ify.

Sanctify them through thy truth.

John xvii. 17.
3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety.

 A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act.

Eikon Basilike.
4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to.

 The holy man, amazed at what he saw, Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law.

Dryden.
 Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line.

Pope.
 Sanc"ti*fy'ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy.

 Sanc*til"o*quent (?), a. [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner.

 Sanc'ti*mo"ni*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ]
 Sanctimonious. [Obs.]

 Sanc'ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak.
2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. "Like the sanctimonious pirate." Shak.
 -- Sanc'ti*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Sanc'ti*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. Sanc"ti*mo*ny (?), n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness.

 Her pretense is a pilgrimage;... which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished.

Shak.
 Sanc"tion (?), n. [L. sanctio, from sancire, sanctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably: cf. F. sanction.
 See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by giving authority to it; confirmation; approbation.

 The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony.

I. Watts.
2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as, legal sanctions.

Syn. -- Ratification; authorization; authority; countenance; support.

 Sanc"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve.

 Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments.

De Quincey.
Syn. -- To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance.

 Sanc"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction.

 Sanc"ti*tude (?), n. [L. sanctitudo.] Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] Milton.
 Sanc"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Sanctities (#). [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness.

 To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion.

Macaulay.
2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as, the sanctity of an oath.

3. A saint or holy being. [R.]

 About him all the sanctities of heaven.

Milton.
Syn. -- Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness; sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion.

 Sanc"tu*a*rize (?), v. t. To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sanc"tu*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Sanctuaries (#). [OE. seintuarie, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also, the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also, the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection.

 These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privilege of sanctuary.
Milton.
 The admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny.

Dryden.
 Sanc"tum (?), n. [L., p. p. of sancire to consecrate.] A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as, an editor's sanctum.

||Sanctum sanctorum [L.], the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple.

 Sanc"tus (?), n. [L. sanctus, p. p. of sancire.] 1.
(Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; -- called also Tersanctus.

2. (Mus.) An anthem composed for these words.

Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in mediæval churches, but a hand bell is now often used; -- so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints' bell, sance-bell, sancte bell.

 Sand (?), n. [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr.
 &?;.] 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet.

 That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles.

Woodward.
2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak.
3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one's life.

 The sands are numbered that make up my life.

Shak.
4. pl. Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also, extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. "The Libyan sands." Milton. "The sands o' Dee." C. Kingsley.
5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang] Sand badger (Zoöl.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). -- Sand bag. (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various


defendant's plea.

3. Figuratively, to do something in return for something done; as, to reply to a signal; to reply to the fire of a battery.

Syn. -- To answer; respond; rejoin.

 Re*ply", v. t. To return for an answer. Milton.
 Lords, vouchsafe To give me hearing what I shall reply.

Shak.
 Re*ply", n.; pl. Replies (-pl&?;z"). [See Reply, v. i., and cf. Replica.] That which is said, written, or done in answer to what is said, written, or done by another; an answer; a response.

Syn. -- Answer; rejoinder; response. -- Reply, Rejoinder, Answer. A reply is a distinct response to a formal question or attack in speech or writing. A rejoinder is a second reply (a reply to a reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. The word answer is used in two senses, namely (1), in the most general sense of a mere response; as, the answer to a question; or (2), in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confutation of an adversary's argument, as when we speak of a triumphant answer to the speech or accusations of an opponent. Here the noun corresponds to a frequent use of the verb, as when we say. "This will answer (i.e., fully meet) the end in view;" "It answers the purpose."

 Re*ply"er (-?r), n. See Replier. Bacon.
 Re*pol"ish (r?-p?l"?sh), v. t. To polish again.

 Re*pone" (r?-p?n"), v. t. [L. reponere; pref. rere- + ponere to place.] To replace. R. Baillie.
 Re*pop'u*la"tion (r?*p?p'?*l?"sh?n), n. The act of repeopling; act of furnishing with a population anew.

 Re*port" (r?-p?rt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reported; p. pr. & vb. n. Reporting.] [F. reporter to carry back, carry (cf. rapporter; see Rapport), L. reportare to bear or bring back; pref. rere- + portare to bear or bring. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To refer. [Obs.]

 Baldwin, his son,... succeeded his father; so like unto him that we report the reader to the character of King Almeric, and will spare the repeating his description.

Fuller.
2. To bring back, as an answer; to announce in return; to relate, as what has been discovered by a person sent to examine, explore, or investigate; as, a messenger reports to his employer what he has seen or ascertained; the committee reported progress.

 There is no man that may reporten all.

Chaucer.
3. To give an account of; to relate; to tell; to circulate publicly, as a story; as, in the common phrase, it is reported. Shak.
 It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel.

Neh. vi. 6.
4. To give an official account or statement of; as, a treasurer reports the receipts and expenditures.

5. To return or repeat, as sound; to echo. [Obs. or R.] "A church with windows only from above, that reporteth the voice thirteen times." Bacon.
6. (Parliamentary Practice) To return or present as the result of an examination or consideration of any matter officially referred; as, the committee reported the bill witth amendments, or reported a new bill, or reported the results of an inquiry.

7. To make minutes of, as a speech, or the doings of a public body; to write down from the lips of a speaker.

8. To write an account of for publication, as in a newspaper; as, to report a public celebration or a horse race.

9. To make a statement of the conduct of, especially in an unfavorable sense; as, to report a servant to his employer.

To be reported, or To be reported of, to be spoken of; to be mentioned, whether favorably or unfavorably. Acts xvi. 2. -- To report one's self, to betake one's self, as to a superior or one to whom service is due, and be in readiness to receive orders or do service.

Syn. -- To relate; narrate; tell; recite; describe.

 Re*port" (r?-p?rt"), v. i. 1. To make a report, or response, in respect of a matter inquired of, a duty enjoined, or information expected; as, the committee will report at twelve o'clock.

2. To furnish in writing an account of a speech, the proceedings at a meeting, the particulars of an occurrence, etc., for publication.

 3. To present one's self, as to a superior officer, or to one to whom service is due, and to be in readiness for orders or to do service; also, to give information, as of one's address, condition, etc.; as, the officer reported to the general for duty; to report weekly by letter.

 Re*port" (r*prt"), n. [Cf. F. rapport. See Report.v. t.]
 1. That which is reported. Specifically: (a) An account or statement of the results of examination or inquiry made by request or direction; relation. "From Thetis sent as spies to make report." Waller.
(b) A story or statement circulating by common talk; a rumor; hence, fame; repute; reputation.

 It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom.

1 Kings x. 6.
 Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and... of good report among all the nation of the Jews.

Acts x. 22.
(c) Sound; noise; as, the report of a pistol or cannon. (d) An official statement of facts, verbal or written; especially, a statement in writing of proceedings and facts exhibited by an officer to his superiors; as, the reports of the heads af departments to Congress, of a master in chancery to the court, of committees to a legislative body, and the like. (e) An account or statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of case argued and determined in a court of law, chancery, etc.; also, in the plural, the volumes containing such reports; as, Coke's Reports. (f) A sketch, or a fully written account, of a speech, debate, or the proceedings of a public meeting, legislative body, etc.

2. Rapport; relation; connection; reference. [Obs.]

 The corridors worse, having no report to the wings they join to.

Evelyn.
Syn. -- Account; relation; narration; detail; description; recital; narrative; story; rumor; hearsay.

 Re*port"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Capable or admitting of being reported.

 Re*port"age (-j), n. SAme as Report. [Obs.]

 Re*port"er (-r), n. One who reports. Specifically: (a) An officer or person who makes authorized statements of law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative debates. (b) One who reports speeches, the proceedings of public meetings, news, etc., for the newspapers.

 Of our tales judge and reportour.

Chaucer.
 Re*port"ing*ly, adv. By report or common fame.

 Re'por*to"ri*al (r'pr*t"r*al), a. Of or pertaining to a reporter or reporters; as, the reportorial staff of a newspaper.

 Re*pos"al (r*p


a p. pr.; cf. OE. gruf, groff, in the same sense; of Scand. origin, cf. Icel. grfa, in grfu on the face, prone, grfa to grovel.] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to lie prone, or move uneasily with the body prostrate on the earth; to lie flat on one's belly, expressive of abjectness; to crawl.

 To creep and grovel on the ground.

Dryden.
2. To tend toward, or delight in, what is sensual or base; to be low, abject, or mean.

 Grov"el*er (?), n. One who grovels; an abject wretch. [Written also groveller.]

 Grov"el*ing, a. Lying prone; low; debased. [Written also grovelling.]
 "A groveling creature." Cowper.
 Grov"y (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a grove; situated in, or frequenting, groves. Dampier.
 Grow (gr), v. i. [imp. Grew (gr); p. p. Grown (grn); p. pr. & vb. n. Growing.] [AS. grwan; akin to D. groeijen, Icel. gra, Dan. groe, Sw. gro. Cf. Green, Grass.] 1.
 To increase in size by a natural and organic process; to increase in bulk by the gradual assimilation of new matter into the living organism; -- said of animals and vegetables and their organs.

2. To increase in any way; to become larger and stronger; to be augmented; to advance; to extend; to wax; to accrue.

 Winter began to grow fast on.

Knolles.
 Even just the sum that I do owe to you Is growing to me by Antipholus.

Shak.
3. To spring up and come to maturity in a natural way; to be produced by vegetation; to thrive; to flourish; as, rice grows in warm countries.

 Where law faileth, error groweth.

Gower.
4. To pass from one state to another; to result as an effect from a cause; to become; as, to grow pale.

 For his mind Had grown Suspicion's sanctuary.

Byron.
5. To become attached or fixed; to adhere.

 Our knees shall kneel till to the ground they grow.

Shak.
Growing cell, or Growing slide, a device for preserving alive a minute object in water continually renewed, in a manner to permit its growth to be watched under the microscope. -- Grown over, covered with a growth. -- To grow out of, to issue from, as plants from the soil, or as a branch from the main stem; to result from.

 These wars have grown out of commercial considerations.

A. Hamilton.
 -- To grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity; as, grown up children. -- To grow together, to close and adhere; to become united by growth, as flesh or the bark of a tree severed. Howells.
Syn. -- To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve; expand; extend.

 Grow (?), v. t. To cause to grow; to cultivate; to produce; as, to grow a crop; to grow wheat, hops, or tobacco. Macaulay.
Syn. -- To raise; to cultivate. See Raise, v. t., 3.

 Grow"a*ble (?), a. Capable of growth.

 Grow"an (?), n. [Cf. Arm. grouan gravel, Corn. grow gravel, sand.] (Mining.) A decomposed granite, forming a mass of gravel, as in tin lodes in Cornwall.

 Grow"er (?), n. One who grows or produces; as, a grower of corn; also, that which grows or increases; as, a vine may be a rank or a slow grower.

 Growl (groul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Growled (grould); p. pr. & vb. n. Growling.] [D. grollen to grunt, murmur, be angry; akin to G. grollen to be angry.] To utter a deep guttural sound, as an angry dog; to give forth an angry, grumbling sound. Gay.
 Growl, v. t. To express by growling. Thomson.
 Growl, n. The deep, threatening sound made by a surly dog; a grumbling sound.

 Growl"er (?), n. 1. One who growls.

2. (Zoöl.) The large-mouthed black bass. [Local] 3. A four-wheeled cab. [Slang, Eng.]

 Growl"ing*ly, adv. In a growling manner.

 Grown (?), p. p. of Grow.

 Growse (?), v. i. [Cf. gruesome, grewsome, and G. grausen to make shudder, shiver.] To shiver; to have chills. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]
 Ray.
 Growth (grth), n. [Icel. grðr, grði. See Grow.] 1.
 The process of growing; the gradual increase of an animal or a vegetable body; the development from a seed, germ, or root, to full size or maturity; increase in size, number, frequency, strength, etc.; augmentation; advancement; production; prevalence or influence; as, the growth of trade; the growth of power; the growth of intemperance.
 Idle weeds are fast in growth. Shak.
2. That which has grown or is growing; anything produced; product; consequence; effect; result.

 Nature multiplies her fertile growth.

Milton.
 Growt"head' (?), n. [Lit., greathead.] A lazy person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Tusser.
 Growth"ful (?), a. Having capacity of growth. [R.] J. Hamilton.
 Groyne (?), n. [Obs.] See Groin.

 Gro"zing i"ron (?). 1. A tool with a hardened steel point, formerly used instead of a diamond for cutting glass.

2. (Plumbing) A tool for smoothing the solder joints of lead pipe. Knight.
 Grub (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grubbed (?), p. pr.
 & vb. n. Grubbing (&?;).] [OE. grubbin., cf. E. grab, grope.] 1. To dig in or under the ground, generally for an object that is difficult to reach or extricate; to be occupied in digging.

2. To drudge; to do menial work. Richardson.
 Grub, v. t. 1. To dig; to dig up by the roots; to root out by digging; -- followed by up; as, to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge.

 They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

Hare.
2. To supply with food. [Slang] Dickens.
 Grub, n. 1. (Zoöl.) The larva of an insect, especially of a beetle; -- called also grubworm. See Illust.
 of Goldsmith beetle, under Goldsmith.

 Yet your butterfly was a grub.

Shak.
2. A short, thick man; a dwarf. [Obs.] Carew.
3. Victuals; food. [Slang] Halliwell.
Grub ax or axe, a kind of mattock used in grubbing up roots, etc. -- Grub breaker. Same as Grub hook (below). -- Grub hoe, a heavy hoe for grubbing. -- Grub hook, a plowlike implement for uprooting stumps, breaking roots, etc. -- Grub saw, a handsaw used for sawing marble. -- Grub Street, a street in London (now called Milton Street), described by Dr. Johnson as "


high estate.

Milton.
3. To charge, attribute, or adjudge to one, as having a certain quality or value.

 Faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.

Rom. iv. 9.
 Without her eccentricities being reckoned to her for a crime.

Hawthorne.
4. To conclude, as by an enumeration and balancing of chances; hence, to think; to suppose; -- followed by an objective clause; as, I reckon he won't try that again. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Syn. -- To number; enumerate; compute; calculate; estimate; value; esteem; account; repute. See Calculate, Guess.

 Reck"on, v. i. 1. To make an enumeration or computation; to engage in numbering or computing. Shak.
2. To come to an accounting; to make up accounts; to settle; to examine and strike the balance of debt and credit; to adjust relations of desert or penalty.

 "Parfay," sayst thou, "sometime he reckon shall."

Chaucer.
To reckon for, to answer for; to pay the account for. "If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it one day." Bp.
 Sanderson. -- To reckon on or upon, to count or depend on. -- To reckon with, to settle accounts or claims with; -- used literally or figuratively.

 After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them.

Matt. xxv. 19.
 -- To reckon without one's host, to ignore in a calculation or arrangement the person whose assent is essential; hence, to reckon erroneously.

 Reck"on*er (-r), n. One who reckons or computes; also, a book of calculations, tables, etc., to assist in reckoning.

Reckoners without their host must reckon twice.

Camden.
 Reck"on*ing, n. 1. The act of one who reckons, counts, or computes; the result of reckoning or counting; calculation. Specifically: (a) An account of time. Sandys. (b) Adjustment of claims and accounts; settlement of obligations, liabilities, etc.

 Even reckoning makes lasting friends, and the way to make reckonings even is to make them often.

South.
 He quitted London, never to return till the day of a terrible and memorable reckoning had arrived.

Macaulay.
2. The charge or account made by a host at an inn.

 A coin would have a nobler use than to pay a reckoning.

Addison.
3. Esteem; account; estimation.

 You make no further reckoning of it [beauty] than of an outward fading benefit nature bestowed.

Sir P. Sidney.
4. (Navigation) (a) The calculation of a ship's position, either from astronomical observations, or from the record of the courses steered and distances sailed as shown by compass and log, -- in the latter case called dead reckoning (see under Dead); -- also used for dead reckoning in contradistinction to observation.
 (b) The position of a ship as determined by calculation.

To be out of her reckoning, to be at a distance from the place indicated by the reckoning; -- said of a ship.

 Re*claim" (r*klm"), v. t. To claim back; to demand the return of as a right; to attempt to recover possession of.

 A tract of land [Holland] snatched from an element perpetually reclaiming its prior occupancy.

W. Coxe.
 Re*claim" (r*klm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclaimed (-klmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reclaiming.] [F. réclamer, L. reclamare, reclamatum, to cry out against; pref. rere- + clamare to call or cry aloud. See Claim.] 1. To call back, as a hawk to the wrist in falconry, by a certain customary call. Chaucer.
2. To call back from flight or disorderly action; to call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting.

 The headstrong horses hurried Octavius... along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them.

Dryden.
3. To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under discipline; -- said especially of birds trained for the chase, but also of other animals. "An eagle well reclaimed." Dryden.
4. Hence: To reduce to a desired state by discipline, labor, cultivation, or the like; to rescue from being wild, desert, waste, submerged, or the like; as, to reclaim wild land, overflowed land, etc.

5. To call back to rectitude from moral wandering or transgression; to draw back to correct deportment or course of life; to reform.

 It is the intention of Providence, in all the various expressions of his goodness, to reclaim mankind.

Rogers.
6. To correct; to reform; -- said of things. [Obs.]

 Your error, in time reclaimed, will be venial.

Sir E. Hoby.
7. To exclaim against; to gainsay. [Obs.] Fuller.
Syn. -- To reform; recover; restore; amend; correct.

 Re*claim" (r*klm"), v. i. 1. To cry out in opposition or contradiction; to exclaim against anything; to contradict; to take exceptions.

 Scripture reclaims, and the whole Catholic church reclaims, and Christian ears would not hear it.

Waterland.
 At a later period Grote reclaimed strongly against Mill's setting Whately above Hamilton.

Bain.
2. To bring anyone back from evil courses; to reform.

 They, hardened more by what might most reclaim, Grieving to see his glory,... took envy.

Milton.
3. To draw back; to give way. [R. & Obs.] Spenser.
 Re*claim", n. The act of reclaiming, or the state of being reclaimed; reclamation; recovery. [Obs.]

 Re*claim"a*ble (-*b'l), a. That may be reclaimed.

 Re*claim"ant (-ant), n. [Cf. F. réclamant, p.
 pr.] One who reclaims; one who cries out against or contradicts. Waterland.
 Re*claim"er (-r), n. One who reclaims.

 Re*claim"less, a. That can not be reclaimed.

 Rec'la*ma"tion (rk'l*m"shn), n. [F. réclamation, L. reclamatio. See Reclaim.] 1. The act or process of reclaiming.

2. Representation made in opposition; remonstrance.

 I would now, on the reclamation both of generosity and of justice, try clemency.

Landor.
 Re*clasp" (r*klsp"), v. i. To clasp or unite again.

 Re*clin"ant (r*kln"ant), a. [L. reclinans, p. pr. See Recline.] Bending or leaning backward.

 Rec"li*nate (rk"l*nt), a. [L. reclinatus, p. p.] (Bot.)
 Reclined, as a leaf; bent downward, so that the point, as of a stem or leaf, is lower than the base.

 Rec'li*na"tion (rk'l*n"shn), n. [Cf. F. réclinaison.]
 1. The act of leaning or reclining, or the state of being reclined.

2. (Dialing) The angle which the plane of the dial makes with a vertical plane which it intersects in a horizontal line. Brande & C.
3. (Surg.) The act or process of removing a cataract, by applying the needle to its anterior surface,


1841 and 1842, by Sir George Simpson, Governor-in-chief of the Hudson Bay Company's Territories, published by Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia, in 1847, page 207.)
[17] She did not actually receive the white habit till she was received into the Dominican sisterhood, April 11, 1851, by Padre F. Sadoc Vilarrasa, in the Convent of Santa Catalina de Sena (St. Catherine of Siena), at Monterey, being the first one to enter, where she took the perpetual vow April 13, 1852 (Original Records, Book of Clothings and Professions, page 1, now at Dominican College, at San Rafael, Cal.), and where she remained continuously till the convent was transferred to Benicia, Aug. 26, 1854. There being no religious order for women in California until the Dominican sisterhood was founded at Monterey, March 13, 1851 (Original Annals, at Benicia, Reg. 1, pages I and 14), she had at first to content herself with joining the Third Order of St. Francis "in the world," and it was really the dark habit of this secular order which constituted the "nun's attire" at the time Sir George Simpson met her in 1842.


THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS By Flavius Josephus Translated by William Whiston Footnotes 1. The family from which I am derived is not an ignoble one, but hath descended all along from the priests; and as nobility among several people is of a different origin, so with us to be of the sacerdotal dignity, is an indication of the splendor of a family. Now, I am not only sprung from a sacerdotal family in general, but from the first of the twenty-four 1 courses; and as among us there is not only a considerable difference between one family of each course and another, I am of the chief family of that first course also; nay, further, by my mother I am of the royal blood; for the children of Asamoneus, from whom that family was derived, had both the office of the high priesthood, and the dignity of a king, for a long time together. I will accordingly set down my progenitors in order.
 My grandfather's father was named Simon, with the addition of Psellus: he lived at the same time with that son of Simon the high priest, who first of all the high priests was named Hyrcanus. This Simon Psellus had nine sons, one of whom was Matthias, called Ephlias: he married the daughter of Jonathan the high priest, which Jonathan was the first of the sons of Asamoneus, who was high priest, and was the brother of Simon the high priest also. This Matthias had a son called Matthias Curtus, and that in the first year of the government of Hyrcanus: his son's name was Joseph, born in the ninth year of the reign of Alexandra: his son Matthias was born in the tenth year of the reign of Archclaus; as was I born to Matthias in the first year of the reign of Caius Caesar. I have three sons: Hyrcanus, the eldest, was born in the fourth year of the reign of Vespasian, as was Justus born in the seventh, and Agrippa in the ninth.
 Thus have I set down the genealogy of my family as I have found it described 2 in the public records, and so bid adieu to those who calumniate me [as of a lower original].

 2. Now, my father Matthias was not only eminent on account of his nobility, but had a higher commendation on account of his righteousness, and was in great reputation in Jerusalem, the greatest city we have. I was myself brought up with my brother, whose name was Matthias, for he was my own brother, by both father and mother; and I made mighty proficiency in the improvements of my learning, and appeared to have both a great memory and understanding. Moreover, when I was a child, and about fourteen years of age, I was commended by all for the love I had to learning; on which account the high priests and principal men of the city came then frequently to me together, in order to know my opinion about the accurate understanding of points of the law. And when I was about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trim of the several sects that were among us.
 These sects are three:— The first is that of the Pharisees, the second that Sadducees, and the third that of the Essens, as we have frequently told you; for I thought that by this means I might choose the best, if I were once acquainted with them all; so I contented myself with hard fare, and underwent great difficulties, and went through them all.
 Nor did I content myself with these trials only; but when I was informed that one, whose name was Banus, lived in the desert, and used no other clothing than grew upon trees, and had no other food than what grew of its own accord, and bathed himself in cold water frequently, both by night and by day, in order to preserve his chastity, I imitated him in those things, and continued with him three years. 3 So when I had accomplished my desires, I returned back to the city, being now nineteen years old, and began to conduct myself according to the rules of the sect of the Pharisees, which is of kin to the sect of the Stoics, as the Greeks call them.

 3. But when I was in the twenty-sixth year of my age, it happened that I took a voyage to Rome, and this on the occasion which I shall now describe. At the time when Felix was procurator of Judea there were certain priests of my acquaintance, and very excellent persons they were, whom on a small and trifling occasion he had put into bonds, and sent to Rome to plead their cause before Caesar. These I was desirous to procure deliverance for, and that especially because I was informed that they were not unmindful of piety towards God, even under their afflictions, but supported themselves with figs and nuts. 4 Accordingly I came to Rome, though it were through a great number of hazards by sea; for as our ship was drowned in the Adriatic Sea, we that were in it, being about six hundred in number, 5 swam for our lives all the night; when, upon the first appearance of the day, and upon our sight of a ship of Cyrene, I and some others, eighty in all, by God's providence, prevented the rest, and were taken up into the other ship. And when I had thus escaped, and was come to Dieearchia, which the Italians call Puteoli, I became acquainted with Aliturius, an actor of plays, and much beloved by Nero, but a Jew by birth; and through his interest became known to Poppea, Caesar's wife, and took care, as soon as possible, to entreat her to procure that the priests might be set at liberty. And when, besides this favor, I had obtained many presents from Poppea, I returned home again.

 4. And now I perceived innovations were already begun, and that there were a great many very much elevated in hopes of a revolt from the Romans. I therefore endeavored to put a stop to these tumultuous persons, and persuaded them to change their minds; and laid before their eyes against whom it was that they were going to fight, and told them that they were inferior to the Romans not only in martial skill, but also in good fortune; and desired them not rashly, and after the most foolish manner, to bring on the dangers of the most terrible mischiefs upon their country, upon their families, and upon themselves. And this I said with vehement exhortation, because I foresaw that the end of such a war would be most unfortunate to us. But I could not persuade them; for the madness of desperate men was quite too hard for me.

 5. I was then afraid, lest, by inculcating these things so often, I should incur their hatred and their suspicions, as if I were of our enemies' party, and should run into the danger of being seized by them, and slain; since they were already possessed of Antonia, which was the citadel; so I retired into the inner court of the temple. Yet did I go out of the temple again, after Manahem and the principal of the band of robbers were put to death, when I abode among the high priests and the chief of the Pharisees.
 But no small fear seized upon us when we saw the people in arms, while we ourselves knew not what we should do, and were not able to restrain the seditious. However, as the danger was directly upon us, we pretended that we were of the same opinion with them, but only advised them to be quiet for the present, and to let the enemy go away, still hoping that Gessius [Florus] would not be long ere he came, and that with great forces, and so put an end to these seditious proceedings.

 6. But, upon his coming and fighting, he was beaten, and a great many of those that were with him fell. And this disgrace which Gessius [with Cestius] received, became the calamity of our whole nation; for those that were fond of the war were so far elevated with this success, that they had hopes of finally conquering the Romans. Of which war another occasion was ministered; which was this


A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed; as, the butt of the company.

 I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very smart. Addison.
5. A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal; as, the butt of a ram.

6. A thrust in fencing.

 To prove who gave the fairer butt, John shows the chalk on Robert's coat. Prior.
7. A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field.

 The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields.
Burrill.
8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scarfing or chamfering; -- also called butt joint. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose.

9. (Shipbuilding) The joint where two planks in a strake meet.

10. (Carp.) A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc.; -- so named because fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge.

11. (Leather Trade) The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks.

12. The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.

Butt chain (Saddlery), a short chain attached to the end of a tug. -- Butt end. The thicker end of anything. See But end, under 2d But.

 Amen; and make me die a good old man! That's the butt end of a mother's blessing. Shak.
A butt's length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark. -- Butts and bounds (Conveyancing), abuttals and boundaries. In lands of the ordinary rectangular shape, butts are the lines at the ends (F. bouts), and bounds are those on the sides, or sidings, as they were formerly termed. Burrill. -- Bead and butt. See under Bead. -- Butt and butt, joining end to end without overlapping, as planks. -- Butt weld (Mech.), a butt joint, made by welding together the flat ends, or edges, of a piece of iron or steel, or of separate pieces, without having them overlap. See Weld. -- Full butt, headfirst with full force. [Colloq.] "The corporal... ran full butt at the lieutenant." Marryat.
 Butt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Butting.] [OE. butten, OF. boter to push, F. bouter.
 See Butt an end, and cf. Boutade.] 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut. [Written also but.]

 And Barnsdale there doth butt on Don's well-watered ground.
Drayton.
2. To thrust the head forward; to strike by thrusting the head forward, as an ox or a ram. [See Butt, n.]

 A snow-white steer before thine altar led, Butts with his threatening brows. Dryden.
 Butt, v. t. To strike by thrusting the head against; to strike with the head.

 Two harmless lambs are butting one the other. Sir H. Wotton.
 Butt, n. [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf.
 Bottle a hollow vessel.] A large cask or vessel for wine or beer. It contains two hogsheads.

 A wine butt contains 126 wine gallons (= 105 imperial gallons, nearly); a beer butt 108 ale gallons (= about 110 imperial gallons).

 Butt, n. (Zoöl.) The common English flounder.

 ||Butte (&?;), n. [F. See Butt a bound.] A detached low mountain, or high rising abruptly from the general level of the surrounding plain; -- applied to peculiar elevations in the Rocky Mountain region.

 The creek... passes by two remarkable buttes of red conglomerate. Ruxton.
 But"ter (bt"tr), n. [OE. botere, butter, AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. boy'tyron; either fr. boy's ox, cow + tyro's cheese; or, perhaps, of Scythian origin. Cf. Cow.] 1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning.

2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consistence, or other qualities, especially, in old chemistry, the chlorides, as butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony; also, certain concrete fat oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao, vegetable butter, shea butter.

Butter and eggs (Bot.), a name given to several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, as Narcissus incomparabilis, and in the United States to the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). -- Butter boat, a small vessel for holding melted butter at table. -- Butter flower, the buttercup, a yellow flower. -- Butter print, a piece of carved wood used to mark pats of butter; -- called also butter stamp. Locke. -- Butter tooth, either of the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. -- Butter tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Bassia, the seeds of which yield a substance closely resembling butter. The butter tree of India is the B. butyracea; that of Africa is the Shea tree (B. Parkii). See Shea tree. -- Butter trier, a tool used in sampling butter. -- Butter wife, a woman who makes or sells butter; -- called also butter woman. [Obs. or Archaic] But"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buttering.] 1. To cover or spread with butter.

 I know what's what. I know on which side My bread is buttered.
Ford.
2. To increase, as stakes, at every throw or every game. [Cant] Johnson.
 Butt"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, butts.

 But"ter*ball' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

 But"ter*bird' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The rice bunting or bobolink; -- so called in the island of Jamaica.

 But"ter*bump' (&?;), n. [OE. buttur the bittern + 5th bump.]
 (Zoöl.) The European bittern. Johnson.
 But"ter*bur' (&?;), n. (Bot.) A broad-leaved plant (Petasites vulgaris) of the Composite family, said to have been used in England for wrapping up pats of butter.

 But"ter*cup' (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranunculus, or crowfoot, particularly R. bulbosus, with bright yellow flowers; -- called also butterflower, golden cup, and kingcup.
 It is the cuckoobud of Shakespeare.

 But"ter-fin'gered (&?;), a. Apt to let things fall, or to let them slip away; slippery; careless.

 But"ter*fish' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several different fishes, in allusion to their slippery coating of mucus, as the Stromateus triacanthus of the Atlantic coast, the Epinephelus


skip, fly, or hop. [Prov. Eng.] Wordsworth.
2. To sing cheerfully. [Scot.]

 Lilt, v. t. To utter with spirit, animation, or gayety; to sing with spirit and liveliness.

 A classic lecture, rich in sentiment, With scraps of thundrous epic lilted out By violet-hooded doctors.

Tennyson.
 Lilt, n. 1. Animated, brisk motion; spirited rhythm; sprightliness.

 The movement, the lilt, and the subtle charm of the verse.

F. Harrison.
2. A lively song or dance; a cheerful tune.

 The housewife went about her work, or spun at her wheel, with a lilt upon her lips.

J. C. Shairp.
 Lil"y (ll"), n.; pl. Lilies (-z). [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. lei'rion. Cf. Flower-deluce.]

1. (Bot.) A plant and flower of the genus Lilium, endogenous bulbous plants, having a regular perianth of six colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior threecelled ovary.

 There are nearly fifty species, all found in the North Temperate zone. Lilium candidum and L. longiflorum are the common white lilies of gardens; L. Philadelphicum is the wild red lily of the Atlantic States; L. Chalcedonicum is supposed to be the "lily of the field" in our Lord's parable; L. auratum is the great gold-banded lily of Japan.

2. (Bot.) A name given to handsome flowering plants of several genera, having some resemblance in color or form to a true lily, as Pancratium, Crinum, Amaryllis, Nerine, etc.

3. That end of a compass needle which should point to the north; -- so called as often ornamented with the figure of a lily or fleur-de-lis.

 But sailing further, it veers its lily to the west.

Sir T. Browne.
African lily (Bot.), the blueflowered Agapanthus umbellatus. -- Atamasco lily (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zephyranthes (Z. Atamasco), having a white and pink funnelform perianth, with six petal-like divisions resembling those of a lily. Gray. -- Blackberry lily (Bot.), the Pardanthus Chinensis, the black seeds of which form a dense mass like a blackberry. -- Bourbon lily (Bot.), Lilium candidum.
 See Illust. -- Butterfly lily. (Bot.) Same as Mariposa lily, in the Vocabulary. -- Lily beetle (Zool.), a European beetle (Crioceris merdigera) which feeds upon the white lily. -- Lily daffodil (Bot.), a plant of the genus Narcissus, and its flower. -- Lily encrinite (Paleon.), a fossil encrinite, esp. Encrinus liliiformis. See Encrinite. -- Lily hyacinth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hyacinthus. -- Lily iron, a kind of harpoon with a detachable head of peculiar shape, used in capturing swordfish. -- Lily of the valley (Bot.), a low perennial herb (Convallaria majalis), having a raceme of nodding, fragrant, white flowers. -- Lily pad, the large floating leaf of the water lily. [U. S.] Lowell. -- Tiger lily (Bot.), Lilium tigrinum, the sepals of which are blotched with black. -- Turk's-cap lily (Bot.), Lilium Martagon, a red lily with recurved sepals; also, the similar American lily, L. superbum. -- Water lily (Bot.), the Nymphæa, a plant with floating roundish leaves, and large flowers having many petals, usually white, but sometimes pink, red, blue, or yellow. [See Illust. of Nymphæa.]

 Lil"y-hand'ed (-hnd'd), a. Having white, delicate hands.

 Lil"y-liv'ered (-lv'rd), a. White-livered; cowardly.

 Lil"y*wort' (-wûrt'), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the Lily family or order. Lindley.
 Lim (lm), n. [See Limb.] A limb. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Li"ma (l"m or l"m), n. The capital city of Peru, in South America.

Lima bean. (Bot.) (a) A variety of climbing or pole bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which has very large flattish seeds. (b) The seed of this plant, much used for food. -- Lima wood (Bot.), the beautiful dark wood of the South American tree Cæsalpinia echinata.

 Li*ma"ceous (l*m"shs), a. [L. limax, limacis, slug, snail: cf. F. limacé.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, Limax, or the slugs.

 ||Lim'a*ci"na (lm'*s"n), n. [NL., from L. limax, limacis, a slug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales.

 ||Li'ma'çon" (l'm'sôN"), n. [F. limaçon, lit., a snail.] (Geom.) A curve of the fourth degree, invented by Pascal. Its polar equation is r = a cos θ + b. Li"maille (l"ml; F. l'mä"y'), n. [F., fr. limer to file. See Limation.] Filings of metal. [Obs.] "An ounce... of silver lymaille."
 Chaucer.
 Li"man (l"man), n. [F. limon, fr. L. limus slime.] The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river; slime.

 Li*ma"tion (l*m"shn), n. [L. limatus, p. p. of limare to file, fr. lima file : cf. F. limation.] The act of filing or polishing.

 Li"ma*ture (l"m*tr; 135), n. [L. limatura. See Limation.] 1.
 The act of filing.

2. That which is filed off; filings. Johnson.
 ||Li"max (l"mks), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) A genus of airbreathing mollusks, including the common garden slugs. They have a small rudimentary shell. The breathing pore is on the right side of the neck. Several species are troublesome in gardens. See Slug.

 Limb (lm), n. [OE. lim, AS. lim; akin to Icel. limr limb, lim branch of a tree, Sw. & Dan. lem limb; cf.
 also AS. lið, OHG. lid, gilid, G. glied, Goth. liþus. Cf. Lith, Limber.] 1. A part of a tree which extends from the trunk and separates into branches and twigs; a large branch.

2. An arm or a leg of a human being; a leg, arm, or wing of an animal.

 A second Hector for his grim aspect, And large proportion of his strong-knit limbs.

Shak.
3. A thing or person regarded as a part or member of, or attachment to, something else. Shak.
 That little limb of the devil has cheated the gallows.

Sir W. Scott.
4. An elementary


a reporter and 'interviewed' the director of the University of Washington card stunts (such stunts involve people in the stands who hold up colored cards to make pictures).
The reporter learned exactly how the stunts were operated, and also that the director would be out to dinner later.
While the director was eating, the students (who called themselves the 'Fiendish Fourteen') picked a lock and stole a blank direction sheet for the card stunts. They then had a printer run off 2300 copies of the blank. The next day they picked the lock again and stole the master plans for the stunts -- large sheets of graph paper colored in with the stunt pictures. Using these as a guide, they made new instructions for three of the stunts on the duplicated blanks. Finally, they broke in once more, replacing the stolen master plans and substituting the stack of diddled instruction sheets for the original set.
The result was that three of the pictures were totally different. Instead of 'WASHINGTON', the word ''CALTECH' was flashed. Another stunt showed the word 'HUSKIES', the Washington nickname, but spelled it backwards. And what was supposed to have been a picture of a husky instead showed a beaver. (Both Caltech and MIT use the beaver -- nature's engineer -- as a mascot.)
After the game, the Washington faculty athletic representative said: "Some thought it ingenious; others were indignant." The Washington student body president remarked: "No hard feelings, but at the time it was unbelievable. We were amazed."
This is now considered a classic hack, particularly because revising the direction sheets constituted a form of programming.
Here is another classic hack: On November 20, 1982, MIT hacked the Harvard-Yale football game. Just after Harvard's second touchdown against Yale, in the first quarter, a small black ball popped up out of the ground at the 40-yard line, and grew bigger, and bigger, and bigger. The letters 'MIT' appeared all over the ball. As the players and officials stood around gawking, the ball grew to six feet in diameter and then burst with a bang and a cloud of white smoke.
The "Boston Globe" later reported: "If you want to know the truth, MIT won The Game."
The prank had taken weeks of careful planning by members of MIT's Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. The device consisted of a weather balloon, a hydraulic ram powered by Freon gas to lift it out of the ground, and a vacuum-cleaner motor to inflate it. They made eight separate expeditions to Harvard Stadium between 1 and 5 A.M., locating an unused 110-volt circuit in the stadium and running buried wires from the stadium circuit to the 40-yard line, where they buried the balloon device. When the time came to activate the device, two fraternity members had merely to flip a circuit breaker and push a plug into an outlet.
This stunt had all the earmarks of a perfect hack: surprise, publicity, the ingenious use of technology, safety, and harmlessness. The use of manual control allowed the prank to be timed so as not to disrupt the game (it was set off between plays, so the outcome of the game would not be unduly affected).
The perpetrators had even thoughtfully attached a note to the balloon explaining that the device was not dangerous and contained no explosives.
Harvard president Derek Bok commented: "They have an awful lot of clever people down there at MIT, and they did it again."
President Paul E. Gray of MIT said: "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that I had anything to do with it, but I wish there were."
The hacks above are verifiable history; they can be proved to have happened. Many other classic-hack stories from MIT and elsewhere, though retold as history, have the characteristics of what Jan Brunvand has called 'urban folklore' (see FOAF). Perhaps the best known of these is the legend of the infamous trolley-car hack, an alleged incident in which engineering students are said to have welded a trolley car to its tracks with thermite. Numerous versions of this have been recorded from the 1940s to the present, most set at MIT but at least one very detailed version set at CMU.
Brian Leibowitz has researched MIT hacks both real and mythical extensively; the interested reader is referred to his delightful pictorial compendium "The Journal of the Institute for Hacks, Tomfoolery, and Pranks" (MIT Museum, 1990; ISBN 0-917027-03-5). The Institute has a World Wide Web page at _URL_
There is rumored to be a sequel entitled "Is This The Way To Baker Street?". The Caltech Alumni Association has published two similar books titled "Legends of Caltech" and "More Legends of Caltech".
Finally, here is a story about one of the classic computer hacks.
Back in the mid-1970s, several of the system support staff at Motorola discovered a relatively simple way to crack system security on the Xerox CP-V timesharing system. Through a simple programming strategy, it was possible for a user program to trick the system into running a portion of the program in 'master mode' (supervisor state), in which memory protection does not apply. The program could then poke a large value into its 'privilege level' byte (normally write-protected) and could then proceed to bypass all levels of security within the file-management system, patch the system monitor, and do numerous other interesting things. In short, the barn door was wide open.
Motorola quite properly reported this problem to Xerox via an official 'level 1 SIDR' (a bug report with an intended urgency of 'needs to be fixed yesterday'). Because the text of each SIDR was entered into a database that could be viewed by quite a number of people, Motorola followed the approved procedure: they simply reported the problem as 'Security SIDR', and attached all of the necessary documentation, ways-to-reproduce, etc.
The CP-V people at Xerox sat on their thumbs; they either didn't realize the severity of the problem, or didn't assign the necessary operating-system-staff resources to develop and distribute an official patch.
Months passed. The Motorola guys pestered their Xerox field-support rep, to no avail. Finally they decided to take direct action, to demonstrate to Xerox management just how easily the system could be cracked and just how thoroughly the security safeguards could be subverted.
They dug around in the operating-system listings and devised a thoroughly devilish set of patches. These patches were then incorporated into a pair of programs called 'Robin Hood' and 'Friar Tuck'. Robin Hood and Friar Tuck were designed to run as 'ghost jobs' (daemons, in Unix terminology); they would use the existing loophole to subvert system security, install the necessary patches, and then keep an eye on one another's statuses in order to keep the system operator (in effect, the superuser) from aborting them.
One fine day, the system operator on the main CP-V software development system in El Segundo was surprised by a number of unusual phenomena. These included the following: Tape drives would rewind and dismount their tapes in the middle of a job.
Disk drives would seek back and forth so rapidly that they would attempt to walk across the floor (see walking drives).
The card-punch output device would occasionally start up of itself and punch a lace card.
These would usually jam in the punch.
The console would print snide and insulting messages from Robin Hood to Friar Tuck, or vice versa.
The Xerox card reader had two output stackers; it could be instructed to stack into A, stack into B, or stack into A (unless a card was unreadable, in which case the bad card was placed into stacker B). One of the patches installed by the ghosts added some code to the card-reader driver... after reading a card, it would flip over to the opposite stacker. As a result, card decks would divide themselves in half when they were read, leaving the operator to recollate them manually.
Naturally, the operator called in the operating-system developers. They found the bandit ghost jobs running, and gunned them... and were once again surprised. When Robin Hood was gunned, the following sequence of events took place: Each ghost-job would detect the fact that the other had been killed, and would start a new copy of the recently slain program


THE CONFUTATIO PONTIFICIA By Anonymous Edited by J. M. Reu.

 In Reference To The Matters Presented To His Imperial Majesty By The Elector Of Saxony And Some Princes And States Of The Holy Roman Empire, On The Subject And Concerning Causes Pertaining To The Christian Orthodox Faith, The Following Christian Reply Can Be Given. August 3, 1530.

 Contents CONFUTATIO PONTIFICIA, AUGUST 3, 1530 Part I. Part II Conclusion CONFUTATIO PONTIFICIA, AUGUST 3, 1530 As His Worshipful Imperial Majesty received several days since a Confession of Faith presented by the Elector the duke of Saxony and several princes and two cities, to which their names were affixed, with his characteristic zeal for the glory of God, the salvation of souls, Christian harmony and the public peace, he not only himself read the Confession, but also, in order that in a matter of such moment he might proceed the more thoroughly and seasonably, he referred the aforesaid Confession to several learned, mature, approved and honorable men of different nations for their inspection and examination, and earnestly directed and enjoined them to praise and approve what in the Confession was said aright and in accord with Catholic doctrine, but, on the other hand, to note that wherein it differed from the Catholic Church, and, together with their reply, to present and explain their judgment on each topic. This commission was executed aright and according to order. For those learned men with all care and diligence examined the aforesaid Confession, and committed to writing what they thought on each topic, and thus presented a reply to His Imperial Majesty. This reply His Worshipful Imperial Majesty, as becomes a Christian emperor, most accurately read and gave to the other electors, princes and estates of the Roman Empire for their perusal and examination, which they also approved as orthodox and in every respect harmonious with the Gospel and Holy Scripture. For this reason, after a conference with the electors, princes and states above named, in order that all dissension concerning this our orthodox holy faith and religion may be removed, His Imperial Majesty has directed that a declaration be made at present as follows: In reference to the matters presented to His Imperial Majesty by the Elector of Saxony and some princes and states of the Holy Roman Empire, on the subject and concerning causes pertaining to the Christian orthodox faith, the following Christian reply can be given: Part I. To Article I. Especially when in the first article they confess the unity of the divine essence in three persons according to the decree of the Council of Nice, their Confession must be accepted, since it agrees in all respects with the rule of faith and the Roman Church. For the Council of Nice, convened under the Emperor Constantine the Great, has always been regarded inviolable, whereat three hundred and eighteen bishops eminent and venerable for holiness of life, martyrdom and learning, after investigating and diligently examining the Holy Scriptures, set forth this article which they here confess concerning the unity of the essence and the trinity of persons. So too their condemnation of all heresies arising contrary to this article must be accepted—viz. the Manichaeans, Arians, Eunomians, Valentinians, Samosatanes, for the Holy Catholic Church has condemned these of old.

 To Article II.

 In the second article we approve their Confession, in common with the Catholic Church, that the fault of origin is truly sin, condemning and bringing eternal death upon those who are not born again by baptism and the Holy Ghost. For in this they properly condemn the Pelagians, both modern and ancient, who have been long since condemned by the Church. But the declaration of the article, that Original Sin is that men are born without the fear of God and without trust in God, is to be entirely rejected, since it is manifest to every Christian that to be without the fear of God and without trust in God is rather the actual guilt of an adult than the offence of a recently-born infant, which does not possess as yet the full use of reason, as the Lord says "Your children which had no knowledge between good and evil," Deut 1:39. Moreover, the declaration is also rejected whereby they call the fault of origin concupiscence, if they mean thereby that concupiscence is a sin that remains sin in a child even after baptism. For the Apostolic See has already condemned two articles of Martin Luther concerning sin remaining in a child after baptism, and concerning the fomes of sin hindering a soul from entering the kingdom of heaven. But if, according to the opinion of St Augustine, they call the vice of origin concupiscence, which in baptism ceases to be sin, this ought to be accepted, since indeed according to the declaration of St. Paul, we are all born children of wrath (Eph. 2:3), and in Adam we all have sinned (Rom.5:12).

 To Article III.

 In the third article there is nothing to offend, since the entire Confession agrees with the Apostles' Creed and the right rule of faith—viz.
 the Son of God became incarnate, assumed human nature into the unity of his person, was born of the Virgin Mary, truly suffered was crucified, died, descended to hell, rose again on the third day, ascended to heaven, and sat down at the right hand of the Father.

 To Article IV In the fourth article the condemnation of the Pelagians, who thought that man can merit eternal life by his own powers without the grace of God, is accepted as Catholic and in accordance with the ancient councils, for the Holy Scriptures expressly testify to this. John the Baptist says: "A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven," John 3:27 "Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and comes down from the Father of lights," James 1:17. Therefore "our sufficiency is of God," 2 Cor 3:5. And Christ says: "No man can come to me, Except the Father, which hath sent me, draw him," John 6:44 And Paul: "What hast thou that thou didst not receive?" I Cor 4:7. For if any one should intend to disapprove of the merits that men acquire by the assistance of divine grace, he would agree with the Manichaeans rather than with the Catholic Church. For it is entirely contrary to holy Scripture to deny that our works are meritorious. For St. Paul says "I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith; henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall give me at that day," 2 Tim. 4:7 & 8. And to the Corinthians he wrote "We must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ, that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad," 2 Cor. 5:10. For where there are wages there is merit. The Lord said to Abraham: "Fear not, Abraham, I am thy shield and thy exceeding great reward," Gen 15:l. And Isaiah says: "Behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him," Isa. 40:10; and, chapter 58:7, 8: "Deal they bread to the hungry, and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of the Lord shall go before thee; the glory of the Lord shall gather thee up." So too the Lord to Cain: "If thou doest well shalt thou not be accepted?" Gen. 4:7. So the parable in the Gospel declares that we have been hired for the Lord's vineyard, who agrees with us for a penny a day, and says: "Call the laborers and give them their hire," Matt 20:8. So Paul, knowing the mysteries of God, says: "Every man shall receive his own reward, according to his own labor," I Cor. 3:8. 6.
 Nevertheless,


call software written to be passed around and shared (contending terms including freeware, shareware, and 'sourceware' were never universally felt to be satisfactory for various subtle reasons).
The first formal conference on freely redistributable software was held in Cambridge, Massachussetts, in February 1996 (sponsored by the Free Software Foundation). The conference organizers used the FRS abbreviation heavily in its calls for papers and other literature during 1995. The term was in steady though not common use until 1998 and the invention of open source.
Node:fry, Next:fscking, Previous:FRS, Up:= F = fry 1. vi. To fail. Said especially of smoke-producing hardware failures. More generally, to become non-working. Usage: never said of software, only of hardware and humans. See fried, magic smoke. 2. vt. To cause to fail; to roach, toast, or hose a piece of hardware. Never used of software or humans, but compare fried.
Node:fscking, Next:FSF, Previous:fry, Up:= F = fscking /fus'-king/ or /eff'-seek-ing/ adj.
[Usenet; common] Fucking, in the expletive sense (it refers to the Unix filesystem-repair command fsck(1), of which it can be said that if you have to use it at all you are having a bad day).
Originated on scary devil monastery and the bofh.net newsgroups, but became much more widespread following the passage of CDA. Also occasionally seen in the variant "What the fsck?"
Node:FSF, Next:FTP, Previous:fscking, Up:= F = FSF /F-S-F/ abbrev.
Common abbreviation (both spoken and written) for the name of the Free Software Foundation, a nonprofit educational association formed to support the GNU project.
Node:FTP, Next:-fu, Previous:FSF, Up:= F = FTP /F-T-P/, not /fit'ip/ 1. [techspeak] n. The File Transfer Protocol for transmitting files between systems on the Internet. 2. vt. To beam a file using the File Transfer Protocol. 3.
Sometimes used as a generic even for file transfers not using FTP. "Lemme get a copy of "Wuthering Heights" ftp'd from uunet."
Node:-fu, Next:FUBAR, Previous:FTP, Up:= F = -fu [common; generalized from 'kung-fu'] Combining form denoting expert practice of a skill. "That's going to take some serious code-fu." First sighted in connection with the GIMP's remote-scripting facility, script-fu, in 1998.
Node:FUBAR, Next:fuck me harder, Previous:-fu, Up:= F = FUBAR n. The Failed UniBus Address Register in a VAX. A good example of how jargon can occasionally be snuck past the suits; see foobar, and foo for a fuller etymology.
Node:fuck me harder, Next:FUD, Previous:FUBAR, Up:= F = fuck me harder excl.
Sometimes uttered in response to egregious misbehavior, esp.
in software, and esp. of misbehaviors which seem unfairly persistent (as though designed in by the imp of the perverse).
Often theatrically elaborated: "Aiighhh! Fuck me with a piledriver and 16 feet of curare-tipped wrought-iron fence and no lubricants!" The phrase is sometimes heard abbreviated 'FMH' in polite company.
[This entry is an extreme example of the hackish habit of coining elaborate and evocative terms for lossage. Here we see a quite self-conscious parody of mainstream expletives that has become a running gag in part of the hacker culture; it illustrates the hackish tendency to turn any situation, even one of extreme frustration, into an intellectual game (the point being, in this case, to creatively produce a long-winded description of the most anatomically absurd mental image possible -- the short forms implicitly allude to all the ridiculous long forms ever spoken). Scatological language is actually relatively uncommon among hackers, and there was some controversy over whether this entry ought to be included at all. As it reflects a live usage recognizably peculiar to the hacker culture, we feel it is in the hackish spirit of truthfulness and opposition to all forms of censorship to record it here. --ESR & GLS] Node:FUD, Next:FUD wars, Previous:fuck me harder, Up:= F = FUD /fuhd/ n. Defined by Gene Amdahl after he left IBM to found his own company: "FUD is the fear, uncertainty, and doubt that IBM sales people instill in the minds of potential customers who might be considering [Amdahl] products." The idea, of course, was to persuade them to go with safe IBM gear rather than with competitors' equipment. This implicit coercion was traditionally accomplished by promising that Good Things would happen to people who stuck with IBM, but Dark Shadows loomed over the future of competitors' equipment or software. See IBM. After 1990 the term FUD was associated increasingly frequently with Microsoft, and has become generalized to refer to any kind of disinformation used as a competitive weapon.
Node:FUD wars, Next:fudge, Previous:FUD, Up:= F = FUD wars /fuhd worz/ n.
[from FUD] Political posturing engaged in by hardware and software vendors ostensibly committed to standardization but actually willing to fragment the market to protect their own shares. The Unix International vs. OSF conflict about Unix standards was one outstanding example; Microsoft vs.
Netscape vs. W3C about HTML standards is another.
Node:fudge, Next:fudge factor, Previous:FUD wars, Up:= F = fudge 1. vt. To perform in an incomplete but marginally acceptable way, particularly with respect to the writing of a program. "I didn't feel like going through that pain and suffering, so I fudged it -- I'll fix it later." 2. n. The resulting code.
Node:fudge factor, Next:fuel up, Previous:fudge, Up:= F = fudge factor n.
[common] A value or parameter that is varied in an ad hoc way to produce the desired result. The terms 'tolerance' and slop are also used, though these usually indicate a one-sided leeway, such as a buffer that is made larger than necessary because one isn't sure exactly how large it needs to be, and it is better to waste a little space than to lose completely for not having enough. A fudge factor, on the other hand, can often be tweaked in more than one direction. A good example is the 'fuzz' typically allowed in floating-point calculations: two numbers being compared for equality must be allowed to differ by a small amount; if that amount is too small, a computation may never terminate, while if it is too large, results will be needlessly inaccurate. Fudge factors are frequently adjusted incorrectly by programmers who don't fully understand their import. See also coefficient of X. Node:fuel up, Next:Full Monty, Previous:fudge factor, Up:= F = fuel up vi.
To eat or drink hurriedly in order to get back to hacking.
"Food-p?" "Yeah, let's fuel up." "Time for a great-wall!" See also oriental food.
Node:Full Monty, Next:fum, Previous:fuel up, Up:= F = Full Monty n. See monty, sense 2.
Node:fum, Next:functino, Previous:Full Monty, Up:= F = fum n.
[XEROX PARC] At PARC, often the third of the standard metasyntactic variables (after foo and bar). Competes with baz, which is more common outside PARC.
Node:functino, Next:funky, Previous:fum, Up:= F = functino n.
[uncommon, U.K.; originally a serendipitous typo in 1994] A pointer to a function in C and C++. By association with sub-atomic particles such as the neutrino, it accurately conveys an impression of smallness (one pointer is four bytes on most systems) and speed (hackers can and do use arrays of functinos to replace a switch() statement).
Node:funky, Next:funny money, Previous:functino, Up:= F


ignal sent out from the origin of K at the time. It will be propagated according to the equation or, if we square this equation, according to the equation (10)(10) It is required by the law of propagation of light, in conjunction with the postulate of relativity, that the transmission of the signal in question should take place—as judged from K′—in accordance with the corresponding formula or, (10a)(10a) In order that equation (10a) may be a consequence of equation (10), we must have (11)(11) Since equation (8a) must hold for points on the x-axis, we thus have. It is easily seen that the Lorentz transformation really satisfies equation (11) for ; for (11) is a consequence of (8a) and (9), and hence also of (8) and (9). We have thus derived the Lorentz transformation.
The Lorentz transformation represented by (8) and (9) still requires to be generalised. Obviously it is immaterial whether the axes of K′ be chosen so that they are spatially parallel to those of K. It is also not essential that the velocity of translation of K′ with respect to K should be in the direction of the x-axis. A simple consideration shows that we are able to construct the Lorentz transformation in this general sense from two kinds of transformations, viz. from Lorentz transformations in the special sense and from purely spatial transformations.
which corresponds to the replacement of the rectangular co-ordinate system by a new system with its axes pointing in other directions.
Mathematically, we can characterise the generalised Lorentz transformation thus: It expresses, in terms of linear homogeneous functions of, of such a kind that the relation (11a)(11a) is satisfied identically. That is to say: If we substitute their expressions in, in place of, on the left-hand side, then the left-hand side of (11a) agrees with the right-hand side.
[Contents] APPENDIX II Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space ("World") [Supplementary to Section XVII] We can characterise the Lorentz transformation still more simply if we introduce the imaginary in place of t, as time-variable. If, in accordance with this, we insert and similarly for the accented system K′, then the condition which is identically satisfied by the transformation can be expressed thus: (12)(12) That is, by the afore-mentioned choice of "coordinates," (11a) is transformed into this equation.
We see from (12) that the imaginary time co-ordinate, enters into the condition of transformation in exactly the same way as the space co-ordinates. It is due to this fact that, according to the theory of relativity, the "time", enters into natural laws in the same form as the space co-ordinates.
A four-dimensional continuum described by the "co-ordinates", was called "world" by Minkowski, who also termed a point-event a "world-point." From a "happening" in three-dimensional space, physics becomes, as it were, an "existence "in the four-dimensional "world." This four-dimensional "world" bears a close similarity to the three-dimensional "space" of (Euclidean) analytical geometry. If we introduce into the latter a new Cartesian co-ordinate system () with the same origin, then, are linear homogeneous functions of which identically satisfy the equation The analogy with (12) is a complete one. We can regard Minkowski's "world" in a formal manner as a four-dimensional Euclidean space (with an imaginary time coordinate); the Lorentz transformation corresponds to a "rotation" of the co-ordinate system in the four-dimensional "world." [Contents] APPENDIX III The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity From a systematic theoretical point of view, we may imagine the process of evolution of an empirical science to be a continuous process of induction. Theories are evolved and are expressed in short compass as statements of a large number of individual observations in the form of empirical laws, from which the general laws can be ascertained by comparison.
Regarded in this way, the development of a science bears some resemblance to the compilation of a classified catalogue. It is, as it were, a purely empirical enterprise.
But this point of view by no means embraces the whole of the actual process; for it slurs over the important part played by intuition and deductive thought in the development of an exact science. As soon as a science has emerged from its initial stages, theoretical advances are no longer achieved merely by a process of arrangement. Guided by empirical data, the investigator rather develops a system of thought which, in general, is built up logically from a small number of fundamental assumptions, the so-called axioms.
We call such a system of thought a theory. The theory finds the justification for its existence in the fact that it correlates a large number of single observations, and it is just here that the "truth" of the theory lies.
Corresponding to the same complex of empirical data, there may be several theories, which differ from one another to a considerable extent. But as regards the deductions from the theories which are capable of being tested, the agreement between the theories may be so complete that it becomes difficult to find any deductions in which the two theories differ from each other. As an example, a case of general interest is available in the province of biology, in the Darwinian theory of the development of species by selection in the struggle for existence, and in the theory of development which is based on the hypothesis of the hereditary transmission of acquired characters.
We have another instance of far-reaching agreement between the deductions from two theories in Newtonian mechanics on the one hand, and the general theory of relativity on the other. This agreement goes so far, that up to the present we have been able to find only a few deductions from the general theory of relativity which are capable of investigation, and to which the physics of pre-relativity days does not also lead, and this despite the profound difference in the fundamental assumptions of the two theories. In what follows, we shall again consider these important deductions, and we shall also discuss the empirical evidence appertaining to them which has hitherto been obtained.
[Contents] (a) Motion of the Perihelion of Mercury According to Newtonian mechanics and Newton's law of gravitation, a planet which is revolving round the sun would describe an ellipse round the latter, or, more correctly, round the common centre of gravity of the sun and the planet. In such a system, the sun, or the common centre of gravity, lies in one of the foci of the orbital ellipse in such a manner that, in the course of a planet-year, the distance sun-planet grows from a minimum to a maximum, and then decreases again to a minimum. If instead of Newton's law we insert a somewhat different law of attraction into the calculation, we find that, according to this new law, the motion would still take place in such a manner that the distance sun-planet exhibits periodic variations; but in this case the angle described by the line joining sun and planet during such a period (from perihelion—closest proximity to the sun—to perihelion) would differ from. The line of the orbit would not then be a closed one but in the course of time it would fill up an annular part of the orbital plane, viz. between the circle of least and the circle of greatest distance of the planet from the sun.
According also to the general theory of relativity, which differs of course from the theory of Newton, a small variation from the Newton-Kepler motion of a planet in its orbit should take place, and in such a way, that the angle described by the radius sun-planet between one perihelion and the next should exceed that corresponding to one complete revolution by an amount given by (N.B.—One complete revolution corresponds to the angle in the absolute angular measure customary in physics, and the above expression given the amount by which the radius sun-planet exceeds this angle during the interval between one perihelion and the next.) In this expression a represents the major semi-axis of the ellipse, e its eccentricity, c the velocity of light, and T the period of revolution of the planet. Our result may also be stated as follows: According to the general theory of relativity, the major axis of the ellipse rotates round the sun in the same sense as the orbital motion of the planet. Theory requires that this rotation should amount to 43 seconds of arc per century for the planet Mercury, but for the other planets of our solar system its magnitude should be so small that it would


out of the ditch; to intrench.
 Pope.
 No more shall trenching war channel her fields.

Shak.
3. To cut furrows or ditches in; as, to trench land for the purpose of draining it.

4. To dig or cultivate very deeply, usually by digging parallel contiguous trenches in succession, filling each from the next; as, to trench a garden for certain crops.

 Trench, v. i. 1. To encroach; to intrench.

 Does it not seem as if for a creature to challenge to itself a boundless attribute, were to trench upon the prerogative of the divine nature?

I. Taylor.
2. To have direction; to aim or tend. [R.] Bacon.
To trench at, to make trenches against; to approach by trenches, as a town in besieging it. [Obs.]

 Like powerful armies, trenching at a town By slow and silent, but resistless, sap.

Young.
 Trench, n. [OE. trenche, F. tranchée. See Trench, v. t.] 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch; as, a trench for draining land. Mortimer.
2. An alley; a narrow path or walk cut through woods, shrubbery, or the like. [Obs.]

 In a trench, forth in the park, goeth she.

Chaucer.
3. (Fort.) An excavation made during a siege, for the purpose of covering the troops as they advance toward the besieged place.
 The term includes the parallels and the approaches.

To open the trenches (Mil.), to begin to dig or to form the lines of approach. — Trench cavalier (Fort.), an elevation constructed (by a besieger) of gabions, fascines, earth, and the like, about half way up the glacis, in order to discover and enfilade the covered way. — Trench plow, or Trench plough, a kind of plow for opening land to a greater depth than that of common furrows.

 Trench"and (?), a. Trenchant. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Trench"ant (?), a. [OF. trenchant, F. tranchant, p. pr. See Trench, v. t.] 1. Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp. " Trenchant was the blade." Chaucer.
2. Fig.: Keen; biting; severe; as, trenchant wit.

 Trench"ant*ly, adv. In a trenchant, or sharp, manner; sharply; severely.

 Trench"er (?), n. [OE. trencheoir, F. tranchoir, fr.
 trancher to cut, carve. See Trench, v. t.] 1. One who trenches; esp., one who cuts or digs ditches.

2. A large wooden plate or platter, as for table use.

3. The table; hence, the pleasures of the table; food.

 It could be no ordinary declension of nature that could bring some men, after an ingenuous education, to place their "summum bonum" upon their trenchers.

South.
Trencher cap, the cap worn by studens at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, having a stiff, flat, square appendage at top. A similar cap used in the United States is called Oxford cap, mortar board, etc. — Trencher fly, a person who haunts the tables of others; a parasite. [R.] L'Estrange. — Trencher friend, one who frequents the tables of others; a sponger. — Trencher mate, a table companion; a parasite; a trencher fly. Hooker.
 Trench"er-man (?), n.; pl. Trencher-men (&?;).

1. A feeder; a great eater; a gormandizer. Shak.
2. A cook. [Obs.]

 The skillfulest trencher-men of Media.

Sir P. Sidney.
3. A table companion; a trencher mate. Thackeray.
 Trench"more (?), n. A kind of lively dance of a rude, boisterous character. Also, music in triple time appropriate to the dance. [Obs.]

 All the windows in the town dance new trenchmore.

Beau. & Fl.
 Trench"more (?), v. i. To dance the trenchmore. [Obs.] Marston.
 { Trench"-plow", Trench"-plough' } (-plou'), v. t. To plow with deep furrows, for the purpose of loosening the land to a greater depth than usual.

 Trend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trended; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Trending.] [OE. trenden to roll or turn about; akin to OFries. trind, trund, round, Dan. & Sw. trind, AS. trendel a circle, ring, and E. trendle, trundle.]
 To have a particular direction; to run; to stretch; to tend; as, the shore of the sea trends to the southwest.

 Trend, v. t. To cause to turn; to bend. [R.]

 Not far beneath i' the valley as she trends Her silver stream.

W. Browne.
 Trend, n. Inclination in a particular direction; tendency; general direction; as, the trend of a coast.

Trend of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) The lower end of the shank of an anchor, being the same distance on the shank from the throat that the arm measures from the throat to the bill. R. H. Dana, Jr.
(b) The angle made by the line of a vessel's keel and the direction of the anchor cable, when she is swinging at anchor.

 Trend (?), v. t. [Cf. G. & OD. trennen to separate.] To cleanse, as wool. [Prov. Eng.]

 Trend, n. Clean wool. [Prov. Eng.]

 Trend"er (?), n. One whose business is to free wool from its filth.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 Tren"dle (?), n. [AS. trendel, tryndel, circle, ring.
 See Trend, v. i., and cf. Trundle.] A wheel, spindle, or the like; a trundle. [Obs.]

 The shaft the wheel, the wheel, the trendle turns.

Sylvester.
 Tren"tal (?), n. [LL. trentale, fr. L. triginta thirty; akin to tres three: cf. OF. trentel. See Three, and cf. Trigintal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An office and mass for the dead on the thirtieth day after death or burial. "Their trentals and their shrifts." Spenser.
2. Hence, a dirge; an elegy.

 Tren"ton pe"ri*od (?). (Geol.) A subdivision in the lower Silurian system of America; — so named from Trenton Falls, in New York. The rocks are mostly limestones, and the period is divided into the Trenton, Utica, and Cincinnati epochs. See the Chart of Geology.

 Tre*pan" (?), n. [F. trépan (cf. Sp. trépano, It. trepano, trapano), LL. trepanum, fr. Gr. &?; a borer, auger, trepan, fr. &?; to bore, &?; a hole. Cf. Trephine.]
 1. (Surg.) A crown-saw or cylindrical saw for perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a bit or gimlet. See Trephine.

2. (Mining) A kind of broad chisel for sinking shafts.

 Tre*pan", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Trepanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trepanning.]


[Updater's note: an illustrated version of this etext can be found at _URL_ [Frontispiece: From the girl's revolver leaped forth a sudden spurt of smoke and flame.]
THE VALLEY OF SILENT MEN A STORY OF THE THREE RIVER COUNTRY BY JAMES OLIVER CURWOOD AUTHOR OF "THE RIVER'S END," ETC.
CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI THE VALLEY OF SILENT MEN Before the railroad's thin lines of steel bit their way up through the wilderness, Athabasca Landing was the picturesque threshold over which one must step who would enter into the mystery and adventure of the great white North. It is still Iskwatam—the "door" which opens to the lower reaches of the Athabasca, the Slave, and the Mackenzie. It is somewhat difficult to find on the map, yet it is there, because its history is written in more than a hundred and forty years of romance and tragedy and adventure in the lives of men, and is not easily forgotten. Over the old trail it was about a hundred and fifty miles north of Edmonton. The railroad has brought it nearer to that base of civilization, but beyond it the wilderness still howls as it has howled for a thousand years, and the waters of a continent flow north and into the Arctic Ocean. It is possible that the beautiful dream of the real-estate dealers may come true, for the most avid of all the sportsmen of the earth, the money-hunters, have come up on the bumpy railroad that sometimes lights its sleeping cars with lanterns, and with them have come typewriters, and stenographers, and the art of printing advertisements, and the Golden Rule of those who sell handfuls of earth to hopeful purchasers thousands of miles away—"Do others as they would do you." And with it, too, has come the legitimate business of barter and trade, with eyes on all that treasure of the North which lies between the Grand Rapids of the Athabasca and the edge of the polar sea. But still more beautiful than the dream of fortunes quickly made is the deep-forest superstition that the spirits of the wilderness dead move onward as steam and steel advance, and if this is so, the ghosts of a thousand Pierres and Jacquelines have risen uneasily from their graves at Athabasca Landing, hunting a new quiet farther north.
For it was Pierre and Jacqueline, Henri and Marie, Jacques and his Jeanne, whose brown hands for a hundred and forty years opened and closed this door. And those hands still master a savage world for two thousand miles north of that threshold of Athabasca Landing. South of it a wheezy engine drags up the freight that came not so many months ago by boat.
It is over this threshold that the dark eyes of Pierre and Jacqueline, Henri and Marie, Jacques and his Jeanne, look into the blue and the gray and the sometimes watery ones of a destroying civilization. And there it is that the shriek of a mad locomotive mingles with their age-old river chants; the smut of coal drifts over their forests; the phonograph screeches its reply to le violon; and Pierre and Henri and Jacques no longer find themselves the kings of the earth when they come in from far countries with their precious cargoes of furs. And they no longer swagger and tell loud-voiced adventure, or sing their wild river songs in the same old abandon, for there are streets at Athabasca Landing now, and hotels, and schools, and rules and regulations of a kind new and terrifying to the bold of the old voyageurs.
It seems only yesterday that the railroad was not there, and a great world of wilderness lay between the Landing and the upper rim of civilization. And when word first came that a steam thing was eating its way up foot by foot through forest and swamp and impassable muskeg, that word passed up and down the water-ways for two thousand miles, a colossal joke, a stupendous bit of drollery, the funniest thing that Pierre and Henri and Jacques had heard in all their lives. And when Jacques wanted to impress upon Pierre his utter disbelief of a thing, he would say: "It will happen, m'sieu, when the steam thing comes to the Landing, when cow-beasts eat with the moose, and when our bread is found for us in yonder swamps!"
And the steam thing came, and cows grazed where moose had fed, and bread WAS gathered close to the edge of the great swamps. Thus did civilization break into Athabasca Landing.
Northward from the Landing, for two thousand miles, reached the domain of the rivermen. And the Landing, with its two hundred and twenty-seven souls before the railroad came, was the wilderness clearing-house which sat at the beginning of things. To it came from the south all the freight which must go into the north; on its flat river front were built the great scows which carried this freight to the end of the earth. It was from the Landing that the greatest of all river brigades set forth upon their long adventures, and it was back to the Landing, perhaps a year or more later, that still smaller scows and huge canoes brought as the price of exchange their cargoes of furs.
Thus for nearly a century and a half the larger craft, with their great sweeps and their wild-throated crews, had gone DOWN the river toward the Arctic Ocean, and the smaller craft, with their still wilder crews, had come UP the river toward civilization. The River, as the Landing speaks of it, is the Athabasca, with its headwaters away off in the British Columbian mountains, where Baptiste and McLeod, explorers of old, gave up their lives to find where the cradle of it lay. And it sweeps past the Landing, a slow and mighty giant, unswervingly on its way to the northern sea. With it the river brigades set forth. For Pierre and Henri and Jacques it is going from one end to the other of the earth. The Athabasca ends and is replaced by the Slave, and the Slave empties into Great Slave Lake, and from the narrow tip of that Lake the Mackenzie carries on for more than a thousand miles to the sea.
In this distance of the long water trail one sees and hears many things. It is life. It is adventure. It is mystery and romance and hazard. Its tales are so many that books could not hold them. In the faces of men and women they are written. They lie buried in graves so old that the forest trees grow over them. Epics of tragedy, of love, of the fight to live! And as one goes farther north, and still farther, just so do the stories of things that have happened change.
For the world is changing, the sun is changing, and the breeds of men are changing. At the Landing in July there are seventeen hours of sunlight; at Fort Chippewyan there are eighteen; at Fort Resolution, Fort Simpson, and Fort Providence there are nineteen; at the Great Bear twenty-one, and at Fort McPherson, close to the polar sea, from twenty-two to twenty-three. And in December there are also these hours of darkness. With light and darkness men change, women change, and life changes. And Pierre and Henri and Jacques meet them all, but always THEY are the same, chanting the old songs, enshrining the old loves, dreaming the same dreams, and worshiping always the same gods. They meet a thousand perils with eyes that glisten with the love of adventure.
The thunder of rapids and the howlings of storm do not frighten them.
Death has no fear for them. They grapple with it, wrestle joyously with it, and are glorious when they win.


. (Metal Working) A ragged edge.

6. A sail, or any piece of canvas. [Nautical Slang] Our ship was a clipper with every rag set.

Lowell.
Rag bolt, an iron pin with barbs on its shank to retain it in place. -- Rag carpet, a carpet of which the weft consists of narrow strips of cloth sewed together, end to end. -- Rag dust, fine particles of ground-up rags, used in making papier-maché and wall papers. -- Rag wheel. (a) A chain wheel; a sprocket wheel.
 (b) A polishing wheel made of disks of cloth clamped together on a mandrel. -- Rag wool, wool obtained by tearing woolen rags into fine bits; shoddy.

 Rag (rg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ragged (rgd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Ragging (-gng).] To become tattered. [Obs.]

 Rag, v. t. 1. To break (ore) into lumps for sorting.

2. To cut or dress roughly, as a grindstone.

 { Rag"a*bash' (-*bsh'), Rag"a*brash' (-brsh'), } n. An idle, ragged person. Nares. Grose.
 Rag'a*muf"fin (-mf"fn), n. [Cf. Ragamofin, the name of a demon in some of the old mysteries.] 1. A paltry or disreputable fellow; a mean wretch. Dryden.
2. A person who wears ragged clothing. [Colloq.]

3. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

 Rage (rj), n. [F., fr. L. rabies, fr. rabere to rave; cf. Skr. rabh to seize, rabhas violence. Cf. Rabid, Rabies, Rave.] 1. Violent excitement; eager passion; extreme vehemence of desire, emotion, or suffering, mastering the will. "In great rage of pain." Bacon.
 He appeased the rage of hunger with some scraps of broken meat.

Macaulay.
 Convulsed with a rage of grief.

Hawthorne.
2. Especially, anger accompanied with raving; overmastering wrath; violent anger; fury.

 Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage.

Milton.
3. A violent or raging wind. [Obs.] Chaucer.
4. The subject of eager desire; that which is sought after, or prosecuted, with unreasonable or excessive passion; as, to be all the rage.

Syn. -- Anger; vehemence; excitement; passion; fury. See Anger.

 Rage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raged (rjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Raging (r"jng).] [OF. ragier. See Rage, n.]

1. To be furious with anger; to be exasperated to fury; to be violently agitated with passion. "Whereat he inly raged." Milton.
 When one so great begins to rage, he is hunted Even to falling.

Shak.
2. To be violent and tumultuous; to be violently driven or agitated; to act or move furiously; as, the raging sea or winds.

 Why do the heathen rage?

Ps. ii. 1.
 The madding wheels Of brazen chariots raged; dire was the noise.

Milton.
3. To ravage; to prevail without restraint, or with destruction or fatal effect; as, the plague raged in Cairo.

4. To toy or act wantonly; to sport. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Syn. -- To storm; fret; chafe; fume.

 Rage, v. t. To enrage. [Obs.] Shak.
 Rage"ful (-fl), a. Full of rage; expressing rage. [Obs.] "Rageful eyes." Sir P. Sidney.
 Ra"ger*y (r"jr*), n. Wantonness. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Rag"ged (rg"gd), a. [From Rag, n.] 1. Rent or worn into tatters, or till the texture is broken; as, a ragged coat; a ragged sail.

2. Broken with rough edges; having jags; uneven; rough; jagged; as, ragged rocks.

3. Hence, harsh and disagreeable to the ear; dissonant. [R.] "A ragged noise of mirth." Herbert.
4. Wearing tattered clothes; as, a ragged fellow.

5. Rough; shaggy; rugged.

 What shepherd owns those ragged sheep?

Dryden.
Ragged lady (Bot.), the fennel flower (Nigella Damascena).
 -- Ragged robin (Bot.), a plant of the genus Lychnis (L. Floscuculi), cultivated for its handsome flowers, which have the petals cut into narrow lobes. -- Ragged sailor (Bot.), prince's feather (Polygonum orientale). -- Ragged school, a free school for poor children, where they are taught and in part fed; -- a name given at first because they came in their common clothing. [Eng.]

 -- Rag"ged*ly, adv. -- Rag"ged*ness, n.
 { Rag"gie (rg"g), or Rag"gy }, a. Ragged; rough. [Obs.] "A stony and raggie hill." Holland.
 ||Ragh'u*van"sa (rg'*vn"s), n. [Skr. Raguvaça.] A celebrated Sanskrit poem having for its subject the Raghu dynasty.

 Ra"ging (r"jng), a. & n. from Rage, v. i. -- Ra"ging*ly, adv.
 Ra"gious (r"js), a. Raging; furious; rageful. [Obs.] -- Ra"gious*ness, n. [Obs.]

 Rag"lan (rg"lan), n. A loose overcoat with large sleeves; -- named from Lord Raglan, an English general.

 Rag"man (-man), n.; pl. Ragmen (-men).
 A man who collects, or deals in, rags.

 Rag"man, n. [See Ragman's roll.] A document having many names or numerous seals, as a papal bull. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
 Rag"man's roll' (-manz rl'). [For ragman roll a long list of names, the devil's roll or list; where ragman is of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ragmenni a craven person, Sw. raggen the devil.
 Icel. ragmenni is fr. ragr cowardly (another form of argr, akin to AS. earg cowardly, vile, G. arg bad) + menni (in comp.) man, akin to E. man. See Roll, and cf. Rigmarole.] The rolls of deeds on parchment in which the Scottish nobility and gentry subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, A. D. 1296. [Also written ragmanroll.]

 Ra*gout" (r*g"), n. [F. ragoût, fr. ragoûter to restore one's appetite, fr. L. pref. rere- + ad to + gustare to taste, gustus taste. See Gust relish.] A dish made of pieces of meat, stewed, and highly seasoned; as, a ragout of mutton.

 Rag"pick'er (rg"pk'r), n. One who gets a living by picking up rags and refuse things in the streets.

 { Ra*guled" (r*gld"), Rag*guled" (rg-), } a. [Cf. F. raguer to chafe, fret, rub, or E. rag.] (Her.) Notched in regular diagonal breaks; -- said of a line,