that shall sound right and yet be wrong has made so many reputations, and affords comfort to such a large number of readers, that I could not venture to neglect it; the Latin grammar, however, is a subject on which some of the younger members of the community feel strongly, so I have now written "agricolas". I have also parted with the word "infortuniam" (though not without regret), but have not dared to meddle with other similar inaccuracies.
For the inconsistencies in the book, and I am aware that there are not a few, I must ask the indulgence of the reader. The blame, however, lies chiefly with the Erewhonians themselves, for they were really a very difficult people to understand. The most glaring anomalies seemed to afford them no intellectual inconvenience; neither, provided they did not actually see the money dropping out of their pockets, nor suffer immediate physical pain, would they listen to any arguments as to the waste of money and happiness which their folly caused them. But this had an effect of which I have little reason to complain, for I was allowed almost to call them life-long self-deceivers to their faces, and they said it was quite true, but that it did not matter.
I must not conclude without expressing my most sincere thanks to my critics and to the public for the leniency and consideration with which they have treated my adventures.
June 9, 1872 PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION My publisher wishes me to say a few words about the genesis of the work, a revised and enlarged edition of which he is herewith laying before the public.
I therefore place on record as much as I can remember on this head after a lapse of more than thirty years.
The first part of "Erewhon" written was an article headed "Darwin among the Machines," and signed Cellarius. It was written in the Upper Rangitata district of the Canterbury Province (as it then was) of New Zealand, and appeared at Christchurch in the Press Newspaper, June 13, 1863. A


ons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, that is, an English Saxon, or one the Saxons who settled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or "Old") Saxon.

2. pl. The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, collectively, before the Norman Conquest.

 It is quite correct to call Æthelstan "King of the Anglo-Saxons," but to call this or that subject of Æthelstan "an Anglo-Saxon" is simply nonsense. E. A. Freeman.
3. The language of the English people before the Conquest (sometimes called Old English). See Saxon.

4. One of the race or people who claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled in England; a person of English descent in its broadest sense.

 An"glo-Sax"on, a. Of or pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons or their language.

 An"glo-Sax"on*dom (&?;), n. The AngloSaxon domain (i. e., Great Britain and the United States, etc.); the AngloSaxon race.

 An"glo-Sax"on*ism (&?;), n. 1. A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race; especially, a word or an idiom of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. M. Arnold.
2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo-Saxon, or English in its ethnological sense.

 An*go"la (&?;), n. [A corruption of Angora.] A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.

 An*go"la pea' (&?;). (Bot.) A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; -- so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea.

 ||An"gor ("gr), n. [L. See Anger.] (Med.) Great anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression.

 An*go"ra (n*g"r), n. A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc.

Angora cat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic cat with very long and silky hair, generally of the brownish white color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. -- Angora goat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture.

 An'gos*tu"ra bark' (ä'gs*t"r bärk'). [From Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a South American of the rue family (Galipea cusparia, or officinalis). U. S. Disp.
 ||An'gou'mois" moth" (?; 115). [So named from Angoumois in France.]
 (Zoöl.) A small moth (Gelechia cerealella) which is very destructive to wheat and other grain. The larva eats out the interior of the grain, leaving only the shell.

 An"gri*ly (&?;), adv. In an angry manner; under the influence of anger.

 An"gri*ness, n. The quality of being angry, or of being inclined to anger.

 Such an angriness of humor that we take fire at everything.
Whole Duty of Man.
 An"gry (&?;), a. [Compar. Angrier (&?;); superl.
 Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [Obs.]

 God had provided a severe and angry education to chastise the forwardness of a young spirit. Jer. Taylor.
2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore.

3. Touched with anger; under the emotion of anger; feeling resentment; enraged; -- followed generally by with before a person, and at before a thing.

 Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves. Gen. xlv. 5.
 Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice? Eccles. v. 6.
4. Showing anger; proceeding from anger; acting as if moved by anger; wearing the marks of anger; as, angry words or tones; an angry sky; angry waves. "An angry countenance." Prov. xxv. 23.
5. Red. [R.]

 Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave. Herbert.
6. Sharp; keen; stimulated. [R.]

 I never ate with angrier appetite. Tennyson.
Syn. -- Passionate; resentful; irritated; irascible; indignant; provoked; enraged; incensed; exasperated; irate; hot; raging; furious; wrathful; wroth; choleric; inflamed; infuriated.

 An"gui*form (&?;), a. [L. angius snake + -form.]
 Snake-shaped.

 An*guil"li*form (&?;), a. [L. anguilla eel (dim. of anguis snake) + -form.] Eelshaped.

 The "Anguillæformes" of Cuvier are fishes related to thee eel.

 An"guine (&?;), a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or serpent. "The anguine or snakelike reptiles." Owen.
 An*guin"e*al (&?;), a. Anguineous.

 An*guin"e*ous (&?;), a. [L. anguineus.] Snakelike.

 An"guish (&?;), n. [OE. anguishe, anguise, angoise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together. See Anger.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind; excruciating distress.

 But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. Ex. vi. 9.
Anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child. Jer.
 iv. 31.
 Rarely used in the plural: - Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and make your prayer to him.

 Latimer.
Syn. -- Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony.

 An"guish, v. t. [Cf. F. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.]
 To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple.
 An"gu*lar (&?;), a. [L. angularis, fr. angulus angle, corner. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to angles; having an angle or angles; forming an angle or corner; sharp-cornered; pointed; as, an angular figure.

2. Measured by an angle; as, angular distance.

3. Fig.: Lean; lank; raw-boned; ungraceful; sharp and stiff in character; as, remarkably angular in his habits and appearance; an angular female.

Angular aperture, Angular distance. See Aperture, Distance.
 -- Angular motion, the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. -- Angular point, the point at which the sides of the angle meet; the vertex. -- Angular velocity, the ratio of anuglar motion to the time employed in describing.

 An"gu*lar, n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes.

 An'gu*lar"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality or state of being angular;


arches.

2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch.

 The horse arched his neck. Charlesworth.
 Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve.

 Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words).
 [L. arch-, Gr. &?;. See Arch-.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend.

 Arch (ärch), a. [See Arch-, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal.

 The most arch act of piteous massacre. Shak.
2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as, an arch look, word, lad.

 [He] spoke his request with so arch a leer. Tatler.
 Arch, n. [See Arch-, pref.] A chief. [Obs.]

 My worthy arch and patron comes to-night. Shak.
 -arch (&?;). [Gr. 'archo's chief, commander, 'a'rchein to rule. See Arch, a.] A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).

 Ar*chæ"an (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient, fr. 'archh' beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history.

 Ar*chæ"an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life.

 This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson.

 Ar'chæ*og"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; ancient + -graphy.]
 A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities.

 Ar'chæ*o*lith"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + liqiko's pertaining to a stone.] (Archæol.) Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; -- applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age.

 Ar'chæ*o*lo"gi*an (&?;), n. An archæologist.

 { Ar'chæ*o*log"ic (&?;), Ar'chæ*o*log"ic*al (&?;), } Relating to archæology, or antiquities; as, archæological researches. -- Ar'*chæ*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ar'chæ*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. One versed in archæology; an antiquary. Wright.
 Ar'chæ*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'archai^os ancient (fr. 'archh' beginning) + &?; discourse, &?; to speak.] The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc.

 ||Ar'chæ*op"te*ryx (&?;), n. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + pte'ryx wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebræ with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics.

 Ar'chæ*o*stom"a*tous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + sto'ma mouth.] (Biol.) Applied to a gastrula when the blastopore does not entirely close up.

 Ar'chæ*o*zo"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life.

 Ar*cha"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai:ko's old-fashioned, fr.
 'archai^os ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent.

 Ar*cha"ic*al (&?;), a. Archaic. [R.] -- Ar*cha"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ar"cha*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. 'archai:smo's, fr. 'archai^os ancient, fr. 'archh' beginning: cf. F. archaïsme. See Arch, a.]
 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use.

2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness.

 A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary. De Quincey.
 Ar"cha*ist, n. 1. Am antiquary.

2. One who uses archaisms.

 Ar'cha*is"tic (&?;), a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism.

 Ar"cha*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. 'archai:'zein.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.
 Arch'an"gel (&?;), n. [L. archangelus, Gr. 'archa'ggelos: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See Arch-, pref., and Angel.]
 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton.
2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).

 Arch'an*gel"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. archangélique.]
 Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.
 Arch'bish"op (&?;), n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. 'archiepi'skopos. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.

 Arch'bish"op*ric (&?;), n. [AS. arcebiscoprce. See -ric.]
 The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority.

 Arch" brick' (&?;). A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch.

 Arch'but"ler (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + butler.] A chief butler; -- an officer of the German empire.

 Arch'cham"ber*lain (&?;), n. [Cf. G. erzkämmerer.
 See Arch-, pref.] A chief chamberlain; -- an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.

 Arch'chan"cel*lor (&?;), n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chancellor; -- an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court.

 Arch'chem"ic (&?;), a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] "The archchemic sun." Milton.
 Arch'dea"con (&?;), n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. &?;. See


. deierie, from deie, daie, maid; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deigja maid, dairymaid, Sw. deja, orig., a baking maid, fr. Icel. deig.
 √66. See Dough.] 1. The place, room, or house where milk is kept, and converted into butter or cheese.

 What stores my dairies and my folds contain.

Dryden.
2. That department of farming which is concerned in the production of milk, and its conversion into butter and cheese.

 Grounds were turned much in England either to feeding or dairy; and this advanced the trade of English butter.

Temple.
3. A dairy farm. [R.]

Dairy is much used adjectively or in combination; as, dairy farm, dairy countries, dairy house or dairyhouse, dairyroom, dairywork, etc.

 Dai"ry*ing, n. The business of conducting a dairy.

 Dai"ry*maid' (?), n. A female servant whose business is the care of the dairy.

 Dai"ry*man (?), n.; pl. Dairymen (&?;). A man who keeps or takes care of a dairy.

 Dai"ry*wom'an (?), n.; pl. Dairywomen (&?;). A woman who attends to a dairy.

 Da"is (d"s), n. [OE. deis, des, table, dais, OF. deis table, F. dais a canopy, L. discus a quoit, a dish (from the shape), LL., table, fr. Gr. &?; a quoit, a dish. See Dish.] 1.
 The high or principal table, at the end of a hall, at which the chief guests were seated; also, the chief seat at the high table. [Obs.]

2. A platform slightly raised above the floor of a hall or large room, giving distinction to the table and seats placed upon it for the chief guests.

3. A canopy over the seat of a person of dignity. [Obs.] Shiply.
 Dai"sied (?), a. Full of daisies; adorned with daisies. "The daisied green." Langhorne.
 The grass all deep and daisied.

G. Eliot.
 Dai"sy (-z), n.; pl. Daisies (-zz). [OE. dayesye, AS. dæges-eáge day's eye, daisy. See Day, and Eye.] (Bot.)
(a) A genus of low herbs (Bellis), belonging to the family Compositæ. The common English and classical daisy is B. perennis, which has a yellow disk and white or pinkish rays. (b) The whiteweed (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), the plant commonly called daisy in North America; -- called also oxeye daisy.
 See Whiteweed.

 The word daisy is also used for composite plants of other genera, as Erigeron, or fleabane.

Michaelmas daisy (Bot.), any plant of the genus Aster, of which there are many species. -- Oxeye daisy (Bot.), the whiteweed. See Daisy (b).

 Dak (dk or däk), n. [Hind. k.] Post; mail; also, the mail or postal arrangements; -- spelt also dawk, and dauk.
 [India] Dak boat, a mail boat. Percy Smith. -- Dak bungalow, a traveler's resthouse at the end of a dak stage. -- To travel by dak, to travel by relays of palanquins or other carriage, as fast as the post along a road.

 { Da"ker (?), Da"kir (?), } n. [See Dicker.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) A measure of certain commodities by number, usually ten or twelve, but sometimes twenty; as, a daker of hides consisted of ten skins; a daker of gloves of ten pairs. Burrill.
 Da"ker hen' (?). [Perh. fr. W. crecial the daker hen; crec a sharp noise (creg harsh, hoarse, crechian to scream) + iar hen; or cf. D. duiken to dive, plunge.] (Zoöl.)
 The corncrake or land rail.

 Da*koit", n., Da*koit"y, n. See Dacoit, Dacoity.

 Da*ko"ta group' (?). (Geol.) A subdivision at the base of the cretaceous formation in Western North America; -- so named from the region where the strata were first studied.

 Da*ko"tas (?), n. pl.; sing. Dacota (&?;). (Ethnol.)
 An extensive race or stock of Indians, including many tribes, mostly dwelling west of the Mississippi River; -- also, in part, called Sioux.
 [Written also Dacotahs.]

 ||Dal (?), n. [Hind.] Split pulse, esp. of Cajanus Indicus.
 [East Indies] Dale (?), n. [AS. dæl; akin to LG., D., Sw., Dan., OS., & Goth. dal, Icel. dalr, OHG. tal, G. thal, and perh. to Gr. qo'los a rotunda, Skr. dhra depth. Cf. Dell.] 1.
 A low place between hills; a vale or valley.

 Where mountaines rise, umbrageous dales descend.

Thomson.
2. A trough or spout to carry off water, as from a pump. Knight.
 Dales"man (?), n.; pl. Dalesmen (&?;). One living in a dale; -- a term applied particularly to the inhabitants of the valleys in the north of England, Norway, etc. Macaulay.
 Dalf (?), imp. of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dal"li*ance (?), n. [From Dally.] 1. The act of dallying, trifling, or fondling; interchange of caresses; wanton play.

 Look thou be true, do not give dalliance Too much the rein.

Shak.
 O, the dalliance and the wit, The flattery and the strife!

Tennyson.
2. Delay or procrastination. Shak.
3. Entertaining discourse. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dal"li*er (?), n. One who fondles; a trifler; as, dalliers with pleasant words. Asham.
 Dal"lop (dl"lp), n. [Etymol. unknown.] A tuft or clump. [Obs.] Tusser.
 Dal"ly (-l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dallied (-ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Dallying.] [OE. dalien, dailien; cf.
 Icel. pylja to talk, G. dallen, dalen, dahlen, to trifle, talk nonsense, OSw. tule a droll or funny man; or AS. dol foolish, E. dull.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in idleness; to fool away time; to delay unnecessarily; to tarry; to trifle.

 We have trifled too long already; it is madness to dally any longer.

Calamy.
 We have put off God, and dallied with his grace.

Barrow.
2. To interchange caresses, especially with one of the opposite sex; to use fondling; to wanton; to sport.

 Not dallying with a brace of courtesans.

Shak.
 Our aerie... dallies with the wind.

Shak.
 Dal"ly, v. t. To delay unnecessarily; to while away.

Dallying off the time with often skirmishes.

Knolles.
 ||Dal*ma"ni*a (?), n. [From Dalman


sil*ism (?), n. 1. The science or state of fossils. Coleridge.
2. The state of being extremely antiquated in views and opinions.

 Fos"sil*ist, n. One who is versed in the science of fossils; a paleontologist. Joseph Black.
 Fos'sil*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fossilisation.] The process of converting, or of being converted, into a fossil.

 Fos"sil*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fossilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fossilizing (?).] [Cf. F. fossiliser.] 1.
 To convert into a fossil; to petrify; as, to fossilize bones or wood.

2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by fossilization; to mummify; to deaden.

 Ten layers of birthdays on a woman's head Are apt to fossilize her girlish mirth.

Mrs. Browning.
 Fos"sil*ize, v. i. 1. To become fossil.

2. To become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress.

 Fos"sil*ized (?), a. Converted into a fossil; antiquated; firmly fixed in views or opinions.

 A fossilized sample of confused provincialism.

Earle.
 ||Fos*so"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fossor&?; digger, fr. fodere to dig.] (Zoöl.) A group of hymenopterous insects including the sand wasps. They excavate cells in earth, where they deposit their eggs, with the bodies of other insects for the food of the young when hatched. [Written also Fossoria.]

 ||Fos*so"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Fossores.

 Fos*so"ri*al (?), a. [L. fossor a digger.] Fitted for digging, adapted for burrowing or digging; as, a fossorial foot; a fossorial animal.

 Fos*so"ri*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Adapted for digging; -- said of the legs of certain insects.

 Fos"su*late (?), a. [L. fossula little ditch, dim. of fossa.
 See Fosse.] Having, or surrounded by, long, narrow depressions or furrows.

 Fos"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fostered (?), p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fostering.] [OE. fostren, fr. AS. fster, fstor, food, nourishment, fr. fda food. √75. See Food.] 1. To feed; to nourish; to support; to bring up.

 Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.

Shak.
2. To cherish; to promote the growth of; to encourage; to sustain and promote; as, to foster genius.

 Fos"ter, v. i. To be nourished or trained up together. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Fos"ter, a. [AS. fster, fstor, nourishment. See Foster, v. t.] Relating to nourishment; affording, receiving, or sharing nourishment or nurture; -- applied to father, mother, child, brother, etc., to indicate that the person so called stands in the relation of parent, child, brother, etc., as regards sustenance and nurture, but not by tie of blood.

Foster babe, or child, an infant of child nursed by a woman not its mother, or bred by a man not its father. -- Foster brother, Foster sister, one who is, or has been, nursed at the same breast, or brought up by the same nurse as another, but is not of the same parentage. -- Foster dam, one who takes the place of a mother; a nurse. Dryden. -- Foster earth, earth by which a plant is nourished, though not its native soil. J. Philips. -- Foster father, a man who takes the place of a father in caring for a child.
 Bacon. -- Foster land. (a) Land allotted for the maintenance of any one. [Obs.] (b) One's adopted country. -- Foster lean [foster + AS. læn a loan See Loan.], remuneration fixed for the rearing of a foster child; also, the jointure of a wife. [Obs.] Wharton. -- Foster mother, a woman who takes a mother's place in the nurture and care of a child; a nurse. -- Foster nurse, a nurse; a nourisher. [R.] Shak. -- Foster parent, a foster mother or foster father. -- Foster son, a male foster child.

 Fos"ter, n. A forester. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Fos"ter*age (?; 48), n. The care of a foster child; the charge of nursing. Sir W. Raleigh.
 Fos"ter*er (?), n. One who, or that which, fosters.

 Fos"ter*ling, n. [AS. fstorling.] A foster child.

 Fos"ter*ment (?), n. Food; nourishment. [Obs.]

 Fos"tress (?), n. [For fosteress.] A woman who feeds and cherishes; a nurse. B. Jonson.
 Foth"er (?), n. [OE. fother, foder, AS. f&?;er a cartload; akin to G. fuder a cartload, a unit of measure, OHG. fuodar, D. voeder, and perh. to E. fathom, or cf. Skr. ptr vessel, dish. Cf. Fodder a fother.] 1. A wagonload; a load of any sort. [Obs.]

 Of dung full many a fother.

Chaucer.
2. See Fodder, a unit of weight.

 Foth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fothered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fothering.] [Cf. Fodder food, and G. füttern, futtern, to cover within or without, to line. √75.] To stop (a leak in a ship at sea) by drawing under its bottom a thrummed sail, so that the pressure of the water may force it into the crack. Totten.
 Fo"tive (?), a. [L. fovere, fotum, to keep warm, to cherish.] Nourishing. [Obs.] T. Carew (1633).
 Fot"mal (?), n. (Com.) Seventy pounds of lead.

 { ||Fou'gade" (?), ||Fou'gasse" (?) }, n. (Mil.) A small mine, in the form of a well sunk from the surface of the ground, charged with explosive and projectiles. It is made in a position likely to be occupied by the enemy.

 Fought (?), imp. & p. p. of Fight.

 Fought"en (?), p. p. of Fight. [Archaic] Foul (foul), n. [See Fowl.] A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Foul (foul), a. [Compar. Fouler (-r); superl. Foulest.]
 [OE. foul, ful, AS. fl; akin to D. vuil, G. faul rotten, OHG. fl, Icel. fl foul, fetid; Dan. fuul, Sw.
 ful foul, Goth. fls fetid, Lith. puti to be putrid, L. putere to stink, be putrid, pus pus, Gr. py'on pus, to cause to rot, Skr. py to stink. √82. Cf. Defile to foul, File to foul, Filth, Pus


building is erected in memory of P. H."—and some folk will have it P. H. stands for t' name o' th' man as was starved to death.'
'And the daughter?'
'One o' th' Fosters, them as founded t' Old Bank, left her a vast o' money; and she were married to distant cousin of theirs, and went off to settle in America many and many a year ago.'
THE END.


. (b) The cord or lashing used for such fastening.

 Sei"zor (?), n. (Law) One who seizes, or takes possession.

 Sei"zure (?), n. 1. The act of seizing, or the state of being seized; sudden and violent grasp or gripe; a taking into possession; as, the seizure of a thief, a property, a throne, etc.

2. Retention within one's grasp or power; hold; possession; ownership.

 Make o'er thy honor by a deed of trust, And give me seizure of the mighty wealth.

Dryden.
3. That which is seized, or taken possession of; a thing laid hold of, or possessed.

 { Se"jant, Se"jeant } (?), a. [F. séant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. sedere.] (Her.) Sitting, as a lion or other beast.

Sejant rampant, sitting with the forefeet lifted up. Wright.
 Se*jein" (?), v. t. [L. sejungere; pref. seaside + jungere to join. See Join.] To separate. [Obs.]

 Se*junc"tion (?), n. [L. sejunctio. See Sejoin.] The act of disjoining, or the state of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.
 Se*jun"gi*ble (?), a. [See Sejoin.] Capable of being disjoined.
 [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.
 Seke (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Seke (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Se"kes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a pen, a sacred inclosure, a shrine.] (Arch.) A place in a pagan temple in which the images of the deities were inclosed.

 Se*la"chi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Selachii. See Illustration in Appendix.

 ||Se*la"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a fish having cartilages instead of bones.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranchs including the sharks and rays; the Plagiostomi. Called also Selacha, Selache, and Selachoidei.

 ||Sel'a*choi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Selachii.

 ||Sel'a*chos"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.)
 A division of ganoid fishes which includes the paddlefish, in which the mouth is armed with small teeth.

 ||Sel'a*gi*nel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. selago, -inis, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories.

 Se"lah (?), n. [Heb. selh.] (Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occuring frequently in the Psalms; by some, supposed to signify silence or a pause in the musical performance of the song.

 Beyond the fact that Selah is a musical term, we know absolutely nothing about it.

Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)
 Sel"couth (sl"kth), a. [AS. selcð, seldcð; seld rare + cð known. See Uncouth.] Rarely known; unusual; strange.
 [Obs.]

 [She] wondered much at his so selcouth case.

Spenser.
 Seld (sld), a. [See Seldom.] Rare; uncommon; unusual. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Spenser.
 Seld, adv. Rarely; seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Sel"den (-sen), adv. Seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Sel"dom (-dm), adv. [Usually, Compar. More seldom (mr"); superl.
 Most seldom (mst"); but sometimes also, Seldomer (-r), Seldomest.] [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld rare; akin to OFries. sielden, D. zelden, G. selten, OHG. seltan, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Sw. sällan, Goth. sildaleiks marvelous.] Rarely; not often; not frequently.

 Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one.

Hooker.
 Sel"dom (?), a. Rare; infrequent. [Archaic.] "A suppressed and seldom anger." Jer. Taylor.
 Sel"dom*ness, n. Rareness. Hooker.
 Seld"seen' (?), a. [AS. seldsiene.] Seldom seen. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Seld"shewn' (?), a. [Seld + shown.] Rarely shown or exhibited. [Obs.] Shak.
 Se*lect" (?), a. [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to select; pref. seaside + levere to gather. See Legend.]
 Taken from a number by preferance; picked out as more valuable or exellent than others; of special value or exellence; nicely chosen; selected; choice.

 A few select spirits had separated from the crowd, and formed a fit audience round a far greater teacher.

Macaulay.
 Se*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected; p. pr. & vb. n. Selecting.] To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as, to select the best authors for perusal. "One peculiar nation to select." Milton.
 The pious chief... A hundred youths from all his train selects.

Dryden.
 Se*lect"ed*ly, adv. With care and selection. [R.]

 Se*lec"tion (?), n. [L. selectio: cf. F. sélection.]
 . The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference.

2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books.

Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural.

 Se*lect"ive (?), a. Selecting; tending to select.

 This selective providence of the Almighty.

Bp. Hall.
 Se*lect"man (?), n.; pl. Selectmen (&?;). One of a board of town officers chosen annually in the New England States to transact the general public business of the town, and have a kind of executive authority. The number is usually from three to seven in each town.

 The system of delegated town action was then, perhaps, the same which was defined in an "order made in 1635 by the inhabitants of Charlestown at a full meeting for the government of the town, by selectmen;" the name presently extended throughout New England to municipal governors.

Palfrey.
 Se*lect"ness, n. The quality or state of being select.

 Se*lect"or (?), n. [L.] One who selects.

 Sel"e*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenic acid; -- formerly called also seleniate.

 Sel'en*hy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen selenide, H2Se, regarded as an acid analogous to sulphydric acid.

 Se*len"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. sélénique.] (Chem.)
 Of or pertaining to selenium; derived from, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with selenious compounds.

 Sel"e*nide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of selenium, or a compound regarded as binary; as, ethyl selenide.

 Sel'e*n


MURAD THE UNLUCKY AND OTHER TALES by Maria Edgeworth Contents Introduction Murad the Unlucky The Limerick Gloves Madame de Fleury INTRODUCTION Maria Edgeworth came of a lively family which had settled in Ireland in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Her father at the age of five-and-twenty inherited the family estates at Edgeworthstown in 1769. He had snatched an early marriage, which did not prove happy. He had a little son, whom he was educating upon the principles set forth in Rousseau's "Emile," and a daughter Maria, who was born on the 1st of January, 1767. He was then living at Hare Hatch, near Maidenhead. In March, 1773, his first wife died after giving birth to a daughter named Anna. In July, 1773, he married again, Honora Sneyd, and went to live in Ireland, taking with him his daughter Maria, who was then about six years old. Two years afterwards she was sent from Ireland to a school at Derby.
In April, 1780, her father's second wife died, and advised him upon her death-bed to marry her sister Elizabeth. He married his deceased wife's sister on the next following Christmas Day.
Maria Edgeworth was in that year removed to a school in London, and her holidays were often spent with her father's friend Thomas Day, the author of "Sandford and Merton," an eccentric enthusiast who lived then at Anningsley, in Surrey.
Maria Edgeworth—always a little body—was conspicuous among her schoolfellows for quick wit, and was apt alike for study and invention. She was story-teller general to the community.
In 1782, at the age of fifteen, she left school and went home with her father and his third wife, who then settled finally at Edgeworthstown.
At Edgeworthstown Richard Lovell Edgeworth now became active in the direct training of his children, in the improvement of his estate, and in schemes for the improvement of the country. His eldest daughter, Maria, showing skill with the pen, he made her more and more his companion and fellow-worker to good ends. She kept household accounts, had entrusted to her the whole education of a little brother, wrote stories on a slate and read them to the family, wiped them off when not approved, and copied them in ink if they proved popular with the home public.
Miss Edgeworth's first printed book was a plea for the education of women, "Letters to Literary Ladies," published in 1795, when her age was eight-and-twenty. Next year, 1796, working with her father, she produced the first volume of the "Parent's Assistant." In November, 1797, when Miss Edgeworth's age was nearly thirty-one, her father, then aged fifty-three, lost his third wife, and he married a fourth in the following May. The fourth wife, at first objected to, was young enough to be a companion and friend, and between her and Maria Edgeworth a fast friendship came to be established. In the year of her father's fourth marriage Maria joined him in the production of two volumes on "Practical Education." Then followed books for children, including "Harry and Lucy," which had been begun by her father years before in partnership with his second wife, when Thomas Day began writing "Sandford and Merton," with the original intention that it should be worked in as a part of the whole scheme.
In the year 1800 Miss Edgeworth, thirty-three years old, began her independent career as a novelist with "Castle Rackrent;" and from that time on, work followed work in illustration of the power of a woman of genius to associate quick wit and quick feeling with sound sense and a good reason for speaking. Sir Walter Scott in his frank way declared that he received an impulse from Miss Edgeworth's example as a story-teller. In the general preface to his own final edition of the Waverley Novels he said that "Without being so presumptuous as to hope to emulate the rich humour, pathetic tenderness, and admirable tact, which pervade the works of my accomplished friend, I felt that something might be attempted for my own country of the same kind with that which Miss Edgeworth so fortunately achieved for Ireland—something which might introduce her natives to those of the sister kingdom in a more favourable light than they had been placed hitherto, and tend to procure sympathy for their virtues and indulgence for their foibles." Of the three stories in this volume, who—"Murad the Unlucky" and "The Limerick Gloves"—first appeared in three volumes of "Popular Tales," which were first published in 1804, with a short introduction by Miss Edgeworth's father.
"Madame de Fleury" was written a few years later.
H. M. MURAD THE UNLUCKY CHAPTER I It is well known that the grand seignior amuses himself by going at night, in disguise, through streets of Constantinople; as the caliph Haroun Alraschid used formerly to do in Bagdad.
One moonlight night, accompanied by his grand vizier, he traversed several of the principal streets of the city without seeing anything remarkable. At length, as they were passing a rope-maker's, the sultan recollected the Arabian story of Cogia-Hassan Alhabal, the rope-maker, and his two friends, Saad and Saadi, who differed so much in their opinion concerning the influence of fortune over human affairs.
"What is your opinion on this subject?" said the grand seignior to his vizier.
"I am inclined, please your majesty," replied the vizier, "to think that success in the world depends more upon prudence than upon what is called luck, or fortune." "And I," said the sultan, "am persuaded that fortune does more for men than prudence. Do you not every day hear of persons who are said to be fortunate or unfortunate? How comes it that this opinion should prevail amongst men, if it be not justified by experience?" "It is not for me to dispute with your majesty," replied the prudent vizier.
"Speak your mind freely; I desire and command it," said the sultan.
"Then I am of opinion," answered the vizier, "that people are often led to believe others fortunate, or unfortunate, merely because they only know the general outline of their histories; and are ignorant of the incidents and events in which they have shown prudence or imprudence. I have heard, for instance, that there are at present, in this city, two men, who are remarkable for their good and bad fortune: one is called Murad the Unlucky, and the other Saladin the Lucky.
Now, I am inclined to think, if we could hear their stories, we should find that one is a prudent and the other an imprudent character." "Where do these men live?" interrupted the sultan.
"I will hear their histories from their own lips before I sleep." "Murad the Unlucky lives in the next square," said the vizier.
The sultan desired to go thither immediately. Scarcely had they entered the square, when they heard the cry of loud lamentations.
They followed the sound till they came to a house of which the door was open, and where there was a man tearing his turban, and weeping bitterly. They asked the cause of his distress, and he pointed to the fragments of a china vase, which lay on the pavement at his door.
"This seems undoubtedly to be beautiful china," said the sultan, taking up one of the broken pieces; "but can the loss of a china vase be the cause of such violent grief and despair?" "Ah, gentlemen," said the owner of the vase, suspending his lamentations, and looking at the dress of the pretended merchants, "I see that you are strangers: you do not know how much cause I have for grief and despair! You do not know that you are speaking to Murad the Unlucky! Were you to hear all the unfortunate accidents that have happened to me, from the time I was born till this instant, you would perhaps pity me, and acknowledge I have just cause for despair." Curiosity was strongly expressed by the sultan; and the hope of obtaining sympathy inclined Murad to gratify it by the recital of his adventures.
"Gentlemen," said he,