year's profits if the land was in reversion expectant on an estate for life; -- now abolished. Blackstone.
 Prim"er (?), n. [Originally, the book read at prime, the first canonical hour. LL. primae liber. See Prime, n., 4.]
 1. Originally, a small prayer book for church service, containing the little office of the Virgin Mary; also, a work of elementary religious instruction.

 The primer, or office of the Blessed Virgin.

Bp. Stillingfleet.
2. A small elementary book for teaching children to read; a reading or spelling book for a beginner.

 As he sat in the school at his prymer.

Chaucer.
3. (Print.) A kind of type, of which there are two species; one, called long primer, intermediate in size between bourgeois and small pica [see Long primer]; the other, called great primer, larger than pica.

 Great primer type.

 Pri*me"ro (?), n. [Sp. primera, fr. primero first, from L. primarius. See Premier.] A game at cards, now unknown. Shak.
 Prim"er*ole (?), n. (Bot.) See Primrose. [Obs.] "She was a primerole." Chaucer.
 Pri*me"val (?), a. [L. primaevus; primus first + aevum age. See Prime, a., and Age.] Belonging to the first ages; pristine; original; primitive; primary; as, the primeval innocence of man. "This is the forest primeval." Longfellow.
 From chaos, and primeval darkness, came Light.

Keats.
 Pri*me"val*ly, adv. In a primeval manner; in or from the earliest times; originally. Darwin.
 Pri*me"vous, a. Primeval. [Obs.]

 Pri'mi*ge"ni*al (?), a. First born, or first of all; original; primary. See Primogenial.

 { Pri'mi*ge"ni*ous (?), Pri*mig"e*nous (?), } a. [L. primigenus, primigenius. See Primogeniture.] First formed or generated; original; primigenial. Bp. Hall.
 Pri"mine (?), n. [L. primus first: cf. F. primine.]
 (Bot.) The outermost of the two integuments of an ovule.

 This word has been used by some writers to denote the inner integument, which is formed earlier than the outer. Cf. Secundine.

 Prim"ing (?), n. 1. The powder or other combustible used to communicate fire to a charge of gunpowder, as in a firearm.

2. (Paint.) The first coating of color, size, or the like, laid on canvas, or on a building, or other surface.

3. (Steam Eng.) The carrying over of water, with the steam, from the boiler, as into the cylinder.

Priming of the tide. See Lag of the tide, under 2d Lag. -- Priming tube, a small pipe, filled with a combustible composition for firing cannon. -- Priming valve (Steam Eng.), a spring safety valve applied to the cylinder of a steam engine for discharging water carried into the cylinder by priming. -- Priming wire, a pointed wire used to penetrate the vent of a piece, for piercing the cartridge before priming.

 ||Pri*mip"a*ra (?), n. [L., fr. primus first + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) A woman who bears a child for the first time.

 Pri*mip"a*rous (?), a. [See Primipara.] Belonging to a first birth; bearing young for the first time.

 Pri*mip"i*lar (?), a. [L. primipilaris, fr. primipilus the centurion of the first cohort of a Roman legion, fr. primus pilus the division made up of the triarii in the Roman army.] Of or pertaining to the captain of the vanguard of a Roman army. Barrow.
 ||Pri*mi"ti*a (?), n.; pl. Primitiæ (#) (Primitias (#), obs.). [L. primitiae, pl., fr. primus first. Cf.
 Premices.] (Eng. Law) The first fruit; the first year's whole profit of an ecclesiastical preferment.

 The primitias of your parsonage.

Spenser.
 Pri*mi"tial (?), a. Being of the first production; primitive; original. [Obs.] Ainsworth.
 Prim"i*tive (?), a. [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See Prime, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive church. "Our primitive great sire." Milton.
2. Of or pertaining to a former time; oldfashioned; characterized by simplicity; as, a primitive style of dress.

3. Original; primary; radical; not derived; as, primitive verb in grammar.

Primitive axes of coördinate (Geom.), that system of axes to which the points of a magnitude are first referred, with reference to a second set or system, to which they are afterward referred. -- Primitive chord (Mus.), that chord, the lowest note of which is of the same literal denomination as the fundamental base of the harmony; -- opposed to derivative. Moore (Encyc. of Music). -- Primitive circle (Spherical Projection), the circle cut from the sphere to be projected, by the primitive plane. -- Primitive colors (Paint.), primary colors. See under Color. -- Primitive Fathers (Eccl.), the acknowledged Christian writers who flourished before the Council of Nice, A. D. 325. Shipley. -- Primitive groove (Anat.), a depression or groove in the epiblast of the primitive streak. It is not connected with the medullary groove, which appears later and in front of it. -- Primitive plane (Spherical Projection), the plane upon which the projections are made, generally coinciding with some principal circle of the sphere, as the equator or a meridian. -- Primitive rocks (Geol.), primary rocks. See under Primary. -- Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. -- Primitive streak or trace (Anat.), an opaque and thickened band where the mesoblast first appears in the vertebrate blastoderm.

Syn. -- First; original; radical; pristine; ancient; primeval; antiquated; old-fashioned.

 Prim"i*tive, n. An original or primary word; a word not derived from another; -- opposed to derivative.

 Prim"i*tive*ly, adv. 1. Originally; at first.

2. Primarily; not derivatively.

3. According to the original rule or ancient practice; in the ancient style. South.
 Prim"i*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being primitive; conformity to primitive style or practice.

 Prim"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being first; primitiveness. [Obs.] Bp.
 Pearson.
 Prim"ly, adv. In a prim or precise manner.

 Prim"ness, n. The quality or state of being prim; affected formality or niceness; preciseness; stiffness.

 ||Pri"mo (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) First; chief.

 Pri'mo*ge"ni*al (?), a. [See Primigenial.] First born, made, or generated; original; primary; elemental; as, primogenial light. Glanvill.
 Pri'mo*gen"i*tive (?), a. [See Primogeniture.] Of or pertaining to primogeniture. [R.]

 Pri


fellow.

 The queer prig of a doctor.

Macaulay.
2. A thief; a filcher. [Cant] Shak.
 Prig"ger*y (?), n. Priggism.

 Prig"gish (?), a. Like a prig; conceited; pragmatical. -- Prig"gish*ly, adv. -- Prig"gish-ness, n. Prig"gism (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being priggish; the manners of a prig. Ed. Rev.
2. Roguery; thievery. [Obs.] Fielding.
 Prigh"te (?), obs. imp. of Prick. Chaucer.
 Prill (?), n. [Cf. Brill.] (Zoöl.) The brill.

 Prill, v. i. To flow. [Obs.] Stow.
 Prill, n. A stream. [Obs.] Davies (Microcosmos).
 Prill, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. (Mining) (a) A nugget of virgin metal. (b) Ore selected for excellence.

2. The button of metal from an assay.

 Pril"lion (?), n. Tin extracted from the slag.

 Prim (?), n. [See Privet.] (Bot) The privet.

 Prim, a. [OF. prim, prin, prime, first, principal.
 sharp, thin, piercing, fr. L. primus first. See Prime, a.]
 Formal; precise; affectedly neat or nice; as, prim regularity; a prim person. Swift.
 Prim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Primmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Primming.] To deck with great nicety; to arrange with affected preciseness; to prink.

 Prim, v. i. To dress or act smartly. [R.]

 Pri"ma*cy (?), n. [LL. primatia, fr. L. primas, -atis, one of the first or principal, chief, fr. primus first: cf. F. primatie.
 See Prime, a.] 1. The state or condition of being prime or first, as in time, place, rank, etc., hence, excellency; supremacy. [R.]
 De Quincey.
2. The office, rank, or character of a primate; the chief ecclesiastical station or dignity in a national church; the office or dignity of an archbishop; as, the primacy of England.

 ||Pri"ma don"na (?); pl. E. Prima donnas (#), It. Prime (#) Donne (#). [It., fr. primo, prima, the first + donna lady, mistress. See Prime, a., and Donna.] The first or chief female singer in an opera.

 ||Pri"ma fa"ci*e (?). [L., from abl. of primus first + abl. of facies appearance.] At first view; on the first appearance.

Prima facie evidence (of a fact) (Law), evidence which is sufficient to establish the fact unless rebutted. Bouvier.
 Pri"mage (?; 48), n. [F.] (Com.) A charge in addition to the freight; originally, a gratuity to the captain for his particular care of the goods (sometimes called hat money), but now belonging to the owners or freighters of the vessel, unless by special agreement the whole or part is assigned to the captain. Homans.
 Pri"mal (?), a. [LL. primalis, fr. L. primus the first. See Prime, a.] First; primary; original; chief.

 It hath the primal eldest curse upon it.

Shak.
 The primal duties shine aloft like stars.

Wordsworth.
 Pri*mal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being primal. [Obs.]

 Pri"ma*ri*ly (?), adv. In a primary manner; in the first place; in the first place; in the first intention; originally.

 Pri"ma*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being primary, or first in time, in act, or in intention. Norris.
 Pri"ma*ry (?), a. [L. primarius, fr. primus first: cf. F. primaire. See Prime, a., and cf. Premier, Primero.]
 1. First in order of time or development or in intention; primitive; fundamental; original.

 The church of Christ, in its primary institution.

Bp. Pearson.
 These I call original, or primary, qualities of body.

Locke.
2. First in order, as being preparatory to something higher; as, primary assemblies; primary schools.

3. First in dignity or importance; chief; principal; as, primary planets; a matter of primary importance.

4. (Geol.) Earliest formed; fundamental.

5. (Chem.) Illustrating, possessing, or characterized by, some quality or property in the first degree; having undergone the first stage of substitution or replacement.

Primary alcohol (Organic Chem.), any alcohol which possess the group CH2.OH, and can be oxidized so as to form a corresponding aldehyde and acid having the same number of carbon atoms; -- distinguished from secondary ∧ tertiary alcohols. -- Primary amine (Chem.), an amine containing the amido group, or a derivative of ammonia in which only one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by a basic radical; -- distinguished from secondary ∧ tertiary amines. -- Primary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury performed as soon as the shock due to the injury has passed away, and before symptoms of inflammation supervene. -- Primary axis (Bot.), the main stalk which bears a whole cluster of flowers. -- Primary colors. See under Color. -- Primary meeting, a meeting of citizens at which the first steps are taken towards the nomination of candidates, etc. See Caucus. -- Primary pinna (Bot.), one of those portions of a compound leaf or frond which branch off directly from the main rhachis or stem, whether simple or compounded. -- Primary planets. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. -- Primary qualities of bodies, such are essential to and inseparable from them.
 -- Primary quills (Zoöl.), the largest feathers of the wing of a bird; primaries. -- Primary rocks (Geol.), a term early used for rocks supposed to have been first formed, being crystalline and containing no organic remains, as granite, gneiss, etc.; -- called also primitive rocks. The terms Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary rocks have also been used in like manner, but of these the last two only are now in use. -- Primary salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a polybasic acid in which only one acid hydrogen atom has been replaced by a base or basic radical. -- Primary syphilis (Med.), the initial stage of syphilis, including the period from the development of the original lesion or chancre to the first manifestation of symptoms indicative of general constitutional infection.
 -- Primary union (Surg.), union without suppuration; union by the first intention.

 Pri"ma*ry, n.; pl. Primaries (&?;). 1.
 That which stands first in order, rank, or importance; a chief matter.

2. A primary meeting; a caucus.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the large feathers on the distal joint of a bird's wing. See Plumage, and Illust. of Bird.

4. (Astron.) A primary planet; the brighter component of a double star. See under Planet.

 Pri"mate (?), n. [OE. primat, F. primat, L. primas, -atis one of the first, chief, fr. primus the first. See Prime, a.] 1. The chief ecclesiastic in a national church; one who presides over other bishops in a province; an archbishop.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the Primates.

 ||Pri*ma"tes (?), n. pl. [


(Solanum) is the type. The order includes also the tobacco, ground cherry, tomato, eggplant, red pepper, and many more.

 So"land (?), n. (Zoöl.) A solan goose.

 So*lan"der (?), n. See Sallenders.

 So"lan goose' (?). [Icel. s&?;la; akin to Norw. sula.]
 (Zoöl.) The common gannet.

 So*la"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Solanine.

 So*lan"i*cine (?), n. [See Solanine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the action of hydrochloric acid on solanidine, as a tasteless yellow crystalline substance.

 So*lan"i*dine (?), n. [See Solanine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid produced by the decomposition of solanine, as a white crystalline substance having a harsh bitter taste.

 Sol"a*nine (?), n. [L. solanum nightshade.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid glucoside extracted from the berries of common nightshade (Solanum nigrum), and of bittersweet, and from potato sprouts, as a white crystalline substance having an acrid, burning taste; -- called also solonia, and solanina.

 ||So*la"no (?), [Sp., fr. L. solanus (sc. ventus), from sol the sun.] A hot, oppressive wind which sometimes blows in the Mediterranean, particularly on the eastern coast of Spain.

 Sol"a*noid (?), a. [Solanum + -oid.] (Med.)
 Resembling a potato; -- said of a kind of cancer.

 So*la"num (?), n. [L., nightshade.] (Bot.) A genus of plants comprehending the potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena, and several hundred other species; nightshade.

 So"lar (?), n. [OE. soler, AS. solere, L. solarium, from sol the sun. See Solar, a.] A loft or upper chamber; a garret room. [Obs.] [Written also soler, solere, sollar.]
 Oxf. Gloss.
 So"lar, a. [L. solaris, fr. sol the sun; akin to As.
 sl, Icel. sl, Goth. sauil, Lith. saule, W. haul,.
 sul, Skr. svar, perhaps to E. sun:F. solaire.
 Cf. Parasol. Sun.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from the sun; as, the solar system; solar light; solar rays; solar influence. See Solar system, below.

2. (Astrol.) Born under the predominant influence of the sun. [Obs.]

 And proud beside, as solar people are.

Dryden.
3. Measured by the progress or revolution of the sun in the ecliptic; as, the solar year.

4. Produced by the action of the sun, or peculiarly affected by its influence.

 They denominate some herbs solar, and some lunar.

Bacon.
Solar cycle. See under Cycle. -- Solar day. See Day, 2. -- Solar engine, an engine in which the energy of solar heat is used to produce motion, as in evaporating water for a steam engine, or expanding air for an air engine. -- Solar flowers (Bot.), flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours. -- Solar lamp, an argand lamp. -- Solar microscope, a microscope consisting essentially, first, of a mirror for reflecting a beam of sunlight through the tube, which sometimes is fixed in a window shutter; secondly, of a condenser, or large lens, for converging the beam upon the object; and, thirdly, of a small lens, or magnifier, for throwing an enlarged image of the object at its focus upon a screen in a dark room or in a darkened box.

 -- Solar month. See under Month. -- Solar oil, a paraffin oil used an illuminant and lubricant. -- Solar phosphori (Physics), certain substances, as the diamond, siulphide of barium (Bolognese or Bologna phosphorus), calcium sulphide, etc., which become phosphorescent, and shine in the dark, after exposure to sunlight or other intense light.
 -- Solar plexus (Anat.), a nervous plexus situated in the dorsal and anterior part of the abdomen, consisting of several sympathetic ganglia with connecting and radiating nerve fibers; -- so called in allusion to the radiating nerve fibers. -- Solar spots. See Sun spots, under Sun. -- Solar system (Astron.), the sun, with the group of celestial bodies which, held by its attraction, revolve round it. The system comprises the major planets, with their satellites; the minor planets, or asteroids, and the comets; also, the meteorids, the matter that furnishes the zodiacal light, and the rings of Saturn. The satellites that revolve about the major planets are twenty-two in number, of which the Earth has one (see Moon.), Mars two, Jupiter five, Saturn nine, Uranus four, and Neptune one. The asteroids, between Mars and Jupiter, thus far discovered (1900), number about five hundred, the first four of which were found near the beginning of the century, and are called Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta.

 The principal elements of the major planets, and of the comets seen at more than one perihelion passage, are exhibited in the following tables: -- -- Solar telegraph, telegraph for signaling by flashes of reflected sunlight. -- Solar time. See Apparent time, under Time.

 ||So*la"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Solaria (#). [L. See Solar, n.] 1. An apartment freely exposed to the sun; anciently, an apartment or inclosure on the roof of a house; in modern times, an apartment in a hospital, used as a resort for convalescents.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsome marine spiral shells of the genus Solarium and allied genera. The shell is conical, and usually has a large, deep umbilicus exposing the upper whorls. Called also perspective shell.

 So'lar*i*za"tion (?), n. (Photog.) Injury of a photographic picture caused by exposing it for too long a time to the sun's light in the camera; burning; excessive insolation.

 So"lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Solarizing (?).] (Photog.) To injure by too long exposure to the light of the sun in the camera; to burn.

 So"lar*ize, v. i. (Photog.) To become injured by undue or too long exposure to the sun's rays in the camera.

 So"la*ry (?), a. Solar. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Sol"as (?), n. Solace. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||So*la"ti*um (?), n. [L. See Solace, n.] Anything which alleviates or compensates for suffering or loss; a compensation; esp., an additional allowance, as for injured feelings.

 Sold (?), imp. & p. p. of Sell.

 Sold, n. [F. solde. See Soldier, and cf. Sou.] Solary; military pay. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Sol"dan (?), n.[OE. soudan, F. soudan, from the Arabic. See Sultan.] A sultan. [Obs.] Milton.
 Sol"da*nel (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Soldanella, low Alpine herbs of the Primrose family.

 Sol"dan*rie (?), n. The country ruled by a soldan, or sultan.
 [Poet.] Sir W. Scott.
 Sol"der (?), n. [Formerly soder; F. soudure, OF. soudeure, fr. OF. & F. souder to solder, L. solidare to fasten, to make solid. See Solid, and cf. Sawder.] A metal or metallic alloy used when melted for uniting adjacent metallic edges or


ably to the plan which he had crayoned out. Malone.
 Craze (krz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, slå i kras, to break to pieces, F. écraser to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf.
 Crash.] 1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase.

 God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels. Milton.
2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.]

 Till length of years, And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs. Milton.
3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane.

 Any man... that is crazed and out of his wits. Tilloston.
 Grief hath crazed my wits. Shak.
 Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as one that is crazed; to rave; to become insane.

 She would weep and he would craze. Keats.
2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery.

 Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity.

2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet.

 It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly. Prof. Wilson.
3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as, the bric-a-brac craze; the æsthetic craze.

 Various crazes concerning health and disease. W. Pater.
 Craz"ed*ness (-?d-n?s), n. A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect.

 { Craze"-mill' (krz"ml'), Craz"ing-mill' (kr?"z?ng-) }, n. [See 1st Craze.] A mill for grinding tin ore.

 Cra"zi*ly (kr"z*l), adv. In a crazy manner.

 Cra"zi*ness, n. 1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as, the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs.

2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement.

 Cra"zy (kr"z), a. [From Craze.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feebleness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe.

 Piles of mean andcrazy houses. Macaulay.
 One of great riches, but a crazy constitution. Addison.
 They... got a crazy boat to carry them to the island. Jeffrey.
2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged.

 Over moist and crazy brains. Hudibras.
3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.]

 The girls were crazy to be introduced to him. R. B. Kimball.
Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; -- so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; -- called also funny bone. -- Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement.

 Cre"a*ble (kr?"?-b'l), a. [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.] Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts.
 Creaght (kr?t), n. [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.]
 A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell.
 Creaght, v. i. To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies.
 Creak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. krieken to crackle, chirp.] To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as, shoes creak.

 The creaking locusts with my voice conspire. Dryden.
 Doors upon their hinges creaked. Tennyson.
 Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with.

Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry. Shak.
 Creak (krk), n. The sound produced by anything that creaks; a creaking. Roget.
 Creak"ing, n. A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound.

 Start not at the creaking of the door. Longfellow.
 Cream (krm), n. [F. crême, perh. fr. LL. crema cream of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained.

2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface.
 [R.]

3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream.

4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation.

 In vain she tries her paste and creams, To smooth her skin or hide its seams. Goldsmith.
5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as, the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures.

 Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant. Shelton.
Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; -- to be eaten cold. -- Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. -- Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. -- Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. -- Cream nut, the Brazil nut. -- Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. -- Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization.
 It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; -- called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc.

 Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (kr?md); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Creaming.] 1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream.

2. To take off the best or choicest part of.

3. To furnish with, or as with, cream.

Creaming the fragrant cups. Mrs. Whitney.
To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency.

 Cream, v. i. To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream;


.

2. (Mil.) To tell off or appoint for a particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron.

Syn. -- Detail, Detach. Detail respect the act of individualizing the person or body that is separated; detach, the removing for the given end or object.

 De*tail"er (?), n. One who details.

 De*tain" (d*tn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Detaining.] [F. détenir, L. detinere, detentum; de + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1.
 To keep back or from; to withhold.

Detain not the wages of the hireling.

Jer. Taylor.
2. To restrain from proceeding; to stay or stop; to delay; as, we were detained by an accident.

 Let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee.

Judges xiii. 15.
3. To hold or keep in custody.

Syn. -- To withhold; retain; stop; stay; arrest; check; retard; delay; hinder.

 De*tain", n. Detention. [Obs.] Spenser.
 De*tain"der (-dr), n. (Law) A writ. See Detinue.

 De*tain"er (-r), n. 1. One who detains.

2. (Law) (a) The keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another's, even though the original taking may have been lawful. Forcible detainer is indictable at common law. (b) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody.

 De*tain"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. detenement.] Detention. [R.]
 Blackstone.
 De*tect" (d*tkt"), a. [L. detectus, p. p. of detegere to uncover, detect; de + tegere to cover. See Tegument.]
 Detected. [Obs.] Fabyan.
 De*tect" (d*tkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detected; p. pr. & vb. n. Detecting.] 1. To uncover; to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as, to detect a crime or a criminal; to detect a mistake in an account.

 Plain good intention... is as easily discovered at the first view, as fraud is surely detected at last.

Burke.
 Like following life through creatures you dissect, You lose it in the moment you detect.

Pope.
2. To inform against; to accuse. [Obs.]

 He was untruly judged to have preached such articles as he was detected of.

Sir T. More.
Syn. -- To discover; find out; lay bare; expose.

 { De*tect"a*ble (-*b'l), De*tect"i*ble (?), } a. Capable of being detected or found out; as, parties not detectable. "Errors detectible at a glance." Latham.
 De*tect"er (?), n. One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal; a detector.

 De*tec"tion (?), n. [L. detectio an uncovering, revealing.]
 The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as, the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot.

 Such secrets of guilt are never from detection.

D. Webster.
 De*tect"ive (?), a. Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting; employed in detecting crime or criminals; as, a detective officer.

 De*tect"ive, n. One who business it is so detect criminals or discover matters of secrecy.

 De*tect"or (?), n. [L., a revealer.] One who, or that which, detects; a detecter. Shak.
 A deathbed's detector of the heart.

Young.
Bank-note detector, a publication containing a description of genuine and counterfeit bank notes, designed to enable persons to discriminate between them. -- Detector lock. See under Lock.

 De*ten"e*brate (?), v. t. [L. de + tenebrare to make dark, fr. tenebrae darkness.] To remove darkness from. [Obs.] Ash.
 De*tent" (?), n. [F. détente, fr. détendre to unbend, relax; pref. dé- (L. disor de) + tendre to stretch. See Distend.] (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement; a catch, pawl, or dog; especially, in clockwork, the catch which locks and unlocks the wheelwork in striking.

 De*ten"tion (?), n. [L. detentio: cf. F. détention.
 See Detain.] 1. The act of detaining or keeping back; a withholding.

2. The state of being detained (stopped or hindered); delay from necessity.

3. Confinement; restraint; custody.

 The archduke Philip... found himself in a sort of honorable detention at Henry's court.

Hallam.
 De*ter" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterred (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Deterring.] [L. deterrere; de + terrere to frighten, terrify. See Terror.] To prevent by fear; hence, to hinder or prevent from action by fear of consequences, or difficulty, risk, etc. Addison.
 Potent enemies tempt and deter us from our duty.

Tillotson.
 My own face deters me from my glass.

Prior.
 De*terge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Deterging.] [L. detergere, detersum; de + tergere to rub or wipe off: cf. F. déterger.] To cleanse; to purge away, as foul or offending matter from the body, or from an ulcer.

 De*ter"gen*cy (?), n. A cleansing quality or power. De Foe.
 De*ter"gent (?), a. [L. detergens, -entis, p. pr. of detergere: cf. F. détergent.] Cleansing; purging. -- n. A substance which cleanses the skin, as water or soap; a medicine to cleanse wounds, ulcers, etc.

 De*te"ri*o*rate (d*t"r**rt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deteriorated (- r'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Deteriorating (-r'tng).]
 [L. deterioratus, p. p. of deteriorare to deteriorate, fr.
 deterior worse, prob. a comparative fr. de down, away.] To make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; as, to deteriorate the mind. Whately.
 The art of war... was greatly deteriorated.

Southey.
 De*te"ri*o*rate (d*t"r**rt), v. i. To grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate.

 Under such conditions, the mind rapidly deteriorates.

Goldsmith.
 De*te'ri*o*ra"tion (?), n. [LL. deterioratio: cf. F. détérioration.]
 The process of growing worse, or the state of having grown worse.

 De*te'ri*or"i*ty (?), n. [L. deterior worse. See Deteriorate.]
 Worse state or quality; inferiority. "The deteriority of the diet."
 [R.] Ray.
 De*ter"ment (?), n. [From Deter.] The act


'ta*to"ri*an (?), n. The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, -- an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.]

 Sa*lu"ta*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of salutation.

 Sa*lu"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. salutatorius. See Salute.]
 Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; -- applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges.

 Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton.
2. (American Colleges) The salutatory oration.

 Sa*lute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To address, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail.

 I salute you with this kingly title.

Shak.
2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc.

 You have the prettiest tip of a finger... I must take the freedom to salute it.

Addison.
3. (Mil. & Naval) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc.

4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify.
 [Obs.] "If this salute my blood a jot." Shak.
 Sa*lute" (?), n. [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1.
 The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting.

2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson.
3. (Mil. & Naval) A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc.

 Sa*lut"er (?), n. One who salutes.

 Sal'u*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as, salutiferous air. [R.]

 Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous.

Cudworth.
Syn. -- Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious.

 Sal'u*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Salutarily. [R.]

 Sal'va*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.]

 In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization.

A. V. G. Allen.
 Sal"va*ble (?), a. [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr.
 H. More.
 -- Sal"va*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"va*bly, adv.
 Sal"vage (?; 48), n. [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, from perils of the sea.

Salvage of life from a British ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods.

Encyc. Brit.
2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril.
 (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved.
 Kent. Abbot.
 Sal"vage, a. & n. Savage. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Sal*va"tion (?), n. [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1.
 The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity.

2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness.

 To earn salvation for the sons of men.

Milton.
 Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation.

2. Cor. vii. 10.
3. Saving power; that which saves.

 Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day.

Ex. xiv. 13.
Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being "General." They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style.

 Sal*va"tion*ist, n. An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army.

 Sal"va*to*ry (?), n. [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale.
 ||Sal"ve (?), interj. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Hail!

 Sal"ve (? or?), v. t. To say "Salve" to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.]

 By this that stranger knight in presence came, And goodly salved them.

Spenser.
 Salve (?; 277), n. [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salfva, Goth. salbn to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) &?; oil, &?; butter, Skr. sarpis clarified butter. √155, 291.] 1.
 An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer.
2. A soothing remedy or antidote.

 Counsel or consolation we may bring. Salve to thy sores.

Milton.
Salve bug (Zoöl.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (Æga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, -- used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length.

 Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.]
 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial treatment; to apply salve to; as, to salve a wound. Shak.
2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over.

 But Ebranck salved both their infamies With noble deeds.

Spenser.
 What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence?

Milton.
 Salve (?), v. t. & i. [See Salvage] To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent] Salv"er (?), n. One who salves, or uses


Lincoln's Inn Garden, Turnstile, Whetstone Park, part of High Holborn, part of Duke Street, Old and New Wild Street, Princes Street, Queen Street, part of Drury Lane, Brownlow Street, Bolton Street, Castle Street, King Street, the Seven Dials, or seven streets comprehending Earl Street, Queen Street, White Lion Street, and St. Andrew's Street, Monmouth Street, the east side of Hog Lane, Stedwell Street, and Staig Street.
Great Lincoln's Inn Fields or Square contains about ten acres of ground, and is something longer than it is broad, the longest sides extending from east to west. The buildings on the west and south generally make a grand figure.
In the parish of St. Sepulchre, which is without the liberties of the City of London, we meet with Hicks's Hall and the Charter House.
Hicks's Hall is situated in the middle of St.
John's Street, towards the south end, and is the sessions house for the justices of peace of the County of Middlesex, having been erected for this end, anno 1612, by Sir Baptist Hicks, a mercer in Cheapside, then a justice of the peace.
The justices before holding their sessions at the Castle Inn, near Smithfield Bars.
To the eastward of Hicks's Hall stood the late dissolved monastery of the Charter House, founded by Sir Walter Manny, a native of the Low Countries, knighted by King Edward III. for services done to this crown, probably in the wars against France.
Sir Walter Manny at first erected only a chapel, and assigned it to be the burial-place of all strangers; but in the year 1371 Sir Walter founded a monastery of Carthusian monks here, transferring to these fathers thirteen acres and a rood of land with the said chapel: the revenues of which convent, on the dissolution of monasteries, 30 Henry VIII., amounted to £642 4d. 1ob. per annum.
Sir Thomas Audley soon after obtained a grant of this Carthusian monastery, together with Duke's Place, and gave the former in marriage with his daughter Margaret to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, from whom it descended to the Earl of Suffolk, and was called Howard House, the surname of that noble family.
By which name Thomas Sutton, Esq., purchased it of the Earl of Suffolk for £13,000, anno 1611, and converted it into a hospital by virtue of letters patent obtained from King James I., which were afterwards confirmed by Act of Parliament, 3 Charles I.

£ s. d. The manors, lands, tenements, and hereditaments which the founder settled upon this hospital amounted to, per annum 4493 19 10 The revenues purchased by his executors, &c., after his death, to per annum 897 13 9 Total of the charity per annum 5391 13 7 But the revenues now amount to upwards of £6,000 per annum by the improvement of the rents. This charity was given for the maintenance of fourscore old men, who were to be either gentlemen by descent reduced to poverty, soldiers by sea or land, merchants who had suffered by piracy or shipwreck, or servants of the King's household, and were to be fifty years of age and upwards at their admission, except maimed soldiers, who are capable of being admitted at forty years of age. Nor are any to be admitted who are afflicted with leprosy, or any unclean or infectious disease, or who shall be possessed of the value of £200, or £14 per annum for life, or who are married men. No poor brother to go beyond sea without the licence of six of the governors, nor to go into the country for above two months without the master's leave, and during such absence shall be allowed but two-thirds of his commons in money besides his salary; and if a brother go out and is arrested he shall have no allowance during his absence, but his place to be reserved till the governors' pleasure be known.
No brother to pass the gates of the hospital in his livery gown, or to lie out of the house, or solicit causes, or molest any of the King's subjects, under a certain pecuniary pain; and all other duties, such as frequenting chapel, decent clothing and behaviour, to be regulated by the governors.
This munificent benefactor also founded a grammar school in the Charter House, to consist of a master, usher, and forty scholars.
No scholars to be admitted at above fourteen or under ten years of age.
The scholars are habited in black gowns, and when any of them are fit for the university, and are elected, each of them receives £20 per annum for eight years out of the revenues of the house. And such boys who are found more fit for trades are bound out, and a considerable sum of money given with them.
When any of the forty boys are disposed of, or any of the old men die, others are placed in their rooms by the governors in their turns.
The master is to be an unmarried man, aged about forty; one that hath no preferment in Church or State which may draw him from his residence and care of the hospital.
The preacher must be a Master of Arts, of seven years' standing in one of the universities of England, and one who has preached four years.
The governors meet in December, to take the year's accounts, view the state of the hospital, and to determine other affairs; and again in June or July, to dispose of the scholars to the university or trades, make elections, &c. And a committee of five at the least is appointed at the assembly in December yearly, to visit the school between Easter and Midsummer, &c. The buildings of the Charter House take up a great deal of ground, and are commodious enough, but have no great share of beauty. This house has pretty much the air of a college or monastery, of which the principal rooms are the chapel and the hall; and the old men who are members of the society have their several cells, as the monks have in Portugal.
The chapel is built of brick and boulder, and is about sixty-three feet in length, thirty-eight in breadth, and twenty-four in height. Here Sir William Manny, founder of the Carthusian monastery, was buried; and here was interred Mr.
Sutton, the founder of the hospital, whose monument is at the north-east angle of the chapel, being of black and white marble, adorned with four columns, with pedestals and entablature of the Corinthian order, between which lies his effigy at length in a fur gown, his face upwards and the palms of his hands joined over his breast; and on the tomb is the following inscription:— "Sacred to the glory of God, in grateful memory of Thomas Sutton, Esq. Here lieth buried the body of Thomas Sutton, late of Castle Camps, in the County of Cambridge, Esq., at whose only cost and charges this Hospital was founded and endowed with large possessions, for the relief of poor men and children. He was a gentleman born at Knayth, in the County of Lincoln, of worthy and honest parentage. He lived to the age of seventy-nine years, and deceased the 12th day of December, 1611." The Charter House gardens are exceeding pleasant, and of a very great extent, considering they stand so far within this great town.
I shall, in the next place, survey the free schools and charity schools.
Anciently I have read that there were three principal churches in London that had each of them a famous school belonging to it; and these three churches are supposed to be—(1) The Cathedral Church of St. Paul, because, at a general council holden at Rome, anno 1176, it was decreed, "That every cathedral church should have its schoolmaster, to teach poor scholars and others as had been accustomed, and that no man should take any reward for licence to teach." (2) The Abbey Church of St Peter at Westminster; for of the school here Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, in the reign of William the Conqueror, writes as follows: "I, Ingulphus, a humble servant of God, born of English parents, in the most beautiful city of London, for attaining to learning was first put to Westminster, and after to study at Oxford," &c.
(3) The Abbey Church of St. Saviour, at Bermondsey, in Southwark; for this is supposed to be the most ancient and most considerable monastery about the city at that time, next to that of St. Peter at Westminster, though there is no doubt but the convents of St.
John by Cler


ilton.
 E'en children followed, with endearing wile, And plucked his gown to share the good man's smile.

Goldsmith.
3. To strip of, or as of, feathers; as, to pluck a fowl.

 They which pass by the way do pluck her.

Ps. lxxx.&?;2.
4. (Eng. Universities) To reject at an examination for degrees. C. Bronté.
To pluck away, to pull away, or to separate by pulling; to tear away. -- To pluck down, to pull down; to demolish; to reduce to a lower state. -- to pluck off, to pull or tear off; as, to pluck off the skin. -- to pluck up. (a) To tear up by the roots or from the foundation; to eradicate; to exterminate; to destroy; as, to pluck up a plant; to pluck up a nation. Jer. xii.
 17. (b) To gather up; to summon; as, to pluck up courage.

 Pluck, v. i. To make a motion of pulling or twitching; -- usually with at; as, to pluck at one's gown.

 Pluck, n. 1. The act of plucking; a pull; a twitch.

2. [Prob. so called as being plucked out after the animal is killed; or cf. Gael. & Ir. pluc a lump, a knot, a bunch.] The heart, liver, and lights of an animal.

3. Spirit; courage; indomitable resolution; fortitude.

 Decay of English spirit, decay of manly pluck.

Thackeray.
4. The act of plucking, or the state of being plucked, at college.
 See Pluck, v. t., 4.

5. (Zoöl.) The lyrie. [Prov. Eng.]

 Plucked (?), a. Having courage and spirit. [R.]

 Pluck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, plucks.

 Thou setter up and plucker down of kings.

Shak.
2. A machine for straightening and cleaning wool.

 Pluck"i*ly (?), adv. In a plucky manner.

 Pluck"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being plucky.

 Pluck"less, a. Without pluck; timid; faint-hearted.

 Pluck"y (?), a. [Compar. Pluckier (?); superl.
 Pluckiest.] Having pluck or courage; characterized by pluck; displaying pluck; courageous; spirited; as, a plucky race.

 If you're plucky, and not over subject to fright.

Barham.
 Pluff (?), v. t. [Prob. of imitative origin.] To throw out, as smoke, dust, etc., in puffs. [Scot.]

 Pluff, n. 1. A puff, as of smoke from a pipe, or of dust from a puffball; a slight explosion, as of a small quantity of gunpowder.
 [Scot.]

2. A hairdresser's powder puff; also, the act of using it. [Scot.]

 Plug (?), n. [Akin to D. plug, G. pflock, Dan. plök, plug, Sw. plugg; cf. W. ploc.] 1. Any piece of wood, metal, or other substance used to stop or fill a hole; a stopple.

2. A flat oblong cake of pressed tobacco. [U. S.]

3. A high, tapering silk hat. [Slang, U.S.]

4. A worthless horse. [Slang, U.S.]

5. (Building) A block of wood let into a wall, to afford a hold for nails.

Fire plug, a street hydrant to which hose may be attached. [U. S.]
 -- Hawse plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a hawse hole. -- Plug and feather. (Stone Working) See Feather, n., 7. -- Plug centerbit, a centerbit ending in a small cylinder instead of a point, so as to follow and enlarge a hole previously made, or to form a counterbore around it. -- Plug rod (Steam Eng.), a rod attached to the beam for working the valves, as in the Cornish engine. -- Plug valve (Mech.), a tapering valve, which turns in a case like the plug of a faucet.

 Plug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plugged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Plugging (?).] To stop with a plug; to make tight by stopping a hole.

 Plug"ger (?), n. One who, or that which, plugs.

 Plug"ging, n. 1. The act of stopping with a plug.

2. The material of which a plug or stopple is made.

 Plum (?), n. [AS. plme, fr. L. prunum; akin to Gr.
 &?;, &?;. Cf. Prune a dried plum.]

1. (Bot.) The edible drupaceous fruit of the Prunus domestica, and of several other species of Prunus; also, the tree itself, usually called plum tree.

 The bullace, the damson, and the numerous varieties of plum, of our gardens, although growing into thornless trees, are believed to be varieties of the blackthorn, produced by long cultivation.

G. Bentham.
 Two or three hundred varieties of plums derived from the Prunus domestica are described; among them the greengage, the Orleans, the purple gage, or Reine Claude Violette, and the German prune, are some of the best known.

 Among the true plums are; Beach plum, the Prunus maritima, and its crimson or purple globular drupes, -- Bullace plum. See Bullace. -- Chickasaw plum, the American Prunus Chicasa, and its round red drupes. -- Orleans plum, a dark reddish purple plum of medium size, much grown in England for sale in the markets. -- Wild plum of America, Prunus Americana, with red or yellow fruit, the original of the Iowa plum and several other varieties.

 Among plants called plum, but of other genera than Prunus, are; Australian plum, Cargillia arborea and C. australis, of the same family with the persimmon. -- Blood plum, the West African Hæmatostaphes Barteri. -- Cocoa plum, the Spanish nectarine. See under Nectarine. -- Date plum. See under Date. -- Gingerbread plum, the West African Parinarium macrophyllum. -- Gopher plum, the Ogeechee lime. -- Gray plum, Guinea plum. See under Guinea. -- Indian plum, several species of Flacourtia.

2. A grape dried in the sun; a raisin.

3. A handsome fortune or property; formerly, in cant language, the sum of £100,000 sterling; also, the person possessing it.

Plum bird, Plum budder (Zoöl.), the European bullfinch. -- Plum gouger (Zoöl.), a weevil, or curculio (Coccotorus scutellaris), which destroys plums. It makes round holes in the pulp, for the reception of its eggs. The larva bores into the stone and eats the kernel. -- Plum weevil (Zoöl.), an American weevil which is very destructive to plums, nectarines, cherries, and many other stone fruits. It lays its eggs in crescent-shaped incisions made with its jaws. The larva lives upon the pulp around the stone. Called also turk, and plum curculio. See Illust.
 under Curculio.

 ||Plu"ma (pl"m), n.; pl. Plumæ (-m). [L.] (Zoöl.)
 A feather.

 Plum"age (plm"j), n. [F., from


necessarily escape detection.1 In point of fact, astronomers have found that the theory of Newton does not suffice to calculate the observed motion of Mercury with an exactness corresponding to that of the delicacy of observation attainable at the present time. After taking account of all the disturbing influences exerted on Mercury by the remaining planets, it was found (Leverrier: 1859; and Newcomb: 1895) that an unexplained perihelial movement of the orbit of Mercury remained over, the amount of which does not differ sensibly from the above mentioned +43 seconds of arc per century. The uncertainty of the empirical result amounts to a few seconds only.
[Contents] (b) Deflection of Light by a Gravitational Field In Section XXII it has been already mentioned that according to the general theory of relativity, a ray of light will experience a curvature of its path when passing through a gravitational field, this curvature being similar to that experienced by the path of a body which is projected through a gravitational field. As a result of this theory, we should expect that a ray of light which is passing close to a heavenly body would be deviated towards the latter. For a ray of light which passes the sun at a distance of sun-radii from its centre, the angle of deflection (a) should amount to It may be added that, according to the theory, half of Figure 05 this deflection is produced by the Newtonian field of attraction of the sun, and the other half by the geometrical modification ("curvature") of space caused by the sun.
Fig. 5Fig. 5 This result admits of an experimental test by means of the photographic registration of stars during a total eclipse of the sun. The only reason why we must wait for a total eclipse is because at every other time the atmosphere is so strongly illuminated by the light from the sun that the stars situated near the sun's disc are invisible.
The predicted effect can be seen clearly from the accompanying diagram. If the sun (S) were not present, a star which is practically infinitely distant would be seen in the direction, as observed from the earth. But as a consequence of the deflection of light from the star by the sun, the star will be seen in the direction, i.e. at a somewhat greater distance from the centre of the sun than corresponds to its real position.
In practice, the question is tested in the following way. The stars in the neighborhood of the sun are photographed during a solar eclipse. In addition, a second photograph of the same stars is taken when the sun is situated at another position in the sky, i.e. a few months earlier or later. As compared with the standard photograph, the positions of the stars on the eclipse-photograph ought to appear displaced radially outwards (away from the centre of the sun) by an amount corresponding to the angle a. We are indebted to the [British] Royal Society and to the Royal Astronomical Society for the investigation of this important deduction. Undaunted by the [first world] war and by difficulties of both a material and a psychological nature aroused by the war, these societies equipped two expeditions—to Sobral (Brazil), and to the island of Principe (West Africa)—and sent several of Britain's most celebrated astronomers (Eddington, Cottingham, Crommelin, Davidson), in order to obtain photographs of the solar eclipse of 29th May, 1919. The relative discrepancies to be expected between the stellar photographs obtained during the eclipse and the comparison photographs amounted to a few hundredths of a millimetre only. Thus great accuracy was necessary in making the adjustments required for the taking of the photographs, and in their subsequent measurement.
The results of the measurements confirmed the theory in a thoroughly satisfactory manner. The rectangular components of the observed and of the calculated deviations of the stars (in seconds of arc) are set forth in the following table of results: Number of the Star.
First Co-ordinate.
Second Co-ordinate.
Observed.
Calculated.
Observed.
Calculated.
11 -0.19 -0.22 +0.16 +0.02 5 +0.29 +0.31 -0.46 -0.43 4 +0.11 +0.10 +0.83 +0.73 3 +0.22 +0.12 +1.00 +0.87 6 +0.10 +0.04 +0.57 +0.40 10 -0.08 +0.09 +0.35 +0.32 2 +0.95 +0.85 -0.27 -0.09 [Contents] (c) Displacement of Spectral Lines Towards the Red In Section XXIII it has been shown that in a system K′ which is in rotation with regard to a Galileian system K, clocks of identical construction, and which are considered at rest with respect to the rotating reference-body, go at rates which are dependent on the positions of the clocks. We shall now examine this dependence quantitatively. A clock, which is situated at a distance r from the centre of the disc, has a velocity relative to K which is given by where represents the angular velocity of rotation of the disc K′ with respect to K. If, represents the number of ticks of the clock per unit time ("rate" of the clock) relative to K when the clock is at rest, then the "rate" of the clock (v) when it is moving relative to K with a velocity v, but at rest with respect to the disc, will, in accordance with Section XII, be given by or with sufficient accuracy by This expression may also be stated in the following form: If we represent the difference of potential of the centrifugal force between the position of the clock and the centre of the disc by, i.e. the work, considered negatively, which must be performed on the unit of mass against the centrifugal force in order to transport it from the position of the clock on the rotating disc to the centre of the disc, then we have From this it follows that In the first place, we see from this expression that two clocks of identical construction will go at different rates when situated at different distances from the centre of the disc. This result is also valid from the standpoint of an observer who is rotating with the disc.
Now, as judged from the disc, the latter is in a gravitational field of potential , hence the result we have obtained will hold quite generally for gravitational fields.
Furthermore, we can regard an atom which is emitting spectral lines as a clock, so that the following statement will hold: An atom absorbs or emits light of a frequency which is dependent on the potential of the gravitational field in which it is situated.
The frequency of an atom situated on the surface of a heavenly body will be somewhat less than the frequency of an atom of the same element which is situated in free space (or on the surface of a smaller celestial body).
Now, where K is Newton's constant of gravitation, and M is the mass of the heavenly body. Thus a displacement towards the red ought to take place for spectral lines produced at the surface of stars as compared with the spectral lines of the same element produced at the surface of the earth, the amount of this displacement being For the sun, the displacement towards the red predicted by theory amounts to about two millionths of the wave-length. A trustworthy calculation is not possible in the case of the stars, because in general neither the mass M nor the radius r are known.
It is an open question whether or not this effect exists, and at the present time [1920] astronomers are working with great zeal towards the solution. Owing to the smallness of the effect in the case of the sun, it is difficult to form an opinion as to its existence. Whereas Grebe and Bachem (Bonn), as a result of their own measurements and those of Evershed and Schwarzschild on the cyanogen bands, have placed the existence of the effect almost beyond doubt, while other investigators, particularly St. John, have been led to the opposite opinion in consequence of their measurements.
Mean displacements of lines towards the less refrangible end of the spectrum are certainly revealed by statistical investigations of the fixed stars; but up to the present the examination of the available data does not allow of any definite decision being arrived at, as to whether or not these displacements are to be referred in reality to the effect of gravitation. The results of observation have been collected together, and


in exercise.

Sweat box (Naut.), a small closet in which refractory men are confined. -- Sweat glands (Anat.), sudoriferous glands.
 See under Sudoriferous.

 Sweat"er (?), n. 1. One who sweats.

2. One who, or that which, causes to sweat; as: (a) A sudorific. (b) A woolen jacket or jersey worn by athletes. (c) An employer who oppresses his workmen by paying low wages. [Slang] Sweat"i*ly (?), adv. In a sweaty manner.

 Sweat"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being sweaty.

 Sweat"ing, a. & n. from Sweat, v. Sweating bath, a bath producing sensible sweat; a stove or sudatory. -- Sweating house, a house for sweating persons in sickness. -- Sweating iron, a kind of knife, or a piece of iron, used to scrape off sweat, especially from horses; a horse scraper. -- Sweating room. (a) A room for sweating persons. (b) (Dairying) A room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. -- Sweating sickness (Med.), a febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occured in a few hours.

 Sweat"y (?), a. [Compar. Sweatier (?); superl.
 Sweatiest.] 1. Moist with sweat; as, a sweaty skin; a sweaty garment.

2. Consisting of sweat; of the nature of sweat.

 No noisome whiffs or sweaty streams.

Swift.
3. Causing sweat; hence, laborious; toilsome; difficult. "The sweaty forge." Prior.
 Swede (?), n. [Cf. G. Schwede.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Sweden.

2. (Bot.) A Swedish turnip. See under Turnip.

 Swe'den*bor"gi*an (?), n. One who holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and religious writer, who was born a. d. 1688 and died 1772.
 Swedenborg claimed to have intercourse with the spiritual world, through the opening of his spiritual senses in 1745. He taught that the Lord Jesus Christ, as comprehending in himself all the fullness of the Godhead, is the one only God, and that there is a spiritual sense to the Scriptures, which he (Swedenborg) was able to reveal, because he saw the correspondence between natural and spiritual things.

 Swe'den*bor"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to Swedenborg or his views.

 Swe'den*bor"gi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines of the Swedenborgians.

 Swed"ish (?), a. [Cf. G. schwedisch, Sw. svensk.] Of or pertaining to Sweden or its inhabitants.

Swedish turnip. (Bot.) See under Turnip.

 Swed"ish, n. The language of Swedes.

 Swee"ny (?), n. (Far.) An atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder in horses; also, atrophy of any muscle in horses. [Written also swinney.]

 Sweep (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swept (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sweeping.] [OE. swepen; akin to AS. swpan.
 See Swoop, v. i.] 1. To pass a broom across (a surface) so as to remove loose dirt, dust, etc.; to brush, or rub over, with a broom for the purpose of cleaning; as, to sweep a floor, the street, or a chimney. Used also figuratively.

 I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.

Isa. xiv. 23.
2. To drive or carry along or off with a broom or a brush, or as if with a broom; to remove by, or as if by, brushing; as, to sweep dirt from a floor; the wind sweeps the snow from the hills; a freshet sweeps away a dam, timber, or rubbish; a pestilence sweeps off multitudes.

 The hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies.

Isa. xxviii. 17.
 I have already swept the stakes.

Dryden.
3. To brush against or over; to rub lightly along.

 Their long descending train, With rubies edged and sapphires, swept the plain.

Dryden.
4. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging motion; hence, to carry in a stately or proud fashion.

 And like a peacock sweep along his tail.

Shak.
5. To strike with a long stroke.

 Wake into voice each silent string, And sweep the sounding lyre.

Pope.
6. (Naut.) To draw or drag something over; as, to sweep the bottom of a river with a net.

7. To pass over, or traverse, with the eye or with an instrument of observation; as, to sweep the heavens with a telescope.

To sweep, or sweep up, a mold (Founding), to form the sand into a mold by a templet, instead of compressing it around the pattern.

 Sweep (?), v. i. 1. To clean rooms, yards, etc., or to clear away dust, dirt, litter, etc., with a broom, brush, or the like.

2. To brush swiftly over the surface of anything; to pass with switness and force, as if brushing the surface of anything; to move in a stately manner; as, the wind sweeps across the plain; a woman sweeps through a drawingroom.

3. To pass over anything comprehensively; to range through with rapidity; as, his eye sweeps through space.

 Sweep, n. 1. The act of sweeping.

2. The compass or range of a stroke; as, a long sweep.

3. The compass of any turning body or of any motion; as, the sweep of a door; the sweep of the eye.

4. The compass of anything flowing or brushing; as, the flood carried away everything within its sweep.

5. Violent and general destruction; as, the sweep of an epidemic disease.

6. Direction and extent of any motion not rectlinear; as, the sweep of a compass.

7. Direction or departure of a curve, a road, an arch, or the like, away from a rectlinear line.

 The road which makes a small sweep.

Sir W. Scott.
8. One who sweeps; a sweeper; specifically, a chimney sweeper.

9. (Founding) A movable templet for making molds, in loam molding.

10. (Naut.) (a) The mold of a ship when she begins to curve in at the rungheads; any part of a ship shaped in a segment of a circle. (b) A large oar used in small vessels, partly to propel them and partly to steer them.

11. (Refining) The almond furnace. [Obs.]

12. A long pole, or piece of timber, moved on a horizontal fulcrum fixed to a tall post and used to raise and lower a bucket in a well for drawing water. [Variously written swape, sweep, swepe, and swipe.]

13. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, a pairing or combining of all the cards on the board, and so removing them all; in whist, the winning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand; a slam.

14. pl. The sweeping of workshops where precious metals are worked, containing filings, etc.

Sweep net, a net for drawing over a large compass. -- Sweep of the tiller (Naut.), a circular frame on which the tiller traverses.

 Sweep"age (?), n. The crop of hay got in a meadow. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sweep"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sweeps, or cleans by sweeping; a sweep; as, a carpet sweeper.

 It is oxygen which is the great sweeper of the economy.

Huxley.
 Sweep"ing, a. Cleaning off


.] 1. The act or process of acquiring.

 The acquisition or loss of a province. Macaulay.
2. The thing acquired or gained; an acquirement; a gain; as, learning is an acquisition.

Syn. -- See Acquirement.

 Ac*quis"i*tive (&?;), a. 1. Acquired. [Obs.]

 He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil. Wotton.
2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions; acquiring; as, an acquisitive person or disposition.

 Ac*quis"i*tive*ly, adv. In the way of acquisition.

 Ac*quis"i*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being acquisitive; propensity to acquire property; desire of possession.

2. (Phren.) The faculty to which the phrenologists attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe.
 Ac*quis"i*tor (&?;), n. One who acquires.

 Ac*quist" (&?;), n. [Cf. Acquest.] Acquisition; gain. Milton.
 Ac*quit" (&?;), p. p. Acquitted; set free; rid of. [Archaic] Shak.
 Ac*quit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] [OE. aquiten, OF. aquiter, F. acquitter; &?; (L. ad) + OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and cf. Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt; to clear off; to pay off; to requite.

 A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted. I. Taylor.
2. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] Shak.
3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge; -- now followed by of before the charge, formerly by from; as, the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquit a man of evil intentions.

4. Reflexively: (a) To clear one's self. Shak. (b) To bear or conduct one's self; to perform one's part; as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the orator acquitted himself very poorly.

Syn. -- To absolve; clear; exonerate; exonerate; exculpate; release; discharge. See Absolve.

 Ac*quit"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. aquitement.]
 Acquittal. [Obs.] Milton.
 Ac*quit"tal (&?;), n. 1. The act of acquitting; discharge from debt or obligation; acquittance.

2. (Law) A setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Bouvier.
 Ac*quit"tance (&?;), n. [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter.
 See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation; a release or discharge from debt or other liability.

2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand.

 You can produce acquittances For such a sum, from special officers. Shak.
 Ac*quit"tance, v. t. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ac*quit"ter (&?;), n. One who acquits or releases.

 ||A*cra"ni*a (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. 'a priv. + &?; skull.] 1. (Physiol.) Partial or total absence of the skull.

2. pl. (Zoöl.) The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.

 A*cra"ni*al (&?;), a. Wanting a skull.

 { A*crase", A*craze" } (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + crase; or cf. F. écraser to crush. See Crase, Craze.]

1. To craze. [Obs.] Grafton.
2. To impair; to destroy. [Obs.] Hacket.
 { ||A*cra"si*a (&?;), Ac"ra*sy (&?;) } n. [Gr. akrasia.]
 Excess; intemperance. [Obs. except in Med.] Farindon.
 ||A*cras"pe*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; border.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora.

 A"cre (&?;), n. [OE. aker, AS. æcer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. åker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. &?;, Skr. ajra. √2, 206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.]

2. A piece of land, containing 160 square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. This is the English statute acre. That of the United States is the same. The Scotch acre was about 1.26 of the English, and the Irish 1.62 of the English.

 The acre was limited to its present definite quantity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry VIII.

Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetorical] -- God's acre, God's field; the churchyard.

 I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls The burial ground, God's acre. Longfellow.
 A"cre*a*ble (&?;), a. Of an acre; per acre; as, the acreable produce.

 A"cre*age (&?;), n. Acres collectively; as, the acreage of a farm or a country.

 A"cred (&?;), a. Possessing acres or landed property; -- used in composition; as, large-acred men.

 Ac"rid (&?;), a. [L. acer sharp; prob. assimilated in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or bitter and not, to the taste; pungent; as, acrid salts.

2. Causing heat and irritation; corrosive; as, acrid secretions.

3. Caustic; bitter; bitterly irritating; as, acrid temper, mind, writing.

Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or burns the parts to which it is applied.

 { A*crid"i*ty (&?;), Ac"rid*ness (&?;) } n. The quality of being acrid or pungent; irritant bitterness; acrimony; as, the acridity of a plant, of a speech.

 Ac"rid*ly (&?;), adv. In an acid manner.

 Ac"ri*mo"ni*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. LL. acrimonious, F. acrimonieux.]
 1. Acrid; corrosive; as, acrimonious gall. [Archaic] Harvey.
2. Caustic; bitter-tempered' sarcastic; as, acrimonious dispute, language, temper.

 Ac'ri*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. In an acrimonious manner.

 Ac'ri*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. The quality of being acrimonious; asperity; acrimony.

 Ac"ri*mo*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Acrimonies (&?;).
 [L. acrimonia, fr. acer, sharp: cf. F. acrimonie.] 1.
 A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys others; also, a harsh or biting sharpness; as,


ripples, or undulations; to curl; to mantle.

 thin winding breath which purled up to the sky.

Shak.
 Purl, n. [See 3d Purl.] 1. A circle made by the notion of a fluid; an eddy; a ripple.

 Whose stream an easy breath doth seem to blow, Which on the sparkling gravel runs in purles, As though the waves had been of silver curls.

Drayton.
2. A gentle murmur, as that produced by the running of a liquid among obstructions; as, the purl of a brook.

3. [Perh. from F. perler, v. See Purl to mantle.] Malt liquor, medicated or spiced; formerly, ale or beer in which wormwood or other bitter herbs had been infused, and which was regarded as tonic; at present, hot beer mixed with gin, sugar, and spices. "Drank a glass of purl to recover appetite." Addison. "Drinking hot purl, and smoking pipes." Dickens.
4. (Zoöl.) A tern. [Prov. Eng.]

 Pur"lieu (?), n. [Corrupted (by influence of lieu place) fr.
 OF. puralée, poralée (equiv. to LL. perambulatio a survey of boundaries, originally, a going through); por (L. pro, confused, however, with L. per through) + alée. See Pro-, and Alley.] [Written also pourlieu.] 1. Originally, the ground near a royal forest, which, having been unlawfully added to the forest, was afterwards severed from it, and disafforested so as to remit to the former owners their rights.

 Then as a tiger, who by chance hath spied In some purlieu two gentle fawns at play.

Milton.
2. Hence, the outer portion of any place; an adjacent district; environs; neighborhood. "The purlieus of St. James."

 brokers had been incessantly plying for custom in the purlieus of the court.

Macaulay.
 { Pur"lin, Pur"line } (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Arch.)
 In root construction, a horizontal member supported on the principals and supporting the common rafters.

 Purl"ing (?), n. [See 3d Purl.] The motion of a small stream running among obstructions; also, the murmur it makes in so doing.

 Pur*loin" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purloined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purloining.] [OF. purloignier, porloignier, to retard, delay; pur, por, pour, for (L. pro) + loin far, far off (L. longe). See Prolong, and cf. Eloign.]
 To take or carry away for one's self; hence, to steal; to take by theft; to filch.

 Had from his wakeful custody purloined The guarded gold.

Milton.
 when did the muse from Fletcher scenes purloin?

Dryden.
 Pur*loin", v. i. To practice theft; to steal. Titus ii. 10.
 Pur*loin"er (?), n. One who purloins. Swift.
 Pur"par'ty (?), n. [OF. pourpartie; pour for + partie a part; cf. OF. purpart a respective part.] (Law) A share, part, or portion of an estate allotted to a coparcener. [Written also purpart, and pourparty.]

 I am forced to eat all the game of your purparties, as well as my own thirds.

Walpole.
 Pur"ple (?), n.; pl. Purples (#). [OE. purpre, pourpre, OF. purpre, porpre, pourpre, F. pourpre, L. purpura purple fish, purple dye, fr. Gr. &?; the purple fish, a shell from the purple dye was obtained, purple dye; cf. &?; dark (said of the sea), purple, &?; to grow dark (said of the sea), to be troubled; perh. akin to L. furere to rage, E. fury: cf.
 AS. purpure. Cf. Porphyry, Purpure.] 1. A color formed by, or resembling that formed by, a combination of the primary colors red and blue.

 Arraying with reflected purple and gold The clouds that on his western throne attend.

 Milton.
 The ancient words which are translated purple are supposed to have been used for the color we call crimson. In the gradations of color as defined in art, purple is a mixture of red and blue. When red predominates it is called violet, and when blue predominates, hyacinth.

2. Cloth dyed a purple color, or a garment of such color; especially, a purple robe, worn as an emblem of rank or authority; specifically, the purple rode or mantle worn by Roman emperors as the emblem of imperial dignity; as, to put on the imperial purple.

 Thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and purple, and scarlet.

Ex. xxvi. 1.
3. Hence: Imperial sovereignty; royal rank, dignity, or favor; loosely and colloquially, any exalted station; great wealth. "He was born in the purple." Gibbon.
4. A cardinalate. See Cardinal.

5. (Zoöl.) Any species of large butterflies, usually marked with purple or blue, of the genus Basilarchia (formerly Limenitis) as, the banded purple (B. arthemis). See Illust.
 under Ursula.

6. (Zoöl.) Any shell of the genus Purpura.

7. pl.(Med.) See Purpura.

8. pl. A disease of wheat. Same as Earcockle.

Purple is sometimes used in composition, esp. with participles forming words of obvious signification; as, purplecolored, purple-hued, purple-stained, purpletinged, purple-tinted, and the like.

French purple. (Chem.) Same as Cudbear. -- Purple of Cassius. See Cassius. -- Purple of mollusca (Zoöl.), a coloring matter derived from certain mollusks, which dyes wool, etc., of a purple or crimson color, and is supposed to be the substance of the famous Tyrian dye. It is obtained from Ianthina, and from several species of Purpura, and Murex. -- To be born in the purple, to be of princely birth; to be highborn.

 Pur"ple, a. 1. Exhibiting or possessing the color called purple, much esteemed for its richness and beauty; of a deep red, or red and blue color; as, a purple robe.

2. Imperial; regal; -- so called from the color having been an emblem of imperial authority.

 Hide in the dust thy purple pride.

Shelley.
3. Blood-red; bloody.

 May such purple tears be alway shed.

Shak.
 I view a field of blood, And Tiber rolling with a purple blood.

Dryden.
Purple bird (Zoöl.), the European purple gallinule. See under Gallinule. -- Purple copper ore. (Min.) See Bornite.
 -- Purple grackle (Zoöl.), the crow blackbird. See under Crow. -- Purple martin. See under Martin. -- Purple sandpiper. See under Sandpiper. -- Purple shell. See Ianthina.

 Pur"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purpled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Purpling.] To make purple; to dye of purple or deep red color; as, hands purpled with blood.

 When morn Purples the east.

Milton


arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. -- Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc.

 ||Si"ne (?), prep. [L.] Without.

 Si"ne*cu'ral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sinecure; being in the nature of a sinecure.

 Si'ne*cure (?), n. [L. sine without + cura care, LL., a cure. See Cure.] 1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. Ayliffe.
2. Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service.

 A lucrative sinecure in the Excise.

Macaulay.
 Si"ne*cure, v. t. To put or place in a sinecure.

 Si"ne*cu*rism (?), n. The state of having a sinecure.

 Si"ne*cu*rist (?), n. One who has a sinecure.

 Sin"ew (?), n. [OE. sinewe, senewe, AS. sinu, seonu; akin to D. zenuw, OHG. senawa, G. sehne, Icel. sin, Sw. sena, Dan. sene; cf. Skr. snva.
 √290.]

1. (Anat.) A tendon or tendonous tissue. See Tendon.

2. Muscle; nerve. [R.] Sir J. Davies.
3. Fig.: That which supplies strength or power.

 The portion and sinew of her fortune, her marriage dowry.

Shak.
 The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war.

Sir W. Raleigh.
 Money alone is often called the sinews of war.

 Sin"ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinewing.] To knit together, or make strong with, or as with, sinews. Shak.
 Wretches, now stuck up for long tortures... might, if properly treated, serve to sinew the state in time of danger.

Goldsmith.
 Sin"ewed (?), a. 1. Furnished with sinews; as, a strong-sinewed youth.

2. Fig.: Equipped; strengthened.

 When he sees Ourselves well sinewed to our defense.

Shak.
 Sin"ew*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being sinewy.

 Sin"ew*ish, a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.
 Sin"ew*less, a. Having no sinews; hence, having no strength or vigor.

 Sin"ew*ous (?), a. Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed.
 Sin"ew-shrunk' (?), a. (Far.) Having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excessive fatigue.

 Sin"ew*y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, a sinew or sinews.

 The sinewy thread my brain lets fall.

Donne.
2. Well braced with, or as if with, sinews; nervous; vigorous; strong; firm; tough; as, the sinewy Ajax.

 A man whose words... were so close and sinewy.

Hare.
 Sin"ful (?), a. [AAS. synfull.] Tainted with, or full of, sin; wicked; iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as, sinful men; sinful thoughts. Piers Plowman.
 Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.

Isa. i. 4.
 -- Sin"ful*ly, adv. -- Sin"ful*ness, n. Sing (?), v. i. [imp. Sung (?) or Sang (&?;); p. p. Sung; p. pr. & vb. n. Singing.] [AS. singan; akin to D. zingen, OS. & OHG. singan, G. singen, Icel. syngja, Sw. sjunga, Dan. synge, Goth. siggwan, and perhaps to E. say, v.t., or cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; voice. Cf. Singe, Song.] 1. To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song or tune, or of a given part (as alto, tenor, etc.) in a chorus or concerted piece.

 The noise of them that sing do I hear.

Ex. xxxii. 18.
2. To utter sweet melodious sounds, as birds do.

 On every bough the briddes heard I sing.

Chaucer.
Singing birds, in silver cages hung.

Dryden.
3. To make a small, shrill sound; as, the air sings in passing through a crevice.

 O'er his head the flying spear Sang innocent, and spent its force in air.

Pope.
4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse; to celebrate something in poetry. Milton.
 Bid her... sing Of human hope by cross event destroyed.

Prior.
 5. To cry out; to complain. [Obs.]

 They should sing if thet they were bent.

Chaucer.
 Sing (?), v. t. 1. To utter with musical inflections or modulations of voice.

 And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb.

Rev. xv. 3.
 And in the darkness sing your carol of high praise.

Keble.
2. To celebrate is song; to give praises to in verse; to relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or poetry. Milton.
 Arms and the man I sing.

Dryden.
 The last, the happiest British king, Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing.

Addison.
3. To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child to sleep.

4. To accompany, or attend on, with singing.

 I heard them singing home the bride.

Longfellow.
 Singe (snj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed (snjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Singeing (snj"ng).] [OE. sengen, AS. sengan in besengan (akin to D. zengen, G. sengen), originally, to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allusion to the singing or hissing sound often produced when a substance is singed, or slightly burned. See Sing.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the surface of; to burn the ends or outside of; as, to singe the hair or the skin.

 You sulphurous and thought-executing fires,... Singe my white head!

Shak.
 I singed the toes of an ape through a burning glass.

L'Estrange.
2. (a) To remove the nap of (cloth), by passing it rapidly over a red-hot bar, or over a flame, preliminary to dyeing it. (b) To remove the hair or down from (a plucked chicken or the like) by passing it over a flame.

 Singe, n. A burning of the surface; a slight burn.

 Sin"ger (sn"jr), n. [From Singe.] One who, or that which, singes.
 Specifically: (a) One employed to singe cloth. (b) A machine for singeing cloth.

 Sing"er (?), n. [From Sing.] One who sings; especially, one whose profession is to sing.

 Sing"er*ess, n. A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Sin'gha*lese" (?), n. & a. [Skr. Sihala Ceylon.] (Ethnol.)
 Same as Cingalese.

 Sing


MISS CIVILIZATION A Comedy In One Act By Richard Harding Davis "Miss Civilization" is founded on a story by the late James Harvey Smith.
 All professional rights in this play belong to Richard Harding Davis.
 Amateurs who desire to produce "Miss Civilization" may do so, providing they apply for permission to the editor of Collier's Weekly, in which publication this play was first printed.

 PEOPLE IN THE PLAY ALICE GARDNER: Daughter of James K. Gardner, President of the L.I. & W. Railroad "UNCLE" JOSEPH HATCH: Alias "Gentleman Joe" "BRICK" MEAKIN: Alias "Reddy, the Kid" HARRY HAYES: Alias "Grand Stand" Harry CAPTAIN LUCAS: Chief of Police Policemen, Brakemen, Engineers Scene—The dining room in the country house of James K. Gardner on Long Island. In the back wall is a double doorway opening into a hall. A curtain divided in the middle hangs across the entrance. On the wall on either side of the doorway are two electric lights, and to the left is a telephone. Further to the left is a sideboard. On it are set silver salvers, candlesticks, and Christmas presents of silver. They still are in the red flannel bags in which they arrived. In the left wall is a recessed window hung with curtains. Against the right wall is a buffet on which is set a tea-caddy, toast-rack, and tea kettle. Below the buffet a door opens into the butler's pantry. A dinner table stands well down the stage with a chair at each end and on either side. Two chairs are set against the back wall to the right of the door. The walls and windows are decorated with holly and mistletoe and Christmas wreaths tied with bows of scarlet ribbon. When the window is opened there is a view of falling snow. At first the room is in complete darkness.

 The time is the day after Christmas, near midnight.

 After the curtain rises, one hears the noise of a file scraping on iron.
 It comes apparently from outside the house at a point distant from the dining room. The filing is repeated cautiously, with a wait between each stroke, as though the person using the file had paused to listen.

 Alice Gardner enters at centre, carrying a lighted candle in a silver candlestick. She wears a dressing gown, with swan's down around her throat and at the edges of her sleeves. Her feet are in bedroom slippers topped with fur. Her hair hangs down in a braid. After listening intently to the sound of the file, she places candle on sideboard and goes to telephone.
 She speaks in a whisper.


'Mid reedy fens wide spread.

Wordsworth.
Fen is used adjectively with the sense of belonging to, or of the nature of, a fen or fens.

Fen boat, a boat of light draught used in marshes. -- Fen duck (Zoöl.), a wild duck inhabiting fens; the shoveler. [Prov.
 Eng.] -- Fen fowl (Zoöl.), any water fowl that frequent fens. -- Fen goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fen land, swamp land.

 Fence (?), n. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. That which fends off attack or danger; a defense; a protection; a cover; security; shield.

 Let us be backed with God and with the seas, Which he hath given for fence impregnable.

Shak.
 A fence betwixt us and the victor's wrath.

Addison.
2. An inclosure about a field or other space, or about any object; especially, an inclosing structure of wood, iron, or other material, intended to prevent intrusion from without or straying from within.

 Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold.

Milton.
 In England a hedge, ditch, or wall, as well as a structure of boards, palings, or rails, is called a fence.

3. (Locks) A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking.

4. Self-defense by the use of the sword; the art and practice of fencing and sword play; hence, skill in debate and repartee. See Fencing.

 Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetoric, That hath so well been taught her dazzing fence.

Milton.
 Of dauntless courage and consummate skill in fence.

Macaulay.
5. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are received.
 [Slang] Mayhew.
Fence month (Forest Law), the month in which female deer are fawning, when hunting is prohibited. Bullokar. -- Fence roof, a covering for defense. "They fitted their shields close to one another in manner of a fence roof." Holland. -- Fence time, the breeding time of fish or game, when they should not be killed. -- Rail fence, a fence made of rails, sometimes supported by posts. -- Ring fence, a fence which encircles a large area, or a whole estate, within one inclosure. -- Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing one another at their ends; -- called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. -- To be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two opposing parties or policies. [Colloq.]


{ Pu"sey*is"tic (?), Pu"sey*ite (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Puseyism.

 Pu"sey*ite, n. One who holds the principles of Puseyism; -- often used opprobriously.

 Push (?), n. [Probably F. poche. See Pouch.] A pustule; a pimple. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bacon.
 Push, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pushed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pushing.] [OE. possen, pussen, F. pousser, fr. L. pulsare, v. intens. fr. pellere, pulsum, to beat, knock, push. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Pursy.] 1. To press against with force; to drive or impel by pressure; to endeavor to drive by steady pressure, without striking; -- opposed to draw.

 Sidelong had pushed a mountain from his seat.

Milton.
2. To thrust the points of the horns against; to gore.

 If the ox shall push a manservant or maidservant,... the ox shall be stoned.

Ex. xxi. 32.
3. To press or urge forward; to drive; to push an objection too far. " To push his fortune." Dryden.
 Ambition pushes the soul to such actions as are apt to procure honor to the actor.

Spectator.
 We are pushed for an answer.

Swift.
4. To bear hard upon; to perplex; to embarrass.

5. To importune; to press with solicitation; to tease.

To push down, to overthrow by pushing or impulse.

 Push, v. i. 1. To make a thrust; to shove; as, to push with the horns or with a sword. Shak.
2. To make an advance, attack, or effort; to be energetic; as, a man must push in order to succeed.

 At the time of the end shall the kind of the south push at him and the king of the north shall come against him.

Dan. xi. 40.
 War seemed asleep for nine long years; at length Both sides resolved to push, we tried our strength.

Dryden.
3. To burst pot, as a bud or shoot.

To push on, to drive or urge forward; to hasten.

 The rider pushed on at a rapid pace.

Sir W. Scott.
 Push, n. 1. A thrust with a pointed instrument, or with the end of a thing.

2. Any thrust. pressure, impulse, or force, or force applied; a shove; as, to give the ball the first push.

3. An assault or attack; an effort; an attempt; hence, the time or occasion for action.

 Exact reformation is not perfected at the first push.

Milton.
 When it comes to the push, 'tis no more than talk.

L' Estrange.
4. The faculty of overcoming obstacles; aggressive energy; as, he has push, or he has no push.

 [Colloq.]

Syn. -- See Thrust.

 Push"er (?), n. One who, or that which, pushes.

 Push"ing, a. Pressing forward in business; enterprising; driving; energetic; also, forward; officious, intrusive. -- Push"ing*ly, adv.
 Push"pin' (?), n. A child's game played with pins. L. Estrange.
 Pu"sil (?), a. [L. pusillus very little.] Very small; little; petty. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Pu'sil*la*nim"i*ty (?), n. [L. pusillanimitas: cf. F. pusillanimité.]
 The quality of being pusillanimous; weakness of spirit; cowardliness.

 The badge of pusillanimity and cowardice.

Shak.
 It is obvious to distinguished between an act of... pusillanimity and an act of great modesty or humility.

South.
Syn. -- Cowardliness; cowardice; fear; timidity.

 Pu'sil*lan"i*mous (?), a. [L. pusillanimis; pusillus very little (dim. of pusus a little boy; cf. puer a boy, E. puerile) + animus the mind: cf. F. pusillanime. See Animosity.] 1. Destitute of a manly or courageous strength and firmness of mind; of weak spirit; meanspirited; spiritless; cowardly; -- said of persons, as, a pusillanimous prince.

 2. Evincing, or characterized by, weakness of mind, and want of courage; feeble; as, pusillanimous counsels. "A low and pusillanimous spirit." Burke.
Syn. -- Cowardly; dastardly; mean-spirited; fainthearted; timid; weak; feeble.

 Pu'sil*lan"i*mous*ly (p'sl*ln"*ms*l), adv. With pusillanimity.

 Pus"ley (?), n. (Bot.) Purslane. [Colloq. U. S] Puss (ps), n. [Cf. D. poes, Ir. & Gael. pus.] 1.
 A cat; - - a fondling appellation.

2. A hare; -- so called by sportsmen.

Puss in the corner, a game in which all the players but one occupy corners of a room, or certain goals in the open air, and exchange places, the one without a corner endeavoring to get a corner while it is vacant, leaving some other without one. -- Puss moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of stout bombycid moths belonging to Cerura, Harpyia, and allied genera, esp. Harpyia vinuli, of Europe.
 The larvæ are humpbacked, and have two caudal appendages.

 Pussy (?), n. [Dim. of puss.] 1. A pet name for a cat; also, an endearing name for a girl.

2. A catkin of the pussy willow.

3. The game of tipcat; -- also called pussy cat.

Pussy willow (Bot.), any kind of willow having large cylindrical catkins clothed with long glossy hairs, especially the American Salix discolor; -- called also glaucous willow, and swamp willow.

 Pus"sy (?), a. See Pursy. [Colloq. or Low] Pus"tu*lant (?; 135), a. [L. pustulans, p. pr. See Pustulate, v. t.] (Med.) Producing pustules. -- n. A medicine that produces pustules, as croton oil.

 Pus"tu*lar (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pustules; as, pustular prominences; pustular eruptions.

2. Covered with pustulelike prominences; pustulate.

 Pus"tu*late (?), v. t. [L. pustulatus, p. p. of pustulare to blister, fr. pustula. See Pustule.] To form into pustules, or blisters.

 { Pus"tu*late (?), Pus"tu*la'ted (?), } a. Covered with pustulelike prominences; pustular; pustulous; as, a pustulate leaf; a pustulate shell or coral.

 Pus*tu*la"tion (?), n. [L. pustulatio.] The act of producing pustules; the state of being pustulated.

 Pus"tule (?; 135), n. [L. pustula, and pusula: cf. F.
 pustule.] (Med.) A vesicle or an elevation of


, as him for himself, etc.

 This sword hath ended him; so shall it thee, Unless thou yield thee as my prisoner.

Shak.
 Theft (?), n. [OE. thefte, AS. þiéfðe, þfðe, þeófðe. See Thief.] 1.
(Law) The act of stealing; specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same; larceny.

 To constitute theft there must be a taking without the owner's consent, and it must be unlawful or felonious; every part of the property stolen must be removed, however slightly, from its former position; and it must be, at least momentarily, in the complete possession of the thief. See Larceny, and the Note under Robbery.

2. The thing stolen. [R.]

 If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive,... he shall restore double.

Ex. xxii. 4.
 Theft"bote' (?), n. [Theft + bote compensation.] (Law) The receiving of a man's goods again from a thief, or a compensation for them, by way of composition, with the intent that the thief shall escape punishment.

 Thegn (?), n. Thane. See Thane. E. A. Freeman.
 Thegn"hood (?), n. Thanehood. E. A. Freeman.
 The"i*form (?), a. [NL. thea tea, the tea plant + -form: cf. F. théiforme.] Having the form of tea.

 The"ine (?), n. [F. théine, fr. NL. thea. See Theiform.] (Chem.) See Caffeine. Called also theina.

 Their (?), pron. & a. [OE. thair, fr. Icel. þeirra, þeira, of them, but properly gen. pl. of the definite article; akin to AS. ðra, ðra, gen. pl. of the definite article, or fr. AS. ðra, influenced by the Scandinavian use. See That.] The possessive case of the personal pronoun they; as, their houses; their country.

 The possessive takes the form theirs (&?;) when the noun to which it refers is not expressed, but implied or understood; as, our land is richest, but theirs is best cultivated.

 Nothing but the name of zeal appears 'Twixt our best actions and the worst of theirs.

Denham.
 The"ism (?), n. [From Gr. &?; God; probably akin to &?; to pray for, &?; spoken by God, decreed: cf. F. théisme.
 Cf. Enthusiasm, Pantheon, Theology.] The belief or acknowledgment of the existence of a God, as opposed to atheism, pantheism, or polytheism.

 The"ist (?), n. [Cf. F. théiste. See Theism.] One who believes in the existence of a God; especially, one who believes in a personal God; — opposed to atheist.

 { The*is"tic (?), The*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to theism, or a theist; according to the doctrine of theists.

 Thel*phu"si*an (?), n. [Gr. &?; nipple + &?; to blow, to puff.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of fresh-water crabs which live in or on the banks of rivers in tropical countries.

 The*lyt"o*kous (th*lt"*ks), a. [Gr. qh^lys female + to'kos a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) Producing females only; — said of certain female insects.

 Them (m), pron. [AS. ðm, dat. pl. of the article, but influenced by the Scand. use of the corresponding form þeim as a personal pronoun. See They.] The objective case of they. See They.

 Go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves.

Matt. xxv. 9.
 Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father.

Matt. xxv. 34.
Them is poetically used for themselves, as him for himself, etc.

 Little stars may hide them when they list.

Shak.
 The*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. thématique.]
 1. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to the theme of a word. See Theme, n., 4.

2. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a theme, or subject.

Thematic catalogue (Mus.), a catalogue of musical works which, besides the title and other particulars, gives in notes the theme, or first few measures, of the whole work or of its several movements.

 Theme (?), n. [OE. teme, OF. teme, F. thème, L. thema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to set, place. See Do, and cf.
 Thesis.] 1. A subject or topic on which a person writes or speaks; a proposition for discussion or argument; a text.

 My theme is alway one and ever was.

Chaucer.
 And when a soldier was the theme, my name Was not far off.

Shak.
2. Discourse on a certain subject.

 Then ran repentance and rehearsed his theme.

Piers Plowman.
 It was the subject of my theme.

Shak.
3. A composition or essay required of a pupil. Locke.
4. (Gram.) A noun or verb, not modified by inflections; also, that part of a noun or verb which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) in declension or conjugation; stem.

5. That by means of which a thing is done; means; instrument.
 [Obs.] Swift.
6. (Mus.) The leading subject of a composition or a movement.

 The"mis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; that which is laid down or established by usage, law, prob. fr. &?; to set, place.]
 (Gr. Myth.) The goddess of law and order; the patroness of existing rights.

 Them*selves" (?), pron. The plural of himself, herself, and itself. See Himself, Herself, Itself.

 Then (n), adv. [Originally the same word as than. See Than.]
 1. At that time (referring to a time specified, either past or future).

 And the Canaanite was then in the land.

Gen. xii. 6.
 Now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.

1 Cor. xiii. 12.
2. Soon afterward, or immediately; next; afterward.

 First be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.

Matt. v. 24.
3. At another time; later; again.

 One while the master is not aware of what is done, and then in other cases it may fall out to be own act.

L'Estrange.
By then. (a) By that time. (b) By the time that.
 [Obs.]

 But that opinion, I trust, by then this following argument hath been well read, will be left for one of the mysteries of an indulgent Antichrist.

Milton.
Now and then. See under Now, adv. — Till then, until that time; until the time mentioned. Milton.
Then is often used elliptically, like an adjective, for then existing; as, the then administration.

 Then (?), conj. 1. Than. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. In that case; in consequence; as a consequence; therefore; for