the meaning from context." Interestingly, the word was originally 'glork'; the context was "This gubblick contains many nonsklarkish English flutzpahs, but the overall pluggandisp can be glorked [sic] from context" (David Moser, quoted by Douglas Hofstadter in his "Metamagical Themas" column in the January 1981 "Scientific American"). It is conjectured that hacker usage mutated the verb to 'glark' because glork was already an established jargon term (some hackers do report using the original term). Compare grok, zen.
Node:glass, Next:glass tty, Previous:glark, Up:= G = glass n.
[IBM] Synonym for silicon.
Node:glass tty, Next:glassfet, Previous:glass, Up:= G = glass tty /glas T-T-Y/ or /glas ti'tee/ n. A terminal that has a display screen but which, because of hardware or software limitations, behaves like a teletype or some other printing terminal, thereby combining the disadvantages of both: like a printing terminal, it can't do fancy display hacks, and like a display terminal, it doesn't produce hard copy. An example is the early 'dumb' version of Lear-Siegler ADM 3 (without cursor control). See tube, tty; compare dumb terminal, smart terminal. See "TV Typewriters" (Appendix A) for an interesting true story about a glass tty.
Node:glassfet, Next:glitch, Previous:glass tty, Up:= G = glassfet /glas'fet/ n.
[by analogy with MOSFET, the acronym for 'Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor'] Syn. firebottle, a humorous way to refer to a vacuum tube.
Node:glitch, Next:glob, Previous:glassfet, Up:= G = glitch /glich/ [very common; from German 'glitschig' to slip, via Yiddish 'glitshen', to slide or skid] 1. n. A sudden interruption in electric service, sanity, continuity, or program function.
Sometimes recoverable. An interruption in electric service is specifically called a 'power glitch' (also power hit), of grave concern because it usually crashes all the computers. In jargon, though, a hacker who got to the middle of a sentence and then forgot how he or she intended to complete it might say, "Sorry, I just glitched". 2. vi. To commit a glitch. See gritch.
3. vt. [Stanford] To scroll a display screen, esp. several lines at a time. WAITS terminals used to do this in order to avoid continuous scrolling, which is distracting to the eye. 4. obs. Same as magic cookie, sense 2.
All these uses of 'glitch' derive from the specific technical meaning the term has in the electronic hardware world, where it is now techspeak. A glitch can occur when the inputs of a circuit change, and the outputs change to some random value for some very brief time before they settle down to the correct value. If another circuit inspects the output at just the wrong time, reading the random value, the results can be very wrong and very hard to debug (a glitch is one of many causes of electronic heisenbugs).
Node:glob, Next:glork, Previous:glitch, Up:= G = glob /glob/, not /glohb/ v.,n.
[Unix; common] To expand special characters in a wildcarded name, or the act of so doing (the action is also called 'globbing'). The Unix conventions for filename wildcarding have become sufficiently pervasive that many hackers use some of them in written English, especially in email or news on technical topics. Those commonly encountered include the following: * wildcard for any string (see also UN*X) ?
wildcard for any single character (generally read this way only at the beginning or in the middle of a word) [] delimits a wildcard matching any of the enclosed characters {} alternation of comma-separated alternatives; thus, 'foo{baz,qux}' would be read as 'foobaz' or 'fooqux' Some examples: "He said his name was [KC]arl" (expresses ambiguity). "I don't read talk.politics.*" (any of the talk.politics subgroups on Usenet).
Other examples are given under the entry for X. Note that glob patterns are similar, but not identical, to those used in regexps.
Historical note: The jargon usage derives from glob, the name of a subprogram that expanded wildcards in archaic pre-Bourne versions of the Unix shell.
Node:glork, Next:glue, Previous:glob, Up:= G = glork /glork/ 1. interj. Term of mild surprise, usually tinged with outrage, as when one attempts to save the results of two hours of editing and finds that the system has just crashed. 2. Used as a name for just about anything. See foo. 3. vt.
Similar to glitch, but usually used reflexively. "My program just glorked itself." 4. Syn. for glark, which see.
Node:glue, Next:gnarly, Previous:glork, Up:= G = glue n. Generic term for any interface logic or protocol that connects two component blocks. For example, Blue Glue is IBM's SNA protocol, and hardware designers call anything used to connect large VLSI's or circuit blocks 'glue logic'.
Node:gnarly, Next:GNU, Previous:glue, Up:= G = gnarly /nar'lee/ adj.
Both obscure and hairy (sense 1). "Yow! -- the tuned assembler implementation of BitBlt is really gnarly!" From a similar but less specific usage in surfer slang.
Node:GNU, Next:gnubie, Previous:gnarly, Up:= G = GNU /gnoo/, not /noo/ 1. [acronym: 'GNU's Not Unix!', see recursive acronym] A Unix-workalike development effort of the Free Software Foundation headed by Richard Stallman. GNU EMACS and the GNU C compiler, two tools designed for this project, have become very popular in hackerdom and elsewhere. The GNU project was designed partly to proselytize for RMS's position that information is community property and all software source should be shared. One of its slogans is "Help stamp out software hoarding!" Though this remains controversial (because it implicitly denies any right of designers to own, assign, and sell the results of their labors), many hackers who disagree with RMS have nevertheless cooperated to produce large amounts of high-quality software for free redistribution under the Free Software Foundation's imprimatur. The GNU project has a web page at _URL_. See EMACS, copyleft, General Public Virus, Linux. 2. Noted Unix hacker John Gilmore, founder of Usenet's anarchic alt.* hierarchy.
Node:gnubie, Next:GNUMACS, Previous:GNU, Up:= G = gnubie /noo'bee/ n. Written-only variant of newbie in common use on IRC channels, which implies specifically someone who is new to the Linux/open source/free software world.
Node:GNUMACS, Next:go flatline, Previous:gnubie, Up:= G = GNUMACS /gnoo'maks/ n.
[contraction of 'GNU EMACS'] Often-heard abbreviated name for the GNU project's flagship tool, EMACS. Used esp. in contrast with GOSMACS.
Node:go flatline, Next:go root, Previous:GNUMACS, Up:= G = go flatline v.
[from cyberpunk SF, refers to flattening of EEG traces upon brain-death] (also adjectival 'flatlined'). 1. To die, terminate, or fail, esp. irreversibly. In hacker parlance, this is used of machines only, human death being considered somewhat too serious a matter to employ jargon-jokes about. 2. To go completely quiescent; said of machines undergoing controlled shutdown. "You can suffer file damage if you shut down Unix but power off before the system has gone flatline." 3. Of a video tube, to fail by losing vertical scan, so all one sees is


exemplifying a proverb.

Book of Proverbs, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a great variety of wise maxims.

Syn. -- Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage; saw.

 Prov"erb, v. t. 1. To name in, or as, a proverb. [R.]

 Am I not sung and proverbed for a fool?

Milton.
2. To provide with a proverb. [R.]

 I am proverbed with a grandsire phrase.

Shak.
 Prov"erb, v. i. To write or utter proverbs. [R.]

 Pro*ver"bi*al (?), a. [L. proverbialis: cf. F. proverbial.]
 1. Mentioned or comprised in a proverb; used as a proverb; hence, commonly known; as, a proverbial expression; his meanness was proverbial.

 In case of excesses, I take the German proverbial cure, by a hair of the same beast, to be the worst.

Sir W. Temple.
2. Of or pertaining to proverbs; resembling a proverb. "A proverbial obscurity." Sir T. Browne.
 Pro*ver"bi*al*ism (?), n. A proverbial phrase.

 Pro*ver"bi*al*ist, n. One who makes much use of proverbs in speech or writing; one who composes, collects, or studies proverbs.

 Pro*ver"bi*al*ize (?), v. t. & i. [Cf. F. proverbialiser.]
 To turn into a proverb; to speak in proverbs.

 Pro*ver"bi*al*ly, adv. In a proverbial manner; by way of proverb; hence, commonly; universally; as, it is proverbially said; the bee is proverbially busy.

 Pro*vex"i*ty (?), n. [L. provehere to advance. Cf. Provect.]
 Great advance in age. [Obs.]

 Pro*vide" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provided; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Providing.] [L. providere, provisum; pro before + videre to see. See Vision, and cf. Prudent, Purvey.] 1.
 To look out for in advance; to procure beforehand; to get, collect, or make ready for future use; to prepare. "Provide us all things necessary." Shak.
2. To supply; to afford; to contribute.

 Bring me berries, or such cooling fruit As the kind, hospitable woods provide.

Milton.
3. To furnish; to supply; -- formerly followed by of, now by with. "And yet provided him of but one." Jer. Taylor.
 "Rome... was well provided with corn." Arbuthnot.
4. To establish as a previous condition; to stipulate; as, the contract provides that the work be well done.

5. To foresee. [A Latinism] [Obs.] B. Jonson.
6. To appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice before it is vacant.
 See Provisor. Prescott.
 Pro*vide", v. i. 1. To procure supplies or means in advance; to take measures beforehand in view of an expected or a possible future need, especially a danger or an evil; -- followed by against or for; as, to provide against the inclemency of the weather; to provide for the education of a child.

 Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants.

Burke.
2. To stipulate previously; to condition; as, the agreement provides for an early completion of the work.

 Pro*vid"ed (?), conj. On condition; by stipulation; with the understanding; if; -- usually followed by that; as, provided that nothing in this act shall prejudice the rights of any person whatever.

Provided the deductions are logical, they seem almost indifferent to their truth.

G. H. Lewes.
 This word is strictly a participle, and the word being is understood, the participle provided agreeing with the whole sentence absolute, and being equivalent to this condition being previously stipulated or established.

 Prov"i*dence (?), n. [L. providentia: cf. F. providence.
 See Provident, and cf. Prudence.] 1. The act of providing or preparing for future use or application; a making ready; preparation.

Providence for war is the best prevention of it.

Bacon.
2. Foresight; care; especially, the foresight and care which God manifests for his creatures; hence, God himself, regarded as exercising a constant wise prescience.

 The world was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide.

Milton.
3. (Theol.) A manifestation of the care and superintendence which God exercises over his creatures; an event ordained by divine direction.

 He that hath a numerous family, and many to provide for, needs a greater providence of God.

Jer. Taylor.
 4. Prudence in the management of one's concerns; economy; frugality.

 It is a high point of providence in a prince to cast an eye rather upon actions than persons.

Quarles.
 Prov"i*dent (?), a. [L. providens, -entis, p. pr. of providere: cf. F. provident. See Provide, and cf. Prudent.]
 Foreseeing wants and making provision to supply them; prudent in preparing for future exigencies; cautious; economical; -- sometimes followed by of; as, aprovident man; an animal provident of the future.

 And of our good and of our dignity, How provident he is.

Milton.
Syn. -- Forecasting; cautious; careful; prudent; frugal; economical.

 Prov'i*den"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. providentiel.] Effected by, or referable to, divine direction or superintendence; as, the providential contrivance of thing; a providential escape. -- Prov"i*den"tial*ly, adv.
 Prov"i*dent*ly (?), adv. In a provident manner.

 Prov"i*dent*ness, n. The quality or state of being provident; carefulness; prudence; economy.

 Pro*vid"er (?), n. One who provides, furnishes, or supplies; one who procures what is wanted.

 Prov"i*dore (?), n. [See Provedore.] One who makes provision; a purveyor. [R.] De Foe.
 Prov"ince (?), n. [F., fr. L. provincia; prob. fr. pro before, for + the root of vincere to conquer. See Victor.] 1.
(Roman Hist.) A country or region, more or less remote from the city of Rome, brought under the Roman government; a conquered country beyond the limits of Italy. Wyclif (Acts xiii. 34). Milton.
2. A country or region dependent on a distant authority; a portion of an empire or state, esp. one remote from the capital. "Kingdoms and provinces."
 Shak.
3. A region of country; a tract; a district.

 Over many a tract of heaven they marched, and many a province wide.

Milton.
 Other provinces of the intellectual world.

I. Watts.
4. A region under the supervision or direction of any special person; the district or division of a country, especially an ecclesiastical division, over which one has jurisdiction; as, the province of Canterbury, or that in which the archbishop of Canterbury exercises ecclesiastical authority.

5. The proper or appropriate business or duty of a person or body; office; charge; jurisdiction; sphere.

 The woman'sprovince is to be careful in her economy, and chaste in her affection.


is also used substantively. "The waters that come down from above."
 Josh. iii. 13.
 It is also used as the first part of a compound in the sense of before, previously; as, above-cited, abovedescribed, above-mentioned, above-named, abovesaid, abovespecified, above-written, above-given.

 A*bove"board' (&?;), adv. Above the board or table. Hence: in open sight; without trick, concealment, or deception. "Fair and aboveboard."
 Burke.
 This expression is said by Johnson to have been borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their cards, put their hands under the table.

 A*bove"-cit'ed (&?;), a. Cited before, in the preceding part of a book or writing.

 A*bove"deck' (&?;), a. On deck; and hence, like aboveboard, without artifice. Smart.
 A*bove"-men'tioned (&?;), A*bove"-named'(&?;), a. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid.

 A*bove"said' (&?;), a. Mentioned or recited before.

 A*box" (&?;), adv. & a. (Naut.) Braced aback.

 Ab'ra*ca*dab"ra (&?;), n. [L. Of unknown origin.] A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon.

 Ab*ra"dant (&?;), n. A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.

 Ab*rade" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abrasum, to scrape off; ab + radere to scrape. See Rase, Raze.] To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction; as, to abrade rocks. Lyell.
 A*brade" (&?;), v. t. Same as Abraid. [Obs.]

 A'bra*ham"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as, the Abrachamic covenant.

 A'bra*ham*it"ic, *ic*al(&?;), a. Relating to the patriarch Abraham.

 A"bra*ham-man' (&?;) or A"bram-man'(&?;), n. [Possibly in allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New Eng. Dict. ).] One of a set of vagabonds who formerly roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake of obtaining alms. Nares.
To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith.
 A*braid" (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. abraiden, to awake, draw (a sword), AS. bredgan to shake, draw; pref. - (cf.
 Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bregdan to shake, throw. See Braid.] To awake; to arouse; to stir or start up; also, to shout out. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 A*bran"chi*al (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Abranchiate.

 ||A*bran'chi*a"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, pl., the gills of fishes.] (Zoöl.) A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration.

 A*bran"chi*ate (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Without gills.

 Ab*rase" (&?;), a. [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere.
 See Abrade.] Rubbed smooth. [Obs.] "An abrase table." B. Jonson.
 Ab*ra"sion (&?;), n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere.
 See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction; as, the abrasion of coins.

2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley.
3. (Med.) A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance under the form of small shreds. Dunglison.
 Ab*ra"sive (&?;), a. Producing abrasion. Ure.
 A*braum" or A*braum" salts (&?;), n. [Ger., fr. abräumen to remove.] A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium.

 ||A*brax"as (&?;), n. [A name adopted by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters α, β, ρ, α, ξ, α, σ, which, as numerals, amounted to 365. It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the 365 heavens of his system.] A mystical word used as a charm and engraved on gems among the ancients; also, a gem stone thus engraved.

 A*bray" (&?;), v. [A false form from the preterit abraid, abrayde.] See Abraid. [Obs.] Spenser.
 A*breast" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + breast.] 1.
 Side by side, with breasts in a line; as, "Two men could hardly walk abreast."
 Macaulay.
2. (Naut.) Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel's beam; -- with of.

3. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced; as, to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science.

4. At the same time; simultaneously. [Obs.]

Abreast therewith began a convocation. Fuller.
 A*breg"ge (&?;), v. t. See Abridge. [Obs.]

 Ab're*nounce" (&?;), v. t. [L. abrenuntiare; ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] To renounce. [Obs.] "They abrenounce and cast them off." Latimer.
 Ab're*nun'ci*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. abrenuntiatio. See Abrenounce.] Absolute renunciation or repudiation. [Obs.]

 An abrenunciation of that truth which he so long had professed, and still believed. Fuller.
 Ab*rep"tion (&?;), n. [L. abreptus, p. p. of abripere to snatch away; ab + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away.
 [Obs.]

 ||A'breu'voir" (&?;), n. [F., a watering place.] (Masonry) The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar. Gwilt.
 A"bri*cock (&?;), n. See Apricot. [Obs.]

 A*bridge" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] [OE. abregen, OF. abregier, F. abréger, fr. L. abbreviare; ad + brevis short. See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To make shorter; to shorten in duration; to lessen; to diminish; to curtail; as, to abridge labor; to abridge power or rights. "The bridegroom... abridged his visit." Smollett.
 She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from state to necessity. Fuller.
2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to


. To make a show of; to pretend. [Obs.]

 Which to these ladies love did countenance. Spenser.
 Coun"te*nan*cer (-nan-s?r), n. One who countenances, favors, or supports.

 Coun"ter (koun"t?r-). [See Counter, adv. ] A prefix meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition; as, counteract, counterbalance, countercheck. See Counter, adv. & a. Count"er (koun"t?r), n. [OE. countere, countour, a counter (in sense 1), OF. contere, conteor, fr. conter to count. See Count, v. t. ] 1. One who counts, or reckons up; a calculator; a reckoner.

2. A piece of metal, ivory, wood, or bone, used in reckoning, in keeping account of games, etc.

 The old gods of our own race whose names... serve as counters reckon the days of the week. E. B. Tylor.
 What comes the wool to?... I can not do it without counters.
Shak.
3. Money; coin; -- used in contempt. [Obs.]

 To lock such rascal counters from his friends. Shak.
4. A prison; either of two prisons formerly in London.

 Anne Aysavugh... imprisoned in the Counter. Fuller.
5. A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations. Knight.
 Coun"ter, n. [OE. countour, OF. contouer, comptouer, F. comptoir, LL. computatorium, prop., a computing place, place of accounts, fr. L. computare. See Count, v. t.] A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted; a long, narrow table or bench, on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers, or on which they are weighed or measured.

 Coun"ter, adv. [F. contre, fr. L. contra against. Cf.
 Contra-.] 1. Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction; contrariwise; -- used chiefly with run or go.

 Running counter to all the rules of virtue. Locks.
2. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course; as, a hound that runs counter.

 This is counter, you false Danish dogs! Shak.
3. At or against the front or face. [R.]

 Which [darts] they never throw counter, but at the back of the flier. Sandys.
 Coun"ter, a. Contrary; opposite; contrasted; opposed; adverse; antagonistic; as, a counter current; a counter revolution; a counter poison; a counter agent; counter fugue.
 "Innumerable facts attesting the counter principle." I. Taylor.
Counter approach (Fort.), a trench or work pushed forward from defensive works to meet the approaches of besiegers. See Approach. -- Counter bond (Law), in old practice, a bond to secure one who has given bond for another. -- Counter brace. See Counter brace, in Vocabulary. -- Counter deed (Law), a secret writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public deed. -- Counter distinction, contradistinction. [Obs.] -- Counter drain, a drain at the foot of the embankment of a canal or watercourse, for carrying off the water that may soak through. -- Counter extension (Surg.), the fixation of the upper part of a limb, while extension is practiced on the lower part, as in cases of luxation or fracture. -- Counter fissure (Surg.)
 Same as Contrafissure. -- Counter indication. (Med.) Same as Contraindication. -- Counter irritant (Med.), an irritant to produce a blister, a pustular eruption, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. "Counter irritants are of as great use in moral as in physical diseases." Macaulay. -- Counter irritation (Med.), the act or the result of applying a counter irritant. -- Counter opening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place. -Counter parole (Mil.), a word in addition to the password, given in time of alarm as a signal. -- Counter plea (Law), a replication to a plea. Cowell. -- Counter pressure, force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure. -- Counter project, a project, scheme, or proposal brought forward in opposition to another, as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. -- Counter proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives a copy in reverse, and of course in the same position as that of plate from which the first was printed, the object being to enable the engraver to inspect the state of the plate. -- Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. -- Counter revolutionist, one engaged in, or befriending, a counter revolution. -- Counter round (Mil.), a body of officers whose duty it is to visit and inspect the rounds and sentinels.
 -- Counter sea (Naut.), a sea running in an opposite direction from the wind. -- Counter sense, opposite meaning. -- Counter signal, a signal to answer or correspond to another. -- Counter signature, the name of a secretary or other officer countersigned to a writing. Tooke. -- Counter slope, an overhanging slope; as, a wall with a counter slope. Mahan. -- Counter statement, a statement made in opposition to, or denial of, another statement. -- Counter surety, a counter bond, or a surety to secure one who has given security. -- Counter tally, a tally corresponding to another. -- Counter tide, contrary tide.

 Coun"ter, n. [See Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. (Naut.)
 The after part of a vessel's body, from the water line to the stern, -- below and somewhat forward of the stern proper.

 2. (Mus.) Same as Contra. Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to counter tenor.

3. (Far.) The breast, or that part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck.

4. The back leather or heel part of a boot.

 Coun"ter (koun"t?r), n. An encounter. [Obs.]

 With kindly counter under mimic shade. Spenser.
 Coun"ter, v. i. (Boxing) To return a blow while receiving one, as in boxing.

 His left hand countered provokingly. C. Kingsley.
 Coun'ter*act" (koun't?r-?kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counteracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counteracting.] To act in opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by contrary agency or influence; as, to counteract the effect of medicines; to counteract good advice.

 Coun'ter*ac"tion (koun't?r-?k"sh?n), n. Action in opposition; hindrance resistance.

 [They] do not... overcome the counteraction of a false principle or of stubborn partiality. Johnson.
 Coun'ter*act"ive (-?kt"?v), a. Tending to counteract.

 Coun'ter*act"ive, n. One who, or that which, counteracts.

 Coun'ter*act"ive*ly, adv. By counteraction.

 Coun'ter*bal"ance (-b?l"ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterbalanced (-anst


sheer of a vessel.

 Sny"ing, n. (Naut.) A curved plank, placed edgewise, to work in the bows of a vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr.
 So (?), adv. [OE. so, sa, swa, AS. sw; akin to OFries, s, s&?;, D. zoo, OS. & OHG.
 s&?;, G. so, Icel. sv, sv&?;, svo, so, Sw. s&?;, Dan. saa, Goth. swa so, sw&?; as; cf. L. suus one's own, Skr. sva one's own, one's self.
 √192. Cf. As, Custom, Ethic, Idiom, Such.] 1. In that manner or degree; as, indicated (in any way), or as implied, or as supposed to be known.

 Why is his chariot so long in coming?

Judges v. 28.
2. In like manner or degree; in the same way; thus; for like reason; whith equal reason; -- used correlatively, following as, to denote comparison or resemblance; sometimes, also, following inasmuch as.

 As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a prince ought to consider the condition he is in.

Swift.
3. In such manner; to such degree; -- used correlatively with as or that following; as, he was so fortunate as to escape.

 I viewed in may mind, so far as I was able, the beginning and progress of a rising world.

T. Burnet.
 He is very much in Sir Roger's esteem, so that he lives in the family rather as a relation than dependent.

Addison.
4. Very; in a high degree; that is, in such a degree as can not well be expressed; as, he is so good; he planned so wisely.

5. In the same manner; as has been stated or suggested; in this or that condition or state; under these circumstances; in this way; -- with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied; used also with the verb to be, as a predicate.

 Use him [your tutor] with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too.

Locke.
 It concerns every man, with the greatest seriousness, to inquire into those matters, whether they be so or not.

Tillotson.
 He is Sir Robert's son, and so art thou.

Shak.
6. The case being such; therefore; on this account; for this reason; on these terms; -- used both as an adverb and a conjuction.

 God makes him in his own image an intellectual creature, and so capable of dominion.

Locke.
 Here, then, exchange we mutually forgiveness; So may the guilt of all my broken vows, My perjuries to thee, be all forgotten.

Rowe.
7. It is well; let it be as it is, or let it come to pass; -- used to express assent.

 And when 't is writ, for my sake read it over, And if it please you, so; if not, why, so.

Shak.
 There is Percy; if your father will do me any honor, so; if not, let him kill the next Percy himself.

Shak.
8. Well; the fact being as stated; -- used as an expletive; as, so the work is done, is it?

9. Is it thus? do you mean what you say? -- with an upward tone; as, do you say he refuses? So? [Colloq.]

10. About the number, time, or quantity specified; thereabouts; more or less; as, I will spend a week or so in the country; I have read only a page or so.

 A week or so will probably reconcile us.

Gay.
 See the Note under Ill, adv.
So... as. So is now commonly used as a demonstrative correlative of as when it is the puprpose to emphasize the equality or comparison suggested, esp. in negative assertions, and questions implying a negative answer. By Shakespeare and others so... as was much used where as... as is now common. See the Note under As, 1.

So do, as thou hast said.

Gen. xviii. 5.
As a flower of the field, so he flourisheth.

Ps. ciii. 15.
 Had woman been so strong as men.

Shak.
 No country suffered so much as England.

Macaulay.
 -- So far, to that point or extent; in that particular. "The song was moral, and so far was right." Cowper. -- So far forth, as far; to such a degree. Shak. Bacon. -- So forth, further in the same or similar manner; more of the same or a similar kind.
 See And so forth, under And. -- So, so, well, well. "So, so, it works; now, mistress, sit you fast." Dryden. Also, moderately or tolerably well; passably; as, he succeeded but so so.
 "His leg is but so so." Shak. -- So that, to the end that; in order that; with the effect or result that. -- So then, thus then it is; therefore; the consequence is.

 So (?), conj. Provided that; on condition that; in case that; if.

 Though all the winds of doctrine were let loose play upon the earth, so truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength.

Milton.
 So, interj. Be as you are; stand still; stop; that will do; right as you are; -- a word used esp. to cows; also used by sailors.

 Soak (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Soaking.] [OE. soken, AS. socian to sioak, steep, fr. s&?;can, s&?;gan, to suck. See Suck.] 1.
 To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain; to macerate in water or other liquid; to steep, as for the purpose of softening or freshening; as, to soak cloth; to soak bread; to soak salt meat, salt fish, or the like.

2. To drench; to wet thoroughly.

 Their land shall be soaked with blood.

Isa. xxiv. 7.
3. To draw in by the pores, or through small passages; as, a sponge soaks up water; the skin soaks in moisture.

4. To make (its way) by entering pores or interstices; -- often with through.

 The rivulet beneath soaked its way obscurely through wreaths of snow.

Sir W. Scott.
5. Fig.: To absorb; to drain. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
 Soak, v. i. 1. To lie steeping in water or other liquid; to become sturated; as, let the cloth lie and soak.

2. To enter (into something) by pores or interstices; as, water soaks into the earth or other porous matter.

3. To drink intemperately or gluttonously. [Slang] Soak"age (?), n. The act of soaking, or the state of being soaked; also, the quantity that enters or issues by soaking.

 Soak"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, soaks.

2. A hard drinker. [Slang] South.
 Soak"ing, a. Wetting thoroughly; drenching; as, a soaking rain. -- Soak"ing*ly, adv.
 Soak"y (?), a. Full of moisture; wet; soppy.

 Soal (?), n. 1. The sole of a shoe. [Obs. or R.]

2. (Zoöl.) See Sole, the fish. [Obs.]

 Soal, n. [AS. sol mire. Cf. Sully.] A dirty pond. [Prov.
 Eng.] Halliwell.
 Soam (?), n.


277), n. A public shed, or portico, for travelers, worshipers, etc. [Burmah] ||Ze"a (z"), n. [L., a kind of grain, fr. Gr. ze'a, zeia'; cf. Skr.
 yava barley.] (Bot.) A genus of large grasses of which the Indian corn (Zea Mays) is the only species known. Its origin is not yet ascertained. See Maize.

 Zeal (zl), n. [F. zèle; cf. Pg. & It. zelo, Sp. zelo, celo; from L. zelus, Gr. &?;, probably akin to &?; to boil. Cf. Yeast, Jealous.]

1. Passionate ardor in the pursuit of anything; eagerness in favor of a person or cause; ardent and active interest; engagedness; enthusiasm; fervor. "Ambition varnished o'er with zeal." Milton. "Zeal, the blind conductor of the will." Dryden. "Zeal's never-dying fire." Keble.
 I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.

Rom. x. 2.
 A zeal for liberty is sometimes an eagerness to subvert with little care what shall be established.

Johnson.
2. A zealot. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Zeal, v. i. To be zealous. [Obs. & R.] Bacon.
 Zeal"ant (?), n. One who is zealous; a zealot; an enthusiast. [Obs.]

 To certain zealants, all speech of pacification is odious.

Bacon.
 Zealed (?), a. Full of zeal; characterized by zeal. [Obs.] "Zealed religion." Beau. & Fl.
 Zeal"ful (?), a. Full of zeal. [R.] Sylvester.
 Zeal"less (?), a. Wanting zeal. Hammond.
 Zeal"ot (?), n. [F. zélote, L. zelotes, Gr.
 &?;. See Zeal.] One who is zealous; one who engages warmly in any cause, and pursues his object with earnestness and ardor; especially, one who is overzealous, or carried away by his zeal; one absorbed in devotion to anything; an enthusiast; a fanatical partisan.

Zealots for the one [tradition] were in hostile array against zealots for the other.

Sir J. Stephen.
 In Ayrshire, Clydesdale, Nithisdale, Annandale, every parish was visited by these turbulent zealots.

Macaulay.
 Zea*lot"ic*al (?), a. Like, or suitable to, a zealot; ardently zealous. [R.] Strype.
 Zeal"ot*ism (?), n. The character or conduct of a zealot; zealotry.

 Zeal"ot*ist, n. A zealot. [Obs.] Howell.
 Zeal"ot*ry (?), n. The character and behavior of a zealot; excess of zeal; fanatical devotion to a cause.

 Enthusiasm, visionariness, seems the tendency of the German; zeal, zealotry, of the English; fanaticism, of the French.

Coleridge.
 Zeal"ous (?; 277), a. [LL. zelosus. See Zeal.]

1. Filled with, or characterized by, zeal; warmly engaged, or ardent, in behalf of an object.

 He may be zealous in the salvation of souls.

Law.
2. Filled with religious zeal. [Obs.] Shak.
 -- Zeal"ous*ly, adv. -- Zeal"ous*ness, n. Ze"bec (?), n. (Naut.) See Xebec.

 Ze"bra (?), n. [Pg. zebra; cf. Sp. cebra; probably from a native African name.] (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of South African wild horses remarkable for having the body white or yellowish white, and conspicuously marked with dark brown or brackish bands.

 The true or mountain zebra (Equus, or Asinus, zebra) is nearly white, and the bands which cover the body and legs are glossy black. Its tail has a tuft of black hair at the tip. It inhabits the mountains of Central and Southern Africa, and is noted for its wariness and wildness, as well as for its swiftness. The second species (Equus, or Asinus, Burchellii), known as Burchell's zebra, and dauw, inhabits the grassy plains of South Africa, and differs from the preceding in not having dark bands on the legs, while those on the body are more irregular. It has a long tail, covered with long white flowing hair.

Zebra caterpillar, the larva of an American noctuid moth (Mamestra picta). It is light yellow, with a broad black stripe on the back and one on each side; the lateral stripes are crossed with withe lines. It feeds on cabbages, beets, clover, and other cultivated plants. -- Zebra opossum, the zebra wolf. See under Wolf. -- Zebra parrakeet, an Australian grass parrakeet, often kept as a cage bird. Its upper parts are mostly pale greenish yellow, transversely barred with brownish black crescents; the under parts, rump, and upper tail coverts, are bright green; two central tail feathers and the cheek patches are blue. Called also canary parrot, scallop parrot, shell parrot, and undulated parrot. -- Zebra poison (Bot.), a poisonous tree (Euphorbia arborea) of the Spurge family, found in South Africa. Its milky juice is so poisonous that zebras have been killed by drinking water in which its branches had been placed, and it is also used as an arrow poison. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). -- Zebra shark. Same as Tiger shark, under Tiger. -- Zebra spider, a hunting spider. -- Zebra swallowtail, a very large North American swallow-tailed butterfly (Iphiclides ajax), in which the wings are yellow, barred with black; -- called also ajax. -- Zebra wolf.
 See under Wolf.

 Ze"bra*wood' (?), n. (a) A kind of cabinet wood having beautiful black, brown, and whitish stripes, the timber of a tropical American tree (Connarus Guianensis). (b) The wood of a small West Indian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia fragrans). (c) The wood of an East Indian tree of the genus Guettarda.

 Ze"brine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the zebra.

 Ze"bu (?), n. [&?;. zébu; of uncertain origin.]
 (Zoöl.) A bovine mammal (Ros Indicus) extensively domesticated in India, China, the East Indies, and East Africa. It usually has short horns, large pendulous ears, slender legs, a large dewlap, and a large, prominent hump over the shoulders; but these characters vary in different domestic breeds, which range in size from that of the common ox to that of a large mastiff.

 Some of the varieties are used as beasts of burden, and some fore for riding, while others are raised for their milk and flesh. The Brahmin bull, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos, also belongs to this species. The male is called also Indian bull, Indian ox, Madras ox, and sacred bull.

 Ze"bub (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large noxious fly of Abyssinia, which like the tsetse fly, is destructive to cattle.

 Ze"chin (?; 277), n. See Sequin.

 ||Zech"stein' (?), n. [Gr., fr. zeche a


Thomson.
2. To throw back; to reflect; to reverberate.

3. (Chem.) To change back. See Revert, v. i. To revert a series (Alg.), to treat a series, as y = a + bx + cx2 + etc., where one variable y is expressed in powers of a second variable x, so as to find therefrom the second variable x, expressed in a series arranged in powers of y. Re*vert", v. i. 1. To return; to come back.

 So that my arrows Would have reverted to my bow again.

Shak.
2. (Law) To return to the proprietor after the termination of a particular estate granted by him.

3. (Biol.) To return, wholly or in part, towards some preëxistent form; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type.

4. (Chem.) To change back, as from a soluble to an insoluble state or the reverse; thus, phosphoric acid in certain fertilizers reverts.

 Re*vert", n. One who, or that which, reverts.

 An active promoter in making the East Saxons converts, or rather reverts, to the faith.

Fuller.
 Re*vert"ed, a. Turned back; reversed. Specifically: (Her.)
 Bent or curved twice, in opposite directions, or in the form of an S. Re*vert"ent (?), n. (Med.) A remedy which restores the natural order of the inverted irritative motions in the animal system.
 [Obs.] E. Darwin.
 Re*vert"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, reverts.

2. (Law) Reversion. Burrill.
 Re*vert"i*ble (?), a. Capable of, or admitting of, reverting or being reverted; as, a revertible estate.

 Re*vert"ive (?), a. Reverting, or tending to revert; returning. -- Re*vert"ive*ly, adv.
 The tide revertive, unattracted, leaves A yellow waste of idle sands behind.

Thomson.
 Rev"er*y (?), n. Same as Reverie.

 Re*vest" (r*vst"), v. t. [OF reverstir, F. revêtir, L. revestire; pref. rere- + vestire to clothe, fr.
 vestis a garment. See Vestry, and cf. Revet.] 1. To clothe again; to cover, as with a robe; to robe.

 Her, nathless,... the enchanter Did thus revest and decked with due habiliments.

Spenser.
2. To vest again with possession or office; as, to revest a magistrate with authority.

 Re*vest", v. i. To take effect or vest again, as a title; to revert to former owner; as, the title or right revests in A after alienation.

 Re*ves"ti*a*ry (?), n. [LL. revestiarium: cf. F. revestiaire.
 See Revest.] The apartment, in a church or temple, where the vestments, etc., are kept; -- now contracted into vestry.

 Re*ves"try (?), n. Same as Revestiary. [Obs.]

 Re*vest"ture (?), n. Vesture. [Obs.]

 Richrevesture of cloth of gold.

E. Hall.
 Re*vet" (r*vt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revetted;p. pr.
 & vb. n. Revetting.] [See Revetment.] (Mil. & Civil Engineering) To face, as an embankment, with masonry, wood, or other material.

 Re*vet"ment (?), n. [F. revêtement the lining of a ditch, fr. revêtir to clothe, L. revestire. See Revest, v. t.] (Fort. & Engin.) A facing of wood, stone, or any other material, to sustain an embankment when it receives a slope steeper than the natural slope; also, a retaining wall. [Written also revêtement (&?;).]

 Re*vi"brate (?), v. i. To vibrate back or in return. -- Re'vi*bra"tion (#), n. Re*vict" (?), v. t. [L. revictus, p. p. of revincere to conquer.] To reconquer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Re*vic"tion (?), n. [From L. revivere, revictum, to live again; pref. rere- + vivere to live.] Return to life.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Re*vict"ual (?), v. t. To victual again.

 Re*vie" (?), v. t. 1. To vie with, or rival, in return.

2. (Card Playing) To meet a wager on, as on the taking of a trick, with a higher wager. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Re*vie", v. i. 1. To exceed an adversary's wager in card playing. [Obs.]

2. To make a retort; to bandy words. [Obs.]

 Re*view" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Review&?;d (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Reveiwing.] [Pref. re- + view. Cf.
 Review, n. ] 1. To view or see again; to look back on. [R.]
 "I shall review Sicilia." Shak.
2. To go over and examine critically or deliberately. Specifically: (a) To reconsider; to revise, as a manuscript before printing it, or a book for a new edition. (b) To go over with critical examination, in order to discover exellences or defects; hence, to write a critical notice of; as, to review a new novel. (c) To make a formal or official examination of the state of, as troops, and the like; as, to review a regiment. (d) (Law) To reëxamine judically; as, a higher court may review the proceedings and judgments of a lower one.

3. To retrace; to go over again.

 Shall I the long, laborious scene review?

Pope.
 Re*view", v. i. To look back; to make a review.

 Re*view", n. [F. revue, fr. revu, p. p. of revoir to see again, L. revidere; pref. rere- + videre to see. See View, and cf. Revise.] 1. A second or repeated view; a reëxamination; a retrospective survey; a looking over again; as, a review of one's studies; a review of life.

2. An examination with a view to amendment or improvement; revision; as, an author's review of his works.

3. A critical examination of a publication, with remarks; a criticism; a critique.

4. A periodical containing critical essays upon matters of interest, as new productions in literature, art, etc.

5. An inspection, as of troops under arms or of a naval force, by a high officer, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of discipline, equipments, etc.

6. (Law) The judicial examination of the proceedings of a lower court by a higher.

7. A lesson studied or recited for a second time.

Bill of review (Equity), a bill, in the nature of proceedings in error, filed to procure an examination and alteration or reversal of a final decree which has been duly signed and enrolled. Wharton.
 -- Commission of review (Eng. Eccl. Law), a commission formerly granted by the crown to revise the sentence of the court of delegates.

Syn. -- Reëxamination; resurvey; retrospect; survey; reconsider


F. zygomatique.] (Anat.)
 Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the zygoma.

Zygomatic arch, the arch of bone beneath the orbit, formed in most mammals by the union of the malar, or jugal, with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. In the lower vertebrates other bones may help to form it, and there may be two arches on each side of the skull, as in some reptiles. -- Zygomatic process, a process of the temporal or squamosal bone helping to form the zygomatic arch.

 { Zyg'o*mor"phic (?), Zyg'o*mor"phous (?), } a. [Gr. zygo'n a yoke + &?; form.] (Biol.) Symmetrical bilaterally; -- said of organisms, or parts of organisms, capable of division into two symmetrical halves only in a single plane.

 Zyg"o*phyte (?), n. [Gr. zygo'n a yoke + fyto'n a plant.] (Bot.)
 Any plant of a proposed class or grand division (Zygophytes, Zygophyta, or Zygosporeæ), in which reproduction consists in the union of two similar cells. Cf. Oöphyte.

 ||Zy*go"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; balancing, fr. zygo'n yoke.] (Biol.) Same as Conjugation.

 Zyg"o*sperm (?), n. [Gr. zygo'n a yoke + E. sperm.] (Bot.)
 A spore formed by the union of the contents of two similar cells, either of the same or of distinct individual plants. Zygosperms are found in certain orders of algæ and fungi.

 Zyg"o*sphene (?), n. [Gr. zygo'n a yoke + &?; a wedge.] (Anat.)
 A median process on the front part of the neural arch of the vertebræ of most snakes and some lizards, which fits into a fossa, called the zygantrum, on the back part of the arch in front.

 Zyg"o*spore (?), n. [Gr. zygo'n a yoke + E. spore.] (Bot.)
(a) Same as Zygosperm. (b) A spore formed by the union of several zoöspores; -- called also zygozoöspore.

 Zy"lon*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; wood.] Celluloid.

 Zym"ase (?), n. [From Zyme.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble ferment, or enzyme. See Enzyme.

 Zyme (?), n. [Gr. &?; leaven.]

1. A ferment.

2. (Med.) The morbific principle of a zymotic disease. Quain.
 Zym"ic (?), a. (Old Chem.) Pertaining to, or produced by, fermentation; -- formerly, by confusion, used to designate lactic acid.

 Zym"o*gen (?), n. [Zyme + - gen.] (Physiol. Chem.)
 A mother substance, or antecedent, of an enzyme or chemical ferment; -- applied to such substances as, not being themselves actual ferments, may by internal changes give rise to a ferment.

 The pancreas contains but little ready-made ferment, though there is present in it a body, zymogen, which gives birth to the ferment.

Foster.
 Zym"o*gene (?), n. [Zyme + root of Gr. &?; to be born.]
 (Biol.) One of a physiological group of globular bacteria which produces fermentations of diverse nature; -- distinguished from pathogene.

 Zym'o*gen"ic (?), a. (Biol.) (a) Pertaining to, or formed by, a zymogene. (b) Capable of producing a definite zymogen or ferment.

Zymogenic organism (Biol.), a microörganism, such as the yeast plant of the Bacterium lactis, which sets up certain fermentative processes by which definite chemical products are formed; -- distinguished from a pathogenic organism. Cf. Micrococcus.

 { Zy'mo*log"ic (?), Zy'mo*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. zymologique.]
 Of or pertaining to zymology.

 Zy*mol"o*gist (?), n. One who is skilled in zymology, or in the fermentation of liquors.

 Zy*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Zyme + - logy: cf. F. zymologie.]
 A treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. [Written also zumology.]

 Zy"mome (?), n. [Gr. &?; a fermented mixture.] (Old Chem.)
 A glutinous substance, insoluble in alcohol, resembling legumin; -- now called vegetable fibrin, vegetable albumin, or gluten casein.

 { Zy*mom"e*ter (?), Zy'mo*sim"e*ter (?), } n. [Gr. &?; ferment, or &?; fermentation + - meter: cf. F. zymosimètre.]
 An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation.

 Zym"o*phyte (?), n. [Zyme + Gr. fyto'n a plant.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) A bacteroid ferment.

 Zy*mose" (?), n. (Chem.) Invertin.

 ||Zy*mo"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fermentation, fr. &?; ferment.] (Med.) (a) A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed. (b) A zymotic disease. [R.]

 Zy*mot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; causing to ferment, fr. &?; to ferment, &?; ferment, leaven.]

1. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation.

2. (Med.) Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below.

Zymotic disease (Med.), any epidemic, endemic, contagious, or sporadic affection which is produced by some morbific principle or organism acting on the system like a ferment.

 Zy"them (?), n. See Zythum.

 Zy*thep"sa*ry (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kind of beer + &?; to boil.] A brewery. [R.]

 ||Zy"thum (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of beer; -- so called by the Egyptians.] A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat. [Written also zythem.]

 ================================================================ 1913 Supplementary Section: "New Words" ================================================================== A.

 ||A*ba"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?;- not + &?; a step.] (Med.)
 Inability to coördinate muscular actions properly in walking. -- A*ba"sic (#), a.
 ||Ab"ge*ord'ne*ten*haus' (?), n. [G.] See Legislature, Austria, Prussia.

 ||A"bra (?), n. [Sp., a bay, valley, fissure.] A narrow pass or defile; a break in a mesa; the mouth of a cañon. [Southwestern U.
 S.]

 Ab're*ac"tion (?), n. [Pref. ab- + reaction, after G.
 Abreagirung.] (Psychotherapy) See Catharsis, below.

 Ac'cla*ma"tion, n. In parliamentary usage, the act or method


, OSlav. dupl&?; hollow, and to E. dive. Cf.
 Deep, Dive.] 1. To plunge or immerse; especially, to put for a moment into a liquid; to insert into a fluid and withdraw again.

 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood.

Lev. iv. 6.
 [Wat'ry fowl] now dip their pinions in the briny deep.

Pope.
 While the prime swallow dips his wing.

Tennyson.
2. To immerse for baptism; to baptize by immersion. Book of Common Prayer. Fuller.
3. To wet, as if by immersing; to moisten. [Poetic] A cold shuddering dew Dips me all o'er.

Milton.
4. To plunge or engage thoroughly in any affair.

 He was... dipt in the rebellion of the Commons.

Dryden.
5. To take out, by dipping a dipper, ladle, or other receptacle, into a fluid and removing a part; -- often with out; as, to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water.

6. To engage as a pledge; to mortgage. [Obs.]

 Live on the use and never dip thy lands.

Dryden.
Dipped candle, a candle made by repeatedly dipping a wick in melted tallow. -- To dip snuff, to take snuff by rubbing it on the gums and teeth. [Southern U. S.] -- To dip the colors (Naut.), to lower the colors and return them to place; -- a form of naval salute.

 Dip, v. i. 1. To immerse one's self; to become plunged in a liquid; to sink.

 The sun's rim dips; the stars rush out.

Coleridge.
2. To perform the action of plunging some receptacle, as a dipper, ladle. etc.; into a liquid or a soft substance and removing a part.

 Whoever dips too deep will find death in the pot.

L'Estrange.
3. To pierce; to penetrate; -- followed by in or into.

 When I dipt into the future.

Tennyson.
4. To enter slightly or cursorily; to engage one's self desultorily or by the way; to partake limitedly; -- followed by in or into.
 "Dipped into a multitude of books." Macaulay.
5. To incline downward from the plane of the horizon; as, strata of rock dip.

6. To dip snuff. [Southern U.S.]

 Dip, n. 1. The action of dipping or plunging for a moment into a liquid. "The dip of oars in unison." Glover.
2. Inclination downward; direction below a horizontal line; slope; pitch.

3. A liquid, as a sauce or gravy, served at table with a ladle or spoon. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.
4. A dipped candle. [Colloq.] Marryat.
Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the angular depression of the seen or visible horizon below the true or natural horizon; the angle at the eye of an observer between a horizontal line and a tangent drawn from the eye to the surface of the ocean. -- Dip of the needle, or Magnetic dip, the angle formed, in a vertical plane, by a freely suspended magnetic needle, or the line of magnetic force, with a horizontal line; -- called also inclination. -- Dip of a stratum (Geol.), its greatest angle of inclination to the horizon, or that of a line perpendicular to its direction or strike; -- called also the pitch.

 Di*pas"chal (?), a. [Pref. di- + paschal.] Including two passovers. Carpenter.
 Dip"chick' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Dabchick.

 Di*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. di- + petalous.] (Bot.)
 Having two petals; twopetaled.

 Di*phe"nyl (?), n. [Pref. di- + phenyl.] (Chem.)
 A white crystalline substance, C6H5.C6H5, obtained by leading benzene through a heated iron tube. It consists of two benzene or phenyl radicals united.

 Diph*the"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; leather (hence taken in the sense of membrane): cf. &?; to make soft, L. depsere to knead.] (Med.) A very dangerous contagious disease in which the air passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a false membrane, produced by the solidification of an inflammatory exudation. Cf.
 Group.

 { Diph*the"ri*al (?), Diph*ther"ic (?), } a. Relating to diphtheria; diphtheritic.

 Diph'the*rit"ic (?), a. (Med.) 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, diphtheria.

2. Having characteristics resembling those of diphtheria; as, diphtheritic inflammation of the bladder.

 Diph"thong (?; 115, 277), n. [L. diphthongus, Gr. &?;; di- = di's- twice + &?; voice, sound, fr. &?; to utter a sound: cf. F. diphthongue.] (Orthoëpy) (a) A coalition or union of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable; as, ou in out, oi in noise; -- called a proper diphthong.
 (b) A vowel digraph; a union of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded; as, ai in rain, eo in people; -- called an improper diphthong.

 Diph"thong, v. t. To form or pronounce as a diphthong; diphthongize. [R.]

 Diph*thon"gal (?; 115), a. Relating or belonging to a diphthong; having the nature of a diphthong. -- Diph*thon"gal*ly, adv.
 Diph*thon"gal*ize (?; 115), v. t. To make into a diphthong; to pronounce as a diphthong.

 Diph'thon*ga"tion (?), n. See Diphthongization.

 Diph*thong"ic (?; 115), a. Of the nature of diphthong; diphthongal.
 H. Sweet.
 Diph'thong*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of changing into a diphthong.
 H. Sweet.
 Diph"thong*ize (?), v. t. & i. To change into a diphthong, as by affixing another vowel to a simple vowel. "The diphthongized long vowels." H. Sweet.
 Diph'y*cer"cal (?), a. [Gr. difyh's double (di- = di's- twice + fy'ein to produce) + ke'rkos tail.] (Anat.) Having the tail fin divided into two equal parts by the notochord, or end of the vertebral column; protocercal. See Protocercal.

 Diph'y*gen"ic (-jn"k), a. [Gr. difyh's of double form + - genic.]
 (Zoöl.) Having two modes of embryonic development. [1913 Webster] Diph"yl*lous (df"l*ls or d*fl"-), a. [Gr. di- = di's- twice + fy'llon leaf: cf. F. diphylle.] (Bot.) Having two leaves, as a calyx, etc. [1913 Webster] Diph"y*o*dont (?), a. [Gr. &?; double (di- = di's- twice + &?; to produce) + 'odoy's, 'odo'


See Spit an iron prong.] 1. One who puts meat on a spit.

2. (Zoöl.) A young deer whose antlers begin to shoot or become sharp; a brocket, or pricket.

 Spit"tle (?), n. See Spital. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Spit"tle, v. t. [See Spit to spade.] To dig or stir with a small spade. [Prov. Eng.]

 Spit"tle, n. A small sort of spade. [Prov. Eng.]

 Spit"tle, n. [From Spit to eject from the mouth: cf. Spattle, and AS. sptl.] The thick, moist matter which is secreted by the salivary glands; saliva; spit.

Spittle insect. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit (b), under Cuckoo.

 Spit"tly (?), a. Like spittle; slimy. [Obs.]

 Spit*toon" (?), n. A spitbox; a cuspidor.

 Spit"-ven"om (?), n. Poison spittle; poison ejected from the mouth.
 [R.] Hooker.
 Spitz" dog" (?). [G. spitz, spitzhund.] (Zoöl.)
 A breed of dogs having erect ears and long silky hair, usually white; -- called also Pomeranian dog, and louploup.

 Spitz"en*burgh (?), n. A kind of red and yellow apple, of medium size and spicy flavor. It originated at Newtown, on Long Island.

 ||Splanch'napoph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Splanchnapophyses (#). [NL. See Splanchnic, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Any element of the skeleton in relation with the alimentary canal, as the jaws and hyoidean apparatus. -- Splanch'nap'o*phys"i*al (#), a. Mivart.
 Splanch"nic (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an entrail.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the viscera; visceral.

 Splanch*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + -graphy.] Splanchnology.

 Splanch*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of the viscera; also, a treatise on the viscera.

 Splanch"no*pleure (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + &?;&?;&?;&?; side.] (Anat.) The inner, or visceral, one of the two lamellæ into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the enteric canal and the umbilical vesicle are developed. See Somatopleure.

 -- Splanch'no*pleu"ric (#), a. Splanch'no-skel"e*ton (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + E. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton connected with the sense organs and the viscera. Owen.
 Splanch*not"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; an entrail + &?;&?;&?;&?; to cut.] The dissection, or anatomy, of the viscera.

 Splan"drel (?), n. See Spandrel. [R.]

 Splash (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splashed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Splashing.] [Akin to plash.] 1. To strike and dash about, as water, mud, etc.; to plash.

2. To spatter water, mud, etc., upon; to wet.

 Splash, v. i. To strike and dash about water, mud, etc.; to dash in such a way as to spatter.

 Splash, n. 1. Water, or water and dirt, thrown upon anything, or thrown from a puddle or the like; also, a spot or daub, as of matter which wets or disfigures.

2. A noise made by striking upon or in a liquid.

 Splash"board' (?), n. A guard in the front part of vehicle, to prevent splashing by a mud or water from the horse's heels; -- in the United States commonly called dashboard.

 Splash"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, splashes.

2. One of the guarde over the wheels, as of a carriage, locomotive, etc. Weale.
3. A guard to keep off splashes from anything.

 Splash"y (?), a. Full of dirty water; wet and muddy, so as be easily splashed about; slushy.

 Splat"ter (?), v. i. & t. To spatter; to splash.

 Splat"ter*dash' (?), n. Uproar. Jamieson.
 Splay (?), v. t. [Abbrev. of display.] 1. To display; to spread. [Obs.] "Our ensigns splayed." Gascoigne.
2. To dislocate, as a shoulder bone.

3. To spay; to castrate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

4. To turn on one side; to render oblique; to slope or slant, as the side of a door, window, etc. Oxf. Gloss.
 Splay, a. Displayed; spread out; turned outward; hence, flat; ungainly; as, splay shoulders.

 Sonwthing splay, something blunt-edged, unhandy, and infelicitous.

M. Arnold.
 Splay, a. (Arch.) A slope or bevel, especially of the sides of a door or window, by which the opening is made larged at one face of the wall than at the other, or larger at each of the faces than it is between them.

 Splay"foot' (?), n.; pl. Splayfeet (&?;). A foot that is abnormally flattened and spread out; flat foot.

 { Splay"foot', Splay"foot'ed } a. Having a splayfoot or splayfeet.

 Splay"mouth' (?), n.; pl. Splaymouths (&?;). A wide mouth; a mouth stretched in derision. Dryden.
 Splay'mouthed" (?), a. Having a splaymouth. T. Brown.
 Spleen (?), n. [L. splen, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; the milt or spleen, affection of the spleen; cf. L. lien, plihan, plhan.] 1. (Anat.) A peculiar glandlike but ductless organ found near the stomach or intestine of most vertebrates and connected with the vascular system; the milt. Its exact function in not known.

2. Anger; latent spite; ill humor; malice; as, to vent one's spleen.

 In noble minds some dregs remain, Not yet purged off, of spleen and sour disdain.

Pope.
3. A fit of anger; choler. Shak.
4. A sudden motion or action; a fit; a freak; a whim. [Obs. or R.]

 A thousand spleens bear her a thousand ways.

Shak.
5. Melancholy; hypochondriacal affections.

 Bodies changed to various forms by spleen.

Pope.
 There is a luxury in self-dispraise: And inward self-disparagement affords To meditative spleen a grateful feast.

Wordsworth.
6. A fit of immoderate laughter or merriment. [Obs.]

 Thy silly thought enforces my spleen.

Shak.
 Spleen, v. t. To dislke. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.
 Spleened (?), a. 1. Deprived of the spleen.

2. Angered; annoyed. [Obs.] R. North.
 Spleen"ful (?), a. Displaying, or affected with, spleen


above.

 395. Conjure. In prose we should have to write "conjure him."

 403. Yet life I hold, etc. Cf. Julius Caesar, i. 2. 84: 411. Near Bochastle. The MS. has "By Cambusmore." See on i. 103 and 106 above.

 413. Bower. Lodging, dwelling. See on i. 217 above.

 415. Art. Affectation.

 417. Before. That is, at his visit to the Isle. Cf. ii. 96 fol. above.

 418. Was idly soothed, etc. The MS. has "Was idly fond thy praise to hear."

 421. Atone. Atone for. Shakespeare uses the verb transitively several times, but in the sense of reconcile; as in Rich. II. i. 1. 202: "Since we cannot atone you," etc. Cf. v. 735 below.

 433. If yet he is. If he is still living.

 437. Train. Lure; as in Macbeth, iv. 3. 118: Cf. the use of the verb (= allure, entice); as in C. of E. iii. 2. 45: "O, train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note;" Scott's Lay, iii. 146: "He thought to train him to the wood," etc. James was much given to gallantry, and many of his travels in disguise were on adventures of this kind. See on i. 409 above and vi. 740 below.

 446. As death, etc. As if death, etc. See on ii. 56 above, and cf. 459 below.

 464. This ring. The MS. has "This ring of gold the monarch gave."

 471. Lordship. Landed estates.

 473. Reck of. Care for; poetical.

 474. Ellen, thy hand. The MS. has "Permit this hand;" and below: 492. He stammered, etc. The MS. reads: 500. Fared. Went; the original sense of the word. Cf. farewell (which was at first a friendly wish for "the parting guest"), wayfarer, thoroughfare, etc.

 506. In tattered weeds, etc. The MS. has "Wrapped in a tattered mantle gray." Weeds is used in the old sense of garments. Cf. Shakespeare, M. N. D. ii. 1. 256: "Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in;" Id. ii. 2. 71: "Weeds of Athens he doth wear;" Milton L'Allegro, 120: "In weeds of peace," etc. See also v. 465 below.

 523. In better time. That is, in better times or days; not in the musical sense.

 524. Chime. Accord, sing; a poetical use of the word. Cf. vi. 592 below.

 531. Allan. "The Allan and Devan are two beautiful streams—the latter celebrated in the poetry of Burns—which descend from the hills of Perthshire into the great carse, or plain, of Stirling" (Lockhart).

 548. 'T is Blanche, etc. The MS. has: 552. Bridegroom. Here accented on the second syllable. In 682 below it has the ordinary accent.

 555. 'Scapes. The word may be so printed here, but not in Elizabethan poetry. We find it in prose of that day; as in Bacon, Adv. of L. ii. 14.
 9: "such as had scaped shipwreck." See Wb., and cf. state and estate, etc.

 559. Pitched a bar. That is, in athletic contests. Cf. v. 648 below.

 562. See the gay pennons, etc. The MS. reads: 567. Batten. Fatten; as in Hamlet, iii. 4. 67: "Batten on this moor."
 Milton uses it transitively in Lycidas, 29: "Battening our flocks with the fresh dews of night."

 575. The Lincoln green. "The Lowland garb" (520). Cf. also 376 above.

 578. For O my sweet William, etc. The MS. reads: 590. The toils are pitched. The nets are set. Cf. Shakespeare, L. L. L., iv. 3. 2: "they have pitched a toil," etc. "The meaning is obvious. The hunters are Clan-Alpine's men; the stag of ten is Fitz-James; the wounded doe is herself" (Taylor).

 594. A stag of ten. "Having ten branches on his antlers" (Scott). Nares says that antlers is an error here, the word meaning "the short brow horns, not the branched horns;" but see Wb. Cf. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i.
 2: and Massinger, Emperor of the East, iv. 2: 595. Sturdily. As Taylor notes, the "triple rhymes" in this song are "of a very loose kind."

 609. Blanche's song. Jeffrey says: "No machinery can be conceived more clumsy for effecting the deliverance of a distressed hero than the introduction of a mad woman, who, without knowing or caring about the wanderer, warns him by a song to take care of the ambush that was set for him. The maniacs or poetry have indeed had a prescriptive right to be musical, since the days of Ophelia downwards; but it is rather a rash extension of this privilege to make them sing good sense, and to make sensible people be guided by them."

 To this Taylor well replied: "This criticism seems unjust. The cruelty of Roderick's raids in the Lowlands has already been hinted at, and the sight of the Lowland dress might well stir associations in the poor girl's mind which would lead her to look to the knight for help and protection and also to warn him of his danger. It is plain, from Murdoch's surprise, that her being out of her captors' sight is looked on as dangerous, from which we may infer that she is not entirely crazed. Her song is not the only hint that Fitz-James follows. His suspicions had already twice been excited, so that the episode seems natural enough. As giving a distinct personal ground for the combat in canto v., it serves the poet's purpose still further. Without it, we should sympathize too much with the robber chief, who thinks that 'plundering Lowland field and fold is naught but retribution true;' but the sight of this sad fruit of his raids wins us back to the cause of law and order."

 614. Forth at full speed, etc. The MS. reads: 617. Thrilled. Quivered.

 627. Thine ambushed kin, etc. The MS. transposes this line and the next, and goes on thus: Just below it reads: 642. Daggled. Wet, soaked. Cf. the Lay, i. 316: "Was daggled by the dashing spray."

 649. Helpless. The MS. has "guiltless."

 657. Shred. Cut off; a sense now obsolete. Cf. Withal's Dictionary (ed.
 1608): "The superfluous and wast sprigs of vines, being cut and shreaded off are called sarmenta."

 659. My brain, etc. The MS. has "But now, my champion, it shall wave."

 672. Wreak. Avenge. Cf. Shakespeare, R. and J. iii. 5. 102: Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3. 13: "to wreak so foule despight;" etc.

 679. God, in my need, etc. The MS. reads: 686. Favor. The token of the next line; referring to the knightly custom of wearing such a gift of lady-love or mistress.


abble' of acronyms, neologisms, hyperbole, and metaphor spawned by the computer industry. Though he discusses some of the same mechanisms of jargon formation that occur in hackish, most of what he chronicles is actually suit-speak -- the obfuscatory language of press releases, marketroids, and Silicon Valley CEOs rather than the playful jargon of hackers (most of whom wouldn't be caught dead uttering the kind of pompous, passive-voiced word salad he deplores).
The Cuckoo's Egg Clifford Stoll Doubleday 1989 ISBN 0-385-24946-2 Clifford Stoll's absorbing tale of how he tracked Markus Hess and the Chaos Club cracking ring nicely illustrates the difference between 'hacker' and 'cracker'. Stoll's portrait of himself, his lady Martha, and his friends at Berkeley and on the Internet paints a marvelously vivid picture of how hackers and the people around them like to live and how they think.


Another novel will be ready for publication this autumn.

 Lois Oldham Henrici, a one-time Sabetha and Parsons woman, is the author of "Representative Women" and many good short stories.

 Laura D. Congdon, a Newton pioneer, is a verse and short story writer.
 Mary H. Finn, Sedgwick, writes beautiful verse and much prose. Jennie C. Graves, Pittsburg, writes poetry and moving picture plays. Mrs. Johannas Bennett, another Pittsburg woman, has written an historical novel, "La Belle San Antone." Florence L. Snow, Neosho Falls, is an artistic and finished writer of verse and prose. She is the author of "The Lamp of Gold." Sharlot M. Hall, Lincoln, writes prose and verse. A volume of poems, "Cactus And Pine," "History of Arizona," "A Woman of the Frontier," "The Price of The Star" and short stories are her important works. Mrs. A. S. McMillan, Lyons, a poetess, song writer and licensed preacher, writes clever verse, much of which has been set to music. "Land Where Dreams Come True" is her best known poem. Kittie Skidmore Cowen, a former Columbus woman, is author of "An Unconditional Surrender," a civil war story. "The Message of Hagar," a study of the Mormon question will be in the press soon. Miss Mary E. Upshaw, McPherson, wrote verse at the age of seven and published her first story at fifteen. She has a book in preparation which she expects to publish at an early date. Jeanette Scott Benton, formerly of Fort Scott, writes short stories novelettes, and stories for children.
 May Belleville Brown of Salina, has a very clever pen, as has, also Mrs.
 Lulu R. Fuhr of Meade, the author of "Tenderfoot Tales." Mrs. E. M. Adams, Mound City, writes exquisite verse and in the past, had many short stories to her credit. Mrs. C. W. Smith, Stockton, writes both prose and verse.
 Cara A. Thomas Hoover, formerly of Halstead, Harvey County, now living in Rialto, California, writes prose and beautiful verse. Rose Hartwick Thorpe, the author of "Curfew Shall Not Ring To-night," was a Kansan in the early sixties. She lived at Wilmington.

 Miss Margaret Stevenson, Olathe, is a writer of books for the blind. She has some short stories, nature and text-books published.

 Lelia Hardin Bugg, Wichita, has written "The Prodigal Daughter," "The People of Our Parish," and "Orchids." Edna Thacher Russ, also of Wichita, writes short stories and educational articles.

 Mrs. E. Hamilton Myers, Englewood, is a dramatic writer and a poet of rare talents. Being a musician, much of her verse is used for songs.

 Mrs. Myers contributes to the English papers. Her first story was published by a magazine which had accepted writings of her mother's.

 Other than literature proper, we have Mrs. Lillian M. Mitchner, of Topeka, a scientific writer; Mrs. Lumina C. R. Smythe, a writer of verse, also of Topeka, who is co-author with her late husband in the revised "Flora And Check List of Kansas."

 Among the clever newspaper women of the state are Margie Webb Tennal, Sabetha; Maud C. Thompson, Howard; Frances Garside, formerly of Atchison, now with the New York Journal; Mrs. E. E. Kelley, Toronto; Anna Carlson, Lindsborg; Mrs. Mary Riley, Kansas City; and Isabel Worrel Ball, a Larned woman, who bears the distinction of being the only woman given a seat in the congressional press gallery. Grace D. Brewer, Girard, has been a newspaper woman and magazine short story writer for ten years.

 Among the early Kansas writers are Clarinda Howard Nichols, Mrs. A. B. Bartlett, Lucy B. Armstrong, Sarah Richart, Mrs. Porter Sherman, and Mary Tenny Gray, all of Wyandotte and Mrs. C. H. Cushing of Leavenworth.

 Sara T. D. Robinson, the wife of the first governor of Kansas, was one of the very first women writers of the state. Her "Kansas, Interior And Exterior" was published in 1856 and went through ten editions up to 1889.

 INDEX.


cunning little boy. [Colloq.
 U.S.] Barlett.
Syn. -- Cunning, Artful, Sly, Wily, Crafty. -- These epithets agree in expressing an aptitude for attaining some end by peculiar and secret means. Cunning is usually low; as, a cunning trick. Artful is more ingenious and inventive; as, an artful device. Sly implies a turn for what is double or concealed; as, sly humor; a sly evasion. Crafty denotes a talent for dexterously deceiving; as, a crafty manager. Wily describes a talent for the use of stratagems; as, a wily politician. "Acunning man often shows his dexterity in simply concealing. An artful man goes further, and exerts his ingenuity in misleading. A crafty man mingles cunning with art, and so shapes his actions as to lull suspicions. The young may be cunning, but the experienced only can be crafty. Slyness is a vulgar kind of cunning; the sly man goes cautiously and silently to work. Wiliness is a species of cunning or craft applicable only to cases of attack and defense." Crabb.
 Cun"ning, n. [AS. cunnung trial, or Icel. kunnandi knowledge. See Cunning, a.] 1. Knowledge; art; skill; dexterity. [Archaic] Let my right hand forget her cunning. Ps. cxxxvii. 5.
 A carpenter's desert Stands more in cunning than in power.
Chapman.
2. The faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose; fraudulent skill or dexterity; deceit; craft.

 Discourage cunning in a child; cunning is the ape of wisdom. Locke.
 We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom. Bacon.
 Cun"ning*ly (k?n"n?ng-l?), adv. In a cunning manner; with cunning.

 Cun"ning*man' (-m?n'), n. A fortune teller; one who pretends to reveal mysteries. [Obs.] Hudibras.
 Cun"ning*ness, n. Quality of being cunning; craft.

 Cup (kp), n. [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup; cf. L. cupa tub, cask; cf. also Gr. ky'ph hut, Skr. kpa pit, hollow, OSlav. kupa cup. Cf. Coop, Cupola, Cowl a water vessel, and Cob, Coif, Cop.] 1.
 A small vessel, used commonly to drink from; as, a tin cup, a silver cup, a wine cup; especially, in modern times, the pottery or porcelain vessel, commonly with a handle, used with a saucer in drinking tea, coffee, and the like.

2. The contents of such a vessel; a cupful.

 Give me a cup of sack, boy. Shak.
3. pl. Repeated potations; social or excessive indulgence in intoxicating drinks; revelry.

 Thence from cups to civil broils. Milton.
4. That which is to be received or indured; that which is allotted to one; a portion.

 O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me.
Matt. xxvi. 39.
5. Anything shaped like a cup; as, the cup of an acorn, or of a flower.

 The cowslip's golden cup no more I see. Shenstone.
6. (Med.) A cupping glass or other vessel or instrument used to produce the vacuum in cupping.

Cup and ball, a familiar toy of children, having a cup on the top of a piece of wood to which, a ball is attached by a cord; the ball, being thrown up, is to be caught in the cup; bilboquet. Milman. -- Cup and can, familiar companions. -- Dry cup, Wet cup (Med.), a cup used for dry or wet cupping. See under Cupping. -- To be in one's cups, to be drunk.

 Cup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupped (kpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupping.] 1. To supply with cups of wine. [R.]

Cup us, till the world go round. Shak.
2. (Surg.) To apply a cupping apparatus to; to subject to the operation of cupping. See Cupping.

3. (Mech.) To make concave or in the form of a cup; as, to cup the end of a screw.

 Cup"bear'er (-bâr'r), n. 1. One whose office it is to fill and hand the cups at an entertainment.

2. (Antiq.) One of the attendants of a prince or noble, permanently charged with the performance of this office for his master. "I was the king's cupbearer." Neh. i. 11.
 Cup"board (kb"brd), n. [Cup + board.] 1. A board or shelf for cups and dishes. [Obs.] Bacon.
2. A small closet in a room, with shelves to receive cups, dishes, food, etc.; hence, any small closet.

Cupboard love, interested love, or that which has an eye to the cupboard. "A cupboard love is seldom true." Poor Robin.
 [Colloq.] -- To cry cupboard, to call for food; to express hunger.
 [Colloq.] "My stomach cries cupboard." W. Irving.
 Cup"board, v. t. To collect, as into a cupboard; to hoard. [R.] Shak.
 Cu"pel (k"pl), n. [LL. cupella cup (cf. L. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa) : cf. F. coupelle. See Cup, and cf. Coblet.] A shallow porous cup, used in refining precious metals, commonly made of bone ashes (phosphate of lime). [Written also coppel.]

Cupel dust, powder used in purifying metals.

 Cu*pel" (k*pl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupelled (-p?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupelling.] To refine by means of a cupel.

 Cu'pel*la"tion (k'pl*l"shn) n. [See Cupel.] The act or process of refining gold or silver, etc., in a cupel.

 The process consist in exposing the cupel containing the metal to be assayed or refined to a hot blast, by which the lead, copper, tin, etc., are oxidized, dissolved, and carried down into the porous cupel, leaving the unoxidizable precious metal. If lead is not already present in the alloy it must be added before cupellation.

 Cup"ful (k?p"f?l), n.; pl. Cupfuls (-f&?;lz). As much as a cup will hold.

 Cup"-gall' (-g?l'), n. A kind of oak-leaf gall. See Gall.

 Cu"pid (k?"p?d), n. [L. Cupido, fr. cupido desire, desire of love, fr. cupidus. See Cupidity.] (Rom. Myth.) The god of love, son of Venus; usually represented as a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow.

 Pretty dimpled boys, like smiling cupids. Shak.
 Cu*pid"i*ty (k?-p?d"?-t?), n. [F. cupidite, L. cupiditas, fr. cupidus longing, desiring, fr. cupere to long for, desire. See Covet.] 1. A passionate desire; love. [Obs.]

2. Eager or inordinate desire, especially for wealth; greed of gain; avarice; covetousness.

 With the feelings of political distrust were mingled those of cupidity and envy, as the Spaniard saw the fairest provinces of the south still in the hands of the accursed race of Ishmael. Prescott.
 Cup"-moss' (


Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants, caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and especially fatal in large cities. -- Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance.
 -- Chicken cholera. See under Chicken. -- Hog cholera. See under Hog. -- Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely becoming epidemic.

 Chol'er*a"ic (?), a. Relating to, or resulting from, or resembling, cholera.

 Chol"er*ic (?), a. [L. cholericus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. cholérique.]
 1. Abounding with, or producing choler, or bile. Dryden.
2. Easily irritated; irascible; inclined to anger.

3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger. "Choleric speech." Sir W. Raleigh.
Choleric temperament, the bilious temperament.

 Chol"er*ic*ly, adv. In a choleric manner; angrily.

 Chol"er*i*form' (?), a. [Cholera + -form.] Resembling cholera.

 Chol"er*ine (?), n. (Med.) (a) The precursory symptoms of cholera. (b) The first stage of epidemic cholera. (c) A mild form of cholera.

 Chol"er*oid, a. [Cholera + -oid.] Choleriform.

 Cho'les*ter"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. cholestérique.]
 Pertaining to cholesterin, or obtained from it; as, cholesteric acid. Ure.
 Cho*les"ter*in (?), n. [Gr. &?; bile + &?; stiff fat: F. cholestérine.
 See Stearin.] (Chem.) A white, fatty, crystalline substance, tasteless and odorless, found in animal and plant products and tissue, and especially in nerve tissue, in the bile, and in gallstones.

 { Cho"li*amb (?), Cho'li*am"bic (?), } n. [L. choliambus, Gr. &?;; &?; lame + &?; an iambus.] (Pros.) A verse having an iambus in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last.

 { Chol"ic (?), Cho*lin"ic (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile.

Cholic acid (Chem.), a complex organic acid found as a natural constituent of taurocholic and glycocholic acids in the bile, and extracted as a resinous substance, convertible under the influence of ether into white crystals.

 Cho"line (?), n. [Gr. &?; bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Neurine.

 Chol"o*chrome (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, bile + &?; color.]
 (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

 Chol'o*phæ"in (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, bile + &?; dusky.] (Physiol.) See Bilirubin.

 ||Chol"try (?), n. A Hindoo caravansary.

 Chomp (?), v. i. To chew loudly and greedily; to champ. [Prov. Eng.
 & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell.
 Chon'dri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage.

 Chon"dri*fy (?), v. t. & i. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -fy.]
 To convert, or be converted, into cartilage.

 Chon"dri*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) The chemical basis of cartilage, converted by long boiling in water into a gelatinous body called chondrin.

 Chon*drig"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -genous.]
 (Physiol.) Affording chondrin.

 Chon"drin (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage.] (Physiol. Chem.)
 A colorless, amorphous, nitrogenous substance, tasteless and odorless, formed from cartilaginous tissue by long-continued action of boiling water. It is similar to gelatin, and is a large ingredient of commercial gelatin.

 Chon"drite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A meteoric stone characterized by the presence of chondrules.

 Chon*drit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Granular; pertaining to, or having the granular structure characteristic of, the class of meteorites called chondrites.

 ||Chon*dri"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + -itis.]
 (Med.) An inflammation of cartilage.

 Chon"dro- (?). [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] A combining form meaning a grain, granular, granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as, the chondrocranium, the cartilaginous skull of the lower vertebrates and of embryos.

 Chon"dro*dite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage.] (Min.) A fluosilicate of magnesia and iron, yellow to red in color, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone.

 ||Chon'dro*ga*noi"de*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + NL. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

 Chon"dro*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -gen.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Same as Chondrigen.

 Chon'dro*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + genesis.]
 (Physiol.) The development of cartilage.

 Chon"droid (?), a. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -oid.]
 Resembling cartilage.

 Chon*drol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; cartilage + -logy: cf.
 F. chondrologie.] (Anat.) The science which treats of cartilages. Dunglison.
 ||Chon*dro"ma (?), n.; pl. Chondromata (#). [NL., fr.
 Gr. &?; cartilage + -oma.] A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

 Chon*drom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; a grain (of wheat or spelt), cartilage + -meter.] A steelyard for weighting grain.

 Chon*drop'ter*yg"i*an (?), a. [Cf. F. chondropterygien.]
 Having a cartilaginous skeleton. -- n. One of the Chondropterygii.

 ||Chon*drop'te*ryg"i*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cartilage + &?;, &?;, wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of fishes, characterized by cartilaginous fins and skeleton. It includes both ganoids (sturgeons, etc.) and selachians (sharks), but is now often restricted to the latter. [Written also Chondropterygia.]

 ||Chon*dros"te*i (?),


less than unity, in the parabola equal to unity, and in the hyperbola greater than unity. The ellipse and hyperbola have each two foci, and two corresponding directrixes, and the parabola has one focus and one directrix. In the ellipse the sum of the two lines from any point of the curve to the two foci is constant; that is: AG+GB=AH+HB; and in the hyperbola the difference of the corresponding lines is constant.
 The diameter which passes through the foci of the ellipse is the major axis. The diameter which being produced passes through the foci of the hyperbola is the transverse axis. The middle point of the major or the transverse axis is the center of the curve. Certain other curves, as the lemniscate and the Cartesian ovals, have points called foci, possessing properties similar to those of the foci of conic sections. In an ellipse, rays of light coming from one focus, and reflected from the curve, proceed in lines directed toward the other; in an hyperbola, in lines directed from the other; in a parabola, rays from the focus, after reflection at the curve, proceed in lines parallel to the axis. Thus rays from A in the ellipse are reflected to B; rays from A in the hyperbola are reflected toward L and M away from B.

3. A central point; a point of concentration.

Aplanatic focus. (Opt.) See under Aplanatic. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.), the focus for rays which have a sensible divergence, as from a near object; -- so called because the positions of the object and its image are interchangeable. -- Focus tube (Phys.), a vacuum tube for Rœntgen rays in which the cathode rays are focused upon the anticathode, for intensifying the effect. -- Principal, or Solar, focus (Opt.), the focus for parallel rays.

 Fo"cus (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Focusing.] To bring to a focus; to focalize; as, to focus a camera. R. Hunt.
 Fod"der (fd"dr), n. [See 1st Fother.] A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold, in England, varying from 19½ to 24 cwt.; a fother. [Obs.]

 Fod"der, n. [AS. fdder, fddor, fodder (also sheath case), fr. fda food; akin to D. voeder, OHG. fuotar, G. futter, Icel. fðr, Sw. & Dan. foder. √75. See Food and cf. Forage, Fur.] That which is fed out to cattle horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc.

 Fod"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foddered (-drd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Foddering.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food or cut grass, etc.; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, etc.

 Fod"der*er (?), n. One who fodders cattle.

 Fo"di*ent (?), a. [L. fodiens, p. pr. of fodere to dig.] Fitted for, or pertaining to, digging.

 Fo"di*ent (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fodientia.

 Fo'di*en"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fodiens p. pr., digging.] (Zoöl.) A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

 Foe (f), n. [OE. fo, fa, AS. fh hostile; prob.
 akin to E. fiend. √81. See Fiend, and cf. Feud a quarrel.]

1. One who entertains personal enmity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another; an enemy.

 A man's foes shall be they of his own household.

Matt. x. 36 2. An enemy in war; a hostile army.

3. One who opposes on principle; an opponent; an adversary; an ill-wisher; as, a foe to religion.

 A foe to received doctrines.

I. Watts Foe (?), v. t. To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Foe"hood (?), n. Enmity. Bp. Bedell.
 Foe"man (f"man), n.; pl. Foemen (-men).
 [AS. fhman.] An enemy in war.

 And the stern joy which warriors feel In foemen worthy of their steel.

Sir W. Scott Fœ"tal (?), a. Same as Fetal.

 Fœ*ta"tion (?), n. Same as Fetation.

 Fœ"ti*cide (?), n. Same as Feticide.

 Fœ"tor (?), n. Same as Fetor.

 Fœ"tus (?), n. Same as Fetus.

 Fog (fg), n. [Cf. Scot. fog, fouge, moss, foggage rank grass, LL. fogagium, W. ffwg dry grass.] (Agric.)
(a) A second growth of grass; aftergrass. (b) Dead or decaying grass remaining on land through the winter; -- called also foggage.
 [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. Sometimes called, in New England, old tore. In Scotland, fog is a general name for moss.

 Fog v. t. (Agric.) To pasture cattle on the fog, or aftergrass, of; to eat off the fog from.

 Fog v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To practice in a small or mean way; to pettifog. [Obs.]

 Where wouldst thou fog to get a fee?

Dryden.
 Fog n. [Dan. sneefog snow falling thick, drift of snow, driving snow, cf. Icel. fok spray, snowdrift, fjk snowstorm, fjka to drift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud.

2. A state of mental confusion.

Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm, often automatically, near places of danger where visible signals would be hidden in thick weather. - - Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, and resembling distant land. -- Fog ring, a bank of fog arranged in a circular form, -- often seen on the coast of Newfoundland.

 Fog (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fogging (#).] To envelop, as with fog; to befog; to overcast; to darken; to obscure.

 Fog (?), v. i. (Photog.) To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the picture on a negative sometimes does in the process of development.

 Foge (?), n. The Cornish name for a forge used for smelting tin. Raymond Fo'gey (?), n. See Fogy.

 Fog'gage (?; 48), n. (Agric.) See 1st Fog.

 Fog'ger (?), n. One who fogs; a pettifogger. [Obs.]

 A beggarly fogger.

Terence in English(1614) Fog"gi*ly (?), adv. In a foggy manner; obscurely. Johnson.
 Fog"gi*ness (?), n. The state of being foggy. Johnson.
 Fog"gy (?), a. [Compar. Foggier (?); superl. Foggiest.]
 [From


Minoan or Mycenean Linear B, Indus Valley script, Chinese, Mayan, Aztec, and others.
Ritual: a set form or system of rites, religious or otherwise.
Ralph Merrifield. The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic. London: B. T. Ratsford, 1987.
Catherine Bell. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Rite: a ceremonial or formal, solemn act, observance, or procedure in accordance with prescribed rule or custom, as in religious use (cf. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary).
Roger Grainger. The Language of the Rite. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1974.
Mythe-rite-symbole: 21 essais d'anthropologie littéraire sur des textes de Homère. Angers: Presses de l'Université d'Angers, 1984.
Weltanschauung: one's philosophy or conception of the universe and of life (cf. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary). A particular philosophy or view of life; a conception of the world (cf. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English).
Francesco d'Errico. Paleolithic human calendars: a case of wishful thinking? in Current Anthropology, 30, 1989, pp.
117-118.
He regards petroglyphs were looked at as a possible mathematical conception of the cosmos, a numbering or even a calculation system, a rhythmical support for traditional recitation, a generic system of notation.
B.A. Frolov. Numbers in Paleolithic graphic art and the initial stages in the development of mathematics, in Soviet Anthropology and Archaeology, 16 (3-4), 1978, pp. 142-166.
A. Marshack. Upper paleolithic notation and symbol, in Science, 178: 817-28, 1972.
E.K.A. Tratman. Late Upper Paleolithic Calculator? Gough's Cave, Cheddar, Somerset, in Proceedings, University of Bristol, Speleological Society, 14(2), 1976, pp.115-122.
Iwar Werlen. Ritual und Sprache: Zum Verhältnis von Sprechen und Handeln in Ritualen. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 1984.
Inner clock, or biological clock, defines the relation between a biological entity and the time-based phenomena in the environment. As with the so-called circadian cycles (circadian meaning almost the day and night cycle, circa diem), rhythms of existence persist even in the absence of external stimuli. The appearance, at least, is that of an inner clock.
The notion of genetic code describes a system by which DNA and RNA molecules carry genetic information. Particular sequences of genes in these molecules represent particular sequences of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and thereby embody instructions for making of different types of proteins. On the same subject, but obviously at a deeper level than a dictionary definition, is James D. Watson's celebrated book, The Double Helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. (A new critical edition, including text, commentary, reviews, original papers, edited by Gunther S. Stent). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981.
Homeostasis: the tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements of the human body.
Physiological processes leading to body equilibrium are interlocked in dynamic processes.
References to the oral phase of language in Claude Lévi-Strauss: La Pensée Sauvage (1962). Translated as The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966. Le Cru et le Cuit (1964) The Raw and the Cooked. Trans. John and Doreen Weightman. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.
Andrew and Susan Sherrat (quoted by Peter S. Bellwood, Op.cit): A distinction accepted is that between unvocalized (Hebrew, Arabic) and vocalized alphabets (starting with the Greek, in which the vowels are no longer omitted). Some languages use syllabaries, reuniting a consonant and a following vowel (such as in the Japanese Katakana: ka, ke, ki, ko, ku). When two different conventions are applied, the writing system is hybrid: the Korean language has a very powerful alphabet, hangul, but also uses Chinese characters, but pronouned in Korean. The hangul system (15th century) expressed, for Koreans, a desire for selfidentity.
Plato. Phaedrus, and The Seventh and Eighth Letters (translated from the Greek), with an introduction by Walter Hamilton.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Press, 1973.
In Phaedrus, Socrates, portrayed by Plato, articulates arguments against writing: "it will implant forgetfulness in their souls [of people, M.N.]; they will cease to exercise memory because they rely on that which is written, calling these things to remembrance no longer from within themselves, but by means of external marks; what you have discovered is a recipe [pharmakon, a potion; some translate it as recipe] not for memory, but for reminder" (274-278e).
Oraltity and Language Today: What Do People Understand When They Understand Language?
Ludwig Wittgenstein. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Translated by D.F. Pears and B.F. Guinness. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961.
Amos Oz refers to self-constitution in language as follows: "…a language is never a'means' or a 'framework' or a'vehicle' for culture. It is culture. If you live in Hebrew, if you think, dream, make love in Hebrew, sing in Hebrew in the shower, tell lies in Hebrew, you are 'inside'. […] If a writer writes in Hebrew, even if he rewrites Dostoevksy or writes about a Tartar invasion of South America, Hebrew things will always happen in his stories. Things which are ours and which can only happen with us: certain rhythms, moods, combinations, associations, longings, connotations, atavistic attitudes towards the whole of creation, and so forth," (Under This Blazing Light, Cambridge, England: University Press, 1979, p. 189).
J. Lyons. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Semantics requires that one "abstract from the user of the language and analyze only the expressions and their designata" (Vol. 1., p.115).
Noam Chomsky. The distinction between competence and performance in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965. Many scholars noticed the dualism inherent in the Chomskyan theory. Competence is "the speakerhearer's knowledge of his language;" performance is "the actual use of language in concrete situations" (p.4).
Noam Chomsky started to formulate the idea of the innate constitution of a speaker's competence in the famous article A review of B.K. Skinner's Verbal Behavior in Language, 35 (1959), an idea he has developed through all his scholarly work. In the review, he considered the alternatives: language is learned (within Skinner's scheme of stimulus-response), or it is somehow innate. In Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1965), Reflections on Language (London: Fontana, 1976), and Rules and Representations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1980), the thought is constantly refined, though not necessarily more convincing (as his critics noticed).
Roman Jakobson. Essais de Linguistique Générale, Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1963.
Jakobson refused to ascertain any "private property" in the praxis of language. Everything in the domain of language "is socialized" (p. 33).
Feedback: "The property of being able to adjust future conduct by past performance" (Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings, p.47).
In 1981, Martin Gardner and Douglas Hoffstaedter shared a column in Scientific American, which Hoffstaedter called Metamagical Themes. In his first article, he defined self-reference: "It happens every time anyone says 'I' or'me' or 'word' or'speak' or'mouth