resting the mind and exercising the body.

 Mæcenas recommended Virgil and Horace to Augustus, whose praises... have made him precious to posterity.

Dryden.
2. To make acceptable; to attract favor to.

 A decent boldness ever meets with friends, Succeeds, and e'en a stranger recommends.

Pope.
3. To commit; to give in charge; to commend.

 Paul chose Silas and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God.

Acts xv. 40.
 Rec'om*mend"a*ble (-?*b'l), a. [Cf. F. recommandable.]
 Suitable to be recommended; worthy of praise; commendable. Glanvill.
 -- Rec'om*mend"a*ble*ness, n. -- Rec'om*mend"a*bly, adv.
 Rec'om*men*da"tion (r?k'?m*m?n*d?"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. recommandation.]
 1. The act of recommending.

2. That which recommends, or commends to favor; anything procuring, or tending to procure, a favorable reception, or to secure acceptance and adoption; as, he brought excellent recommendations.

3. The state of being recommended; esteem. [R.]

 The burying of the dead... hath always been had in an extraordinary recommendation amongst the ancient.

Sir T. North.
 Rec'om*mend"a*tive (-m?nd"?*t?v), n. That which recommends; a recommendation. [Obs.]

 Rec'om*mend"a*to*ry (-?*t?*r?), a. Serving to recommend; recommending; commendatory. Swift.
 Rec'om*mend"er (-?r), n. One who recommends.

 Re'com*mis"sion (r?'k?m*m?sh?n), v. t. To commission again; to give a new commission to.

 Officers whose time of service had expired were to be recommissioned.

Marshall.
 Re'com*mit" (-m?t"), v. t. To commit again; to give back into keeping; specifically, to refer again to a committee; as, to recommit a bill to the same committee.

 { Re'com*mit"ment (-ment), Re'com*mit"tal (-?l), } n. A second or renewed commitment; a renewed reference to a committee.

 Re'com*pact" (-p?kt"), v. t. To compact or join anew. "Recompact my scattered body." Donne.
 Re*com'pen*sa"tion (r?*k?m'p?n*s?"sh?n), n. [Cf. LL. recompensatio.]
 1. Recompense. [Obs.]

2. (Scots Law) Used to denote a case where a set-off pleaded by the defendant is met by a set-off pleaded by the plaintiff.

 Rec"om*pense (rk"m*pns), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recompensed (-p?nst); p. pr. & vb. n. Recompensing (-p?n's?ng).] [F. récompenser, LL. recompensare, fr.L. pref. rere- + compensare to compensate. See Compensate.] 1. To render an equivalent to, for service, loss, etc.; to requite; to remunerate; to compensate.

 He can not recompense me better.

Shak.
2. To return an equivalent for; to give compensation for; to atone for; to pay for.

 God recompenseth the gift.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
 To recompense My rash, but more unfortunate, misdeed.

Milton.
3. To give in return; to pay back; to pay, as something earned or deserved. [R.]

Recompense to no man evil for evil.

Rom. xii. 17.
Syn. -- To repay; requite; compensate; reward; remunerate.

 Rec"om*pense (r?k"?m*p?ns), v. i. To give recompense; to make amends or requital. [Obs.]

 Rec"om*pense, n. [Cf. F. récompense.] An equivalent returned for anything done, suffered, or given; compensation; requital; suitable return.

 To me belongeth vengeance, and recompense.

Deut. xxii. 35.
 And every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense of reward.

Heb. ii. 2.
Syn. -- Repayment; compensation; remuneration; amends; satisfaction; reward; requital.

 Rec"om*pense'ment (-p?ns'm?nt), n. Recompense; requital. [Obs.] Fabyan.
 Rec"om*pen'ser (-p?n's?r), n. One who recompenses.

 A thankful recompenser of the benefits received.

Foxe.
 Rec"om*pen'sive (-s?v), a. Of the nature of recompense; serving to recompense. Sir T. Browne.
 Re*com'pi*la"tion (r?*k?m'p?*l?"tion), n. A new compilation.

 Re'com*pile" (r'km*pl"), v. t. To compile anew.

 Re'com*pile"ment (-ment), n. The act of recompiling; new compilation or digest; as, a recompilement of the laws. Bacon.
 Re'com*pose" (-p?z"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recomposed (-p?zd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Recomposing.] [Pref. re- + compose: cf. F. recomposer.] 1. To compose again; to form anew; to put together again or repeatedly.

 The far greater number of the objects presented to our observation can only be decomposed, but not actually recomposed.

Sir W. Hamilton.
2. To restore to composure; to quiet anew; to tranquilize; as, to recompose the mind. Jer. Taylor.
 Re'com*pos"er (-p?z"?r), n. One who recomposes.

 Re*com'po*si"tion (r?*k?m'p?z?sh?n), n. [Cf. F. recomposition.]
 The act of recomposing.

 Rec"on*ci'la*ble (r?k"?n*s?'l?*b'l), a. [Cf. F. réconciliable.]
 Capable of being reconciled; as, reconcilable adversaries; an act reconciable with previous acts.

 The different accounts of the numbers of ships are reconcilable.

Arbuthnot.
 -- Rec"on*ci'la*ble*ness, n. -- Rec"on*ci'la*bly, adv.
 Rec"on*cile' (-s?l'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reconciled (-s?ld'); p. pr. & vb. n. Reconciling.] [F. réconcilier, L. reconciliare; pref. rere- + conciliare to bring together, to unite. See Conciliate.] 1. To cause to be friendly again; to conciliate anew; to restore to friendship; to bring back to harmony; to cause to be no longer at variance; as, to reconcile persons who have quarreled.

 Propitious now and reconciled by prayer.

Dryden.
 The church [if defiled] is interdicted till it be reconciled [i.e., restored to sanctity] by the bishop.

Chaucer.
 We pray you... be ye reconciled to God.

2 Cor. v. 20.
2. To bring to acquiescence, content, or quiet submission; as, to


. [Archaic] Quan"tum (?), n.; pl. Quanta (#). [L., neuter of quantus how great, how much. See Quantity,] 1. Quantity; amount. "Without authenticating... the quantum of the charges." Burke.
2. (Math.) A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary. W. K. Clifford.
||Quantum meruit (&?;) [L., as much as he merited] (Law), a count in an action grounded on a promise that the defendant would pay to the plaintiff for his service as much as he should deserve. -- ||Quantum sufficit (&?;), or Quantum suff. [L., as much suffices] (Med.), a sufficient quantity. -- ||Quantum valebat (&?;) [L., as much at it was worth] (Law), a count in an action to recover of the defendant, for goods sold, as much as they were worth. Blackstone.
 Quap (?), v. i. To quaver. [Obs.] See Quob.

 Qua'qua*ver"sal (?), a. [L. quaqua wheresoever, whithersoever + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn.] 1.
 Turning or dipping in any or every direction.

2. (Geol.) Dipping toward all points of the compass round a center, as beds of lava round a crater.

 Quar (?), n. A quarry. [Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson.
 Quar"an*tine (?), n. [F. quarantaine, OF. quaranteine, fr. F. quarante forty, L. quadraginta, akin to quattuor four, and E. four: cf. It. quarantina, quarentine.
 See Four, and cf. Quadragesima.] 1. A space of forty days; -- used of Lent.

2. Specifically, the term, originally of forty days, during which a ship arriving in port, and suspected of being infected a malignant contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the shore; hence, such restraint or inhibition of intercourse; also, the place where infected or prohibited vessels are stationed.

Quarantine is now applied also to any forced stoppage of travel or communication on account of malignant contagious disease, on land as well as by sea.

3. (Eng. Law) The period of forty days during which the widow had the privilege of remaining in the mansion house of which her husband died seized.

Quarantine flag, a yellow flag hoisted at the fore of a vessel or hung from a building, to give warning of an infectious disease; -- called also the yellow jack, and yellow flag.

 Quar'an*tine" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarantined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Quarantining.] To compel to remain at a distance, or in a given place, without intercourse, when suspected of having contagious disease; to put under, or in, quarantine.

 Quarl (?), n. [Cf. G. qualle.] (Zoöl.) A medusa, or jellyfish. [R.]

 The jellied quarl that flings At once a thousand streaming stings.

J. R. Drake.
 Quar"rel (?), n. [OE. quarel, OF. quarrel, F. carreau, LL. quadrellus, from L. quadrus square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quadrel, Quarry an arrow, Carrel.] 1. An arrow for a crossbow; -- so named because it commonly had a square head. [Obs.]

 To shoot with arrows and quarrel.

Sir J. Mandeville.
 Two arblasts,... with windlaces and quarrels.

Sir W. Scott.
2. (Arch.) Any small square or quadrangular member; as: (a) A square of glass, esp. when set diagonally. (b) A small opening in window tracery, of which the cusps, etc., make the form nearly square. (c) A square or lozenge-shaped paving tile.

3. A glazier's diamond. Simmonds.
4. A four-sided cutting tool or chisel having a diamond-shaped end.

 Quar"rel, n. [OE. querele, OF. querele, F. querelle, fr. L. querela, querella, a complaint, fr. queri to complain. See Querulous.] 1. A breach of concord, amity, or obligation; a falling out; a difference; a disagreement; an antagonism in opinion, feeling, or conduct; esp., an angry dispute, contest, or strife; a brawl; an altercation; as, he had a quarrel with his father about expenses.

 I will bring a sword upon you that shall avenge the quarrel of my covenant.

Lev. xxvi. 25.
 On open seas their quarrels they debate.

Dryden.
2. Ground of objection, dislike, difference, or hostility; cause of dispute or contest; occasion of altercation.

 Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed him.

Mark vi. 19.
 No man hath any quarrel to me.

Shak.
 He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him.

Holinshed.
3. Earnest desire or longing. [Obs.] Holland.
To pick a quarrel. See under Pick, v. t. Syn. -- Brawl; broil; squabble; affray; feud; tumult; contest; dispute; altercation; contention; wrangle.

 Quar"rel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quarreled (?) or Quarrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarreling or Quarrelling.] 1.
 To violate concord or agreement; to have a difference; to fall out; to be or become antagonistic.

 Our people quarrel with obedience.

Shak.
 But some defect in her Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed.

Shak.
2. To dispute angrily, or violently; to wrangle; to scold; to altercate; to contend; to fight.

 Beasts called sociable quarrel in hunger and lust.

Sir W. Temple.
3. To find fault; to cavil; as, to quarrel with one's lot.

 I will not quarrel with a slight mistake.

Roscommon.
 Quar"rel (?), v. t. 1. To quarrel with. [R.] "I had quarelled my brother purposely." B. Jonson.
2. To compel by a quarrel; as, to quarrel a man out of his estate or rights.

 Quar"rel (?), n. [Written also quarreller.] One who quarrels or wrangles; one who is quarrelsome. Shak.
 Quar"rel*et (?), n. A little quarrel. See 1st Quarrel, 2. [Obs.] "Quarrelets of pearl [teeth]." Herrick.
 Quar"rel*ing, a. Engaged in a quarrel; apt or disposed to quarrel; as, quarreling factions; a quarreling mood. -- Quar"rel*ing*ly, adv.
 Quar"rel*lous (?), a. [OF. querelous, F. querelleux, L. querulosus and querulus, fr. queri to complain.
 See 2d Quarrel.] Quarrelsome. [Obs.] [Written also quarrellous.] Shak.
 Quar"rel*some (?), a. Apt or disposed to quarrel; given to brawls and contention; easily irritated or provoked to contest; irascible; choleric.

Syn. -- Pugnacious; irritable; irascible; brawling; choleric; fiery; petulant.

 -- Quar"rel*some*ly, adv. -- Quar"rel*some*ness, n.


See Implement.] 1.
 The act of filling, or the state of being full. Sir T. Browne.
2. That which fills up; filling. Coleridge.
 Im"plex (?), a. [L. implexus, p. p. of implectere to infold; pref. imin + plectere to plait: cf. F implexe.]
 Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex.

 The fable of every poem is... simple or implex. it is called simple when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad.

Addison.
 Im*plex"ion (?), n. [L. implexio.] Act of involving, or state of being involved; involution.

 Im*pli"a*ble (?), a. Not pliable; inflexible; unyielding.

 Im"pli*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Implicating.] [L. implicatus, p. p. of implicare to involve; pref. imin + plicare to fold. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicit.] 1. To infold; to fold together; to interweave.

 The meeting boughs and implicated leaves.

Shelley.
2. To bring into connection with; to involve; to connect; -- applied to persons, in an unfavorable sense; as, the evidence implicates many in this conspiracy; to be implicated in a crime, a discreditable transaction, a fault, etc.

 Im'pli*ca"tion (?), n. [L. implicatio: cf. F. implication.]
 1. The act of implicating, or the state of being implicated.

 Three principal causes of firmness are. the grossness, the quiet contact, and the implication of component parts.

Boyle.
2. An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words.

 Whatever things, therefore, it was asserted that the king might do, it was a necessary implication that there were other things which he could not do.

Hallam.
 Im"pli*ca*tive (?), a. Tending to implicate.

 Im"pli*ca*tive*ly, adv. By implication. Sir G. Buck.
 Im*plic"it (?), a. [L. implicitus, p. p. of implicare to entwine, entangle, attach closely: cf. F. implicite. See Implicate.] 1. Infolded; entangled; complicated; involved. [Obs.]
 Milton.
 In his woolly fleece I cling implicit.

Pope.
2. Tacitly comprised; fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words; implied; as, an implicit contract or agreement. South.
3. Resting on another; trusting in the word or authority of another, without doubt or reserve; unquestioning; complete; as, implicit confidence; implicit obedience.

 Back again to implicit faith I fall.

Donne.
Implicit function. (Math.) See under Function.

 Im*plic"it*ly (?), adv. 1. In an implicit manner; without reserve; with unreserved confidence.

 Not to dispute the methods of his providence, but humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adore them.

Atterbury.
2. By implication; impliedly; as, to deny the providence of God is implicitly to deny his existence. Bentley.
 Im*plic"it*ness, n. State or quality of being implicit.

 Im*plic"i*ty (?), n. Implicitness. [Obs.] Cotgrave.
 Im*plied" (?), a. Virtually involved or included; involved in substance; inferential; tacitly conceded; -- the correlative of express, or expressed. See Imply.

 Im*pli"ed*ly (?), adv. By implication or inference. Bp. Montagu.
 Im*plod"ed (?), a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. Ellis.
 Im*plod"ent (?), n. (Phon.) An implosive sound. Ellis.
 Im'plo*ra"tion (?), n. [L. imploratio: cf. OF. imploration.
 See Implore.] The act of imploring; earnest supplication. Bp. Hall.
 Im"plo*ra'tor (?), n. One who implores. [Obs.]

 Mere implorators of unholy suits.

Shak.
 Im*plor"a*to*ry (?), a. Supplicatory; entreating. [R.] Carlyle.
 Im*plore" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imploring.] [L. implorare; pref. imin + plorare to cry aloud. See Deplore.] To call upon, or for, in supplication; to beseech; to pray to, or for, earnestly; to petition with urgency; to entreat; to beg; -- followed directly by the word expressing the thing sought, or the person from whom it is sought.

Imploring all the gods that reign above.

Pope.
 I kneel, and then implore her blessing.

Shak.
Syn. -- To beseech; supplicate; crave; entreat; beg; solicit; petition; prey; request; adjure. See Beseech.

 Im*plore", v. i. To entreat; to beg; to prey.

 Im*plore", n. Imploration. [Obs.] Spencer.
 Im*plor"er (?), n. One who implores.

 Im*plor"ing, a. That implores; beseeching; entreating. -- Im*plor"ing*ly, adv.
 Im*plo"sion (?), n. [Formed by substitution of pref. imin for pref. exin explosion.] 1. A bursting inwards, as of a vessel from which the air has been exhausted; -- contrasted with explosion.

2. (Phon.) A sudden compression of the air in the mouth, simultaneously with and affecting the sound made by the closure of the organs in uttering p, t, or k, at the end of a syllable (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§159, 189); also, a similar compression made by an upward thrust of the larynx without any accompanying explosive action, as in the peculiar sound of b, d, and g, heard in Southern Germany. H. Sweet.
 Im*plo"sive (?), a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. -- n. An implosive sound, an implodent. -- Im*plo"sive*ly, adv. H. Sweet.
 Im*plumed" (?), a. Not plumed; without plumes or feathers; featherless. [R.] Drayton.
 Im*plunge" (?), v. t. To plunge. Fuller.
 ||Im*plu"vi*um (?), n. [L., fr. impluere to rain into; pref.
 imin + pluere to rain.] (Arch.) In Roman dwellings, a cistern or tank, set in the atrium or peristyle to recieve the water from the roof, by means of the compluvium; generally made ornamental with flowers and works of art around its birm.

 Im*ply" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implied (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Implying.] [From the same source as employ. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Implicate, Apply.] 1. To infold or involve; to wrap up. [Obs.] "His head in curls implied." Chapman.
2. To involve in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or


own father; in a wider sense, one who murders one's father or mother or any ancestor.

2. [L. parricidium.] The act or crime of murdering one's own father or any ancestor.

 Par'ri*cid"i*ous (?), a. Parricidal. [Obs.]

 Par"rock (?), n. [AS. pearruc, pearroc. See Park.] A croft, or small field; a paddock. [Prov. Eng.]

 Par"rot (?), n. [Prob. fr. F. Pierrot, dim. of Pierre Peter. F. pierrot is also the name of the sparrow. Cf. Paroquet, Petrel, Petrify.] 1. (Zoöl.) In a general sense, any bird of the order Psittaci.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of Psittacus, Chrysotis, Pionus, and other genera of the family Psittacidæ, as distinguished from the parrakeets, macaws, and lories. They have a short rounded or even tail, and often a naked space on the cheeks. The gray parrot, or jako (P. erithacus) of Africa (see Jako), and the species of Amazon, or green, parrots (Chrysotis) of America, are examples. Many species, as cage birds, readily learn to imitate sounds, and to repeat words and phrases.

Carolina parrot (Zoöl.), the Carolina parrakeet. See Parrakeet. -- Night parrot, or Owl parrot. (Zoöl.)
 See Kakapo. -- Parrot coal, cannel coal; -- so called from the crackling and chattering sound it makes in burning. [Eng. & Scot.] -- Parrot green. (Chem.) See Scheele's green, under Green, n. -- Parrot weed (Bot.), a suffrutescent plant (Bocconia frutescens) of the Poppy family, native of the warmer parts of America. It has very large, sinuate, pinnatifid leaves, and small, panicled, apetalous flowers. -- Parrot wrasse, Parrot fish (Zoöl.), any fish of the genus Scarus. One species (S. Cretensis), found in the Mediterranean, is esteemed by epicures, and was highly prized by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

 Par"rot, v. t. To repeat by rote, as a parrot.

 Par"rot, v. i. To chatter like a parrot.

 Par"rot*er (?), n. One who simply repeats what he has heard. [R.]
 J. S. Mill.
 Par"rot*ry (?), n. Servile imitation or repetition. [R.] Coleridge.
 "The supine parrotry." Fitzed. Hall.
 Par"rot's-bill' (?), n. [So called from the resemblance of its curved superior petal to a parrot's bill.] (Bot.) The glory pea.
 See under Glory.

 Par"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parried (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Parrying.] [F. paré, p. p. of parer.
 See Pare, v. t.]

1. To ward off; to stop, or to turn aside; as, to parry a thrust, a blow, or anything that means or threatens harm. Locke.
 Vice parries wide The undreaded volley with a sword of straw.

Cowper.
2. To avoid; to shift or put off; to evade.

 The French government has parried the payment of our claims.

E. Everett.
 Par"ry, v. i. To ward off, evade, or turn aside something, as a blow, argument, etc. Locke.
 Par"ry, n.; pl. Parries (&?;). A warding off of a thrust or blow, as in sword and bayonet exercises or in boxing; hence, figuratively, a defensive movement in debate or other intellectual encounter.

 Parse (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parsed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Parsing.] [L. pars a part; pars orationis a part of speech. See Part, n.] (Gram.) To resolve into its elements, as a sentence, pointing out the several parts of speech, and their relation to each other by government or agreement; to analyze and describe grammatically.

 Let him construe the letter into English, and parse it over perfectly.

Ascham.
 Par"see (?), n. [Hind. & Per. prs a Persian, a follower of Zoroaster, a fire worshiper. Cf. Persian.]

1. One of the adherents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion, descended from Persian refugees settled in India; a fire worshiper; a Gheber.

2. The Iranian dialect of much of the religious literature of the Parsees.

 Par"see*ism (?), n. The religion and customs of the Parsees.

 Pars"er (?), n. One who parses.

 Par'si*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. parcimonieux. See Parsimony.]
 Exhibiting parsimony; sparing in expenditure of money; frugal to excess; penurious; niggardly; stingy. -- Par'si*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Par'si*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. A prodigal king is nearer a tyrant than a parsimonious.

Bacon.
 Extraordinary funds for one campaign may spare us the expense of many years; whereas a long, parsimonious war will drain us of more men and money.

Addison.
Syn. -- Covetous; niggardly; miserly; penurious; close; saving; mean; stingy; frugal. See Avaricious.

 Par"si*mo*ny (?), n. [L. parsimonia, parcimonia; cf.
 parcere to spare, parsus sparing: cf. F. parcimonie.]
 Closeness or sparingness in the expenditure of money; -- generally in a bad sense; excessive frugality; niggardliness. Bacon.
 Awful parsimony presided generally at the table.

Thackeray.
Syn. -- Economy; frugality; illiberality; covetousness; closeness; stinginess. See Economy.

 Pars"ley (?), n. [OE. persely, persil, F. persil, L. petroselinum rock parsley, Gr. &?;; &?; stone + &?; parsley. Cf. Celery.] (Bot.) An aromatic umbelliferous herb (Carum Petroselinum), having finely divided leaves which are used in cookery and as a garnish.

 As she went to the garden for parsley, to stuff a rabbit.

Shak.
Fool's parsley. See under Fool. - - Hedge parsley, Milk parsley, Stone parsley, names given to various weeds of similar appearance to the parsley. -- Parsley fern (Bot.), a small fern with leaves resembling parsley (Cryptogramme crispa). -- Parsley piert (Bot.), a small herb (Alchemilla arvensis) formerly used as a remedy for calculus.

 Pars"nip (?), n. [OE. parsnepe, from a French form, fr. L. pastinaca; cf. pastinare to dig up, pastinum a kind of dibble; cf. OF. pastenade, pastenaque.] (Bot.) The aromatic and edible spindle-shaped root of the cultivated form of the Pastinaca sativa, a biennial umbelliferous plant which is very poisonous in its wild state; also, the plant itself.

Cow parsnip. See Cow parsnip. -- Meadow parsnip, the European cow parsnip. - - Poison parsnip, the wild stock of the parsnip. -- Water parsnip


accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name.

 The calumniation of her principal counselors. Bacon.
 Ca*lum'ni*a"tor (?), n. [L.] One who calumniates.

Syn. -- Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer.

 Ca*lum"ni*a*to*ry (?), a. Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu.
 Ca*lum"ni*ous (?), a. [L. calumniosus.] Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as, calumnious reports.

 Virtue itself'scapes not calumnious strokes. Shak.
 . Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive.

 -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ness, n. Cal"um*ny (?), n.; pl. Calumnies (#). [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf.
 Challenge, n.] False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. "Infamous calumnies." Motley.
 Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny.
Shak.
 ||Cal*va"ri*a (kl*v"r*), n. [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.) The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

 Cal"va*ry (kl"v*r), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.]
 1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33.
 The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek krani'on of the Evangelists, which is an interpretation of the Hebrew Golgotha. Dr.
 W. Smith.
2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion.

3. (Her.) A cross, set upon three steps; -- more properly called cross calvary.

 Calve (käv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] [AS. cealfian. See Calf.] 1.
 To bring forth a calf. "Their cow calveth." Job xxi. 10.
2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring.

 Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? Job xxxix. 1.
 The grassy clods now calved. Molton.
 Cal"ver (kl"vr), v. i. 1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.]

 For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats. Massinger.
2. To crimp; as, calvered salmon. Nares.
 Cal"ver, v. i. To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as, grayling's flesh will calver. Catton.
 Calves"*snout (?), n. (Bot.) Snapdragon.

 Cal"vin*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. Calvinisme.] The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches.

 The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times.

 Cal"vin*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. Calviniste.] A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism.

 { Cal'vin*is"tic (?), Cal'vin*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. "Calvinistic training." Lowell.
 Cal"vin*ize (?), v. t. To convert to Calvinism.

 Calv"ish (?), a. Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon.
 Calx (?), n.; pl. E. Calxes (#), L. Calces (#). [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. &?; gravel.
 &?;, &?;, pebble, Skr. &?; gravel, Ir. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.]

1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder.

 Metallic calxes are now called oxides.

2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post.

 { Ca*lyc'i*flo"ral (?), cal*lyc'i*flo"rous (?), } a. [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.)
 Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; -- applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle.

 Ca*lyc"i*form (?), a. [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.]
 (Bot.) Having the form or appearance of a calyx.

 { Ca*lyc"i*nal (?), Cal"y*cine (?), } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx.

 Cal"y*cle (?), n. [L. calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.) A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside.

 Cal"y*cled (?), a. (Bot.) Calyculate.

 ||Cal'y*co*zo"a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, cup or calyx a flower + &?; animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

 Ca*lyc"u*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle.

 { Ca*lyc"u*late (?), Ca*lyc"u*la'ted (?) }, a. (Bot.) Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx.

 Ca*lym"e*ne (?), n. [Gr. (&?;) concealed, p. p. of &?; to conceal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age.

 Cal"yon (?), n. Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc.
 Haliwell.
 Ca*lyp"so (k*lp"s), n. [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso


to be false or erroneous; to confute; to refute.

 That false supposition I advanced in order to disprove it.

Atterbury.
2. To disallow; to disapprove of. [Obs.] Stirling.
 Dis*prov"er (?), n. One who disproves or confutes.

 Dis'pro*vide" (?), v. t. Not to provide; to fail to provide. [Obs.]
 Boyle.
 Dis*punct" (?), a. Wanting in punctilious respect; discourteous.
 [Obs.]

 That were dispunct to the ladies.

B. Jonson.
 Dis*punct", v. t. [See 1st Dispunge.] To expunge. [Obs.] Foxe.
 Dis*punge" (?), v. t. [L. dispungere to prick apart, i. e., check off the debts and credits of an account; dis- + pungere to prick.] To expunge; to erase. [Obs.]

 Dis*punge", v. t. See Disponge. [Obs.]

 Dis*pun"ish*a*ble (?), a. Without penal restraint; not punishable.
 [R.] Swift.
 Dis*pur"pose (?), v. t. To dissuade; to frustrate; as, to dispurpose plots. [R.] A. Brewer.
 Dis*purse" (?), v. t. To disburse. [Obs.] Shak.
 Dis'pur*vey" (?), v. t. [Pref. dis- + purvey: cf.
 OF. desporveoir, F. dépourvoir.] To disfurnish; to strip. [Obs.] Heywood.
 Dis'pur*vey"ance (?), n. Want of provisions; &?;ack of food.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 Dis'pu*ta*ble (?; 277), a. [L. disputabilis: cf. F. disputable.
 See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Capable of being disputed; liable to be called in question, controverted, or contested; or doubtful certainty or propriety; controvertible; as, disputable opinions, propositions, points, or questions.

 Actions, every one of which is very disputable.

Jer. Taylor.
2. Disputatious; contentious. [Obs.] Shak.
 Dis'pu*ta*ble*ness, n. State of being disputable.

 Dis'pu*tac"i*ty (?), n. [See Dispute, v. i.] Proneness to dispute. [Obs.] Bp. Ward.
 Dis"pu*tant (?), a. [L. disputants, p. pr. of disputare: cf. F. disputant. See Dispute, v. i.] Disputing; engaged in controversy. Milton.
 Dis"pu*tant, n. One who disputes; one who argues in opposition to another; one appointed to dispute; a controvertist; a reasoner in opposition.

 A singularly eager, acute, and pertinacious disputant.

Macaulay.
 Dis'pu*ta"tion (?), n. [OE. desputeson, disputacion, OF. desputeison, F. disputation, fr. L. disputatio.
 See Dispute, v. i.] 1. The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or argument.

2. A rhetorical exercise in which parties reason in opposition to each other on some question proposed.

 Dis'pu*ta"tious (?), a. Inclined to dispute; apt to civil or controvert; characterized by dispute; as, a disputatious person or temper.

 The Christian doctrine of a future life was no recommendation of the new religion to the wits and philosophers of that disputations period.

Buckminster.
 -- Dis'pu*ta"tious*ly, adv. -- Dis'pu*ta"tious*ness, n. Dis*put"a*tive (?), a. [L. disputativus.] Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition; as, a disputative temper. I. Watts.
 Dis*pute" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disputed; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Disputing.] [OE. desputen, disputen, OF. desputer, disputer, F. disputer, from L. disputare, disputatum; dis- + putare to clean; hence, fig., to clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Putative, Pure.] To contend in argument; to argue against something maintained, upheld, or claimed, by another; to discuss; to reason; to debate; to altercate; to wrangle.

 Therefore disputed [reasoned, Rev. Ver.] he in synagogue with the Jews.

Acts xvii. 17.
 Dis*pute", v. t. 1. To make a subject of disputation; to argue pro and con; to discuss.

 The rest I reserve it be disputed how the magistrate is to do herein.

Milton.
2. To oppose by argument or assertion; to attempt to overthrow; to controvert; to express dissent or opposition to; to call in question; to deny the truth or validity of; as, to dispute assertions or arguments.

 To seize goods under the disputed authority of writs of assistance.

Bancroft.
3. To strive or contend about; to contest.

 To dispute the possession of the ground with the Spaniards.

Prescott.
4. To struggle against; to resist. [Obs.]

Dispute it [grief] like a man.

Shak.
Syn. -- To controvert; contest; gainsay; doubt; question; argue; debate; discuss; impugn. See Argue.

 Dis*pute", n. [Cf. F. dispute. See Dispute, v. i.] 1.
 Verbal controversy; contest by opposing argument or expression of opposing views or claims; controversial discussion; altercation; debate.

 Addicted more To contemplation and profound dispute.

Milton.
2. Contest; struggle; quarrel. De Foe.
Beyond dispute, Without dispute, indisputably; incontrovertibly.

Syn. -- Altercation; controversy; argumentation; debate; discussion; quarrel; disagreement; difference; contention; wrangling. See Altercation.

 Dis*pute"less, a. Admitting no dispute; incontrovertible. Bailey.
 Dis*put"er (?), n. One who disputes, or who is given to disputes; a controvertist.

 Where is the disputer of this world?

1 Cor. i. 20.
 Dis*pu"ti*son (?), n. [See Disputation.] Dispute; discussion.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dis*qual'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The act of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified; want of qualification; incompetency; disability; as, the disqualification of men for holding certain offices.

2. That which disqualifies; that which incapacitates or makes unfit; as, conviction of crime is a disqualification of a person for office; sickness is a disqualification for labor.

 I must still retain the consciousness of those disqualifications which you have been pleased to overlook.

Sir J. Shore.
 Dis*qual"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disqualified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disqualifying.] 1. To deprive of the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose; to render unfit; to incapacitate; -- with for or from before the purpose, state, or act.

 My common illness disqualifies me for all conversation; I mean my deafness.

Swift.
 Me are not disqualified by their engagements in trade from being received in high


manors depended. Cowell.
10. pl. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; as, honors in classics.

11. pl. (Whist) The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. The ten and nine are sometimes called Dutch honors. R. A. Proctor.
Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the duel itself. -- Court of honor, a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature. -- Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal promise, or by betting or gambling, considered more binding than if recoverable by law. -- Honor bright! An assurance of truth or fidelity. [Colloq.] -- Honor court (Feudal Law), one held in an honor or seignory. -- Honor point. (Her.) See Escutcheon. -- Honors of war (Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed, and with colors flying. -- Law, or Code, of honor, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion, and which are founded on a regard to reputation. Paley. -- Maid of honor, a lady of rank, whose duty it is to attend the queen when she appears in public. -- On one's honor, on the pledge of one's honor; as, the members of the House of Lords in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their statements or verdicts on their honor. -- Point of honor, a scruple or nice distinction in matters affecting one's honor; as, he raised a point of honor. -- To do the honors, to bestow honor, as on a guest; to act as host or hostess at an entertainment. "To do the honors and to give the word." Pope.
 -- To do one honor, to confer distinction upon one. -- To have the honor, to have the privilege or distinction. -- Word of honor, an engagement confirmed by a pledge of honor.

 Hon"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Honoring.] [OE. honouren, onouren, OF. honorer, honourer, F. honorer, fr. L. honorare, fr. honor, n.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect; to revere; to treat with deference and submission; when used of the Supreme Being, to reverence; to adore; to worship.

Honor thy father and thy mother.

Ex. xx. 12.
 That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the Father.

John v. 23.
 It is a custom More honor'd in the breach than the observance.

Shak.
2. To dignify; to raise to distinction or notice; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; to exalt; to glorify; hence, to do something to honor; to treat in a complimentary manner or with civility.

 Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighten to honor.

Esther vi. 9.
 The name of Cassius honors this corruption.

Shak.
3. (Com.) To accept and pay when due; as, to honora bill of exchange.

 Hon"or*a*ble (?), a. [F. honorable, L. honorabilis.]
 1. Worthy of honor; fit to be esteemed or regarded; estimable; illustrious.

 Thy name and honorable family.

Shak.
2. High-minded; actuated by principles of honor, or a scrupulous regard to probity, rectitude, or reputation.

3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed to a just and proper end; not base; irreproachable; fair; as, an honorable motive.

 Is this proceeding just and honorable?

Shak.
4. Conferring honor, or produced by noble deeds.

Honorable wounds from battle brought.

Dryden.
5. Worthy of respect; regarded with esteem; to be commended; consistent with honor or rectitude.

 Marriage is honorable in all.

Heb. xiii. 4.
6. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor, or with testimonies of esteem; as, an honorable burial.

7. Of reputable association or use; respectable.

 Let her descend: my chambers are honorable.

Shak.
8. An epithet of respect or distinction; as, the honorable Senate; the honorable gentleman.

Honorable is a title of quality, conferred by English usage upon the younger children of earls and all the children of viscounts and barons. The maids of honor, lords of session, and the supreme judges of England and Ireland are entitled to the prefix. In American usage, it is a title of courtesy merely, bestowed upon those who hold, or have held, any of the higher public offices, esp. governors, judges, members of Congress or of the Senate, mayors.

Right honorable. See under Right.

 Hon"or*a*ble*ness, n. 1. The state of being honorable; eminence; distinction.

2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude; fairness; uprightness; reputableness.

 Hon"or*a*bly (?), adv. 1. In an honorable manner; in a manner showing, or consistent with, honor.

 The reverend abbot... honorably received him.

Shak.
 Why did I not more honorably starve?

Dryden.
2. Decently; becomingly. [Obs.] "Do this message honorably."
 Shak.
Syn. -- Magnanimously; generously; nobly; worthily; justly; equitably; fairly; reputably.

 { ||Hon'o*ra"ri*um (?), Hon"or*a*ry (?), } n. [L. honorarium (sc. donum), fr. honorarius. See Honorary, a.] 1.
 A fee offered to professional men for their services; as, an honorarium of one thousand dollars. S. Longfellow.
2. (Law) An honorary payment, usually in recognition of services for which it is not usual or not lawful to assign a fixed business price. Heumann.
 Hon"or*a*ry, a. [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor: cf.
 F. honoraire.] 1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor; as, honorary services. Macaulay.
2. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor without emolument; as, an honorary degree. "Honorary arches." Addison.
3. Holding a title or place without rendering service or receiving reward; as, an honorary member of a society.

 Hon"or*er (?), n. One who honors.

 Hon'or*if"ic (?), a. [See Honor, -fy, and -ic.] Conferring honor; tending to honor. London Spectator.
 Hon"or*less (?), a. Destitute of honor; not honored. Bp.
 Warburton.
 Hont (hnt), n. & v. See under Hunt. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hoo (?), interj. 1. See Ho. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. Hurrah! -- an exclamation of triumphant joy. Shak.
 -hood (?). [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, rank, order, condition, AS. hd; akin to OS. hd, OHG.
 heit, G. -heit, D. -heid, Goth. haidus manner; cf. Skr. ktu brightness, cit to appear, be noticeable, notice. √217. Cf. -head.] A termination denoting state, condition, quality, character


field of vision.

 ||Fin' de siè"cle (?). [F.] Lit., end of the century; -- mostly used adjectively in English to signify: belonging to, or characteristic of, the close of the 19th century; modern; "upto-date;" as, fin-de-siècle ideas.

 Fine (?), adv. 1. Finely; well; elegantly; fully; delicately; mincingly. [Obs., Dial., or Colloq.]

2. (Billiards & Pool) In a manner so that the driven ball strikes the object ball so far to one side as to be deflected but little, the object ball being driven to one side.

 Fine (fn), v. i. To become fine (in any one of various senses); as, the ale will fine; the weather fined.

To fine away, down, off, gradually to become fine; to diminish; to dwindle.

 I watched her [the ship]... gradually fining down in the westward until I lost of her hull.

W. C. Russel.
 Fin*jan" (?), n. [Also fingan, findjan, fingian, etc.] [Ar. finjn.] In the Levant, a small coffee cup without a handle, such as is held in a cup or stand called a zarf.

 Fin keel. (Naut.) A projection downward from the keel of a yacht, resembling in shape the fin of a fish, though often with a cigar-shaped bulb of lead at the bottom, and generally made of metal. Its use is to ballast the boat and also to enable her to sail close to the wind and to make the least possible leeway by offering great resistance to lateral motion through the water.

 Fin"sen light (?). [After Prof. Niels R. Finsen (b. 1860), Danish physician.] (Med.) Highly actinic light, derived from sunlight or from some form of electric lamp, used in the treatment of lupus and other cutaneous affections.

 Fire"ball', n. Ball, or globular, lightning.

 Fire"room', n. Same as Stokehold, below.

 Fir"ing pin'. In the breech mechanism of a firearm, the pin which strikes the head of the cartridge and explodes it.

 ||Flache'rie" (flsh'r"), n. [F.] A bacterial disease of silkworms, supposed to be due to eating contaminated mulberry leaves.

 ||Fla"con (fl"kôn), n. [F. See Flagon.] A small glass bottle; as, a flacon for perfume. "Two glass flacons for the ink."
 Longfellow.
 Flag, n. (Zoöl.) One of the wing feathers next the body of a bird; -- called also flag feather.

 Flag, v. t. To decoy (game) by waving a flag, handkerchief, or the like to arouse the animal's curiosity.

 The antelope are getting continually shyer and more difficult to flag.

T. Roosevelt.
 Flair (flâr), n. [OE. flaireodor, fr. OF. & F. flair, fr. OF. flairier, F. flairer, to smell, LL. flagrare for L. fragrare. See Flagrant.] 1. Smell; odor. [Obs.]

2. Sense of smell; scent; fig., discriminating sense.

 Flake (?), n. [Etym. uncertain; cf. 1st Fake.] A flat layer, or fake, of a coiled cable.

Flake after flake ran out of the tubs, until we were compelled to hand the end of our line to the second mate.

F. T. Bullen.
 ||Flam'bé" (?), a. [F., p.p. of flamber to singe, pass (a thing) through flame. Cf. Flambeau.] (Ceramics) Decorated by glaze splashed or irregularly spread upon the surface, or apparently applied at the top and allowed to run down the sides; -- said of pieces of Chinese porcelain.

 ||Flâ'ne*rie" (?), n. [F. flânerie. See Flaneur.]
 Lit., strolling; sauntering; hence, aimless; idleness; as, intellectual flânerie.

 Flan"nel flow'er. (Bot.) (a) The common mullein. (b) A Brazilian apocynaceous vine (Macrosiphonia longiflora) having woolly leaves. (c) An umbelliferous Australian flower (Actinotus helianthi), often erroneously thought to be composite. The involucre looks as if cut out of white flannel.

 Flare, n. (Photog.) A defect in a photographic objective such that an image of the stop, or diaphragm, appears as a fogged spot in the center of the developed negative.

 Flare"-up', n. A sudden bursting into flame; a flaring.

 Flash boiler. A variety of water-tube boiler, used chiefly in steam automobiles, consisting of a nest of strong tubes with very little water space, kept nearly red hot so that the water as it trickles drop by drop into the tubes is immediately flashed into steam and superheated.

 Flash burner. A gas burner with a device for lighting by an electric spark.

 Flat, a. 1. (Golf) Having a head at a very obtuse angle to the shaft; -- said of a club.

2. (Gram.) Not having an inflectional ending or sign, as a noun used as an adjective, or an adjective as an adverb, without the addition of a formative suffix, or an infinitive without the sign to.
 Many flat adverbs, as in run fast, buy cheap, are from AS.
 adverbs in -ë, the loss of this ending having made them like the adjectives. Some having forms in ly, such as exceeding, wonderful, true, are now archaic.

3. (Hort.) Flattening at the ends; -- said of certain fruits.

 Flat"ware' (?), n. Articles for the table, as china or silverware, that are more or less flat, as distinguished from hollow ware.

 Fleet, v. i. (Naut.) To move or change in position; -- said of persons; as, the crew fleeted aft.

 Fleet", v. t. (Naut.) To move or change in position; used only in special phrases; as, of fleet aft the crew.

 We got the long "stick"... down and "fleeted" aft, where it was secured.

F. T. Bullen.
 ||Fleu'ron" (?), n. [F., fr. OF. floron. Cf. Floroon.] A flower-shaped ornament, esp. one terminating an object or forming one of a series, as a knob of a cover to a dish, or a flower-shaped part in a necklace.

 Flick (?), v. t. To throw, snap, or toss with a jerk; to flirt; as, to flick a whiplash.

 Rude boys were flicking butter pats across chaos.

Kipling.
 Flick, n. [See Flick, v. t.] A light quick stroke or blow, esp. with something pliant; a flirt; also, the sound made by such a blow.

 She actually took the whip out of his hand and gave a flick to the pony.

Mrs. Humphry Ward.
 Fli"er (?), n. An aëroplane or flying machine.

 Flitch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flitched (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flitching.] [See Flitch, n.] To cut into, or off in, flitches or strips; as, to flitch logs; to flitch bacon.

 { Flite, Flyte } (?), n.


which originally meant the sun.

 Max Muller says that Surya was the sun as shining in the sky. Savitri was the sun as bringing light and life. Vishnu was the sun as striding with three steps across the sky, etc.

 Inman, whose etymological researches have given him considerable prominence as a Sanskrit and Hebrew scholar, says that Ra, Ilos, Helos, Bil, Baal, Al, Allah, and Elohim were names given to the sun as representative of the Creator.

 We are assured by Godfrey Higgins that Brahme is the sun the same as Surya. Brahma sprang from the navel of Brahme. Faber in his Pagan Idolatry says that all the gods of the ancients "melt insensibly into one, they are all equally the sun." The word Apollo signifies the author or generator of Light. In the Rig Veda, Surya, the sun, is called Aditya. "Truly, Surya, thou art great; truly Aditya, thou art great."

 Selden observes that whether the gods be called Osiris, or Omphis, or Nilus, or any other name, they all center in the sun.

 According to Diodorus Siculus, it was the belief of the ancients that Dionysos, Osiris, Serapis, Pan, Jupiter and Pluto were all one. They were, the sun.

 Max Muller says that a very low race in India named the Santhals call the sun Chandro, which means "bright." These people declared to the missionaries who settled among them, that Chandro had created the world; and when told that it would be absurd to say that the sun had created the world, they replied: "We do not mean the visible Chandro, but an invisible one."

 Not only did Dionysos, and all the rest of the gods who in later ages came to be regarded as men, represent the sun, but after the separation of the male and female elements in the originally indivisible God, Maut or Minerva, Demeter, Ceres, Isis, Juno, and others less important in the pagan world were also the sun, or, in other words, they represented the female power throughout the universe which was supposed to reside in the sun.

 In most groups of Babylonian and Assyrian divine emblems, there occur two distinct representations of the sun, "one being figured with four rays or divisions within the orb, and the other, with eight." According to George Rawlinson, these figures represent a distinction between the male and female powers residing within the sun, the quartered disk signifying the male energy, and the eight-rayed orb appearing as the emblem of the female!(26) During an earlier age of human history, prior to the dissensions which arose over the relative importance of the sexes in reproduction, and at a time when a mother and her child represented the Deity, the sun was worshiped as the female Jove. Everything in the universe was a part of this great God. At that time there had been no division in the god-idea.
 The Creator constituted a dual but indivisible unity. Dionysos formerly represented this God, as did also Om, Jove, Mithras, and others. Jove was the "Great Virgin" whence everything proceeds.

 In a former work the fact has been mentioned that the first clue obtained by Herr Bachofen, author of Das Mutterrecht, to a former condition of society under which gynaecocracy, or the social and political pre-eminence of women, prevailed, was the importance attached to the female principle in the Deity in all ancient mythologies.

 According to the testimony of various writers, Om, although comprehending both elements of the Deity, was nevertheless female in signification. Sir William Jones observes that Om means oracle—matrix or womb.(27) Upon this subject Godfrey Higgins, quoting from Drummond, remarks: "The word Om or Am in the Hebrew not only signifies might, strength, power, firmness, solidity, truth, but it means also Mother, as in Genesis ii., 24, and Love, whence the Latin Amo, Mamma. If the word be taken to mean strength, then Amon will mean (the first syllable being in regimine) the temple of the strength of the generative or creative power, or the temple of the mighty procreative power. If the word Am means Mother, then a still more recondite idea will be implied, viz.: the mother generative power, or the maternal generative power: perhaps the Urania of Persia or the Venus Aphrodite of Crete and Greece, or the Jupiter Genetrix of the masculine and feminine gender, or the Brahme Mai of India, or the Alma Venus of Lucretius. And the City of On or Heliopolis will be the City of the sun, or City of the procreative powers of nature of which the sun was always an emblem."

 According to Prof. W. R. Smith, Om means uniting or binding, a fact which is explained by the early significance of the mother element in early society. The name of the great Deity Om or Aum scarcely passes the lips of its worshippers, and when it is pronounced is always reverently whispered.
 Regarding the mystic word Om, we are told that it is the name given to Delphi, and that "Delphi has the meaning of the female organs of generation called in India the Os Minxoe."

 Although the great God of India was female and male, yet we are assured by Forlong that the female energy Maya, Queen of Heaven, even at the present time is more heard of than the male principle.

 According to Bryant, the worship of Ham is the most ancient as well as the most universal of any in the world. This writer remarks that Ham, instead of representing an individual, is but a Greek corruption of Om or Aum, the great androgynous God of India, a God which is identical in significance with Aleim, Vesta, and all the other representatives of the early dual, universal power. "In the old language God was called Al, Ale, Alue, and Aleim, more frequently Aleim than any other name." According to the testimony of Higgins, Aleim denotes the feminine plural. The heathen divinities Ashtaroth and Beelzebub were both called Aleim, Ashtaroth being simply Astarte adorned with the horns of a ram. Ishtar not unfrequently appears with the horns of a cow. We are informed by Inman that whenever a goddess is observed with horns—emblems which by the way always indicate masculine power—it is to denote the fact that she is androgynous, or that within her is embodied the complete Deity—the dual reproductive energy throughout Nature. The "figure becomes the emblem of divinity and power."(28) Mithras—the Savior, the great Persian Deity which was worshipped as the "Preserver," was both female and male. Among the representations of this divinity which appear in the Townley collection in the British Museum, is one in which it is figured in its female character, in the act of killing the bull. The Divinity Baal was both female and male. The God of the Jews in an early stage of their career was called Baal. The oriental Ormuzd was also dual or androgynous.

 Orpheus teaches that the divine nature is both female and male. According to Proclus, Jupiter was an immortal maid, "the Queen of Heaven, and Mother of the Gods." All things were contained within the womb of Jupiter. This Virgin within whom was embodied the male principle "gave light and life to Eve." She was the life-giving, energizing power in Nature, and was identical with Aleim, Om, Astarte, and others. The Goddess Esta, or Vesta, or Hestia, whom Plato calls the "soul of the body of the universe," is believed by Beverly and others to be the Self-Existent, the Great "She that Is" of the Hindoos, whose significance is identical with the Cushite or Phoenician Deity, Aleim.

 According to Marco Polo, the Chinese had but one supreme God of whom they had no image, and to whom they prayed for only two things—"a sound mind in a sound body." They had, however, a lesser god—probably the


boundary; a limit; a fence; a palisade. "Within one pale or hedge." Robynson (More's Utopia).
3. A space or field having bounds or limits; a limited region or place; an inclosure; -- often used figuratively. "To walk the studious cloister's pale." Milton. "Out of the pale of civilization." Macaulay.
4. A stripe or band, as on a garment. Chaucer.
5. (Her.) One of the greater ordinaries, being a broad perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally distant from the two edges, and occupying one third of it.

6. A cheese scoop. Simmonds.
7. (Shipbuilding) A shore for bracing a timber before it is fastened.

English pale (Hist.), the limits or territory within which alone the English conquerors of Ireland held dominion for a long period after their invasion of the country in 1172. Spencer.
 Pale, v. t. To inclose with pales, or as with pales; to encircle; to encompass; to fence off.

 [Your isle, which stands] ribbed and paled in With rocks unscalable and roaring waters.

Shak.
 ||Pa"le*a (?), n.; pl. Paleæ (-). [L., chaff.]

1. (Bot.) (a) The interior chaff or husk of grasses.
 (b) One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, as the Coreopsis, the sunflower, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) A pendulous process of the skin on the throat of a bird, as in the turkey; a dewlap.

 Pa'le*a"ceous (?), a. [L. palea chaff.] (Bot.)
 Chaffy; resembling or consisting of paleæ, or chaff; furnished with chaff; as, a paleaceous receptacle.

 Pa'le*arc"tic (?), a. [Paleo- + arctic.] Belonging to a region of the earth's surface which includes all Europe to the Azores, Iceland, and all temperate Asia.

 Paled (?), a. [See 5th Pale.] 1. Striped. [Obs.] "[Buskins] ... paled part per part." Spenser.
2. Inclosed with a paling. "A paled green." Spenser.
 ||Pa'le*ëch'i*noi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Paleo-, and Echinoidea.] (Zoöl.) An extinct order of sea urchins found in the Paleozoic rocks. They had more than twenty vertical rows of plates.
 Called also Palæechini. [Written also Palæechinoidea.]

 Pale"face' (?), n. A white person; -- an appellation supposed to have been applied to the whites by the American Indians. J. F. Cooper.
 ||Pa'le*ich"thy*es (?), n. pl. [NL. See Paleo-, and Ichthyology.]
 (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of fishes which includes the elasmobranchs and ganoids. [Written also Palæichthyes.]

 Pale"ly (?), adv. [From Pale, a.] In a pale manner; dimly; wanly; not freshly or ruddily. Thackeray.
 Pal'em*pore" (?), n. A superior kind of dimity made in India, -- used for bed coverings. [Written also palampore, palampoor, etc.] De Colange.
 Pale"ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being pale; want of freshness or ruddiness; a sickly whiteness; lack of color or luster; wanness.

 The blood the virgin's cheek forsook; A livid paleness spreads o'er all her look.

Pope.
 Pa*len"que (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A collective name for the Indians of Nicaragua and Honduras.

 Pa"le*o- (?). [Gr. &?;, adj.] A combining form meaning old, ancient; as, palearctic, paleontology, paleothere, paleography. [Written also palæo-.]

 Pa'le*o*bot"a*nist (?), n. One versed in paleobotany.

 Pa'le*o*bot"a*ny (?), n. [Paleo- + botany.] That branch of paleontology which treats of fossil plants.

 ||Pa'le*o*car"ida (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ancient + &?;, &?;, &?;, a kind of crustacean.]
 (Zoöl.) Same as Merostomata. [Written also Palæocarida.]

 ||Pa'le*o*cri*noi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Paleo-, and Crinoidea.]
 (Zoöl.) A suborder of Crinoidea found chiefly in the Paleozoic rocks.

 Pa'le*o*crys"tic (?), a. [Paleo- + Gr. &?; ice.]
 Of, pertaining to, or derived from, a former glacial formation.

 Pa'le*o*gæ"an (?), a. [Paleo- + Gr. &?; the eart] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Eastern hemisphere.
 [Written also palæogæan.]

 Pa"le*o*graph (?), n. An ancient manuscript.

 Pa'le*og"ra*pher (?), n. One skilled in paleography; a paleographist.

 { Pa'le*o*graph"ic (?), Pa'le*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. paléographique.]
 Of or pertaining to paleography.

 Pa'le*og"ra*phist (?), n. One versed in paleography; a paleographer.

 Pa'le*og"ra*phy, n. [Paleo- + -graphy: cf. F. paléographie.]
 1. An ancient manner of writing; ancient writings, collectively; as, Punic paleography.

2. The study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing; the art or science of deciphering ancient writings, and determining their origin, period, etc., from external characters; diplomatics.

 ||Pa*le"o*la (?), n.; pl. Paleolæ (#). [NL., dim. of L. palea.] (Bot.) A diminutive or secondary palea; a lodicule.

 Pa"le*o*lith (?), n. [Paleo- + -lith.] (Geol.)
 A relic of the Paleolithic era.

 Pa'le*o*lith"ic (?), a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to an era marked by early stone implements. The Paleolithic era (as proposed by Lubbock) includes the earlier half of the "Stone Age;" the remains belonging to it are for the most part of extinct animals, with relics of human beings.

 Pa'le*ol"ogist (?), n. One versed in paleology; a student of antiquity.

 Pa'le*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Paleo- + -logy.] The study or knowledge of antiquities, esp. of prehistoric antiquities; a discourse or treatise on antiquities; archæology.

 Pa'le*on'to*graph"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the description of fossil remains.

 Pa'le*on*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Paleo- + Gr. &?; existing things + -graphy.] The description of fossil remains.

 Pa'le*on'to*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to paleontology. -- Pa'le*on'to*log"ic*


F. boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.]

1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of fortification or fortified town.

2. A public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifications. Hence: A broad avenue in or around a city.

 ||Boule'verse'ment" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bouleverser to overthrow.] Complete overthrow; disorder; a turning upside down.

 Boult (blt), n. Corrupted form Bolt.

 { Boul"tel (&?;), Boul"tin } (&?;), n. (Arch.) (a) A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the abacus in the Tuscan and Roman Doric capital; a torus; an ovolo. (b) One of the shafts of a clustered column.
 [Written also bowtel, boltel, boultell, etc.]

 Boul"ter (&?;), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A long, stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached.

 Boun (&?;), a. [See Bound ready.] Ready; prepared; destined; tending. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Boun, v. t. To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott.
 Bounce (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing (&?;).] [OE. bunsen; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, bons blow, LG. bunsen to knock; all prob. of imitative origin.]

1. To strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise; a knock loudly.

 Another bounces as hard as he can knock. Swift.
 Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden.
2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; to bound; as, she bounced into the room.

 Out bounced the mastiff. Swift.
Bounced off his arm+chair. Thackeray.
3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [Obs.]

 Bounce, v. t. 1. To drive against anything suddenly and violently; to bump; to thump. Swift.
2. To cause to bound or rebound; sometimes, to toss.

3. To eject violently, as from a room; to discharge unceremoniously, as from employment. [Collog. U. S.]

4. To bully; to scold. [Collog.] J. Fletcher.
 Bounce (&?;), n.
1. A sudden leap or bound; a rebound.

2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump.

 The bounce burst open the door. Dryden.
3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [Obs.]

4. Bluster; brag; untruthful boasting; audacious exaggeration; an impudent lie; a bouncer. Johnson. De Quincey.&?; 5. (Zoöl.) A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium catulus).

 Bounce, adv. With a sudden leap; suddenly.

 This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me. Bickerstaff.
 Boun"cer (&?;), n. 1. One who bounces; a large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving.

2. A boaster; a bully. [Collog.] Johnson.
3. A bold lie; also, a liar. [Collog.] Marryat.
4. Something big; a good stout example of the kind.

 The stone must be a bouncer. De Quincey.
 Boun"cing (&?;), a. 1. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty; buxom.

 Many tall and bouncing young ladies. Thackeray.
2. Excessive; big. "A bouncing reckoning." B. & Fl.
Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Harper's Mag.
 Boun"cing*ly, adv. With a bounce.

 Bound (&?;), n. [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.] The external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of any object or space; that which limits or restrains, or within which something is limited or restrained; limit; confine; extent; boundary.

 He hath compassed the waters with bounds. Job xxvi. 10.
 On earth's remotest bounds. Campbell.
 And mete the bounds of hate and love. Tennyson.
To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond assigned limits; to act with propriety or discretion.

Syn. -- See Boundary.

 Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bounded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Bounding.]

1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the furthest point of extension of; -- said of natural or of moral objects; to lie along, or form, a boundary of; to inclose; to circumscribe; to restrain; to confine.

 Where full measure only bounds excess. Milton.
 Phlegethon... Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds.
Dryden.
2. To name the boundaries of; as, to bound France.

 Bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bundir, to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. bombus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.]

1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps; as the beast bounded from his den; the herd bounded across the plain.

 Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pope.
 And the waves bound beneath me as a steed That knows his rider. Byron.
2. To rebound, as an elastic ball.

 Bound, v. t. 1. To make to bound or leap; as, to bound a horse. [R.] Shak.
2. To cause to rebound; to throw so that it will rebound; as, to bound a ball on the floor. [Collog.]

 Bound, n. 1. A leap; an elastic spring; a jump.

 A bound of graceful hardihood. Wordsworth.
2. Rebound; as, the bound of a ball. Johnson.
3. (Dancing) Spring from one foot to the other.

 Bound, imp. & p. p. of Bind.

 Bound, p. p. & a. 1. Restrained by a hand, rope, chain, fetters, or the like.

2. Inclosed in a binding or cover; as, a bound volume.

3. Under legal or moral restraint or obligation.

4. Constrained or compelled; destined; certain; -- followed by the infinitive; as, he is bound to succeed; he is bound to fail.

5. Resolved; as, I am bound to do it. [Collog. U. S.]

6. Constipated; costive.

 Used also in composition; as, icebound, windbound, hidebound, etc.

Bound bailiff (Eng. Law), a sheriff's officer who serves writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable for the bailiff's misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. -- Bound up in, entirely devoted to; inseparable from.

 Bound, a. [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun ready, prepared, fr. Icel. binn, p. p. of ba to dwell, prepare; akin to E. boor and bower. See Bond, a.,


. prane, of unknown origin; cf. L. perna a sea mussel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large shrimplike Crustacea having slender legs and long antennæ. They mostly belong to the genera Pandalus, Palæmon, Palæmonetes, and Peneus, and are much used as food. The common English prawn is Palæmon serratus.

 The name is often applied to any large shrimp.

 Prax*in"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; action + -scope.] (Opt.)
 An instrument, similar to the phenakistoscope, for presenting to view, or projecting upon a screen, images the natural motions of real objects.

 Prax"is (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to do. See Practice.] 1. Use; practice; especially, exercise or discipline for a specific purpose or object. "The praxis and theory of music." Wood.
2. An example or form of exercise, or a collection of such examples, for practice.

 Pray (?), n. & v. See Pry. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Pray (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prayed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Praying.] [OE. preien, OF. preier, F. prier, L. precari, fr. prex, precis, a prayer, a request; akin to Skr. prach to ask, AS. frignan, frnan, fricgan, G. fragen, Goth. fraíhnan. Cf. Deprecate, Imprecate, Precarious.] To make request with earnestness or zeal, as for something desired; to make entreaty or supplication; to offer prayer to a deity or divine being as a religious act; specifically, to address the Supreme Being with adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving.

 And to his goddess pitously he preyde.

Chaucer.
 When thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly.

Matt. vi. 6.
I pray, or (by ellipsis) Pray, I beg; I request; I entreat you; -- used in asking a question, making a request, introducing a petition, etc.; as, Pray, allow me to go.

 I pray, sir. why am I beaten?

Shak.
Syn. -- To entreat; supplicate; beg; implore; invoke; beseech; petition.

 Pray, v. t. 1. To address earnest request to; to supplicate; to entreat; to implore; to beseech.

 And as this earl was preyed, so did he.

Chaucer.
 We pray you... by ye reconciled to God.

2 Cor. v. 20.
2. To ask earnestly for; to seek to obtain by supplication; to entreat for.

 I know not how to pray your patience.

Shak.
3. To effect or accomplish by praying; as, to pray a soul out of purgatory. Milman.
To pray in aid. (Law) (a) To call in as a helper one who has an interest in the cause. Bacon. (b) A phrase often used to signify claiming the benefit of an argument. See under Aid. Mozley & W. Pray"er (?), n. One who prays; a supplicant.

 Prayer (&?;; 277), n. [OE. preiere, OF. preiere, F. prière, fr. L. precarius obtained by prayer, fr.
 precari to pray. See Pray, v. i.] 1. The act of praying, or of asking a favor; earnest request or entreaty; hence, a petition or memorial addressed to a court or a legislative body. "Their meek preyere." Chaucer 2. The act of addressing supplication to a divinity, especially to the true God; the offering of adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving to the Supreme Being; as, public prayer; secret prayer.

 As he is famed for mildness, peace, and prayer.

Shak.
3. The form of words used in praying; a formula of supplication; an expressed petition; especially, a supplication addressed to God; as, a written or extemporaneous prayer; to repeat one's prayers.

 He made those excellent prayers which were published immediately after his death.

Bp. Fell.
Prayer book, a book containing devotional prayers. -- Prayer meeting, a meeting or gathering for prayer to God.

Syn. -- Petition; orison; supplication; entreaty; suit.

 Prayer"ful (?), a. Given to prayer; praying much or often; devotional. "The prayerful man." J. S. Blackie. -- Prayer"ful*ly, adv. -- Prayer"ful*ness, n. Prayer"less (?; 277), a. Not using prayer; habitually neglecting prayer to God; without prayer. "The next time you go prayerless to bed." Baxter.
 -- Prayer"less*ly, adv. -- Prayer"less*ness, n. Pray"ing (?), a. & n. from Pray, v. Praying insect, locust, or mantis (Zoöl.), a mantis, especially Mantis religiosa. See Mantis. -- Praying machine, or Praying wheel, a wheel on which prayers are pasted by Buddhist priests, who then put the wheel in rapid revolution. Each turn in supposed to have the efficacy of an oral repetition of all the prayers on the wheel. Sometimes it is moved by a stream.

 Pray"ing*ly, adv. With supplication to God.

 Pre- (?). [L. prae, adv. & prep., before, akin to pro, and to E. for, prep.: cf. F. pré-. See Pro-, and cf.
 Prior.] A prefix denoting priority (of time, place, or rank); as, precede, to go before; precursor, a forerunner; prefix, to fix or place before; preëminent eminent before or above others. Preis sometimes used intensively, as in prepotent, very potent. [Written also præ-.]

 Pre*ac'cu*sa"tion (?), n. Previous accusation.

 Preace (?), v. & n. Press. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Preach (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preached (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Preaching.] [OE. prechen, OF. preechier, F. prêcher, fr. L. praedicare to cry in public, to proclaim; prae before + dicare to make known, dicere to say; or perhaps from (assumed) LL. praedictare. See Diction, and cf. Predicate, Predict.] 1. To proclaim or publish tidings; specifically, to proclaim the gospel; to discourse publicly on a religious subject, or from a text of Scripture; to deliver a sermon.

 How shall they preach, except they be sent?

Rom. x. 15.
 From that time Jesus began to preach.

Matt. iv. 17.
2. To give serious advice on morals or religion; to discourse in the manner of a preacher.

 Preach, v. t. 1. To proclaim by public discourse; to utter in a sermon or a formal religious harangue.

 That Cristes gospel truly wolde preche.

Chaucer.
 The Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek.

Isa. lxi. 1.
2. To inculcate in public discourse; to urge with earnestness by public teaching


utility and cost of anything.

 An article may be possessed of the highest degree of utility, or power to minister to our wants and enjoyments, and may be universally made use of, without possessing exchangeable value.

M'Culloch.
Value is the power to command commodities generally.

A. L. Chapin (Johnson's Cys.).
Value is the generic term which expresses power in exchange.

F. A. Walker.
 His design was not to pay him the value of his pictures, because they were above any price.

Dryden.
 In political economy, value is often distinguished as intrinsic and exchangeable. Intrinsic value is the same as utility or adaptation to satisfy the desires or wants of men. Exchangeable value is that in an article or product which disposes individuals to give for it some quantity of labor, or some other article or product obtainable by labor; as, pure air has an intrinsic value, but generally not an exchangeable value.

3. Precise signification; import; as, the value of a word; the value of a legal instrument Mitford.
4. Esteem; regard. Dryden.
 My relation to the person was so near, and my value for him so great Bp. Burnet.
5. (Mus.) The relative length or duration of a tone or note, answering to quantity in prosody; thus, a quarter note [&?;] has the value of two eighth notes [&?;].

6. In an artistical composition, the character of any one part in its relation to other parts and to the whole; — often used in the plural; as, the values are well given, or well maintained.

7. Valor. [Written also valew.] [Obs.] Spenser.
Value received, a phrase usually employed in a bill of exchange or a promissory note, to denote that a consideration has been given for it.
 Bouvier.
 Val"ue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Valued (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Valuing.]

1. To estimate the value, or worth, of; to rate at a certain price; to appraise; to reckon with respect to number, power, importance, etc.

 The mind doth value every moment.

Bacon.
 The queen is valued thirty thousand strong.

Shak.
 The king must take it ill, That he's so slightly valued in his messenger.

Shak.
 Neither of them valued their promises according to rules of honor or integrity.

Clarendon.
2. To rate highly; to have in high esteem; to hold in respect and estimation; to appreciate; to prize; as, to value one for his works or his virtues.

 Which of the dukes he values most.

Shak.
3. To raise to estimation; to cause to have value, either real or apparent; to enhance in value. [Obs.]

 Some value themselves to their country by jealousies of the crown.

Sir W. Temple.
4. To be worth; to be equal to in value. [Obs.]

 The peace between the French and us not values The cost that did conclude it.

Shak.
Syn. — To compute; rate; appraise; esteem; respect; regard; estimate; prize; appreciate.

 Val"ued (?), a. Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend.

Valued policy. See under Policy.

 Val"ue*less, a. Being of no value; having no worth.

 Val"u*er (?), n. One who values; an appraiser.

 Val"ure (?), n. Value. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.
 Val"va*sor (?), n. (Feud. Law) See Vavasor.

 ||Val*va"ta (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. valvatus having folding doors. See Valve.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small spiral fresh-water gastropods having an operculum.

 Valv"ate (?), a. [L. valvatus having folding doors.]

1. Resembling, or serving as, a valve; consisting of, or opening by, a valve or valves; valvular.

2. (Bot.) (a) Meeting at the edges without overlapping; — said of the sepals or the petals of flowers in æstivation, and of leaves in vernation. (b) Opening as if by doors or valves, as most kinds of capsules and some anthers.

 Valve (?), n. [L. valva the leaf, fold, or valve of a door: cf. F. valve.]

1. A door; especially, one of a pair of folding doors, or one of the leaves of such a door.

 Swift through the valves the visionary fair Repassed.

Pope.
 Heavily closed,... the valves of the barn doors.

Longfellow.
2. A lid, plug, or cover, applied to an aperture so that by its movement, as by swinging, lifting and falling, sliding, turning, or the like, it will open or close the aperture to permit or prevent passage, as of a fluid.

 A valve may act automatically so as to be opened by the effort of a fluid to pass in one direction, and closed by the effort to pass in the other direction, as a clack valve; or it may be opened or closed by hand or by mechanism, as a screw valve, or a slide valve.

3. (Anat.) One or more membranous partitions, flaps, or folds, which permit the passage of the contents of a vessel or cavity in one direction, but stop or retard the flow in the opposite direction; as, the ileocolic, mitral, and semilunar valves.

4. (Bot.) (a) One of the pieces into which a capsule naturally separates when it bursts. (b) One of the two similar portions of the shell of a diatom. (c) A small portion of certain anthers, which opens like a trapdoor to allow the pollen to escape, as in the barberry.

5. (Zoöl.) One of the pieces or divisions of bivalve or multivalve shells.

Air valve, Ball valve, Check valve, etc. See under Air. Ball, Check, etc. — Double-beat valve, a kind of balance valve usually consisting of a movable, open-ended, turban-shaped shell provided with two faces of nearly equal diameters, one above another, which rest upon two corresponding seats when the valve is closed. — Equilibrium valve. (a) A balance valve. See under Balance. (b) A valve for permitting air, steam, water, etc., to pass into or out of a chamber so as to establish or maintain equal pressure within and without.
 — Valve chest (Mach.), a chamber in which a valve works; especially (Steam Engine), the steam chest; — called in England valve box, and valve casing. See Steam chest, under Steam. — Valve face (Mach.), that part of the surface of a valve which comes in contact with the valve seat. — Valve gear, or Valve motion (Steam Engine), the system of parts by which motion is given to the valve or valves for the distribution of steam in the cylinder. For an illustration of one form of valve gear, see Link motion. — Valve seat. (Mach.) (a) The fixed surface on which a valve rests or against which it presses. (b) A part or piece on which such a surface is formed. — Valve stem (Mach.), a rod attached to a valve, for moving it. — Valve yoke (Mach.), a strap embracing a slide valve and connecting it to the valve stem.

 Valved (?), a. Having a valve or valve; valvate.

 Valve"let (?), n. A little valve; a valvule; especially, one of the pieces which compose the outer covering of a pericarp.

 Valve"-shell' (?), n. (Zoöl.)


Chesterfield's Letters to His Son LETTERS TO HIS SON By the EARL OF CHESTERFIELD on the Fine Art of becoming a MAN OF THE WORLD and a GENTLEMAN CONTENTS SPECIAL INTRODUCTION _PHONE_ LETTER II LETTER III LETTER IV LETTER V LETTER VI LETTER VII LETTER VIII LETTER IX LETTER X LETTER XI LETTER XII LETTER XIII LETTER XIV LETTER XV LETTER XVI LETTER XVII LETTER XVIII LETTER XIX LETTER XX LETTER XXI LETTER XXII LETTER XXIII 1748 LETTER XXV LETTER XXVI LETTER XXVII LETTER XXVIII LETTER XXIX LETTER XXX LETTER XXXI LETTER XXXII LETTER XXXIII LETTER XXXIV LETTER XXXV LETTER XXXVI LETTER XXXVII LETTER XXXVIII LETTER XXXIX LETTER XL LETTER XLI LETTER XLII LETTER XLIII LETTER XLIV.
 LETTER XLV LETTER XLVI LETTER XLVII LETTER XLVIII LETTER XLIX LETTER L LETTER LI LETTER LII LETTER LIII LETTER LIV LETTER LV LETTER LVI LETTER LVII LETTER LVIII LETTER LIX LETTER LX LETTER LXI 1749 LETTER LXIII LETTER LXIV LETTER LXV LETTER LXVI LETTER LXVII LETTER LXVIII LETTER LXIX LETTER LXX LETTER LXXI LETTER LXXII LETTER LXXIII LETTER LXXIV LETTER LXXV LETTER LXXVI LETTER LXXVII LETTER LXXVIII LETTER LXXIX LETTER LXXX LETTER LXXXI LETTER LXXXII LETTER LXXXIII LETTER LXXXIV LETTER LXXXV LETTER LXXXVI LETTER LXXXVII LETTER LXXXVIII LETTER LXXXIX LETTER XC LETTER XCI LETTER XCII LETTER XCIII LETTER XCIV LETTER XCV LETTER XCVI LETTER XCVII LETTER XCVIII LETTER XCIX 1750 LETTER CI LETTER CII LETTER CIII LETTER CIV LETTER CV LETTER CVI LETTER CVII LETTER CVIII LETTER CIX LETTER CX LETTER CXI LETTER CXII LETTER CXIII LETTER CXIV LETTER CXV LETTER CXVI LETTER CXVII LETTER CXVIII.
 LETTER CXIX LETTER CXX LETTER CXXI LETTER CXXII LETTER CXXIII LETTER CXXIV LETTER CXXV 1751 LETTER CXXVII LETTER CXXVIII LETTER CXXIX LETTER CXXX LETTER CXXXI LETTER CXXXII LETTER CXXXIII LETTER CXXXIV LETTER CXXXV LETTER CXXXVI LETTER CXXXVII LETTER CXXXVIII LETTER CXXXIX LETTER CXL LETTER CXLI LETTER CXLII LETTER CXLIII LETTER CXLIV LETTER CXLV LETTER CXLVI LETTER CXLVII LETTER CXLVIII LETTER CXLIX LETTER CL LETTER CLI LETTER CLII LETTER CLIII LETTER CLIV 1752 LETTER CLVI LETTER CLVII LETTER CLVIII LETTER CLIX LETTER CLX LETTER CLXI LETTER CLXII LETTER CLXIII LETTER CLXIV LETTER CLXV LETTER CLXVI LETTER CLXVII LETTER CLXVIII LETTER CLXIX LETTER CLXX LETTER CLXXI LETTER CLXXII LETTER CLXXIII LETTER CLXXIV LETTER CLXXV LETTER CLXXVI LETTER CLXXVII LETTER CLXXVIII LETTER CLXXIX LETTER CLXXX LETTER CLXXXI LETTER CLXXXII LETTER CLXXXIII LETTER CLXXXIV _PHONE_ LETTER CLXXXVI LETTER CLXXXVII LETTER CLXXXVIII LETTER CLXXXIX LETTER CXC LETTER CXCI LETTER CXCII LETTER CXCIII LETTER CXCIV LETTER CXCV LETTER CXCVI LETTER CXCVII LETTER CXCVIII LETTER CXCIX LETTER CC LETTER CCI LETTER CCII _PHONE_ LETTER CCIV LETTER CCV LETTER CCVI LETTER CCVII LETTER CCVIII LETTER CCIX LETTER CCX LETTER CCXI LETTER CCXII LETTER CCXIII LETTER CCXIV LETTER CCXV LETTER CCXVI LETTER CCXVII LETTER CCXVIII LETTER CCXIX LETTER CCXX LETTER CCXXI LETTER CCXXII LETTER CCXXIII LETTER CCXXIV LETTER CCXXV LETTER CCXXVI LETTER CCXXVII LETTER CCXXVIII LETTER CCXXIX LETTER CCXXX LETTER CCXXXI LETTER CCXXXII LETTER CCXXXIII LETTER CCXXXIV LETTER CCXXXV LETTER CCXXXVI _PHONE_ LETTER CCXXXVIII LETTER CCXXXIX LETTER CCXL LETTER CCXLI LETTER CCXLII LETTER CCXLIII LETTER CCXLIV LETTER CCXLV LETTER CCXLVI LETTER CCXLVIII LETTER CCXLIX LETTER CCL LETTER CCLI LETTER CCLII LETTER CCLIII LETTER CCLIV LETTER CCLV LETTER CCL


light.

Shak.
 Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth-bound root?

Shak.
 Also formerly used in connection with a noun simply as a sign of the possessive. "The king his son." Shak. "By young Telemachus his blooming years." Pope. This his is probably a corruption of the old possessive ending - is or -es, which, being written as a separate word, was at length confounded with the pronoun his.

2. The possessive of he; as, the book is his. "The sea is his, and he made it." Ps. xcv. 5.
 His"ing*er*ite (?), n. [Named after W. Hisinger, a Swedish mineralogist.] (Min.) A soft black, iron ore, nearly earthy, a hydrous silicate of iron.

 His*pan"ic (?), a. [L. Hispanicus.] Of or pertaining to Spain or its language; as, Hispanic words.

 His*pan"i*cism, n. A Spanish idiom or mode of speech. Keightley.
 His*pan"i*cize (?), v. t. To give a Spanish form or character to; as, to Hispanicize Latin words.

 His"pid (?), a. [L. hispidus: cf. F. hispide.]

1. Rough with bristles or minute spines.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Beset with stiff hairs or bristles.

 His*pid"u*lous (?), a. [Dim. of hispid.] (Bot. & Zoöl.)
 Minutely hispid.

 Hiss (?). v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hissed (#); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hissing.] [AS. hysian; prob. of imitative origin&?;; cf. LG. hissen, OD. hisschen.] 1. To make with the mouth a prolonged sound like that of the letter s, by driving the breath between the tongue and the teeth; to make with the mouth a sound like that made by a goose or a snake when angered; esp., to make such a sound as an expression of hatred, passion, or disapproval.

 The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee.

Ezek. xxvii. 36.
2. To make a similar noise by any means; to pass with a sibilant sound; as, the arrow hissed as it flew.

 Shod with steel, We hissed along the polished ice.

Wordsworth.
 Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn or express contempt for by hissing.

 If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them.

Shak.
Malcolm. What is the newest grief? Ros. That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker.

Shak.
2. To utter with a hissing sound.

 The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise.

Tennyson.
 Hiss, n. 1. A prolonged sound like that letter s, made by forcing out the breath between the tongue and teeth, esp. as a token of disapprobation or contempt.

 "Hiss" implies audible friction of breath consonants.

H. Sweet.
 A dismal, universal hiss, the sound Of public scorn.

Milton.
2. Any sound resembling that above described; as: (a) The noise made by a serpent.

 But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue.

Milton.
(b) The note of a goose when irritated. (c) The noise made by steam escaping through a narrow orifice, or by water falling on a hot stove.

 Hiss"ing, n. 1. The act of emitting a hiss or hisses.

2. The occasion of contempt; the object of scorn and derision.
 [Archaic] I will make this city desolate, and a hissing.

Jer. xix. 8.
 Hiss"ing*ly, adv. With a hissing sound.

 Hist (?), interj. [Cf. Dan. hys. &?;. Cf. Hush, Whist.]
 Hush; be silent; -- a signal for silence. Milton.
 His'ti*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + -logy.] Same as Histology.

 His'to*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + E. genesis.]
 (Biol.) (a) The formation and development of organic tissues; histogeny; -- the opposite of histolysis. (b) Germ history of cells, and of the tissues composed of cells. Haeckel.
 His'to*ge*net"ic (?), a. [See Histogeny.] (Biol.)
 Tissue-producing; connected with the formation and development of the organic tissues.

 His*tog"e*ny (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + root of &?; to be born.] (Biol.) Same as Histogenesis. Dunglison.
 His*tog"ra*pher (?), n. One who describes organic tissues; an histologist.

 His"to*graph"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to histography.

 His*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + -graphy.] A description of, or treatise on, organic tissues.

 His'to*hæm"a*tin (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + E. hæmatin.]
 (Physiol.) One of a class of respiratory pigments, widely distributed in the animal kingdom, capable of ready oxidation and reduction.

 His"toid (?), a. [Gr. "isto's tissue + -oid.] Resembling the normal tissues; as, histoid tumors.

 { His'to*log"ic (?), His'to*log"ic*al } a. (Biol.)
 Pertaining to histology, or to the microscopic structure of the tissues of living organisms. -- His'to*log"ic*al*ly, adv.
 His*tol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in histology.

 His*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + -logy.] That branch of biological science, which treats of the minute (microscopic) structure of animal and vegetable tissues; -- called also histiology.

 ||His*tol"y*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "isto's tissue + &?; to loosen, dissolve.] (Biol.) The decay and dissolution of the organic tissues and of the blood.

 His'to*lyt"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to histolysis, or the degeneration of tissues.

 His*ton"o*my (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + &?; to distribute, regulate.] The science which treats of the laws relating to organic tissues, their formation, development, functions, etc.

 His*toph"y*ly (?), n. [Gr. "isto's tissue + Gr. &?; clan.] (Biol.)
 The tribal history of cells, a division of morphophyly. Haeckel.
 His*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. historialis: cf. F. historial.]
 Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 His*to"ri*an (?), n. [F. historien.] 1. A writer of history; a chronicler; an annalist.

 Even the historian takes great liberties with facts.

Sir J. Reynolds.
2. One versed or well informed in history.

 Great captains should be good historians.

South.
 { His*tor"ic (hs*tr"k), his*tor"ic*al (hs*tr"*kal), } a


property of crystallizing under two or more distinct fundamental forms, including dimorphism and trimorphism.

2. (Biol.) The theory that the various genera of bacteria are phases or variations of growth of a number of Protean species, each of which may exhibit, according to undetermined conditions, all or some of the forms characteristic of the different genera and species.

 Ple'o*mor"phous (?), a. Having the property of pleomorphism.

 Ple"o*nasm, (&?;), n. [L. pleonasmus, Gr. &?;, fr.
 &?; to be more than enough, to abound, fr.&?;, neut. of &?;, more, compar. of &?; much. See Full, a., and cf. Poly-, Plus.] (Rhet.)
 Redundancy of language in speaking or writing; the use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; as, I saw it with my own eyes.

 Ple"o*nast (?), n. One who is addicted to pleonasm. [R.] C. Reade.
 Ple"o*naste, n. [Gr.&?; abundant, rich; cf. F. pléonaste.]
 (Min.) A black variety of spinel.

 { Ple'o*nas"tic (?), Ple'o*nas"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. pléonastique.]
 Of or pertaining to pleonasm; of the nature of pleonasm; redundant.

 Ple'o*nas"tic*al*ly, adv. In a pleonastic manner.

 Ple"o*pod (?), n.; pl. E. Pleopods (#), L. Pleopoda (#). [Gr. &?; to swim + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the abdominal legs of a crustacean. See Illust. under Crustacea.

 Ple"rome (?), n. [Gr. &?; that which fills up, fr. &?; to fill.] (Bot.) The central column of parenchyma in a growing stem or root.

 Ple*roph"o*ry (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; full + &?; to bear.] Fullness; full persuasion. "A plerophory of assurance." Bp.
 Hall.
 Ples"ance (?), n. Pleasance. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Plesh (?), n. A pool; a plash. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Ple'si*mor"phism (?), n. [Gr. &?; near + &?; form.] (Crystallog.)
 The property possessed by some substances of crystallizing in closely similar forms while unlike in chemical composition.

 Ple'si*o*mor"phous (?), a. Nearly alike in form.

 Ple"si*o*saur (?), n. (Paleon.) One of the Plesiosauria.

 ||Ple'si*o*sau"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Plesiosaurus.] (Paleon.)
 An extinct order of Mesozoic marine reptiles including the genera Plesiosaurus, and allied forms; -- called also Sauropterygia.

 Ple'si*o*sau"ri*an (?), n. (Paleon.) A plesiosaur.

 ||Ple'si*o*sau"rus (?), n.; pl. Plesiosauri (#).
 [NL., fr. Gr &?; near + &?; a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct marine reptiles, having a very long neck, a small head, and paddles for swimming. It lived in the Mesozoic age.

 Ples*sim"e*ter (?), n. See Pleximeter.

 Plete (?), v. t. & i. To plead. [Obs.] P. Plowman.
 Pleth"o*ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be or become full. Cf. Pleonasm.] 1. Overfullness; especially, excessive fullness of the blood vessels; repletion; that state of the blood vessels or of the system when the blood exceeds a healthy standard in quantity; hyperæmia; -- opposed to anæmia.

2. State of being overfull; excess; superabundance.

 He labors under a plethora of wit and imagination.

Jeffrey.
 Pleth'o*ret"ic (?), a. Plethoric. [Obs.] Johnson.
 Ple*thor"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; cf. F. pléthorique.]
 Haeving a full habit of body; characterized by plethora or excess of blood; as, a plethoric constitution; -- used also metaphorically. "Plethoric phrases." Sydney Smith. "Plethoric fullness of thought." De Quincey.
 Ple*thor"ic*al (?), a. Plethoric. [R.] -- Ple*thor"ic*al*ly, adv.
Burke.
 Pleth"o*ry (?), n. Plethora. Jer. Taylor.
 { ||Pleth"ron (?), ||Pleth"rum (?), } n.; pl. Plethra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) A long measure of 100 Greek, or 101 English, feet; also, a square measure of 10,000 Greek feet.

 ||Pleth"ys*mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; an enlargement + -graph.]
 (Physiol.) An instrument for determining and registering the variations in the size or volume of a limb, as the arm or leg, and hence the variations in the amount of blood in the limb.

 -- Pleth'ys*mo*graph"ic (#), a.
 Pleth'ys*mog"ra*phy (?), n. (Physiol.) The study, by means of the plethysmograph, of the variations in size of a limb, and hence of its blood supply.

 ||Pleu"ra (?), n., pl. of Pleuron.

 Pleu"ra, n.; pl. L. Pleuræ (#), E. Pleuras (#). [NL., n. fem., fr. Gr. &?; a rib, the side.] 1. (Anat.)
(a) The smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax; the pleural membrane. (b) The closed sac formed by the pleural membrane about each lung, or the fold of membrane connecting each lung with the body wall.

2. (Zoöl.) Same as Pleuron.

 Pleu"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pleura or pleuræ, or to the sides of the thorax.

 ||Pleu*ral"gi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; rib + &?; pain.]
 (Med.) Pain in the side or region of the ribs.

 ||Pleu'ra*poph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Pleurapophyses (#).
 [NL. See Pleura, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) One of the ventral processes of a vertebra, or the dorsal element in each half of a hemal arch, forming, or corresponding to, a vertebral rib. -- Pleu*rap'o*phys"i*al (#), a. Owen.
 Pleu*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [Gr. &?; side + &?;, as in parenchyma.]
 (Bot.) A tissue consisting of long and slender tubular cells, of which wood is mainly composed.

 Pleu"ric (?), a. (Anat.) Pleural.

 Pleu"ri*sy (?), n. [F. pleurésie, L. pleurisis, pleuritis, Gr pleyri^tis (sc. no'sos), fr. pleyra' rib, side.] (Med.)
 An inflammation of the pleura, usually accompanied with fever, pain,