LETTERS OF TWO BRIDES By Honore de Balzac Translated by R. S. Scott Contents DEDICATION LETTERS OF TWO BRIDES FIRST PART I. LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO RENEE DE MAUCOMBE. PARIS, September II.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME November 25th III.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME December IV.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME December 15th V. RENEE DE MAUCOMBE TO LOUISE DE CHAULIEU October VI.
 DON FELIPE HENAREZ TO DON FERNAND PARIS, September VII.
 LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO RENEE DE MAUCOMBE VIII.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME January IX.
 MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO MLLE. DE CHAULIEU, December X. MLLE. DE CHAULIEU TO MME. DE L'ESTORADE January XI.
 MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO MLLE. DE CHAULIEU La Crampade XII.
 MLLE. DE CHAULIEU TO MME. DE L'ESTORADE February XIII.
 MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO MLLE. DE CHAULIEU LA CRAMPADE, February XIV.
 THE DUC DE SORIA TO THE BARON DE MACUMER MADRID XV.
 LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO MME. DE L'ESTORADE March XVI.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME March XVII.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME April 2nd XVIII.
 MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO LOUISE DE CHAULIEU April XIX.
 LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO MME. DE L'ESTORADE XX.
 RENEE DE L'ESTORADE TO LOUISE DE CHAULIEU May XXI.
 LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO RENEE DE L'ESTORADE June XXII.
 LOUISE TO FELIPE XXIII.
 FELIPE TO LOUISE XXIV.
 LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO RENEE DE L'ESTORADE October XXV.
 RENEE DE L'ESTORADE TO LOUISE DE CHAULIEU XXVI.
 LOUISE DE MACUMER TO RENEE DE L'ESTORADE March XXVII.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME October XXVIII.
 RENEE DE L'ESTORADE TO LOUISE DE MACUMER December XXIX.
 M. DE L'ESTORADE TO THE BARONNE DE MACUMER December 1825 XXX.
 LOUISE DE MACUMER TO RENEE DE L'ESTORADE January 1826 XXXI.
 RENEE DE L'ESTORADE TO LOUISE DE MACUMER XXXII.
 MME. DE MACUMER TO MME. DE L'ESTORADE March 1826 XXXIII.
 MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO MME. DE MACUMER XXXIV.
 MME. DE MACUMER TO THE VICOMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE April 1826 XXXV.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME MARSEILLES, July XXXVI.
 THE VICOMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE TO THE BARONNE DE MACUMER XXXVII.
 THE BARONNE DE MACUMER TO THE VICOMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE Genoa XXXVIII.
 THE VICOMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE TO THE BARONNE DE MACUMER September XXXIX.
 THE BARONNE DE MACUMER TO THE VICOMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE XL.
 THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE TO THE BARONNE DE MACUMER January 1827 XLI.
 THE BARONNE DE MACUMER TO THE VICOMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE Paris XLII.
 RENEE TO LOUISE XLIII.
 MME. DE MACUMER TO THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE XLIV.
 THE SAME TO THE SAME Paris, 1829 XLV.
 RENEE TO LOUISE XLVI.
 MME. DE MACUMER TO THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE 1829 XLVII.
 RENEE TO LOUISE 1829 SECOND PART XLVIII.
 THE BARONNE DE MACUMER TO THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE October 15, 1833 XLIX.
 MARIE GASTON TO DANIEL D'ARTHEZ October 1833 L. MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO MME. DE MACUMER LI.
 THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE TO MME. MARIE GASTON 1835 LII.
 MME. GASTON TO MME. DE L'ESTORADE The Chalet LIII.
 MME. DE L'ESTORADE TO MME. GASTON LIV.
 MME. GASTON TO THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE May 20th LV.
 THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE TO MME. GASTON July 16th LVI.
 MME. GASTON TO THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE LVII.
 THE COMTESSE DE L'ESTORADE TO THE COMTE DE L'ESTORADE THE CHALET, August 7th ADDENDUM DEDICATION LETTERS OF TWO BRIDES FIRST PART I. LOUISE DE CHAULIEU TO RENEE DE MAUCOMBE. PARIS, September.

 Sweetheart, I too am free! And I am the first too, unless you have written to Blois, at our sweet tryst of letter-writing.

 Raise those great black eyes of yours, fixed on my opening sentence, and keep this excitement for the letter which shall tell you of my first love.
 By the way, why always "first?" Is there, I wonder, a second love?

 Don't go running on like this, you will say, but tell me rather how you made your escape from the convent where you were to take your vows. Well, dear, I don't know about the Carmelites, but the miracle of my own deliverance was, I can assure you, most humdrum. The cries of an alarmed conscience triumphed over the dictates of a stern policy—there's the


Transcribed from the 1886 Cassell & Company edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ Book cover CASSELL'S NATIONAL LIBRARY THE Man Of Feeling BY HENRY MACKENZIE.
Decorative graphic CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK & MELBOURNE.
1886. p. iiiEDITOR'S INTRODUCTION Henry Mackenzie, the son of an Edinburgh physician, was born in August, 1745. After education in the University of Edinburgh he went to London in 1765, at the age of twenty, for law studies, returned to Edinburgh, and became Crown Attorney in the Scottish Court of Exchequer. When Mackenzie was in London, Sterne's "Tristram Shandy" was in course of publication.
The first two volumes had appeared in 1759, and the ninth appeared in 1767, followed in 1768, the year of Sterne's death, by "The Sentimental Journey." Young Mackenzie had a strong bent towards literature, and while studying law in London, he read Sterne, and falling in with the tone of sentiment which Sterne himself caught from the spirit of the time and the example of Rousseau, he wrote "The Man of Feeling." This book was published, without author's name, in 1771. It was so p. ivpopular that a young clergyman made a copy of it popular with imagined passages of erasure and correction, on the strength of which he claimed to be its author, and obliged Henry Mackenzie to declare himself. In 1773 Mackenzie published a second novel, "The Man of the World," and in 1777 a third, "Julia de Roubigné." An essay-reading society in Edinburgh, of which he was a leader, started in January, 1779, a weekly paper called The Mirror, which he edited until May, 1780. Its writers afterwards joined in producing The Lounger, which lasted from February, 1785, to January, 1787. Henry Mackenzie contributed forty-two papers to The Mirror and fifty-seven to The Lounger. When the Royal Society of Edinburgh was founded Henry Mackenzie was active as one of its first members. He was also one of the founders of the Highland Society.
Although his "Man of Feeling" was a serious reflection of the false sentiment of the Revolution, Mackenzie joined afterwards in writing tracts to dissuade the people from faith in the doctrines of the Revolutionists. Mackenzie wrote also a tragedy, "The Prince of Tunis," which was acted with success at Edinburgh, and a comedy, "The p. vWhite Hypocrite," which was acted once only at Covent garden. He died at the age of eighty-six, on the 13th June, 1831, having for many years been regarded as an elder friend of their own craft by the men of letters who in his days gave dignity to Edinburgh society, and caused the town to be called the Modern Athens.
A man of refined taste, who caught the tone of the French sentiment of his time, has, of course, pleased French critics, and has been translated into French. "The Man of Feeling" begins with imitation of Sterne, and proceeds in due course through so many tears that it is hardly to be called a dry book. As guide to persons of a calculating disposition who may read these pages I append an index to the Tears shed in "The Man of Feeling." p. viINDEX TO TEARS.
(Chokings, &c., not counted.)

PAGE "Odds but should have wept" xiii Tear, given, "cordial drop" repeated 17 ,, like Cestus of Cytherea 26 ,, one on a cheek 30 "I will not weep" 31 Tears add energy to benediction 31 ,, tribute of some 52 „ blessings on 52 I would weep too 52 Not an unmoistened eye 53 Do you weep again?
53 Hand bathed with tears 53 Tears, burst into 54 „ sobbing and shedding 74 ,, burst into 75 ,, virtue in these 75 „ he wept at the recollection of her 80 ,, glister of new-washed 81 Sweet girl (here she wept) 94 I could only weep 95 Tears, saw his 97 ,, burst into 99 „ wrung from the heart 99 ,, feet bathed with 100 p. vii,, mingled, i.e., his with hers 100 „ voice lost in 108 Eye met with a tear 108 Tear stood in eye 127 Tears, face bathed with 130 Dropped one tear, no more 131 Tears, press-gang could scarce keep from 136 Big drops wetted gray beard 137 Tears, shower of 138 ,, scarce forced—blubbered like a boy 139 Moistened eye 141 Tears choked utterance 144 I have wept many a time 144 Girl wept, brother sobbed 145 Harley kissed off her tears as they flowed, and wept between every kiss 145 Tears flowing down cheeks 148 ,, gushed afresh 148 Beamy moisture 154 A tear dropped 165 Tear in her eye, the sick man kissed it off in its bud, smiling through the dimness of his own 176 Hand wet by tear just fallen 185 Tears flowing without control 187 Cheek wiped (at the end of the last chapter) 189 p. ixAUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION My dog had made a point on a piece of fallow-ground, and led the curate and me two or three hundred yards over that and some stubble adjoining, in a breathless state of expectation, on a burning first of September.
It was a false point, and our labour was vain: yet, to do Rover justice (for he's an excellent dog, though I have lost his pedigree), the fault was none of his, the birds were gone: the curate showed me the spot where they had lain basking, at the root of an old hedge.
I stopped and cried Hem! The curate is fatter than I; he wiped the sweat from his brow.
There is no state where one is apter to pause and look round one, than after such a disappointment. It is even so in life. When we have been hurrying on, impelled by some warm wish or other, looking neither to the right hand nor to the p. xleft—we find of a sudden that all our gay hopes are flown; and the only slender consolation that some friend can give us, is to point where they were once to be found. And lo! if we are not of that combustible race, who will rather beat their heads in spite, than wipe their brows with the curate, we look round and say, with the nauseated listlessness of the king of Israel, "All is vanity and vexation of spirit." I looked round with some such grave apophthegm in my mind when I discovered, for the first time, a venerable pile, to which the enclosure belonged. An air of melancholy hung about it. There was a languid stillness in the day, and a single crow, that perched on an old tree by the side of the gate, seemed to delight in the echo of its own croaking.
I leaned on my gun and looked; but I had not breath enough to ask the curate a question. I observed carving on the bark of some of the trees: 'twas indeed the only mark of human art about the place, except that some branches appeared to have been lopped, to give a view of the cascade, which was formed by a little rill at some distance.
Just at that instant I saw pass between the p. xitrees a young lady with a book


a ditch.

 Leap, n. 1. The act of leaping, or the space passed by leaping; a jump; a spring; a bound.

 Wickedness comes on by degrees,... and sudden leaps from one extreme to another are unnatural.

L'Estrange.
 Changes of tone may proceed either by leaps or glides.

H. Sweet.
2. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast.

3. (Mining) A fault.

4. (Mus.) A passing from one note to another by an interval, especially by a long one, or by one including several other and intermediate intervals.

 Leap"er (?), n. [AS. hleápere.] One who, or that which, leaps.

 Leap"er, n. [See 1st Leap.] A kind of hooked instrument for untwisting old cordage.

 Leap"frog' (?), n. A play among boys, in which one stoops down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on the shoulders of the former.

 Leap"ful (?), n. [See 1st Leap.] A basketful. [Obs.]

 Leap"ing, a. & n. from Leap, to jump.

Leaping house, a brothel. [Obs.] Shak. -- Leaping pole, a pole used in some games of leaping. -- Leaping spider (Zoöl.), a jumping spider; one of the Saltigradæ.

 Leap"ing*ly, adv. By leaps.

 Leap" year' (?). Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every fourth year which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving to February twenty-nine days. See Bissextile.

 Every year whose number is divisible by four without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full centuries, which, to be leap years, must be divisible by 400 without a remainder. If not so divisible they are common years. 1900, therefore, is not a leap year.

 Lear (?), v. t. To learn. See Lere, to learn. [Obs.]

 Lear, n. Lore; lesson. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Lear, a. See Leer, a. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Lear, n. An annealing oven. See Leer, n. Learn (lrn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Learned (lrnd), or Learnt (lrnt); p. pr. & vb. n. Learning.] [OE. lernen, leornen, AS. leornian; akin to OS. linn, for lirnn, OHG. lirnn, lernn, G. lernen, fr. the root of AS. l&?;ran to teach, OS. lrian, OHG. lran, G. lehren, Goth. laisjan, also Goth lais I know, leis acquainted (in comp.); all prob.
 from a root meaning, to go, go over, and hence, to learn; cf. AS. leoran to go. Cf. Last a mold of the foot, lore.] 1. To gain knowledge or information of; to ascertain by inquiry, study, or investigation; to receive instruction concerning; to fix in the mind; to acquire understanding of, or skill; as, to learn the way; to learn a lesson; to learn dancing; to learn to skate; to learn the violin; to learn the truth about something. "Learn to do well." Is. i. 17.
 Now learn a parable of the fig tree.

Matt. xxiv. 32.
2. To communicate knowledge to; to teach. [Obs.]

 Hast thou not learned me how To make perfumes?

Shak.
Learn formerly had also the sense of teach, in accordance with the analogy of the French and other languages, and hence we find it with this sense in Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has now passed away. To learn is to receive instruction, and to teach is to give instruction. He who is taught learns, not he who teaches.

 Learn, v. i. To acquire knowledge or skill; to make progress in acquiring knowledge or skill; to receive information or instruction; as, this child learns quickly.

 Take my yoke upon you and learn of me.

Matt. xi. 29.
To learn by heart. See By heart, under Heart. -- To learn by rote, to memorize by repetition without exercise of the understanding.

 Learn"a*ble (lrn"*b'l), a. Such as can be learned.

 Learn"ed (lrn"d), a. Of or pertaining to learning; possessing, or characterized by, learning, esp. scholastic learning; erudite; well-informed; as, a learned scholar, writer, or lawyer; a learned book; a learned theory.

 The learnedlover lost no time.

Spenser.
 Men of much reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing.

Locke.
 Words of learned length and thundering sound.

Goldsmith.
The learned, learned men; men of erudition; scholars.

 -- Learn"ed*ly, adv. Learn"ed*ness, n. Every coxcomb swears as learnedly as they.

Swift.
 Learn"er (?), n. One who learns; a scholar.

 Learn"ing, n. [AS. leornung.] 1. The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy.

2. The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning.

Book learning. See under Book.

Syn. -- Literature; erudition; lore; scholarship; science; letters.
 See Literature.

 Leas"a*ble (?), a. [From 2d Lease.] Such as can be leased.

 Lease (?), v. i. [AS. lesan to gather; akin to D. lezen to gather, read, G. lesen, Goth. lisan to gather; cf. Lith lesti to peck.] To gather what harvesters have left behind; to glean. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Lease (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leased (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Leasing.] [F. laisser, OF. laissier, lessier, to leave, transmit, L. laxare to loose, slacken, from laxus loose, wide. See Lax, and cf. Lesser.] 1. To grant to another by lease the possession of, as of lands, tenements, and hereditaments; to let; to demise; as, a landowner leases a farm to a tenant; -- sometimes with out.

 There were some [houses] that were leased out for three lives.

Addison.
2. To hold under a lease; to take lease of; as, a tenant leases his land from the owner.

 Lease (?), n. [Cf. OF. lais. See Lease, v. t.] 1.
 A demise or letting of lands, tenements, or hereditaments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less interest than that which the lessor has in the property, usually for a specified rent or compensation.

2. The contract for such letting.

3. Any tenure by grant or permission; the time for which such a tenure holds good; allotted time.

 Our high-placed Macbeth Shall live the lease of nature.

Shak.
Lease and release a mode of conveyance of freehold estates, formerly common in England and in New York. its place is now supplied by a simple deed of grant. Burrill. Warren's Blackstone.
 Lease"hold' (?), a. Held by lease.

 Lease"hold', n. A tenure


541 (return) [ Strab. xiv. 5, § 3.]

 542 (return) [ Ibid. xiv. 3, § 9. Mt.
 Solyma, now Takhtalu, is the most striking mountain of these parts. Its bald summit rises to the height of 4,800 feet above the Mediterranean (Beaufort, Karamania, p. 57).]

 543 (return) [ Strab. xiv. 3, § 8, sub fin.]

 544 (return) [ Beaufort, Karamania, p. 31.]

 545 (return) [ Herod. iii. 90; vii.
 77; Strab. xiii. 4, § 15; Steph. Byz. ad. voc.]

 546 (return) [ Beaufort, Karamania, p. 56.]

 547 (return) [ Strab. xiv. 3, § 9.]

 548 (return) [ Beaufort, pp. 59, 60.]

 549 (return) [ Ibid. p. 70.]

 550 (return) [ As Corinna and Basilides (see Athen. Deipnos, iv. 174).]

 551 (return) [ Ap. Phot. Bibliothec.
 p. 454.]

 552 (return) [ Ap. Athen. Deipn.
 viii. 361.]

 553 (return) [ Dict. Cret. i. 18; iv.
 4.]

 554 (return) [ Kenrick, Phoenicia, pp. 80, 81.]

 555 (return) [ Aristid. Orat. § 43.]

 556 (return) [ Acts xxvii. 12.]

 557 (return) [ Steph. Byz. ad voc.]

 558 (return) [ Herod. iv. 151.]

 559 (return) [ Heb. {...}, Copt. labo, &c.]

 560 (return) [ Steph. Byz. ad voc.
 {KUTHERA}; Festus, ad voc. MELOS.]

 561 (return) [ Kenrick, p. 96.]

 562 (return) [ Steph. Byz. ad voc.
 {MEMBLIAROS}.]

 563 (return) [ Heraclid. Pont. ap.
 Steph. Byz. ad voc.]

 564 (return) [ Herod. iv. 147.]

 565 (return) [ Thucyd. i. 8.]

 566 (return) [ Herod. iii. 57; Pausan.
 x. 11.]

 567 (return) [ Tournefort, Voyages, i. 136.]

 568 (return) [ Plin, H. N. iv.
 12. Compare Steph. Byz. ad voc. {KUTHERA}.]

 569 (return) [ Theophrast. Hist.
 Plant. iv. 2; Plin. H. N. xxxv. 15.]

 570 (return) [ Strab. x. 5, § 16.]

 571 (return) [ Ibid. § 19, ad fin.]

 572 (return) [ Herod. ii. 44.]

 573 (return) [ Ibid. vi. 47.]

 574 (return) [ Hesych. ad voc.
 {KABEIROI}; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {IMBROS}; Strab. vii. Fr. 51.]

 575 (return) [ Strab. xiv. 5, § 28; Plin. H. N. vii. 56.]

 576 (return) [ Strab. x. 1, § 8.]

 577 (return) [ Herod. v. 57; Strab.
 ix. 2, § 3; Pausan. ix. 25, § 6, &c.]

 578 (return) [ Steph. Byz. ad voc.
 {PRONEKTOS}; Scymn. Ch. l. 660.]

 579 (return) [ Apollon. Rhod. ii. l.
 178; Euseb. Præp. Ev. p. 115; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. l.s.c.; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {SESAMOS}.]

 580 (return) [ So Kenrick, Phoenicia, pp. 91, 92.]

 581 (return) [ Utica was said to have been founded 287 years before Carthage (Aristot. De Ausc. Mir. § 146). Carthage was probably founded about B.C. 850.]

 582 (return) [ Thucyd. vi. 2.]

 583 (return) [ Strab. xvii. 3, § 13.]

 584 (return) [ See the chart opposite, and the description in the Géographie Universelle, xi. 271, 272.]

 585 (return) [ Ibid. p. 270.]

 586 (return) [ Plin. H. N. v.
 4, § 23; Géographie Universelle, xi. 157.]

 587 (return) [ Géograph. Univ.
 xi. 275.]

 588 (return) [ Ibid. p. 274.]

 589 (return) [ Géograph. Univ.
 xi. 413, 414.]

 590 (return) [ Ibid. pp. 410, 411.]

 591 (return) [ See Davis's Carthage, pp. 128-130; and compare the woodcut in the Géograph. Univ. xi.
 259.]

 592 (return) [ Beulé, Fouilles à Carthage, quoted in the Géograph. Univ. xi. 258.]

 593 (return) [ "Adrymes" is the Greek name (Strab. xvii. 3, § 16), Adrumetum or Hadrumetum, the Roman one (Sall.
 Bell. Jugurth. § 19; Liv. xxx. 29; Plin. H. N. v. 4, § 25).]

 594 (return) [ Géograph. Univ.
 xi. 227, 228.]

 595 (return) [ Ibid. p. 227, note.]

 596 (return) [ Géographie Universelle, xi. 224.]

 597 (return) [ Géograph. Univ.
 xi. 84.]

 598 (return) [ Strabo, xvii. 3, § 18.]

 599 (return) [ See Della Cella, Narrative, p. 37, E. T.; Beechey, Narrative, p. 51.]

 5100 (return) [ Herod. iv. 198.
 Compare Ovid. Pont. ii. 7, 25.]

 5101 (return) [ See the chart in the Géographie Universelle, xi. 223.]

 5102 (return) [ Strab. xvii. 3, § 12.]

 5103 (return) [ See Daux, Recherches sur les Emporia Phéniciens, pp. 256-258; and compare Pl. viii.]

 5104 (return) [ At Utica, Carthage, and elsewhere.]

 5105 (return) [ Daux, Recherches, pp. 169-171; Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquité, iii. 400-402.]

 5106 (return) [ Thucyd. vi. 2


than goods or effects.

Chattels are personal or real: personal are such as are movable, as goods, plate, money; real are such rights in land as are less than a freehold, as leases, mortgages, growing corn, etc.

Chattel mortgage (Law), a mortgage on personal property, as distinguished from one on real property.

 Chat"tel*ism (?), n. The act or condition of holding chattels; the state of being a chattel.

 Chat"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i.
 Chitter.] 1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct.

 The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters. Wordsworth.
2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate.

 To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue. Shak.
3. To make a noise by rapid collisions.

 With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright. Dryden.
 Chat"ter, v. t. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly.

 Begin his witless note apace to chatter. Spenser.
 Chat"ter, n. 1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle.

 Your words are but idle and empty chatter. Longfellow.
2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering.

 Chat*ter*a"tion (?), n. The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.]

 Chat"ter*er (?), n. 1. A prater; an idle talker.

2. (Zoöl.) A bird of the family Ampelidæ -- so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer (Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.

 Chat"ter*ing (?), n. The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter.

 Chat"ti*ness (?), n. The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly.

 Chat"ty (?), a. Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu.
 ||Chat"ty, n. [Tamil shti.] A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc.

 Chat"wood' (?), n. [Chat a little stick + wood.]
 Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson.
 Chaud"-med'ley (?), n. [F. chaude mêlée; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law) The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley or killing in selfdefense, or in a casual affray. Burrill.
 Chau"dron (?), n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

 Chauf"fer (?), n. [Cf. F. chauffoir a kind of stone, fr. chauffer to heat. See Chafe.] (Chem.) A table stove or small furnace, usually a cylindrical box of sheet iron, with a grate at the bottom, and an open top.

 Chaul"dron (?), n. See Chawdron. [Obs.]

 Chaun (?), n. A gap. [Obs.] Colgrave.
 Chaun, v. t. & i. To open; to yawn. [Obs.]

 O, chaun thy breast. Marston.
 Chaunt (?), n. & v. See Chant.

 Chaunt"er (?), n. 1. A street seller of ballads and other broadsides. [Slang, Eng.]

2. A deceitful, tricky dealer or horse jockey. [Colloq.]

 He was a horse chaunter; he's a leg now. Dickens.
3. The flute of a bagpipe. See Chanter, n., 3.

 Chaunt"er*ie (?), n. See Chantry. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Cha"us (?), n. (Zoöl.) a lynxlike animal of Asia and Africa (Lynx Lybicus).

 ||Chausses (?), n. pl. [F.] The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail.

 ||Chaus'sure" (?), n. [F.] A foot covering of any kind.

 Chau"vin*ism (?), n. [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism.

 -- Chau"vin*ist, n. -- Chau'vin*is"tic (&?;), a. To have a generous belief in the greatness of one's country is not chauvinism.
 It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle.
 Chav"en*der (?), n. [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.) The chub. Walton.
 Chaw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Chawing.] [See Chew.] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to chew, as the cud; to champ, as the bit.

 The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped, Chawing the foamy bit, there fiercely stood. Surrey.
2. To ruminate in thought; to consider; to keep the mind working upon; to brood over. Dryden.
 A word formerly in good use, but now regarded as vulgar.

 Chaw, n. [See Chaw, v. t.] 1. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Law] 2. [Cf. Jaw.] The jaw. [Obs.] Spenser.
Chaw bacon, a rustic; a bumpkin; a lout. (Law) -- Chaw tooth, a grinder. (Law) Chaw"dron (?), n. [OF. chaudun, caudun, caldun; cf. G. kaldaunen guts, bowels, LL. calduna intestine, W. coluddyn gut, dim. of coludd bowels.] Entrails. [Obs.] [Written also chaudron, chauldron.] Shak.
 Chay" root' (?). [Tamil shya.] The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff.
 [Written also choy root.]

 Cha*zy" ep"och (?). (Geol.) An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; -- so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology.

 Cheap (chp), n. [AS. ceáp bargain, sale, price; akin to D. koop purchase, G. kauf, Icel. kaup bargain. Cf.
 Cheapen, Chapman, Chaffer, Cope, v. i.] A bargain; a purchase; cheapness.
 [Obs.]


But rolled oats become rancid and stale on the shelf much like wheat flour on the shelf.
 Another pitfall about using whole grains is that to be nutritious they must still be fresh enough to sprout vigorously. A seed is a package of food surrounding an embryo. The living embryo is waiting for the right conditions (temperature and moisture) to begin sprouting. Sprouting means the embryo begins eating up stored food and making a plant out of it. All foods are damaged by exposure to oxygen, so to protect the embryo's food supply, the seed is surrounded by a virtually airtight seed coat that permits only enough oxygen to enter for the embryo's respiration (yes, seed breaths slowly). Often the embryo is located at the edge of the seed and has its own air intake port. When the seed coat is removed or damaged, the innards are exposed to air and begin deteriorating rapidly. In the case of oats, especially rapidly, because oats are the only grass-based cereal that contains large quantities of oil--five percent oil, more or less. That's why oats "stick to your ribs." Rolled oats become stale and lose their flavor (and nutritional content) and perhaps become rancid very rapidly. So we make porridge from whole oat groats that we coarsely grind to grits (steel-cut oats) in an electric seed/spice mill just before cooking.
 It is not easy to cook oat grits. They take a lot longer than rolled oats and if not done exactly to the recipe I'm about to give you, will almost inevitably stick to the pot badly and may also froth over and mess the stove.
Here's how to cook them. Coarsely grind (like corn meal) your whole oats until you have one cup of oat grits. Bring exactly four cups of water (no salt) to a very hard boil at your highest heat. You may add a handful of raisins. Light or turn on a second, small-sized burner on the stove and set it as low as possible. Into the fast boiling water, slowly pour the ground oats, stirring continuously. Take about 30 seconds to pour it all or you'll make clumps. Keep on the high heat until the water again boils vigorously. Suddenly, the mixture will begin rising in the pot and will try to pour all over the stove. This means it is all at boiling temperature again. Quickly move the pot to the low burner; that instantly stops the frothing. Then cover. Let the porridge cook for 30 minutes, stirring once or twice to prevent sticking. Then, keeping it covered, turn off the heat. They can be eaten at this point but I think it is better to let the oats finish soaking on the stove for at least two to four hours. Then reheat in a double boiler, or warm in a microwave.
 We usually start a pot of oats at bedtime for the next morning.
See why people prefer the convenience of using rolled oats? But once you've eaten oats made right, you'll never prefer the flavor of rolled oats again. And if the human body has any natural method of assaying nutritional content, it is flavor.
 Nutritionally, millet is almost the same story as oats. Millet seed is protected by a very hard hull. Cooking unhulled millet is almost impossible.
After hours of boiling the small round seeds will still be hard and the hulls remain entirely indigestible. Worse, the half-round hulls (they split eventually) stick in your teeth. But prehulled millet, sitting in the sack for weeks and months, loses a lot of nutrition and tastes very second-rate compared to freshly-hulled millet.
It is possible to buy unhulled millet, usually by special order from the health food distributor--if you'll take a whole sack. Millet can be hulled at home in small batches.
Here's how we figured out how to do it. There probably are better ways.
 Using a cheap steel-burr flour mill, set the burrs just far enough apart that the seed is ground to grits, but not flour. This pops the hulls loose. An old mill with worn-out burrs works great for this job. Then you have to get some hand seed cleaning screens just large enough to pass the grits but not pass the hulls (most of them). Window screen or other hardware cloths won't work. Seed cleaning screens come in increments of 1/128 inch; we use a 6/64" round screen.
Other batches of millet might work better with a screen one step larger or smaller.
It will take you a little ingenuity to find hand-held screens. They're used by seed companies and farmers to clean small batches of seed for inspection and are usually about one square foot in size with a quality wooden frame. Larger frames made of the same screening material are used in big seed cleaning machines. (The hulls could also be winnowed out by repeatedly pouring the grit/hulls mixture back and forth between two buckets in a gentle breeze.)
 After you've screened out most of the hulls, the rest will rinse out, floating off as you wash the grain prior to cooking. We never hull more than enough millet for two or three meals and keep the uncooked (unwashed) millet in the freezer in an airtight jar. It is interesting how people will accept poor nutrition and its consequent sickness as the price of convenience.
 If you eat much buckwheat you should also figure out how to hull (sometimes called groating) it yourself. Someone should write a thorough book on the home milling of cereals. And perhaps sell the equipment by mail. Probably would be a good little homestead business.
 Something else you need to keep in mind about seed. Even though the embryo's food supply is protected by the seed coat, it still slowly deteriorates, steadily oxidizing and losing nutritional value. Eventually old seed looses the ability to sprout. The decline in germination ability matches a decline in nutritional quality.
Any seed you are going to use for eating should possess the ability to sprout, strongly and rapidly. (After you've comparatively sprouted a few grain samples, you'll know what I mean by this.) Fortunately, cereal grains usually sprout well for quite a few years after harvest if they have been stored cool and dry. Eating dead or near-dead seeds will help move you closer to the same condition yourself.
 Finally, one more warning about buying store bread. Salt-free bread tastes "funny" to most people. It bakes fine, salt is not necessary to the leavening process, but no bakery could stay in business without salting their bread. The standard level of salt is two percent by weight. That is quite a lot!
Two percent equals one teaspoonful per pound. I'll have more to say about the evils of salt later on.
 I imagine some of my readers are feeling a little overwhelmed by all these warnings and "bewares ofs," and intricacies. They are used to taking no responsibility for securing their own food supply quality and have come to expect the "system" to protect them. I believe it is not because of lack of government intervention, but because of government intervention itself, our food system is very perverse. Until our mass consciousness changes, if you wish to make yourself and your family truly healthy, you are going to have to take charge and become quite a discriminating shopper. Unconscious consumers are on a rapid road to the total unconsciousness of death.
 And again, let me remind you here that this one small book cannot contain everything you should know. The bibliography at the end of should become your guide to earning your post-graduate education in nutritional health.
Freshness Of Fruits And Vegetables Most people do not realize the crucial importance of freshness when it comes to produce. In the same way that seeds gradually die, fruits and vegetables go through a similar process as their nutritional content gradually oxidizes or is broken down by the vegetables own enzymes, but vegetables lose nutrition hundreds of times more rapidly than cereals. Produce was recently part of a living plant.
It was connected to the vascular system of a plant and with few exceptions, is not intended by nature to remain intact after being cut. A lettuce or a zucchini was entirely alive at the moment of harvest, but from that point, its cells begin to die. Even if it is not yet attacked by bacteria, molds and fungi, its own internal enzymes have begun breaking down its own substances.
 Vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, are far more critical in this respect than most ripe fruits. All, however, deteriorate much like radioactive material; they have a sort of half-life. The mineral content is stable, but in respect to the vitamins and enzymes and other complex organic components, each time period or "half life" results in


usually in such a manaer that its bark evenly joins that of the stock. -- Crown, or Rind, grafting, a method of grafting which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise. -- Saddle grafting, a mode of grafting in which a deep cleft is made in the end of the scion by two sloping cuts, and the end of the stock is made wedge-shaped to fit the cleft in the scion, which is placed upon it saddlewise. -- Side grafting, a mode of grafting in which the scion, cut quite across very obliquely, so as to give it the form of a slender wedge, is thrust down inside of the bark of the stock or stem into which it is inserted, the cut side of the scion being next the wood of the stock. -- Skin grafting.
 (Surg.) See Autoplasty. -- Splice grafting (Hort.), a method of grafting by cutting the ends of the scion and stock completely across and obliquely, in such a manner that the sections are of the same shape, then lapping the ends so that the one cut surface exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. -- Whip grafting, tongue grafting, the same as splice grafting, except that a cleft or slit is made in the end of both scion and stock, in the direction of the grain and in the middle of the sloping surface, forming a kind of tongue, so that when put together, the tongue of each is inserted in the slit of the other. -- Grafting scissors, a surgeon's scissors, used in rhinoplastic operations, etc. -- Grafting tool. (a) Any tool used in grafting. (b) A very strong curved spade used in digging canals. -- Grafting wax, a composition of rosin, beeswax tallow, etc., used in binding up the wounds of newly grafted trees.

 Gra"ham bread" (?). [From Sylvester Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.] Bread made of unbolted wheat flour. [U. S.] Bartlett.
 Gra"ham*ite (?), n. [See Graham bread.] One who follows the dietetic system of Graham. [U. S.]

 Grail (?), n. [OF. greel, LL. gradale. See Gradual, n.] A book of offices in the Roman Catholic Church; a gradual.
 [Obs.] T. Warton.
 Such as antiphonals, missals, grails, processionals, etc.

Strype.
 Grail, n. [OF. graal, greal, greet, F. graal, gréal, LL. gradalis, gradale, prob. derived fr. L. crater bowl, mixing vessel, Gr. krath'r. See Crater.] A broad, open dish; a chalice; -- only used of the Holy Grail.

 The Holy Grail, according to some legends of the Middle Ages, was the cup used by our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper; and according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. This cup, according to the legend, if appoached by any but a perfectly pure and holy person, would be borne away and vanish from the sight. The quest of the Holy Grail was to be undertaken only by a knight who was perfectly chaste in thought, word, and act.

 Grail, n. [F. grêle hail, from grÉs grit, OHG. griex, grioz, G. gries, gravel, grit. See Grit.] Small particles of earth; gravel. [Obs.]

 Lying down upon the sandy grail.
Spenser.
 Grail (grl), n. [Cf. OF. graite slender, F. grête.]
 One of the small feathers of a hawk.

 Graille (grl), n. [Cf. F. grêle a sort of file.] A halfround single-cut file or fioat, having one curved face and one straight face, -- used by comb makers. Knight.
 Grain, v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

 Grain (grn), n. [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed, small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner, n., Garnet, Gram the chick-pea, Granule, Kernel.]

1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food.

2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants themselves; -- used collectively.

 Storehouses crammed with grain.
Shak.
3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as, a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc.

 I... with a grain of manhood well resolved.

Milton.
4. The unit of the English system of weights; -- so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to.0648 gram. See Gram.

5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes; hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson, scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent to Tyrian purple.

 All in a robe of darkest grain.
Milton.
 Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped their silks in colors of less value, then give' them the last tincture of crimson in grain.
Quoted by Coleridge, preface to Aids to Reflection.
6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as, marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain.

 Hard box, and linden of a softer grain.

Dryden.
7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc.

 Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, Infect the sound pine and divert his grain Tortive and errant from his course of growth.

Shak.
8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material.

9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side. Knight.
10. pl. The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.

11. (Bot.) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained, a., 4.

12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.]

 Brothers... not united in grain.
Hayward.
13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.]

 He cheweth grain and licorice, To smellen sweet.

Chaucer.
Against the grain, against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one's wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift. Saintsbury.-- A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance.
 -- Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. -- Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes insect. -- Grain leather. (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women's shoes, etc. -- Grain moth (Zoöl.), one of several small moths, of the family Tineidæ


Macaulay.
2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as, to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing.

3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare.

 When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands. Addison.
 Con'fron*ta"tion (?), n. [LL. confrontatio.] Act of confronting. H. Swinburne.
 ||Con'fron'té" (&?;), a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.)
 Same as Affronté.

 Con*front"er (?), n. One who confronts.

 A confronter in authority. Speed.
 confronting n. dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns. Syn. -- braving, coping with, grappling, tackling. [WordNet 1.5 +PJC] Con*front"ment (?), n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

 Con*front"ment (?), n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

 Con*fu"cian (?), a. Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. -- n. A Confucianist.

 Con*fu"cian*ism (?), n. The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams.
 Con*fu"cian*ist, n. A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams.
 Con*fus (?), a. [F. See Confuse, a.] Confused, disturbed.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Con*fus'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being confused.

 Con*fus"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being confused.

 Con*fuse" (?), a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.] Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret.
 Con*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as, to confuse accounts; to confuse one's vision.

 A universal hubbub wild Of stunning sounds and voices all confused.
Milton.
2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self-possession.

 Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse A life that leads melodious days. Tennyson.
Confused and sadly she at length replied. Pope.
Syn. -- To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash.

 Con*fus"ed*ly (?), adv. In a confused manner.

 Con*fus"ed*ness, n. A state of confusion. Norris.
 Con*fuse"ly (?), adv. Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.]

 Con*fu"sion (?), n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.] 1.
 The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult.

 The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable.
Whewell.
 Moody beggars starving for a time Of pellmell havoc and confusion.
Shak.
2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame.

Confusion dwelt in every face And fear in every heart.
Spectator.
3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin.

 Ruin seize thee, ruthless king, Confusion on thy banners wait. Gray.
4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen.
Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier.
 Con*fu"sive (?), a. Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp.
 Hall.
 Con*fut"a*ble (?), a. That may be confuted.

 A conceit... confutable by daily experience. Sir T.Browne.
 Con*fut"ant (?), n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.]
 One who undertakes to confute. Milton.
 Con'fu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.]
 The act or process of confuting; refutation. "For the edification of some and the confutation of others." Bp. Horne.
 Con*fut"a*tive (?), a. Adapted or designed to confute. Bp.
 Warburton Con*fute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter.
 See Fuse to melt.] To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence.

 Satan stood... confuted and convinced Of his weak arguing fallacious drift. Milton.
 No man's error can be confuted who doth not... grant some true principle that contradicts his error. Chillingworth.
 I confute a good profession with a bad conversation. Fuller.
Syn. -- To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. -- To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as, to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as, "the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him."

 Con*fute"ment (?), n. Confutation. [Obs.] Milton.
 Con*fut"er (?), n. One who confutes or disproves.

 Cong (?), n. (Med.) An abbreviation of Congius.

 ||Con'gé" (kôN'zh"; E. kn"j; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.] 1.
 The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also, dismissal.

 Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her congé?
Thackeray.
2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy.

 The captain salutes you with congé profound. Swift.
3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt.
||Congé d'élire (&?;) [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive.

 Con"ge (?), v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier


irded me with strength.

Ps. xviii. 39.
To gird on, to put on; to fasten around or to one securely, like a girdle; as, to gird on armor or a sword.

 Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off.

1 Kings xx. 11.
 -- To gird up, to bind tightly with a girdle; to support and strengthen, as with a girdle.

 He girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab.

1 Kings xviii. 46.
Gird up the loins of your mind.

1 Pet. i. 13.
 -- Girt up; prepared or equipped, as for a journey or for work, in allusion to the ancient custom of gathering the long flowing garments into the girdle and tightening it before any exertion; hence, adjectively, eagerly or constantly active; strenuous; striving. "A severer, more girt-up way of living." J. C. Shairp.
 Gird"er (?), n. [From Gird to sneer at.] One who girds; a satirist.

 Gird"er, n. [From Gird to encircle.]

1. One who, or that which, girds.

2. (Arch. & Engin.) A main beam; a stright, horizontal beam to span an opening or carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc.; hence, a framed or built-up member discharging the same office, technically called a compound girder. See Illusts. of Frame, and Doubleframed floor, under Double.

Bowstring girder, Box girder, etc. See under Bowstring, Box, etc. -- Girder bridge. See under Bridge. -- Lattice girder, a girder consisting of longitudinal bars united by diagonal crossing bars.
 -- Half-lattice girder, a girder consisting of horizontal upper and lower bars connected by a series of diagonal bars sloping alternately in opposite directions so as to divide the space between the bars into a series of triangles. Knight. -- Sandwich girder, a girder consisting of two parallel wooden beams, between which is an iron plate, the whole clamped together by iron bolts.

 Gird"ing, n. That with which one is girded; a girdle.

 Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth.

Is. iii. 24.
 Gir"dle (?), n. A griddle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

 Gir"dle, n. [OE. gurdel, girdel, AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan; akin to D. gordel, G. gürtel, Icel.
 gyr&?;ill. See Gird, v. t., to encircle, and cf. Girth, n.]

1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses; a circumference; a belt; esp., a belt, sash, or article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; a cestus.

 Within the girdle of these walls.

Shak.
 Their breasts girded with golden girdles.

Rev. xv. 6.
2. The zodiac; also, the equator. [Poetic] Bacon.
 From the world's girdle to the frozen pole.

Cowper.
 That gems the starry girdle of the year.

Campbell.
3. (Jewelry) The line ofgreatest circumference of a brilliant-cut diamond, at which it is grasped by the setting. See Illust.
 of Brilliant. Knight.
4. (Mining) A thin bed or stratum of stone. Raymond.
5. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm.

Girdle bone (Anat.), the sphenethmoid. See under Sphenethmoid. -- Girdle wheel, a spinning wheel. -- Sea girdle (Zoöl.), a ctenophore. See Venus's girdle, under Venus.
 -- Shoulder, Pectoral, ∧ Pelvic, girdle.
 (Anat.) See under Pectoral, and Pelvic. -- To have under the girdle, to have bound to one, that is, in subjection.

 Gir"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Girdling (?).] 1. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak.
2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in.

 Those sleeping stones, That as a waist doth girdle you about.

Shak.
3. To make a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc.) through the bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.]

 Gir"dler (?), n. 1. One who girdles.

2. A maker of girdles.

3. (Zoöl.) An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvæ.

 Gir"dle*stead (?), n. [Girdle + stead place.]

1. That part of the body where the girdle is worn. [Obs.]

 Sheathed, beneath his girdlestead.

Chapman.
2. The lap. [R.]

 There fell a flower into her girdlestead.

Swinburne.
 Gire (?), n. [Obs.] See Gyre.

 Gir"kin (?), n. [Obs.] See Gherkin.

 Girl (?), n. [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a girl (in sense 1): cf. LG. gör child.]

1. A young person of either sex; a child. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a young maiden.

3. A female servant; a maidservant. [U. S.]

4. (Zoöl.) A roebuck two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

 Girl"hood (?), n. State or time of being a girl.

 Girl"ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl; of or pertaining to girlhood; innocent; artless; immature; weak; as, girlish ways; girlish grief. -- Girl"ish*ly, adv. -- Girl"ish*ness, n. Gir"lond (?), n. [See Garland, n.] A garland; a prize.
 [Obs.] Chapman.
 Girn (?), v. i. [See Grin, n.] To grin. [Obs.]

 Gi*ron"dist (?), n. [F. Girondiste.] A member of the moderate republican party formed in the French legislative assembly in 1791. The Girondists were so called because their leaders were deputies from the department of La Gironde.

 Gi*ron"dist, a. Of or pertaining to the Girondists. [Written also Girondin.]

 Gir"rock (?), n. [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zoöl.)
 A garfish. Johnson.
 Girt (?), imp. & p. p. of Gird.

 Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Girting.] [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.] To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as, to girt a tree.

 We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk, And girt thee with the sword.

Shak.
 Girt, a. (Naut.) Bound by a cable; -- used of a vessel so moored by two anchors that she swings against


decline, growth rate slows, and water use also decreases. On September 1 I'd add about 8 gallons and about 5 more on September 15 if it hadn't yet rained significantly.
Total water: 42 gallons. Total increase in yield: 45 pounds. I'd say that's a good return on water invested.
Varieties: For winter squash, all the vining winter varieties in the C. maxima or C. pepo family seem acceptably adapted to dry gardening. These include Buttercup, Hubbard, Delicious, Sweet Meat, Delicata, Spaghetti, and Acorn. I wouldn't trust any of the newer compact bush winter varieties so popular on raised beds. Despite their reputation for drought tolerance C. mixta varieties (or cushaw squash) were believed to be strictly hot desert or humid-tropical varieties, unable to mature in our cool climate. However, Pepita (PEA) is a mixta that is early enough and seems entirely unbothered by a complete lack of irrigation. The enormous vine sets numerous good keepers with mild-tasting, light yellow flesh.
Obviously, the compact bush summer squash varieties so popular these days are not good candidates for withstanding long periods without irrigation. The old heirlooms like Black Zucchini (ABL) (not Black Beauty!) and warty Yellow Crookneck grow enormous, high-yielding plants whose extent nearly rivals that of the largest winter squash.
They also grow a dense leaf cover, making the fruit a little harder to find. These are the only American heirlooms still readily available. Black Zucchini has become very raggedy; anyone growing it should be prepared to plant several vines and accept that at least one-third of them will throw rather off-type fruit. It needs the work of a skilled plant breeder. Yellow Crookneck is still a fairly "clean" variety offering good uniformity. Both have more flavor and are less watery than the modern summer squash varieties. Yellow Crookneck is especially rich, probably due to its thick, oily skin; most gardeners who once grow the old Crookneck never again grow any other kind. Another useful drought-tolerant variety is Gem, sometimes called Rolet (TSC). It grows an extensive winter-squash-like vine yielding grapefruit-size, excellent eating summer squash.
Both Yellow Crookneck and Black Zucchini begin yielding several weeks later than the modern hybrids. However, as the summer goes on they will produce quite a bit more squash than new hybrid types. I now grow five or six fully irrigated early hybrid plants like Seneca Zucchini too. As soon as my picking bucket is being filled with later-to-yield Crooknecks, I pull out the Senecas and use the now empty irrigated space for fall crops.
Tomato There's no point in elaborate methods—trellising, pruning, or training—with dry-gardened tomato vines. Their root systems must be allowed to control all the space they can without competition, so allow the vines to sprawl as well. And pruning the leaf area of indeterminates is counterproductive: to grow hugely, the roots need food from a full complement of leaves.
Sowing date: Set out transplants at the usual time. They might also be jump started under cloches two to three weeks before the last frost, to make better use of natural soil moisture.
Spacing: Depends greatly on variety. The root system can occupy as much space as the vines will cover and then some.
Irrigation: Especially on determinate varieties, periodic fertigation will greatly increase yield and size of fruit. The old indeterminate sprawlers will produce through an entire summer without any supplemental moisture, but yield even more in response to irrigation.
Variety: With or without irrigation or anywhere in between, when growing tomatoes west of the Cascades, nothing is more important than choosing the right variety. Not only does it have to be early and able to set and ripen fruit when nights are cool, but to grow through months without watering the plant must be highly indeterminate. This makes a built-in conflict: most of the sprawly, huge, old heirloom varieties are rather late to mature. But cherry tomatoes are always far earlier than big slicers.
If I had to choose only one variety it would be the old heirloom [Large] Red Cherry. A single plant is capable of covering a 9- to 10-foot-diameter circle if fertigated from mid-July through August.
The enormous yield of a single fertigated vine is overwhelming.
Red Cherry is a little acid and tart. Non-acid, indeterminate cherry types like Sweetie, Sweet 100, and Sweet Millions are also workable but not as aggressive as Red Cherry. I wouldn't depend on most bush cherry tomato varieties. But our earliest cherry variety of all, OSU's Gold Nugget, must grow a lot more root than top, for, with or without supplemental water, Gold Nugget sets heavily and ripens enormously until mid-August, when it peters out from overbearing (not from moisture stress). Gold Nugget quits just about when the later cherry or slicing tomatoes start ripening heavily.
Other well-adapted early determinates such as Oregon Spring and Santiam may disappoint you. Unless fertigated, they'll set and ripen some fruit but may become stunted in midsummer. However, a single indeterminate Fantastic Hybrid will cover a 6-to 7-foot-diameter circle, and grow and ripen tomatoes until frost with only a minimum of water. I think Stupice (ABL, TSC) and Early Cascade are also quite workable (and earlier than Fantastic in Washington).
Chapter 6 My Own Garden Plan This chapter illustrates and explains my own dry garden. Any garden plan is a product of compromises and preferences; mine is not intended to become yours. But, all modesty aside, this plan results from 20 continuous years of serious vegetable gardening and some small degree of regional wisdom.
My wife and I are what I dub "vegetablitarians." Not vegetarians, or lacto-ovo vegetarians because we're not ideologues and eat meat on rare, usually festive occasions in other peoples' houses. But over 80 percent of our calories are from vegetable, fruit, or cereal sources and the remaining percentage is from fats or dairy foods.
The purpose of my garden is to provide at least half the actual calories we eat year-round; most of the rest comes from home-baked bread made with freshly ground whole grains. I put at least one very large bowl of salad on the table every day, winter and summer. I keep us in potatoes nine months a year and produce a year's supply of onions or leeks. To break the dietary monotony of November to April, I grow as wide an assortment of winter vegetables as possible and put most produce departments to shame from June through September, when the summer vegies are "on."
The garden plan may seem unusually large, but in accordance with Solomon's First Law of Abundance, there's a great deal of intentional waste. My garden produces two to three times the amount of food needed during the year so moochers, poachers, guests, adult daughters accompanied by partners, husbands, and children, mistakes, poor yields, and failures of individual vegetables are inconsequential. Besides, gardening is fun.
My garden is laid out in 125-foot-long rows and one equally long raised bed. Each row grows only one or two types of vegetables. The central focus of my water-wise garden is its irrigation system. Two lines of low-angle sprinklers, only 4 feet apart, straddle an intensively irrigated raised bed running down the center of the garden. The sprinklers I use are Naans, a unique Israeli design that emits very little water and throws at a very low angle (available from TSC and some garden centers). Their maximum reach is about 18 feet; each sprinkler is about 12 feet from its neighbor. On the garden plan, the sprinklers are indicated by a circle surrounding an "X." Readers unfamiliar with sprinkler system design are advised to study the irrigation chapter in Growing Vegetables West of the Cascades.
On the far left side of the garden plan is a graphic representation of the uneven application of water put down by this sprinkler system. The 4-foot-wide raised bed gets lots of water, uniformly distributed. Farther away, the amount applied decreases rapidly.
About half as much irrigation lands only 6 feet from the edge of the raised bed as on the bed itself. Beyond that the amount tapers off


of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

 Frit"il*la*ry (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant with checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria: the Guinea-hen flower. See Fritillaria.

2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of butterflies belonging to Argynnis and allied genera; -- so called because the coloring of their wings resembles that of the common Fritillaria.
 See Aphrodite.

 Frit"i*nan*cy (?), n. [L. fritinnire to twitter.] A chirping or creaking, as of a cricket. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Frit"ter (?), n. [OR. fritour, friture, pancake, F. friture frying, a thing fried, from frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. A small quantity of batter, fried in boiling lard or in a frying pan. Fritters are of various kinds, named from the substance inclosed in the batter; as, apple fritters, clam fritters, oyster fritters.

2. A fragment; a shred; a small piece.

 And cut whole giants into fritters.

Hudibras.
Corn fritter. See under Corn.

 Frit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces, for frying.

2. To break into small pieces or fragments.

 Break all nerves, and fritter all their sense.

Pope.
To fritter away, to diminish; to pare off; to reduce to nothing by taking away a little at a time; also, to waste piecemeal; as, to fritter away time, strength, credit, etc.

 Frit"ting (?), n. [See Frit to expose to heat.] The formation of frit or slag by heat with but incipient fusion.

 Friv"o*lism (?), n. Frivolity. [R.] Pristley.
 Fri*vol"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Frivolities (#). [Cg. F. frivolité.
 See Frivolous.] The condition or quality of being frivolous; also, acts or habits of trifling; unbecoming levity of disposition.

 Friv"o*lous (?), a. [L. frivolus; prob. akin to friare to rub, crumble, E. friable: cf. F. frivole.]

1. Of little weight or importance; not worth notice; slight; as, a frivolous argument. Swift.
2. Given to trifling; marked with unbecoming levity; silly; interested especially in trifling matters.

 His personal tastes were low and frivolous.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Trifling; trivial; slight; petty; worthless.

 -- Friv"o*lous*ly, adv. -- Friv"o*lous*ness, n. Friz (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frizzing (?).] [Cf. F. friser to curl, crisp, frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs); prob.akin to OFries. frisle hair of the head. Cf. Frieze kind of cloth.] [Written also frizz.]
 1. To curl or form into small curls, as hair, with a crisping pin; to crisp.

 With her hair frizzed short up to her ears.

Pepys.
2. To form into little burs, prominences, knobs, or tufts, as the nap of cloth.

3. (Leather Manufacture) To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing, as with pumice stone or a blunt instrument.

Frizzing machine. (a) (Fabrics) A machine for frizzing the surface of cloth. (b) (Wood Working) A bench with a revolving cutter head slightly protruding above its surface, for dressing boards.

 Friz, n.; pl. Frizzes (&?;). That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled, as a wig; a frizzle. [Written also frizz.]

 He [Dr. Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig became his face and head, might easily infer that a similar fullbottomed, well-curled friz of words would be no less becoming to his thoughts.

Hare.
 Frize (?), n. (Arch.) See 1st Frieze.

 Friz"el (?), a. (Firearms) A movable furrowed piece of steel struck by the flint, to throw sparks into the pan, in an early form of flintlock. Knight.
 Fri*zette" (?), n. [F. frisette curl.] A curl of hair or silk; a pad of frizzed hair or silk worn by women under the hair to stuff it out.

 Frizz (?), v. t. & n. See Friz, v. t. & n. Friz"zle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling (?).] [Dim. of friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz; to crinkle. Gay.
To frizzle up, to crinkle or crisp excessively.

 Friz"zle, n. A curl; a lock of hair crisped. Milton.
 Friz"zler' (?), n. One who frizzles.

 { Friz"zly (?), Friz"zy (?), } a. Curled or crisped; as, frizzly, hair.

 Fro (fr), adv. [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel.
 fr, akin to Dan. fra from, E. from. See From.] From; away; back or backward; -- now used only in opposition to the word to, in the phrase to and fro, that is, to and from. See To and fro under To. Milton.
 Fro, prep. From. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Frock (?), n. [F. froc a monk's cowl, coat, garment, LL. frocus, froccus, flocus, floccus, fr. L. floccus a flock of wool; hence orig., a flocky cloth or garment; cf. L. flaccus flabby, E. flaccid.] 1. A loose outer garment; especially, a gown forming a part of European modern costume for women and children; also, a coarse shirtlike garment worn by some workmen over their other clothes; a smock frock; as, a marketman's frock.

2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars, and supposed to take the place of all, or nearly all, other garments. It has a hood which can be drawn over the head at pleasure, and is girded by a cord.

Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually double-breasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. -- Smock frock. See in the Vocabulary.

 Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock.

2. To make a monk of. Cf. Unfrock.

 Frocked (?), a. Clothed in a frock.

 Frock"less (?), a. Destitute of a frock.

 Froe (fr), n. [See Frow.] A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow. [Obs.]
 "Raging frantic froes." Draylon.
 Froe, n. [See Frow


TWO MEN OF SANDY BAR by Bret Harte Contents DRAMATIS PERSONAE COSTUMES TWO MEN OF SANDY BAR ACT I ACT II.
 ACT III.
 ACT IV.

 DRAMATIS PERSONAE The Prodigals.

 "SANDY".. Son of Alexander Morton, sen.

 JOHN OAKHURST.. His former partner, personating the prodigal son, Sandy.

 COL. STARBOTTLE.. Alexander Morton, sen.'s, legal adviser.

 OLD MORTON.. Alexander Morton, sen.

 DON JOSE.. Father of Jovita Castro.

 CAPPER.. A detective.

 CONCHO.. Major-domo of Don Jose's rancho.

 YORK.. An old friend of Oakhurst.

 PRITCHARD.. An Australian convict.

 SOAPY & SILKY.. His pals.

 JACKSON.. Confidential clerk of Alexander Morton, jun., and confederate of Pritchard.

 HOP SING.. A Chinese laundryman.

 SERVANT of Alexander Morton, sen.—POLICEMEN.

 MISS MARY MORRIS.. The schoolmistress of Red Gulch, in love with Sandy, and cousin of Alexander Morton, sen.

 DONA JOVITA CASTRO.. In love with John Oakhurst, and daughter of Don Jose.

 THE DUCHESS.. Wife of Pritchard, illegally married to Sandy, and former "flame" of John Oakhurst.

 MANUELA.. Servant of Castro, and maid to Dona Jovita.

 ACT I The Rancho of the Blessed Innocents, and House of Don Jose Castro.

 ACT II Red Gulch.

 ACT III The Banking-House of Morton & Son, San Francisco.

 ACT IV The Villa of Alexander Morton, sen., San Francisco.

 COSTUMES ALEXANDER MORTON ("SANDY").—First dress: Mexican vaquero; black velvet trousers open from knee, over white trousers; laced black velvet jacket, and broad white sombrero; large silver spurs. Second dress: miner's white duck jumper, and white duck trousers; (sailor's) straw hat.
 Third dress: fashionable morning costume. Fourth dress: full evening dress.

 JOHN OAKHURST.—First dress: riding-dress, black, elegantly fitting.
 Second and third dress: fashionable. Fourth dress: full evening dress.

 COL. STARBOTTLE.—First dress: blue double-breasted frock, and white "strapped" trousers; white hat. Second dress: same coat, blue trousers, and black broad-brimmed felt hat; cane, semper; ruffles, semper. Third dress: the same. Fourth dress: the same, with pumps.

 YORK.—Fashionable morning dress.

 JACKSON.—Business suit.

 CONCHO.—First dress: vaquero's dress. Second dress: citizen's dress.

 HOP SING.—Dress of Chinese coolie: dark-blue blouse, and dark-blue drawers gathered at ankles; straw conical hat, and wooden sabots.

 DON JOSE.—First dress: serape, black, with gold embroidery. Second class: fashionable black suit, with broad-brimmed black stiff sombrero.

 OLD MORTON.—First, second, third, and fourth dress: black, stiff, with white cravat.

 CAPPER.—Ordinary dress of period.

 MISS MARY.—First dress: tasteful calico morning dress. Second and third dress: lady's walking costume—fashionable. Fourth dress: full dress.

 DONA JOVITA.—First dress: handsome Spanish dress, with manta. Second dress: more elaborate, same quality.

 THE DUCHESS.—First dress: elaborate but extravagant fashionable costume. Second dress: traveling dress.

 MANUELA.—The saya y manta; white waist, and white or black skirt, with flowers.

 TWO MEN OF SANDY BAR ACT I SCENE 1.—Courtyard and Corridors of the Rancho.

 MANUELA (arranging supper-table in corridor L., solus). There!
 Tortillas, chocolate, olives, and—the whiskey of the Americans!
 And supper's ready. But why Don Jose chooses to-night, of all nights, with this heretic fog lying over the Mission Hills like a wet serape, to take his supper out here, the saints only know. Perhaps it's some distrust of his madcap daughter, the Dona Jovita; perhaps to watch her—who knows? And now to find Diego. Ah, here he comes. So! The old story. He is getting Dona Jovita's horse ready for another madcap journey. Ah!
 (Retires to table.)

 Enter cautiously from corridor, L., SANDY MORTON, carrying lady's saddle and blanket; starts on observing MANUELA, and hastily hides saddle and blanket in recess.

 Sandy (aside). She's alone. I reckon the old man's at his siesta yet. Ef he'll only hang onto that snooze ten minutes longer, I'll manage to let that gal Jovita slip out to that yer fandango, and no questions asked.

 Manuela (calling SANDY). Diego!

 Sandy (aside, without heeding her). That's a sweet voice for a serenade.
 Round, full, high-shouldered, and calkilated to fetch a man every time.
 Only thar ain't, to my sartain knowledge, one o' them chaps within a mile of the rancho. (Laughs.)

 Manuela. Diego!

 Sandy (aside). Oh, go on! That's the style o' them Greasers. They'll stand rooted in their tracks, and yell for a chap without knowin' whether he's in sight or sound.

 Manuela (approaching SANDY impatiently). Diego!

 Sandy (starting, aside). The devil! Why, that's ME she's after.
 (Laughs.) I clean disremembered that when I kem yer I tole those chaps my name was James,—James Smith (laughs), and thet they might call me "Jim." And De-a-go's their lingo for Jim. (Aloud.) Well, my beauty, De-a-go it is. Now, wot's up?

 Manuela. Eh? no sabe!

 Sandy. Wot's your little game. (Embraces her.)

 Manuela (aside, and recoiling coquettishly). Mother of God! He must be drunk again. These Americans have no time for love when they are sober.
 (Aloud and coquettishly.) Let me go, Diego. Don Jose is coming. He has sent for you. He takes his supper to-night on the corridor. Listen, Diego. He must not see you thus. You have been drinking again. I will keep you from him. I will say you are not well.

 Sandy. Couldn't you, my darling, keep him from ME? Couldn't you make him think HE was sick? Couldn't you say he's exposin' his precious health by sittin' out thar to-night; thet ther's chills and fever in every breath?
 (Aside.) Ef the old Don plants himself in that chair, that gal's chances for goin' out to-night is gone up.

 Manuela. Never. He would suspect at once. Listen, Diego. If Don Jose does not know that his daughter steals away with you to meet some caballero, some LOVER,—you understand, Diego,—it is because he does not know, or would not SEEM to know, what every one else in the rancho knows. Have a care, foolish Diego! If Don Jose is old and blind, look you, friend, we are NOT. You understand?

 Sandy (aside). What the devil does she expect?—money? No! (Aloud.)
 Look yer, Manuela, you ain't goin' to blow on that young gal! (Putting his arm around her waist.) Allowin' that she hez a lover, thar ain't nothin' onnateral in thet, bein' a purty sort o'


these dirges, inscribed Lament of the Flutes for Tammuz, we seem still to hear the voices of the singers chanting the sad refrain and to catch, like far-away music, the wailing notes of the flutes: "At his vanishing away she lifts up a lament, 'Oh my child!' at his vanishing away she lifts up a lament; 'My Damu!' at his vanishing away she lifts up a lament.
'My enchanter and priest!' at his vanishing away she lifts up a lament, At the shining cedar, rooted in a spacious place, In Eanna, above and below, she lifts up a lament.
Like the lament that a house lifts up for its master, lifts she up a lament, Like the lament that a city lifts up for its lord, lifts she up a lament.
Her lament is the lament for a herb that grows not in the bed, Her lament is the lament for the corn that grows not in the ear.
Her chamber is a possession that brings not forth a possession, A weary woman, a weary child, forspent.
Her lament is for a great river, where no willows grow, Her lament is for a field, where corn and herbs grow not.
Her lament is for a pool, where fishes grow not.
Her lament is for a thickest of reeds, where no reeds grow.
Her lament is for woods, where tamarisks grow not.
Her lament is for a wilderness where no cypresses (?)
grow.
Her lament is for the depth of a garden of trees, where honey and wine grow not.
Her lament is for meadows, where no plants grow.
Her lament is for a palace, where length of life grows not." The tragical story and the melancholy rites of Adonis are better known to us from the descriptions of Greek writers than from the fragments of Babylonian literature or the brief reference of the prophet Ezekiel, who saw the women of Jerusalem weeping for Tammuz at the north gate of the temple. Mirrored in the glass of Greek mythology, the oriental deity appears as a comely youth beloved by Aphrodite. In his infancy the goddess hid him in a chest, which she gave in charge to Persephone, queen of the nether world. But when Persephone opened the chest and beheld the beauty of the babe, she refused to give him back to Aphrodite, though the goddess of love went down herself to hell to ransom her dear one from the power of the grave. The dispute between the two goddesses of love and death was settled by Zeus, who decreed that Adonis should abide with Persephone in the under world for one part of the year, and with Aphrodite in the upper world for another part. At last the fair youth was killed in hunting by a wild boar, or by the jealous Ares, who turned himself into the likeness of a boar in order to compass the death of his rival. Bitterly did Aphrodite lament her loved and lost Adonis. In this form of the myth, the contest between Aphrodite and Persephone for the possession of Adonis clearly reflects the struggle between Ishtar and Allatu in the land of the dead, while the decision of Zeus that Adonis is to spend one part of the year under ground and another part above ground is merely a Greek version of the annual disappearance and reappearance of Tammuz.
XXX. Adonis in Syria THE MYTH of Adonis was localised and his rites celebrated with much solemnity at two places in Western Asia. One of these was Byblus on the coast of Syria, the other was Paphos in Cyprus. Both were great seats of the worship of Aphrodite, or rather of her Semitic counterpart, Astarte; and of both, if we accept the legends, Cinyras, the father of Adonis, was king. Of the two cities Byblus was the more ancient; indeed it claimed to be the oldest city in Phoenicia, and to have been founded in the early ages of the world by the great god El, whom Greeks and Romans identified with Cronus and Saturn respectively. However that may have been, in historical times it ranked as a holy place, the religious capital of the country, the Mecca or Jerusalem of the Phoenicians. The city stood on a height beside the sea, and contained a great sanctuary of Astarte, where in the midst of a spacious open court, surrounded by cloisters and approached from below by staircases, rose a tall cone or obelisk, the holy image of the goddess. In this sanctuary the rites of Adonis were celebrated. Indeed the whole city was sacred to him, and the river Nahr Ibrahim, which falls into the sea a little to the south of Byblus, bore in antiquity the name of Adonis. This was the kingdom of Cinyras. From the earliest to the latest times the city appears to have been ruled by kings, assisted perhaps by a senate or council of elders.
The last king of Byblus bore the ancient name of Cinyras, and was beheaded by Pompey the Great for his tyrannous excesses. His legendary namesake Cinyras is said to have founded a sanctuary of Aphrodite, that is, of Astarte, at a place on Mount Lebanon, distant a day's journey from the capital. The spot was probably Aphaca, at the source of the river Adonis, half-way between Byblus and Baalbec; for at Aphaca there was a famous grove and sanctuary of Astarte which Constantine destroyed on account of the flagitious character of the worship. The site of the temple has been discovered by modern travellers near the miserable village which still bears the name of Afka at the head of the wild, romantic, wooded gorge of the Adonis. The hamlet stands among groves of noble walnut-trees on the brink of the lyn. A little way off the river rushes from a cavern at the foot of a mighty amphitheatre of towering cliffs to plunge in a series of cascades into the awful depths of the glen. The deeper it descends, the ranker and denser grows the vegetation, which, sprouting from the crannies and fissures of the rocks, spreads a green veil over the roaring or murmuring stream in the tremendous chasm below. There is something delicious, almost intoxicating, in the freshness of these tumbling waters, in the sweetness and purity of the mountain air, in the vivid green of the vegetation. The temple, of which some massive hewn blocks and a fine column of Syenite granite still mark the site, occupied a terrace facing the source of the river and commanding a magnificent prospect. Across the foam and the roar of the waterfalls you look up to the cavern and away to the top of the sublime precipices above. So lofty is the cliff that the goats which creep along its ledges to browse on the bushes appear like ants to the spectator hundreds of feet below. Seaward the view is especially impressive when the sun floods the profound gorge with golden light, revealing all the fantastic buttresses and rounded towers of its mountain rampart, and falling softly on the varied green of the woods which clothe its depths. It was here that, according to the legend, Adonis met Aphrodite for the first or the last time, and here his mangled body was buried. A fairer scene could hardly be imagined for a story of tragic love and death. Yet, sequestered as the valley is and must always have been, it is not wholly deserted. A convent or a village may be observed here and there standing out against the sky on the top of some beetling crag, or clinging to the face of a nearly perpendicular cliff high above the foam and the din of the river; and at evening the lights that twinkle through the gloom betray the presence of human habitations on slopes which might seem inaccessible to man. In antiquity the whole of the lovely vale appears to have been dedicated to Adonis, and to this day it is haunted by his memory; for the heights which shut it in are crested at various points by ruined monuments of his worship, some of them overhanging dreadful abysses, down which it turns the head dizzy to look and see the eagles wheeling about their nests far below. One such monument exists at Ghineh. The face of a great rock, above a roughly hewn recess, is here carved with figures of Adonis and


Ethnol.)
 Of or pertaining to the Gael, esp. to the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland; as, the Gaelic language.

 Gael"ic (?), n. [Gael. Gaelig, Gàilig.] The language of the Gaels, esp. of the Highlanders of Scotland. It is a branch of the Celtic.

 Gaff (?), n. [OE. gaffe, F. gaffe an iron hook with which seamen pull great fishes into their ships; cf. Ir. gaf, gafa hook; perh. akin to G. gabel fork, Skr. gabhasti. Cf. Gaffle, Gable.] 1. A barbed spear or a hook with a handle, used by fishermen in securing heavy fish.

2. (Naut.) The spar upon which the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail is extended.

3. Same as Gaffle, 1. Wright.
 Gaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaffing.] To strike with a gaff or barbed spear; to secure by means of a gaff; as, to gaff a salmon.

 Gaf"fer (?), n. [Possibly contr. fr. godfather; but prob.
 fr. gramfer for grandfather. Cf. Gammer.] 1. An old fellow; an aged rustic.

 Go to each gaffer and each goody.

Fawkes.
Gaffer was originally a respectful title, now degenerated into a term of familiarity or contempt when addressed to an aged man in humble life.

2. A foreman or overseer of a gang of laborers. [Prov. Eng.]

 Gaf"fle (?), n. [Cf. AS. geafl fork, LG., D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, G. gabel, W. gafl, Ir. & Gael. gabhal.
 Cf. Gaff.] 1. An artificial spur or gaff for gamecocks.

2. A lever to bend crossbows.

 Gaff'-top"sail (?), n. (Naut.) A small triangular sail having its foot extended upon the gaff and its luff upon the topmast.

 Gag (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gagging (?).] [Prob. fr. W. cegio to choke or strangle, fr. ceg mouth, opening, entrance.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting sometimes in, so as to hinder speaking; hence, to silence by authority or by violence; not to allow freedom of speech to. Marvell.
 The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hood winked.

Maccaulay.
2. To pry or hold open by means of a gag.

 Mouths gagged to such a wideness.

Fortescue (Transl.).
3. To cause to heave with nausea.

 Gag, v. i. 1. To heave with nausea; to retch.

2. To introduce gags or interpolations. See Gag, n., 3.
 [Slang] Cornill Mag.
 Gag, n. 1. Something thrust into the mouth or throat to hinder speaking.

2. A mouthful that makes one retch; a choking bit; as, a gag of mutton fat. Lamb.
3. A speech or phrase interpolated offhand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, usually consisting of some seasonable or local allusion. [Slang] Gag rein (Harness), a rein for drawing the bit upward in the horse's mouth. -- Gag runner (Harness), a loop on the throat latch guiding the gag rein.

 Gag"ate (?; 48), n. [L. gagates. See Jet a black mineral.]
 Agate. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Gage (?), n. [F. gage, LL. gadium, wadium; of German origin; cf. Goth. wadi, OHG. wetti, weti, akin to E. wed. See Wed, and cf. Wage, n.] 1. A pledge or pawn; something laid down or given as a security for the performance of some act by the person depositing it, and forfeited by nonperformance; security.

 Nor without gages to the needy lend.

Sandys.
2. A glove, cap, or the like, cast on the ground as a challenge to combat, and to be taken up by the accepter of the challenge; a challenge; a defiance. "There I throw my gage." Shak.
 Gage (?), n. [So called because an English family named Gage imported the greengage from France, in the last century.] A variety of plum; as, the greengage; also, the blue gage, frost gage, golden gage, etc., having more or less likeness to the greengage.
 See Greengage.

 Gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaged (?); p. pr & vb.
 n. Gaging (?).] [Cf. F. gager. See Gage, n., a pledge.]
 1. To give or deposit as a pledge or security for some act; to wage or wager; to pawn or pledge. [Obs.]

 A moiety competent Was gaged by our king.

Shak.
2. To bind by pledge, or security; to engage.

 Great debts Wherein my time, sometimes too prodigal, Hath left me gaged.

Shak.
 Gage, n. A measure or standard. See Gauge, n. Gage, v. t. To measure. See Gauge, v. t. You shall not gage me By what we do to-night.

Shak.
 Ga"ger (?), n. A measurer. See Gauger.

 Gag"ger (?), n. 1. One who gags.

2. (Founding) A piece of iron imbedded in the sand of a mold to keep the sand in place.

 Gag"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaggled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gaggling (?).] [Of imitative origin; cf. D. gaggelen, gagelen, G. gackeln, gackern, MHG. g&?;gen, E. giggle, cackle.] To make a noise like a goose; to cackle.
 Bacon.
 Gag"gle, n. [Cf. Gaggle v. i.] (Zoöl.) A flock of wild geese. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Gag"tooth' (?), n.; pl. Gagteeth (&?;). A projecting tooth. [Obs.]

 Gag"-toothed" (?), a. Having gagteeth. [Obs.]

 Gahn"ite (?), n. [Named after Gahn, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.)
 Zinc spinel; automolite.

 Ga*id"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; earth.] (Chem.) Pertaining to hypogeic acid; -- applied to an acid obtained from hypogeic acid.

 Gai"e*ty (?), n. Same as Gayety.

 Gail"er (?), n. A jailer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Gail'lard" (?), a. [F. See Galliard.] Gay; brisk; merry; galliard. Chaucer.
 ||Gail*liarde" (?), n. [See Galliard a dance.] A lively French and Italian dance.

 Gai"ly (?), adv. [From Gay.] Merrily; showily. See gaily.

 Gain (gn), n. [Cf. W. gan a mortise.] (Arch.) A square or beveled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports


resign (something being received in place of the thing parted with); as, to exchange a palace for cell.

 And death for life exchanged foolishly.

Spenser.
 To shift his being Is to exchange one misery with another.

Shak.
3. To give and receive reciprocally, as things of the same kind; to barter; to swap; as, to exchange horses with a neighbor; to exchange houses or hats.

Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet.

Shak.
Syn. -- To barter; change; commute; interchange; bargain; truck; swap; traffic.

 Ex*change", v. i. To be changed or received in exchange for; to pass in exchange; as, dollar exchanges for ten dimes.

 Ex*change'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being exchangeable.

 The law ought not be contravened by an express article admitting the exchangeability of such persons.

Washington.
 Ex*change"a*ble (?), a. [Cf.F. échangeable.] 1.
 Capable of being exchanged; fit or proper to be exchanged.

 The officers captured with Burgoyne were exchangeable within the powers of General Howe.

Marshall.
2. Available for making exchanges; ratable. "An exchangeable value." J. S. Mill.
 Ex*change"a*bly, adv. By way of exchange.

 Ex*chan"ger (?), n. One who exchanges; one who practices exchange.
 Matt. xxv. 27.
 Ex*cheat" (?), n. See Escheat. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Ex*cheat"or (?), n. See Escheator. [Obs.]

 Ex*cheq"uer (?), n. [OE. escheker, OF. eichekier, fr.
 LL. scaccarium. See Checker, Chess, Check.] 1. One of the superior courts of law; -- so called from a checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the table. [Eng.]

 The exchequer was a court of law and equity. In the revenue department, it had jurisdiction over the proprietary rights of the crown against subjects; in the common law department, it administered justice in personal actions between subject and subject. A person proceeding against another in the revenue department was said to exchequer him. The judges of this court were one chief and four puisne barons, so styled. The Court of Exchequer Chamber sat as court of error in which the judgments of each of the superior courts of common law, in England, were subject to revision by the judges of the other two sitting collectively.
 Causes involving difficult questions of law were sometimes after argument, adjourned into this court from the other courts, for debate before judgment in the court below. Recent legislation in England (1880) has abolished the Court of Exchequer and the Court of Exchequer Chamber, as distinct tribunals, a single board of judiciary, the High Court of Justice, being established for the trial of all classes of civil cases. Wharton.
2. The department of state having charge of the collection and management of the royal revenue. [Eng.] Hence, the treasury; and, colloquially, pecuniary possessions in general; as, the company's exchequer is low.

Barons of the exchequer. See under Baron. -- Chancellor of the exchequer. See under Chancellor. -- Exchequer bills or bonds (Eng.), bills of money, or promissory bills, issued from the exchequer by authority of Parliament; a species of paper currency emitted under the authority of the government, and bearing interest.

 Ex*cheq"uer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchequered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Exchequering.] To institute a process against (any one) in the Court of Exchequer.

 Ex*cide" (?), v. t. [L. excidere, excisum; ex out + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Excise to cut off.] To cut off. [R.]

 Ex*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. excipients, -entis, p. pr.
 of exipere. See Except, v. t.] Taking an exception.

 Ex*cip"i*ent, n. 1. An exceptor. [R.]

2. (Med.) An inert or slightly active substance used in preparing remedies as a vehicle or medium of administration for the medicinal agents. Chambers.
 { Ex"ci*ple (?), ||Ex*cip"u*lum (?), } n. [NL. excipulum, fr. L. excipere. See Except.] (Bot.) The outer part of the fructification of most lichens.

 Ex*cis"a*ble (?), a. Liable or subject to excise; as, tobacco in an excisable commodity.

 Ex*cise" (?), n. [Apparently fr. L. excisum cut off, fr. excidere to cut out or off; ex out, off + caedere to cut; or, as the word was formerly written accise, fr. F. accise, LL. accisia, as if fr. L. accidere, accisum, to cut into; ad + caedere to cut; but prob. transformed fr. OF. assise, LL. assisa, assisia, assize. See Assize, Concise.] 1. In inland duty or impost operating as an indirect tax on the consumer, levied upon certain specified articles, as, tobacco, ale, spirits, etc., grown or manufactured in the country. It is also levied to pursue certain trades and deal in certain commodities. Certain direct taxes (as, in England, those on carriages, servants, plate, armorial bearings, etc.), are included in the excise.
 Often used adjectively; as, excise duties; excise law; excise system.

 The English excise system corresponds to the internal revenue system in the United States.

Abbot.
 An excise... is a fixed, absolute, and direct charge laid on merchandise, products, or commodities.

11 Allen's (Mass. ) Rpts.
2. That department or bureau of the public service charged with the collection of the excise taxes. [Eng.]

 Ex*cise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excised (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Excising.] 1. To lay or impose an excise upon.

2. To impose upon; to overcharge. [Prov. Eng.]

 Ex*cise", v. t. [See Excide.] To cut out or off; to separate and remove; as, to excise a tumor.

 Ex*cise"man (?), n.; pl. Excisemen (&?;). An officer who inspects and rates articles liable to excise duty. Macaulay.
 Ex*ci"sion (?), n. [L. excisio: cf. F. excision. See Excide.] 1. The act of excising or cutting out or off; extirpation; destruction.

 Such conquerors are the instruments of vengeance on those nations that have... grown ripe for excision.

Atterbury.
2. (Eccl.) The act of cutting off from the church; excommunication.

3. (Surg.) The removal, especially of small parts, with a cutting instrument. Dunglison.
 Ex*cit"a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. excitabilité.] 1.
 The quality of being readily excited; proneness to be affected by exciting causes.

2. (Physiol.) The property manifested by living organisms, and the elements and tissues of which they are constituted, of responding to the action of stimulants; irritability; as, nervous excitability.

 Ex*cit"a*ble (?), a. [L. excitabilis inciting


father with the mother of another, or of one's mother with the father of another.

 Step"child' (?), n. [AS. steópcild.] 1. A bereaved child; one who has lost father or mother. [Obs.]

2. A son or daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage.

 Step"dame' (?), n. A stepmother. Spenser.
 Step"daugh'ter (?), n. [AS. steópdohtor.] A daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage.

 Step"fa'ther (?), n. [AS. steópfæder.] The husband of one's mother by a subsequent marriage.

 Ste*pha"ni*on (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a crown.] (Anat.)
 The point on the side of the skull where the temporal line, or upper edge of the temporal fossa, crosses the coronal suture.

 Steph"an*ite (?), n. [So named after the Archduke Stephan, mining director of Austria.] (Min.) A sulphide of antimony and silver of an iron-black color and metallic luster; called also black silver, and brittle silver ore.

 ||Steph'a*no"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fit for a crown, fr.
 &?; crown.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing asclepiadaceous shrubs, of Madagascar, Malaya, etc. They have fleshy or coriaceous opposite leaves, and large white waxy flowers in cymes.

2. A perfume said to be prepared from the flowers of Stephanotis floribunda.

 Step"lad'der (?), n. A portable set of steps.

 Step"moth'er (?), n. [AS. steópmder.] The wife of one's father by a subsequent marriage.

 Step"par'ent (?), n. Stepfather or stepmother.

 Steppe (?), n. [From Russ. stepe, through G. or F. steppe.]
 One of the vast plains in Southeastern Europe and in Asia, generally elevated, and free from wood, analogous to many of the prairies in Western North America. See Savanna.

Steppe murrain. (Far.) See Rinderpest.

 Stepped (?), a. Provided with a step or steps; having a series of offsets or parts resembling the steps of stairs; as, a stepped key.

Stepped gear, a cogwheel of which the teeth cross the face in a series of steps.

 Step"per (?), n. One who, or that which, steps; as, a quick stepper.

 Step"ping-stone' (?), n. 1. A stone to raise the feet above the surface of water or mud in walking.

2. Fig.: A means of progress or advancement.

 These obstacles his genius had turned into steppingstones.

Macaulay.
 That men may rise on stepping-stones Of their dead selves to higher things.

Tennyson.
 Step"sis'ter (?), n. A daughter of one's stepfather or stepmother by a former marriage.

 Step"son' (?), n. [AS. steópsunu.] A son of one's husband or wife by a former marriage.

 Step"stone' (?), n. A stone laid before a door as a stair to rise on in entering the house.

 -ster (?). [OE. & AS. -estre, -istre.] A suffix denoting the agent (originally a woman), especially a person who does something with skill or as an occupation; as in spinster (originally, a woman who spins), songster, baxter (= bakester), youngster.

 Brewing, baking, and weaving were formerly feminine labors, and consequently brewster, baxter, and webster meant, originally, the woman (not the man) who brews, bakes, or weaves. When men began to perform these duties the feminine appellations were retained.

 Ster'co*bi"lin (?), n. [L. stercus dung + E. bilin.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) A coloring matter found in the fæces, a product of the alteration of the bile pigments in the intestinal canal, -- identical with hydrobilirubin.

 Ster"co*lin (?), n. [L. stercus dung + oleum oil.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Same as Serolin (b).

 Ster'co*ra"ceous (?), a. [L. stercus, -oris, dung.]
 Of or pertaining to dung; partaking of the nature of, or containing, dung.

 Ster"co*ra*nism (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists.

 Ster"co*ra*nist (?), n. [LL. stercoranista, fr. L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Eccl. Hist.) A nickname formerly given to those who held, or were alleged to hold, that the consecrated elements in the eucharist undergo the process of digestion in the body of the recipient.

 Ster'co*ra"ri*an (?), n. A Stercoranist.

 Ster"co*ra*ry (?), n. [LL. stercorarium, from L. stercorarius belonging to dung.] A place, properly secured from the weather, for containing dung.

 Ster"co*rate (?), n. Excrement; dung. [Obs.]

 Ster'co*ra"tion (?), n. [L. stercoratio, from stercorare to dung.] Manuring with dung. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ster*co"ri*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists.

 Ster"co*rin (?), n. [L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Same as Serolin (b).

 Ster"co*ry (?), n. Excrement; dung. [Obs.]

 Ster*cu'li*a"ceous (?), a. [NL. Sterculia, the typical genus, fr. L. Sterculius the deity that presided over manuring, from stercus dung. So called because one of the original species is fetid.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sterculiaceæ) of polypetalous exogenous plants, mostly tropical. The cacao (Theobroma Cacao) is the most useful plant of the order.

 Stere (?), n. [F. stère, fr. Gr. &?; solid.] A unit of cubic measure in the metric system, being a cubic meter, or kiloliter, and equal to 35.3 cubic feet, or nearly 1 cubic yards.

 Stere (?), v. t. & i. To stir. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stere, n. A rudder. See 5th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stere, n. Helmsman. See 6th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Ster'el*min"tha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. stereo's solid + &?; a worm.] (Zoöl.) Same as Platyelminthes.

 Ste"re*o- (?). [Gr. stereo's solid. See Stare to gaze.] A combining form meaning solid, hard, firm, as in stereo-chemistry, stereography.

 Ste"re*o*bate (?), n. [Gr. stereo's solid + &?; that treads or covers, akin to &?; base; cf. F. stéréobate.] (Arch.)
 The lower part or basement of a building or pedestal; -- used loosely for several different forms of basement.

 { Ste're*o-chem"ic (?), Ste're*o-chem"ic*al (?), } a. (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or illustrating, the hypothetical space relations of atoms in the molecule; as, a stereo-chemic formula.

 Ste're*o-chem"is*try (?), n. [Stereo- + chemistry.]
 (Chem.) Chemistry considered with reference to the space relations of atoms.

 Ste"re*o*chrome (?), n. Stereochromic picture.

 Ste