ised by dress so as to be ridiculous; travestied; - - applied to a book or shorter composition. [R.]

 Trav"es*ty, n.; pl. Travesties (&?;). A burlesque translation or imitation of a work.

 The second edition is not a recast, but absolutely a travesty of the first.

De Quincey.
 Trav"es*ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Travestied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Travesting.] To translate, imitate, or represent, so as to render ridiculous or ludicrous.

 I see poor Lucan travestied, not appareled in his Roman toga, but under the cruel shears of an English tailor.

Bentley.
 Trawl (?), v. i. [OF. trauler, troller, F. trôter, to drag about, to stroll about; probably of Teutonic origin. Cf. Troll, v.
 t.] To take fish, or other marine animals, with a trawl.

 Trawl, n. 1. A fishing line, often extending a mile or more, having many short lines bearing hooks attached to it. It is used for catching cod, halibut, etc.; a boulter. [U. S. & Canada] 2. A large bag net attached to a beam with iron frames at its ends, and dragged at the bottom of the sea, — used in fishing, and in gathering forms of marine life from the sea bottom.

 Trawl"boat' (?), n. A boat used in fishing with trawls or trawlnets.

 Trawl"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, trawls.

2. A fishing vessel which trails a net behind it.

 Trawl"er*man (?), n.; pl. Trawlermen (&?;). A fisherman who used unlawful arts and engines to catch fish. [Obs.] Cowell.
 Trawl"net' (?), n. Same as Trawl, n., 2.

 Trawl"warp' (?), n. A rope passing through a block, used in managing or dragging a trawlnet.

 Tray (?), v. t. [OF. traïr, F. trahir, L. tradere.
 See Traitor.] To betray; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Tray, n.; pl. Trays (#). [OE. treye, AS. treg.
 Cf. Trough.] 1. A small trough or wooden vessel, sometimes scooped out of a block of wood, for various domestic uses, as in making bread, chopping meat, etc.

2. A flat, broad vessel on which dishes, glasses, etc., are carried; a waiter; a salver.

3. A shallow box, generally without a top, often used within a chest, trunk, box, etc., as a removable receptacle for small or light articles.

 Tray"ful (?), n.; pl. Trayfuls (&?;). As much as a tray will hold; enough to fill a tray.

 Trays (?), n. pl. [Obs.] See Trais. Chaucer.
 Tray"-trip' (?), n. [From Trey a three.] An old game played with dice. [Obs.] Shak.
 Treach"er (?), n. [OE. trichour, trichur, OF. tricheor deceiver, traitor, F. tricheur a cheat at play, a trickster. See Treachery.] A traitor; a cheat. [Obs.]

Treacher and coward both.

Beau. & Fl.
 Treach"er*ous (?), a. [See Treacher.] Like a traitor; involving treachery; violating allegiance or faith pledged; traitorous to the state or sovereign; perfidious in private life; betraying a trust; faithless.

 Loyal father of a treacherous son.

Shak.
 The treacherous smile, a mask for secret hate.

Cowper.
Syn. — Faithless; perfidious; traitorous; false; insidious; plotting.

 — Treach"er*ous*ly, adv. — Treach"er*ous*ness, n. Treach"er*y (?), n. [OE. trecherïe, trichere, OF. trecherie, tricherie, F. tricherie trickery, from tricher to cheat, to trick, OF. trichier, trechier; probably of Teutonic origin. See Trickery, Trick.] Violation of allegiance or of faith and confidence; treasonable or perfidious conduct; perfidy; treason.

 Be ware, ye lords, of their treachery.

Chaucer.
 In the council chamber at Edinburgh, he had contracted a deep taint of treachery and corruption.

Macaulay.
 { Treach"e*tour (?), Treach"our (?), } n. [See Treacher.] A traitor. [Obs.] "Treachour full of false despite." Spenser.
 Trea"cle (tr"k'l), n. [OE. triacle a sovereign remedy, theriac, OF. triacle, F. thériaque (cf. Pr. triacla, tiriaca, Sp. & It. triaca, teriaca), L. theriaca an antidote against the bite of poisonous animals, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; of wild or venomous beasts, fr. qhri'on a beast, a wild beast, dim. of qh'r a beast. Cf. Theriac.] 1. (Old Med.) A remedy against poison. See Theriac, 1.

 We kill the viper, and make treacle of him.

Jer. Taylor.
2. A sovereign remedy; a cure. [Obs.]

 Christ which is to every harm treacle.

Chaucer.
3. Molasses; sometimes, specifically, the molasses which drains from the sugar-refining molds, and which is also called sugarhouse molasses.

 In the United States molasses is the common name; in England, treacle.

4. A saccharine fluid, consisting of the inspissated juices or decoctions of certain vegetables, as the sap of the birch, sycamore, and the like.

Treacle mustard (Bot.), a name given to several species of the cruciferous genus Erysimum, especially the E. cheiranthoides, which was formerly used as an ingredient in Venice treacle, or theriac. — Treacle water, a compound cordial prepared in different ways from a variety of ingredients, as hartshorn, roots of various plants, flowers, juices of plants, wines, etc., distilled or digested with Venice treacle.
 It was formerly regarded as a medicine of great virtue. Nares. — Venice treacle. (Old Med.) Same as Theriac, 1.

 Trea"cly (?), a. Like, or composed of, treacle.

 Tread (?), v. i. [imp. Trod (?); p. p. Trodden (?), Trod; p. pr. & vb. n. Treading.] [OE. treden, AS. tredan; akin to OFries. treda, OS. tredan, D. & LG. treden, G. treten, OHG. tretan, Icel. tro&?;a, Sw. tråda, träda, Dan. træde, Goth. trudan, and perhaps ultimately to F. tramp; cf. Gr. &?; a running, Skr. dram to run. Cf. Trade, Tramp, Trot.] 1. To set the foot; to step.

 Where'er you tread, the blushing flowers shall rise.

Pope.
 Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

Pope.
 The hard stone Under our feet, on which we tread and go


ish, a. See Roynish. [Obs.]

 Roint (?), interj. See Aroint.

 Roist (?), v. i. See Roister.

 Roist"er (?), v. i. [Probably fr. F. rustre boor, a clown, clownish, fr. L. rustucus rustic. See Rustic.] To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent.

 I have a roisting challenge sent amongst The dull and factious nobles of the Greeks.

Shak.
 Roist"er (?), n. See Roisterer.

 Roist"er*er (?), n. A blustering, turbulent fellow.

 If two roisterers met, they cocked their hats in each other faces.

Macaulay.
 Roist"er*ly, a. Blustering; violent. [R.]

 Roist"er*ly, adv. In a roistering manner. [R.]

 Rok"am*bole (?), n. See Rocambole.

 Roke (?), n. [See Reek.] 1. Mist; smoke; damp [Prov. Eng.]
 [Written also roak, rook, and rouk.]

2. A vein of ore. [Pov.Eng.] Halliwell.
 { Roke"age (?), Rok"ee (?), } n. [Cf. Nocake.] Parched Indian corn, pounded up and mixed with sugar; -- called also yokeage. [Local, U.S.]

 Rok"e*lay (?), n. [Cf. Roquelaure.] A short cloak. [Written also rockelay, rocklay, etc.] [Scot.]

 Rok"y (?), a. [See Roke.] Misty; foggy; cloudy. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.
 Rôle (?), n. [F. See Roll.] A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence, a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the rôle of philanthropist.

Title rôle, the part, or character, which gives the title to a play, as the part of Hamlet in the play of that name.

 Roll (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Rolling.] [OF. roeler, roler, F. rouler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. royulus, rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel; akin to G. rad, and to Skr. ratha car, chariot. Cf. Control, Roll, n., Rotary.] 1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over; to move by turning on an axis; to impel forward by causing to turn over and over on a supporting surface; as, to roll a wheel, a ball, or a barrel.

2. To wrap round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical body by causing to turn over and over; as, to roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment; to roll clay or putty into a ball.

3. To bind or involve by winding, as in a bandage; to inwrap; -- often with up; as, to roll up a parcel.

4. To drive or impel forward with an easy motion, as of rolling; as, a river rolls its waters to the ocean.

 The flood of Catholic reaction was rolled over Europe.

J. A. Symonds.
5. To utter copiously, esp. with sounding words; to utter with a deep sound; -- often with forth, or out; as, to roll forth some one's praises; to roll out sentences.

 Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies.

Tennyson.
6. To press or level with a roller; to spread or form with a roll, roller, or rollers; as, to roll a field; to roll paste; to roll steel rails, etc.

7. To move, or cause to be moved, upon, or by means of, rollers or small wheels.

8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum; to sound a roll upon.

9. (Geom.) To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in suck manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal.

10. To turn over in one's mind; to revolve.

 Full oft in heart he rolleth up and down The beauty of these florins new and bright.

Chaucer.
To roll one's self, to wallow. -- To roll the eye, to direct its axis hither and thither in quick succession. -- To roll one's r's, to utter the letter r with a trill. [Colloq.]

 Roll, v. i. 1. To move, as a curved object may, along a surface by rotation without sliding; to revolve upon an axis; to turn over and over; as, a ball or wheel rolls on the earth; a body rolls on an inclined plane.

 And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical stone, which rolls, and rolls, and rolls.

Shak.
2. To move on wheels; as, the carriage rolls along the street. "The rolling chair." Dryden.
3. To be wound or formed into a cylinder or ball; as, the cloth rolls unevenly; the snow rolls well.

4. To fall or tumble; -- with over; as, a stream rolls over a precipice.

5. To perform a periodical revolution; to move onward as with a revolution; as, the rolling year; ages roll away.

6. To turn; to move circularly.

 And his red eyeballs roll with living fire.

Dryden.
7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swell and depression.

 What different sorrows did within thee roll.

Prior.
8. To incline first to one side, then to the other; to rock; as, there is a great difference in ships about rolling; in a general semse, to be tossed about.

 Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled.

Pope.
9. To turn over, or from side to side, while lying down; to wallow; as, a horse rolls.

10. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin; as, the paste rolls well.

11. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear.

12. To make a loud or heavy rumbling noise; as, the thunder rolls.

To roll about, to gad abroad. [Obs.]

 Man shall not suffer his wife go roll about.

Chaucer.
 Roll, n. [F. rôle a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotulus &?; little wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. Rôle, Rouleau, Roulette.] 1. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled; as, the roll of a ball; the roll of waves.

2. That which rolls; a roller. Specifically: (a) A heavy cylinder used to break clods. Mortimer. (b) One of a set of revolving cylinders, or rollers, between which metal is pressed, formed, or smoothed, as in a rolling mill; as, to pass rails through the rolls.

3. That which is rolled up; as, a roll of fat, of wool, paper, cloth, etc. Specifically: (a) A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll.

 Busy angels spread The lasting roll, recording what we say.

Prior.
 (b) Hence, an official or public document; a register; a record; also, a catalogue; a list.

 The rolls of Parliament, the


& vb. n. Dumping.] [OE. dumpen to throw down, fall down, cf. Icel. dumpa to thump, Dan. dumpe to fall suddenly, rush, dial. Sw. dimpa to fall down plump. Cf. Dump sadness.] 1. To knock heavily; to stump. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
2. To put or throw down with more or less of violence; hence, to unload from a cart by tilting it; as, to dump sand, coal, etc.
 [U.S.] Bartlett.
Dumping car or cart, a railway car, or a cart, the body of which can be tilted to empty the contents; -- called also dump car, or dump cart.

 Dump, n. 1. A car or boat for dumping refuse, etc.

2. A ground or place for dumping ashes, refuse, etc.

3. That which is dumped.

4. (Mining) A pile of ore or rock.

 Dump"age (?), n. 1. The act of dumping loads from carts, especially loads of refuse matter; also, a heap of dumped matter.

2. A fee paid for the privilege of dumping loads.

 Dump"i*ness (?), n. The state of being dumpy.

 Dump"ish, a. Dull; stupid; sad; moping; melancholy. " A... dumpish and sour life." Lord Herbert.
 -- Dump"ish*ly, adv. -- Dump"ish*ness, n. Dum"ple (?), v. t. [See Dumpling.] To make dumpy; to fold, or bend, as one part over another. [R.]

 He was a little man, dumpled up together.

Sir W. Scott.
 Dump"ling (?), n. [Dimin. of dump an illshapen piece; cf. D. dompelen to plunge, dip, duck, Scot. to dump in to plunge into, and E. dump, v. t.] A roundish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as a sort of pudding; often, a cover of paste inclosing an apple or other fruit, and boiled or baked; as, an apple dumpling.

 Dump"y (?), a. [Compar. Dumpier (?); superl.
 Dumpiest.] [1. From Dump a short ill-shapen piece. 2. From Dump sadness.] 1. Short and thick; of low stature and disproportionately stout.

2. Sullen or discontented. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Dun (?), n. [See Dune.] A mound or small hill.

 Dun, v. t. To cure, as codfish, in a particular manner, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with salt grass or some like substance.

 Dun (dn), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dunned (dnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dunning (dn"nng).] [AS. dyne noise, dynian to make a noise, or fr. Icel. dynr, duna, noise, thunder, duna to thunder; the same word as E. din. √74. See Din.] To ask or beset, as a debtor, for payment; to urge importunately.

 Hath she sent so soon to dun?

Swift.
 Dun, n. 1. One who duns; a dunner.

 To be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun.

Arbuthnot.
2. An urgent request or demand of payment; as, he sent his debtor a dun.

 Dun, a. [AS. dunn, of Celtic origin; cf. W. dwn, Ir.
 & Gael. donn.] Of a dark color; of a color partaking of a brown and black; of a dull brown color; swarthy.

 Summer's dun cloud comes thundering up.

 Pierpont.
 Chill and dun Falls on the moor the brief November day.

Keble.
Dun crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow; -- so called from its color; -- also called hoody, and hoddy. -- Dun diver (Zoöl.), the goosander or merganser.

 Dun"bird' (?), n. [Named from its color.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pochard; -- called also dunair, and dunker, or duncurre. (b) An American duck; the ruddy duck.

 Dunce (?), n. [From Joannes Duns Scotus, a schoolman called the Subtle Doctor, who died in 1308. Originally in the phrase "a Duns man". See Note below.] One backward in book learning; a child or other person dull or weak in intellect; a dullard; a dolt.

 I never knew this town without dunces of figure.

Swift.
 The schoolmen were often called, after their great leader Duns Scotus, Dunsmen or Duncemen. In the revival of learning they were violently opposed to classical studies; hence, the name of Dunce was applied with scorn and contempt to an opposer of learning, or to one slow at learning, a dullard.

 Dunce"dom (?), n. The realm or domain of dunces. [Jocose] Carlyle.
 Dun"cer*y (?), n. Dullness; stupidity.

 Dun"ci*cal (?), a. Like a dunce; duncish.

 The most dull and duncical commissioner.

 Fuller.
 Dun"ci*fy (?), v. t. [Dunce + -fy.] To make stupid in intellect. [R.] Bp. Warburton.
 Dun"cish (?), a. Somewhat like a dunce. [R.]

 -- Dun"cish*ness, n. [R.]

 Dun"der (?), n. [Cf. Sp. redundar to overflow.] The lees or dregs of cane juice, used in the distillation of rum. [West Indies] The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour.

B. Edwards.
 Dun"der*head' (?), n. [Prov. Eng. also dunderpoll, from dunder, same as thunder.] A dunce; a numskull; a blockhead. Beau. & Fl.
 Dun"der-head'ed, a. Thick-headed; stupid.

 Dun"der*pate' (?), n. See Dunderhead.

 Dune (?), n. [The same word as down: cf. D. duin. See Down a bank of sand.] A low hill of drifting sand usually formed on the coats, but often carried far inland by the prevailing winds. [Written also dun.]

 Three great rivers, the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, had deposited their slime for ages among the dunes or sand banks heaved up by the ocean around their mouths.

Motley.
 Dun"fish (?), n. Codfish cured in a particular manner, so as to be of a superior quality.

 Dung (?), n. [AS. dung; akin to G. dung, dünger, OHG. tunga, Sw. dynga; cf. Icel. dyngja heap, Dan. dynge, MHG. tunc underground dwelling place, orig., covered with dung. Cf.
 Dingy.] The excrement of an animal. Bacon.
 Dung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dunged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dunging.] 1. To manure with dung. Dryden.
2. (Calico Print.) To immerse or steep, as calico, in a bath of hot water containing cow dung; -- done to remove the superfluous mordant.

 Dung, v. i. To void excrement. Swift.
 Dun'ga*ree" (?), n. A coarse kind of unbleached cotton stuff.
 [Written also dungari.] [India]


is a necessary condition of existence, perhaps some explanation of the dilemma may be found.
The former definition does indeed apply to all relatives, but the fact that a thing is explained with reference to something else does not make it essentially relative.
From this it is plain that, if a man definitely apprehends a relative thing, he will also definitely apprehend that to which it is relative.
Indeed this is self-evident: for if a man knows that some particular thing is relative, assuming that we call that a relative in the case of which relation to something is a necessary condition of existence, he knows that also to which it is related. For if he does not know at all that to which it is related, he will not know whether or not it is relative. This is clear, moreover, in particular instances. If a man knows definitely that such and such a thing is 'double', he will also forthwith know definitely that of which it is the double. For if there is nothing definite of which he knows it to be the double, he does not know at all that it is double. Again, if he knows that a thing is more beautiful, it follows necessarily that he will forthwith definitely know that also than which it is more beautiful. He will not merely know indefinitely that it is more beautiful than something which is less beautiful, for this would be supposition, not knowledge. For if he does not know definitely that than which it is more beautiful, he can no longer claim to know definitely that it is more beautiful than something else which is less beautiful: for it might be that nothing was less beautiful. It is, therefore, evident that if a man apprehends some relative thing definitely, he necessarily knows that also definitely to which it is related.
Now the head, the hand, and such things are substances, and it is possible to know their essential character definitely, but it does not necessarily follow that we should know that to which they are related.
It is not possible to know forthwith whose head or hand is meant. Thus these are not relatives, and, this being the case, it would be true to say that no substance is relative in character. It is perhaps a difficult matter, in such cases, to make a positive statement without more exhaustive examination, but to have raised questions with regard to details is not without advantage.
Part 8 By 'quality' I mean that in virtue of which people are said to be such and such.
Quality is a term that is used in many senses. One sort of quality let us call 'habit' or 'disposition'. Habit differs from disposition in being more lasting and more firmly established. The various kinds of knowledge and of virtue are habits, for knowledge, even when acquired only in a moderate degree, is, it is agreed, abiding in its character and difficult to displace, unless some great mental upheaval takes place, through disease or any such cause. The virtues, also, such as justice, self-restraint, and so on, are not easily dislodged or dismissed, so as to give place to vice.
By a disposition, on the other hand, we mean a condition that is easily changed and quickly gives place to its opposite. Thus, heat, cold, disease, health, and so on are dispositions. For a man is disposed in one way or another with reference to these, but quickly changes, becoming cold instead of warm, ill instead of well. So it is with all other dispositions also, unless through lapse of time a disposition has itself become inveterate and almost impossible to dislodge: in which case we should perhaps go so far as to call it a habit.
It is evident that men incline to call those conditions habits which are of a more or less permanent type and difficult to displace; for those who are not retentive of knowledge, but volatile, are not said to have such and such a 'habit' as regards knowledge, yet they are disposed, we may say, either better or worse, towards knowledge. Thus habit differs from disposition in this, that while the latter in ephemeral, the former is permanent and difficult to alter.
Habits are at the same time dispositions, but dispositions are not necessarily habits. For those who have some specific habit may be said also, in virtue of that habit, to be thus or thus disposed; but those who are disposed in some specific way have not in all cases the corresponding habit.
Another sort of quality is that in virtue of which, for example, we call men good boxers or runners, or healthy or sickly: in fact it includes all those terms which refer to inborn capacity or incapacity.
Such things are not predicated of a person in virtue of his disposition, but in virtue of his inborn capacity or incapacity to do something with ease or to avoid defeat of any kind. Persons are called good boxers or good runners, not in virtue of such and such a disposition, but in virtue of an inborn capacity to accomplish something with ease. Men are called healthy in virtue of the inborn capacity of easy resistance to those unhealthy influences that may ordinarily arise; unhealthy, in virtue of the lack of this capacity.
Similarly with regard to softness and hardness. Hardness is predicated of a thing because it has that capacity of resistance which enables it to withstand disintegration; softness, again, is predicated of a thing by reason of the lack of that capacity.
A third class within this category is that of affective qualities and affections. Sweetness, bitterness, sourness, are examples of this sort of quality, together with all that is akin to these; heat, moreover, and cold, whiteness, and blackness are affective qualities. It is evident that these are qualities, for those things that possess them are themselves said to be such and such by reason of their presence.
Honey is called sweet because it contains sweetness; the body is called white because it contains whiteness; and so in all other cases.
The term 'affective quality' is not used as indicating that those things which admit these qualities are affected in any way. Honey is not called sweet because it is affected in a specific way, nor is this what is meant in any other instance. Similarly heat and cold are called affective qualities, not because those things which admit them are affected. What is meant is that these said qualities are capable of producing an 'affection' in the way of perception. For sweetness has the power of affecting the sense of taste; heat, that of touch; and so it is with the rest of these qualities.
Whiteness and blackness, however, and the other colours, are not said to be affective qualities in this sense, but because they themselves are the results of an affection. It is plain that many changes of colour take place because of affections. When a man is ashamed, he blushes; when he is afraid, he becomes pale, and so on. So true is this, that when a man is by nature liable to such affections, arising from some concomitance of elements in his constitution, it is a probable inference that he has the corresponding complexion of skin.
For the same disposition of bodily elements, which in the former instance was momentarily present in the case of an access of shame, might be a result of a man's natural temperament, so as to produce the corresponding colouring also as a natural characteristic. All conditions, therefore, of this kind, if caused by certain permanent and lasting affections, are called affective qualities. For pallor and duskiness of complexion are called qualities, inasmuch as we are said to be such and such in virtue of them, not only if they originate in natural constitution, but also if they come about through long disease or sunburn, and are difficult to remove, or indeed remain throughout life. For in the same way we are said to be such and such because of these.
Those conditions, however, which arise from causes which may easily be rendered ineffective or speedily removed, are called, not qualities, but affections: for we are not said to be such in virtue of them. The man who blushes through shame is not said to be a constitutional blusher, nor is the man who becomes pale through fear said to be constitutionally pale. He is said rather to have been affected.
Thus such conditions are called affections, not qualities. In like manner there are affective qualities and affections of the soul. That temper with which a man is born and which has its origin in certain deep-seated affections is called a quality. I mean such conditions as


1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and corrections, -- esp. in regard to points of religious faith.

2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; -- sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift.
 Cat"e*chi'ser (kt"*k'zr), n. One who catechises.

 Cat"e*chism (-kz'm), n. [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.] 1. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers.

2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers.

 The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms. Hooker.
The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

 Cat'e*chis"mal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechetical.

 Cat"e*chist (kt"*kst), n. [L. catechista, fr. Gr.] One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters.

 { Cat'e*chis"tic (-ks"tk), Cat'e*chis"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More.
 Cat"e*chize, v. t. See Catechise.

 Cat"e*chu (?), n. [See Cashoo.] (Chem.) A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison.
 Cat'e*chu"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin.

 Cat"e*chu'men (?), n. [L. catechunenus, Gr. &?; instructed, from &?;. See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church.

 Cat'e*chu"men*ate (?), n. The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen.

 Cat'e*chu*men"i*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to catechumens; as, catechumenical instructions.

 Cat'e*chu"men*ist, n. A catechumen. Bp. Morton.
 Cat'e*gor'e*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; predicate. See Category.]
 (Logic.) Capable of being employed by itself as a term; -- said of a word.

 Cat'e*gor"ic*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a category.

2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as, a categorical proposition, or answer.

 The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions... distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal. I. Taylor.
 Cat'e*gor"ic*al*ly, adv. Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as, to affirm categorically.

 Cat'e*gor"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell.
 Cat"e*go*rist (?), n. One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson.
 Cat"e*go*rize (?), v. t. To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

 Cat"e*go*ry (?), n.; pl. Categories (#). [L. categoria, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to accuse, affirm, predicate; &?; down, against + &?; to harrangue, assert, fr. &?; assembly.] 1.
(Logic.) One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament.

 The categories or predicaments -- the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language -- were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed. J. S. Mill.
2. Class; also, state, condition, or predicament; as, we are both in the same category.

 There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category. De Quincey.
 Cat"el (?), n. [See Chattel.] Property; -- often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income.

 "For loss of catel may recovered be, But loss of tyme shendeth us," quod he. Chaucer.
 Cat'e*lec"trode (?), n. [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics) The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday.
 Cat'e*lec'tro*ton"ic (?), a. (Physics) Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus.

 ||Cat'e*lec*trot"o*nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; down + &?; (see Electro-) + &?; tone.] (Physics) The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it.

 ||Ca*te"na (?), n.; pl. Catene (#). [L., a chain.] A chain or series of things connected with each other.

 I have... in no case sought to construct those catenæ of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together.
C. J. Ellicott.
 { Cat"e*na*ry (?), Cat'e*na"ri*an (?), } a. [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.] Relating to a chain; like a chain; as, a catenary curve.

 Cat"e*na*ry, n.; pl. Catenaries (&?;). (Geol.)
 The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line.

 Cat"e*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Catenating.] [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.] To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin.
 Cat'e*na"tion (?), n. [L. catenatio.] Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne.
 Ca*ten"u*late (?), a. [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains.

2. (Zoöl.) Chainlike; -- said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc.

 Ca"ter


. [Cf. LL. deambulator a traveler.]
 Going about from place to place; wandering; of or pertaining to a deambulatory. [Obs.] "Deambulatory actors." Bp. Morton.
 De*am"bu*la*to*ry, n. [L. deambulatorium.] A covered place in which to walk; an ambulatory.

 Dean (?), n. [OE. dene, deene, OF. deien, dien, F. doyen, eldest of a corporation, a dean, L. decanus the chief of ten, one set over ten persons, e. g., over soldiers or over monks, from decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Decemvir.] 1. A dignitary or presiding officer in certain ecclesiastical and lay bodies; esp., an ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop.

Dean of cathedral church, the chief officer of a chapter; he is an ecclesiastical magistrate next in degree to bishop, and has immediate charge of the cathedral and its estates. -- Dean of peculiars, a dean holding a preferment which has some peculiarity relative to spiritual superiors and the jurisdiction exercised in it. [Eng.] -- Rural dean, one having, under the bishop, the especial care and inspection of the clergy within certain parishes or districts of the diocese.

2. The collegiate officer in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, England, who, besides other duties, has regard to the moral condition of the college. Shipley.
3. The head or presiding officer in the faculty of some colleges or universities.

4. A registrar or secretary of the faculty in a department of a college, as in a medical, or theological, or scientific department. [U.S.]

5. The chief or senior of a company on occasion of ceremony; as, the dean of the diplomatic corps; -- so called by courtesy.

Cardinal dean, the senior cardinal bishop of the college of cardinals at Rome. Shipley. -- Dean and chapter, the legal corporation and governing body of a cathedral. It consists of the dean, who is chief, and his canons or prebendaries. -- Dean of arches, the lay judge of the court of arches. -- Dean of faculty, the president of an incorporation or barristers; specifically, the president of the incorporation of advocates in Edinburgh. -- Dean of guild, a magistrate of Scotch burghs, formerly, and still, in some burghs, chosen by the Guildry, whose duty is to superintend the erection of new buildings and see that they conform to the law. -- Dean of a monastery, Monastic dean, a monastic superior over ten monks. -- Dean's stall. See Decanal stall, under Decanal.

 Dean"er*y (?), n.; pl. Deaneries (&?;). 1.
 The office or the revenue of a dean. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3.

2. The residence of a dean. Shak.
3. The territorial jurisdiction of a dean.

 Each archdeaconry is divided into rural deaneries, and each deanery is divided into parishes.

Blackstone.
 Dean"ship, n. The office of a dean.

 I dont't value your deanship a straw.

Swift.
 Dear (dr), a. [Compar. Dearer (-r); superl. Dearest (-st).] [OE. dere, deore, AS. deóre; akin to OS. diuri, D. duur, OHG. tiuri, G. theuer, teuer, Icel. drr, Dan. & Sw. dyr. Cf. Darling, Dearth.] 1.
 Bearing a high price; high-priced; costly; expensive.

 The cheapest of us is ten groats too dear.

Shak.
2. Marked by scarcity or dearth, and exorbitance of price; as, a dear year.

3. Highly valued; greatly beloved; cherished; precious. "Hear me, dear lady." Shak.
 Neither count I my life dear unto myself.

Acts xx. 24.
 And the last joy was dearer than the rest.

Pope.
Dear as remember'd kisses after death.

Tennyson.
4. Hence, close to the heart; heartfelt; present in mind; engaging the attention. (a) Of agreeable things and interests.

 [I'll] leave you to attend him: some dear cause Will in concealment wrap me up awhile.

Shak.
 His dearest wish was to escape from the bustle and glitter of Whitehall.

Macaulay.
(b) Of disagreeable things and antipathies.

 In our dear peril.

Shak.
 Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven Or ever I had seen that day.

Shak.
 Dear, n. A dear one; lover; sweetheart.

 That kiss I carried from thee, dear.

Shak.
 Dear, adv. Dearly; at a high price.

 If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear.

Shak.
 Dear, v. t. To endear. [Obs.] Shelton.
 Dear"born (?), n. A four-wheeled carriage, with curtained sides.

 Dear"-bought' (?), a. Bought at a high price; as, dear-bought experience.

 Deare (?), variant of Dere, v. t. & n. [Obs.]

 Dear"ie (?), n. Same as Deary. Dickens.
 Dear"ling (?), n. A darling. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Dear"-loved' (?), a. Greatly beloved. Shak.
 Dear"ly, adv. 1. In a dear manner; with affection; heartily; earnestly; as, to love one dearly.

2. At a high rate or price; grievously.

 He buys his mistress dearly with his throne.

Dryden.
3. Exquisitely. [Obs.] Shak.
 Dearn (?), a. [AS. derne, dyrne, dierne, hidden, secret. Cf. Derne.] Secret; lonely; solitary; dreadful. [Obs.] Shak.
 -- Dearn"ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dearn, v. t. Same as Darn. [Obs.]

 Dear"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being dear; costliness; excess of price.

 The dearness of corn.

Swift.
2. Fondness; preciousness; love; tenderness.

 The dearness of friendship.

Bacon.
 Dearth (?), n. [OE. derthe, fr. dere. See Dear.]
 Scarcity which renders dear; want; lack; specifically, lack of food on account of failure of crops; famine.

 There came a dearth over all the land of Egypt.

Acts vii. 11.
 He with her press'd, she faint with dearth.

Shak.
Dearth of plot, and narrowness of imagination.

Dryden.
 De'ar*tic"u*late (?), v. t. To disjoint.

 Dear"worth' (?), a. [See Derworth.] Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
 Dear"y (?), n. A dear; a darling. [Familiar] De"as (?), n. See Dais. [Scot.]

 Death (dth), n. [OE. deth, deað, AS. deáð; akin to OS. dð, D. dood, G. tod, Icel. dauði, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. dauþus; from a verb meaning to die. See Die, v. i., and cf. Dead.] 1. The cessation of all vital phenomena without capability of resuscitation, either in animals or plants.

Local death is going on at all times and in all parts of the living body, in which individual cells and elements are being cast


ka*line, a. Of power to counteract alkalies.

 Ant*am'bu*la"cral (nt*m'b*l"kral), a. (Zoöl.)
 Away from the ambulacral region.

 ||Ant'an*a*cla"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; a bending back and breaking. See Anaclastic.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense; as, Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.
 (b) A repetition of words beginning a sentence, after a long parenthesis; as, Shall that heart (which not only feels them, but which has all motions of life placed in them), shall that heart, etc.

 ||Ant'an*a*go"ge (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + anagoge.]
 (Rhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge.

 Ant'aph*ro*dis"i*ac (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + aphrodisiac.]
 (Med.) Capable of blunting the venereal appetite. -- n. Anything that quells the venereal appetite.

 Ant'aph*ro*dit"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; Aphrodite: cf. F. antaphroditique.] (Med.) 1.
 Antaphrodisiac.

2. Antisyphilitic. [R.]

 Ant'aph*ro*dit"ic, n. An antaphroditic medicine.

 Ant'ap*o*plec"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + apoplectic.]
 (Med.) Good against apoplexy. -- n. A medicine used against apoplexy.

 Ant*ar"chism (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; government.] Opposition to government in general. [R.]

 Ant*ar"chist (&?;), n. One who opposes all government. [R.]

 { Ant'ar*chis"tic (&?;), Ant'ar*chis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Opposed to all human government. [R.]

 Ant*arc"tic (&?;), a. [OE. antartik, OF. antartique, F. antarctique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; bear. See Arctic.] Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23° 28. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc.

 ||An*ta"res (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; similar to + &?; Mars. It was thought to resemble Mars in color.] The principal star in Scorpio: -- called also the Scorpion's Heart.

 Ant'ar*thrit"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + arthritic.]
 (Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout. -- n. A remedy against gout.

 Ant'asth*mat"ic (? or?; see Asthma; 277), a. [Pref. anti- + asthmatic.] (Med.) Opposing, or fitted to relieve, asthma.
 -- n. A remedy for asthma.

 Ant"-bear' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An edentate animal of tropical America (the Tamanoir), living on ants. It belongs to the genus Myrmecophaga.

 Ant" bird (&?;), (Zoöl.) See Ant bird, under Ant, n. Ant"-cat'tle (&?;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew which they secrete. See Aphips.

 An"te- (n"t-). A Latin preposition and prefix; akin to Gr. 'anti', Skr. anti, Goth. and-, anda- (only in comp.), AS. and-, ond-, (only in comp.: cf. Answer, Along), G. ant-, ent- (in comp.). The Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, in regard to position, order, or time, and the Gr. 'anti' in that of opposite, or in the place of.

 An"te, n. (Poker Playing) Each player's stake, which is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins.

 An"te, v. t. & i. To put up (an ante).

 An"te*act' (&?;), n. A preceding act.

 An"te*al (&?;), a. [antea, ante, before. Cf.
 Ancient.] Being before, or in front. [R.] J. Fleming.
 Ant"-eat'er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. See Ant-bear, Pangolin, Aard-vark, and Echidna.

 An'te*ce*da"ne*ous (&?;), a. [See Antecede.] Antecedent; preceding in time. "Capable of antecedaneous proof." Barrow.
 An'te*cede" (&?;), v. t. & i. [L. antecedere; ante + cedere to go. See Cede.] To go before in time or place; to precede; to surpass. Sir M. Hale.
 An'te*ced"ence (&?;), n. 1. The act or state of going before in time; precedence. H. Spenser.
2. (Astron.) An apparent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation.

 An'te*ced"en*cy (&?;), n. The state or condition of being antecedent; priority. Fothherby.
 An'te*ced"ent (&?;), a. [L. antecedens, -entis, p. pr. of antecedere: cf. F. antécédent.] 1.
 Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as, an event antecedent to the Deluge; an antecedent cause.

2. Presumptive; as, an antecedent improbability.

Syn. -- Prior; previous; foregoing.

 An'te*ced"ent, n. [Cf. F. antécédent.] 1.
 That which goes before in time; that which precedes. South.
 The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric language, has surely its antecedents. Max Miller.
2. One who precedes or goes in front. [Obs.]

 My antecedent, or my gentleman usher. Massinger.
3. pl. The earlier events of one's life; previous principles, conduct, course, history. J. H. Newman.
 If the troops... prove worthy of their antecedents, the victory is surely ours. Gen. G. McClellan.
4. (Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers; as, in the sentence "Solomon was the prince who built the temple," prince is the antecedent of who.

5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypothetical proposition; as, If the earth is fixed, the sun must move. (b) The first of the two propositions which constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism; as, Every man is mortal; therefore the king must die.

6. (Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the ratio a:b, a is the antecedent, and b the


ucer-shaped tool of corresponding form.
It is impossible to make a tool perfectly spherical in the first place, but success may be secured on the geometrical principle that two surfaces cannot fit each other in all positions unless both are perfectly spherical. The tool of the optician is a very simple affair, being nothing more than a plate of iron somewhat larger, perhaps a fourth, than the lens to be ground to the corresponding curvature. In order to insure its changing to fit the glass, it is covered on the interior with a coating of pitch from an eighth to a quarter of an inch thick. This material is admirably adapted to the purpose because it gives way certainly, though very slowly, to the pressure of the glass.
In order that it may have room to change its form, grooves are cut through it in both directions, so as to leave it in the form of squares, like those on a chess-board.
[Illustration with caption: THE OPTICIAN'S TOOL.]
It is then sprinkled over with rouge, moistened with water, and gently warmed. The roughly ground lens is then placed upon it, and moved from side to side. The direction of the motion is slightly changed with every stroke, so that after a dozen or so of strokes the lines of motion will lie in every direction on the tool. This change of direction is most readily and easily effected by the operator slowly walking around as he polishes, at the same time the lens is to be slowly turned around either in the opposite direction or more rapidly yet in the same direction, so that the strokes of the polisher shall cross the lens in all directions. This double motion insures every part of the lens coming into contact with every part of the polisher, and moving over it in every direction.
Then whatever parts either of the lens or of the polisher may be too high to form a spherical surface will be gradually worn down, thus securing the perfect sphericity of both.
[Illustration with caption: GRINDING A LARGE LENS.]
When the polishing is done by machinery, which is the custom in Europe, with large lenses, the polisher is slid back and forth over the lens by means of a crank attached to a revolving wheel. The polisher is at the same time slowly revolving around a pivot at its centre, which pivot the crank works into, and the glass below it is slowly turned in an opposite direction. Thus the same effect is produced as in the other system. Those who practice this method claim that by thus using machinery the conditions of a uniform polish for every part of the surface can be more perfectly fulfilled than by a hand motion. The results, however, do not support this view. No European optician will claim to do better than the American firm of Alvan Clark & Sons in producing uniformly good object-glasses, and this firm always does the work by hand, moving the glass over the polisher, and not the polisher over the glass.
Having brought both flint and crown glasses into proper figure by this process, they are joined together, and tested by observations either upon a star in the heavens, or some illuminated point at a little distance on the ground. The reflection of the sun from a drop of quicksilver, a thermometer bulb, or even a piece of broken bottle, makes an excellent artificial star. The very best optician will always find that on a first trial his glass is not perfect. He will find that he has not given exactly the proper curves to secure achromatism. He must then change the figure of one or both the glasses by polishing it upon a tool of slightly different curvature. He may also find that there is some spherical aberration outstanding. He must then alter his curve so as to correct this. The correction of these little imperfections in the figures of the lenses so as to secure perfect vision through them is the most difficult branch of the art of the optician, and upon his skill in practising it will depend more than upon anything else his ultimate success and reputation. The shaping of a pair of lenses in the way we have described is not beyond the power of any person of ordinary mechanical ingenuity, possessing the necessary delicacy of touch and appreciation of the problem he is attacking. But to make a perfect objective of considerable size, which shall satisfy all the wants of the astronomer, is an undertaking requiring such accuracy of eyesight, and judgment in determining where the error lies, and such skill in manipulating so as to remove the defects, that the successful men in any one generation can be counted on one's fingers.
In order that the telescope may finally perform satisfactorily it is not sufficient that the lenses should both be of proper figure; they must also both be properly centred in their cells. If either lens is tipped aside, or slid out from its proper central line, the definition will be injured. As this is liable to happen with almost any telescope, we shall explain how the proper adjustment is to be made.
The easiest way to test this adjustment is to set the cell with the two glasses of the objective in it against a wall at night, and going to a short distance, observe the reflection in the glass of the flame of a candle held in the hand. Three or four reflections will be seen from the different surfaces. The observer, holding the candle before his eye, and having his line of sight as close as possible to the flame, must then move until the different images of the flame coincide with each other. If he cannot bring them into coincidence, owing to different pairs coinciding on different sides of the flame, the glasses are not perfectly centred upon each other. When the centring is perfect, the observer having the light in the line of the axes of the lenses, and (if it were possible to do so) looking through the centre of the flame, would see the three or four images all in coincidence. As he cannot see through the flame itself, he must look first on one side and then on the other, and see if the arrangement of the images seen in the lenses is symmetrical. If, going to different distances, he finds no deviation from symmetry, in this respect the adjustment is near enough for all practical purposes.
A more artistic instrument than a simple candle is a small concave reflector pierced through its centre, such as is used by physicians in examining the throat.
[Illustration with caption: IMAGE OF CANDLE-FLAME IN OBJECT-GLASS.]
[Illustration with caption: TESTING ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECT-GLASS.]
Place this reflector in the prolongation of the optical axis, set the candle so that the light from the reflector shall be shown through the glass, and look through the opening. Images of the reflector itself will then be seen in the object-glass, and if the adjustment is perfect, the reflector can be moved so that they will all come into coincidence together.
When the objective is in the tube of the telescope, it is always well to examine this adjustment from time to time, holding the candle so that its light shall shine through the opening perpendicularly upon the object-glass. The observer looks upon one side of the flame, and then upon the other, to see if the images are symmetrical in the different positions. If in order to see them in this way the candle has to be moved to one side of the central line of the tube, the whole objective must be adjusted. If two images coincide in one position of the candle-flame, and two in another position, so that they cannot all be brought together in any position, it shows that the glasses are not properly adjusted in their cell. It may be remarked that this last adjustment is the proper work of the optician, since it is so difficult that the user of the telescope cannot ordinarily effect it. But the perpendicularity of the whole objective to the tube of the telescope is liable to be deranged in use, and every one who uses such an instrument should be able to rectify an error of this kind.
The question may be asked, How much of a telescope can an amateur observer, under any circumstances, make for himself? As a general rule, his work in this direction must be confined to the tube and the mounting. We should not, it is true, dare to assert that any ingenious young man, with a clear appreciation of optical principles, could not soon learn to grind and polish an object-glass for himself by the method we have described, and thus obtain a much better instrument than Galileo ever had at his command. But it would be a wonderful success if his home-made telescope was equal to the most indifferent one which can be bought at


, gommelin, leiocome, etc. See Achroödextrin, and Erythrodextrin.

 Dex"tro- (?). A prefix, from L. dexter, meaning, pertaining to, or toward, the right; (Chem. & Opt.) having the property of turning the plane of polarized light to the right; as, dextrotartaric acid.

 Dex*trog"er*ous (?), a. (Physics & Chem.) See Dextrogyrate.

 Dex'tro*glu"cose' (?), n. [Dextro- + glucose.] (Chem.)
 Same as Dextrose.

 Dex'tro*gy"rate (?), a. [Dextro- + gyrate.] (Chem.
 & Opt.) Same as Dextrorotatory.

 Dex*tron"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, dextrose; as, dextronic acid.

Dextronic acid, a sirupy substance obtained by the partial oxidation of various carbohydrates, as dextrose, etc.

 Dex'tro*ro"ta*ry (?), a. (Physics & Chem.) See Dextrotatory.

 Dex'tro*ro"ta*to*ry (?), a. [Dextro- + rotatory.] (Chem.
 & Opt.) Turning, or causing to turn, toward the right hand; esp., turning the plane of polarization of luminous rays toward the right hand; as, dextrorotatory crystals, sugars, etc. Cf. Levorotatory.

 { Dex*tror"sal (?), Dex"trorse' (?), } a. [L. dextrorsum, contr. fr. dextrovorsum, dextroversum, toward the right side; dexter right + versus, vorsus, p. p. of vertere, vortere, to turn.] Turning from the left to the right, in the ascending line, as in the spiral inclination of the stem of the common morning-glory.

 At present scientists predicate dextrorse or sinistrorse quality of the plant regarded objectively; formerly the plant was regarded subjectively, and what is now called dextrorse was then considered sinistrorse.

 Dex"trose' (dks"trs'), n. [See Dexter.] (Chem.) A sirupy, or white crystalline, variety of sugar, C6H12O6 (so called from turning the plane of polarization to the right), occurring in many ripe fruits. Dextrose and levulose are obtained by the inversion of cane sugar or sucrose, and hence called invert sugar. Dextrose is chiefly obtained by the action of heat and acids on starch, and hence called also starch sugar. It is also formed from starchy food by the action of the amylolytic ferments of saliva and pancreatic juice.

 The solid products are known to the trade as grape sugar; the sirupy products as glucose, or mixing sirup. These are harmless, but are only about half as sweet as cane sugar or sucrose.

 Dex"trous (?), a., Dex"trous*ly, adv., Dex"trous*ness, n. Same as Dexterous, Dexterously, etc.

 Dey (?), n. [See Dairy.] A servant who has charge of the dairy; a dairymaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dey (?), n.; pl. Deys (#). [Turk. di, orig., a maternal uncle, then a friendly title formerly given to middle-aged or old people, especially among the Janizaries; and hence, in Algiers, consecrated at length to the commanding officer of that corps, who frequently became afterward pasha or regent of that province; hence the European misnomer of dey, as applied to the latter: cf. F. dey.]
 The governor of Algiers; -- so called before the French conquest in 1830.

 Deye (?), v. i. To die. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Deyn"te, Deyn"tee (?) }, n. & a. See Dainty. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 De*zinc'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act or process of freeing from zinc; also, the condition resulting from the removal of zinc.

 De*zinc"i*fy (?), v. t. [Pref. de- + zinc + -fy.] To deprive of, or free from, zinc.

 ||Dhole (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fierce, wild dog (Canis Dukhunensis), found in the mountains of India. It is remarkable for its propensity to hunt the tiger and other wild animals in packs.

 ||Dho"ny (?), n. A Ceylonese boat. See Doni.

 ||Dhoor"ra, ||Dhour"ra, or Dhur"ra (&?;), n. Indian millet. See Durra.

 ||Dhow (?), n. [Ar. do?] A coasting vessel of Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian Ocean. It has generally but one mast and a lateen sail. [Also written dow.]

 Di- (?). [Gr. di's- twice; akin to &?; two, L. bis twice. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Dia-. The L. pref. dissometimes assumes the form di-. See Dis-.] A prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice; (Chem.) denoting two atoms, radicals, groups, or equivalents, as the case may be. See Bi-, 2.

 { Di"a- (?), Di- }. [Gr. dia' through; orig., dividing into two parts; akin to &?; two. See Two, and cf. 1st Di-.] A prefix denoting through; also, between, apart, asunder, across. Before a vowel dia-becomes di-; as, diactinic; dielectric, etc.

 Di"a*base (?), n. [F. diabase, fr. Gr. &?; a crossing or passing over, fr. &?;; &?; + &?; to go; -- so called by Brongniart, because it passes over to diorite.] (Min.) A basic, dark-colored, holocrystalline, igneous rock, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and pyroxene with magnetic iron; -- often limited to rocks pretertiary in age. It includes part of what was early called greenstone.

 Di*ab'a*te"ri*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; &?; (sc. &?;) offerings before crossing the border, fr. &?; to pass over. See Diabase.] Passing over the borders. [R.] Mitford.
 Di'a*be"tes (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to pass or cross over. See Diabase.] (Med.) A disease which is attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. Most frequently the urine is not only increased in quantity, but contains saccharine matter, in which case the disease is generally fatal.

||Diabetes mellitus [NL., sweet diabetes], that form of diabetes in which the urine contains saccharine matter. -- ||Diabetes insipidus [NL., lit., diabetes], the form of diabetes in which the urine contains no abnormal constituent.

 { Di'a*bet"ic (?), Di'a*bet"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to diabetes; as, diabetic or diabetical treatment. Quian.
Diabetic sugar. (Chem.) Same as Dextrose.

 { ||Dia'ble*rie" (?), Di*ab"le*y (?), } n. [F. diablerie, fr. diable devil, L. diabolus. See Devil.] Devilry; sorcery or incantation; a diabolical deed; mischief.

 { Di'a


of the lid of the chest is fixed externally a hook with rope attached, and now a "being" (what kind of a being is immaterial to us) begins pulling at this with a constant force. The chest together with the observer then begin to move "upwards" with a uniformly accelerated motion. In course of time their velocity will reach unheard-of values—provided that we are viewing all this from another reference-body which is not being pulled with a rope.
But how does the man in the chest regard the process? The acceleration of the chest will be transmitted to him by the reaction of the floor of the chest. He must therefore take up this pressure by means of his legs if he does not wish to be laid out full length on the floor. He is then standing in the chest in exactly the same way as anyone stands in a room of a home on our earth. If he releases a body which he previously had in his hand, the acceleration of the chest will no longer be transmitted to this body, and for this reason the body will approach the floor of the chest with an accelerated relative motion. The observer will further convince himself that the acceleration of the body towards the floor of the chest is always of the same magnitude, whatever kind of body he may happen to use for the experiment.
Relying on his knowledge of the gravitational field (as it was discussed in the preceding section), the man in the chest will thus come to the conclusion that he and the chest are in a gravitational field which is constant with regard to time. Of course he will be puzzled for a moment as to why the chest does not fall in this gravitational field.
Just then, however, he discovers the hook in the middle of the lid of the chest and the rope which is attached to it, and he consequently comes to the conclusion that the chest is suspended at rest in the gravitational field.
Ought we to smile at the man and say that he errs in his conclusion? I do not believe we ought to if we wish to remain consistent; we must rather admit that his mode of grasping the situation violates neither reason nor known mechanical laws. Even though it is being accelerated with respect to the "Galileian space" first considered, we can nevertheless regard the chest as being at rest. We have thus good grounds for extending the principle of relativity to include bodies of reference which are accelerated with respect to each other, and as a result we have gained a powerful argument for a generalised postulate of relativity.
We must note carefully that the possibility of this mode of interpretation rests on the fundamental property of the gravitational field of giving all bodies the same acceleration, or, what comes to the same thing, on the law of the equality of inertial and gravitational mass. If this natural law did not exist, the man in the accelerated chest would not be able to interpret the behaviour of the bodies around him on the supposition of a gravitational field, and he would not be justified on the grounds of experience in supposing his reference-body to be "at rest." Suppose that the man in the chest fixes a rope to the inner side of the lid, and that he attaches a body to the free end of the rope. The result of this will be to stretch the rope so that it will hang "vertically" downwards. If we ask for an opinion of the cause of tension in the rope, the man in the chest will say: "The suspended body experiences a downward force in the gravitational field, and this is neutralised by the tension of the rope; what determines the magnitude of the tension of the rope is the gravitational mass of the suspended body." On the other hand, an observer who is poised freely in space will interpret the condition of things thus: "The rope must perforce take part in the accelerated motion of the chest, and it transmits this motion to the body attached to it. The tension of the rope is just large enough to effect the acceleration of the body. That which determines the magnitude of the tension of the rope is the inertial mass of the body." Guided by this example, we see that our extension of the principle of relativity implies the necessity of the law of the equality of inertial and gravitational mass. Thus we have obtained a physical interpretation of this law.
From our consideration of the accelerated chest we see that a general theory of relativity must yield important results on the laws of gravitation. In point of fact, the systematic pursuit of the general idea of relativity has supplied the laws satisfied by the gravitational field. Before proceeding farther, however, I must warn the reader against a misconception suggested by these considerations. A gravitational field exists for the man in the chest, despite the fact that there was no such field for the co-ordinate system first chosen. Now we might easily suppose that the existence of a gravitational field is always only an apparent one. We might also think that, regardless of the kind of gravitational field which may be present, we could always choose another reference-body such that no gravitational field exists with reference to it. This is by no means true for all gravitational fields, but only for those of quite special form. It is, for instance, impossible to choose a body of reference such that, as judged from it, the gravitational field of the earth (in its entirety) vanishes.
We can now appreciate why that argument is not convincing, which we brought forward against the general principle of relativity at the end of Section XVIII. It is certainly true that the observer in the railway carriage experiences a jerk forwards as a result of the application of the brake, and that he recognises, in this the non-uniformity of motion (retardation) of the carriage. But he is compelled by nobody to refer this jerk to a "real "acceleration (retardation) of the carriage.
He might also interpret his experience thus: "My body of reference (the carriage) remains permanently at rest. With reference to it, however, there exists (during the period of application of the brakes) a gravitational field which is directed forwards and which is variable with respect to time. Under the influence of this field, the embankment together with the earth moves non-uniformly in such a manner that their original velocity in the backwards direction is continuously reduced." [Contents] XXI In What Respects Are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity Unsatisfactory?
We have already stated several times that classical mechanics starts out from the following law: Material particles sufficiently far removed from other material particles continue to move uniformly in a straight line or continue in a state of rest. We have also repeatedly emphasised that this fundamental law can only be valid for bodies of reference K which possess certain unique states of motion, and which are in uniform translational motion relative to each other. Relative to other reference-bodies K the law is not valid. Both in classical mechanics and in the special theory of relativity we therefore differentiate between reference-bodies K relative to which the recognised "laws of nature" can be said to hold, and reference-bodies K relative to which these laws do not hold.
But no person whose mode of thought is logical can rest satisfied with this condition of things. He asks: "How does it come that certain reference-bodies (or their states of motion) are given priority over other reference-bodies (or their states of motion)?
What is the reason for this preference?" In order to show clearly what I mean by this question, I shall make use of a comparison.
I am standing in front of a gas range. Standing alongside of each other on the range are two pans so much alike that one may be mistaken for the other. Both are half full of water. I notice that steam is being emitted continuously from the one pan, but not from the other. I am surprised at this, even if I have never seen either a gas range or a pan before. But if I now notice a luminous something of bluish colour under the first pan but not under the other, I cease to be astonished, even if I have never before seen a gas flame. For I can only say that this bluish something will cause the emission of the steam, or at least possibly it may do so. If, however, I notice the bluish something in neither case, and if I observe that the one continuously emits steam whilst the other does not, then I shall remain astonished and dissatisfied until I have discovered some circumstance to which I can attribute the different behaviour of the two pans.
Analogously, I seek in vain for a real something in classical mechanics (or in the special theory of relativity) to which I can attribute the different behaviour of bodies considered with respect to the reference systems K and K.1 Newton saw this objection and attempted to invalidate it, but without success. But E. Mach recognised it most clearly of all, and because of


& vb. n. Stupefying (?).] [F. stupéfier, fr. L. stupere to be stupefied + ficare (in comp.) to make, akin to facere. See Stupid, Fact, and cf. Stupefacient.] [Written also stupify, especially in England.] 1. To make stupid; to make dull; to blunt the faculty of perception or understanding in; to deprive of sensibility; to make torpid.

 The fumes of drink discompose and stupefy the brain.

South.
2. To deprive of material mobility. [Obs.]

 It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stupefied.

Bacon.
 Stu*pen"dous (?), a. [L. stupendus astonishing, p. future pass. of stupere to be astonished at. Cf. Stupid.] Astonishing; wonderful; amazing; especially, astonishing in magnitude or elevation; as, a stupendous pile. "A stupendous sum." Macaulay.
 All are but parts of one stupendous whole.

Pope.
 -- Stu*pen"dous*ly, adv. -- Stu*pen"dous*ness, n. Stu"pe*ous (?), a. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow; cf. L. stuppeus made of tow. Cf. Stupose.] Resembling tow; having long, loose scales, or matted filaments, like tow; stupose.

 Stu"pid (?), a. [L. stupidus, fr. stupere to be stupefied: cf. F. stupide.] 1. Very dull; insensible; senseless; wanting in understanding; heavy; sluggish; in a state of stupor; -- said of persons.

 O that men... should be so stupid grown... As to forsake the living God!

Milton.
 With wild surprise, A moment stupid, motionless he stood.

Thomson.
2. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity; formed without skill or genius; dull; heavy; -- said of things.

 Observe what loads of stupid rhymes Oppress us in corrupted times.

Swift.
Syn. -- Simple; insensible; sluggish; senseless; doltish; sottish; dull; heavy; clodpated. -- Stu"pid*ly (#), adv. -- Stu"pid*ness, n. Stu*pid"i*ty (?), n. [L. stupiditas: cf. F. stupidité.]
 1. The quality or state of being stupid; extreme dullness of perception or understanding; insensibility; sluggishness.

2. Stupor; astonishment; stupefaction. [R.]

 A stupidity Past admiration strikes me, joined with fear.

Chapman.
 Stu"pi*fy (?), v. t. See Stupefy.

 Stu"por (?), n. [L., from stupere to be struck senseless.]
 1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility; suppression of sense or feeling; lethargy.

2. Intellectual insensibility; moral stupidity; heedlessness or inattention to one's interests.

 Stu*pose (?), a. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow.
 Cf. Stupeous.] (Bot.) Composed of, or having, tufted or matted filaments like tow; stupeous.

 Stu"prate (?), v. t. [L. stupratus, p. p. of stuprare to ravish, fr. stuprum defilement.] To ravish; to debauch. [R.] Heywood.
 Stu*pra"tion (?), n. Violation of chastity by force; rape. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 ||Stu"prum (?), n. [L.] Stupration.

 Sturb (?), v. t. To disturb. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stur"di*ly (?), adv. In a sturdy manner.

 Stur"di*ness, n. Quality of being sturdy.

 Stur"dy (?), a. [Compar. Sturdier (?); superl.
 Sturdiest.] [OE. sturdi inconsiderable, OF. estourdi stunned, giddy, thoughtless, rash, F. étourdi, p. p. of OF.
 estourdir to stun, to render giddy, to amaze, F. étourdir; of uncertain origin. The sense has probably been influenced by E. stout.]
 1. Foolishly obstinate or resolute; stubborn; unrelenting; unfeeling; stern.

 This sturdy marquis gan his hearte dress To rue upon her wifely steadfastness.

Chaucer.
 This must be done, and I would fain see Mortal so sturdy as to gainsay.

Hudibras.
 A sturdy, hardened sinner shall advance to the utmost pitch of impiety with less reluctance than he took the first steps.

Atterbury.
2. Resolute, in a good sense; or firm, unyielding quality; as, a man of sturdy piety or patriotism.

3. Characterized by physical strength or force; strong; lusty; violent; as, a sturdy lout.

 How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!

Gray.
4. Stiff; stout; strong; as, a sturdy oak. Milton.
 He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty.

Sir H. Wotton.
Syn. -- Hardy; stout; strong; firm; robust; stiff.

 Stur"dy (?), n. [OF. estourdi giddiness, stupefaction.] (Vet.)
 A disease in sheep and cattle, marked by great nervousness, or by dullness and stupor.

 Stur"geon (?), n. [F. esturgeon, LL. sturio, sturgio, OHG. sturjo, G. stör; akin to AS. styria, styriga.]
 (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large cartilaginous ganoid fishes belonging to Acipenser and allied genera of the family Acipenseridæ. They run up rivers to spawn, and are common on the coasts and in the large rivers and lakes of North America, Europe, and Asia. Caviare is prepared from the roe, and isinglass from the air bladder.

 The common North American species are Acipenser sturio of the Atlantic coast region, A. transmontanus of the Pacific coast, and A. rubicundus of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. In Europe, the common species is Acipenser sturio, and other well-known species are the sterlet and the huso. The sturgeons are included in the order Chondrostei. Their body is partially covered by five rows of large, carinated, bony plates, of which one row runs along the back. The tail is heterocercal. The toothless and protrusile mouth is beneath the head, and has four barbels in front.

Shovel-nosed sturgeon. (Zoöl.) See Shovelnose (d).

 ||Stu'ri*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from LL. sturio. See Sturgeon.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the sturgeons.

 Stu'ri*o"ni*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the family of fishes of which the sturgeon is the type.

 Sturk (?), n. See Stirk. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Stur"noid (?), a. [L. sturnus a starling + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like or pertaining to the starlings.

 Sturt (?), v. t. [Cf. Start, v. i.] To vex; to annoy; to startle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

 Sturt, n. 1. Disturbance; annoyance; care. [Obs. or Prov.
 Eng. & Scot.] "Sturt


den.
 Syn*on"y*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy'n with, together + &?;, &?;, name. See Syn-, and Name.] Having the character of a synonym; expressing the same thing; conveying the same, or approximately the same, idea. -- Syn*on"y*mous*ly, adv.
 These words consist of two propositions, which are not distinct in sense, but one and the same thing variously expressed; for wisdom and understanding are synonymous words here.

Tillotson.
Syn. -- Identical; interchangeable. -- Synonymous, Identical. If no words are synonymous except those which are identical in use and meaning, so that the one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we have scarcely ten such words in our language. But the term more properly denotes that the words in question approach so near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be used interchangeably. 1.
 Words may thus coincide in certain connections, and so be interchanged, when they can not be interchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either strength of mind or of force of mind, but we say the force (not strength) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly, but this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's object, so that he may freely interchange them; thus it makes but little difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having secured his object or having attained his object. For these and other causes we have numerous words which may, in many cases or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are properly called synonyms.
 Synonymous words "are words which, with great and essential resemblances of meaning, have, at the same time, small, subordinate, and partial differences, -- these differences being such as either originally and on the ground of their etymology inhered in them; or differences which they have by usage acquired in the eyes of all; or such as, though nearly latent now, they are capable of receiving at the hands of wise and discreet masters of the tongue. Synonyms are words of like significance in the main, but with a certain unlikeness as well." Trench.
 Syn*on"y*my (?), n. [L. synonymia, Gr. &?; a synonym: cf. F. synonymie.] 1. The quality of being synonymous; sameness of meaning.

2. A system of synonyms.

3. (Rhet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to amplify a discourse.

 Syn*op"sis (?), n.; pl. Synopses (#). [L., from Gr.
 &?;; sy'n with, together + &?; a sight, view, from the root seen in E. optic.] A general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit a general view of the whole; an abstract or summary of a discourse; a syllabus; a conspectus.

 That the reader may see in one view the exactness of the method, as well as force of the argument, I shall here draw up a short synopsis of this epistle.

Bp. Warburton.
Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; abstract; summary; syllabus; conspectus. See Abridgment.

 { Syn*op"tic (?), Syn*op"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synoptique.
 See Synopsis.] Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table; a synoptical statement of an argument. "The synoptic Gospels." Alford. -- Syn*op"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Syn*op"tic, n. One of the first three Gospels of the New Testament.
 See Synoptist.

 Syn*op"tist (?), n. Any one of the authors of the three synoptic Gospels, which give a history of our Lord's life and ministry, in distinction from the writer of John's Gospel, which gives a fuller record of his teachings.

 Syn*os'te*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; bone + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints; arthrology.

 ||Syn*os'te*o"sis (?), n.; pl. Synosteoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sy'n with + &?; bone.] (Anat.) Union by means of bone; the complete closing up and obliteration of sutures.

 ||Syn'os*to"sis (?), n. [NL.] Same as Synosteosis.

 ||Syn*o"vi*a (?), n. [NL., perhaps fr. Gr. sy'n with + L. ovum egg: cf. F. synovie.] (Anat.) A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.

 Syn*o"vi*al (?), a. [Cf. F. synovial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to synovia; secreting synovia.

Synovial capsule, a closed sac of synovial membrane situated between the articular surfaces at diarthrodial joints. -- Synovial fluid, synovia. -- Synovial membrane, the dense and very smooth connective tissue membrane which secretes synovia and surrounds synovial capsules and other synovial cavities.

 ||Syn'o*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Synovia, -itis.] (Med.)
 Inflammation of the synovial membrane.

 Syn*pel"mous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + &?; the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two main flexor tendons of the toes blended together.

 Syn*sep"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + sepal.] (Bot.)
 Having united sepals; gamosepalous.

 { Syn*tac"tic (?), Syn*tac"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. G. &?; putting together. See Syntax.] Of or pertaining to syntax; according to the rules of syntax, or construction. -- Syn*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Syn"tax (?), n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put together in order; sy'n with + &?; to put in order; cf. F. syntaxe.
 See Syn-, and Tactics.] 1. Connected system or order; union of things; a number of things jointed together; organism. [Obs.]

 They owe no other dependence to the first than what is common to the whole syntax of beings.

Glanvill.
2. That part of grammar which treats of the construction of sentences; the due arrangement of words in sentences in their necessary relations, according to established usage in any language.

 ||Syn*tax"is (?), n. Syntax. [R.] B. Jonson.
 Syn'te*re"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; preservation, fr. &?; to preserve; sy'n with + &?; to guard.] 1. (Med.)
 Prophylaxis. [Obs.]

2. (Metaph.) Conscience viewed as the internal repository of the laws of duty. Whewell.
 Syn'te*ret"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Preserving health; prophylactic. [Obs.]

 Syn'te*ret"ics (?), n. (Med.) That department of medicine which relates to the preservation of health; prophylaxis. [Obs.]

 Syn*ther"mal (?), a. [Pref. syn- + thermal.] Having the same degree of heat.

 Syn"the*sis (?), n.; pl. Syntheses (#). [L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place or put together; sy'n with + &?; to place. See Thesis.] 1.
 Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines.

2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound


or guess; as, to divine rightly.

 Di*vine"ly, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner; holily; admirably or excellently in a supreme degree.

 Most divinely fair.

Tennyson.
2. By the agency or influence of God.

Divinely set apart... to be a preacher of righteousness.

Macaulay.
 Di*vine"ment (?), n. Divination. [Obs.]

 Di*vine"ness, n. The quality of being divine; superhuman or supreme excellence. Shak.
 Di*vin"er (?), n. 1. One who professes divination; one who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by supernatural means.

 The diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain.

Zech. x. 2.
2. A conjecture; a guesser; one who makes out occult things. Locke.
 Di*vin"er*ess, n. A woman who divines. Dryden.
 Div"ing (?), a. That dives or is used or diving.

Diving beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Dytiscidæ, which habitually lives under water; -- called also water tiger. -- Diving bell, a hollow inverted vessel, sometimes bell-shaped, in which men may descend and work under water, respiration being sustained by the compressed air at the top, by fresh air pumped in through a tube from above. -- Diving dress. See Submarine armor, under Submarine.
 -- Diving stone, a kind of jasper.

 Di*vin"i*fy (?), v. t. [L. divinus divine + -fy.] To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] "Blessed and divinified soul." Parth.
 Sacra (1633).
 Di*vin"ing (?), a. That divines; for divining.

Divining rod, a rod, commonly of witch hazel, with forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover water or metals under ground.

 Di*vin"ing*ly, adv. In a divining manner.

 Div'i*nis"tre (?), n. A diviner. [Obs.] " I am no divinistre."
 Chaucer.
 Di*vin"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Divinities (#). [F. divinité, L. divinitas. See Divine, a.] 1. The state of being divine; the nature or essence of God; deity; godhead.

 When he attributes divinity to other things than God, it is only a divinity by way of participation.

Bp. Stillingfleet.
2. The Deity; the Supreme Being; God.

 This the divinity that within us.

Addison.
3. A pretended deity of pagans; a false god.

 Beastly divinities, and droves of gods.

Prior.
4. A celestial being, inferior to the supreme God, but superior to man.

 God... employing these subservient divinities.

Cheyne.
5. Something divine or superhuman; supernatural power or virtue; something which inspires awe.

 They say there is divinity in odd numbers.

Shak.
 There's such divinity doth hedge a king.

Shak.
6. The science of divine things; the science which treats of God, his laws and moral government, and the way of salvation; theology.

Divinity is essentially the first of the professions.

Coleridge.
Case divinity, casuistry.

 Div'i*ni*za"tion (?), n. A making divine. M. Arnold.
 Div"i*nize (?), v. t. To invest with a divine character; to deify.
 [R.] M. Arnold.
 Man had divinized all those objects of awe.

Milman.
 Di*vis'i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. divisibilité.] The quality of being divisible; the property of bodies by which their parts are capable of separation.

Divisibility... is a primary attribute of matter.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 Di*vis"i*ble (?), a. [L. divisibilis, fr. dividere: cf. F. divisible. See Divide.] Capable of being divided or separated.

 Extended substance... is divisible into parts.

Sir W. Hamilton.
Divisible contract (Law), a contract containing agreements one of which can be separated from the other. -- Divisible offense (Law), an offense containing a lesser offense in one of a greater grade, so that on the latter there can be an acquittal, while on the former there can be a conviction.

 -- Di*vis"i*ble*ness, n. -- Di*vis"i*bly, adv.
 Di*vis"i*ble, n. A divisible substance. Glanvill.
 Di*vi"sion (?), n. [F. division, L. divisio, from dividere.
 See Divide.] 1. The act or process of diving anything into parts, or the state of being so divided; separation.

 I was overlooked in the division of the spoil.

Gibbon.
2. That which divides or keeps apart; a partition.

3. The portion separated by the divining of a mass or body; a distinct segment or section.

 Communities and divisions of men.

Addison.
4. Disunion; difference in opinion or feeling; discord; variance; alienation.

 There was a division among the people.

John vii. 43.
5. Difference of condition; state of distinction; distinction; contrast. Chaucer.
 I will put a division between my people and thy people.

Ex. viii. 23.
6. Separation of the members of a deliberative body, esp. of the Houses of Parliament, to ascertain the vote.

 The motion passed without a division.

Macaulay.
7. (Math.) The process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another; the reverse of multiplication; also, the rule by which the operation is performed.

8. (Logic) The separation of a genus into its constituent species.

9. (Mil.) (a) Two or more brigades under the command of a general officer. (b) Two companies of infantry maneuvering as one subdivision of a battalion. (c) One of the larger districts into which a country is divided for administering military affairs.

10. (Naut.) One of the groups into which a fleet is divided.

11. (Mus.) A course of notes so running into each other as to form one series or chain, to be sung in one breath to one syllable.

12. (Rhet.) The distribution of a discourse into parts; a part so distinguished.

13. (Biol.) A grade or rank in classification; a portion of a tribe or of a class; or, in some recent authorities, equivalent to a subkingdom.

Cell division (Biol.), a method of cell increase, in which new cells are formed by the division of the parent cell. In this process, the cell nucleus undergoes peculiar differentiations and changes, as shown in the figure (see also Karyokinesis). At the same time the protoplasm of the cell becomes gradually constricted by a furrow transverse to the long axis of the nuclear spindle, followed, on the completion of the division of the nucleus, by a separation of the cell contents into two masses, called the daughter cells. -- Long division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mostly written down. -- Short division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mentally performed and only the results written down; -- used principally when the divisor is not greater than ten or twelve.

Syn. -- compartment; section; share; allotment; distribution; separation; partition; disjunction; disconnection; difference; variance; discord; disunion.

 Di*vi


Pertaining to, containing, or consisting in, an emblem; symbolic; typically representative; representing as an emblem; as, emblematic language or ornaments; a crown is emblematic of royalty; white is emblematic of purity. -- Em'blem*at"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Em'blem*at"ic*cize (?), v. t. To render emblematic; as, to emblematicize a picture. [R.] Walpole.
 Em*blem"a*tist (?), n. A writer or inventor of emblems. Sir T. Browne.
 Em*blem"a*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblematized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Emblematizing (?).] To represent by, or as by, an emblem; to symbolize.

 Anciently the sun was commonly emblematized by a starry or radiate figure.

Bp. Hurd.
 Em"ble*ment (?), n. [OF. embleer to sow with corn, F. emblaver, fr. LL. imbladare; pref. in- + LL. bladum grain, F.
 blé.] (Law) The growing crop, or profits of a crop which has been sown or planted; -- used especially in the plural. The produce of grass, trees, and the like, is not emblement. Wharton's Law Dict.
 Em"blem*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Emblemizing (?).] To represent by an emblem; to emblematize. [R.]

 Em*bloom" (?), v. t. To emblossom. Savage.
 Em*blos"som (?), v. t. To cover or adorn with blossoms.

 On the white emblossomed spray.

J. Cunningham.
 Em*bod"i*er (?), n. One who embodies.

 Em*bod"i*ment (?), n. 1. The act of embodying; the state of being embodied.

2. That which embodies or is embodied; representation in a physical body; a completely organized system, like the body; as, the embodiment of courage, or of courtesy; the embodiment of true piety.

 Em*bod"y (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embodied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Embodying.] To form into a body; to invest with a body; to collect into a body, a united mass, or a whole; to incorporate; as, to embody one's ideas in a treatise. [Written also imbody.]

 Devils embodied and disembodied.

Sir W. Scott.
 The soul, while it is embodied, can no more be divided from sin.

South.
 Em*bod"y, v. i. To unite in a body, a mass, or a collection; to coalesce. [Written also imbody.]

 Firmly to embody against this court party.

Burke.
 Em*bogue" (?), v. i. [See Disembogue.] To disembogue; to discharge, as a river, its waters into the sea or another river. [R.]

 Em*bo"guing (?), n. The mouth of a river, or place where its waters are discharged. [R.]

 Em*boil" (?), v. i. To boil with anger; to effervesce. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Em*boil", v. t. To cause to boil with anger; to irritate; to chafe.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 ||Em'boîte"ment' (?), n. [F., fr. emboîter to fit in, insert; en in + boîte box.] (Biol.) The hypothesis that all living things proceed from preëxisting germs, and that these encase the germs of all future living things, inclosed one within another. Buffon.
 Em*bold"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboldened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Emboldening (?).] To give boldness or courage to; to encourage. Shak.
 The self-conceit which emboldened him to undertake this dangerous office.

Sir W. Scott.
 Em*bold"en*er (?), n. One who emboldens.

 Em*bol"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; to throw in. See Embolism.] 1.
 Embolismic.

2. (Med.) Pertaining to an embolism; produced by an embolism; as, an embolic abscess.

3. (Biol.) Pushing or growing in; -- said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination.

 Em"bo*lism (?), n. [L. embolismus, from Gr. &?; to throw or put in, insert; cf. &?; intercalated: cf. F. embolisme. See Emblem.] 1. Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, or years, in an account of time, to produce regularity; as, the embolism of a lunar month in the Greek year.

2. Intercalated time. Johnson.
3. (Med.) The occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus.
 Embolism in the brain often produces sudden unconsciousness and paralysis.

 Em'bo*lis"mal (?), a. Pertaining to embolism; intercalary; as, embolismal months.

 { Em'bo*lis*mat"ic (?), Em'bo*lis*mat"ic*al (?), } a. Embolismic.

 { Em'bo*lis"mic (?), Em'bo*lis"mic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. embolismique.]
 Pertaining to embolism or intercalation; intercalated; as, an embolismic year, i. e., the year in which there is intercalation.

 Em"bo*lite (?), n. [From Gr. &?; something thrown in between.]
 (Min.) A mineral consisting of both the chloride and the bromide of silver.

 Em"bo*lus (?), n.; pl. Emboli (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?; pointed so as to be put or thrust in, fr. &?; to throw, thrust, or put in. See Emblem.] 1. Something inserted, as a wedge; the piston or sucker of a pump or syringe.

2. (Med.) A plug of some substance lodged in a blood vessel, being brought thither by the blood current. It consists most frequently of a clot of fibrin, a detached shred of a morbid growth, a globule of fat, or a microscopic organism.

 Em"bo*ly (?), n. [Gr. &?; a putting into.] (Biol.)
 Embolic invagination. See under Invagination.

 ||Em'bon'point" (?), n. [F., fr. en bon point in good condition. See Bon, and Point.] Plumpness of person; -- said especially of persons somewhat corpulent.

 Em*bor"der (?), v. t. [Pref. em- (L. in) + border: cf. OF. emborder.] To furnish or adorn with a border; to imborder.

 Em*bos"om (?), v. t. [Written also imbosom.] 1. To take into, or place in, the bosom; to cherish; to foster.

 Glad to embosom his affection.

Spenser.
2. To inclose or surround; to shelter closely; to place in the midst of something.

 His house embosomed in the grove.

Pope.
 Some tender flower.... Embosomed in the greenest glade.

Keble.
 Em*boss" (?; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embossed (?; 115);


[imp. & p. p. Pasted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Pasting.] To unite with paste; to fasten or join by means of paste.

 Paste"board' (?), n. 1. A stiff thick kind of paper board, formed of several single sheets pasted one upon another, or of paper macerated and pressed into molds, etc.

2. (Cookery) A board on which pastry dough is rolled; a molding board.

 Pas"tel (?), n. [F.; cf. It. pastello. Cf. Pastil.] 1.
 A crayon made of a paste composed of a color ground with gum water.
 [Sometimes incorrectly written pastil.] "Charming heads in pastel."
 W. Black.
2. (Bot.) A plant affording a blue dye; the woad (Isatis tinctoria); also, the dye itself.

 Past"er (?), n. 1. One who pastes; as, a paster in a government department.

2. A slip of paper, usually bearing a name, intended to be pasted by the voter, as a substitute, over another name on a printed ballot.
 [Cant, U.S.]

 Pas"tern (?), n. [Of. pasturon, F. pâturon, fr.
 OF. pasture a tether, for beasts while pasturing; prop., a pasturing. See Pasture.] 1. The part of the foot of the horse, and allied animals, between the fetlock and the coffin joint. See Illust.
 of Horse.

 The upper bone, or phalanx, of the foot is called the great pastern bone; the second, the small pastern bone; and the third, in the hoof, the coffin bone.

Pastern joint, the joint in the hoof of the horse, and allied animals, between the great and small pastern bones.

2. A shackle for horses while pasturing. Knight.
3. A patten. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Pas*teur"ism (?), n. [Fr. Pasteur, a French scientist.] 1.
 A method of treatment, devised by Pasteur, for preventing certain diseases, as hydrophobia, by successive inoculations with an attenuated virus of gradually increasing strength.

2. Pasteurization.

 Pas*teur'i*za"tion (?), n. A process devised by Pasteur for preventing or checking fermentation in fluids, such as wines, milk, etc., by exposure to a temperature of 140° F., thus destroying the vitality of the contained germs or ferments.

 Pas*teur"ize (?), v. t. 1. To subject to pasteurization.

2. To treat by pasteurism.

 ||Pas*tic"ci*o (?), n. [It., fr. pasta. See Paste.] 1.
 A medley; an olio. [R.] H. Swinburne.
2. (Fine Arts) (a) A work of art imitating directly the work of another artist, or of more artists than one. (b) A falsified work of art, as a vase or statue made up of parts of original works, with missing parts supplied.

 { Pas"til (?), Pas*tille" (?), } n. [F. pastille, L. pastillusa pastus food. See Pasture, and cf. Pastel.] 1. (Pharmacy) A small cone or mass made of paste of gum, benzoin, cinnamon, and other aromatics, -- used for fumigating or scenting the air of a room.

2. An aromatic or medicated lozenge; a troche.

3. See Pastel, a crayon.

 Pas"time' (?), n. [Pass + time: cf. F. passetemps.]
 That which amuses, and serves to make time pass agreeably; sport; amusement; diversion.

 Pas"time', v. i. To sport; to amuse one's self. [R.]

 Pas"tor (?), n. [L., fr. pascere, pastum, to pasture, to feed. Cf. Pabulum, Pasture, Food.] 1. A shepherd; one who has the care of flocks and herds.

2. A guardian; a keeper; specifically (Eccl.), a minister having the charge of a church and parish.

3. (Zoöl.) A species of starling (Pastor roseus), native of the plains of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. Its head is crested and glossy greenish black, and its back is rosy. It feeds largely upon locusts.

 Pas"tor*age (?), n. The office, jurisdiction, or duty, of a pastor; pastorate.

 Pas"tor*al (?), a. [L. pastoralis: cf. F. pastoral.
 See Pastor.] 1. Of or pertaining to shepherds; hence, relating to rural life and scenes; as, a pastoral life.

2. Relating to the care of souls, or to the pastor of a church; as, pastoral duties; a pastoral letter.

Pastoral staff (Eccl.), a staff, usually of the form of a shepherd's crook, borne as an official emblem by a bishop, abbot, abbess, or other prelate privileged to carry it. See Crook, and Crosier. -- Pastoral Theology, that part of theology which treats of the duties of pastors.

 Pas"tor*al (?), n. 1. A poem describing the life and manners of shepherds; a poem in which the speakers assume the character of shepherds; an idyl; a bucolic.

 A pastoral is a poem in which any action or passion is represented by its effects on a country life.

Rambler.
2. (Mus.) A cantata relating to rural life; a composition for instruments characterized by simplicity and sweetness; a lyrical composition the subject of which is taken from rural life. Moore (Encyc. of Music).
3. (Eccl.) A letter of a pastor to his charge; specifically, a letter addressed by a bishop to his diocese; also (Prot. Epis. Ch.), a letter of the House of Bishops, to be read in each parish.

 ||Pas'to*ra"le (?), n. [It.] 1. (Mus.) A composition in a soft, rural style, generally in 6-8 or 12-8 time.

2. A kind of dance; a kind of figure used in a dance.

 Pas"tor*al*ly (?), adv. 1. In a pastoral or rural manner.

2. In the manner of a pastor.

 Pas"tor*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. pastorat. See Pastor.] The office, state, or jurisdiction of a pastor.

 Pas"tor*less, a. Having no pastor.

 Pas"tor*ling (?), n. An insignificant pastor. [R.]

 Pas"tor*ly, a. Appropriate to a pastor. Milton.
 Pas"tor*ship, n. Pastorate. Bp. Bull.
 Pas"try (?), n.; pl. Pastries (&?;). 1.
 The place where pastry is made. [Obs.] Shak.
2. Articles of food made of paste, or having a crust made of paste, as pies, tarts, etc.

Pastry cook, one whose occupation is to make pastry; as, the pastry cook of a hotel.

 Pas"tur*a*ble (?), a. Fit for pasture.

 Pas"tur*age (?), n. [OF. pasturage, F. pâturage.
 See Pasture.] 1. Grazing ground; grass land used for pasturing; pasture.

2. Grass growing for feed; grazing.

3. The business of feeding or grazing cattle.

 Pas"ture (?), n. [OF. pasture, F. pâture, L. pastura, fr. pascere, pastum, to pasture, to feed. See Pastor.] 1.
 Food; nourishment. [Obs.]

 Toads and frogs his pasture poisonous.

Spenser.
2. Specifically: