; as, an executor of baseness. Shak.
2. An executioner. [Obs.]

 Delivering o'er to executors paw&?; The lazy, yawning drone.

Shak.
3. (Law) The person appointed by a testator to execute his will, or to see its provisions carried into effect, after his decease.

||Executor de son tort [Of., executor of his own wrong] (Law), a stranger who intermeddles without authority in the distribution of the estate of a deceased person.

 Ex*ec'u*to"ri*al (?), a. [LL. executorialis.] Of or pertaining to an executive.

 Ex*ec"u*tor*ship (?), n. The office of an executor.

 Ex*ec"u*to*ry (?), a. [LL. executorius, L. exsecutorius: cf.F. exécutoire.] 1. Pertaining to administration, or putting the laws in force; executive.

 The official and executory duties of government.

Burke.
2. (Law) Designed to be executed or carried into effect in time to come, or to take effect on a future contingency; as, an executory devise, reminder, or estate; an executory contract. Blackstone.
 Ex*ec"u*tress (?), n. [Cf.F. exécutrice.] An executrix.

 Ex*ec"u*trix (?), n. [LL.] (Law) A woman exercising the functions of an executor.

 Ex"e*dent (?), a. [L. exedent, -entis, p. pr. of exedere.
 See Exesion.] Eating out; consuming. [R.]

 ||Ex"e*dra (ks"*dr), n.; pl. Exedræ (- dr).
 [L., fr. Gr 'exe'dra; 'ex out + "e'dra seat.] 1. (Class. Antiq.)
 A room in a public building, furnished with seats.

2. (Arch.) (a) The projection of any part of a building in a rounded form. (b) Any out-of-door seat in stone, large enough for several persons; esp., one of curved form.

 Ex'e*ge"sis (?), n.; pl. Exegeses (#). [NL., fr.Gr.
 &?;,fr. &?; to explain, interpret; &?; out + &?; to guide, lead, akin, to &?; to lead. See Agent.] 1. Exposition; explanation; especially, a critical explanation of a text or portion of Scripture.

2. (Math.) The process of finding the roots of an equation.
 [Obs.]

 Ex"e*gete (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf.F. exégète.
 See Exegesis.] An exegetist.

 { Ex'e*get"ic (?), Ex'e*get"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. exégétique.]
 Pertaining to exegesis; tending to unfold or illustrate; explanatory; expository. Walker. Ex'e*get"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ex'e*get"ics (?), n. The science of interpretation or exegesis.

 Ex'e*ge"tist (?), n. One versed in the science of exegesis or interpretation; -- also called exegete.

 Ex*em"plar (?), n. [L. exemplar, exemplum: cf. F. exemplaire.
 See Example, and cf. Examper, Sampler.] 1. A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated; a specimen; sometimes; an ideal model or type, as that which an artist conceives.

 Such grand exemplar as make their own abilities the sole measure of what is fit or unfit.

South.
2. A copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Udall.
 Ex*em"plar, a. Exemplary. [Obs.]

 The exemplar piety of the father of a family.

Jer. Taylor.
 Ex"em*pla*ri*ly (?), adv. In a manner fitted or designed to be an example for imitation or for warning; by way of example.

 She is exemplarily loyal.

Howell.
 Some he punisheth exemplarily.

Hakewill.
 Ex"em*pla*ri*ness, n. The state or quality of being exemplary; fitness to be an example.

 Ex'em*plar"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. exemplaritas.]
 Exemplariness. [R.]

 The exemplarity of Christ's life.

Abp. Sharp.
 Ex"em*pla*ry (?), a. [L. exemplaris, fr. exemplar: cf. F. exemplaire. See Exemplar.] 1. Serving as a pattern; deserving to be proposed for imitation; commendable; as, an exemplary person; exemplary conduct.

 [Bishops'] lives and doctrines ought to be exemplary.

Bacon.
2. Serving as a warning; monitory; as, exemplary justice, punishment, or damages.

3. Illustrating as the proof of a thing. Fuller.
Exemplary damages. (Law) See under Damage.

 Ex"em*pla*ry, n. An exemplar; also, a copy of a book or writing.
 [Obs.] Donne.
 Ex*em"pli*fi'a*ble (?), a. That can be exemplified.

 Ex*em'pli*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The act of exemplifying; a showing or illustrating by example.

2. That which exemplifies; a case in point; example.

3. (Law) A copy or transcript attested to be correct by the seal of an officer having custody of the original.

 Ex*em"pli*fi'er (?), n. One who exemplifies by following a pattern.

 Ex*em"pli*fy (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exemplified (?); p. pr. &. vb. n. Exemplifying.] [L. exemplum example + - fy: cf. LL. exemplificare to copy, serve as an example.] 1. To show or illustrate by example.

 He did but... exemplify the principles in which he had been brought up.

Cowper.
2. To copy; to transcribe; to make an attested copy or transcript of, under seal, as of a record. Holland.
3. To prove or show by an attested copy.

 Ex*empt" (?), a. [F. exempt, L. exemptus, p. p. of eximere to take out, remove, free; ex out + emere to buy, take. Cf.
 Exon, Redeem.] 1. Cut off; set apart. [Obs.]

 Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry.

Shak.
2. Extraordinary; exceptional. [Obs.] Chapman.
3. Free, or released, from some liability to which others are subject; excepted from the operation or burden of some law; released; free; clear; privileged; -- (with from): not subject to; not liable to; as, goods exempt from execution; a person exempt from jury service.

 True nobility is exempt from fear.

Shak.
 T is laid on all, not any one exempt.

Dryden.
 Ex*empt", n. 1. One exempted or freed from duty; one not subject.

2. One of four officers of the Yeomen of the Royal Guard, having the rank of corporal; an Exon. [Eng.]

 Ex*empt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exempting.] [F. exempter. See Exempt, a.] 1.
 To remove; to set apart. [Obs.] Holland.
2. To release or deliver from some liability which others are subject to;


truth is incompatible with some incidents of, the occurrences related in these memoranda: for example, the sound of Charles Ashmore's voice. It is not my duty to indue facts and theories with affinity.
A.B.
FOOTNOTES [372] The Isle of Pines was once a famous rendezvous of pirates.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESENT AT A HANGING***


. [See Carbonado.] To broil. [Obs.] "We had a calf's head carboned". Pepys.
 Car*bon"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.)
 Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide.

Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H2CO3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. In common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas, extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hence called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephitic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. -- Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide.

 Car"bon*ide (kär"bn*d or -d), n. A carbide. [R.]

 Car'bon*if"er*ous (kär'bn*f"r*s), a. [Carbon + -ferous.]
 Producing or containing carbon or coal.

Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian.
 See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology.

 Car'bon*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. carbonisation.] The act or process of carbonizing.

 Car"bon*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1.
 To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char.

2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.

 Car'bon*om"e*ter (?), n. [Carbon + -meter.] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means.

 Car"bon*yl (?), n. [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (CO)\'b7\'b7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc.

 Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds.

Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride.

 Car'bo*sty"ril (?), n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride.

 Car'bo*sty"ril (?), n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

 Car*box"ide (?), n. [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.)
 A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as, potassium carboxide.

Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.

 Car*box"yl (?), n. [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.)
 The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; -- called also oxatyl.

 Car"boy (?), n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurbah a sort of bottle.] A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; -- used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.

 Car"bun*cle (?), n. [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.]

1. (Min.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet.

2. (Med.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax.

3. (Her.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.

 Car"bun*cled (?), a. 1. Set with carbuncles.

 He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled Like holy Phabus' car. Shak.
2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. "A carbuncled face." Brome.
 Car*bun"cu*lar (?), a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.

 Car*bun'cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. carbunculatio.] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold. Harris.
 Car"bu*ret (?), n. [From Carbon.] (Chem.) A carb


numerous carpels are tipped with long plumose persistent styles.

 Plume, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pluming.] [Cf. F. plumer to pluck, to strip, L. plumare to cover with feathers.] 1. To pick and adjust the plumes or feathers of; to dress or prink.

Pluming her wings among the breezy bowers.

W. Irving.
2. To strip of feathers; to pluck; to strip; to pillage; also, to peel. [Obs.] Bacon. Dryden.
3. To adorn with feathers or plumes. "Farewell the plumed troop." Shak.
4. To pride; to vaunt; to boast; -- used reflexively; as, he plumes himself on his skill. South.
Plumed adder (Zoöl.), an African viper (Vipera, or Clotho cornuta), having a plumelike structure over each eye. It is venomous, and is related to the African puff adder. Called also horned viper and hornsman. -- Plumed partridge (Zoöl.), the California mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus). See Mountain quail, under Mountain.

 Plume"less (?), a. Without plumes.

 Plume"let (?), n. [Plume + - let.] A small plume.

 When rosy plumelets tuft the larch.

Tennyson.
 Plum"er*y (?), n. Plumes, collectively or in general; plumage. [R.]
 Southey.
 Plu"mi*corn (?), n. [L. pluma feather + cornu horn.]
 (Zoöl.) An ear tuft of feathers, as in the horned owls.

 Plu*mig"er*ous (?), a. [L. plumiger; pluma a feather + gerere to bear.] Feathered; having feathers. Bailey Plu*mil"i*form (?), a. [L. plumula, or plumella a little feather (dim. of pluma feather) + -form.] Having the of a plume or feather. [R.]

 Plu"mi*ped (?), a. [L. plumipes, -edis; pluma a feather + pes: cf. F. plumipède.] (Zoöl.)
 Having feet covered with feathers. -- n. A plumiped bird.

 Plum"met (?), n. [OE. plommet, OF. plommet, fr. plom, plum, lead, F. plomb. See Plumb.] 1. A piece of lead attached to a line, used in sounding the depth of water.

 I'll sink him deeper than e'er plummet sounded.

Shak.
2. A plumb bob or a plumb line. See under Plumb, n.
3. Hence, any weight.

4. A piece of lead formerly used by school children to rule paper for writing.

Plummet line, a line with a plummet; a sounding line.

 Plum"ming (?), n. [See Plumb.] (Min.) The operation of finding, by means of a mine dial, the place where to sink an air shaft, or to bring an adit to the work, or to find which way the lode inclines.

 Plum"my (?), a. [From Plum.] Of the nature of a plum; desirable; profitable; advantageous. [Colloq.] "For the sake of getting something plummy."
 G. Eliot.
 { Plu*mose" (?), Plu"mous (?), } a. [L. plumosus, fr. pluma feather: cf. F. plumeux.]

1. Having feathers or plumes.

2. Having hairs, or other párts, arranged along an axis like a feather; feathery; plumelike; as, a plumose leaf; plumose tentacles.

 Plu"mo*site (?), n. (Min.) Same as Jamesonite.

 Plu*mos"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being plumose.

 Plump (plmp), a. [Compar. Plumper (-r); superl.
 Plumpest.] [OE. plomp rude, clumsy; akin to D. plomp, G., Dan., & Sw. plump; probably of imitative origin. Cf. Plump, adv.]
 Well rounded or filled out; full; fleshy; fat; as, a plump baby; plump cheeks. Shak.
 The god of wine did his plump clusters bring.

T. Carew.
 Plump, n. A knot; a cluster; a group; a crowd; a flock; as, a plump of trees, fowls, or spears. [Obs.]

 To visit islands and the plumps of men.

Chapman.
 Plump, v. i. [Cf. D. plompen, G. plumpen, Sw. plumpa, Dan. plumpe. See Plump, a.] 1. To grow plump; to swell out; as, her cheeks have plumped.

2. To drop or fall suddenly or heavily, all at once."Dulcissa plumps into a chair." Spectator.
3. To give a plumper. See Plumper, 2.

 Plump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Plumping.] 1. To make plump; to fill (out) or support; -- often with up.

 To plump up the hollowness of their history with improbable miracles.

Fuller.
2. To cast or let drop all at once, suddenly and heavily; as, to plump a stone into water.

3. To give (a vote), as a plumper. See Plumper, 2.

 Plump, adv. [Cf. D. plomp, interj., G. plump, plumps.
 Cf. Plump, a. & v.] Directly; suddenly; perpendicularly. "Fall plump." Beau. & Fl.
 Plump"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, plumps or swells out something else; hence, something carried in the mouth to distend the cheeks.

2. (English Elections) A vote given to one candidate only, when two or more are to be elected, thus giving him the advantage over the others. A person who gives his vote thus is said to plump, or to plump his vote.

3. A voter who plumps his vote. [Eng.]

4. A downright, unqualified lie. [Colloq. or Low] Plump"ly, adv. Fully; roundly; plainly; without reserve. [Colloq.]

 Plump"ness, n. The quality or state of being plump.

 Plump"y (?), a. Plump; fat; sleek. "Plumpy Bacchus." Shak.
 ||Plu"mu*la (?), n.; pl. L. Plumule (#), E.-las (#). [L. See Plumule.] 1. (Bot.) A plumule.

2. (Zoöl.) A down feather.

 Plu'mu*la"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Downy; bearing down.

 Plu"mu*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Relating to a plumule.

 ||Plu'mu*la"ri*a (?), n.; pl. L. Plumularlæ (#), E. Plumularias (#). [NL.] (Zoöl.) Any hydroid belonging to Plumularia and other genera of the family Plumularidæ.
 They generally grow in plumelike forms.

 Plu'mu*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any Plumularia. Also used adjectively.

 Plu"mule (?), n. [L. plumula, dim. of pluma a feather; cf. F. plumule.]


wire opposed to the tension of a drift wire, and used to prevent such tension from distorting the framework.

 Wire, Incidence—A wire running from the top of an interplane strut to the bottom of the interplane strut in front of or behind it. It maintains the "stagger" and assists in maintaining the angle of incidence.
 Sometimes termed "stagger wire." Wire, Bracing—Any wire holding together the framework of any part of an aeroplane. It is not, however, usually applied to the wires described above unless the function performed includes a function additional to those described above. Thus, a lift wire, while strictly speaking a bracing wire, is not usually described as one unless it performs the additional function of bracing some well-defined part such as the undercarriage. It will then be said to be an "undercarriage bracing lift wire." It might, perhaps, be acting as a drift wire also, in which case it will then be de-scribed as an "undercarriage bracing lift-drift wire." It should always be stated whether a bracing wire is (1) top, (2) bottom, (3) cross, or (4) side. If a "side bracing wire," then it should be stated whether rightor left-hand.

 Wire, Internal Bracing—A bracing wire (usually drift or anti-drift) within a surface.

 Wire, Top Bracing—A bracing wire, approximately horizontal and situated between the top longerons of fuselate, between top tail booms, or at the top of similar construction.

 Wire, Bottom Bracing—Ditto, substituting "bottom" for "top." Wire, Side Bracing—A bracing wire crossing diagonally a side bay of fuselage, tail boom bay, undercarriage side bay or centre-section side bay. This term is not usually used with reference to incidence wires, although they cross diagonally the side bays of the cell. It should be stated whether rightor left-hand.

 Wire, Cross Bracing—A bracing wire, the position of which is diagonal from right to left when viewing it from the front of an aeroplane.

 Wire, Control Bracing—A wire preventing distortion of a controlling surface.

 Wire, Control—A wire connecting a controlling surface with the pilot's control lever, wheel, or rudder-bar.

 Wire, Aileron Gap—A wire connecting top and bottom ailerons.

 Wire, Aileron Balance—A wire connecting the rightand left-hand top ailerons. Sometimes termed the "aileron compensating wire." Wire, Snaking—A wire, usually of soft metal, wound spirally or tied round another wire, and attached at each end to the framework. Used to prevent the wire round which it is "snaked" from becoming, in the event of its displacement, entangled with the propeller.

 Wire, Locking—A wire used to prevent a turnbuckle barrel or other fitting from losing its adjustment.

 Wing—Strictly speaking, a wing is one of the surfaces of an ornithopter. The term is, however, often applied to the lifting surface of an aeroplane when such surface is divided into two parts, one being the left-hand "wing," and the other the right-hand "wing." Wind-Tunnel—A large tube used for experimenting with surfaces and models, and through which a current of air is made to flow by artificial means.

 Work—Force X displacement.

 Wind-Screen—A small transparent screen mounted in front of the pilot to protect his face from the air pressure.

 FOOTNOTES:] 1 (return) [ Propeller Slip: As the propeller screws through the air, the latter to a certain extent gives back to the thrust of the propellor blades, just as the shingle on the beach slips back as you ascend it. Such "give-back" is known as "slip," and anyone behind the propellor will feel the slip as a strong draught of air.]

 2 (return) [ Helicopter. An air-screw revolving upon a vertical axis. If driven with sufficient power, it will lift vertically, but having regard to the mechanical difficulties of such construction, it is a most inefficient way of securing lift compared with the arrangement of an inclined surface driven by a propeller revolving about a horizontal axis.]

 3 (return) [ Pancakes: Pilot's slang for stalling an aeroplane and dropping like a pancake.]

 4 (return) [ Morane parasol: A type of Morane monoplane in which the lifting surfaces are raised above the pilot in order to afford him a good view of the earth.]

 5 (return) [ Skin friction is that part of the drift due to the friction of the air with roughnesses upon the surface of the aeroplane.]

 6 (return) [ Banking: When an aeroplane is turned to the left or the right the centrifugal force of its momentum causes it to skid sideways and outwards away from the centre of the turn.
 To minimize such action the pilot banks, i.e., tilts, the aeroplane sideways in order to oppose the underside of the planes to the air. The aeroplane will not then skid outwards beyond the slight skid necessary to secure a sufficient pressure of air to balance the centrifugal force.]

 7 (return) [ An explanation of the way in which the wash-out is combined with a wash-in to offset propellor torque will be found on p. 82.]

 8 (return) [ A.M.'s: Air Mechanics.]

 9 (return) [ Butt means to thicken at the end. Screw means to machine a thread on the butt-end of the wire, and in this way the wire can make connection with the desired place by being screwed into a metal fitting, thus eliminating the disadvantage of the unsatisfactory loop.]

 10 (return) [ Deviation curve: A curved line indicating any errors in the compass.]

 11 (return) [ A propeller screws through the air, and the distance it advances during one revolution, supposing the air to be solid, is known as the pitch. The pitch, which depends upon the angle of the propeller blades, must be equal to the speed of the aeroplane, plus the slip, and if, on account of the rarity of the air the speed of the aeroplane increases, then the angle and pitch should be correspondingly increased. Propellers with a pitch capable of being varied by the pilot are the dream of propeller designers. For explanation of "slip" see Chapter IV. on propellers.]

 12 (return) [ Getting out of my depth?
 Invading the realms of fancy? Well, perhaps so, but at any rate it is possible that extraordinary speed through space may be secured if means are found to maintain the impulse of the engine and the thrust-drift efficiency of the propeller at great altitude.]

 13 (return) [ Box-kite. The first crude form of biplane.]

 14 (return) [ See Newton's laws in the Glossary at the end of the book.]

 15 (return) [ See "Aerofoil" in the Glossary.]

 16 (return) [ "In effect" because, although there may be actually the greatest proportion of keel-surface In front of the vertical axis, such surface may be much nearer to the axis than is the keel-surface towards the tail. The latter may then be actually less than the surface in front, but, being farther from the axis, it has a greater leverage, and consequently is greater in effect than the surface in front.]


THE LAW AND THE LADY by Wilkie Collins CONTENTS NOTE: THE LAW AND THE LADY.
 PART I. PARADISE LOST.
 CHAPTER I. THE BRIDE'S MISTAKE.
 CHAPTER II. THE BRIDE'S THOUGHTS.
 CHAPTER III. RAMSGATE SANDS.
 CHAPTER IV. ON THE WAY HOME.
 CHAPTER V. THE LANDLADY'S DISCOVERY.
 CHAPTER VI. MY OWN DISCOVERY.
 CHAPTER VII. ON THE WAY TO THE MAJOR.
 CHAPTER VIII. THE FRIEND OF THE WOMEN.
 CHAPTER IX. THE DEFEAT OF THE MAJOR.
 CHAPTER X. THE SEARCH.
 CHAPTER XI. THE RETURN TO LIFE.
 CHAPTER XII. THE SCOTCH VERDICT.
 CHAPTER XIII. THE MAN'S DECISION.
 CHAPTER XIV. THE WOMAN'S ANSWER.
 PART II. PARADISE REGAINED.
 CHAPTER XV. THE STORY OF THE TRIAL. THE PRELIMINARIES.
 CHAPTER XVI. FIRST QUESTION—DID THE WOMAN DIE POISONED?
 CHAPTER XVII. SECOND QUESTION—WHO POISONED HER?
 CHAPTER XVIII. THIRD QUESTION—WHAT WAS HIS MOTIVE?
 CHAPTER XIX. THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DEFENSE.
 CHAPTER XX. THE END OF THE TRIAL.
 CHAPTER XXI. I SEE MY WAY.
 CHAPTER XXII. THE MAJOR MAKES DIFFICULTIES.

 CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV. MISERRIMUS DEXTER—FIRST VIEW.
 CHAPTER XXV. MISERRIMUS DEXTER—SECOND VIEW CHAPTER XXVI. MORE OF MY OBSTINACY.
 CHAPTER XXVII. MR. DEXTER AT HOME.
 CHAPTER XXVIII. IN THE DARK.
 CHAPTER XXIX. IN THE LIGHT.
 CHAPTER XXX. THE INDICTMENT OF MRS. BEAULY.

 CHAPTER XXXI. THE DEFENSE OF MRS. BEAULY.
 CHAPTER XXXII. A SPECIMEN OF MY WISDOM.
 CHAPTER XXXIII. A SPECIMEN OF MY FOLLY.
 CHAPTER XXXIV. GLENINCH.
 CHAPTER XXXV. MR. PLAYMORE'S PROPHECY.
 CHAPTER XXXVI. ARIEL.
 CHAPTER XXXVII. AT THE BEDSIDE.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. ON THE JOURNEY BACK.
 CHAPTER XXXIX. ON THE WAY TO DEXTER.
 CHAPTER XL. NEMESIS AT LAST.
 CHAPTER XLI. MR. PLAYMORE IN A NEW CHARACTER.

 CHAPTER XLII. MORE SURPRISES.
 CHAPTER XLIII. AT LAST!
 CHAPTER XLIV. OUR NEW HONEYMOON.
 CHAPTER XLV. THE DUST-HEAP DISTURBED.
 CHAPTER XLVI. THE CRISIS DEFERRED.
 CHAPTER XLVII. THE WIFE'S CONFESSION.
 CHAPTER XLVIII. WHAT ELSE COULD I DO?
 CHAPTER XLIX. PAST AND FUTURE.
 CHAPTER L. NOTE: ADDRESSED TO THE READER.

 IN offering this book to you, I have no Preface to write. I have only to request that you will bear in mind certain established truths, which occasionally escape your memory when you are reading a work of fiction. Be pleased, then, to remember (First): That the actions of human beings are not invariably governed by the laws of pure reason. (Secondly): That we are by no means always in the habit of bestowing our love on the objects which are the most deserving of it, in the opinions of our friends.
 (Thirdly and Lastly): That Characters which may not have appeared, and Events which may not have taken place, within the limits of our own individual experience, may nevertheless be perfectly natural Characters and perfectly probable Events, for all that. Having said these few words, I have said all that seems to be necessary at the present time, in presenting my new Story to your notice.

 W. C. LONDON, February 1, 1875.

 THE LAW AND THE LADY.

 PART I. PARADISE LOST.

 CHAPTER I. THE BRIDE'S MISTAKE.

 "FOR after this manner in the old time the holy women also who trusted in God adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands; even as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord; whose daughters ye are as long as ye do well, and are not afraid with any amazement." Concluding the Marriage Service of the Church of England in those well-known words, my uncle Starkweather shut up his book, and looked at me across the altar rails with a hearty expression of interest on his broad, red face. At the same time my aunt, Mrs. Starkweather, standing by my side, tapped me smartly on the shoulder, and said, "Valeria, you are married!" Where were my thoughts? What had become of my attention? I was too bewildered to know. I started and looked at my new husband. He seemed to be almost as much bewildered as I was. The same thought had, as I believe, occurred to us both at the same moment. Was it really possible—in spite of his mother's opposition to our marriage—that we were Man and Wife? My aunt Starkweather settled the question by a second tap on my shoulder.

 "Take his arm!" she whispered, in the tone of a woman who had lost all patience with me.

 I took his arm.

 "Follow your uncle." Holding fast by my husband's arm, I followed my uncle and the curate who had assisted him at the marriage.

 The two clergymen led us into the vestry. The church was in one of the dreary quarters of London, situated between the City and the West End; the day was dull; the atmosphere was heavy and damp. We were a melancholy little wedding party, worthy of the dreary neighborhood and the dull day.
 No relatives or friends of my husband's were present; his family, as I have already hinted, disapproved of his marriage. Except my uncle and my aunt, no other relations appeared on my side. I had lost both my parents, and I had but few friends. My dear father's faithful old clerk, Benjamin, attended the wedding to "give me away," as the phrase is. He had known me from a child, and, in my forlorn position, he was as good as a father to me.

 The last ceremony left to be performed was, as usual, the signing of the marriage register. In the confusion of the moment (and in the absence of any information to guide me) I committed a mistake—ominous, in my aunt Starkweather's opinion, of evil to come. I signed my married instead of my maiden name.

 "What!" cried my uncle, in his loudest and cheeriest tones, "you have forgotten your own name already? Well, well! let us hope you will never repent parting with it so readily. Try again, Valeria—try again." With trembling fingers I struck the pen through my first effort, and wrote my maiden name, very badly indeed, as follows: Valeria Brinton When it came to my husband's turn I noticed, with surprise, that his hand trembled too, and that he produced a very poor specimen of his customary signature: Eustace Woodville My aunt, on being requested to sign, complied under protest. "A bad beginning!" she said, pointing to my first unfortunate signature with the feather end of her pen. "I hope, my dear, you may not live to regret it." Even then, in the days of my ignorance and my innocence, that curious outbreak of my aunt's superstition produced a certain uneasy sensation in my


.) Of or pertaining to the general system, or the body as a whole; as, systemic death, in distinction from local death; systemic circulation, in distinction from pulmonic circulation; systemic diseases.

Systemic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1.

 Sys'tem*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of systematizing; systematization.

 Sys"tem*ize (ss"tm*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systemized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Systemizing (- 'zng).] [Cf. Systematize.]
 To reduce to system; to systematize.

 Sys"tem*i'zer (ss"tm*'zr), n. One who systemizes, or reduces to system; a systematizer.

 Sys"tem*less, a. 1. Being without system.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Not agreeing with some artificial system of classification.

3. (Biol.) Not having any of the distinct systems or types of structure, as the radiate, articulate, etc., characteristic of organic nature; as, all unicellular organisms are systemless.

 Sys"to*le (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to contract; sy'n with + &?; to set, place.] 1. (Gram.) The shortening of the long syllable.

2. (Physiol.) The contraction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up; -- correlative to diastole.

 Sys*tol"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to systole, or contraction; contracting; esp., relating to the systole of the heart; as, systolic murmur. Dunglison.
 Sys"tyle (?), a. [L. systylos, Gr. sy'n with columns standing close; sy'n with + &?; a column: cf. F. systyle.] (Arch.)
 Having a space equal to two diameters or four modules between two columns; -- said of a portico or building. See Intercolumniation. -- n. A systyle temple or other edifice.

 { Syth (?), Sythe (?) }, prep., adv., conj. & n. See Sith, Sithe. [Obs.] Chaucer. Piers Plowman.
 Sythe (?), n. Scythe. [Obs. or R.]

 Sy*zyg"i*al (?), a. Pertaining to a syzygy.

 Syz"y*gy (sz"*j), n.; pl. Syzygies (- jz). [L. syzygia a joining together, conjunction, Gr. syzygi'a; sy'n with + zeygny'nai to join, zygo'n yoke: cf. F. syzygie. See Yoke, n.] 1.
(Astron.) The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or opposition; -- commonly used in the plural.

2. (Gr. & L. Pros.) The coupling together of different feet; as, in Greek verse, an iambic syzygy.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of the segments of an arm of a crinoid composed of two joints so closely united that the line of union is obliterated on the outer, though visible on the inner, side. (b) The immovable union of two joints of a crinoidal arm.

Line of syzygies (Astron.), the straight line connecting the earth, the sun, and the moon or a planet, when the latter is in conjunction or opposition; -- used chiefly of the moon.


lyphics.

 Sym*bol"ics (?), n. The study of ancient symbols; esp. (Theol.), that branch of historic theology which treats of creeds and confessions of faith; symbolism; -- called also symbolic.

 Sym"bol*ism (?), n. 1. The act of symbolizing, or the state of being symbolized; as, symbolism in Christian art is the representation of truth, virtues, vices, etc., by emblematic colors, signs, and forms.

2. A system of symbols or representations.

3. (Chem.) (a) The practice of using symbols, or the system of notation developed thereby. (b) A combining together of parts or ingredients. [Obs.]

4. (Theol.) The science of creeds; symbolics.

 Sym"bol*ist, n. One who employs symbols.

 { Sym'bol*is"tic (?), Sym'bol*is"tic*al (?), } a. Characterized by the use of symbols; as, symbolistic poetry.

 Sym'bol*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. symbolisation.] The act of symbolizing; symbolical representation. Sir T. Browne.
 Sym"bol*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symbolized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symbolizing (?).] [Cf. F. symboliser.] 1.
 To have a resemblance of qualities or properties; to correspond; to harmonize.

 The pleasing of color symbolizeth with the pleasing of any single tone to the ear; but the pleasing of order doth symbolize with harmony.

Bacon.
 They both symbolize in this, that they love to look upon themselves through multiplying glasses.

Howell.
2. To hold the same faith; to agree. [R.]

 The believers in pretended miracles have always previously symbolized with the performers of them.

G. S. Faber.
3. To use symbols; to represent ideas symbolically.

 Sym"bol*ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or qualities.

2. To make representative of something; to regard or treat as symbolic. "Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colors."
 Sir T. Browne.
3. To represent by a symbol or symbols.

 Sym"bol*i'zer (?), n. One who symbolizes.

 Sym'bo*log"i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to a symbology; versed in, or characterized by, symbology.

 Sym*bol"o*gist (?), n. One who practices, or who is versed in, symbology.

 Sym*bol"o*gy (?), n. [Symbol + -logy.] The art of expressing by symbols.

 ||Sym*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy'n with + &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of slender eel-like fishes having the gill openings confluent beneath the neck. The pectoral arch is generally attached to the skull, and the entire margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillary. Called also Symbranchia.

 Sym"me*tral (?), a. Commensurable; symmetrical. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Sym*me"tri*an (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts.
 [R.] Sir P. Sidney.
 Sym*met"ric (?), a. Symmetrical.

 Sym*met"ric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. symétrique. See Symmetry.] 1. Involving or exhibiting symmetry; proportional in parts; having its parts in due proportion as to dimensions; as, a symmetrical body or building.

2. (Biol.) Having the organs or parts of one side corresponding with those of the other; having the parts in two or more series of organs the same in number; exhibiting a symmetry. See Symmetry, 2.

3. (Bot.) (a) Having an equal number of parts in the successive circles of floral organs; -- said of flowers. (b) Having a likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regular.

4. (Math.) Having a common measure; commensurable. (b) Having corresponding parts or relations.

 A curve or a plane figure is symmetrical with respect to a given line, and a line, surface, or solid with respect to a plane, when for each point on one side of the line or plane there is a corresponding point on the other side, so situated that the line joining the two corresponding points is perpendicular to the line or plane and is bisected by it. Two solids are symmetrical when they are so situated with respect to an intervening plane that the several points of their surfaces thus correspond to each other in position and distance. In analysis, an expression is symmetrical with respect to several letters when any two of them may change places without affecting the expression; as, the expression a2b + ab2 + a2c + ac2 + b2c + bc2, is symmetrical with respect to the letters a, b, c.

 -- Sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*met"ric*al*ness, n. Sym'me*tri"cian (?), n. Same as Symmetrian. [R.] Holinshed.
 Sym"me*trist (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts.
 Sir H. Wotton.
 Sym"me*trize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Symmetrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symmetrizing (?).] [Cf. F. symétriser.]
 To make proportional in its parts; to reduce to symmetry. Burke.
 Sym"me*try (?), n. [L. symmetria, Gr. &?;; sy'n with, together + &?; a measure: cf. F. symétrie. See Syn-, and Meter rhythm.] 1. A due proportion of the several parts of a body to each other; adaptation of the form or dimensions of the several parts of a thing to each other; the union and conformity of the members of a work to the whole.

2. (Biol.) The law of likeness; similarity of structure; regularity in form and arrangement; orderly and similar distribution of parts, such that an animal may be divided into parts which are structurally symmetrical.

Bilateral symmetry, or two-sidedness, in vertebrates, etc., is that in which the body can be divided into symmetrical halves by a vertical plane passing through the middle; radial symmetry, as in echinoderms, is that in which the individual parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis; serial symmetry, or zonal symmetry, as in earthworms, is that in which the segments or metameres of the body are disposed in a zonal manner one after the other in a longitudinal axis. This last is sometimes called metamerism.

3. (Bot.) (a) Equality in the number of parts of the successive circles in a flower. (b) Likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regularity.

Axis of symmetry. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Respective symmetry, that disposition of parts in which only the opposite sides are equal to each other.

 Sym'pa*thet"ic (?), a. [See Sympathy, and cf. Pathetic.] 1.
 Inclined to sympathy; sympathizing.

 Far wiser he, whose sympathetic mind Exults in all the good of all mankind.

Goldsmith.
2. Produced by, or expressive of, sympathy.

 Ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears.

Gray.
3. (Physiol.) (a) Produced by sympathy; -- applied particularly to symptoms or affections. See Sympathy. (b) Of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system or some of its branches; produced by stimulation on the sympathetic nervious system or some part of it; as, the sympathetic saliva, a modified form of saliva, produced from some of the salivary glands by stimulation of a sympathetic nerve fiber.

Sympathetic ink. (Chem.) See under Ink.


This environment encouraged his interest in literature and writing.
The idyll ended, however, when Stacpoole began his medical training. At his mother's prodding, he entered the medical school at St. George's Hospital. Twice a day, he had to traverse a park frequented by perambulating nursemaids, and he became romantically involved with one of them. When his mother discovered their affair, she insisted that he transfer to University College, and he complied.
More interested in literature than corpses, Stacpoole began to neglect his studies and miss classes, especially the required dissections.
Finally, the dean of the medical school confronted him, and their argument drove Stacpoole to St. Mary's Hospital, where he completed his medical training and qualified L. S. A. in 1891. At some point after this date, Stacpoole made several sea voyages into the tropics (at least once as a doctor aboard a cable-mending ship), collecting information for future stories.
Stacpoole's literary career, which he once described as being "more like a Malay fishing prahu than an honest-to-God English literary vessel," began inauspiciously with the publication of The Intended (1894), a tragic novel about two look-alikes, one rich, the other poor, who switch places on a whim. Bewildered by the novel's lack of success, Stacpoole consulted his friendly muse, Pearl Craigie, alias John Oliver Hobbes, who suggested a comic rather than tragic treatment. Years later, Stacpoole retold the story in The Man Who Lost Himself (1918), a commercially successful comic novel about a down-and-out American who impersonates his wealthy look-alike in England.
Set in France during the Franco-Prussian War, Stacpoole's second novel, Pierrot (1896), recounts a French boy's eerie relationship with a patricidal doppelganger. Like its predecessor, it was a commercial failure, and it was at this point, perhaps, that Stacpoole began to view literary success only in terms of sales figures and numbers of editions.
A strange tale of reincarnation, cross dressing, and uxoricide, Stacpoole's third novel, Death, the Knight, and the Lady (1897), purports to be the deathbed confession of Beatrice Sinclair, who is both a reincarnated murderer (male) and a descendant of the murder victim (female). She falls in love with Gerald Wilder, a man disguised as a woman, who is both a reincarnated murder victim (female) and the descendant of the murderer (male). Despite its originality, the novel was killed by "Public Indifference" (Stacpoole's term), which also killed The Rapin (1899), a novel about an art student in Paris.
Stacpoole spent the summer of 1898 in Sommerset, where he took over the medical practice of an ailing country doctor. So peaceful were his days in this pastoral setting that he had time to write The Doctor (1899), a novel about an old-fashioned physician practicing medicine in rural England. "It is the best book I have written," Stacpoole declared more than forty years later. He could also say, in retrospect, that the book's weak sales were a disguised blessing, "for I hadn't ballast on board in those days to stand up to the gale of success, which means incidentally money." He would be spared the gale of success for nine more years, during which he published seven books, including a collection of children's stories and two collaborative novels with his friend William Alexander Bryce.
In 1907, two events occurred that altered the course of Stacpoole's life: he wrote The Blue Lagoon and he married Margaret Robson. Unable to sleep one night, he found himself thinking about and envying the caveman, who in his primitiveness was able to marvel at such commonplace phenomena as sunsets and thunderstorms. Civilized, technological man had unveiled these mysteries with his telescopes and weather balloons, so that they were no longer "nameless wonders" to be feared and contemplated. As a doctor, Stacpoole had witnessed countless births and deaths, and these events no longer seemed miraculous to him.
He conceived the idea of two children growing up alone on an island and experiencing storms, death, and birth in almost complete ignorance and innocence. The next morning, he started writing The Blue Lagoon. The exercise was therapeutic because he was able to experience the wonders of life and death vicariously through his characters.
The Blue Lagoon is the story of two cousins, Dicky and Emmeline Lestrange, stranded on a remote island with a beautiful lagoon. As children, they are cared for by Paddy Button, a portly sailor who drinks himself to death after only two and a half years in paradise.
Frightened and confused by the man's gruesome corpse, the children flee to another part of Palm Tree Island. Over a period of five years, they grow up and eventually fall in love. Sex and birth are as mysterious to them as death, but they manage to copulate instinctively and conceive a child. The birth is especially remarkable: fifteen-year-old Emmeline, alone in the jungle, loses consciousness and awakes to find a baby boy on the ground near her. Naming the boy Hannah (an example of Stacpoole's penchant for gender reversals), the Lestranges live in familial bliss until they are unexpectedly expelled from their tropical Eden.
The parallels between The Blue Lagoon and the Biblical story of Adam and Eve are obvious and intentional, but Stacpoole was also influenced by Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), which he invokes in a passage describing the castaways' approach Palm Tree Island: "One could see the water swirling round the coral piers, for the tide was flooding into the lagoon; it had seized the little dinghy and was bearing it along far swifter than the sculls could have driven it.
Sea-gulls screamed about them, the boat rocked and swayed. Dick shouted with excitement, and Emmeline shut her eyes TIGHT.
"Then, as though a door had been swiftly and silently closed, the sound of the surf became suddenly less. The boat floated on an even keel; she opened her eyes and found herself in Wonderland." This direct reference to Wonderland prepares the reader for the many parallels that follow. When their adventures begin, both girls are about the same age, Alice seven and a half, Emmeline exactly eight.
Just as Alice joins a tea party in Wonderland, Emmeline plays with her tiny tea set on the beach after they land. Emmeline's former pet, like the Cheshire Cat, "had white stripes and a white chest, and rings down its tail" and died "showing its teeth." Whereas Alice looks for a poison label on a bottle that says "Drink Me," Emmeline innocently tries to eat "the never-wake-up berries" and receives a stern rebuke and a lecture about poison from Paddy Button. "The Poetry of Learning" chapter echoes Alice's dialogue with the caterpillar. Like the wily creature smoking a hookah, Paddy smokes a pipe and shouts "Hurroo!" as the children teach him to write his name in the sand. The children lose "all count of time," just as the Mad Hatter does. Whereas Alice grows nine feet taller, Dick sprouts "two inches taller" and Emmeline "twice as plump." Like the baby in the "Pig and Pepper," Hannah sneezes at the first sight of Dicky. The novel is artfully littered with references to wonder, curiosity, and strangeness—all evidence of Stacpoole's conscious effort to invoke and honor his Victorian predecessor.
Stacpoole presented The Blue Lagoon to Publisher T. Fisher Unwin in September 1907 and went to Cumberland to assist another ailing doctor in his practice. Every day from Eden Vue in Langwathby, Stacpoole wrote to his fiancee, Margaret Robson (or Maggie, as he called her), and waited anxiously for their wedding day. On December 17, 1907, the couple were married and spent their honeymoon at Stebbing Park, a friend's country house in Essex, about three miles from the village of Stebbing. It was there that they stumbled upon Rose Cottage, where Stacpoole lived for several years before he moved to Cliff Dene on the Isle of Wight


copy protection scheme than to actually copy the program. 3. n. A program, instructions or patch used to remove the copy protection of a program or to uncripple features from a demo/time limited program. 4. An exploit.
Node:crack root, Next:cracker, Previous:crack, Up:= C = crack root v.
[very common] To defeat the security system of a Unix machine and gain root privileges thereby; see cracking.
Node:cracker, Next:cracking, Previous:crack root, Up:= C = cracker n. One who breaks security on a system. Coined ca. 1985 by hackers in defense against journalistic misuse of hacker (q.v., sense 8). An earlier attempt to establish 'worm' in this sense around 1981-82 on Usenet was largely a failure.
Use of both these neologisms reflects a strong revulsion against the theft and vandalism perpetrated by cracking rings.
While it is expected that any real hacker will have done some playful cracking and knows many of the basic techniques, anyone past larval stage is expected to have outgrown the desire to do so except for immediate, benign, practical reasons (for example, if it's necessary to get around some security in order to get some work done).
Thus, there is far less overlap between hackerdom and crackerdom than the mundane reader misled by sensationalistic journalism might expect. Crackers tend to gather in small, tight-knit, very secretive groups that have little overlap with the huge, open poly-culture this lexicon describes; though crackers often like to describe themselves as hackers, most true hackers consider them a separate and lower form of life.
Ethical considerations aside, hackers figure that anyone who can't imagine a more interesting way to play with their computers than breaking into someone else's has to be pretty losing. Some other reasons crackers are looked down on are discussed in the entries on cracking and phreaking. See also samurai, dark-side hacker, and hacker ethic. For a portrait of the typical teenage cracker, see warez d00dz.
Node:cracking, Next:crank, Previous:cracker, Up:= C = cracking n.
[very common] The act of breaking into a computer system; what a cracker does. Contrary to widespread myth, this does not usually involve some mysterious leap of hackerly brilliance, but rather persistence and the dogged repetition of a handful of fairly well-known tricks that exploit common weaknesses in the security of target systems.
Accordingly, most crackers are only mediocre hackers.
Node:crank, Next:crapplet, Previous:cracking, Up:= C = crank vt.
[from automotive slang] Verb used to describe the performance of a machine, especially sustained performance. "This box cranks (or, cranks at) about 6 megaflops, with a burst mode of twice that on vectorized operations."
Node:crapplet, Next:CrApTeX, Previous:crank, Up:= C = crapplet n.
[portmanteau, crap + applet] A worthless applet, esp. a Java widget attached to a web page that doesn't work or even crashes your browser. Also spelled 'craplet'.
Node:CrApTeX, Next:crash, Previous:crapplet, Up:= C = CrApTeX /krap'tekh/ n.
[University of York, England] Term of abuse used to describe TeX and LaTeX when they don't work (when used by TeXhackers), or all the time (by everyone else). The non-TeX-enthusiasts generally dislike it because it is more verbose than other formatters (e.g. troff) and because (particularly if the standard Computer Modern fonts are used) it generates vast output files. See religious issues, TeX.
Node:crash, Next:crash and burn, Previous:CrApTeX, Up:= C = crash 1. n. A sudden, usually drastic failure. Most often said of the system (q.v., sense 1), esp. of magnetic disk drives (the term originally described what happens when the air gap of a hard disk collapses). "Three lusers lost their files in last night's disk crash." A disk crash that involves the read/write heads dropping onto the surface of the disks and scraping off the oxide may also be referred to as a 'head crash', whereas the term 'system crash' usually, though not always, implies that the operating system or other software was at fault. 2. v. To fail suddenly. "Has the system just crashed?" "Something crashed the OS!" See down. Also used transitively to indicate the cause of the crash (usually a person or a program, or both).
"Those idiots playing SPACEWAR crashed the system." 3. vi. Sometimes said of people hitting the sack after a long hacking run; see gronk out.
Node:crash and burn, Next:crawling horror, Previous:crash, Up:= C = crash and burn vi.,n.
A spectacular crash, in the mode of the conclusion of the car-chase scene in the movie "Bullitt" and many subsequent imitators (compare die horribly). Sun-3 monitors losing the flyback transformer and lightning strikes on VAX-11/780 backplanes are notable crash and burn generators. The construction 'crash-and-burn machine' is reported for a computer used exclusively for alpha or beta testing, or reproducing bugs (i.e., not for development). The implication is that it wouldn't be such a disaster if that machine crashed, since only the testers would be inconvenienced.
Node:crawling horror, Next:cray, Previous:crash and burn, Up:= C = crawling horror n. Ancient crufty hardware or software that is kept obstinately alive by forces beyond the control of the hackers at a site. Like dusty deck or gonkulator, but connotes that the thing described is not just an irritation but an active menace to health and sanity. "Mostly we code new stuff in C, but they pay us to maintain one big FORTRAN II application from nineteen-sixty-X that's a real crawling horror...." Compare WOMBAT.
Node:cray, Next:cray instability, Previous:crawling horror, Up:= C = cray /kray/ n.
1. (properly, capitalized) One of the line of supercomputers designed by Cray Research. 2. Any supercomputer at all. 3. The canonical number-crunching machine.
The term is actually the lowercased last name of Seymour Cray, a noted computer architect and co-founder of the company.
Numerous vivid legends surround him, some true and some admittedly invented by Cray Research brass to shape their corporate culture and image.
Node:cray instability, Next:crayola, Previous:cray, Up:= C = cray instability n.
1. A shortcoming of a program or algorithm that manifests itself only when a large problem is being run on a powerful machine (see cray). Generally more subtle than bugs that can be detected in smaller problems running on a workstation or mini. 2. More specifically, a shortcoming of algorithms which are well behaved when run on gentle floating point hardware (such as IEEE-standard or PDP-series machines) but which break down badly when exposed to a Cray's unique 'rounding' rules.
Node:crayola, Next:crayola books, Previous:cray instability, Up:= C = crayola /kray-oh'l*/ n. A super-mini or -micro computer that provides some reasonable percentage of supercomputer performance for an unreasonably low price. Might also be a killer micro.
Node:crayola books, Next:crayon, Previous:crayola, Up:= C = crayola books n. The rainbow series of National Computer Security Center (NCSC) computer security standards (see Orange Book).
Usage: humorous and/or disparaging.
Node:crayon, Next:creationism, Previous:crayola books, Up:= C = crayon n.
1. Someone who works on Cray supercomputers. More specifically, it implies a programmer, probably of the CDC ilk, probably male, and almost certainly wearing a tie (irrespective of gender). Systems types who have a Unix background tend not to be described as crayons. 2. Formerly, anyone who worked for Cray Research; since the buyout


THE BEETLE A MYSTERY BY RICHARD MARSH WITH FOUR ILLUSTRATIONS BY JOHN WILLIAMSON CONTENTS.
BOOK I. The House with the Open Window CHAPTER I. OUTSIDE CHAPTER II. INSIDE CHAPTER III. THE MAN IN THE BED CHAPTER IV. A LONELY VIGIL CHAPTER V. AN INSTRUCTION TO COMMIT BURGLARY CHAPTER VI. A SINGULAR FELONY CHAPTER VII. THE GREAT PAUL LESSINGHAM CHAPTER VIII. THE MAN IN THE STREET CHAPTER IX. THE CONTENTS OF THE PACKET BOOK II.
The Haunted Man CHAPTER X. REJECTED CHAPTER XI. A MIDNIGHT EPISODE CHAPTER XII. A MORNING VISITOR CHAPTER XIII. THE PICTURE CHAPTER XIV. THE DUCHESS' BALL CHAPTER XV. MR LESSINGHAM SPEAKS CHAPTER XVI. ATHERTON'S MAGIC VAPOUR CHAPTER XVII. MAGIC?—OR MIRACLE?
CHAPTER XVIII. THE APOTHEOSIS OF THE BEETLE CHAPTER XIX. THE LADY RAGES CHAPTER XX. A HEAVY FATHER CHAPTER XXI. THE TERROR IN THE NIGHT CHAPTER XXII. THE HAUNTED MAN BOOK III.
The Terror by Night and the Terror by Day CHAPTER XXIII. THE WAY HE TOLD HER CHAPTER XXIV. A WOMAN'S VIEW CHAPTER XXV. THE MAN IN THE STREET CHAPTER XXVI. A FATHER'S NO CHAPTER XXVII. THE TERROR BY NIGHT CHAPTER XXVIII. THE STRANGE STORY OF THE MAN IN THE STREET CHAPTER XXIX. THE HOUSE ON THE ROAD FROM THE WORKHOUSE CHAPTER XXX. THE SINGULAR BEHAVIOUR OF MR HOLT CHAPTER XXXI. THE TERROR BY DAY BOOK IV.
In Pursuit CHAPTER XXXII. A NEW CLIENT CHAPTER XXXIII. WHAT CAME OF LOOKING THROUGH A LATTICE CHAPTER XXXIV. AFTER TWENTY YEARS CHAPTER XXXV. A BRINGER OF TIDINGS CHAPTER XXXVI. WHAT THE TIDINGS WERE CHAPTER XXXVII. WHAT WAS HIDDEN UNDER THE FLOOR CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE REST OF THE FIND CHAPTER XXXIX. MISS LOUISA COLEMAN CHAPTER XL. WHAT MISS COLEMAN SAW THROUGH THE WINDOW CHAPTER XLI. THE CONSTABLE,—HIS CLUE,—AND THE CAB CHAPTER XLII. THE QUARRY DOUBLES CHAPTER XLIII. THE MURDER AT MRS 'ENDERSON'S CHAPTER XLIV. THE MAN WHO WAS MURDERED CHAPTER XLV. ALL THAT MRS 'ENDERSON KNEW CHAPTER XLVI. THE SUDDEN STOPPING CHAPTER XLVII. THE CONTENTS OF THE THIRD-CLASS CARRIAGE CHAPTER XLVIII. THE CONCLUSION OF THE MATTER BOOK I. The House with the Open Window The Surprising Narration of Robert Holt CHAPTER I. OUTSIDE 'No room!—Full up!' He banged the door in my face.
That was the final blow.
To have tramped about all day looking for work; to have begged even for a job which would give me money enough to buy a little food; and to have tramped and to have begged in vain,—that was bad. But, sick at heart, depressed in mind and in body, exhausted by hunger and fatigue, to have been compelled to pocket any little pride I might have left, and solicit, as the penniless, homeless tramp which indeed I was, a night's lodging in the casual ward,—and to solicit it in vain!—that was worse. Much worse. About as bad as bad could be.
I stared, stupidly, at the door which had just been banged in my face.
I could scarcely believe that the thing was possible. I had hardly expected to figure as a tramp; but, supposing it conceivable that I could become a tramp, that I should be refused admission to that abode of all ignominy, the tramp's ward, was to have attained a depth of misery of which never even in nightmares I had dreamed.
As I stood wondering what I should do, a man slouched towards me out of the shadow of the wall.
'Won't 'e let yer in?' 'He says it's full.' 'Says it's full, does 'e? That's the lay at Fulham,—they always says it's full. They wants to keep the number down.' I looked at the man askance. His head hung forward; his hands were in his trouser pockets; his clothes were rags; his tone was husky.
'Do you mean that they say it's full when it isn't,—that they won't let me in although there's room?' 'That's it,—bloke's a-kiddin' yer.' 'But, if there's room, aren't they bound to let me in?' 'Course they are,—and, blimey, if I was you I'd make 'em. Blimey I would!' He broke into a volley of execrations.
'But what am I to do?' 'Why, give 'em another rouser—let 'em know as you won't be kidded!' I hesitated; then, acting on his suggestion, for the second time I rang the bell. The door was flung wide open, and the grizzled pauper, who had previously responded to my summons, stood in the open doorway. Had he been the Chairman of the Board of Guardians himself he could not have addressed me with greater scorn.
'What, here again! What's your little game? Think I've nothing better to do than to wait upon the likes of you?' 'I want to be admitted.' 'Then you won't be admitted!' 'I want to see someone in authority.' 'Ain't yer seein' someone in authority?' 'I want to see someone besides you,—I want to see the master.' 'Then you won't see the master!' He moved the door swiftly to; but, prepared for such a manoeuvre, I thrust my foot sufficiently inside to prevent his shutting it. I continued to address him.
'Are you sure that the ward is full?' 'Full two hours ago!' 'But what am I to do?' 'I don't know what you're to do!' 'Which is the next nearest workhouse?' 'Kensington.' Suddenly opening the door, as he answered me, putting out his arm he thrust me backwards. Before I could recover the door was closed. The man in rags had continued a grim spectator of the scene. Now he spoke.
'Nice bloke, ain't he?' 'He's only one of the paupers,—has he any right to act as one of the officials?' 'I tell yer some of them paupers is wuss than the orficers,—a long sight wuss! They thinks they owns the 'ouses, blimey they do. Oh it's a——fine world, this is!' He paused. I hesitated. For some time there had been a suspicion of rain in the air. Now it was commencing to fall in a fine but soaking drizzle. It only needed that to fill my cup to overflowing. My companion was regarding me with a sort of sullen curiosity.
'Ain't you got no money?' 'Not a farthing.' 'Done much of this sort of thing?' 'It's the first time I've been to a casual ward,—and it doesn't seem as if I'm going to get in now.' 'I thought you looked as if you was a bit fresh.—What are yer goin' to do?' 'How far is it to Kensington?' 'Work'us?—about three mile;—but, if I was you, I'd try St George's.' 'Where's that?' 'In the Fulham Road. Kensington's only a small place, they do you well there, and it's always full as soon as the door's


as of a liquid in a pipe; -- in distinction from a valve which is operated by the action of the fluid it restrains. -- Stop watch, a watch the hands of which can be stopped in order to tell exactly the time that has passed, as in timing a race. See Independent seconds watch, under Independent, a. Syn. -- Cessation; check; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance; impediment; interruption.

 Stop"cock' (?), n. 1. A bib, faucet, or short pipe, fitted with a turning stopper or plug for permitting or restraining the flow of a liquid or gas; a cock or valve for checking or regulating the flow of water, gas, etc., through or from a pipe, etc.

2. The turning plug, stopper, or spigot of a faucet. [R.]

 Stope (?), n. [Cf. Step, n. & v. i.] (Mining) A horizontal working forming one of a series, the working faces of which present the appearance of a flight of steps.

 Stope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoping.] (Mining) (a) To excavate in the form of stopes. (b) To fill in with rubbish, as a space from which the ore has been worked out.

 { Stope (?), Sto"pen (?) }, p. p. of Step. Stepped; gone; advanced.
 [Obs.]

 A poor widow, somedeal stope in age.

Chaucer.
 Stop"-gap' (?), n. That which closes or fills up an opening or gap; hence, a temporary expedient.

 Moral prejudices are the stop-gaps of virtue.

Hare.
 Stop"ing (?), n. (Mining) The act of excavating in the form of stopes.

 Stop"less (?), a. Not to be stopped. Davenant.
 Stop"-o'ver (?), a. Permitting one to stop over; as, a stop-over check or ticket. See To stop over, under Stop, v. i.
 [Railroad Cant, U.S.]

 Stop"page (?), n. The act of stopping, or arresting progress, motion, or action; also, the state of being stopped; as, the stoppage of the circulation of the blood; the stoppage of commerce.

 Stopped (?), a. (Phonetics) Made by complete closure of the mouth organs; shut; -- said of certain consonants (p, b, t, d, etc.). H. Sweet.
 Stop"per (?), n. 1. One who stops, closes, shuts, or hinders; that which stops or obstructs; that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel.

2. (Naut.) A short piece of rope having a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the knot, -- used to secure something. Totten.
3. (Bot.) A name to several trees of the genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the West Indies; as, the red stopper. See Eugenia. C. S. Sargent.
Ring stopper (Naut.), a short rope or chain passing through the anchor ring, to secure the anchor to the cathead. -- Stopper bolt (Naut.), a large ringbolt in a ship's deck, to which the deck stoppers are hooked.

 Stop"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stoppering.] To close or secure with a stopper.

 Stop"ping (?), n. 1. Material for filling a cavity.

2. (Mining) A partition or door to direct or prevent a current of air.

3. (Far.) A pad or poultice of dung or other material applied to a horse's hoof to keep it moist. Youatt.
 Stop"ping-out' (?), n. A method adopted in etching, to keep the acid from those parts which are already sufficiently corroded, by applying varnish or other covering matter with a brush, but allowing the acid to act on the other parts.

 Stop"ple (?), n. [Cf. G. stöpfel, stöpsel.
 See Stop, n. & v. t.] That which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; a stopper; as, a glass stopple; a cork stopple.

 Stop"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stoppling.] To close the mouth of anything with a stopple, or as with a stopple. Cowper.
 Stop"ship' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remora. It was fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them. Sylvester.
 Stor (?), a. See Stoor. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stor"age (?), n. 1. The act of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping; also, the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse.

2. Space for the safe keeping of goods.

3. The price changed for keeping goods in a store.

Storage battery. (Physics) See the Note under Battery.

 Sto"rax (?), n. [L. storax, styrax, Gr. &?;. Cf.
 Styrax.] Any one of a number of similar complex resins obtained from the bark of several trees and shrubs of the Styrax family. The most common of these is liquid storax, a brown or gray semifluid substance of an agreeable aromatic odor and balsamic taste, sometimes used in perfumery, and in medicine as an expectorant.

 A yellow aromatic honeylike substance, resembling, and often confounded with, storax, is obtained from the American sweet gum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua), and is much used as a chewing gum, called sweet gum, and liquid storax. Cf. Liquidambar.

 Store (?), n. [OE. stor, stoor, OF. estor, provisions, supplies, fr. estorer to store. See Store, v. t.]
 1. That which is accumulated, or massed together; a source from which supplies may be drawn; hence, an abundance; a great quantity, or a great number.

 The ships are fraught with store of victuals.

Bacon.
 With store of ladies, whose bright eyes Rain influence, and give the prize.

Milton.
2. A place of deposit for goods, esp. for large quantities; a storehouse; a warehouse; a magazine.

3. Any place where goods are sold, whether by wholesale or retail; a shop. [U.S. & British Colonies] 4. pl. Articles, especially of food, accumulated for some specific object; supplies, as of provisions, arms, ammunition, and the like; as, the stores of an army, of a ship, of a family.

 His swine, his horse, his stoor, and his poultry.

Chaucer.
In store, in a state of accumulation; in keeping; hence, in a state of readiness. "I have better news in store for thee." Shak.
 -- Store clothes, clothing purchased at a shop or store; -- in distinction from that which is home-made. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Store pay, payment for goods or work in articles from a shop or store, instead of money. [U.S.] -- To set store by, to value greatly; to have a high appreciation of. -- To tell no store of, to make no account of; to consider of no importance.

Syn. -- Fund; supply; abundance; plenty; accumulation; provision.
 -- Store, Shop. The English call the place where goods are sold (however large or splendid it may be) a shop, and confine the word store to its original meaning; viz., a warehouse, or place where goods are stored.
 In America the word store is applied to all places, except the smallest, where goods are sold. In some British colonies the word store is used as in the United States.

 In his needy shop a tortoise hung, An alligator stuffed, and other skins Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves A beggarly account of empty boxes.


v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volleyed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Volleying.] To discharge with, or as with, a volley.

 Vol"ley, v. i. 1. To be thrown out, or discharged, at once; to be discharged in a volley, or as if in a volley; to make a volley or volleys. Tennyson.
2. (a) (Tennis) To return the ball before it touches the ground. (b) (Cricket) To send the ball full to the top of the wicket. R. A. Proctor.
 Vol"leyed (?), a. Discharged with a sudden burst, or as if in a volley; as, volleyed thunder.

 Vol"ow (?), v. t. [From the answer, Volo I will, in the baptismal service. Richardson (Dict.).] To baptize; — used in contempt by the Reformers. [Obs.] Tyndale.
 Volt (?), n. [F. volte; cf. It. volta. See Vault.]

1. (Man.) A circular tread; a gait by which a horse going sideways round a center makes two concentric tracks.

2. (Fencing) A sudden movement to avoid a thrust.

 Volt, n. [After Alessandro Volta, the Italian electrician.]
 (Elec.) The unit of electro-motive force; — defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by United States Statute as, that electro-motive force which steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm will produce a current of one ampère. It is practically equivalent to the electromotive force of a standard Clark's cell at a temperature of 15° C.

 ||Vol"ta (?), n.; pl. Volte (#). [It. volta a turn, turning, a time. See Volt a tread.] (Mus.) A turning; a time; — chiefly used in phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated one, two, or more times; as, una volta, once. Seconda volta, second time, points to certain modifications in the close of a repeated strain.

 Vol"ta-e*lec"tric (?), a. Of or pertaining to voltaic electricity, or voltaism.

 Vol'ta-e'lec*trom"e*ter (?), n. An instrument for the exact measurement of electric currents.

 Vol"tage (?), n. (Elec.) Electric potential or potential difference, expressed in volts.

 Vol*tag"ra*phy (?), n. [Voltaic + - graphy.] In electrotypy, the act or art of copying, in metals deposited by electrolytic action, a form or pattern which is made the negative electrode. [R.]

 Vol*ta"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. voltaïque, It. voltaico.]

1. Of or pertaining to Alessandro Volta, who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action, and established this branch of electric science; discovered by Volta; as, voltaic electricity.

2. Of or pertaining to voltaism, or voltaic electricity; as, voltaic induction; the voltaic arc.

 See the Note under Galvanism.

Voltaic arc, a luminous arc, of intense brilliancy, formed between carbon points as electrodes by the passage of a powerful voltaic current.
 — Voltaic battery, an apparatus variously constructed, consisting of a series of plates or pieces of dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, arranged in pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline or acid solution, by which a current of electricity is generated whenever the two poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a conductor; a galvanic battery. See Battery, 4. (b), and Note. — Voltaic circuit.
 See under Circuit. — Voltaic couple or element, a single pair of the connected plates of a battery. — Voltaic electricity.
 See the Note under Electricity. — Voltaic pile, a kind of voltaic battery consisting of alternate disks of dissimilar metals, separated by moistened cloth or paper. See 5th Pile. — Voltaic protection of metals, the protection of a metal exposed to the corrosive action of sea water, saline or acid liquids, or the like, by associating it with a metal which is positive to it, as when iron is galvanized, or coated with zinc.

 Vol*tair"e*an (?), a. [Cf. F. voltairien.] Of or relating to Voltaire, the French author. J. Morley.
 Vol*tair"ism (?), n. The theories or practice of Voltaire. J. Morley.
 Vol"ta*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. voltaïsme.] (Physics) That form of electricity which is developed by the chemical action between metals and different liquids; voltaic electricity; also, the science which treats of this form of electricity; — called also galvanism, from Galvani, on account of his experiments showing the remarkable influence of this agent on animals.

 Vol*tam"e*ter (?), n. [Voltaic + - meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the voltaic electricity passing through it, by its effect in decomposing water or some other chemical compound acting as an electrolyte.

 Vol"ta*plast (?), n. [Voltaic + Gr. &?; molded.] A form of voltaic, or galvanic, battery suitable for use electrotyping. G. Francis.
 Vol"ta*type (?), n. [Voltaic + type.] An electrotype.
 [R.]

 ||Vol"ti (?), imperative. [It., fr. voltare to turn. See Volt a tread.] (Mus.) Turn, that is, turn over the leaf.

Volti subito [It.] (Mus.), turn over quickly.

 ||Vol'ti*geur (?), n. [F., fr. voltiger to vault, It. volteggiare.
 See Volt a tread.] 1. A tumbler; a leaper or vaulter.

2. (Mil.) One of a picked company of irregular riflemen in each regiment of the French infantry.

 Volt"me'ter (?), n. [2d volt + - meter.] (elec.)
 An instrument for measuring in volts the differences of potential between different points of an electrical circuit.

 Voltz"ite (?), n. [So named in honor of Voltz, a French engineer.] (Min.) An oxysulphide of lead occurring in implanted spherical globules of a yellowish or brownish color; — called also voltzine.

 { Vo*lu"bi*late (?), Vol"u*bile (?)}, a. [See Voluble.] Turning, or whirling; winding; twining; voluble.

 Vol'u*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. volubilitas: cf. F. volubilité.]
 The quality or state of being voluble (in any of the senses of the adjective).

 Vol"u*ble (?), a. [L. volubilis, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll, to turn round; akin to Gr. &?; to infold, to inwrap, &?; to roll, G. welle a wave: cf. F. voluble. Cf. F. Well of water, Convolvulus, Devolve, Involve, Revolt, Vault an arch, Volume, Volute.]

1. Easily rolling or turning; easily set in motion; apt to roll; rotating; as, voluble particles of matter.

2. Moving with ease and smoothness in uttering words; of rapid speech; nimble in speaking; glib; as, a flippant, voluble, tongue.

 [Cassio,] a knave very voluble.

Shak.
Voluble was used formerly to indicate readiness of speech merely, without any derogatory suggestion. "A grave and


a point termed the principal focus.
[Illustration: Fig. 8] The lines A B C represent parallel rays which pass through the lens, D D, and meet at F; this point being the principal focus, its distance from the lens is called the focal length. Those rays of light which are traversing a parallel course, when they enter the lens are brought to a focus nearer the lens than others. Hence the difficulty the operator sometimes experiences by not being able to "obtain a focus," when he wishes to secure a picture of some very distant objects; he does not get his ground glass near enough to the lenses. Again, the rays from an object near by may be termed diverging rays. This will be better comprehended by reference to Fig. 9, where it will be seen that the dotted lines, representing parallel rays, meet nearer the lenses than those from the point A. The closer the object is to the lenses, the greater will be the divergence. This rule is applicable to copying. Did we wish to copy a 1/6 size Daguerreotype on a 1/16 size plate, we should place it in such a position to the lenses at A that the focus would be at F, where the image would be represented at about the proper size. Now, if we should wish to copy the 1/6 size picture, and produce another of exactly the same dimensions, we have only to bring it nearer to the lenses, so that the lens D E shall be equi-distant from the picture and the focus, i. e. from A to B. The reason of this is, that the distance of the picture from the lens, in the last copy, is less than the other, and the divergence has increased, throwing, the focus further from the lens." [Illustration: Fig. 9] These remarks have been introduced here as being important for those who may not understand the principles of enlarging or reducing pictures in copying.
I would remark that the points F and A, in Fig. 9, are termed "conjugate foci." If we hold a double-convex lens opposite any object, we find that an inverted image of that object will be formed on a paper held behind it. To illustrate this more clearly, I will refer to the following woodcut: [Illustration: Fig. 10] "If A B C is an object placed before a convex lens, L L, every point of it will send forth rays in all directions; but, for the sake of simplicity, suppose only three points to give out rays, one at the top, one at the middle, and one at the bottom; the whole of the rays then that proceed from the point A, and fall on the lens L L, will be refracted and form an image somewhere on the line A G E, which is drawn direct through the centre of the lens; consequently the focus E, produced by the convergence of the rays proceding from A, must form an image of A, only in a different relative position; the middle point of C being in a direct line with the axis of the lens, will have its image formed on the axis F, and the rays proceeding from the point B will form an image at D; so that by imagining luminous objects to be made up of all infinite number of radiating points and the rays from each individual point, although falling on the whole surface of the lens, to converge again and form a focus or representation of that point from which the rays first emerged, it will be very easy to comprehend how images are formed, and the cause of those images being reversed.
"It must also be evident, that in the two triangles A G B and D G E, that E D, the length of the image, must be to A B, the length of the object, as G D, the distance of the image, is to G B, the distance of the object from the lens.
It will be observed that in the last cut the image produced by the lens is curved. Now, it would be impossible to produce a well-defined image from the centre to the edge upon a plain surface; the outer edges would be misty, indistinct, or crayon-like. The centre of the image might be represented clear and sharp on the ground glass, yet this would be far from the case in regard to the outer portions. This is called spherical aberration, and to it is due the want of distinctness which is frequently noticed around the edges of pictures taken in the camera. To secure a camera with a flat, sharp, field, should be the object of every operator; and, in a measure, this constitutes the great difference in cameras manufactured in this country.
Spherical aberration is overcome by proper care in the formation of the lens: "It can be shown upon mathematical data that a lens similar to that given in the following diagram—one surface of which is a section of an ellipse, and the other of a circle struck from the furthest of the two foci of that ellipse—produces no aberration.
"At the earliest period of the employment of the camera obscura, a double-convex lens was used to produce the image; but this form was soon abandoned, on account of the spherical aberration so caused. Lenses for the photographic camera are now always ground of a concavo-convex form, or meniscus, which corresponds more nearly to the accompanying diagram." [Illustration: Fig. 11] Chromatic Aberration is another difficulty that opticians have to contend with in the manufacturing of lenses. It will be remembered, that in a former page (133) a beam of light is decomposed by passing through a glass prism giving seven distinct colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
Now, as has been said before, the dissimilar rays having an unequal degree of refrangibility, it will be impossible to obtain a focus by the light passing through a double-convex lens without its being fringed with color.
Its effect will be readily understood by reference to the accompanying cut.
[Illustration: Fig. 8] If L L be a double convex-lens, and R R R parallel rays of white light, composed of the seven colored rays, each having a different index of refraction, they cannot be refracted to one and the same point; the red rays, being the least refrangible, will be bent to r, and the violet rays, being the most refrangible, to v: the distance v r constitutes the chromatic aberration, and the circle, of which the diameter is a l, the place or point of mean refraction, and is called the circle of least aberration. If the rays of the sun are refracted by means of a lens, and the image received on a screen placed between C and o, so as to cut the cone L a l L, a luminous circle will be formed on the paper, only surrounded by a red border, because it is produced by a section of the cone L a l L, of which the external rays L a L l, are red; if the screen be moved to the other side of o, the luminous circle will be bordered with violet, because it will be a section of the cone M a M l, of which the exterior rays are violet. To avoid the influence of spherical aberration, and to render the phenomena of coloration more evident, let an opaque disc be placed over the central portion of the lens, so as to allow the rays only to pass which are at the edge of the glass; a violet image of the sun will then be seen at v, red at r, and, finally, images of all the colors of the spectrum in the intermediate space; consequently, the general image will not only be confused, but clothed with prismatic colors." To overcome the difficulty arising from the chromatic aberration, the optician has only to employ a combination of lenses of opposite focal length, and cut from glass possessing different refrangible powers, so that the rays of light passing through the one are strongly refracted, and in the other are bent asunder again, reproducing white light.
To the photographer one of the most important features, requiring his particular attention, is, that he be provided with a good lens. By the remarks given in the preceding pages, he will be enabled, in a measure, to judge of some of the difficulties to which he is occasionally subjected.
We have in this country but two or three individuals who are giving their attention to the manufacture of lenses,


cf. F. pénétrant.] Having power to enter or pierce; penetrating; sharp; subtile; as, penetrant cold. "Penetrant and powerful arguments." Boyle.
 Pen"e*trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penetrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating.] [L. penetratus, p. p. of penetrare to penetrate; akin to penitus inward, inwardly, and perh. to pens with, in the power of, penus store of food, innermost part of a temple.] 1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to effect an entrance into; to pierce; as, light penetrates darkness.

2. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to touch with feeling; to make sensible; to move deeply; as, to penetrate one's heart with pity. Shak.
 The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer's style.

M. Arnold.
3. To pierce into by the mind; to arrive at the inner contents or meaning of, as of a mysterious or difficult subject; to comprehend; to understand.

 Things which here were too subtile for us to penetrate.

Ray.
 Pen"e*trate, v. i. To pass; to make way; to pierce. Also used figuratively.

 Preparing to penetrate to the north and west.

J. R. Green.
 Born where Heaven's influence scarce can penetrate.

Pope.
 The sweet of life that penetrates so near.

Daniel.
 Pen"e*tra'ting (?), a. 1. Having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading; sharp; subtile; penetrative; as, a penetrating odor.

2. Acute; discerning; sagacious; quick to discover; as, a penetrating mind.

 Pen"e*tra'ting*ly, adv. In a penetrating manner.

 Pen"e*tra'tion (?), n. [L. penetratio: cf. F. pénétration.]
 1. The act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering; also, the act of mentally penetrating into, or comprehending, anything difficult.

 And to each in ward part, With gentle penetration, though unseen, Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep.

Milton.
 A penetration into the difficulties of algebra.

Watts.
2. Acuteness; insight; sharp discoverment; sagacity; as, a person of singular penetration. Walpole.
Syn. -- Discernment; sagacity; acuteness; sharpness; discrimination. See Discernment, and Sagacity.

 Pen"e*tra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. pénétratif.] 1.
 Tending to penetrate; of a penetrating quality; piercing; as, the penetrative sun.

 His look became keen and penetrative.

Hawthorne.
2. Having the power to affect or impress the mind or heart; impressive; as, penetrative shame. Shak.
3. Acute; discerning; sagacious; as, penetrative wisdom.
 "The penetrative eye." Wordsworth.
 Led on by skill of penetrative soul.

Grainger.
 Pen"e*tra*tive*ness, n. The quality of being penetrative.

 Pen"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A squid.

 Pen"fold' (?), n. See Pinfold.

 Pen"go*lin (?), n. (Zoöl.)The pangolin.

 Pen"guin (?), n. [Perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. W. pen head + gwyn white; or perh. from a native South American name.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin, under Jackass.

 Penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. The king penguins (Aptenodytes Patachonica, and A. longirostris) are the largest; the jackass penguins (Spheniscus) and the rock hoppers (Catarractes) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds.

2. (Bot.) The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant (Bromelia Pinguin) of the Pineapple family; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spinytoothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [Written also pinguin.]

Arctic penguin (Zoöl.), the great auk. See Auk.

 Pen"guin*er*y (?), n. (Zoöl.) A breeding place, or rookery, of penguins.

 Pen"hold'er (?), n. A handle for a pen.

 Pen"house' (?), n. A penthouse. [Obs.]

 Pen*i"ble (?), a. [OF. penible. Cf. Painable.] Painstaking; assidous. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pen"i*cil (?), n. [L. penicillum, penicillus, a painter's brush, a roil of lint, a tent for wounds.] (mented.) A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers.

 Pen'i*cil"late (?), a. [Cf. F. pénicillé. See Penicil.] (Biol.) Having the form of a pencil; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs; ending in a tuft of hairs like a camel's-hair brush, as the stigmas of some grasses.

 Pen'i*cil"li*form (?), a. (Bot.) Penicillate.

 Pen*in"su*la (?), n. [L. peninsula or paeninsula; paene almost + insula an island. See Isle.] A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus.

 Pen*in"su*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. péninsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a peninsula; as, a peninsular form; peninsular people; the peninsular war.

 Pen*in"su*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peninsulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Peninsulating.] To form into a peninsula.

 South River... peninsulates Castle Hill farm.

W. Bentley.
 Pe"nis (p"ns), n. [L.] (Anat.) The male member, or organ of generation.

 Pen"i*tence (?), n. [F. pénitence, L. paenitentia.
 See Penitent, and cf. Penance.] The quality or condition of being penitent; the disposition of a penitent; sorrow for sins or faults; repentance; contrition. "Penitence of his old guilt." Chaucer.
 Death is deferred, and penitenance has room To mitigate, if not reverse, the doom.

Dryden.
Syn. -- Repentance; contrition; compunction.

 Pen"i*ten*cer (?), n. [F. pénitencier.] A priest who heard confession and enjoined penance in extraordinary cases. [Written also penitenser.] [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pen"i*ten*cy (?), n. Penitence. [Obs.]

 Pen"i*tent (?), a. [F. pénitent, L. paenitens, -entis, poenitens, p. pr. of paenitere, poenitere, to cause to repent, to repent; prob


"Prevenient grace descending." Milton.
 Pre*vent" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prevented; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Preventing.] [L. praevenire, praeventum; prae before + venire to come. See Come.] 1. To go before; to precede; hence, to go before as a guide; to direct. [Obs.]

 We which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep.

1 Thess. iv. 15.
 We pray thee that thy grace may always prevent and follow us.

Bk. of Common Prayer.
 Then had I come, preventing Sheba's queen.

Prior.
2. To be beforehand with; to anticipate. [Obs.]

 Their ready guilt preventing thy commands.

Pope.
3. To intercept; to hinder; to frustrate; to stop; to thwart. "This vile purpose to prevent." Shak.
 Perhaps forestalling night prevented them.

Milton.
 Pre*vent", v. i. To come before the usual time. [Obs.]

 Strawberries... will prevent and come early.

Bacon.
 Pre*vent'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being preventable.

 Pre*vent"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being prevented or hindered; as, preventable diseases.

 Pre*vent"a*tive (?), n. That which prevents; -- incorrectly used instead of preventive.

 Pre*vent"er (?), n. 1. One who goes before; one who forestalls or anticipates another. [Obs.] Bacon.
2. One who prevents or obstructs; a hinderer; that which hinders; as, a preventer of evils or of disease.

3. (Naut.) An auxiliary rope to strengthen a mast.

Preventer bolts, or Preventer plates (Naut.), fixtures connected with preventers to reënforce other rigging. -- Preventer stay. (Naut.) Same as Preventer, 3.

 Pre*vent"ing*ly, adv. So as to prevent or hinder.

 Pre*ven"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. prévention.] 1.
 The act of going, or state of being, before. [Obs.]

 The greater the distance, the greater the prevention.

Bacon.
2. Anticipation; esp., anticipation of needs or wishes; hence, precaution; forethought. [Obs.] Hammond. Shak.
3. The act of preventing or hindering; obstruction of action, access, or approach; thwarting. South.
 Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention.

Shak.
4. Prejudice; prepossession. [A Gallicism] Dryden.
 Pre*ven"tion*al (?), a. Tending to prevent. [Obs.]

 Pre*vent"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. préventif.] 1.
 Going before; preceding. [Obs.]

 Any previous counsel or preventive understanding.

Cudworth.
2. Tending to defeat or hinder; obviating; preventing the access of; as, a medicine preventive of disease.

 Physic is either curative or preventive.

Sir T. Browne.
Preventive service, the duty performed by the armed police in guarding the coast against smuggling. [Eng] Pre*vent"ive, n. That which prevents, hinders, or obstructs; that which intercepts access; in medicine, something to prevent disease; a prophylactic.

 Pre*vent"ive*ly, adv. In a preventive manner.

 Pre*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated immediately in front, or on the ventral side, of the vertebral column; prespinal.

 Pre"vi*ous (?), a. [L. praevius going before, leading the way; prae before + via the way. See Voyage.] Going before in time; being or happening before something else; antecedent; prior; as, previous arrangements; a previous illness.

 The dull sound... previous to the storm, Rolls o'er the muttering earth.

Thomson.
Previous question. (Parliamentary Practice) See under Question, and compare Closure. -- Previous to, before; -- often used adverbially for previously. "Previous to publication."
 M. Arnold. "A policy... his friends had advised previous to 1710." J. H. Newman.
Syn. -- Antecedent; preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; former.

 Pre"vi*ous*ly, adv. Beforehand; antecedently; as, a plan previously formed.

 Pre"vi*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being previous; priority or antecedence in time.

 Pre*vise" (?), v. t. [L. praevisus, p. p. of praevidere to foresee; prae before + videre to see. See Vision.] 1.
 To foresee. [R.]

2. To inform beforehand; to warn. Ld. Lytton.
 Pre*vi"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. prévision.] Foresight; foreknowledge; prescience. H. Spencer.
 Pre*voy"ant (?), a. [F. prévoyant.] Foreseeing; prescient. [R.] Mrs. Oliphant.
 Pre*warn" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Prewarned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prewarning.] To warn beforehand; to forewarn. [R.]

 Prey (?), n. [OF. preie, F. proie, L. praeda, probably for praeheda. See Prehensile, and cf. Depredate, Predatory.]
 Anything, as goods, etc., taken or got by violence; anything taken by force from an enemy in war; spoil; booty; plunder.

 And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest.

Num. xxxi. 12.
2. That which is or may be seized by animals or birds to be devoured; hence, a person given up as a victim.

 The old lion perisheth for lack of prey.

Job iv. ii.
 Already sees herself the monster's prey.

Dryden.
3. The act of devouring other creatures; ravage.

 Hog in sloth, fox in stealth,... lion in prey.

Shak.
Beast of prey, a carnivorous animal; one that feeds on the flesh of other animals.

 Prey (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preyed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Preying.] [OF. preier, preer, L. praedari, fr. praeda. See Prey, n.] To take booty; to gather spoil; to ravage; to take food by violence.

 More pity that the eagle should be mewed, While kites and buzzards prey at liberty.

Shak.
To prey on or upon. (a) To take prey from; to despoil; to pillage; to rob. Shak. (b) To seize as prey; to take for food by violence; to seize and devour. Shak. (c) To wear away gradually; to cause to waste or pine away; as, the trouble preyed upon his mind. Addison.
 Prey"er (?), n. One who, or that which, preys; a plunderer; a waster; a devourer. Hooker.
 Prey"ful (?), a. 1. Disposed to take prey. [Obs.]

 The preyful brood of savage beasts.

Chapman.
2. Rich in prey. [Obs.] Shak.
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