also of any, none, any one, not one.
These kind Adjectives implying number must agree with the nouns which they qualify.
This and that qualify nouns in the singular; these and those belong to nouns in the plural.
"These kind of potatoes grow well in this soil." Use this. "This twenty years have I known him." Use these. "The beam was two foot above my head," Use feet. "For this, among other reasons, I abandoned the profession." Say "For this reason, among others, I abandoned the profession." "He rides the bicycle daily, and by this means he preserves his health." "The partners were all honest, courteous, and industrious, and by these means acquired wealth." The word means being either singular or plural, the two preceding sentences are both correct.
Some means or another "By some means or another he always gets the better part of the bargain." This sentence may be corrected by saying "one means or another," or "some means or other." Than After other, otherwise, else, or an adjective in the comparative degree, than should be used, and not but or except.
"No other way but this was open to him." Use than.
"History and philosophy cannot otherwise affect the mind but for its enlargement and benefit." Use than.
"Flowers are often nothing else but cultivated weeds." Use than.
"He no sooner entered the bridge but he met an infuriated bull coming toward him." Use than.
"He offered no other objection except the one already mentioned." Use than.
"He read five other books on 'Crime and Its Causes' in addition to those you named." Use than.
With equal propriety we may say, "He offered no objection except the one already mentioned," or "He read five books on 'Crime and Its Causes' in addition to those you named." It is the use of the word other, or otherwise, or else, that makes necessary the correlative term than.
Besides After else and other the preposition besides is sometimes employed.
"Other boys besides these are mischievous." "Other arts besides music are elevating and inspiring." "We must have recourse to something else besides punishment." It will be observed that the use of besides in this section differs from the use of than in the preceding discussion. "Other... than" is exclusive of those mentioned; whereas, "other... besides" includes those mentioned.
Other "Iron is more useful than all the metals." The faultiness of this sentence becomes apparent when we remember that iron itself is a metal and is included in the word metals, which forms one side of the comparison. In short, "Iron is more useful than iron together with all the other metals." This statement is absurd. The sentence should, therefore, read, "Iron is more useful than all the other metals." "The Washington monument is higher than any monument in America." Since it is in America, and as it cannot be higher than itself, the sentence is made correct by adding the word other; as, "The Washington monument is higher than any other monument in America." "This book, which I have just finished, is superior to any work on the subject that I have yet seen." Say "to any other work." "Of all other creatures, man is the most highly endowed." Say "of all creatures," etc.
"No general was ever so beloved by his soldiers." Say "No other general," etc.
"Nothing delights him so much as a storm at sea." "Nothing else delights him," etc.
One's, His Whether we should say "One ought to know one's own mind," or "One ought to know his own mind," is a question that the critics have earnestly discussed, but have never settled, except as each settles it for himself. The masculine pronoun is often used with an antecedent whose gender is not known. There can, therefore, be no objection to the use of his on the question of gender. As a matter of euphony, his is preferable to one's. Both have the sanction of good usage.
None Although literally signifying no one, the word none may be used with a plural verb, having the force of a collective noun.
"None but the brave deserves the fair."— Dryden.
"None knew thee but to love thee, None named thee but to praise."—Halleck.
"I look for ghosts; but none will force Their way to me."—Wordsworth.
"Of all the girls that e'er were seen, There's none so fine as Nelly."—Swift.
All, Whole The word all is often incorrectly used for the whole.
"The river rose and spread over all the valley." This should be "over the whole valley." "The day being stormy, the members of Class A were all the children at school to-day." Correct by saying "were the only children at school to-day." Perpetually, Continually Perpetually is not synonymous with continually. Perpetually means never-ceasing. That which is done continually may be subject to interruptions.
Persuade, Advise "Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." Paul had advised many persons to become Christians, some of whom, like Agrippa, were almost persuaded.
Wharf, Dock These words are sometimes confounded. The wharf is the pier, or landing, upon which the vessel unloads her cargo. The dock is the artificial waterway, or basin, formed by the wharves. "The vessel came into the dock and was made fast to the wharf." Contemptible, Contemptuous Contemptible is sometimes incorrectly used for contemptuous. A story is told of Richard Parson, an English scholar and critic. A gentleman being in dispute with him, angrily exclaimed, "My opinion of you is most contemptible, sir," upon which Parson quickly retorted, "I never knew an opinion of yours that was not contemptible." Healthy, Wholesome These terms are not synonymous. Toadstools may be healthy, but they would not be regarded as wholesome. Plants and animals are healthy when the conditions of their growth are favorable. They are wholesome when, as food, they promote the health of those persons who eat them.
In a fix Many persons instead of saying "He is in trouble," or "He is in an awkward position," or "He is perplexed," or embarrassed, employ the vulgarism, "He is in a fix." Although Shakespeare may say, "This was the most unkindest cut of all," and De Quincey may write, "Poor Aroar cannot live and cannot die—so that he is in an almighty fix," we lesser mortals are forbidden such expressions.
Fly, Flee In a general sense fly is applied to winged creatures and flee to persons. "What exile from himself can flee?" "When the swallows homeward fly." The past tense forms are sometimes confused, as, "The inhabitants flew to the fort for safety," "The wild geese have all fled to the South." The principal parts of the verbs are: Present. Past. Perf. part.
fly, flew, flown.
flee, fled, fled.
The verbs flew and fled in the foregoing sentences should be transposed. Fly implies motion either from or toward. Flee implies motion from. Fly may be used, in a figurative sense, of persons, to indicate great speed as of wings. "I flew to his rescue." "He flew to my rescue." "Resist the devil and he will flee from you." The word flown is sometimes used erroneously as the past tense or perfect participle of the verb flow. The parts of this verb are flow, flowed, flowed. "The river has overflowed (not overflown) its banks." Get, Got Because a horse is willing is no reason why he should be ridden to death. The verb get and its past-tense form got admit of many meanings, as the following, from an old English publication, fully proves: "I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury I got a ch


off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion? South.
2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it.

3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation.

 The argument is about things, but names. Locke.
4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem.

 You and love are still my argument. Shak.
 The abstract or argument of the piece. Jeffrey.
 [Shields] with boastful argument portrayed. Milton.
5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.]

 Sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Shak.
6. (Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction.

7. (Math.) The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C.
 Ar"gu*ment (r"g*ment), v. i. [L. argumentari.] To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower.
 Ar'gu*men"ta*ble (-men"t*b'l), a. [L. argumentabilis.]
 Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers.
 Ar'gu*men"tal (&?;), a. [L. argumentalis.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative.

 Ar'gu*men*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true.

 Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is,...
 every man that hath with perceiveth. Tyndale.
2. Debate; discussion.

Syn. -- Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning.

 Ar'gu*men"ta*tive (&?;), a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse.

2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator.
 [Obs.]

3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer.

 --Ar'gu*men"ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Ar'gu*men"ta*tive*ness, n. Ar"gu*men*tize (&?;), v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood.
 ||Ar"gus (&?;), n. [L. Argus, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.)
 A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail.

2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful.

3. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo.

 Ar"gus-eyed (&?;), a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted.

 Ar"gus shell' (&?;). (Zoöl.) A species of shell (Cypræa argus), beautifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock's tail.

 Ar'gu*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.]
 Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.]

 Ar*gute" (&?;), a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere.
 See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson.
2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd.

 The active preacher... the argue schoolman. Milman.
 Ar*gute"ly, adv. In a subtle; shrewdly.

 Ar*gute"ness, n. Acuteness. Dryden.
 A*rhi"zal (&?;), A*rhi"zous (&?;), A*rhyth"mic (&?;), A*rhyth"mous (&?;), a. See Arrhizal, Arrhizous, Arrhythmic, Arrhythmous.

 ||A"ri*a (&?;), n. [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.)
 An air or song; a melody; a tune.

 The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes.

 Ar"ian (&?;), a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan.

 A"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. -- n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim.
 A"ri*an*ism (&?;), n. The doctrines of the Arians.

 A"ri*an*ize (&?;), v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian.

 A"ri*an*ize, v. t. To convert to Arianism.

 Ar"i*cine (&?;), n. [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.)
 An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark.

 Ar"id (&?;), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. "An arid waste." Thomson.
 A*rid"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Aridities (&?;).
 [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness.

2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris.
 Ar"id*ness (&?;), n. Aridity; dryness.

 A"ri*el (&?;), n., or A"ri*el ga*zelle" (&?;). [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of the gazelle (Antilope, or Gazella, dorcas), found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel-like Australian marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel).

 ||A"ri*es, n. [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A battering-ram.

 Ar"i*e*tate (&?;), v. i. [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.]


To start forth like a bolt or arrow; to spring abruptly; to come or go suddenly; to dart; as, to bolt out of the room.

 This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt,... And oft out of a bush doth bolt. Drayton.
2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt.

 His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads. Milton.
3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular path; as, the horse bolted.

4. (U.S. Politics) To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or a caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.

 Bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; straight; unbendingly.

 [He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon. Thackeray.
Bolt upright. (a) Perfectly upright; perpendicular; straight up; unbendingly erect. Addison. (b) On the back at full length. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bolt, n. [From Bolt, v. i.] 1. A sudden spring or start; a sudden spring aside; as, the horse made a bolt.

2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors.

 This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America -- or anywhere. Compton Reade.
3. (U. S. Politics) A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one's party.

 Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Bolting.] [OE. bolten, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bluter, fr. Ll. buletare, buratare, cf. F. bure coarse woolen stuff; fr. L. burrus red. See Borrel, and cf. Bultel.]

1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means.

 He now had bolted all the flour. Spenser.
 Ill schooled in bolted language. Shak.
2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting; -- with out.

 Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things. L'Estrange.
3. (Law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law. Jacob.
To bolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to separate or discover everything important. Chaucer.
 This bolts the matter fairly to the bran. Harte.
 The report of the committee was examined and sifted and bolted to the bran. Burke.
 Bolt, n. A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter. B. Jonson.
 Bol"tel (&?;), n. See Boultel.

 Bolt"er (&?;), n. One who bolts; esp.: (a) A horse which starts suddenly aside. (b) A man who breaks away from his party.

 Bolt"er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal.

2. An instrument or machine for separating bran from flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer; a sieve.

 Bolt"er, n. A kind of fishing line. See Boulter.

 Bolt"head' (&?;), n. 1. (Chem.) A long, straight-necked, glass vessel for chemical distillations; -- called also a matrass or receiver.

2. The head of a bolt.

 Bolt"ing, n. A darting away; a starting off or aside.

 Bolt"ing, n. 1. A sifting, as of flour or meal.

2. (Law) A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court. [Obs.]

Bolting cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of different degrees of fineness; -- used by millers for sifting flour. McElrath.
 -- Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the bolted flour or meal; (fig.)
 a receptacle.

 Bol"ton*ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the chrysolite family.

 Bolt"rope' (&?;), n. (Naut.) A rope stitched to the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail.

 Bolt"sprit' (&?;), n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.)
 See Bowsprit.

 Bol"ty (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An edible fish of the Nile (genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.]

 Bo"lus (&?;), n.; pl. Boluses (&?;). [L. bolus bit, morsel; cf. G. &?; lump of earth. See Bole, n., clay.] A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill.

 Bom (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large American serpent, so called from the sound it makes.

 Bomb (&?;), n. [F. bombe bombshell, fr. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. &?;.]

1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [Obs.]

 A pillar of iron... which if you had struck, would make... a great bomb in the chamber beneath. Bacon.
2. (Mil.) A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those fired from mortars. See Shell.

3. A bomb ketch.

Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruction by its explosion. -- Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mortars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments; -- called also mortar vessel. -- Bomb lance, a lance or harpoon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. -- Volcanic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape. "I noticed volcanic bombs." Darwin.
 Bomb, v. t. To bombard. [Obs.] Prior.
 Bomb, v. i. [Cf. Boom.] To sound; to boom; to make a humming or buzzing sound. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Bom"bace (&?;), n. [OF.] Cotton; padding. [Obs.]

 Bom"bard (&?;), n. [F. bombarde, LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. Cf. Bumper, and see Bomb.] 1.
(Gun.) A piece of heavy ordnance formerly used for throwing stones and other ponderous missiles. It was the earliest kind of cannon.

 They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down into the city, might break down the houses. Knolles.
2. A bombardment. [Poetic & R.] J. Barlow.
3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle, for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs.]

 Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. Shak.
4. pl. Padded breeches. [Obs.]

Bombard phrase, inflated language; bombast. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Bom"bard (&?;), n. [OE. bombarde, fr. F. bombarde.]
 (Mus.) See Bombardo. [Obs.]

 Bom*bard" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.] To attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into.


(something unreal) as fact; to materialize. [R.] "A pragmatized metaphor." Tylor.
 ||Prai'ri'al" (?), n. [F., fr. prairie meadow.] The ninth month of the French Republican calendar, which dated from September 22, 1792. It began May, 20, and ended June 18. See Vendemiaire.

 Prai"rie (?), n. [F., an extensive meadow, OF. praerie, LL.
 prataria, fr. L. pratum a meadow.] 1. An extensive tract of level or rolling land, destitute of trees, covered with coarse grass, and usually characterized by a deep, fertile soil. They abound throughout the Mississippi valley, between the Alleghanies and the Rocky mountains.

 From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the northland.

Longfellow.
2. A meadow or tract of grass; especially, a so called natural meadow.

Prairie chicken (Zoöl.), any American grouse of the genus Tympanuchus, especially T. Americanus (formerly T. cupido), which inhabits the prairies of the central United States.
 Applied also to the sharptailed grouse. -- Prairie clover (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Petalostemon, having small rosy or white flowers in dense terminal heads or spikes. Several species occur in the prairies of the United States. -- Prairie dock (Bot.), a coarse composite plant (Silphium terebinthaceum) with large rough leaves and yellow flowers, found in the Western prairies. -- Prairie dog (Zoöl.), a small American rodent (Cynomys Ludovicianus) allied to the marmots. It inhabits the plains west of the Mississippi. The prairie dogs burrow in the ground in large warrens, and have a sharp bark like that of a dog. Called also prairie marmot.
 -- Prairie grouse. Same as Prairie chicken, above. -- Prairie hare (Zoöl.), a large long-eared Western hare (Lepus campestris). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack. -- Prairie hawk, Prairie falcon (Zoöl.), a falcon of Western North America (Falco Mexicanus). The upper parts are brown. The tail has transverse bands of white; the under parts, longitudinal streaks and spots of brown. -- Prairie hen. (Zoöl.) Same as Prairie chicken, above. -- Prairie itch (Med.), an affection of the skin attended with intense itching, which is observed in the Northern and Western United States; -- also called swamp itch, winter itch. -- Prairie marmot. (Zoöl.) Same as Prairie dog, above. -- Prairie mole (Zoöl.), a large American mole (Scalops argentatus), native of the Western prairies.
 -- Prairie pigeon, plover, or snipe (Zoöl.), the upland plover. See Plover, n., 2. -- Prairie rattlesnake (Zoöl.), the massasauga. -- Prairie snake (Zoöl.), a large harmless American snake (Masticophis flavigularis). It is pale yellow, tinged with brown above. -- Prairie squirrel (Zoöl.), any American ground squirrel of the genus Spermophilus, inhabiting prairies; -- called also gopher. -- Prairie turnip (Bot.), the edible turnip-shaped farinaceous root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta) of the Upper Missouri region; also, the plant itself.
 Called also pomme blanche, and pomme de prairie. -- Prairie warbler (Zoöl.), a bright-colored American warbler (Dendroica discolor). The back is olive yellow, with a group of reddish spots in the middle; the under parts and the parts around the eyes are bright yellow; the sides of the throat and spots along the sides, black; three outer tail feathers partly white. -- Prairie wolf. (Zoöl.)
 See Coyote.

 Prais"a*ble (?), a. Fit to be praised; praise-worthy; laudable; commendable. Wyclif (2 Tim. ii. 15).
 Prais"a*bly, adv. In a praisable manner.

 Praise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Praised (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Praising.] [OE. preisen, OF. preisier, prisier, F. priser, L. pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price.
 See Price, n., and cf. Appreciate, Praise, n., Prize, v.]
 1. To commend; to applaud; to express approbation of; to laud; -- applied to a person or his acts. "I praise well thy wit." Chaucer.
 Let her own works praise her in the gates.

Prov. xxxi. 31.
 We praise not Hector, though his name, we know, Is great in arms; 't is hard to praise a foe.

Dryden.
2. To extol in words or song; to magnify; to glorify on account of perfections or excellent works; to do honor to; to display the excellence of; -- applied especially to the Divine Being.

Praise ye him, all his angels; praise ye him, all his hosts!

Ps. cxlviii. 2.
3. To value; to appraise. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
Syn. -- To commend; laud; eulogize; celebrate; glorify; magnify. -- To Praise, Applaud, Extol. To praise is to set at high price; to applaud is to greet with clapping; to extol is to bear aloft, to exalt. We may praise in the exercise of calm judgment; we usually applaud from impulse, and on account of some specific act; we extol under the influence of high admiration, and usually in strong, if not extravagant, language.

 Praise, n. [OE. preis, OF. preis price, worth, value, estimation. See Praise, v., Price.] 1. Commendation for worth; approval expressed; honor rendered because of excellence or worth; laudation; approbation.

 There are men who always confound the praise of goodness with the practice.

Rambler.
Praise may be expressed by an individual, and thus differs from fame, renown, and celebrity, which are always the expression of the approbation of numbers, or public commendation.

2. Especially, the joyful tribute of gratitude or homage rendered to the Divine Being; the act of glorifying or extolling the Creator; worship, particularly worship by song, distinction from prayer and other acts of worship; as, a service of praise.

3. The object, ground, or reason of praise.

 He is thy praise, and he is thy God.

Deut. x.&?;&?;.
Syn. -- Encomium; honor; eulogy; panegyric; plaudit; applause; acclaim; eclat; commendation; laudation.

 Praise"ful (?), a. Praiseworthy. [Obs.]

 Praise"ful (?), a. Praiseworthy. [Obs.]

 Praise"less, a. Without praise or approbation.

 Praise"-meet'*ing (?), n. A religious service mainly in song.
 [Local, U. S.]

 Praise"ment (?), n. Appraisement. [Obs.]

 Prais"er (?), n. 1. One who praises. "Praisers of men." Sir P. Sidney.
2. An appraiser; a valuator. [Obs.] Sir T. North.
 Praise"wor'thi*ly (?), adv. In a praiseworthy manner. Spenser.
 Praise"wor'thi*ness, n. The quality


-- Gimbal ring, a single gimbal, as that by which the cockeye of the upper millstone is supported on the spindle.

 Gim"blet (?), n. & v. See Gimlet.

 Gim"crack' (?), n. [OE., a spruce and pert pretender, also, a spruce girl, prob. fr. gim + crack lad, boaster.] A trivial mechanism; a device; a toy; a pretty thing. Arbuthnot.
 Gim"let (?), n. [Also written and pronounced gimbled (&?;)] [OF. guimbelet, guibelet, F. gibelet, prob. fr. OD.
 wimpel, weme, a bore, wemelen to bore, to wimble. See Wimble, n.] A small tool for boring holes. It has a leading screw, a grooved body, and a cross handle.

Gimlet eye, a squint-eye. [Colloq.] Wright.
 Gim"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gimleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gimleting.] 1. To pierce or make with a gimlet.

2. (Naut.) To turn round (an anchor) by the stock, with a motion like turning a gimlet.

 Gim"mal (?), n. [Prob. the same word as gemel. See Gemel, and cf. Gimbal.] 1. Joined work whose parts move within each other; a pair or series of interlocked rings.

2. A quaint piece of machinery; a gimmer. [Obs.]

 Gim"mal, a. Made or consisting of interlocked rings or links; as, gimmal mail.

 In their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit Lies foul with chewed grass.

Shak.
Gimmal joint. See Gimbal joint, under Gimbal.

 Gim"mer, Gim"mor (&?;), n. [Cf. Gimmal, n.] A piece of mechanism; mechanical device or contrivance; a gimcrack. [Obs.] Bp.
 Hall. Shak.
 Gimp (?), a. [W. gwymp fair, neat, comely.] Smart; spruce; trim; nice. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Gimp, n. [OF. guimpe, guimple, a nun's wimple, F. guimpe, OHG. wimpal a veil G. wimpel pennon, pendant. See Wimple, n.]
 A narrow ornamental fabric of silk, woolen, or cotton, often with a metallic wire, or sometimes a coarse cord, running through it; -- used as trimming for dresses, furniture, etc.

 Gimp nail, an upholsterer's small nail.

 Gimp, v. t. To notch; to indent; to jag.

 Gin (?), prep. [AS. geán. See Again.] Against; near by; towards; as, gin night. [Scot.] A. Ross (1778).
 Gin, conj. [See Gin, prep.] If. [Scotch] Jamieson.
 Gin (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gan (?), Gon (&?;), or Gun (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] [OE. ginnen, AS. ginnan (in comp.), prob. orig., to open, cut open, cf. OHG. inginnan to begin, open, cut open, and prob. akin to AS. gnan to yawn, and E. yawn. &?; See Yawn, v. i., and cf. Begin.] To begin; -- often followed by an infinitive without to; as, gan tell.
 See Gan. [Obs. or Archaic] "He gan to pray." Chaucer.
 Gin (?), n. [Contr. from Geneva. See 2d Geneva.] A strong alcoholic liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with juniper berries; -- also called Hollands and Holland gin, because originally, and still very extensively, manufactured in Holland. Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine.

 Gin (?), n. [A contraction of engine.]

1. Contrivance; artifice; a trap; a snare. Chaucer. Spenser.
2. (a) A machine for raising or moving heavy weights, consisting of a tripod formed of poles united at the top, with a windlass, pulleys, ropes, etc. (b) (Mining) A hoisting drum, usually vertical; a whim.

3. A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; a cotton gin.

 The name is also given to an instrument of torture worked with screws, and to a pump moved by rotary sails.

Gin block, a simple form of tackle block, having one wheel, over which a rope runs; -- called also whip gin, rubbish pulley, and monkey wheel. -- Gin power, a form of horse power for driving a cotton gin. -- Gin race, or Gin ring, the path of the horse when putting a gin in motion. Halliwell. -- Gin saw, a saw used in a cotton gin for drawing the fibers through the grid, leaving the seed in the hopper. -- Gin wheel. (a) In a cotton gin, a wheel for drawing the fiber through the grid; a brush wheel to clean away the lint. (b) (Mining) the drum of a whim.

 Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ginned (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Ginning.] 1. To catch in a trap. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
2. To clear of seeds by a machine; as, to gin cotton.

 Ging (?), n. Same as Gang, n., 2. [Obs.]

 There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me.

Shak.
 Gin*gal" (?), n. See Jingal.

 Gin"ger (?), n. [OE. ginger, gingever, gingivere, OF. gengibre, gingimbre, F. gingembre, L. zingiber, zingiberi, fr. Gr. &?;; of Oriental origin; cf. Ar. & Pers.
 zenjebl, fr. Skr. &?;&?;&?;gavëra, prop., hornshaped; &?;&?;&?;ga horn + vëra body.]

1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Zingiber, of the East and West Indies. The species most known is Z. officinale.

2. The hot and spicy rootstock of Zingiber officinale, which is much used in cookery and in medicine.

Ginger beer or ale, a mild beer impregnated with ginger. -- Ginger cordial, a liquor made from ginger, raisins, lemon rind, and water, and sometimes whisky or brandy. -- Ginger pop. See Ginger beer (above). -- Ginger wine, wine impregnated with ginger. -- Wild ginger (Bot.), an American herb (Asarum Canadense) with two reniform leaves and a long, cordlike rootstock which has a strong taste of ginger.

 Gin"ger*bread' (?), n. A kind of plain sweet cake seasoned with ginger, and sometimes made in fanciful shapes. "Gingerbread that was full fine." Chaucer.
Gingerbread tree (Bot.), the doom palm; -- so called from the resemblance of its fruit to gingerbread. See Doom Palm. -- Gingerbread work, ornamentation, in architecture or decoration, of a fantastic, trivial, or tawdry character.

 Gin"ger*ly, adv. [Prov. E. ginger brittle, tender; cf. dial.
 Sw. gingla, gängla, to go gently, totter, akin to E. gang.]
 Cautiously; timidly; fastidiously; daintily.

 What is't that you took up so gingerly?

Shak.
 Gin"ger*ness, n. Cautiousness;


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Here is a list of abbreviations used in etymologies: Amateur Packet Radio A technical culture of ham-radio sites using AX.25 and TCP/IP for wide-area networking and BBS systems.
Berkeley University of California at Berkeley BBN Bolt, Beranek & Newman Cambridge the university in England (not the city in Massachusetts where MIT happens to be located!)
CMU Carnegie-Mellon University Commodore Commodore Business Machines DEC The Digital Equipment Corporation (now Compaq).
Fairchild The Fairchild Instruments Palo Alto development group FidoNet See the FidoNet entry IBM International Business Machines MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology; esp. the legendary MIT AI Lab culture of roughly 1971 to 1983 and its feeder groups, including the Tech Model Railroad Club NRL Naval Research Laboratories NYU New York University OED The Oxford English Dictionary Purdue Purdue University SAIL Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (at Stanford University) SI From Système International, the name for the standard conventions of metric nomenclature used in the sciences Stanford Stanford University Sun Sun Microsystems TMRC Some MITisms go back as far as the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) at MIT c. 1960. Material marked TMRC is from "An Abridged Dictionary of the TMRC Language", originally compiled by Pete Samson in 1959 UCLA University of California at Los Angeles UK the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland) Usenet See the Usenet entry WPI Worcester Polytechnic Institute, site of a very active community of PDP-10 hackers during the 1970s WWW The World-Wide-Web.
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MORAL By Ludwig Thoma CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PERSONS OF THE PLAY THE PRESUMPTION "MORAL" ACT I ACT II ACT III INTRODUCTION Dr. Ludwig Thoma, perhaps better known to his Bavarian countrymen as Peter Schlemiehl, was born in Oberammergau on January 21, 1867. After graduating from a gymnasium in Munich, he studied at the School of Forestry at Aschauffenburg. He did not finish his course there, but entered the University at Munich and received his degree as Doctor Juris in 1893.

 A year later Dr. Thoma began to practice law; but he abandoned that pursuit in 1899 to follow a career for which his inclinations and talents so happily fitted him.

 He had been writing humorous verses for Simplicissimus for several years under the pen name of Pete Schlemiehl, with such success that the paper almost became identified by that name. These poems were later published in book form under the title—Grobheiten.

 His prose writings in Bavarian dialect as well as his boyhood experiences entitled, Lausbubengeschichten, won a large and warm audience. In 1899 he became the editor of Simplicissimus. From then on his renown grew. The foremost critics of German letters began to take notice of this "Bavarian Aristophanes" and to compare him to Heine and the classics.

 When Moral and Lottchen's Birthday appeared, while the reviewers shook their heads and stated that Dr. Thoma was shocking (so in original) they concluded that their author was "casting a long shadow." To-day Dr. Thoma is a recognized figure in Germany. Prof. Robert F. Arnold in "Das Moderne Drama" (Strassburg, 1908) ranks him next to Hauptmann. His writings are numerous. A vein, satirical and humorous, with a conception of the pathetic, makes him more than an equal to Mark Twain. In addition he is possessed of a message, which he delivers in the Moral.

 First produced in 1908 the play soon became a part and parcel of the repertoire of the leading theatres in Germany. It was put on for the first time in New York, in German, at the Irving Place Theatre in the spring of 1914, through the efforts of the late Heinrich Matthias and the writer.
 Mr. Matthias then played the part of Beermann. Mr. Christians, the director, repeated the performance a number of times that season, each performance meeting with a warm response.

 The late Percival Pollard was the first American critic to emphasize the importance of Dr. Thoma's work in his excellent resume of contemporary German literature: Masks and Minstrels of Modern Germany. He pointed out "that no country where hypocrisy or puritanism prevail as factors in the social and municipal conduct should be spared the corrective acid of this play."

 H. L. Mencken and George Jean Nathan for many years have sung praises of the Moral in the Smart Set. But its production on the English speaking stage still remains an event eagerly to be awaited. Briefly, the play is a polemic against the "men higher up," churchmen, reformers, and social hypocrites.

 The translation follows the text implicitly. Four different versions were made all varying in a degree from the original, and although Dr. Thoma wrote to the writer "bin auch damit einverstanden dass Sie in der Ubersetzung meines Schauspieles 'Moral' etwaige Aenderungen oder Adaptiereungen, die durch die englisch-amerikanischen Verhaltnisse und den Geschmack des amerikanischen Theatrepublikums geboten erscheinen, in entsprechender Weise vornehmen..." it was deemed best for purposes of publication to try to preserve the original atmosphere without an attempt to even transpose such phrases as Gnadige Frau, or Herr Kommerzienrat.

 CHARLES RECHT.

 New York, October, 1916.

 PERSONS OF THE PLAY THE PRESUMPTION The esteemed, sensitive public will assume that the action takes place in Emilsburg, the capital of the Duchy of Gerlestein. The first and third acts occur in the house of Herr Fritz Beermann; the second act, in the Police Headquarters. It all happens between Sunday afternoon and Monday evening.

 To be free from blame, the producers will please note that: BEERMANN is in the fifties; jovial; lively; with gray side-whiskers and chin carefully shaved.

 FRAU BEERMANN is in the late forties, though youthful looking for her age.

 FRAU LUND. sixty-eight; a woman of impressive appearance; her manner is energetic; her mass of white hair is carefully coiffured.

 FRAU BOLLAND. about forty-five; stout; talkative.

 DR. WASNER. a tall German professor with full blond beard; deep voiced; wears pince-nez with black tortoise shell rim and broad black cord.

 HANS JACOB DOBLER. is a poet; he is dressed in a poor fitting cut-away coat; unkempt mustache and Van Dyke beard.

 FRAULEIN PINNEBERG, a feminist, wears a loose fitting gown.

 DR. HAUSER. fifty; smooth shaven; wears gold rimmed spectacles, VON SCHMETTAU, sixty; remains stately looking with effort; military bearing.

 MADAME DE HAUTEVILLE—indefinitely twenty; her ultra-fashionable Parisian gowns invite the cloak and suit patrons.

 "MORAL" ACT I FURTHER APOLOGY (Card room in Beermann's house. In the background a swinging door opens into the dining room. To the right a smaller door leads to the music room.
 On the left side another door opens into the entrance hall. To left upstage in a corner a small card table with chairs. To right upstage a large sofa and comfortable chairs. Parallel to background down stage, tea table with coffee service thereon; near it to right, smaller table, on it a humidor.

 A butler is engaged at the tea table, another man servant is holding swinging door open. [Business of getting up from table.] Many voices and rattle of chairs are heard from dining room. Through swinging doors enters Bolland and Frau Beermann, Beermann with Frau Bolland, Dr. Hauser with Effie, Dr. Wasner with Fraulein Koch-Pinneberg, Dobler alone.)

 General greeting of "Mahlzeit."

 Dr. Wasner is vigorously shaking hands—going to Frau Beermann says, "Ich wunsche Gesegnete Mahlzeit."

 The servants pass around coffee—Beermann conversing with Bolland comes down stage... BOLLAND. You will receive two thousand votes more than the Socialists.
 That's certain.

 BEERMANN [skeptical]. No,—no.

 BOLLAND. If all the Liberals combine with the Conservatives, the result cannot be in doubt.

 BEERMANN [taking coffee from the servant]. If... BOLLAND. Fusion is here. It's the logical development. I am an old politician. The time for discussion is over. Now it's a straight fight to a finish.

 DR. WASNER [coming nearer]. The German fatherland is rallying to the support of the national flag.

 BEERMANN. But there are controversies everywhere. I know best. I always am told by campaign managers: don't say this and don't say that.

 BOLLAND. In what way?

 BE


, little woman's keen interest in current events and the latest "best seller" puts to shame the half-hearted zeal of the average woman.

 For four years, Mrs. Stockton has lived at St. Margaret's, depending upon the visits of friends and the memory of an eventful life to pass the days.
 Prominence in club work in her earlier years has brought reward. The History Club of Kansas City, Kansas, of which she was once a member, each week sends a member to read to her and these are red letter days to this brave, patient, little woman.

 Mrs. Stockton began writing very young. When a little girl, back in the village of Walden, New York, she stole up to the pulpit of the church and wrote in her pastor's Bible: She was born in 1833 in Shawangunk, New York, and came to Kansas City in 1859, living in Missouri some years but most of the time in Kansas City, Kansas.

 In 1892, she published a limited edition of poems, "The Shanar Dancing Girl and Other Poems." dedicated to Mrs. Bertha M. Honore Palmer, her ideal of the perfect type of gracious and lovely womanhood. "The Shanar Dancing Girl" was first written for the Friends in Council, a literary club of Kansas City, Mo. It has received the encomiums of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, John J. Ingalls and others for its beauty of expression and dramatic qualities. "Invocation," an April idyl; "The Sea-shell;" and "Mountain Born" sing of the love of nature. "In the Conservatory;" "My Summer Heart;" and "Tired of the Storm" hint of sorrow and unrest and longing. Then in 1886, "Compensation" was written. "Irma's Love For The King" is a favorite; also, "'Sold'—A Picture," written for her daughter, "yes, but she never came.

 "The Sorrowful Stone" Mrs. Stockton considers her best.

 Mrs. Stockton was married twice. Her first husband was the father of her two sons, one of whom, Dr. Henry M. Downs, in his practice, came often to St. Margaret's. The second marriage, as the wife of the late Judge John S. Stockton, was a very happy one. Last year, a brother the only surviving member of her family, died, leaving Mrs. Stockton the last of a family of five children. The two sons have also passed into the Great Beyond.

 In her younger days, she contributed many poems and some prose to newspapers and magazines over the name of Cora M. Downs.

 Ex-Gov. St. John appointed her one of the regents of the University of Kansas.

 Her beautiful poem: "In Memoriam" to Sarah Walter Chandler Coates was her last.

 MARGARET HILL McCARTER.

 The most successful Kansas woman writer financially and the most prolific is Margaret Hill McCarter of Topeka. From the advent of her little book in 1901, "A Bunch of Things, Tied Up With Strings" to the hearty reception of her latest novel every step of the way spells success.

 Margaret Hill was born in Indiana and came to Kansas in 1888 to teach English in the Topeka High School. Two years later, she became the wife of Dr. William McCarter. Of this union there are two daughters, students at Baker University and the Topeka High School and a young son, his mother's literary critic.

 A wife and a mother first, a Kansas woman second, and an author third is the way Mrs. McCarter rates herself. She is capable of and does do all her housework.

 Her love for literature she owes to her mother, who believed in higher education and taught Margaret to prize the few books that came her way.

 After leaving the school room, the teacher instinct still strong within her, she argued if she could teach out of books written by others, why not out of books of her own? Then followed poems, short stories, biography, textbooks, the editing of Crane Classics, "One Hundred Kansas Women" and miscellanies.

 In 1902, "Cuddy and Other Folks" was written and in 1903, "The Cottonwood's Story."

 This same year, "The Overflowing Waters," the story of the 1903 flood, and one of her best bits of heart writing paid for the school books of almost a thousand unfortunate children. "Cuddy's Baby" appeared in 1908, followed the next year with "In Old Quivera," a thread of Coronado history. "The Price of The Prairies," three weeks after publication in the fall of 1910, became Kansas' best seller. "The Peace of The Solomon Valley" came out in 1911 and proved a popular gift book. "The Wall of Men," Mrs. McCarter's 1912 offering should be one of the required books in Kansas schools. It is authentic history and the close of the story leaves every Kansan with a greater respect and love for the state and the heroic pioneers who stood as a living wall between Kansas and the slave question. 1913 gave us the "Master's Degree," considered by many her best work. This year we have "Winning The Wilderness."

 Mrs. McCarter founded the Club Member and organized the Sorosis, serving as president seven years and two terms as president of the Topeka Federation of Women's Clubs. Baker University, at Baldwin, Kansas, gave her an honorary Master's Degree in 1909, its semi-centennial anniversary.

 BESSIE MAY BELLMAN. and JUNE BELLMAN HENTHORNE.

 Bessie May Bellman and June Bellman Henthorne, her daughter, hail from Winfield. They write both prose and verse and Mrs. Henthorne was a reporter for years. Mrs. Bellman, when a girl, lived five years on a cattle ranch and to those five lonely years she credits her habit of introspection, meditation and writing. Much of her poetry and short stories are used in platform work.

 Red Leaves.

 Dead Leaves— Mrs. Henthorne's "If" is published in a New York reader.

 AMANDA T. JONES.

 One of the few Kansas women to have a place in "Who's Who" was the late Amanda T. Jones of Junction City. She was one of the most prolific poets of Kansas.

 Her "Atlantic" is a story of the rebellion; "Utah and Other Poems;" "A Prairie Idyl;" "Flowers and a Weed;" and "Rubaiyat of Solomon Valley" are volumes of verse. Her prose: "Children's Stories," "Fairy Arrows" and "The White Blackbird;" "A Psychic Autobiography," published in 1908; "Man and Priest," a story of psychic detection; "Mother of Pioneers," and a novel ready for publication, "A Daughter of Wall St."

 Miss Jones originated a working women's home and patented many inventions, mostly household necessities.

 CHARLOTTE F. WILDER.

 Charlotte Frances Wilder, Manhattan, has been writing half a century and it has won for her a place in Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, "entitled to go down to posterity, her lifework preserved as information for future generations." She has written "Land of The Rising Sun," "Sister Ridenour's Sacrifice," "Christmas Cheer In All Lands," "Easter Gladness," "Mission Ships," "The Child's Own Book" and "The Wonderful Story of Jesus." Her essays, alone, would make a volume, original and interesting. She has written for the press since sixteen years of age and has been a Bible teacher forty years.

 ANNA L. JANUARY.

 Osawatomie claims Anna L. January, the author of "Historic Souvenir of Osawatomie, Kansas," "John Brown Battle Grounds," "Calvin Monument," and "Lookout and Park;" also, numerous poems.

 Mrs. January is a native of Wilmington, Ohio, coming to Kansas in 1898.
 She taught school three years and in 1901 married D. A. January of Osawatomie. They have one child, a son of four years. An active worker in the Congress of Mothers and interested in temperance and


Skr. pippala, pippali.] 1.
 A well-known, pungently aromatic condiment, the dried berry, either whole or powdered, of the Piper nigrum.

Common, or black, pepper is made from the whole berry, dried just before maturity; white pepper is made from the ripe berry after the outer skin has been removed by maceration and friction. It has less of the peculiar properties of the plant than the black pepper. Pepper is used in medicine as a carminative stimulant.

2. (Bot.) The plant which yields pepper, an East Indian woody climber (Piper nigrum), with ovate leaves and apetalous flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The berries are red when ripe.
 Also, by extension, any one of the several hundred species of the genus Piper, widely dispersed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the earth.

3. Any plant of the genus Capsicum, and its fruit; red pepper; as, the bell pepper.

 The term pepper has been extended to various other fruits and plants, more or less closely resembling the true pepper, esp. to the common varieties of Capsicum. See Capsicum, and the Phrases, below.

African pepper, the Guinea pepper. See under Guinea. -- Cayenne pepper. See under Cayenne. -- Chinese pepper, the spicy berries of the Xanthoxylum piperitum, a species of prickly ash found in China and Japan. -- Guinea pepper. See under Guinea, and Capsicum.
 -- Jamaica pepper. See Allspice. -- Long pepper. (a) The spike of berries of Piper longum, an East Indian shrub. (b) The root of Piper, or Macropiper, methysticum. See Kava. -- Malaguetta, or Meleguetta, pepper, the aromatic seeds of the Amomum Melegueta, an African plant of the Ginger family. They are sometimes used to flavor beer, etc., under the name of grains of Paradise. -- Red pepper. See Capsicum. -- Sweet pepper bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Clethra alnifolia), with racemes of fragrant white flowers; -- called also white alder. -- Pepper box or caster, a small box or bottle, with a perforated lid, used for sprinkling ground pepper on food, etc. -- Pepper corn. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pepper elder (Bot.), a West Indian name of several plants of the Pepper family, species of Piper and Peperomia.
 -- Pepper moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Biston betularia) having white wings covered with small black specks. -- Pepper pot, a mucilaginous soup or stew of vegetables and cassareep, much esteemed in the West Indies. -- Pepper root. (Bot.). See Coralwort. -- pepper sauce, a condiment for the table, made of small red peppers steeped in vinegar. -- Pepper tree (Bot.), an aromatic tree (Drimys axillaris) of the Magnolia family, common in New Zealand. See Peruvian mastic tree, under Mastic.

 Pep"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peppered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Peppering.] 1. To sprinkle or season with pepper.

2. Figuratively: To shower shot or other missiles, or blows, upon; to pelt; to fill with shot, or cover with bruises or wounds. "I have peppered two of them." "I am peppered, I warrant, for this world." Shak.
 Pep"per, v. i. To fire numerous shots (at).

 Pep"per*brand' (?), n. (Bot.) See 1st Bunt.

 Pep"per*corn' (?), n. 1. A dried berry of the black pepper (Piper nigrum).

2. Anything insignificant; a particle.

 Pep"per dulse' (?). (Bot.) A variety of edible seaweed (Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pungency. [Scot.] Lindley.
 Pep"per*er (?), n. A grocer; -- formerly so called because he sold pepper. [Obs.]

 Pep"per*grass' (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Any herb of the cruciferous genus Lepidium, especially the garden peppergrass, or garden cress, Lepidium sativum; -- called also pepperwort.
 All the species have a pungent flavor. (b) The common pillwort of Europe (Pilularia globulifera). See Pillwort.

 Pep"per*idge (?), n. [Cf. NL. berberis, E. barberry.]
 (Bot.) A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) with very tough wood, handsome oval polished leaves, and very acid berries, -- the sour gum, or common tupelo. See Tupelo. [Written also piperidge and pipperidge.]

Pepperidge bush (Bot.), the barberry.

 Pep"per*ing, a. Hot; pungent; peppery. Swift.
 Pep"per*mint (?), n. [Pepper + mint.] 1. (Bot.)
 An aromatic and pungent plant of the genus Mentha (M. piperita), much used in medicine and confectionery.

2. A volatile oil (oil of peppermint) distilled from the fresh herb; also, a well-known essence or spirit (essence of peppermint) obtained from it.

3. A lozenge of sugar flavored with peppermint.

Peppermint camphor. (Chem.) Same as Menthol. -- Peppermint tree (Bot.), a name given to several Australian species of gum tree (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. piperita, E. odorata, etc.) which have hard and durable wood, and yield an essential oil.

 Pep"per*wort' (?), n. (Bot.) See Peppergrass.

 Pep"per*y (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; having the qualities of pepper; hot; pungent.

2. Fig.: Hot-tempered; passionate; choleric.

 Pep"sin (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cooking, digesting, digestion, fr.
 &?;, &?;, to cook, digest: cf. F. pepsine. Cf. Dyspepsia.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized proteolytic ferment or enzyme contained in the secretory glands of the stomach. In the gastric juice it is united with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.2 per cent, approximately) and the two together constitute the active portion of the digestive fluid. It is the active agent in the gastric juice of all animals.

 As prepared from the glandular layer of pigs' or calves' stomachs it constitutes an important article of pharmacy.

 Pep'sin*hy'dro*chlo"ric (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Peptohydrochloric.

 Pep*sin"o*gen (?), n. [Pepsin + -gen.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) The antecedent of the ferment pepsin. A substance contained in the form of granules in the peptic cells of the gastric glands. It is readily convertible into pepsin. Also called propepsin.

 Pep"tic (?), a. [L. pepticus, Gr. &?;. See Pepsin.] 1.
 Relating to digestion; promoting digestion; digestive; as, peptic sauces.

2. Able to digest. [R.]

 Tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic.

Carlyle.
3. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to pepsin; resembling pepsin in its power of digesting or dissolving albuminous matter; containing or yielding pepsin, or a body of like properties; as, the peptic glands.

 Pep"tic, n. 1. An agent that promotes digestion.

2. pl. The digestive organs.

 Is there some magic in the place


ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople. Hence: (c) The emblem of the Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Constantinople.

 The cross of our faith is replanted, The pale, dying crescent is daunted. Campbell.
4. Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by René of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services. Brande & C.
5. (Her.) The emblem of the increasing moon with horns directed upward, when used in a coat of arms; -- often used as a mark of cadency to distinguish a second son and his descendants.

 Cres"cent (krs"sent), a. 1. Shaped like a crescent.

 Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton.
2. Increasing; growing.

 O, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set. Tennyson.
 Cres"cent, v. t. 1. To form into a crescent, or something resembling a crescent. [R.] Anna Seward.
2. To adorn with crescents.

 Cres*cen"tic (krs*sn"tk), a. Crescent-shaped. "Crescentic lobes." R. Owen.
 Cres"cent*wise' (krs"sent*wz'), adv. In the form of a crescent; like a crescent. Tennyson.
 Cres"cive (kr?s"s?v), a. [L. crescere to increase.]
 Increasing; growing. [R.]

 Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty. Shak.
 Cre"sol (kr"sl), n. [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric substances, CH3.C6H4.OH, homologous with and resembling phenol. They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar, and are colorless, oily liquids or solids. [Called also cresylic acid.]

 Cre*sor"cin (kr?-s?r"s?n), n. (Chem.) Same as Isorcin.

 Cress (krs), n.; pl. Cresses (krs"z). [OE. ces, cresse, kers, kerse, AS. cresse, cerse; akin to D. kers, G. kresse, Dan. karse, Sw. krasse, and possibly also to OHG. chresan to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic.

 The garden cress, called also peppergrass, is the Lepidium sativum; the water cress is the Nasturtium officinale. Various other plants are sometimes called cresses.

 To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread. Goldsmith.
Bitter cress. See under Bitter. -- Not worth a cress, or "not worth a kers." a common old proverb, now turned into the meaningless "not worth a curse." Skeat.
 Cres*selle" (kr?s-s?l"), n. [F. crécelle rattle.] (Eccl.)
 A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute for a bell, in the Roman Catholic church, during the latter part of Holy Week, or the last week of Lent.

 Cres"set (kr?s"s?t), n. [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of lamp or torch; perh. of Dutch or German origin, and akin to E. cruse, F. creuset crucible, E. crucible.] 1. An open frame or basket of iron, filled with combustible material, to be burned as a beacon; an open lamp or firrepan carried on a pole in nocturnal processions.

 Starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphaltus. Milton.
 As a cresset true that darts its length Of beamy luster from a tower of strength. Wordsworth.
2. (Coopering) A small furnace or iron cage to hold fire for charring the inside of a cask, and making the staves flexible. Knight.
 Cress"y (krs"), a. Abounding in cresses.

 The cressy islets white in flower. Tennyson.
 Crest (krst), n. [OF. creste, F. crête, L. crista.]
 1. A tuft, or other excrescence or natural ornament, growing on an animal's head; the comb of a cock; the swelling on the head of a serpent; the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. Darwin.
 [Attack] his rising crest, and drive the serpent back. C. Pitt.
2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet, indicating the rank of the wearer; hence, also, the helmet.

 Stooping low his lofty crest. Sir W. Scott.
 And on his head there stood upright A crest, in token of a knight. Gower.
3. (Her.) A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, and the like.
 It is a relic of the ancient cognizance. See Cognizance, 4.

4. The upper curve of a horse's neck.

 Throwing the base thong from his bending crest. Shak.
5. The ridge or top of a wave.

 Like wave with crest of sparkling foam. Sir W. Scott.
6. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge.

7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage.

 Now the time is come That France must vail her lofty plumed crest.
Shak.
8. (Arch.) The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc.

 The finials of gables and pinnacles are sometimes called crests.
Parker.
9. (Engin.) The top line of a slope or embankment.

Crest tile, a tile made to cover the ridge of a roof, fitting upon it like a saddle. -- Interior crest (Fort.), the highest line of the parapet.

 Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Cresting.] 1. To furnish with, or surmount as, a crest; to serve as a crest for.

 His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm Crested the world. Shak.
 Mid groves of clouds that crest the mountain's brow. Wordsworth.
2. To mark with lines or streaks, like, or regarded as like, waving plumes.

 Like as the shining sky in summer's night,... Is crested with lines of fiery light. Spenser.
 Crest (krst), v. i. To form a crest.

 Crest"ed (krst"d), a. 1. Having a crest.

 But laced crested helm. Dryden.
2. (Zoöl.) Having a crest of feathers or hair upon the head. "The crested bird." Dryden.
3. (Bott.) Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest, as an elevated line or ridge, or a tuft. Gray.
 Crest"fall'en (-f?l''n), a. 1. With hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed.

 Let it make thee crestfullen; Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride. Shak.
2. Having the crest, or upper part of the neck, hanging to one side; -- said of a horse.

 Crest"ing, n. (Arch.) An ornamental finish on the top of a wall or


leaf of metal.]

1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is sometimes applied to the spire of grasses.

 The crimson dulse... with its waving blade. Percival.
 First the blade, then ear, after that the full corn in the ear.
Mark iv. 28.
2. The cutting part of an instrument; as, the blade of a knife or a sword.

3. The broad part of an oar; also, one of the projecting arms of a screw propeller.

4. The scapula or shoulder blade.

5. pl. (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof. Weale.
6. pl. (Com.) The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell. De Colange.
7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow; -- a word of somewhat indefinite meaning.

 He saw a turnkey in a trice Fetter a troublesome blade.
Coleridge.
 Blade (bld), v. t. To furnish with a blade.

 Blade, v. i. To put forth or have a blade.

 As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded As ever in the Muses' garden bladed. P. Fletcher.
 Blade"bone' (-bn'), n. The scapula. See Blade, 4.

 Blad"ed (bld"d), a. 1. Having a blade or blades; as, a two-bladed knife.

 Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass. Shak.
2. Divested of blades; as, bladed corn.

3. (Min.) Composed of long and narrow plates, shaped like the blade of a knife.

 Blade"fish' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A long, thin, marine fish of Europe (Trichiurus lepturus); the ribbon fish.

 Blade"smith' (&?;), n. A sword cutler. [Obs.]

 Blad"y (&?;), a. Consisting of blades. [R.] "Blady grass." Drayton.
 Blæ (&?;), a. [See Blue.] Dark blue or bluish gray; lead-colored. [Scot.]

 Blæ"ber*ry (&?;), n. [Blæ + berry; akin to Icel blber, Sw. bl&?;bär, D. blaabær.
 Cf. Blueberry.] The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

 ||Blague (blg), n. [F.] Mendacious boasting; falsehood; humbug.

 Blain (bln), n. [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. blgen; akin to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E. bladder. See Bladder.] 1. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a bulla, pustule, or blister.

 Blotches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton.
2. (Far.) A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath.

 Blam"a*ble (blm"*b'l), a. [Cf. F. blâmable.] Deserving of censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable; blameworthy. -- Blam"a*ble*ness, n. -- Blam"a*bly (&?;), adv.
 Blame (blm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed (blmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] [OE. blamen, F. blâmer, OF. blasmer, fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also to blame, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n to speak ill, to slander, to blaspheme, fr.
 bla'sfhmos evil speaking, perh, for blapsi'fhmos; bla'psis injury (fr.
 bla'ptein to injure) + fh'mh a saying, fr. fa'nai to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.]

1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; to reproach.

 We have none to blame but ourselves. Tillotson.
2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish. [Obs.]

 She... blamed her noble blood. Spenser.
To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame; in fault; as, the conductor was to blame for the accident.

 You were to blame, I must be plain with you. Shak.
 Blame, n. [OE. blame, fr. F. blâme, OF. blasme, fr. blâmer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.]
 1. An expression of disapprobation fir something deemed to be wrong; imputation of fault; censure.

 Let me bear the blame forever. Gen. xiiii. 9.
2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation; culpability; fault; crime; sin.

 Holy and without blame before him in love. Eph. i. 4.
3. Hurt; injury. [Obs.] Spenser.
Syn. -- Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing.

 Blame"ful (&?;), a. 1. Faulty; meriting blame. Shak.
2. Attributing blame or fault; implying or conveying censure; faultfinding; censorious. Chaucer.
 -- Blame"ful*ly, adv. -- Blame"ful*ness, n. Blame"less, a. Free from blame; without fault; innocent; guiltless; -- sometimes followed by of.

 A bishop then must be blameless. 1 Tim. iii. 2.
Blameless still of arts that polish to deprave. Mallet.
 We will be blameless of this thine oath. Josh. ii. 17.
Syn. -- Irreproachable; sinless; unblemished; inculpable. -- Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless. We speak of a thing as blameless when it is free from blame, or the just imputation of fault; as, a blameless life or character. The others are stronger. We speak of a thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we mean that it is absolutely without fault or blemish; as, a spotless or stainless reputation; a faultless course of conduct. The last three words apply only to the general character, while blameless may be used in reverence to particular points; as, in this transaction he was wholly blameless.
 We also apply faultless to personal appearance; as, a faultless figure; which can not be done in respect to any of the other words.

 Blame"less*ly, adv. In a blameless manner.

 Blame"less*ness, n. The quality or state of being blameless; innocence.

 Blam"er (&?;), n. One who blames. Wyclif.
 Blame"wor'thy (&?;), a. Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. -- Blame"wor'thi*ness, n. Blan"card (&?;), n. [F., fr. blanc white.] A kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of which is partly blanches before it is woven.

 Blanch (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] [OE. blanchen, blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.]

1. To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach; as, to blanch


do this, touch the shaded parts with burnt sienna and bistre, filling up the lighter portions with yellow ochre, delicate touches of burnt sienna, and in those parts which naturally have a bluish tint, add very delicate touches of purple--so delicate in fact as hardly to be perceived. The roots of the hair at the forehead should also be touched with blue, and the eyebrows near the temples made of a pinkish tint.
The chin of a woman is nearly of the same color as the cheeks in the most glowing parts. In men it is stronger, and of a bluish tint, in order to produce the effect given by the beard.
In portraits of women--the middle tints on the side of the light, which are perceived on the bosom and arms, are made of a slight mixture of ochre, blue and lake, (or carmine), to which add, on the shaded sides, ochre, bistre and purple, the latter in the darker parts. The tints of the hands should be the same as the other parts of the flesh, the ends of the fingers being a little pinkish and the nails of a violet hue.
If any portion of the fleshy parts is shaded by portions of the dress, or by the position of the hand, this shade should be colored with umber mixed with purple.
TO COLOR THE DRAPERY.--Violet Velvet--Use purple made of Prussian blue and carmine, touching up the shaded parts with indigo blue.
Green Velvet--Mix Prussian blue and red-orpiment, shade with purple, and touch up the lights with a little white.
Red Velvet--Mix a very little brown with carmine, shading with purple, marking the lights in the strongest parts with pure carmine, and touch the most brilliant slightly with white.
White Feathers--May be improved by delicately touching the shaded parts with a little blue mixed with white. White muslin, linen, lace, satin, silk, etc., may also be colored in the same way, being careful not to lay the color on too heavily.
FURS--Red Furs may be imitated by using light red and a little masticot, shaded with umber. Gray Furs--black and white mixed and shaded with bistre. Sable--white shaded lightly with yellow ochre.
These few directions are quite sufficient for the art, and it is quite unnecessary for me to pursue the subject further. I would, however, remark that the Daguerreotypists would find it greatly to their advantage to visit the studies of our best artists, our public galleries of paintings, and statuary, and wherever else they can obtain a sight of fine paintings, and study the various styles of coloring, attitudes, folds of drapery and other points of the art. In coloring Daguerreotypes, artists will find the magnifying glass of much advantage in detecting any imperfections in the plate or in the image, which may be remedied by the brush. In selecting brushes choose those most susceptible of a fine point, which may be ascertained by wetting them between the lips, or in a glass of water.
CHAP. XIII.
THE PHOTOGRAPHOMETER.
The last number (for March, 1849) of the London Art-Journal, gives the following description of a recent improvement in Photographic Manipulation, and as I am desirous of furnishing everything new in the art, I stop the press to add it, entire, to my work.
"Since the photographic power of the solar rays bears no direct relation to their luminous influence, it becomes a question of considerable importance to those who practice the beautiful art of photography, to have the means of readily measuring the ever changing activity of this force. Several plans more or less successful, have been devised by Sir John Herschel, Messrs. Jordan, Shaw and Hunt. The instrument, however, which is now brought forward by Mr. Claudet, who is well known as one of our most successful Daguerreotypists, appears admirably suited to all those purposes which the practical man requires. The great difficulty which continually annoys the photographic amateur and artist, is the determination of the sensibility of each tablet employed, relatively to the amount of radiation, luminous and chemical, with which he is working. With the photographometer of Mr. Claudet this is easily ascertained. The following woodcuts and concise description will sufficiently indicate this useful and simple apparatus.
Fig. 30 (HIPHO_30.GIF) "For an instrument of this kind it is important in the first place to have a motion always uniform, without complicated or expensive mechanism. This is obtained by means founded upon the principle of the fall of bodies sliding down an inclined plane. The sensitive surface is exposed to the light by the rapid and uniform passage of a metal plate, A, B, (Fig. 31,) having openings of different length, which follow a geometric progression. It is evident that the exposure to light will be the same for each experiment, because the plate furnished with the proportional openings falls always with the same rapidity, the height of the fall being constant, and the angle of the inclined plane the same. Each opening of this moveable plate allows the light to pass during the same space of time, and the effect upon the sensitive surface indicates exactly the intensity of the chemical rays. The rapidity of the fall may be augmented or diminished by altering the inclination of the plane by means of a graduated arc, C, D, (Fig. 30,) furnished with a screw, E, by which it may be fixed at any angle. The same result may be obtained by modifying the height of the fall or the weight of the moveable plate. The photogenic surface, whether it be the Daguerreotype plate, the Talbotype paper, or any other preparation sensitive to light, is placed near the bottom of the inclined plane, F. It is covered by a thin plate of metal, pierced with circular holes, which correspond to the openings of the moveable plate at the moment of the passage of the latter, during which the sensitive surface receives the light wherever the circular holes leave it exposed.
Fig. 31 (HIPHO_31.GIF) "The part of the apparatus which contains the sensitive surface is an independent frame, and it slides from a dark box into an opening on the side of the inclined plane.
"A covering of black cloth impermeable to light is, attached to the sides of the moveable plate, enveloping the whole inclined plane, rolling freely over two rollers, R, R, placed the one at the upper and the other at the lower part of the inclined plane. This cloth prevents the light striking the sensitive surface before and after the passage of the moveable plate.
"It will be seen that this apparatus enables the experimentalist to ascertain with great precision the exact length of time which is required to produce a given amount of actinic change upon any sensitive photographic surface, whether on metal or paper. Although at present some calculation is necessary to determine the difference between the time which is necessary for exposure in direct radiation, and to the action of the secondary radiations of the camera obscura; this is, however, a very simple matter, and it appears to us exceedingly easy to adapt an instrument of this description to the camera itself.
"By this instrument Mr. Claudet has already determined many very important points. Among others, he has proved that on the most sensitive Daguerreotype plate an exposure of.0001 part of a second is sufficient to produce a decided effect.
"Regarding photography as an auxiliary aid to the artist of no mean value, we are pleased to record a description of an instrument which, without being complicated, promises to be exceedingly useful. In this opinion we are not singular; at a recent meeting of the Photographic Club, to which this instrument was exhibited, it was with much real satisfaction that we learned that several of our most eminent artists were now eager and most successful students in Photography. The beautiful productions of the more prominent members of this club excited the admiration of all, particularly the copies of architectural beauties, and small bits of landscape, by Messrs. Cundell and Owen. We think that now the artist sees the advantage he may derive from the aid of science, that both will gain by the union."
I hope the above description will induce our townsman, Mr. Roach, to successfully produce an instrument that will meet the wants of


) between two points of a rigid body is independent of the condition of motion of the body of reference.
If we drop these hypotheses, then the dilemma of Section VII disappears, because the theorem of the addition of velocities derived in Section VI becomes invalid. The possibility presents itself that the law of the propagation of light in vacuo may be compatible with the principle of relativity, and the question arises: How have we to modify the considerations of Section VI in order to remove the apparent disagreement between these two fundamental results of experience? This question leads to a general one. In the discussion of Section VI we have to do with places and times relative both to the train and to the embankment.
How are we to find the place and time of an event in relation to the train, when we know the place and time of the event with respect to the railway embankment? Is there a thinkable answer to this question of such a nature that the law of transmission of light in vacuo does not contradict the principle of relativity? In other words: Can we conceive of a relation between place and time of the individual events relative to both reference-bodies, such that every ray of light possesses the velocity of transmission c relative to the embankment and relative to the train? This question leads to a quite definite positive answer, and to a perfectly definite transformation law for the space-time magnitudes of an event when changing over from one body of reference to another.
Fig. 2.Fig. 2.
Before we deal with this, we shall introduce the following incidental consideration.
Up to the present we have only considered events taking place along the embankment, which had mathematically to assume the function of a straight line. In the manner indicated in Section II we can imagine this reference-body supplemented laterally and in a vertical direction by means of a framework of rods, so that an event which takes place anywhere can be localised with reference to this framework. Similarly, we can imagine the train travelling with the velocity v to be continued across the whole of space, so that every event, no matter how far off it may be, could also be localised with respect to the second framework. Without committing any fundamental error, we can disregard the fact that in reality these frameworks would continually interfere with each other, owing to the impenetrability of solid bodies. In every such framework we imagine three surfaces perpendicular to each other marked out, and designated as "co-ordinate planes" ("co-ordinate system").
A co-ordinate system K then corresponds to the embankment, and a co-ordinate system K′ to the train. An event, wherever it may have taken place, would be fixed in space with respect to K by the three perpendiculars on the co-ordinate planes, and with regard to time by a time value t. Relative to K′, the same event would be fixed in respect of space and time by corresponding values, which of course are not identical with. It has already been set forth in detail how these magnitudes are to be regarded as results of physical measurements.
Obviously our problem can be exactly formulated in the following manner. What are the values, of an event with respect to K′, when the magnitudes, of the same event with respect to K are given? The relations must be so chosen that the law of the transmission of light in vacuo is satisfied for one and the same ray of light (and of course for every ray) with respect to K and K′. For the relative orientation in space of the co-ordinate systems indicated in the diagram (Fig 2), this problem is solved by means of the equations: This system of equations is known as the "Lorentz transformation."1 If in place of the law of transmission of light we had taken as our basis the tacit assumptions of the older mechanics as to the absolute character of times and lengths, then instead of the above we should have obtained the following equations: This system of equations is often termed the "Galilei transformation." The Galilei transformation can be obtained from the Lorentz transformation by substituting an infinitely large value for the velocity of light c in the latter transformation.
Aided by the following illustration, we can readily see that, in accordance with the Lorentz transformation, the law of the transmission of light in vacuo is satisfied both for the reference-body K and for the reference-body K′. A light-signal is sent along the positive x-axis, and this light-stimulus advances in accordance with the equation i.e. with the velocity c. According to the equations of the Lorentz transformation, this simple relation between x and t involves a relation between x′ and t′. In point of fact, if we substitute for x the value ct in the first and fourth equations of the Lorentz transformation, we obtain: from which, by division, the expression immediately follows. If referred to the system K′, the propagation of light takes place according to this equation. We thus see that the velocity of transmission relative to the reference-body K′ is also equal to c. The same result is obtained for rays of light advancing in any other direction whatsoever.
Of course this is not surprising, since the equations of the Lorentz transformation were derived conformably to this point of view.
1 A simple derivation of the Lorentz transformation is given in Appendix I. ↑ [Contents] XII The Behaviour of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in Motion Place a metre-rod in the x′-axis of K′ in such a manner that one end (the beginning) coincides with the point whilst the other end (the end of the rod) coincides with the point. What is the length of the metre-rod relatively to the system K? In order to learn this, we need only ask where the beginning of the rod and the end of the rod lie with respect to K at a particular time t of the system K. By means of the first equation of the Lorentz transformation the values of these two points at the time can be shown to be the distance between the points being.
But the metre-rod is moving with the velocity v relative to K. It therefore follows that the length of a rigid metre-rod moving in the direction of its length with a velocity v is of a metre. The rigid rod is thus shorter when in motion than when at rest, and the more quickly it is moving, the shorter is the rod. For the velocity we should have, and for still greater velocities the square-root becomes imaginary. From this we conclude that in the theory of relativity the velocity c plays the part of a limiting velocity, which can neither be reached nor exceeded by any real body.
Of course this feature of the velocity c as a limiting velocity also clearly follows from the equations of the Lorentz transformation, for these became meaningless if we choose values of v greater than c. If, on the contrary, we had considered a metre-rod at rest in the x-axis with respect to K, then we should have found that the length of the rod as judged from K′ would have been ; this is quite in accordance with the principle of relativity which forms the basis of our considerations.
A Priori it is quite clear that we must be able to learn something about the physical behaviour of measuring-rods and clocks from the equations of transformation, for the magnitudes , are nothing more nor less than the results of measurements obtainable by means of measuring-rods and clocks. If we had based our considerations on the Galileian transformation we should not have obtained a contraction of the rod as a consequence of its motion.
Let us now consider a seconds-clock which is permanently situated at the origin () of K′. and are two successive ticks of this clock. The first and fourth equations of the Lorentz transformation give for these two ticks: and As judged from K, the clock is moving with the velocity v; as judged from this reference-body, the time which elapses between two strokes of the clock is not one second, but seconds, i.e. a somewhat larger time. As a consequence of its motion the clock goes more slowly than when at rest. Here also the velocity c plays the part of an unattainable limiting velocity.
[Contents] XIII Theorem of the Addition of Velocities.
The Experiment of Fizeau Now in practice we can move clocks and measuring-rods only with velocities that are small compared with the velocity of light; hence we shall hardly be able to compare the results of the previous section directly with the reality. But, on the other hand, these results must strike you as being very singular, and for that reason I shall now draw another conclusion from the theory, one which can easily be derived from the foregoing considerations, and which has been most elegantly confirmed by experiment.
In Section VI we derived the theorem of the addition of velocities in one direction in the form which also results from


correct date and time at boot if it realizes that the current value is bogus. This time is specified in microfortnights!
Multiple uses of the millifortnight (about 20 minutes) and nanofortnight have also been reported.
Node:microLenat, Next:microReid, Previous:microfortnight, Up:= M = microLenat /mi:'-kroh-len'-*t/ n. The unit of bogosity. consensus is that this is the largest unit practical for everyday use. The microLenat, originally invented by David Jefferson, was promulgated as an attack against noted computer scientist Doug Lenat by a tenured graduate student at CMU. Doug had failed the student on an important exam because the student gave only "AI is bogus" as his answer to the questions. The slur is generally considered unmerited, but it has become a running gag nevertheless. Some of Doug's friends argue that of course a microLenat is bogus, since it is only one millionth of a Lenat. Others have suggested that the unit should be redesignated after the grad student, as the microReid.
Node:microReid, Next:microserf, Previous:microLenat, Up:= M = microReid /mi:'kroh-reed/ n. See microLenat.
Node:microserf, Next:Microsloth Windows, Previous:microReid, Up:= M = microserf /mi:'kro-s*rf/ [popularized, though not originated, by Douglas Copeland's book "Microserfs"] A programmer at Microsoft, especially a low-level coder with little chance of fame or fortune. Compare MicroDroid.
Node:Microsloth Windows, Next:Microsoft, Previous:microserf, Up:= M = Microsloth Windows /mi:'kroh-sloth' win'dohz/ n.
(Variants combine {Microshift, Macroshaft, Microsuck} with {Windoze, WinDOS}. Hackerism(s) for 'Microsoft Windows'. A thirty-two bit extension and graphical shell to a sixteen bit patch to an eight bit operating system originally coded for a four bit microprocessor which was written by a two-bit company that can't stand one bit of competition. Also just called 'Windoze', with the implication that you can fall asleep waiting for it to do anything; the latter term is extremely common on Usenet. See Black Screen of Death and Blue Screen of Death; compare X, sun-stools.
Node:Microsoft, Next:micros~1, Previous:Microsloth Windows, Up:= M = Microsoft The new Evil Empire (the old one was IBM). The basic complaints are, as formerly with IBM, that (a) their system designs are horrible botches, (b) we can't get source to fix them, and (c) they throw their weight around a lot. See also Halloween Documents.
Node:micros~1, Next:middle-endian, Previous:Microsoft, Up:= M = micros~1 An abbreviation of the full name Microsoft resembling the rather bogus way Windows 9x's VFAT filesystem truncates long file names to fit in the MS-DOS 8+3 scheme (the real filename is stored elsewhere). If other files start with the same prefix, they'll be called micros~2 and so on, causing lots of problems with backups and other routine system-administration problems. During the US Antitrust trial against Microsoft the names Micros~1 ans Micros~2 were suggested for the two companies that would exist after a break-up.
Node:middle-endian, Next:middle-out implementation, Previous:micros~1, Up:= M = middle-endian adj.
Not big-endian or little-endian. Used of perverse byte orders such as 3-4-1-2 or 2-1-4-3, occasionally found in the packed-decimal formats of minicomputer manufacturers who shall remain nameless. See NUXI problem. Non-US hackers use this term to describe the American mm/dd/yy style of writing dates (Europeans write little-endian dd/mm/yy, and Japanese use big-endian yy/mm/dd for Western dates).
Node:middle-out implementation, Next:milliLampson, Previous:middle-endian, Up:= M = middle-out implementation See bottom-up implementation.
Node:milliLampson, Next:minifloppies, Previous:middle-out implementation, Up:= M = milliLampson /mil'*-lamp'sn/ n. A unit of talking speed, abbreviated mL. Most people run about 200 milliLampsons. The eponymous Butler Lampson (a CS theorist and systems implementor highly regarded among hackers) goes at 1000. A few people speak faster. This unit is sometimes used to compare the (sometimes widely disparate) rates at which people can generate ideas and actually emit them in speech. For example, noted computer architect C. Gordon Bell (designer of the PDP-11) is said, with some awe, to think at about 1200 mL but only talk at about 300; he is frequently reduced to fragments of sentences as his mouth tries to keep up with his speeding brain.
Node:minifloppies, Next:MIPS, Previous:milliLampson, Up:= M = minifloppies n.,obs.
5.25-inch floppy disks, as opposed to 3.5-inch or microfloppies and the long-obsolescent 8-inch variety (if there is ever a smaller size, they will undoubtedly be tagged 'nanofloppies'). At one time, this term was a trademark of Shugart Associates for their SA-400 minifloppy drive. Nobody paid any attention. See stiffy.
Node:MIPS, Next:misbug, Previous:minifloppies, Up:= M = MIPS /mips/ n.
[abbreviation] 1. A measure of computing speed; formally, 'Million Instructions Per Second' (that's 10^6 per second, not 2^(20)!); often rendered by hackers as 'Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed' or in other unflattering ways, such as 'Meaningless Information Provided by Salesmen'. This joke expresses an attitude nearly universal among hackers about the value of most benchmark claims, said attitude being one of the great cultural divides between hackers and marketroids (see also BogoMIPS). The singular is sometimes '1 MIP' even though this is clearly etymologically wrong. See also KIPS and GIPS. 2. Computers, especially large computers, considered abstractly as sources of computrons. "This is just a workstation; the heavy MIPS are hidden in the basement." 3. The corporate name of a particular RISC-chip company; among other things, they designed the processor chips used in DEC's 3100 workstation series. 4. Acronym for 'Meaningless Information per Second' (a joke, prob. from sense 1).
Node:misbug, Next:misfeature, Previous:MIPS, Up:= M = misbug /mis-buhg/ n.
[MIT; rare (like its referent)] An unintended property of a program that turns out to be useful; something that should have been a bug but turns out to be a feature. Compare green lightning. See miswart.
Node:misfeature, Next:Missed'em-five, Previous:misbug, Up:= M = misfeature /mis-fee'chr/ or /mis'fee'chr/ n.
[common] A feature that eventually causes lossage, possibly because it is not adequate for a new situation that has evolved.
Since it results from a deliberate and properly implemented feature, a misfeature is not a bug. Nor is it a simple unforeseen side effect; the term implies that the feature in question was carefully planned, but its long-term consequences were not accurately or adequately predicted (which is quite different from not having thought ahead at all). A misfeature can be a particularly stubborn problem to resolve, because fixing it usually involves a substantial philosophical change to the structure of the system involved.
Many misfeatures (especially in user-interface design) arise because the designers/implementors mistake their personal tastes for laws of nature. Often a former feature becomes a misfeature because trade-offs were made whose parameters subsequently change (possibly only in the judgment of the implementors). "Well, yeah, it is kind of a misfeature that file names are limited to six