In the West Indies, the decayed leaves and stems of canes are called field trash; the bruised or macerated rind of canes is called cane trash; and both are called trash. B. Edwards.
3. A worthless person. [R.] Shak.
4. A collar, leash, or halter used to restrain a dog in pursuing game. Markham.
Trash ice, crumbled ice mixed with water.

 Trash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trashing.] 1. To free from trash, or worthless matter; hence, to lop; to crop, as to trash the rattoons of sugar cane. B. Edwards.
2. To treat as trash, or worthless matter; hence, to spurn, humiliate, or crush. [Obs.]

3. To hold back by a trash or leash, as a dog in pursuing game; hence, to retard, encumber, or restrain; to clog; to hinder vexatiously.
 [R.] Beau. & Fl.
 Trash, v. i. To follow with violence and trampling. [R.] The Puritan (1607).
 Trash"i*ly (?), adv. In a trashy manner.

 Trash"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being trashy.

 Trash"y (?), a. [Compar. Trashier (?); superl.
 Trashiest.] Like trash; containing much trash; waste; rejected; worthless; useless; as, a trashy novel.

 Trass (?), n. [D. tras or Gr. trass, probably fr. It.
 terrazzo terrace. See Terrace.] (Geol.) A white to gray volcanic tufa, formed of decomposed trachytic cinders; — sometimes used as a cement. Hence, a coarse sort of plaster or mortar, durable in water, and used to line cisterns and other reservoirs of water. [Formerly written also tarras, tarrace, terras.]

 The Dutch trass is made by burning and grinding a soft grayish rock found on the lower Rhine.

 Trau"lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lisping, fr. &?; to lisp, to mispronounce.] A stammering or stuttering. [Obs.] Dalgarno.
 Trau*mat"ic (?), a. [L. traumaticus, Gr. &?;, from &?;, &?;, a wound: cf. F. traumatique.] (Med.) (a) Of or pertaining to wounds; applied to wounds. Coxe. (b) Adapted to the cure of wounds; vulnerary. Wiseman. (c) Produced by wounds; as, traumatic tetanus. — n. A traumatic medicine.

 Trau"ma*tism (?), n. (Med.) A wound or injury directly produced by causes external to the body; also, violence producing a wound or injury; as, rupture of the stomach caused by traumatism.

 Traunce (?), n. & v. See Trance. [Obs.]

 Traunt (?), v. i. Same as Trant. [Obs.]

 Traunt"er (?), n. Same as Tranter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Trav"ail (?; 48), n. [F. travail; cf. Pr. trabalh, trebalh, toil, torment, torture; probably from LL. trepalium a place where criminals are tortured, instrument of torture. But the French word may be akin to L. trabs a beam, or have been influenced by a derivative from trabs (cf. Trave). Cf. Travel.] 1. Labor with pain; severe toil or exertion.

 As everything of price, so this doth require travail.

Hooker.
2. Parturition; labor; as, an easy travail.

 Trav"ail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Travailed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Travailing.] [F. travailler, OF. traveillier, travaillier, to labor, toil, torment; cf. Pr. trebalhar to torment, agitate. See Travail, n.] 1. To labor with pain; to toil. [Archaic] "Slothful persons which will not travail for their livings." Latimer.
2. To suffer the pangs of childbirth; to be in labor.

 Trav"ail, v. t. To harass; to tire. [Obs.]

 As if all these troubles had not been sufficient to travail the realm, a great division fell among the nobility.

Hayward.
 Trav"ail*ous (?), a. Causing travail; laborious. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 — Trav"ail*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Trave (?), n. [Through French, fr. L. trabs, trabis, a beam; cf. OF. tref a beam, also F. travail a frame to confine a horse, OE. trave, trevys, travise, It. travaglio, F. travée the space between two beams.] 1. (Arch.)
 A crossbeam; a lay of joists. Maundrell.
2. A wooden frame to confine an unruly horse or ox while shoeing.

 She sprung as a colt doth in the trave.

Chaucer.
 Trav"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traveled (?) or Travelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Traveling or Travelling.] [Properly, to labor, and the same word as travail.] 1. To labor; to travail. [Obsoles.] Hooker.
2. To go or march on foot; to walk; as, to travel over the city, or through the streets.

3. To pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant place, or to many places; to journey; as, a man travels for his health; he is traveling in California.

4. To pass; to go; to move.

 Time travels in divers paces with divers persons.

Shak.
 Trav"el (?), v. t. 1. To journey over; to traverse; as, to travel the continent. "I travel this profound." Milton.
2. To force to journey. [R.]

 They shall not be traveled forth of their own franchises.

Spenser.
 Trav"el, n. 1. The act of traveling, or journeying from place to place; a journey.

 With long travel I am stiff and weary.

Shak.
 His travels ended at his country seat.

Dryden.
2. pl. An account, by a traveler, of occurrences and observations during a journey; as, a book of travels; — often used as the title of a book; as, Travels in Italy.

3. (Mach.) The length of stroke of a reciprocating piece; as, the travel of a slide valve.

4. Labor; parturition; travail. [Obs.]

 Trav"eled (?), a. Having made journeys; having gained knowledge or experience by traveling; hence, knowing; experienced. [Written also travelled.]

 The traveled thane, Athenian Aberdeen.

Byron.
 Trav"el*er (?), n. [Written also traveler.] 1. One who travels; one who has traveled much.

2. A commercial agent who travels for the purpose of receiving orders for merchants, making collections, etc.

3. (Mach.) A traveling crane. See under Crane.

4. (Spinning) The metal loop which travels around the ring surrounding the bobbin, in a ring spinner.

5. (Naut.) An iron encircling a rope, bar, spar, or the like, and sliding thereon.

Traveler's joy (Bot.), the Clematis vitalba, a climbing plant with white flowers. — Traveler's tree. (Bot.)
 See Ravenala.

 Trav"el-taint'


, oblique strokes took the place of commas and periods.

 Punc"tu*a*tive (?), a. Of or belonging to points of division; relating to punctuation.

 The punctuative intonation of feeble cadence.

Rush.
 Punc"tu*a'tor (?), n. One who punctuates, as in writing; specifically, a punctator.

 Punc"tu*ist, n. A punctator.

 { Punc"tu*late (?), Punc"tu*la'ted (?), } a. [L. punctulum, dim. of punctum point.] Marked with small spots.

 The studs have their surface punctulated, as if set all over with other studs infinitely lesser.

 Woodward.
 ||Punc"tum (?), n. [L., a point.] A point.

||Punctum cæcum. [L., blind point.] (Anat.) Same as Blind spot, under Blind. -- ||Punctum proximum, near point. See under Point. -- ||Punctum remotum, far point. See under Point. -- ||Punctum vegetationis [L., point of vegetation] (Bot.), the terminal cell of a stem, or of a leaf bud, from which new growth originates.

 Punc'tu*ra"tion (?), n. The act or process of puncturing. See Acupuncture.

 Punc"ture (?), n. [L. punctura, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See Pungent.] 1. The act of puncturing; perforating with something pointed.

2. A small hole made by a point; a slight wound, bite, or sting; as, the puncture of a nail, needle, or pin.

 A lion may perish by the puncture of an asp.

Rambler.
 Punc"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Puncturing.] To pierce with a small, pointed instrument, or the like; to prick; to make a puncture in; as, to puncture the skin.

 Punc"tured (?), a. 1. Having the surface covered with minute indentations or dots.

2. (Med.) Produced by puncture; having the characteristics of a puncture; as, a punctured wound.

 Pun"dit (?), n. [Hind. pandit, Skr. pandita a learned man.] A learned man; a teacher; esp., a Brahman versed in the Sanskrit language, and in the science, laws, and religion of the Hindoos; in Cashmere, any clerk or native official. [Written also pandit.]
 [India] Pun"dle (?), n. [Cf. Bundle.] A short and fat woman; a squab. [Obs.]

 Pu"nese (?), n. [F. punaise, fr. punais stinking, fr.
 L. putere.] (Zoöl.) A bedbug. [R or Obs.]

 Pung (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of plain sleigh drawn by one horse; originally, a rude oblong box on runners. [U.S.]

 Sledges or pungs, coarsely framed of split saplings, and surmounted with a large crockery crate.

 Judd.
 They did not take out the pungs today.

 E. E. Hale.
 Pun"gence (?), n. [See Pungent.] Pungency.

 Pun"gen*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being pungent or piercing; keenness; sharpness; piquancy; as, the pungency of ammonia. "The pungency of menaces." Hammond.
 Pun"gent (?), a. [L. pungens, -entis, p. pr. of pungere, punctum, to prick. Cf. Compunction, Expunge, Poignant, Point, n., Puncheon, Punctilio, Punt, v. t.] 1. Causing a sharp sensation, as of the taste, smell, or feelings; pricking; biting; acrid; as, a pungent spice.

Pungent radish biting infant's tongue.

Shenstone.
 The pungent grains of titillating dust.

Pope.
2. Sharply painful; penetrating; poignant; severe; caustic; stinging.

 With pungent pains on every side.

Swift.
 His pungent pen played its part in rousing the nation.

J. R. Green.
3. (Bot.) Prickly-pointed; hard and sharp.

Syn. -- Acrid; piercing; sharp; penetrating; acute; keen; acrimonious; biting; stinging.

 Pun"gent*ly, adv. In a pungent manner; sharply.

 Pun"gled (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Shriveled or shrunken; -- said especially of grain which has lost its juices from the ravages of insects, such as the wheat midge, or Trips (Thrips cerealium).

 Pung"y (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A small sloop or shallop, or a large boat with sails.

 Pu"nic (?), a. [L. Punicus pertaining to Carthage, or its inhabitants, fr. Poeni the Carthaginians.]

1. Of or pertaining to the ancient Carthaginians.

2. Characteristic of the ancient Carthaginians; faithless; treacherous; as, Punic faith.

 Yes, yes, his faith attesting nations own; 'T is Punic all, and to a proverb known.

 H. Brooke.
 Pu"nice (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Punese. [Obs. or R.]

 Pu"nice, v. t. To punish. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Pu*ni"ceous (?), Pu*ni"cial (?), } a. [L. puniceus, fr. Punicus Punic.] Of a bright red or purple color. [R.]

 Pu"ni*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being puny; littleness; pettiness; feebleness.

 Pun"ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punished (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Punishing.] [OE. punischen, F. punir, from L. punire, punitum, akin to poena punishment, penalty. See Pain, and -ish.] 1. To impose a penalty upon; to afflict with pain, loss, or suffering for a crime or fault, either with or without a view to the offender's amendment; to cause to suffer in retribution; to chasten; as, to punish traitors with death; a father punishes his child for willful disobedience.

 A greater power Now ruled him, punished in the shape he sinned.

Milton.
2. To inflict a penalty for (an offense) upon the offender; to repay, as a fault, crime, etc., with pain or loss; as, to punish murder or treason with death.

3. To injure, as by beating; to pommel. [Low] Syn. -- To chastise; castigate; scourge; whip; lash; correct; discipline. See Chasten.

 Pun"ish*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. punissable.] Deserving of, or liable to, punishment; capable of being punished by law or right; -- said of person or offenses.

 That time was, when to be a Protestant, to be a Christian, was by law as punishable as to be a traitor.

 Milton.
 -- Pun"ish*a*ble*ness, n. Pun"ish*er (?), n. One who inflicts punishment.

 Pun"ish*ment (?), n. 1


gäl, Icel. gjölnar gills; cf. AS. geagl, geahl, jaw.] 1. (Anat.) An organ for aquatic respiration; a branchia.

 Fishes perform respiration under water by the gills.

Ray.
Gills are usually lamellar or filamentous appendages, through which the blood circulates, and in which it is exposed to the action of the air contained in the water. In vertebrates they are appendages of the visceral arches on either side of the neck. In invertebrates they occupy various situations.

2. pl. (Bot.) The radiating, gill-shaped plates forming the under surface of a mushroom.

3. (Zoöl.) The fleshy flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl; a wattle.

4. The flesh under or about the chin. Swift.
5. (Spinning) One of the combs of closely ranged steel pins which divide the ribbons of flax fiber or wool into fewer parallel filaments. [Prob. so called from F. aiguilles, needles. Ure.]

Gill arches, Gill bars. (Anat.) Same as Branchial arches. -- Gill clefts. (Anat.) Same as Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. -- Gill cover, Gill lid.
 See Operculum. -- Gill frame, or Gill head (Flax Manuf.), a spreader; a machine for subjecting flax to the action of gills. Knight.
 -- Gill net, a flat net so suspended in the water that its meshes allow the heads of fish to pass, but catch in the gills when they seek to extricate themselves. -- Gill opening, or Gill slit (Anat.), an opening behind and below the head of most fishes, and some amphibians, by which the water from the gills is discharged. In most fishes there is a single opening on each side, but in the sharks and rays there are five, or more, on each side. -- Gill rakes, or Gill rakers (Anat.), horny filaments, or progresses, on the inside of the branchial arches of fishes, which help to prevent solid substances from being carried into gill cavities.

 Gill, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A two-wheeled frame for transporting timber. [Prov. Eng.]

 Gill, n. A leech. [Also gell.] [Scot.] Jameison.
 Gill, n. [Icel. gil.] A woody glen; a narrow valley containing a stream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Gill (?), n. [OF. gille, gelle, a sort of measure for wine, LL. gillo, gello., Cf. Gallon.] A measure of capacity, containing one fourth of a pint.

 Gill (?), n. [Abbrev. from Gillian.] 1. A young woman; a sweetheart; a flirting or wanton girl. "Each Jack with his Gill."
 B. Jonson.
2. (Bot.) The ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma); -- called also gill over the ground, and other like names.

3. Malt liquor medicated with ground ivy.

Gill ale. (a) Ale flavored with ground ivy. (b) (Bot.)
 Alehoof.

 Gill"-flirt' (?), n. A thoughtless, giddy girl; a flirt-gill. Sir W. Scott.
 Gill"house', n. A shop where gill is sold.

 Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn.

Pope.
 Gil"li*an (?), n. [OE. Gillian, a woman's name, for Julian, Juliana. Cf. Gill a girl.] A girl; esp., a wanton; a gill. [Obs.]
 Beau. & Fl.
 { Gil"lie Gil"ly } (?), n. [Gael. gille, giolla, boy, lad.] A boy or young man; a manservant; a male attendant, in the Scottish Highlands. Sir W. Scott.
 Gil"ly*flow'er (?), n. [OE. gilofre, gilofer, clove, OF. girofre, girofle, F. girofle: cf. F. giroflée gillyflower, fr. girofle, Gr. &?; clove tree; &?; nut + &?; leaf, akin to E. foliage. Cf. Caryophyllus, Julyflower.]
 (Bot.) 1. A name given by old writers to the clove pink (Dianthus Caryophyllus) but now to the common stock (Matthiola incana), a cruciferous plant with showy and fragrant blossoms, usually purplish, but often pink or white.

2. A kind of apple, of a roundish conical shape, purplish red color, and having a large core.

 [Written also gilliflower.]

Clove gillyflower, the clove pink. -- Marsh gillyflower, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi). -- Queen's, or Winter, gillyflower, damewort. -- Sea gillyflower, the thrift (Armeria vulgaris). -- Wall gillyflower, the wallflower (Cheiranthus Cheiri). -- Water gillyflower, the water violet.

 Gil"our (?), n. [OF.] A guiler; deceiver. [Obs.]

 Gilse (?), n. [W. gleisiad, fr. glas blue.] (Zoöl.)
 See Grilse.

 Gilt (?), n. [See Geld, v. t.] (Zoöl.) A female pig, when young.

 Gilt, imp. & p. p. of Gild.

 Gilt, p. p. & a. Gilded; covered with gold; of the color of gold; golden yellow. "Gilt hair" Chaucer.
 Gilt, n. 1. Gold, or that which resembles gold, laid on the surface of a thing; gilding. Shak.
2. Money. [Obs.] "The gilt of France." Shak.
 { Gilt"-edge' (?), Gilt"-edged' (?), } a. 1. Having a gilt edge; as, gilt-edged paper.

2. Of the best quality; -- said of negotiable paper, etc. [Slang, U. S.]

 Gilt"head' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marine fish. The name is applied to two species: (a) The Pagrus, or Chrysophrys, auratus, a valuable food fish common in the Mediterranean (so named from its golden-colored head); -- called also giltpoll. (b) The Crenilabrus melops, of the British coasts; -- called also golden maid, conner, sea partridge.

 Gilt"if (?), a. [For gilti, by confusion with -if, -ive, in French forms. See Guilty.] Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Gilt"tail' (?), n. A yellow-tailed worm or larva.

 Gim (?), a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; spruce. [Prov.]

 Gim"bal (?), or Gim"bals (&?;), n. [See Gimmal, n.] A contrivance for permitting a body to incline freely in all directions, or for suspending anything, as a barometer, ship's compass, chronometer, etc., so that it will remain plumb, or level, when its support is tipped, as by the rolling of a ship. It consists of a ring in which the body can turn on an axis through a diameter of the ring, while the ring itself is so pivoted to its support that it can turn about a diameter at right angles to the first.

Gimbal joint (Mach.), a universal joint embodying the principle of the gimbal.


very decided opinion that all mammals must have descended from a SINGLE parent. Reflect on the multitude of details, very many of them of extremely little importance to their habits (as the number of bones of the head, etc., covering of hair, identical embryological development, etc.
 etc.). Now this large amount of similarity I must look at as certainly due to inheritance from a common stock. I am aware that some cases occur in which a similar or nearly similar organ has been acquired by independent acts of natural selection. But in most of such cases of these apparently so closely similar organs, some important homological difference may be detected. Please read page 193, beginning, "The electric organs," and trust me that the sentence, "In all these cases of two very distinct species," etc. etc., was not put in rashly, for I went carefully into every case. Apply this argument to the whole frame, internal and external, of mammifers, and you will see why I think so strongly that all have descended from one progenitor. I have just re-read your letter, and I am not perfectly sure that I understand your point.

 I enclose two diagrams showing the sort of manner I CONJECTURE that mammals have been developed. I thought a little on this when writing page 429, beginning, "Mr. Waterhouse." (Please read the paragraph.) I have not knowledge enough to choose between these two diagrams. If the brain of Marsupials in embryo closely resembles that of Placentals, I should strongly prefer No.2, and this agrees with the antiquity of Microlestes.
 As a general rule I should prefer No.1 diagram; whether or not Marsupials have gone on being developed, or rising in rank, from a very early period would depend on circumstances too complex for even a conjecture. Lingula has not risen since the Silurian epoch, whereas other molluscs may have risen.

 Here appear two diagrams.

 Diagram I. A - Mammals, not true Marsupials nor true Placentals. - 2 branches - Branch I, True Placental, from which branch off Rodents, Insectivora, a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms, Canidae and terminates in Quadrumana. - Branch II, True Marsupial, from which branches off Kangaroo family an unnamed branch terminating in 2 unnamed branches and terminates in Didelphys Family.

 Diagram II.

 A - True Marsupials, lowly developed. - True Marsupials, highly developed.
 - 2 branches - Branch I, Placentals, from which branch off Rodents, Insectivora, a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms, Canidae and terminates in Quadrumana. - Branch II, Present Marsupials, splitting into two branches terminating in Kangaroo family (with 2 unnamed branches) and Didelphys family.

 A, in the two diagrams, represents an unknown form, probably intermediate between Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds, as intermediate as Lepidosiren now is between Fish and Batrachians. This unknown form is probably more closely related to Ornithorhynchus than to any other known form.

 I do not think that the multiple origin of dogs goes against the single origin of man... All the races of man are so infinitely closer together than to any ape, that (as in the case of descent of all mammals from one progenitor), I should look at all races of men as having certainly descended from one parent. I should look at it as probable that the races of men were less numerous and less divergent formerly than now, unless, indeed, some lower and more aberrant race even than the Hottentot has become extinct. Supposing, as I do for one believe, that our dogs have descended from two or three wolves, jackals, etc., yet these have, on OUR VIEW, descended from a single remote unknown progenitor. With domestic dogs the question is simply whether the whole amount of difference has been produced since man domesticated a single species; or whether part of the difference arises in the state of nature. Agassiz and Co. think the negro and Caucasian are now distinct species, and it is a mere vain discussion whether, when they were rather less distinct, they would, on this standard of specific value, deserve to be called species.

 I agree with your answer which you give to yourself on this point; and the simile of man now keeping down any new man which might be developed, strikes me as good and new. The white man is "improving off the face of the earth" even races nearly his equals. With respect to islands, I think I would trust to want of time alone, and not to bats and Rodents.

 N.B.—I know of no rodents on oceanic islands (except my Galapagos mouse, which MAY have been introduced by man) keeping down the development of other classes. Still MUCH more weight I should attribute to there being now, neither in islands nor elsewhere, [any] known animals of a grade of organisation intermediate between mammals, fish, reptiles, etc., whence a new mammal could be developed. If every vertebrate were destroyed throughout the world, except our NOW WELL-ESTABLISHED reptiles, millions of ages might elapse before reptiles could become highly developed on a scale equal to mammals; and, on the principle of inheritance, they would make some quite NEW CLASS, and not mammals; though POSSIBLY more intellectual!
 I have not an idea that you will care for this letter, so speculative.

 Most truly yours, C. DARWIN.

CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 26 [1860].

 ... I have had a letter of fourteen folio pages from Harvey against my book, with some ingenious and new remarks; but it is an extraordinary fact that he does not understand at all what I mean by Natural Selection. I have begged him to read the Dialogue in next 'Silliman,' as you never touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at it as even more extraordinary that you never say a word or use an epithet which does not express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and others, who perfectly understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions to which I demur. Well, your extraordinary labour is over; if there is any fair amount of truth in my view, I am well assured that your great labour has not been thrown away... I yet hope and almost believe, that the time will come when you will go further, in believing a very large amount of modification of species, than you did at first or do now. Can you tell me whether you believe further or more firmly than you did at first? I should really like to know this. I can perceive in my immense correspondence with Lyell, who objected to much at first, that he has, perhaps unconsciousnessly to himself, converted himself very much during the last six months, and I think this is the case even with Hooker. This fact gives me far more confidence than any other fact.

CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Friday evening [September 28th, 1860].

 ... I am very glad to hear about the Germans reading my book. No one will be converted who has not independently begun to doubt about species. Is not Krohn (There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands, and the other on the development of Cirripedes, 'Wiegmann's Archiv,' xxv.
 and xxvi. My father has remarked that he "blundered dreadfully about the cement glands," 'Autobiography.') a good fellow? I have long meant to write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and has detected two or three gigantic blunders,... about which, I thank Heaven, I spoke rather doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even Huxley failed. It is chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is so wrong, and not the parts which I


The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hospital Sketches, by Louisa May Alcott This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at _URL_ Title: Hospital Sketches Author: Louisa May Alcott Posting Date: March 6, 2009 [EBook #3837] Release Date: March, 2003 First Posted: October 2, 2001 Last Update: April 23, 2018.
 Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 Produced by Jo Hogan. HTML version by Al Haines.
Revisions by Robert Homa.
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOSPITAL SKETCHES *** 1 HOSPITAL SKETCHES BY L. M. ALCOTT [Illustration: Logo for Tribulation Periwinkle] "Which, naming no names, no offense could be took."—Sairy Gamp Boston: James Redpath, Publisher, 221 Washington Street.
1863.
2 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by James Redpath, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts Dedication 3 These sketches are respectfully dedicated to her friend Miss Hannah Stevenson, by L. M. A. Publisher's Advertisement 5 Publisher's Advertisement.
A considerable portion of this volume was published in successive numbers of The Commonwealth, newspaper, of Boston. The sudden popularity the Sketches won from the general public, and the praise they received from literary men of distinguished ability, are sufficient reasons,—were any needed,—for their re-publication, thus revised and enlarged, in this more convenient and permanent form. As, besides paying the Author the usual copyright, the publisher has resolved to devote at least five cents of every copy sold to the support of orphans made fatherless or homeless by the war, no reproduction of any part of the contents now first printed in these pages, will be permitted in any journal. Should the sale of the little book be large, the orphans' percentage will be doubled.
Boston, August, 1863.
Contents 7 Contents Chapter Chapter Title Page I. Obtaining Supplies 9 II.
A Forward Movement 21 III.
A Day 31 IV.
A Night 46 V. Off Duty 66 VI.
A Postscript 86 I. Obtaining Supplies 9 Hospital Sketches.
Chapter I. Obtaining Supplies.
"I want something to do."
This remark being addressed to the world in general, no one in particular felt it their duty to reply; so I repeated it to the smaller world about me, received the following suggestions, and settled the matter by answering my own inquiry, as people are apt to do when very much in earnest.
"Write a book," quoth the author of my being.
"Don't know enough, sir. First live, then write."
"Try teaching again," suggested my mother.
"No thank you, ma'am, ten years of that is enough."
"Take a husband like my Darby, and fulfill your mission," said sister Joan, home on a visit.
"Can't afford expensive luxuries, Mrs. Coobiddy."
"Turn actress, and immortalize your name," said sister Vashti, striking an attitude.
"I won't."
"Go nurse the soldiers," said my young brother, Tom, panting for "the tented field."
"I will!"
10 So far, very good. Here was the will—now for the way. At first sight not a foot of it appeared, but that didn't matter, for the Periwinkles are a hopeful race; their crest is an anchor, with three cock-a-doodles crowing atop. They all wear rose-colored spectacles, and are lineal descendants of the inventor of aerial architecture. An hour's conversation on the subject set the whole family in a blaze of enthusiasm. A model hospital was erected, and each member had accepted an honorable post therein. The paternal P. was chaplain, the maternal P. was matron, and all the youthful P.s filled the pod of futurity with achievements whose brilliancy eclipsed the glories of the present and the past. Arriving at this satisfactory conclusion, the meeting adjourned, and the fact that Miss Tribulation was available as army nurse went abroad on the wings of the wind.
In a few days a townswoman heard of my desire, approved of it, and brought about an interview with one of the sisterhood which I wished to join, who was at home on a furlough, and able and willing to satisfy all inquiries. A morning chat with Miss General S.—we hear no end of Mrs. Generals, why not a Miss?—produced three results: I felt that I could do the work, was offered a place, and accepted it, promising not to desert, but stand ready to march on Washington at an hour's notice.
A few days were necessary for the letter containing my request and recommendation to reach headquarters, and another, containing my commission, to return; therefore no time was to be lost; and heartily thanking my pair of friends, I tore home through the December slush as if the rebels were after me, and like many another recruit, burst in upon my family with the announcement— "I've enlisted!"
11 An impressive silence followed. Tom, the irrepressible, broke it with a slap on the shoulder and the graceful compliment— "Old Trib, you're a trump!"
"Thank you; then I'll take something:" which I did, in the shape of dinner, reeling off my news at the rate of three dozen words to a mouthful; and as every one else talked equally fast, and all together, the scene was most inspiring.
As boys going to sea immediately become nautical in speech, walk as if they already had their "sea legs" on, and shiver their timbers on all possible occasions, so I turned military at once, called my dinner my rations, saluted all new comers, and ordered a dress parade that very afternoon. Having reviewed every rag I possessed, I detailed some for picket duty while airing over the fence; some to the sanitary influences of the wash-tub; others to mount guard in the trunk; while the weak and wounded went to the Work-basket Hospital, to be made ready for active service again. To this squad I devoted myself for a week; but all was done, and I had time to get powerfully impatient before the letter came. It did arrive however, and brought a disappointment along with its good will and friendliness, for it told me that the place in the Armory Hospital that I supposed I was to take, was already filled, and a much less desirable one at Hurly-burly House was offered instead.
"That's just your luck, Trib. I'll tote your trunk up garret for you again; for of course you won't go," Tom remarked, with the disdainful pity which small boys affect when they get into their teens. I was wavering in my secret soul, but that settled the matter, and I crushed him on the spot with martial brevity— "It is now one; I shall march at six."
12 I have a confused recollection of spending the afternoon in pervading the house like an executive whirlwind, with my family swarming after me, all working, talking, prophesying and lamenting, while I packed my "go-abroady" possessions, tumbled the rest into two big boxes, danced on the lids till they shut, and gave them in charge, with the direction,— "If I never come back, make a bonfire of them."
Then I choked down a cup of tea, generously salted instead of sugared, by some agitated relative, shouldered my knapsack—it was only a traveling bag, but do let me preserve the unities—hugged my family three times all round without a vestige of unmanly emotion, till a certain dear old lady broke down upon my neck, with a despairing


illation of the wood of the pine, spruce, or fir, and is used in varnishes, cements, and to render ropes, oakum, etc., impervious to water.

 Tar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tarred (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Tarring.] To smear with tar, or as with tar; as, to tar ropes; to tar cloth.

To tar and feather a person. See under Feather, v. t. Tar"a*nis (?), n. [L. taranis, from the Celtic; cf. W. & Corn. taran thunder.] (Myth.) A Celtic divinity, regarded as the evil principle, but confounded by the Romans with Jupiter.

 Tar'an*tass" (?), n. [Russ. tarantas'.] A low four-wheeled carriage used in Russia. The carriage box rests on two long, springy poles which run from the fore to the hind axletree. When snow falls, the wheels are taken off, and the body is mounted on a sledge.

 Tar'an*tel"la (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A rapid and delirious sort of Neapolitan dance in 6-8 time, which moves in whirling triplets; — so called from a popular notion of its being a remedy against the poisonous bite of the tarantula. Some derive its name from Taranto in Apulia. (b) Music suited to such a dance.

 Tar"ant*ism (?), n. [It. tarantismo: cf. F. tarentisme.
 See Tarantula.] (Med.) A nervous affection producing melancholy, stupor, and an uncontrollable desire to dance. It was supposed to be produced by the bite of the tarantula, and considered to be incapable of cure except by protracted dancing to appropriate music. [Written also tarentism.]

 Ta*ran"tu*la (?), n.; pl. E. Tarantulas (#), L. Tarantulæ (#). [NL., fr. It. tarantola, fr. L. Tarentum, now Taranto, in the south of Italy.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large spiders, popularly supposed to be very venomous, especially the European species (Tarantula apuliæ). The tarantulas of Texas and adjacent countries are large species of Mygale. [Written also tarentula.]

Tarantula killer, a very large wasp (Pompilus formosus), which captures the Texan tarantula (Mygale Hentzii) and places it in its nest as food for its young, after paralyzing it by a sting.

 Ta*ran"tu*la'ted (?), a. Bitten by a tarantula; affected with tarantism.

 Tar*bog"an (?), n. & v. See Toboggan.

 Tar*boosh" (?), n. [Ar. tarb&?;sh; perhaps from Per. sar-posh headdress: cf. F. tarbouch.] A red cap worn by Turks and other Eastern nations, sometimes alone and sometimes swathed with linen or other stuff to make a turban. See Fez.

 Tar*da"tion (?), n. [L. tardatio, fr. tardare, tardatum, to retard, delay, fr. tardus slow.] The act of retarding, or delaying; retardation. [Obs.]

 ||Tar'di*gra"da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tardigrade, a.] 1.
(Zoöl.) A tribe of edentates comprising the sloths. They are noted for the slowness of their movements when on the ground. See Sloth, 3.

2. (Zoöl.) An order of minute aquatic arachnids; — called also bear animalcules, sloth animalcules, and water bears.

 Tar"di*grade (?), a. [L. tardigradus; tardus slow + gradi to step: cf. F. tardigrade.] 1. Moving or stepping slowly; slow-paced. [R.] G. Eliot.
2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Tardigrada.

 Tar"di*grade, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Tardigrada.

 Tar"di*gra'dous (?), a. Moving slowly; slow-paced. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Tar"di*ly (?), adv. In a tardy manner; slowly.

 Tar"di*ness, n. The quality or state of being tardy.

 Tar'di*ta"tion (?), n. Tardiness. [Obs.]

 To instruct them to avoid all snares of tarditation, in the Lord's affairs.

Herrick.
 Tar"di*ty (?), n. [L. tarditas.] Slowness; tardiness. [R.]
 Sir K. Digby.
 ||Tar"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; — a direction to perform a passage slowly.

 ||Tar"do, n. [Sp., slow, L. tardus.] (Zoöl.) A sloth.

 Tar"dy (?), a. [Compar. Tardier (?); superl. Tardiest.]
 [F. tardif, fr. (assumed) LL. tardivus, fr. L. tardus slow.] 1. Moving with a slow pace or motion; slow; not swift.

 And check the tardy flight of time.

Sandys.
Tardy to vengeance, and with mercy brave.

Prior.
2. Not being inseason; late; dilatory; — opposed to prompt; as, to be tardy in one's payments. Arbuthnot.
 The tardy plants in our cold orchards placed.

Waller.
3. Unwary; unready. [Obs.] Hudibras.
4. Criminal; guilty. [Obs.] Collier.
Syn. — Slow; dilatory; tedious; reluctant. See Slow.

 Tar"dy, v. t. To make tardy. [Obs.] Shak.
 Tare (?), obs. imp. of Tear. Tore.

 Tare, n. [Cf. Prov. E. tare brisk, eager, OE. tarefitch the wild vetch.] 1. A weed that grows among wheat and other grain; — alleged by modern naturalists to be the Lolium temulentum, or darnel.

 Didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? From whence then hath it tares?

Matt. xiii. 27.
 The "darnel" is said to be the tares of Scripture, and is the only deleterious species belonging to the whole order.

Baird.
2. (Bot.) A name of several climbing or diffuse leguminous herbs of the genus Vicia; especially, the V. sativa, sometimes grown for fodder.

 Tare, n. [F. tare; cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. tara; all fr. Ar. tarah thrown away, removed, fr. taraha to reject, remove.] (Com.) Deficientcy in the weight or quantity of goods by reason of the weight of the cask, bag, or whatever contains the commodity, and is weighed with it; hence, the allowance or abatement of a certain weight or quantity which the seller makes to the buyer on account of the weight of such cask, bag, etc.

 Tare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tared (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Taring.] To ascertain or mark the tare of (goods).

 Tared (?), a. (Chem.) Weighed; determined; reduced to equal or standard weight; as, tared filter papers, used in weighing precipitates.

 Ta*ren"te (?), n. [Cf. F. tarente.] (Zoöl.) A harmless lizard


ination; consisting in the comparison of propositions or facts, and the deduction of inferences from the comparison; argumentative; as, a ratiocinative process.

 The ratiocinative meditativeness of his character.

Coleridge.
 Ra'ti*oc"i*na*to*ry (-n*t*r), a. Ratiocinative. [R.]

 Ra"tion (r"shn or rsh"n), n. [F., fr. L. ratio a reckoning, calculation, relation, reference, LL. ratio ration. See Ratio.] 1.
 A fixed daily allowance of provisions assigned to a soldier in the army, or a sailor in the navy, for his subsistence.

 Officers have several rations, the number varying according to their rank or the number of their attendants.

2. Hence, a certain portion or fixed amount dealt out; an allowance; an allotment.

 Ra"tion, v. t. To supply with rations, as a regiment.

 Ra"tion*al (rsh"n*al), a. [L. rationalis: cf. F. rationnel.
 See Ratio, Reason, and cf. Rationale.] 1. Relating to the reason; not physical; mental.

 Moral philosophy was his chiefest end; for the rational, the natural, and mathematics... were but simple pastimes in comparison of the other.

Sir T. North.
2. Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; endowed with reason or understanding; reasoning.

 It is our glory and happiness to have a rational nature.

Law.
3. Agreeable to reason; not absurd, preposterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like; wise; judicious; as, rational conduct; a rational man.

4. (Chem.) Expressing the type, structure, relations, and reactions of a compound; graphic; -- said of formulæ. See under Formula.

Rational horizon. (Astron.) See Horizon, 2 (b). -- Rational quantity (Alg.), one that can be expressed without the use of a radical sign, or in exact parts of unity; -- opposed to irrational or radical quantity. -- Rational symptom (Med.), one elicited by the statements of the patient himself and not as the result of a physical examination.

Syn. -- Sane; sound; intelligent; reasonable; sensible; wise; discreet; judicious. -- Rational, Reasonable. Rational has reference to reason as a faculty of the mind, and is opposed to irrational; as, a rational being, a rational state of mind, rational views, etc. In these cases the speculative reason is more particularly referred to. Reasonable has reference to the exercise of this faculty for practical purposes, and means, governed or directed by reason; as, reasonable desires or plans; a reasonable charge; a reasonable prospect of success.

 What higher in her society thou find'st Attractive, human, rational, love still.

Milton.
 A law may be reasonable in itself, although a man does not allow it, or does not know the reason of the lawgivers.

Swift.
 Ra"tion*al, n. A rational being. Young.
 Ra'tion*a"le (rsh'n*"l), n. [L. rationalis, neut. rationale.
 See Rational, a.] An explanation or exposition of the principles of some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, or the like; also, the principles themselves.

 Ra"tion*al*ism (rsh"n*al*z'm), n. [Cf. F. rationalisme.]
 1. (Theol.) The doctrine or system of those who deduce their religious opinions from reason or the understanding, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation.

2. (Philos.) The system that makes rational power the ultimate test of truth; -- opposed to sensualism, or sensationalism, and empiricism. Fleming.
 Ra"tion*al*ist, n. [Cf. F. rationaliste.] One who accepts rationalism as a theory or system; also, disparagingly, a false reasoner.
 See Citation under Reasonist.

 { Ra'tion*al*is"tic (-s"tk), Ra'tion*al*is"tic*al (-t*kal), } a. Belonging to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism. -- Ra'tion*al*is"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Ra'tion*al"i*ty (-l"*t; 277), n.; pl. -ties (- tz).
 [F. rationalité, or L. rationalitas.] The quality or state of being rational; agreement with reason; possession of reason; due exercise of reason; reasonableness.

 When God has made rationality the common portion of mankind, how came it to be thy inclosure?

Gov. of Tongue.
 Well-directed intentions, whose rationalities will never bear a rigid examination.

Sir T. Browne.
 Ra'tion*al*i*za"tion (rsh'n*al**z"shn), n. The act or process of rationalizing.

 Ra"tion*al*ize (rsh"n*al*z), v. t. 1. To make rational; also, to convert to rationalism.

2. To interpret in the manner of a rationalist.

3. To form a rational conception of.

4. (Alg.) To render rational; to free from radical signs or quantities.

 Ra"tion*al*ize, v. i. To use, and rely on, reason in forming a theory, belief, etc., especially in matters of religion: to accord with the principles of rationalism.

 Theodore... is justly considered the chief rationalizing doctor of antiquity.

J. H. Newman.
 Ra"tion*al*ly, adv. In a rational manner.

 Ra"tion*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being rational; rationality.

 ||Ra*ti"tæ (r*t"t), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. ratis a raft; cf. L. ratitus marked with the figure of a raft.] (Zoöl.)
 An order of birds in which the wings are small, rudimentary, or absent, and the breastbone is destitute of a keel. The ostrich, emu, moa, and apteryx are examples.

 Rat"i*tate (rt"*tt), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ratitæ.

 Rat"ite (rt"t), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ratitæ. - - n. One of the Ratitæ.

 { Rat"lines, Rat"lins } (rt"lnz), n. pl. [Of uncertain origin.] (Naut.)
 The small transverse ropes attached to the shrouds and forming the steps of a rope ladder. [Written also ratlings, and rattlings.] Totten.
 Rat"on (rt"n), n. [Cf. Raccoon.] A small rat. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
 Ra*toon" (r*tn"), n. 1. Same as Rattoon, n.
2. A rattan cane. [Obs.] Pepys.
 Ra*toon", v. i. Same as Rattoon, v. i. Rats"bane' (rts"bn'), n. [Rat + bane.] Rat poison; white arsenic.

 Rats"baned' (-bnd'), a. Poisoned by ratsbane.

 Rat"-tail' (rt"tl'), a. Like a rat's tail in form; as, a rat-tail file, which is round, slender, and tapering. See Illust. of File.

 Rat"-tail', n. 1. (Far.) pl. An excrescence growing from the pastern to the middle of the shank of a horse.

2. (Zoöl.) (a)


force and swiftness like a sliding from the stocks into the water; to plunge; to make a beginning; as, to launch into the current of a stream; to launch into an argument or discussion; to launch into lavish expenditures; -- often with out.

Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.

Luke v. 4.
 He [Spenser] launches out into very flowery paths.

Prior.
 Launch, n. 1. The act of launching.

2. The movement of a vessel from land into the water; especially, the sliding on ways from the stocks on which it is built.

3. [Cf. Sp. lancha.] (Naut.) The boat of the largest size belonging to a ship of war; also, an open boat of any size driven by steam, naphtha, electricity, or the like.

Launching ways. (Naut.) See Way, n. (Naut.).

 Laund (lnd), n. [See Lawn of grass.] A plain sprinkled with trees or underbrush; a glade. [Obs.]

 In a laund upon an hill of flowers.

Chaucer.
 Through this laund anon the deer will come.

Shak.
 Laun"der (län"dr), n. [Contracted fr. OE. lavender, F. lavandière, LL. lavandena, from L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] 1. A washerwoman. [Obs.]

2. (Mining) A trough used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the box where it is beaten, or for carrying water to the stamps, or other apparatus, for comminuting, or sorting, the ore.

 Laun"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laundered (-drd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laundering.] 1. To wash, as clothes; to wash, and to smooth with a flatiron or mangle; to wash and iron; as, to launder shirts.

2. To lave; to wet. [Obs.] Shak.
 Laun"der*er (?), n. One who follows the business of laundering.

 Laun"der*ing, n. The act, or occupation, of one who launders; washing and ironing.

 Laun"dress (?), n. A woman whose employment is laundering.

 Laun"dress, v. i. To act as a laundress.[Obs.]

 Laun"dry (?), n.; pl. Laundries (#). [OE. lavendrie, OF. lavanderie. See Launder.] 1. A laundering; a washing.

2. A place or room where laundering is done.

 Laun"dry*man (?), n.; pl. Laundrymen (&?;). A man who follows the business of laundering.

 Lau"ra (?), n. [LL., fr. Gr. (&?;) lane, defile, also, a kind of monastery.] (R. C. Ch.) A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior.
 C. Kingsley.
 Lau*ra"ceous (?), a. [From Laurus.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceæ) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including the laurel, sassafras, cinnamon tree, true camphor tree, etc.

 Lau"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of lauric acid.

 Lau"re*ate (?), a. [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel: cf. F. lauréat.
 Cf. Laurel.] Crowned, or decked, with laurel. Chaucer.
 To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies.

Milton.
 Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines.

Pope.
Poet laureate. (b) One who received an honorable degree in grammar, including poetry and rhetoric, at the English universities; -- so called as being presented with a wreath of laurel. [Obs.] (b) Formerly, an officer of the king's household, whose business was to compose an ode annually for the king's birthday, and other suitable occasions; now, a poet officially distinguished by such honorary title, the office being a sinecure. It is said this title was first given in the time of Edward IV. [Eng.]

 Lau"re*ate, n. One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate. "A learned laureate." Cleveland.
 Lau"re*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laureated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Laureating (?).] To honor with a wreath of laurel, as formerly was done in bestowing a degree at the English universities.

 Lau"re*ate*ship, n. State, or office, of a laureate.

 Lau're*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. lauréation.] The act of crowning with laurel; the act of conferring an academic degree, or honorary title.

 Lau"rel (?), n. [OE. lorel, laurer, lorer, OF.
 lorier, laurier, F. laurier, (assumed) LL. Laurarius, fr. L. laurus.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, of the genus Laurus (L. nobilis), having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clusters of small, yellowish white flowers in their axils; -- called also sweet bay. The fruit is a purple berry. It is found about the Mediterranean, and was early used by the ancient Greeks to crown the victor in the games of Apollo. At a later period, academic honors were indicated by a crown of laurel, with the fruit. The leaves and tree yield an aromatic oil, used to flavor the bay water of commerce.

 The name is extended to other plants which in some respect resemble the true laurel. See Phrases, below.

2. A crown of laurel; hence, honor; distinction; fame; -- especially in the plural; as, to win laurels.

3. An English gold coin made in 1619, and so called because the king's head on it was crowned with laurel.

Laurel water, water distilled from the fresh leaves of the cherry laurel, and containing prussic acid and other products carried over in the process.

American laurel, or Mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia.
 See under Mountain. -- California laurel, Umbellularia Californica. -- Cherry laurel (in England called laurel).
 See under Cherry. -- Great laurel, the rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). -- Ground laurel, trailing arbutus. -- New Zealand laurel, Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ. -- Portugal laurel, the Prunus Lusitanica. -- Rose laurel, the oleander. See Oleander. -- Sheep laurel, a poisonous shrub, Kalmia angustifolia, smaller than the mountain laurel, and with smaller and redder flowers. -- Spurge laurel, Daphne Laureola. -- West Indian laurel, Prunus occidentalis.

 Lau"reled (?), a. Crowned with laurel, or with a laurel wreath; laureate. [Written also laurelled.]

 Lau*ren"tian (?), a. Pertaining to, or near, the St. Lawrence River; as, the Laurentian hills.

Laurentian period (Geol.), the lower of the two divisions of the Archæan age; -- called also the Laurentian.

 Lau"rer (?), n. Laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lau"res*tine (?), n. [NL. lautus tinus, fr. L. laurus the laurel + tinus laurest


AS. tgædere, tgædre, tgadere; t to + gador together.
 √29. See To, prep., and Gather.] 1. In company or association with respect to place or time; as, to live together in one house; to live together in the same age; they walked together to the town.

 Soldiers can never stand idle long together.

Landor.
2. In or into union; into junction; as, to sew, knit, or fasten two things together; to mix things together.

 The king joined humanity and policy together.

Bacon.
3. In concert; with mutual coöperation; as, the allies made war upon France together.

Together with, in union with; in company or mixture with; along with.

 Take the bad together with the good.

Dryden.
 Tog"ger*y (?), n. [Cf. Togated.] Clothes; garments; dress; as, fishing toggery. [Colloq.]

 Tog"gle (?), n. [Cf. Tug.] [Written also toggel.] 1.
(Naut.) A wooden pin tapering toward both ends with a groove around its middle, fixed transversely in the eye of a rope to be secured to any other loop or bight or ring; a kind of button or frog capable of being readily engaged and disengaged for temporary purposes.

2. (Mach.) Two rods or plates connected by a toggle joint.

Toggle iron, a harpoon with a pivoted crosspiece in a mortise near the point to prevent it from being drawn out when a whale, shark, or other animal, is harpooned. — Toggle joint, an elbow or knee joint, consisting of two bars so connected that they may be brought quite or nearly into a straight line, and made to produce great endwise pressure, when any force is applied to bring them into this position.

 Toght (?), a. Taut. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { To*gid"er (?), To*gid"res (?) }, adv. Together. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Togue (?), n. [From the American Indian name.] (Zoöl.)
 The namaycush.

 To*hew" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + hew.] To hew in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Toil (?), n. [F. toiles, pl., toils, nets, fr. toile cloth, canvas, spider web, fr. L. tela any woven stuff, a web, fr.
 texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Toilet.] A net or snare; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey; — usually in the plural.

 As a Numidian lion, when first caught, Endures the toil that holds him.

Denham.
 Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds, were found.

Dryden.
 Toil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toiling.] [OE. toilen to pull about, to toil; of uncertain origin; cf. OD. teulen, tuylen, to labor, till, or OF. tooillier, toailler, to wash, rub (cf. Towel); or perhaps ultimately from the same root as E. tug.] To exert strength with pain and fatigue of body or mind, especially of the body, with efforts of some continuance or duration; to labor; to work.

 Toil, v. t. 1. To weary; to overlabor. [Obs.] "Toiled with works of war." Shak.
2. To labor; to work; — often with out. [R.]

 Places well toiled and husbanded.

Holland.
 [I] toiled out my uncouth passage.

Milton.
 Toil (?), n. [OE. toil turmoil, struggle; cf. OD. tuyl labor, work. See Toil, v.] Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that oppresses the body or mind, esp. the body.

 My task of servile toil.

Milton.
 After such bloody toil, we bid good night.

Shak.
Toil is used in the formation of compounds which are generally of obvious signification; as, toil-strung, toilwasted, toil-worn, and the like.

Syn. — Labor; drudgery; work; exertion; occupation; employment; task; travail. — Toil, Labor, Drudgery. Labor implies strenuous exertion, but not necessary such as overtasks the faculties; toil denotes a severity of labor which is painful and exhausting; drudgery implies mean and degrading work, or, at least, work which wearies or disgusts from its minuteness or dull uniformity.

 You do not know the heavy grievances, The toils, the labors, weary drudgeries, Which they impose.

Southern.
 How often have I blessed the coming day, When toil remitting lent its turn to play.

Goldsmith.
 Toil"er (?), n. One who toils, or labors painfully.

 Toi"let (?), n. [F. toilette, dim. of toile cloth.
 See Toil a net.] 1. A covering of linen, silk, or tapestry, spread over a table in a chamber or a dressing room.

2. A dressing table. Pope.
3. Act or mode of dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing; attire; dress; as, her toilet is perfect. [Written also toilette.]

Toilet glass, a looking-glass for a toilet table or for a dressing room. — Toilet service, Toilet set, earthenware, glass, and other utensils for a dressing room. — Toilet table, a dressing table; a toilet. See def. 2 above. — To snake one's toilet, to dress one's self; especially, to dress one's self carefully.

 Toi*lette" (?), n. [F.] See Toilet, 3.

 Toil"ful (?), a. Producing or involving much toil; laborious; toilsome; as, toilful care. Mickle.
 Toi'li*nette" (?), n. [F. toilinet. See Toil a net.] A cloth, the weft of which is of woolen yarn, and the warp of cotton and silk, — used for waistcoats.

 Toil"less (?), a. Free from toil.

 Toil"some (-sm), a. Attended with toil, or fatigue and pain; laborious; wearisome; as, toilsome work.

 What can be toilsome in these pleasant walks?

Milton.
 — Toil"some*ly, adv. — Toil"some*ness, n. Toise (?), n. [F., fr. LL. tesa, fr. L. tensus, fem.
 tensa, p. p. of tendere to stretch, extend. See Tense, a.]
 An old measure of length in France, containing six French feet, or about 6.3946 French feet.

 To*kay" (t*k"), n. [Named fr. Tokay in Hungary.] 1.
(Bot.) A grape of an oval shape and whitish color.

2. A rich Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapes.

 To"ken (t"k'n), n. [OE. token, taken, AS. tcen; akin to OFries. tken, OS. tkan, D. teeken, G. zeichen, OHG. Zeihhan, Icel. tkan, teiken, Sw. tecken, Dan. tegn, Goth. taikns sign, token, gateihan to tell, show, AS. teón to accuse, G. zeihen, OHG. zhan, G. zeigen to show, OHG. zeign, Icel. tj


, Or do my peptics differ?

Tennyson.
 Pep"tics (?), n. The science of digestion.

 Pep"to*gen (?), n. [Peptone + -gen.] (Physiol.)
 A substance convertible into peptone.

 Pep'to*gen"ic (?), a. Same as Peptogenous.

 Pep*tog"e*nous (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Capable of yielding, or being converted into, peptone.

 Pep'to*hy'dro*chlo"ric (?), a. [See Peptone, and Hydrochloric.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Designating a hypothetical acid (called peptohydrochloric acid, pepsinhydrochloric acid, and chloropeptic acid) which is supposed to be formed when pepsin and dilute (0.1-0.4 per cent) hydrochloric acid are mixed together.

 Pep"tone (?), n. [Gr. &?; cooked.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) The soluble and diffusible substance or substances into which albuminous portions of the food are transformed by the action of the gastric and pancreatic juices. Peptones are also formed from albuminous matter by the action of boiling water and boiling dilute acids. (b) Collectively, in a broader sense, all the products resulting from the solution of albuminous matter in either gastric or pancreatic juice. In this case, however, intermediate products (albumose bodies), such as antialbumose, hemialbumose, etc., are mixed with the true peptones. Also termed albuminose.

 Pure peptones are of three kinds, amphopeptone, antipeptone, and hemipeptone, and, unlike the albumose bodies, are not precipitated by saturating their solutions with ammonium sulphate.

 Pep"to*nize (?), v. t. (Physiol.) To convert into peptone; to digest or dissolve by means of a proteolytic ferment; as, peptonized food.

 Pep"to*noid (?), n. [Peptone + -oid.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) A substance related to peptone.

 ||Pep'to*nu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Peptone, and Urine.] (Med.)
 The presence of peptone, or a peptonelike body, in the urine.

 Pep'to*tox"ine (?), n. [Peptone + toxic + -ine.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) A toxic alkaloid found occasionally associated with the peptones formed from fibrin by pepsinhydrochloric acid.

 Pe"quots (?), n. pl.; sing. Pequot (&?;). (Ethnol.)
 A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited Eastern Connecticut. [Written also Pequods.]

 Per- (?). [See Per.] 1. A prefix used to signify through, throughout, by, for, or as an intensive as perhaps, by hap or chance; perennial, that lasts throughout the year; perforce, through or by force; perfoliate, perforate; perspicuous, evident throughout or very evident; perplex, literally, to entangle very much.

2. (Chem.) Originally, denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed in the respective compounds exercised its highest valence; now, only that the element has a higher valence than in other similar compounds; thus, barium peroxide is the highest oxide of barium; while nitrogen and manganese peroxides, so-called, are not the highest oxides of those elements.

 Per (?), prep. [L. Cf. Far, For-, Pardon, and cf. Par, prep.]
 Through; by means of; through the agency of; by; for; for each; as, per annum; per capita, by heads, or according to individuals; per curiam, by the court; per se, by itself, of itself. Per is also sometimes used with English words.

Per annum, by the year; in each successive year; annually. -- Per cent, Per centum, by the hundred; in the hundred; -- used esp.
 of proportions of ingredients, rate or amount of interest, and the like; commonly used in the shortened form per cent. -- Per diem, by the day. [For other phrases from the Latin, see Quotations, Phrases, etc., from Foreign Languages, in the Supplement.]

 Per*act" (?), v. t. [L. peractus, p. p. of peragere.]
 To go through with; to perform. [Obs.] Sylvester.
 Per'a*cute" (?), a. [L. peracutus. See Per-, and Acute.]
 Very sharp; very violent; as, a peracute fever. [R.] Harvey.
 Per'ad*ven"ture (?), adv. & conj. [OE. per aventure, F. par aventure. See Per, and Adventure.] By chance; perhaps; it may be; if; supposing. "If peradventure he speak against me." Shak.
Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city.

Gen. xviii. 24.
 Per'ad*ven"ture, n. Chance; hap; hence, doubt; question; as, proved beyond peradventure. South.
 Pe*ræ"o*pod (?), n. [Gr. &?; on the opposite side + -pod.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the thoracic legs of a crustacean. See Illust.
 of Crustacea.

 Per"a*grate (?), v. t. [L. peragratus, p. p. of peragrate.]
 To travel over or through. [Obs.]

 Per'agra"tion (?), n. [L. peragratio: cf. F. peragration.]
 The act or state of passing through any space; as, the peragration of the moon in her monthly revolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Per*am"bu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perambulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perambulating.] [L. perambulatus, p. p. of perambulare to perambulate; per through + ambulare to walk. See Per-, and Amble.] To walk through or over; especially, to travel over for the purpose of surveying or examining; to inspect by traversing; specifically, to inspect officially the boundaries of, as of a town or parish, by walking over the whole line.

 Per*am"bu*late, v. i. To walk about; to ramble; to stroll; as, he perambulated in the park.

 Per*am'bu*la"tion (?), n. 1. The act of perambulating; traversing. Bacon.
2. An annual survey of boundaries, as of town, a parish, a forest, etc.

3. A district within which one is authorized to make a tour of inspection. "The... bounds of his own perambulation." [Obs.] Holyday.
 Per*am"bu*la'tor (?), n. 1. One who perambulates.

2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring distances. It consists of a wheel arranged to roll along over the ground, with an apparatus of clockwork, and a dial plate upon which the distance traveled is shown by an index. See Odometer.

3. A low carriage for a child, propelled by pushing.

 ||Per'a*me"les (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pouch + L. meles a badger.] (Zoöl.) Any marsupial of the genus Perameles, which includes numerous species found in Australia. They somewhat resemble rabbits in size and form. See Illust. under Bandicoot.

 Per"bend (?), n. See Perpender.

 Per"break' (?), n. [Obs.] See Parbreak.

 Per*bro"mate (?


:firebottle, Previous:finger-pointing syndrome, Up:= F = finn v.
[IRC] To pull rank on somebody based on the amount of time one has spent on IRC. The term derives from the fact that IRC was originally written in Finland in 1987.
There may be some influence from the 'Finn' character in William Gibson's seminal cyberpunk novel "Count Zero", who at one point says to another (much younger) character "I have a pair of shoes older than you are, so shut up!"
Node:firebottle, Next:firefighting, Previous:finn, Up:= F = firebottle n.obs.
A large, primitive, power-hungry active electrical device, similar in function to a FET but constructed out of glass, metal, and vacuum. Characterized by high cost, low density, low reliability, high-temperature operation, and high power dissipation. Sometimes mistakenly called a 'tube' in the U.S. or a 'valve' in England; another hackish term is glassfet.
Node:firefighting, Next:firehose syndrome, Previous:firebottle, Up:= F = firefighting n.
1. What sysadmins have to do to correct sudden operational problems. An opposite of hacking. "Been hacking your new newsreader?" "No, a power glitch hosed the network and I spent the whole afternoon fighting fires." 2. The act of throwing lots of manpower and late nights at a project, esp. to get it out before deadline. See also gang bang, Mongolian Hordes technique; however, the term 'firefighting' connotes that the effort is going into chasing bugs rather than adding features.
Node:firehose syndrome, Next:firewall code, Previous:firefighting, Up:= F = firehose syndrome n. In mainstream folklore it is observed that trying to drink from a firehose can be a good way to rip your lips off. On computer networks, the absence or failure of flow control mechanisms can lead to situations in which the sending system sprays a massive flood of packets at an unfortunate receiving system, more than it can handle. Compare overrun, buffer overflow.
Node:firewall code, Next:firewall machine, Previous:firehose syndrome, Up:= F = firewall code n.
1. The code you put in a system (say, a telephone switch) to make sure that the users can't do any damage. Since users always want to be able to do everything but never want to suffer for any mistakes, the construction of a firewall is a question not only of defensive coding but also of interface presentation, so that users don't even get curious about those corners of a system where they can burn themselves. 2. Any sanity check inserted to catch a can't happen error.
Wise programmers often change code to fix a bug twice: once to fix the bug, and once to insert a firewall which would have arrested the bug before it did quite as much damage.
Node:firewall machine, Next:fireworks mode, Previous:firewall code, Up:= F = firewall machine n. A dedicated gateway machine with special security precautions on it, used to service outside network connections and dial-in lines. The idea is to protect a cluster of more loosely administered machines hidden behind it from crackers. The typical firewall is an inexpensive micro-based Unix box kept clean of critical data, with a bunch of modems and public network ports on it but just one carefully watched connection back to the rest of the cluster.
The special precautions may include threat monitoring, callback, and even a complete iron box keyable to particular incoming IDs or activity patterns. Syn.
flytrap, Venus flytrap.
[When first coined in the mid-1980s this term was pure jargon.
Now (1999) it is techspeak, and has been retained only as an example of uptake --ESR] Node:fireworks mode, Next:firmware, Previous:firewall machine, Up:= F = fireworks mode n.
1. The mode a machine is sometimes said to be in when it is performing a crash and burn operation. 2. There is (or was) a more specific meaning of this term in the Amiga community. The word fireworks described the effects of a particularly serious crash which prevented the video pointer(s) from getting reset at the start of the vertical blank. This caused the DAC to scroll through the entire contents of CHIP (video or video+CPU) memory. Since each bit plane would scroll separately this was quite a spectacular effect.
Node:firmware, Next:firmy, Previous:fireworks mode, Up:= F = firmware /ferm'weir/ n. Embedded software contained in EPROM or flash memory. It isn't quite hardware, but at least doesn't have to be loaded from a disk like regular software. Hacker usage differs from straight techspeak in that hackers don't normally apply it to stuff that you can't possibly get at, such as the program that runs a pocket calculator. Instead, it implies that the firmware could be changed, even if doing so would mean opening a box and plugging in a new chip. A computer's BIOS is the classic example, although nowadays there is firmware in disk controllers, modems, video cards and even CD-ROM drives.
Node:firmy, Next:fish, Previous:firmware, Up:= F = firmy /fer'mee/ n. Syn. stiffy (a 3.5-inch floppy disk).
Node:fish, Next:FISH queue, Previous:firmy, Up:= F = fish n.
[Adelaide University, Australia] 1. Another metasyntactic variable. See foo. Derived originally from the Monty Python skit in the middle of "The Meaning of Life" entitled "Find the Fish". 2. A pun for 'microfiche'. A microfiche file cabinet may be referred to as a 'fish tank'.
Node:FISH queue, Next:FITNR, Previous:fish, Up:= F = FISH queue n.
[acronym, by analogy with FIFO (First In, First Out)] 'First In, Still Here'. A joking way of pointing out that processing of a particular sequence of events or requests has stopped dead.
Also 'FISH mode' and 'FISHnet'; the latter may be applied to any network that is running really slowly or exhibiting extreme flakiness.
Node:FITNR, Next:fix, Previous:FISH queue, Up:= F = FITNR // adj.
[Thinking Machines, Inc.] Fixed In The Next Release. A written-only notation attached to bug reports. Often wishful thinking.
Node:fix, Next:FIXME, Previous:FITNR, Up:= F = fix n.,v.
What one does when a problem has been reported too many times to be ignored.
Node:FIXME, Next:flag, Previous:fix, Up:= F = FIXME imp.
[common] A standard tag often put in C comments near a piece of code that needs work. The point of doing so is that a grep or a similar pattern-matching tool can find all such places quickly.
Compare XXX.
Node:flag, Next:flag day, Previous:FIXME, Up:= F = flag n.
[very common] A variable or quantity that can take on one of two values; a bit, particularly one that is used to indicate one of two outcomes or is used to control which of two things is to be done. "This flag controls whether to clear the screen before printing the message." "The program status word contains several flag bits." Used of humans analogously to bit. See also hidden flag, mode bit.
Node:flag day, Next:flaky, Previous:flag, Up:= F = flag day n. A software change that is neither forwardnor backward-compatible, and which is costly to make and costly to reverse. "Can we install that without causing a flag day for all users?" This term has nothing to do with the use of the word flag to mean a variable that has two values. It came into use when a massive change was made to the Multics timesharing system to convert from the short-lived 1965 version of the ASCII code to the 1967 version (in draft at the time); this was scheduled for Flag Day (a U.S. holiday), June 14, 1966. The actual change moved the code point for the ASCII newline character; this required that all of the Multics source code, documentation, and


The Waste Land By T. S. Eliot Contents I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD II. A GAME OF CHESS III. THE FIRE SERMON IV. DEATH BY WATER V. WHAT THE THUNDER SAID NOTES ON "THE WASTE LAND" "Nam Sibyllam quidem Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: Σίβυλλα τί θέλεις; respondebat illa: ἀποθανεῖν θέλω." For Ezra Pound il miglior fabbro I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD II. A GAME OF CHESS III. THE FIRE SERMON IV. DEATH BY WATER V. WHAT THE THUNDER SAID NOTES ON "THE WASTE LAND" Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston's book on the Grail legend: From Ritual to Romance (Macmillan, Cambridge) Indeed, so deeply am I indebted, Miss Weston's book will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do; and I recommend it (apart from the great interest of the book itself) to any who think such elucidation of the poem worth the trouble. To another work of anthropology I am indebted in general, one which has influenced our generation profoundly; I mean The Golden Bough; I have used especially the two volumes Adonis, Attis, Osiris.
Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognise in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies.
I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD Line 20. Cf. Ezekiel 2:1.

 23. Cf. Ecclesiastes 12:5.

 31. V. Tristan und Isolde, i, verses 5-8.

 42. Id. iii, verse 24.

 46. I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience.
 The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part V. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear later; also the "crowds of people," and Death by Water is executed in Part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate, quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself.

 60. Cf. Baudelaire: "Fourmillante cité, cité; pleine de rêves, Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant." 63. Cf. Inferno, iii. 55-7.

 "si lunga tratta di gente, ch'io non avrei mai creduto che morte tanta n'avesse disfatta." 64. Cf. Inferno, iv. 25-7: "Quivi, secondo che per ascoltare, "non avea pianto, ma' che di sospiri, "che l'aura eterna facevan tremare." 68. A phenomenon which I have often noticed.

 74. Cf. the Dirge in Webster's White Devil.

 76. V. Baudelaire, Preface to Fleurs du Mal.

II. A GAME OF CHESS 77. Cf. Antony and Cleopatra, II. ii., l. 190.

 92. Laquearia. V. Aeneid, I. 726: dependent lychni laquearibus aureis incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
 98. Sylvan scene. V. Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 140.

 99. V. Ovid, Metamorphoses, vi, Philomela.

 100. Cf. Part III, l. 204.

 115. Cf. Part III, l. 195.

 118. Cf. Webster: "Is the wind in that door still?" 126. Cf. Part I, l. 37, 48.

 138. Cf. the game of chess in Middleton's Women beware Women.

III. THE FIRE SERMON 176. V. Spenser, Prothalamion.

 192. Cf. The Tempest, I. ii.

 196. Cf. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.

 197. Cf. Day, Parliament of Bees: "When of the sudden, listening, you shall hear, "A noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring "Actaeon to Diana in the spring, "Where all shall see her naked skin..." 199. I do not know the origin of the ballad from which these lines are taken: it was reported to me from Sydney, Australia.

 202. V. Verlaine, Parsifal.

 210. The currants were quoted at a price "carriage and insurance free to London"; and the Bill of Lading etc. were to be handed to the buyer upon payment of the sight draft.

 210. "Carriage and insurance free"] "cost, insurance and freight"-Editor.

 218. Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a "character," is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest.
 Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, and the two sexes meet in Tiresias. What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. The whole passage from Ovid is of great anthropological interest: '... Cum Iunone iocos et maior vestra profecto est Quam, quae contingit maribus,' dixisse, 'voluptas.' Illa negat; placuit quae sit sententia docti Quaerere Tiresiae: venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva Corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu Deque viro factus, mirabile, femina septem Egerat autumnos; octavo rursus eosdem Vidit et 'est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae,' Dixit 'ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet, Nunc quoque vos feriam!' percussis anguibus isdem Forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa Dicta Iovis firmat; gravius Saturnia iusto Nec pro materia fertur doluisse suique Iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte, At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam Facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto Scire futura dedit poenamque levavit honore.
 221. This may not appear as exact as Sappho's lines, but I had in mind the "longshore" or "dory" fisherman, who returns at nightfall.

 253. V. Goldsmith, the song in The Vicar of Wakefield.

 257. V. The Tempest, as above.


called The Whistling Ploughman, published at the commencement of the present century, is written in imitation of Ariel's song, in the Tempest. It is probably taken from some defunct ballad-opera.]
Now our work's done, thus we feast, After labour comes our rest; Joy shall reign in every breast, And right welcome is each guest: After harvest merrily, Merrily, merrily, will we sing now, After the harvest that heaps up the mow.
p.
159Now the plowman he shall plow, And shall whistle as he go, Whether it be fair or blow, For another barley mow, O'er the furrow merrily: Merrily, merrily, will we sing now, After the harvest, the fruit of the plow.
Toil and plenty, toil and ease, Still the husbandman he sees; Whether when the winter freeze, Or in summer's gentle breeze; Still he labours merrily, Merrily, merrily, after the plow, He looks to the harvest, that gives us the mow.
THE BARLEY-MOW SONG.
[This song is sung at country meetings in Devon and Cornwall, particularly on completing the carrying of the barley, when the rick, or mow of barley, is finished. On putting up the last sheaf, which is called the craw (or crow) sheaf, the man who has it cries out 'I have it, I have it, I have it;' another demands, 'What have 'ee, what have 'ee, what have 'ee?' and the answer is, 'A craw! a craw! a craw!' upon which there is some cheering, &c., and a supper afterwards. The effect of the Barley-mow Song cannot be given in words; it should be heard, to be appreciated properly,—particularly with the West-country dialect.]
Here's a health to the barley-mow, my brave boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
We'll drink it out of the jolly brown bowl, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
Cho. Here's a health to the barley-mow, my brave boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
We'll drink it out of the nipperkin, boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The nipperkin and the jolly brown bowl, Cho. Here's a health, &c. p.
160We'll drink it out of the quarter-pint, boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The quarter-pint, nipperkin, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the half-a-pint, boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The half-a-pint, quarter-pint, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the pint, my brave boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The pint, the half-a-pint, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the quart, my brave boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The quart, the pint, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. Well drink it out of the pottle, my boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The pottle, the quart, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the gallon, my boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The gallon, the pottle, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the half-anker, boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The half-anker, gallon, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the anker, my boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The anker, the half-anker, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. p.
161We'll drink it out of the half-hogshead, boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The half-hogshead, anker, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the hogshead, my boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The hogshead, the half-hogshead, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the pipe, my brave boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The pipe, the hogshead, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the well, my brave boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The well, the pipe, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the river, my boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The river, the well, &c. Cho. Here's a health, &c. We'll drink it out of the ocean, my boys, Here's a health to the barley-mow!
The ocean, the river, the well, the pipe, the hogshead, the half-hogshead, the anker, the half-anker, the gallon, the pottle, the quart, the pint, the half-a-pint, the quarter-pint, the nipperkin, and the jolly brown bowl!
Cho. Here's a health to the barley-mow, my brave boys!
 Here's a health to the barley-mow!
[The above verses are very much ad libitum, but always in the third line repeating the whole of the previously-named measures; as we have shown in the recapitulation at the close of the last verse.]
p. 162THE BARLEY-MOW SONG.
(SUFFOLK VERSION.)
[The peasantry of Suffolk sing the following version of the Barley-Mow Song.]
Here's a health to the barley mow!
 Here's a health to the man Who very well can Both harrow and plow and sow!
When it is well sown See it is well mown, Both raked and gavelled clean, And a barn to lay it in.
He's a health to the man Who very well can Both thrash and fan it clean!
THE CRAVEN CHURN-SUPPER SONG.
[In some of the more remote dales of Craven it is customary at the close of the hay-harvest for the farmers to give an entertainment to their men; this is called the churn supper; a name which Eugene Aram traces to 'the immemorial usage of producing at such suppers a great quantity of cream in a churn, and circulating it in cups to each of the rustic company, to be eaten with bread.' At these churn-suppers the masters and their families attend the entertainment, and share in the general mirth. The men mask themselves, and dress in a grotesque manner, and are allowed the privilege of playing harmless practical jokes on their employers, &c. The churn-supper song varies in different dales, but the following used to be the most popular version. In the third verse there seems to be an allusion to the clergyman's taking tythe in kind, on which occasions he is generally accompanied by two or three men, and the parish clerk. The song has never before been printed. There is a marked resemblance between it and a song of the date of 1650, called A Cup of Old Stingo. See Popular Music of the Olden Time, I., 308.]
p.
163God rest you, merry gentlemen!
Be not movèd at my strain, For nothing study shall my brain, But for to make you laugh: For I came here to this feast, For to laugh, carouse, and jest, And welcome shall be every guest, To take his cup and quaff.
 Cho. Be frolicsome, every one, Melanch


ridge of a roof.

 Crest"less, a. Without a crest or escutcheon; of low birth. "Crestless yeomen." Shak.
 Cre*syl"ic (kr*sl"k), a. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc.

Cresylic acid. (Chem.) See Cresol.

 Cre*ta"ceous (kr*t"shs), a. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk. See Crayon.] Having the qualities of chalk; abounding with chalk; chalky; as, cretaceous rocks and formations. See Chalk.

Cretaceous acid, an old name for carbonic acid. -- Cretaceous formation (Geol.), the series of strata of various kinds, including beds of chalk, green sand, etc., formed in the Cretaceous period; -- called also the chalk formation. See the Diagram under Geology. -- Cretaceous period (Geol.), the time in the latter part of the Mesozoic age during which the Cretaceous formation was deposited.

 Cre*ta"ceous*ly, adv. In a chalky manner; as chalk.

 Cre"tan (kr"tan), a. Pertaining to Crete, or Candia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Crete or Candia.

 Crete (krt), n. [L. Cres, Cretis.] A Cretan Cre"tian (kr"shan), a. & n. See Cretan.

 Cre"tic (kr"tk), n. [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr.
 Kritiko's (sc. poy's foot), prop., a Cretan (metrical) foot.] (Gr.
 & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, composed of one short syllable between two long ones (- -). Bentley.
 Cre"ti*cism (-t*sz'm), n. Falsehood; lying; cretism.

 Cre"tin (kr"tn), n. [F. crétin; of uncertain origin.]
 One afflicted with cretinism.

 Cre"tin*ism (kr"tn*z'm), n. [F. crétinisme.] A condition of endemic or inherited idiocy, accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformity (usually with goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps.

 Cre"tin*ous (-s), a. Having the characteristics of a cretin. "Cretinous stupefaction." Ruskin.
 Cre"tism (kr"tz'm), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; lying, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to act like a Cretan, that is, to lie. "The Cretians are always liars." Titus i. 12.] A Cretan practice; lying; a falsehood.

 Cre*tonne" (kr?-t?n"), n. [F., gr. Creton, its first manufacturer.] 1. A strong white fabric with warp of hemp and weft of flax.

2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen weft.

3. A kind of chintz with a glossy surface.

 Cre"tose (kr?"t?s), a. [L. cretosus, fr. creta chalk.] Chalky; cretaceous. [Obs.] Ash.
 Creut"zer (kroit"sr) n. See Kreutzer.

 ||Creux (kr?), n. [F., adj., hollow, n., a hollow.]
 Used in English only in the expression en creux. Thus, engraving en creux is engraving in intaglio, or by sinking or hollowing out the design.

 ||Cre'val*le" (kr?'v?l-l?"), n. [Prob. of same origin as cavally.
 See Cavally.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cavally or jurel. See Cavally, and Jurel. (b) The pompano (Trachynotus Carolinus).

 ||Cre'vasse" (kr?'v?s"), n. [F. See Crevice.] 1. A deep crevice or fissure, as in embankment; one of the clefts or fissure by which the mass of a glacier is divided.

2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river, caused by the pressure of the water, as on the lower Mississippi. [U.S.]

 Crev"et (kr?v"?t), n. [Cf. Creut.] A crucible or melting pot; a cruset. Crabb.
 Crev"ice (kr?v"?s), n. [OE. crevace, crevice. F. crevasse, fr. crever to break, burst, fr. L. crepare to crack,break.
 Cf. Craven, Crepitate, Crevasse.] A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a junction; a cleft; a fissure; a rent.

 The mouse, Behind the moldering wainscot, shrieked, Or from the crevice peered about. Tennyson.
 Crev"ice, v. t. To crack; to flaw. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.
 Crev"iced (-?st), a. Having a crevice or crevices; as, a creviced structure for storing ears of corn.

 Trickling through the creviced rock. J. Cunningham.
 Crev"is (-?s), n. (Zoöl.) The crawfish. [Prov. Eng.]

 Crew (kr), n. (Zoöl.) The Manx shearwater.

 Crew (kr), n. [From older accrue accession, reënforcement, hence, company, crew; the first syllable being misunderstood as the indefinite article. See Accrue, Crescent.] 1. A company of people associated together; an assemblage; a throng.

 There a noble crew Of lords and ladies stood on every side.
Spenser.
 Faithful to whom? to thy rebellious crew? Milton.
2. The company of seamen who man a ship, vessel, or at; the company belonging to a vessel or a boat.

 The word crew, in law, is ordinarily used as equivalent to ship's company, including master and other officers. When the master and other officers are excluded, the context always shows it. Story.
 Burrill.
3. In an extended sense, any small body of men associated for a purpose; a gang; as (Naut.), the carpenter's crew; the boatswain's crew.

Syn. -- Company; band; gang; horde; mob; herd; throng; party.

 Crew (kr), imp. of Crow.

 Crew"el (kr?"?l), n. [Perh. for clewel, dim. of clew a ball of thread; or cf. D. krul curl, E. curl. √26.]
 Worsted yarn,, slackly twisted, used for embroidery.

 Crew"el*work' (-w?rk'), n. Embroidery in crewels, commonly done upon some plain material, such as linen.

 Crew"et (kr?"?t), n. See Cruet.

 Crib (kr?b), n. [AS. crybb; akin to OS. kribbja, D. krib, kribbe, Dan. krybbe, G. krippe, and perh. to MHG. krebe basket, G, korb, and E. rip a sort of wicker basket.]

1. A manger or rack; a feeding place for animals.

 The steer lion at one crib shall meet. Pope.
2. A stall for oxen or other cattle.

 Where no oxen are, the crib is clean. Prov. xiv. 4.
3. A small inclosed bedstead or cot for a child.

4. A box or bin, or similar wooden structure, for storing grain, salt,


2. To ridicule; to banter; to rally. [Slang] 3. To spoil the effect or success of, as by ridicule; to throw a wet blanket on; to spoil. [Slang] Ques"tion*a*ry (?), n. A set of questions for submission to a group of persons for the purpose of bringing out their resemblances and differences in the matter considered. The questionary method is a recognized form of psychological investigation.

 ||Ques'tion'naire" (?), n.; pl. -naires (F. &?;). [F.] = Questionary, above.

 Qui"chuan (?), a. Designating, or pertaining to, a linguistic stock of South American Indians, including the majority of the civilized tribes of the ancient Peruvian Empire with some wild tribes never subjugated by the Incas. Most of these Indians are short, but heavy and strong. They are brachycephalic and of remarkably low cranial capacity. Nevertheless, they represent one of the highest of native American civilizations, characterized by agricultural, military, and administrative skill rather than by science or literature, although they were adept potters, weavers, and goldsmiths, and preserved by the aid of the mnemonic quipu a body of legendary lore in part written down since the introduction of writing.

 Quid (?), n. [Etym. uncertain.] An English coin, a sovereign.
 [Slang, Eng.]

 They invited him to come to-morrow,... and bring half a quid with him.

Charles Reade.
 Quill, n. (Pharm.) A roll of dried bark; as, a quill of cinnamon or of cinchona.

 Quin*troon" (?), n. [Sp. quinteron the off-spring of a quadroon and a white.] (Ethnol.) The off-spring of an octoroon and a white person.

 Quin"tu*plet (?), n. [From Quintuple.] 1. A collection or combination of five of a kind.

2. pl. Five children born in the same labor.

3. (Mus.) A group of five connected notes; a turn of five notes.

4. A cycle having five crank shafts and adapted for five riders, all of whom can assist in the propulsion.

 Quir"i*nal (?), a. [L. Quirinals, fr. Quirinus, a name of Romulus.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the hill Collis Quirinalis, now Monte Quirinale (one of the seven hills of Rome), or a modern royal place situated upon it. Also used substantively.

 Quod (?), v. t. To put in quod, or prison; to lock up; to jug.
 [Slang] Kipling.
 R.

 ||Ra'bat" (?), n. [F. Cf. Rabato.] (Eccl.) (a) A clerical linen collar. (b) A kind of clerical scarf fitted to a collar; as, a black silk rabat.

 Race"a*bout' (?), n. (Naut.) A small sloop-rigged racing yacht carrying about six hundred square feet of sail, distinguished from a knockabout by having a short bowsprit.

 Race suicide. The voluntary failure of the members of a race or people to have a number of children sufficient to keep the birth rate equal to the death rate.

 Rack"a*rock' (?), n. [Rack to stretch, strain + a + rock.] A Sprengel explosive consisting of potassium chlorate and mono-nitrobenzene.

 Rack"et, n. A scheme, dodge, trick, or the like; something taking place considered as exciting, trying, unusual, or the like; also, such occurrence considered as an ordeal; as, to work a racket; to stand upon the racket. [Slang] Radial engine. (Mach.) An engine, usually an internal-combustion engine of a certain type (the radial type) having several cylinders arranged radially like the spokes of a complete wheel. The semiradial engine has radiating cylinders on only one side of the crank shaft.

 Ra"di*ant (?), a. (Physics) Emitted or transmitted by radiation; as, a radiant energy; radiant heat.

 Radiant engine. (Mach.) A semiradial engine. See Radial engine, above.

 Ra"di*a'tor (?), n. 1. Any of various devices for cooling an internal substance by radiation, as a system og rings on a gun barrel for cooling it, or a nest of tubes with large radiating surface for cooling circulating water, as in an automobile.

2. (Wireless Teleg.) An oscillator.

 Ra"di*o (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or employing, or operated by, radiant energy, specifically that of electric waves; hence, pertaining to, or employed in, radiotelegraphy.

 Ra'di*o-ac"tive (?), a. [Radio- + active.] (Physics) Capable of luminescence under the action of cathode rays, X rays, or any of the allied forms of radiation. -- Ra'di*o-ac*tiv"i*ty, n. Ra'di*o*con*duc"tor (?), n. (Elec.) A substance or device that has its conductivity altered in some way by electric waves, as a coherer.

 Ra"di*o*graph (?), n. [Radio- + -graph.] 1. An instrument for measuring and recording solar radiation.

2. An image or picture produced upon a sensitive surface, as of a photographic plate, by some form of radiation other than light, as the Röntgen rays, radium rays, etc.; esp., a picture of opaque objects traversed by the rays; a skiagraph.

 Ra"di*o*graph, v. t. To make a radiograph of. -- Ra'di*og"ra*pher (#), n. Ra'di*og"ra*phy (?), n. Art or process of making radiographs. -- Ra'di*o*graph"ic (#), *graph"ic*al (#), a. -- Ra'di*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ra'di*om"e*try (?), n. (Physics) The use of the radiometer, or the measurement of radiation. -- Ra'di*o*met"ric (#), a. Ra"di*o*phare (?), n. [Radio- + phare.] A radiotelegraphic station serving solely for determining the position of ships. The radius of operation of such stations was restricted by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention (1912) to 30 nautical miles.

 Ra'di*op"ti*con (?), n. [Radio- + stereopticon.] See Projector, above.

 Ra'di*os"co*py (?), n. [Radio- + -scopy.] Direct observation of objects opaque to light by means of some other form of radiant energy, as the Röntgen rays. -- Ra'di*o*scop"ic (#), *scop"ic*al (#), a. Ra'di*o*tel"e*gram (?), n. A message transmitted by radiotelegraph.

 Ra'di*o*tel"e*graph (?), n. [Radio- + telegraph.] A wireless telegraph.

 Ra'di*o*tel'e*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to radiotelegraphy; employing, or used or employed in, radiotelegraphy.

 Ra'di*o*te*leg"ra*phy (?), n. [Radio- + telegraphy.]
 Telegraphy using the radiant energy of electrical (Hertz


arranges.

 Ran"kle (r"k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rankled (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rankling (-klng).] [From Rank, a.] 1.
 To become, or be, rank; to grow rank or strong; to be inflamed; to fester; -- used literally and figuratively.

 A malady that burns and rankles inward.

Rowe.
 This would have left a rankling wound in the hearts of the people.

Burke.
2. To produce a festering or inflamed effect; to cause a sore; -- used literally and figuratively; as, a splinter rankles in the flesh; the words rankled in his bosom.

 Ran"kle (r"k'l), v. t. To cause to fester; to make sore; to inflame. [R.] Beau. & Fl.
 Rank"ly (rk"l), adv. With rank or vigorous growth; luxuriantly; hence, coarsely; grossly; as, weeds grow rankly.

 Rank"ness, n. [AS. rancness pride.] The condition or quality of being rank.

 Ran"nel (rn"nl), n. A prostitute. [Obs.]

 Ran"ny (-n), n. [L. araneus mus, a kind of small mouse.] (Zoöl.)
 The erd shrew. [Scot.]

 Ran"sack (-sk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransacked (-skt); p. pr. & vb. n. Ransacking.] [OE. ransaken, Icel. rannsaka to explore, examine; rann a house (akin to Goth. razn house, AS. ræsn plank, beam) + the root of sækja to seek, akin to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Rest repose.] 1. To search thoroughly; to search every place or part of; as, to ransack a house.

 To ransack every corner of their... hearts.

South.
2. To plunder; to pillage completely.

 Their vow is made To ransack Troy.

Shak.
3. To violate; to ravish; to defiour. [Obs.]

 Rich spoil of ransacked chastity.

Spenser.
 Ran"sack, v. i. To make a thorough search.

 To ransack in the tas [heap] of bodies dead.

Chaucer.
 Ran"sack, n. The act of ransacking, or state of being ransacked; pillage. [R.]

 Even your father's house Shall not be free from ransack.

J. Webster.
 Ran"som (rn"sm), n. [OE. raunson, raunsoun, OF. rançon, raençon, raançon, F. rançon, fr.
 L. redemptio, fr. redimere to redeem. See Redeem, and cf.
 Redemption.] 1. The release of a captive, or of captured property, by payment of a consideration; redemption; as, prisoners hopeless of ransom.
 Dryden.
2. The money or price paid for the redemption of a prisoner, or for goods captured by an enemy; payment for freedom from restraint, penalty, or forfeit.

 Thy ransom paid, which man from death redeems.

Milton.
 His captivity in Austria, and the heavy ransom he paid for his liberty.

Sir J. Davies.
3. (O. Eng. Law) A sum paid for the pardon of some great offense and the discharge of the offender; also, a fine paid in lieu of corporal punishment. Blackstone.
Ransom bill (Law), a war contract, valid by the law of nations, for the ransom of property captured at sea and its safe conduct into port. Kent.
 Ran"som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransomed (-smd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Ransoming.] [Cf. F. rançonner. See Ransom, n.] 1. To redeem from captivity, servitude, punishment, or forfeit, by paying a price; to buy out of servitude or penalty; to rescue; to deliver; as, to ransom prisoners from an enemy.

2. To exact a ransom for, or a payment on. [R.]

 Such lands as he had rule of he ransomed them so grievously, and would tax the men two or three times in a year.

Berners.
 Ran"som*a*ble (-*b'l), a. Such as can be ransomed.

 Ran"som*er (-r), n. One who ransoms or redeems.

 Ran"som*less, a. Incapable of being ransomed; without ransom. Shak.
 Rant (rnt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ranted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ranting.] [OD. ranten, randen, to dote, to be enraged.] To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extravagant language, without dignity of thought; to be noisy, boisterous, and bombastic in talk or declamation; as, a ranting preacher.

 Look where my ranting host of the Garter comes!

Shak.
 Rant, n. High-sounding language, without importance or dignity of thought; boisterous, empty declamation; bombast; as, the rant of fanatics.

 This is a stoical rant, without any foundation in the nature of man or reason of things.

Atterbury.
 Rant"er (-r), n. 1. A noisy talker; a raving declaimer.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a religious sect which sprung up in 1645; -- called also Seekers. See Seeker. (b) One of the Primitive Methodists, who seceded from the Wesleyan Methodists on the ground of their deficiency in fervor and zeal; -- so called in contempt.

 Rant"er*ism (-z'm), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The practice or tenets of the Ranters.

 Rant"ing*ly, adv. In a ranting manner.

 Rant"i*pole (-*pl), n. [Ranty + pole, poll, head.] A wild, romping young person. [Low] Marryat.
 Rant"i*pole, a. Wild; roving; rakish. [Low] Rant"i*pole, v. i. To act like a rantipole. [Low] She used to rantipole about the house.

Arbuthnot.
 Rant"ism (-z'm), n. (Eccl. Hist.) Ranterism.

 Rant"y (-), a. Wild; noisy; boisterous.

 ||Ran"u*la (rn"*l), n. [L., a little frog, a little swelling on the tongue of cattle, dim. of rana a frog.] (Med.) A cyst formed under the tongue by obstruction of the duct of the submaxillary gland.

 Ra*nun'cu*la"ceous (r*n'k*l"shs), a. [See Ranunculus.] (Bot.)
 Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Ranunculaceæ), of which the buttercup is the type, and which includes also the virgin's bower, the monkshood, larkspur, anemone, meadow rue, and peony.

 Ra*nun"cu*lus (r*n"k*ls), n.; pl. E. Ranunculuses (- z), L. Ranunculi (-l). [L., a little frog, a medicinal plant, perhaps crowfoot, dim. of rana a frog; cf. raccare to roar.]
 (Bot.) A genus of herbs, mostly with yellow flowers