F. transmissibilité.]
 The quality of being transmissible.

 Trans*mis"si*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transmissible.] Capable of being transmitted from one to another; capable of being passed through any body or substance.

 Trans*mis"sion (?), n. [L. transmissio; cf. F. transmission.
 See Transmit.] 1. The act of transmitting, or the state of being transmitted; as, the transmission of letters, writings, papers, news, and the like, from one country to another; the transmission of rights, titles, or privileges, from father to son, or from one generation to another.

2. (Law) The right possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor or successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or privilege, to which he is entitled, even if he should die without enjoying or exercising it.

 Trans*mis"sive (?), a. Capable of being transmitted; derived, or handed down, from one to another.

 Itself a sun, it with transmissive light Enlivens worlds denied to human sight.

Prior.
 Trans*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transmitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmitting.] [L. transmittere, transmissum; trans across, over + mittere to send: cf. F. transmettre.
 See Missile.] 1. To cause to pass over or through; to communicate by sending; to send from one person or place to another; to pass on or down as by inheritance; as, to transmit a memorial; to transmit dispatches; to transmit money, or bills of exchange, from one country to another.

 The ancientest fathers must be next removed, as Clement of Alexandria, and that Eusebian book of evangelic preparation, transmitting our ears through a hoard of heathenish obscenities to receive the gospel.

Milton.
 The scepter of that kingdom continued to be transmitted in the dynasty of Castile.

Prescott.
2. To suffer to pass through; as, glass transmits light; metals transmit, or conduct, electricity.

 Trans*mit"tal (?), n. Transmission. Swift.
 Trans*mit"tance (?), n. Transmission.

 Trans*mit"ter (?), n. One who, or that which, transmits; specifically, that portion of a telegraphic or telephonic instrument by means of which a message is sent; — opposed to receiver.

 Trans*mit"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being transmitted; transmissible.

 Trans*mog'ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act of transmogrifying, or the state of being transmogrified; transformation. [Colloq.]

 Clive, who wrote me about the transmogrification of our schoolfellow, an attorney's son.

Thackeray.
 Trans*mog"ri*fy (?), v. t. [A humorous coinage.] To change into a different shape; to transform. [Colloq.] Fielding.
 Trans*move" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans + move.] To move or change from one state into another; to transform. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Trans*mu'ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. transmutabilité.]
 The quality of being transmutable.

 Trans*mut"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transmutable. See Transmute.]
 Capable of being transmuted or changed into a different substance, or into into something of a different form a nature; transformable.

 The fluids and solids of an animal body are easily transmutable into one another.

Arbuthnot.
 — Trans*mut"a*ble*ness, n. — Trans*mut"a*bly, adv.
 Trans'mu*ta"tion (?), n. [F. transmutation, L. transmutatio.
 See Transmute.] 1. The act of transmuting, or the state of being transmuted; as, the transmutation of metals.

2. (Geom.) The change or reduction of one figure or body into another of the same area or solidity, but of a different form, as of a triangle into a square. [R.]

3. (Biol.) The change of one species into another, which is assumed to take place in any development theory of life; transformism. Bacon.
Transmutation of metals (Alchem.), the conversion of base metals into gold or silver, a process often attempted by the alchemists.
 See Alchemy, and Philosopher's stone, under Philosopher.

 Trans'mu*ta"tion*ist, n. One who believes in the transmutation of metals or of species.

 Trans*mute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transmuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmuting.] [L. transmutare, transmutatum; trans across + mutare to change. See Mutable, and cf.
 Transmew.] To change from one nature, form, or substance, into another; to transform.

 The caresses of parents and the blandishments of friends transmute us into idols.

Buckminster.
Transmuting sorrow into golden joy Free from alloy.

H. Smith.
 Trans*mut"er (?), n. One who transmutes.

 Trans*mu"tu*al (?; 135), a. [Pref. trans + mutual.]
 Reciprocal; commutual. [R.] Coleridge.
 Trans'na*ta"tion (?), n. [L. transnatare to swim over; trans across, over + natare to swim.] The act of swimming across, as a river.

 Trans*na"ture (?; 135), v. t. [Pref. trans- + nature.]
 To transfer or transform the nature of. [Obs.]

 We are transelemented, or transnatured.

Jewel.
 Tran"som (?), n. [Probably fr. L. transtrum a crossbeam, transom, from trans across. Cf. Trestle.] 1. (Arch.)
 A horizontal crossbar in a window, over a door, or between a door and a window above it. Transom is the horizontal, as mullion is the vertical, bar across an opening. See Illust. of Mullion.

2. (Naut.) One of the principal transverse timbers of the stern, bolted to the sternpost and giving shape to the stern structure; — called also transsummer.

3. (Gun.) The piece of wood or iron connecting the cheeks of some gun carriages.

4. (Surg.) The vane of a cross-staff. Chambers.
5. (Railroad) One of the crossbeams connecting the side frames of a truck with each other.

Transom knees (Shipbuilding), knees bolted to the transoms and after timbers. — Transom window. (Arch.) (a) A window divided horizontally by a transom or transoms. (b) A window over a door, with a transom between.

 Trans"pa*dane' (?), a. [L. transpadanus; trans across + Padus the Po.] Lying or being on the further side of the river Po with reference to Rome, that is, on the north side; — opposed to cispadane.

 Trans*pal"a*tine (?), a. [Pref. trans- + palatine.]
 (Anat.) Situated beyond or outside the palatine bone; — said of a bone in the skull of some reptiles.

 Trans*pare" (?), v. t. & i. [See Transparent.] To be, or cause to be, transparent; to appear, or cause to appear, or be seen, through something. [Obs.] Stirling.
 Trans*par"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. transparence.] The quality or state of being transparent; transparency.


THE COUNTRY OF THE POINTED FIRS By Sarah Orne Jewett CONTENTS I. The Return II. Mrs. Todd III. The Schoolhouse IV. At the Schoolhouse Window V. Captain Littlepage VI. The Waiting Place VII. The Outer Island VIII. Green Island IX. William X. Where Pennyroyal Grew XI. The Old Singers XII. A Strange Sail XIII. Poor Joanna XIV. The Hermitage XV. On Shell-heap Island XVI. The Great Expedition XVII. A Country Road XVIII. The Bowden Reunion XIX. The Feast's End XX. Along Shore XXI. The Backward View Note: SARAH ORNE JEWETT (_PHONE_) was born and died in South Berwick, Maine.
 Her father was the region's most distinguished doctor and, as a child, Jewett often accompanied him on his round of patient visits. She began writing poetry at an early age and when she was only 19 her short story "Mr. Bruce" was accepted by the Atlantic Monthly. Her association with that magazine continued, and William Dean Howells, who was editor at that time, encouraged her to publish her first book, Deephaven (1877), a collection of sketches published earlier in the Atlantic Monthly. Through her friendship with Howells, Jewett became acquainted with Boston's literary elite, including Annie Fields, with whom she developed one of the most intimate and lasting relationships of her life.

 The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) is considered Jewett's finest work, described by Henry James as her "beautiful little quantum of achievement." Despite James's diminutives, the novel remains a classic. Because it is loosely structured, many critics view the book not as a novel, but a series of sketches; however, its structure is unified through both setting and theme. Jewett herself felt that her strengths as a writer lay not in plot development or dramatic tension, but in character development.
 Indeed, she determined early in her career to preserve a disappearing way of life, and her novel can be read as a study of the effects of isolation and hardship on the inhabitants who lived in the decaying fishing villages along the Maine coast.

 Jewett died in 1909, eight years after an accident that effectively ended her writing career. Her reputation had grown during her lifetime, extending far beyond the bounds of the New England she loved.

 I. The Return THERE WAS SOMETHING about the coast town of Dunnet which made it seem more attractive than other maritime villages of eastern Maine. Perhaps it was the simple fact of acquaintance with that neighborhood which made it so attaching, and gave such interest to the rocky shore and dark woods, and the few houses which seemed to be securely wedged and tree-nailed in among the ledges by the Landing. These houses made the most of their seaward view, and there was a gayety and determined floweriness in their bits of garden ground; the small-paned high windows in the peaks of their steep gables were like knowing eyes that watched the harbor and the far sea-line beyond, or looked northward all along the shore and its background of spruces and balsam firs. When one really knows a village like this and its surroundings, it is like becoming acquainted with a single person. The process of falling in love at first sight is as final as it is swift in such a case, but the growth of true friendship may be a lifelong affair.

 After a first brief visit made two or three summers before in the course of a yachting cruise, a lover of Dunnet Landing returned to find the unchanged shores of the pointed firs, the same quaintness of the village with its elaborate conventionalities; all that mixture of remoteness, and childish certainty of being the centre of civilization of which her affectionate dreams had told. One evening in June, a single passenger landed upon the steamboat wharf. The tide was high, there was a fine crowd of spectators, and the younger portion of the company followed her with subdued excitement up the narrow street of the salt-aired, white-clapboarded little town.

 II. Mrs. Todd LATER, THERE WAS only one fault to find with this choice of a summer lodging-place, and that was its complete lack of seclusion. At first the tiny house of Mrs. Almira Todd, which stood with its end to the street, appeared to be retired and sheltered enough from the busy world, behind its bushy bit of a green garden, in which all the blooming things, two or three gay hollyhocks and some London-pride, were pushed back against the gray-shingled wall. It was a queer little garden and puzzling to a stranger, the few flowers being put at a disadvantage by so much greenery; but the discovery was soon made that Mrs. Todd was an ardent lover of herbs, both wild and tame, and the sea-breezes blew into the low end-window of the house laden with not only sweet-brier and sweet-mary, but balm and sage and borage and mint, wormwood and southernwood. If Mrs.
 Todd had occasion to step into the far corner of her herb plot, she trod heavily upon thyme, and made its fragrant presence known with all the rest. Being a very large person, her full skirts brushed and bent almost every slender stalk that her feet missed. You could always tell when she was stepping about there, even when you were half awake in the morning, and learned to know, in the course of a few weeks' experience, in exactly which corner of the garden she might be.

 At one side of this herb plot were other growths of a rustic pharmacopoeia, great treasures and rarities among the commoner herbs.
 There were some strange and pungent odors that roused a dim sense and remembrance of something in the forgotten past. Some of these might once have belonged to sacred and mystic rites, and have had some occult knowledge handed with them down the centuries; but now they pertained only to humble compounds brewed at intervals with molasses or vinegar or spirits in a small caldron on Mrs. Todd's kitchen stove. They were dispensed to suffering neighbors, who usually came at night as if by stealth, bringing their own ancient-looking vials to be filled. One nostrum was called the Indian remedy, and its price was but fifteen cents; the whispered directions could be heard as customers passed the windows.
 With most remedies the purchaser was allowed to depart unadmonished from the kitchen, Mrs. Todd being a wise saver of steps; but with certain vials she gave cautions, standing in the doorway, and there were other doses which had to be accompanied on their healing way as far as the gate, while she muttered long chapters of directions, and kept up an air of secrecy and importance to the last. It may not have been only the common aids of humanity with which she tried to cope; it seemed sometimes as if love and hate and jealousy and adverse winds at sea might also find their proper remedies among the curious wild-looking plants in Mrs. Todd's garden.

 The village doctor and this learned herbalist were upon the best of terms.
 The good man may have counted upon the unfavorable effect of certain potions which he should find his opportunity in counteracting; at any rate, he now and then stopped and exchanged greetings with Mrs. Todd over the picket fence. The conversation became at once professional after the briefest preliminaries, and he would stand twirling a sweet-scented sprig in his


is given to Gaultheria procumbens, a low evergreen aromatic plant with oval leaves clustered at the top of a short stem, and bearing small white flowers followed by red berries; — called also checkerberry, and sometimes, though improperly, partridge berry.

Chickweed wintergreen, a low perennial primulaceous herb (Trientalis Americana); — also called star flower. — Flowering wintergreen, a low plant (Polygala paucifolia) with leaves somewhat like those of the wintergreen (Gaultheria), and bearing a few showy, rose-purple blossoms. — Spotted wintergreen, a low evergreen plant (Chimaphila maculata) with ovate, white-spotted leaves.

 Win"ter-ground' (?), v. t. To coved over in the season of winter, as for protection or shelter; as, to winterground the roods of a plant.

 The ruddock would... bring thee all this, Yea, and furred moss besides, when flowers are none To winter-ground thy corse.

Shak.
 Win"ter*kill' (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winterkilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Winterkilling.] To kill by the cold, or exposure to the inclemency of winter; as, the wheat was winterkilled.
 [U. S.]

 Win"ter*ly, a. Like winter; wintry; cold; hence, disagreeable, cheerless; as, winterly news. [R.] Shak.
 The sir growing more winterly in the month of April.

Camden.
 Win"ter-proud' (?), a. Having too rank or forward a growth for winter.

 When either corn is winter-proud, or other plants put forth and bud too early.

Holland.
 Win"ter-rig' (?), v. t. [See Winter and Ridge.] To fallow or till in winter. [Prov. Eng.]

 Win"ter's bark' (?). (Bot.) The aromatic bark of tree (Drimys, or Drymis, Winteri) of the Magnolia family, which is found in Southern Chili. It was first used as a cure for scurvy by its discoverer, Captain John Winter, vice admiral to sir Francis Drake, in 1577.

 Win"ter*tide' (?), n. Winter time. Tennyson.
 Win"ter*weed' (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of speedwell (Veronica hederifolia) which spreads chiefly in winter. Dr. Prior.
 Win"ter*y (?), a. Wintry.

 Win"try (?), a. [AS. wintrig.] Suitable to winter; resembling winter, or what belongs to winter; brumal; hyemal; cold; stormy; wintery.

 Touch our chilled hearts with vernal smile, Our wintry course do thou beguile.

Keble.
 Win"y (?), a. Having the taste or qualities of wine; vinous; as, grapes of a winy taste. Dampier.
 Winze (?), n. (Mining.) A small shaft sunk from one level to another, as for the purpose of ventilation.

 Wipe (?), n. [Cf. Sw. vipa, Dan. vibe, the lapwing.]
 (Zoöl.) The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.]

 Wipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wiped (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Wiping.] [OE. vipen, AS. wpian; cf. LG. wiep a wisp of straw, Sw. vepa to wrap up, to cuddle one's self up, vepa a blanket; perhaps akin to E. whip.]

1. To rub with something soft for cleaning; to clean or dry by rubbing; as, to wipe the hands or face with a towel.

 Let me wipe thy face.

Shak.
 I will wipe Jerusalem as a man wipeth a dish, wiping it, and turning it upside down.

2 Kings xxi. 13.
2. To remove by rubbing; to rub off; to obliterate; — usually followed by away, off or out. Also used figuratively.
 "To wipe out our ingratitude." Shak.
 Some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon.

Milton.
3. To cheat; to defraud; to trick; — usually followed by out.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 If they by coveyne [covin] or gile be wiped beside their goods.

Robynson (More's Utopia) To wipe a joint (Plumbing), to make a joint, as between pieces of lead pipe, by surrounding the junction with a mass of solder, applied in a plastic condition by means of a rag with which the solder is shaped by rubbing. — To wipe the nose of, to cheat. [Old Slang] Wipe, n. 1. Act of rubbing, esp. in order to clean.

2. A blow; a stroke; a hit; a swipe. [Low] 3. A gibe; a jeer; a severe sarcasm. Swift.
4. A handkerchief. [Thieves' Cant or Slang] 5. Stain; brand. [Obs.] "Slavish wipe." Shak.
 Wip"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wipes.

2. Something used for wiping, as a towel or rag.

3. (Mach.) A piece generally projecting from a rotating or swinging piece, as an axle or rock shaft, for the purpose of raising stampers, lifting rods, or the like, and leaving them to fall by their own weight; a kind of cam.

4. (Firearms) A rod, or an attachment for a rod, for holding a rag with which to wipe out the bore of the barrel.

 Wir"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wirbled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Wirbling (?).] [Cf. Warble, Whirl.] To whirl; to eddy.
 [R.]

 The waters went wirbling above and around.

Owen. Meredith.
 Wirche (?), v. i. & t. To work [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wire (?), n. [OE. wir, AS. wir; akin to Icel. vrr, Dan. vire, LG. wir, wire; cf. OHG. wiara fine gold; perhaps akin to E. withy. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. A thread or slender rod of metal; a metallic substance formed to an even thread by being passed between grooved rollers, or drawn through holes in a plate of steel.

 Wire is made of any desired form, as round, square, triangular, etc., by giving this shape to the hole in the drawplate, or between the rollers.

2. A telegraph wire or cable; hence, an electric telegraph; as, to send a message by wire. [Colloq.]

Wire bed, Wire mattress, an elastic bed bottom or mattress made of wires interwoven or looped together in various ways. — Wire bridge, a bridge suspended from wires, or cables made of wire. — Wire cartridge, a shot cartridge having the shot inclosed in a wire cage.
 — Wire cloth, a coarse cloth made of woven metallic wire, — used for strainers, and for various other purposes. — Wire edge, the thin, wirelike thread of metal sometimes formed on the edge of a tool by the stone in sharpening it. — Wire fence, a fence consisting of posts with strained horizontal wires, wire netting, or other wirework, between. — Wire gauge or gage. (a) A gauge for measuring the diameter of wire, thickness of sheet metal, etc., often consisting of a metal plate with a series of notches of various widths in its edge. (b) A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated, as


Anat.) The sphenoid bone.

 Sphe*noid"al (?), a. 1. Sphenoid.

2. (Crystalloq.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a sphenoid.

 Sphe*not"ic (?), a. [Spheno- + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, the ear.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the sphenotic bone.

Sphenotic bone (Anat.), a bone on the anterior side of the auditory capsule of many fishes, and connected with, or adjoining, the sphenoid bone.

 Sphe*not"ic, n. (Anat.) The sphenotic bone.

 Spher"al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sphere or the spheres.

2. Rounded like a sphere; sphere-shaped; hence, symmetrical; complete; perfect.

 Sphere (?), n. [OE. spere, OF. espere, F. sphère, L. sphaera,. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a sphere, a ball.] 1.
(Geom.) A body or space contained under a single surface, which in every part is equally distant from a point within called its center.

2. Hence, any globe or globular body, especially a celestial one, as the sun, a planet, or the earth.

 Of celestial bodies, first the sun, A mighty sphere, he framed.

Milton.
3. (Astron.) (a) The apparent surface of the heavens, which is assumed to be spherical and everywhere equally distant, in which the heavenly bodies appear to have their places, and on which the various astronomical circles, as of right ascension and declination, the equator, ecliptic, etc., are conceived to be drawn; an ideal geometrical sphere, with the astronomical and geographical circles in their proper positions on it. (b) In ancient astronomy, one of the concentric and eccentric revolving spherical transparent shells in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon were supposed to be set, and by which they were carried, in such a manner as to produce their apparent motions.

4. (Logic) The extension of a general conception, or the totality of the individuals or species to which it may be applied.

5. Circuit or range of action, knowledge, or influence; compass; province; employment; place of existence.

 To be called into a huge sphere, and not to be seen to move in 't.

Shak.
 Taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself.

Hawthorne.
 Each in his hidden sphere of joy or woe Our hermit spirits dwell.

Keble.
6. Rank; order of society; social positions.

7. An orbit, as of a star; a socket. [R.] Shak.
Armillary sphere, Crystalline sphere, Oblique sphere,.
 See under Armillary, Crystalline,. -- Doctrine of the sphere, applications of the principles of spherical trigonometry to the properties and relations of the circles of the sphere, and the problems connected with them, in astronomy and geography, as to the latitudes and longitudes, distance and bearing, of places on the earth, and the right ascension and declination, altitude and azimuth, rising and setting, etc., of the heavenly bodies; spherical geometry. -- Music of the spheres. See under Music.

Syn. -- Globe; orb; circle. See Globe.

 Sphere (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sphered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sphering.] 1. To place in a sphere, or among the spheres; to insphere.

 The glorious planet Sol In noble eminence enthroned and sphered Amidst the other.

Shak.
2. To form into roundness; to make spherical, or spheral; to perfect. Tennyson.
 { Spher"ic*al (?), Spher"ic (?), } a. [L. sphaericus, Gr.
 &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sphérique.] 1. Having the form of a sphere; like a sphere; globular; orbicular; as, a spherical body.

2. Of or pertaining to a sphere.

3. Of or pertaining to the heavenly orbs, or to the sphere or spheres in which, according to ancient astronomy and astrology, they were set.

 Knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance.

Shak.
 Though the stars were suns, and overburned Their spheric limitations.

Mrs. Browning.
Spherical angle, Spherical coördinate, Spherical excess, etc. See under Angle, Coordinate, etc. -- Spherical geometry, that branch of geometry which treats of spherical magnitudes; the doctrine of the sphere, especially of the circles described on its surface. -- Spherical harmonic analysis. See under Harmonic, a. -- Spherical lune,portion of the surface of a sphere included between two great semicircles having a common diameter. -- Spherical opening, the magnitude of a solid angle. It is measured by the portion within the solid angle of the surface of any sphere whose center is the angular point. -- Spherical polygon,portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by the arcs of three or more great circles. -- Spherical projection, the projection of the circles of the sphere upon a plane. See Projection. -- Spherical sector. See under Sector.
 -- Spherical segment, the segment of a sphere. See under Segment.
 -- Spherical triangle,re on the surface of a sphere, bounded by the arcs of three great circles which intersect each other. -- Spherical trigonometry. See Trigonometry.

 -- Spher"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Spher"ic*al*ness, n. Sphe*ric"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sphéricité.] The quality or state of being spherial; roundness; as, the sphericity of the planets, or of a drop of water.

 Spher"i*cle (?), n. A small sphere.

 Spher"ics (?), n. (Math.) The doctrine of the sphere; the science of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it; spherical geometry and trigonometry.

 ||Sphe'ro*bac*te"ri*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Spherobacterium (&?;).
 [NL. See Sphere, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) See the Note under Microbacteria.

 Sphe'ro*con"ic (?), n. (Geom.) A nonplane curve formed by the intersection of the surface of an oblique cone with the surface of a sphere whose center is at the vertex of the cone.

 Spher"o*graph (?), n. [Sphere + -graph.] An instrument for facilitating the practical use of spherics in navigation and astronomy, being constructed of two cardboards containing various circles, and turning upon each other in such a manner that any possible spherical triangle may be readily found, and the measures of the parts read off by inspection.

 Sphe"roid (?), n. [L. spheroides ball-like, spherical, Gr.
 &?;&?;&?;; &?;&?;&?;&?; sphere + &?;&?;&?; form: cf. F. sphéroïde.] A body or figure approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical; esp., a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes.

Oblate spheroid, Prolate spheroid. See Oblate, Prolate, and Ellipsoid.

 Sphe*roid"al (?), a. [Cf. F. sphéroïdal.] Having the form of a spheroid. -- Sphe*roid"al*ly, adv.
Spheroidal state (Physics.), the state of a liquid, as water, when, on being thrown on a surface of highly heated metal, it rolls about in spheroidal drops or masses, at a temperature several degrees below ebullition, and without actual contact with the heated surface, -- a phenomenon due to the repulsive force of heat, the intervention of a cushion of nonconducting vapor,


[Illustration] THE MAHATMA AND THE HARE A DREAM STORY by H. Rider Haggard Contents THE MAHATMA—A DREAM STORY THE MAHATMA THE GREAT WHITE ROAD THE HARE THE SHOOTING THE COURSING THE HUNTING THE COMING OF THE RED-FACED MAN THE MAHATMA A DREAM STORY "Ultimately a good hare was found which took the field at... There the hounds pressed her, and on the hunt arriving at the edge of the cliff the hare could be seen crossing the beach and going right out to sea. A boat was procured, and the master and some others rowed out to her just as she drowned, and, bringing the body in, gave it to the hounds. A hare swimming out to sea is a sight not often witnessed."—Local paper, January 1911.
 "... A long check occurred in the latter part of this hunt, the hare having laid up in a hedgerow, from which she was at last evicted by a crack of the whip. Her next place of refuge was a horse-pond, which she tried to swim, but got stuck in the ice midway, and was sinking, when the huntsman went in after her. It was a novel sight to see huntsman and hare being lifted over a wall out of the pond, the eager pack waiting for their prey behind the wall."—Local paper, February 1911.
The author supposes that the first of the above extracts must have impressed him. At any rate, on the night after the reading of it, just as he went to sleep, or on the following morning just as he awoke, he cannot tell which, there came to him the title and the outlines of this fantasy, including the command with which it ends. With a particular clearness did he seem to see the picture of the Great White Road, "straight as the way of the Spirit, and broad as the breast of Death," and of the little Hare travelling towards the awful Gates.
Like the Mahatma of this fable, he expresses no opinion as to the merits of the controversy between the Red-faced Man and the Hare that, without search on his own part, presented itself to his mind in so odd a fashion. It is one on which anybody interested in such matters can form an individual judgment.
THE MAHATMA[1] [1] Mahatma, "great-souled." "One of a class of persons with preter-natural powers, imagined to exist in India and Thibet."—New English Dictionary.
Everyone has seen a hare, either crouched or running in the fields, or hanging dead in a poulterer's shop, or lastly pathetic, even dreadful-looking and in this form almost indistinguishable from a skinned cat, on the domestic table. But not many people have met a Mahatma, at least to their knowledge. Not many people know even who or what a Mahatma is. The majority of those who chance to have heard the title are apt to confuse it with another, that of Mad Hatter.
This is even done of malice prepense (especially, for obvious reasons, if a hare is in any way concerned) in scorn, not in ignorance, by persons who are well acquainted with the real meaning of the word and even with its Sanscrit origin. The truth is that an incredulous Western world puts no faith in Mahatmas. To it a Mahatma is a kind of spiritual Mrs. Harris, giving an address in Thibet at which no letters are delivered. Either, it says, there is no such person, or he is a fraudulent scamp with no greater occult powers—well, than a hare.
I confess that this view of Mahatmas is one that does not surprise me in the least. I never met, and I scarcely expect to meet, an individual entitled to set "Mahatma" after his name. Certainly I have no right to do so, who only took that title on the spur of the moment when the Hare asked me how I was called, and now make use of it as a nom-de-plume. It is true there is Jorsen, by whose order, for it amounts to that, I publish this history. For aught I know Jorsen may be a Mahatma, but he does not in the least look the part.
Imagine a bluff person with a strong, hard face, piercing grey eyes, and very prominent, bushy eyebrows, of about fifty or sixty years of age. Add a Scotch accent and a meerschaum pipe, which he smokes even when he is wearing a frock coat and a tall hat, and you have Jorsen. I believe that he lives somewhere in the country, is well off, and practises gardening. If so he has never asked me to his place, and I only meet him when he comes to Town, as I understand, to visit flower-shows.
Then I always meet him because he orders me to do so, not by letter or by word of mouth but in quite a different way. Suddenly I receive an impression in my mind that I am to go to a certain place at a certain hour, and that there I shall find Jorsen. I do go, sometimes to an hotel, sometimes to a lodging, sometimes to a railway station or to the corner of a particular street and there I do find Jorsen smoking his big meerschaum pipe. We shake hands and he explains why he has sent for me, after which we talk of various things. Never mind what they are, for that would be telling Jorsen's secrets as well as my own, which I must not do.
It may be asked how I came to know Jorsen. Well, in a strange way. Nearly thirty years ago a dreadful thing happened to me. I was married and, although still young, a person of some mark in literature. Indeed even now one or two of the books which I wrote are read and remembered, although it is supposed that their author has long left the world.
The thing which happened was that my wife and our daughter were coming over from the Channel Islands, where they had been on a visit (she was a Jersey woman), and, and—well, the ship was lost, that's all. The shock broke my heart, in such a way that it has never been mended again, but unfortunately did not kill me.
Afterwards I took to drink and sank, as drunkards do. Then the river began to draw me. I had a lodging in a poor street at Chelsea, and I could hear the river calling me at night, and—I wished to die as the others had died. At last I yielded, for the drink had rotted out all my moral sense. About one o'clock of a wild, winter morning I went to a bridge I knew where in those days policemen rarely came, and listened to that call of the water.
"Come!" it seemed to say. "This world is the real hell, ending in the eternal naught. The dreams of a life beyond and of re-union there are but a demon's mocking breathed into the mortal heart, lest by its universal suicide mankind should rob him of his torture-pit. There is no truth in all your father taught you" (he was a clergyman and rather eminent in his profession), "there is no hope for man, there is nothing he can win except the deep happiness of sleep. Come and sleep." Such were the arguments of that Voice of the river, the old, familiar arguments of desolation and despair. I leant over the parapet; in another moment I should have been gone, when I became aware that some one was standing near to me. I did not see the person because it was too dark. I did not hear him because of the raving of the wind. But I knew that he was there. So I waited until the moon shone out for a while between the edges of two ragged clouds, the shapes of which I can see to this hour. It showed me Jorsen, looking just as he does to-day, for he never seems to change—Jorsen, on whom, to my knowledge, I had not set eyes before.
"Even a year ago," he said, in his strong, rough voice, "you would not have allowed your mind to be convinced by such arguments as those which you


glass or small glazed frame, for the protection of plants. (b) A small mirror with a handle. -- Hand guide. Same as Hand director (above). -- Hand language, the art of conversing by the hands, esp.
 as practiced by the deaf and dumb; dactylology. -- Hand lathe. See under Lathe. -- Hand money, money paid in hand to bind a contract; earnest money. -- Hand organ (Mus.), a barrel organ, operated by a crank turned by hand. -- Hand plant. (Bot.)
 Same as Hand tree (below). -- Hand rail, a rail, as in staircases, to hold by. Gwilt. -- Hand sail, a sail managed by the hand.
 Sir W. Temple. -- Hand screen, a small screen to be held in the hand. -- Hand screw, a small jack for raising heavy timbers or weights; (Carp.) a screw clamp. -- Hand staff (pl. Hand staves), a javelin. Ezek. xxxix. 9. -- Hand stamp, a small stamp for dating, addressing, or canceling papers, envelopes, etc.
 -- Hand tree (Bot.), a lofty tree found in Mexico (Cheirostemon platanoides), having red flowers whose stamens unite in the form of a hand. -- Hand vise, a small vise held in the hand in doing small work. Moxon. -- Hand work, or Handwork, work done with the hands, as distinguished from work done by a machine; handiwork.
 -- All hands, everybody; all parties. -- At all hands, On all hands, on all sides; from every direction; generally. -- At any hand, At no hand, in any (or no) way or direction; on any account; on no account. "And therefore at no hand consisting with the safety and interests of humility." Jer. Taylor. -- At first hand, At second hand. See def. 10 (above). -- At hand.
 (a) Near in time or place; either present and within reach, or not far distant. "Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet." Shak.
(b) Under the hand or bridle. [Obs.] "Horses hot at hand."
 Shak. -- At the hand of, by the act of; as a gift from.
 "Shall we receive good at the hand of God and shall we not receive evil?" Job ii. 10. -- Bridle hand. See under Bridle. -- By hand, with the hands, in distinction from instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals; as, to weed a garden by hand; to lift, draw, or carry by hand. -- Clean hands, freedom from guilt, esp.
 from the guilt of dishonesty in money matters, or of bribe taking. "He that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger." Job xvii.
 9. -- From hand to hand, from one person to another. -- Hand in hand. (a) In union; conjointly; unitedly. Swift. (b) Just; fair; equitable.
 As fair and as good, a kind of hand in hand comparison.

Shak. -- Hand over hand, Hand over fist, by passing the hands alternately one before or above another; as, to climb hand over hand; also, rapidly; as, to come up with a chase hand over hand. -- Hand over head, negligently; rashly; without seeing what one does. [Obs.] Bacon. -- Hand running, consecutively; as, he won ten times hand running. -- Hands off!
 keep off! forbear! no interference or meddling! -- Hand to hand, in close union; in close fight; as, a hand to hand contest. Dryden.
 -- Heavy hand, severity or oppression. -- In hand. (a) Paid down. "A considerable reward in hand, and... a far greater reward hereafter." Tillotson. (b) In preparation; taking place. Chaucer. "Revels... in hand." Shak. (c) Under consideration, or in the course of transaction; as, he has the business in hand. -- In one's hand or hands. (a) In one's possession or keeping. (b) At one's risk, or peril; as, I took my life in my hand. -- Laying on of hands, a form used in consecrating to office, in the rite of confirmation, and in blessing persons. -- Light hand, gentleness; moderation. -- Note of hand, a promissory note. -- Off hand, Out of hand, forthwith; without delay, hesitation, or difficulty; promptly. "She causeth them to be hanged up out of hand." Spenser. -- Off one's hands, out of one's possession or care. -- On hand, in present possession; as, he has a supply of goods on hand. -- On one's hands, in one's possession care, or management. -- Putting the hand under the thigh, an ancient Jewish ceremony used in swearing. -- Right hand, the place of honor, power, and strength. -- Slack hand, idleness; carelessness; inefficiency; sloth. -- Strict hand, severe discipline; rigorous government. -- To bear a hand (Naut.), to give help quickly; to hasten. -- To bear in hand, to keep in expectation with false pretenses. [Obs.] Shak. -- To be hand and glove, or in glove, with. See under Glove. -- To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. -- To bring up by hand, to feed (an infant) without suckling it. -- To change hand. See Change. -- To change hands, to change sides, or change owners. Hudibras. -- To clap the hands, to express joy or applause, as by striking the palms of the hands together. -- To come to hand, to be received; to be taken into possession; as, the letter came to hand yesterday. -- To get hand, to gain influence. [Obs.]
 Appetites have... got such a hand over them.

Baxter. -- To get one's hand in, to make a beginning in a certain work; to become accustomed to a particular business. -- To have a hand in, to be concerned in; to have a part or concern in doing; to have an agency or be employed in. -- To have in hand. (a) To have in one's power or control. Chaucer. (b) To be engaged upon or occupied with. -- To have one's hands full, to have in hand all that one can do, or more than can be done conveniently; to be pressed with labor or engagements; to be surrounded with difficulties. -- To have, or get, the (higher) upper hand, to have, or get, the better of another person or thing. -- To his hand, To my hand, etc., in readiness; already prepared.
 "The work is made to his hands." Locke. -- To hold hand, to compete successfully or on even conditions. [Obs.] Shak. -- To lay hands on, to seize; to assault. -- To lend a hand, to give assistance. -- To lift, or put forth, the hand against, to attack; to oppose; to kill. -- To live from hand to mouth, to obtain food and other necessaries as want compels, without previous provision. - - To make one's hand, to gain advantage or profit. -- To put the hand unto, to steal. Ex. xxii. 8.-- To put the last, or finishing, hand to, to make the last corrections in; to complete; to perfect. -- To set the hand to, to engage in; to undertake.
 That the Lord thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to.

Deut. xxiii. 20. -- To stand one in hand, to concern or affect one. -- To strike hands, to make a contract, or to become surety for another's debt or good behavior. -- To take in hand. (a)


The Hunchback, by James Sheridan Knowles Transcribed from the 1887 Cassell & Company edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ THE HUNCHBACK.
THE LOVE-CHASE.
by JAMES SHERIDAN KNOWLES CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: london, paris, new york & melbourne.
1887.
INTRODUCTION James Sheridan Knowles was born at Cork in 1784, and died at Torquay in December, 1862, at the age of 78. His father was a teacher of elocution, who compiled a dictionary, and who was related to the Sheridans. He moved to London when his son was eight years old, and there became acquainted with William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb. The son, after his school education, obtained a commission in the army, but gave up everything for the stage, and made his first appearance at the Crow Street Theatre, in Dublin. He did not become a great actor, and when he took to writing plays he did not prove himself a great poet, but his skill in contriving situations through which a good actor can make his powers tell upon the public, won the heart of the great actor of his day, and as Macready's own poet he rose to fame.
Before Macready had discovered him, Sheridan Knowles lived partly by teaching elocution at Belfast and Glasgow, partly by practice of elocution as an actor. In 1815 he produced at the Belfast Theatre his first play, Caius Gracchus. His next play, Virginius was produced at Glasgow with great success. Macready, who had, at the age of seventeen, begun his career as an actor at his father's theatre in Birmingham, had, on Monday, October 5th, 1819, at the age of twenty-six, taken the Londoners by storm in the character of Richard III Covent Garden reopened its closed treasury. It was promptly followed by a success in Coriolanus, and Macready's place was made. He was at once offered fifty pounds a night for appearing on one evening a week at Brighton. It was just after that turn in Macready's fortunes that a friend at Glasgow recommended to him the part of Virginius in Sheridan Knowles's play lately produced there. He agreed unwillingly to look at it, and says that in April, 1820, the parcel containing the MS. came as he was going out. He hesitated, then sat down to read it that he might get a wearisome job over. As he read, he says, "The freshness and simplicity of the dialogue fixed my attention; I read on and on, and was soon absorbed in the interest of the story and the passion of its scenes, till at its close I found myself in such a state of excitement that for a time I was undecided what step to take. Impulse was in the ascendant, and snatching up my pen I hurriedly wrote, as my agitated feelings prompted, a letter to the author, to me then a perfect stranger." Bryan Procter (Barry Cornwall) read the play next day with Macready, and confirmed him in his admiration of it.
Macready at once got it accepted at the theatre, where nothing was spent on scenery, but there was a good cast, and the enthusiasm of Macready as stage manager for the occasion half affronted some of his seniors. On the 17th of May, 1820, about a month after it came into Macready's hands, Virginius was produced at Covent Garden, where, says the actor in his "Reminiscences," "the curtain fell amidst the most deafening applause of a highly-excited auditory." Sheridan Knowles's fame, therefore, was made, like that of his friend Macready, and the friendship between author and actor continued.
Sheridan Knowles had a kindly simplicity of character, and the two qualities for which an actor most prizes a dramatist, skill in providing opportunities for acting that will tell, and readiness to make any changes that the actor asks for. The postscript to his first letter to Macready was, "Make any alterations you like in any part of the play, and I shall be obliged to you." When he brought to the great actor his play of William Tell—Caius Gracchus had been produced in November, 1823—there were passages of writing in it that stopped the course of action, and, says Macready, "Knowles had less of the tenacity of authorship than most writers," so that there was no difficulty about alterations, Macready having in a very high degree the tenacity of actorship. And so, in 1825, Tell became another of Macready's best successes.
Sheridan Knowles continued to write for the stage until 1845, when he was drawn wholly from the theatre by a religious enthusiasm that caused him, in 1851, to essay the breaking of a lance with Cardinal Wiseman on the subject of Transubstantiation. Sir Robert Peel gave ease to his latter days by a pension of £200 a year from the Civil List, which he had honourably earned by a career as dramatist, in which he sought to appeal only to the higher sense of literature, and to draw enjoyment from the purest source. Of his plays time two comedies [1] here given are all that have kept their place upon the stage. As one of the most earnest dramatic writers of the present century he is entitled to a little corner in our memory. Worse work of the past has lasted longer than the plays of Sheridan Knowles are likely to last through the future.
H. M. THE HUNCHBACK.
DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
(AS ORIGINALLY PERFORMED AT COVENT GARDEN IN 1832.)
Julia Miss F. Kemble.
Helen Miss Taylor.
Master Walter Mr. J. S. Knowles.
Sir Thomas Clifford Mr. C. Kemble.
Lord Tinsel Mr. Wrench.
Master Wilford Mr. J. Mason.
Modus Mr. Abbott.
Master Heartwell Mr. Evans.
Gaylove Mr. Henry.
Fathom Mr. Meadows.
Thomas Mr. Barnes.
Stephen Mr. Payne.
Williams Mr. Irwin.
Simpson Mr. Brady.
Waiter Mr. Heath.
Holdwell Mr. Bender.
Servants Mr. J. Cooper.
Mr. Lollett.
ACT I. SCENE I.—A Tavern.
On one side Sir Thomas Clifford, at a table, with wine before him; on the other, Master Wilford, Gaylove, Holdwell, and Simpson, likewise taking wine.
Wilf. Your wine, sirs! your wine! You do not justice to mine host of the Three Tuns, nor credit to yourselves; I swear the beverage is good! It is as palatable poison as you will purchase within a mile round Ludgate! Drink, gentlemen; make free. You know I am a man of expectations; and hold my money as light as the purse in which I carry it.
Gay. We drink, Master Wilford. Not a man of us has been chased as yet.
Wilf. But you fill not fairly, sirs! Look at my measure! Wherefore a large glass, if not for a large draught?
Fill, I pray you, else let us drink out of thimbles! This will never do for the friends of the nearest of kin to the wealthiest peer in Britain.
Gay. We give you joy, Master Wilford, of the prospect of advancement which has so unexpectedly opened to you.
Wilf. Unexpectedly indeed! But yesterday arrived the news that the Earl's only son and heir had died; and to-day has the Earl himself been seized with a mortal illness. His dissolution is looked for hourly; and I, his cousin in only the third degree, known to him but to be unnoticed by him—a decayed gentleman's son—glad of the title and revenues of a scrivener's clerk—am the undoubted successor to his estates and coronet.
Gay. Have you been sent for?
Wilf. No; but I have certified to his agent, Master Walter, the Hunchback, my existence, and peculiar propinquity; and momentarily expect him here.
Gay. Lives there anyone that may dispute your claim—I mean vexatiously?
Wilf. Not a man, Master Gaylove. I am the sole remaining branch of the family tree.
Gay. Doubtless you look for much happiness from this change of fortune?
Wilf. A world!


as the Arimaspians to disseize them thereof.

Holland.
 Dis'sei*zee" (?), n. (Law) A person disseized, or put out of possession of an estate unlawfully; -- correlative to disseizor.
 [Written also disseisee.]

 Dis*sei"zin (?), n. [OF. dessaisine.] (Law) The act of disseizing; an unlawful dispossessing and ouster of a person actually seized of the freehold. [Written also disseisin.] Blackstone.
 Dis*sei"zor (?), n. (Law) One who wrongfully disseizes, or puts another out of possession of a freehold. [Written also disseisor.]
 Blackstone.
 Dis*sei"zor*ess, n. (Law) A woman disseizes.

 Dis*sei"zure (?; 135), n. Disseizin. Speed.
 Dis*sem"blance (?), n. [Cf. F. dissemblance. See Dissemble.]
 Want of resemblance; dissimilitude. [R.] Osborne.
 Dis*sem"blance, n. [Dissemble + -ance.] The act or art of dissembling; dissimulation. [Obs.]

 Dis*sem"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissembled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissembling (?).] [OF. dissembler to be dissimilar; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + F. sembler to seem, L. simulare to simulate; cf. L. dissimulare to dissemble. See Simulate, and cf. Dissimulate.] 1. To hide under a false semblance or seeming; to feign (something) not to be what it really is; to put an untrue appearance upon; to disguise; to mask.

Dissemble all your griefs and discontents.

Shak.
 Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love, But -- why did you kick me down stairs?

J. P. Kemble.
2. To put on the semblance of; to make pretense of; to simulate; to feign.

 He soon dissembled a sleep.

Tatler.
Syn. -- To conceal; disguise; cloak; cover; equivocate. See Conceal.

 Dis*sem"ble, v. i. To conceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense; to assume a false appearance; to act the hypocrite.

 He that hateth dissembleth with his lips.

Prov. xxvi. 24.
 He [an enemy] dissembles when he assumes an air of friendship.

C. J. Smith.
 Dis*sem"bler (?), n. One who dissembles; one who conceals his opinions or dispositions under a false appearance; a hypocrite.

 It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest dissemblers.

Bacon.
 Priests, princes, women, no dissemblers here.

Pope.
Syn. -- Dissembler, Hypocrite. A person is called a dissembler with reference to his concealment of his real character, and a hypocrite with reference to his assumption of a false character. But hypocrite is the stronger word, being commonly used to characterize a person who is habitually insincere and false, especially one who makes professions of goodness when his aims are selfish and his life corrupt.

 Dis*sem"bling (?), a. That dissembles; hypocritical; false. -- Dis*sem"bling*ly, adv.
 Dis*sem"i*nate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disseminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disseminating.] [L. disseminatus, p. p. of disseminare to disseminate; dis- + seminare to sow, semen seed. See Seminary.] 1. To sow broadcast or as seed; to scatter for growth and propagation, like seed; to spread abroad; to diffuse; as, principles, ideas, opinions, and errors are disseminated when they are spread abroad for propagation.

2. To spread or extend by dispersion.

 A nearly uniform and constant fire or heat disseminated throughout the body of the earth.

Woodward.
Syn. -- To spread; diffuse; propagate; circulate; disperse; scatter.

 Dis*sem"i*na'ted (?), p. a. (Min.) Occurring in small portions scattered through some other substance.

 Dis*sem'i*na"tion (?), n. [L. disseminatio: cf. F. dissémination.]
 The act of disseminating, or the state of being disseminated; diffusion for propagation and permanence; a scattering or spreading abroad, as of ideas, beliefs, etc.

 The universal dissemination of those writings.

Wayland.
 Dis*sem"i*na*tive (?), a. Tending to disseminate, or to become disseminated.

 The effect of heresy is, like the plague, infectious and disseminative.

Jer. Taylor.
 Dis*sem"i*na'tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, disseminates, spreads, or propagates; as, disseminators of disease.

 Dis*sen"sion (?), n. [L. dissensio: cf. F. dissension.
 See Dissent.] Disagreement in opinion, usually of a violent character, producing warm debates or angry words; contention in words; partisan and contentious divisions; breach of friendship and union; strife; discord; quarrel.

 Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them.

Acts xv. 2.
 Debates, dissension, uproars are thy joy.

Dryden.
 A seditious person and raiser-up of dissension among the people.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
 Dis*sen"sious (?), a. Disposed to discord; contentious; dissentious. [R.] Ascham. -- Dis*sen"sious*ly, adv. Chapman.
 Dis*sent" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dissented; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Dissenting.] [L. dissentire, dissentum; dis- + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] 1. To differ in opinion; to be of unlike or contrary sentiment; to disagree; -- followed by from.

 The bill passed... without a dissenting voice.

Hallam.
 Opinions in which multitudes of men dissent from us.

Addison.
2. (Eccl.) To differ from an established church in regard to doctrines, rites, or government.

3. To differ; to be of a contrary nature. Hooker.
 Dis*sent", n. 1. The act of dissenting; difference of opinion; refusal to adopt something proposed; nonagreement, nonconcurrence, or disagreement.

 The dissent of no small number [of peers] is frequently recorded.

Hallam.
2. (Eccl.) Separation from an established church, especially that of England; nonconformity.

 It is the dissidence of dissent and the protestantism of the Protestant religion.

Burke.
3. Contrariety of nature; diversity in quality. [Obs.]

 The dissent of the metals.

Bacon.
Syn. -- Disagreement; variance; difference; nonconcurrence; nonconformity.

 Dis'sen*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. dissentaneus.] Disagreeing; contrary; differing; -- opposed to consentaneous. [R.] Barrow.
 Dis"sen*ta*ny (?), a. Dissentaneous; inconsistent. [Obs.] Milton.
 Dis'sen*ta"tion (?), n. Dissension. [Obs.] W. Browne.
 Dis*sent"er (?), n. 1. One who dissents; one who differs in opinion, or declares his disagreement.

2. (Eccl.) One who separates from the


gravy.

 Cut all the green off a head of celery, trim the rest. Cut it into pieces about four inches long, blanch and braize them in good stock, ham, salt, and pepper. When cooked, drain and arrange them on a dish, sprinkle with grated Parmesan and Cheddar, and add one and a half ounce of butter, then put them in the oven till they have taken a good colour, pour a little good gravy over them and serve.

 No. 164. Sedani fritti all'Italiana (Celery) Ingredients: Same as No. 163, eggs, bread crumbs, tomatoes.

 Prepare a head of celery as above, and cut it up into equal pieces. Blanch and braize as above, and when cold egg and breadcrumb and sautez in butter. Serve with tomato sauce.

 No. 165. Cetriuoli alla Parmigiana (Cucumber) Ingredients: Cucumber, butter, cheese, gravy, salt, cayenne.

 Cut a cucumber into slices about half an inch thick, boil for five minutes in salted water, drain in a sieve, and fry slightly in melted butter, then strew a little grated Parmesan over it, and add a good thick gravy, put it into the oven for ten minutes to brown, and serve as hot as possible.

 No. 166. Cetriuoli alla Borghese (Cucumber) Ingredients: Cucumber, cream, salt, Bechamel sauce, butter, Parmesan, cayenne pepper.

 Cook a cucumber as in No. 165, braize it for five minutes, add to it a good rich Bechamel (No. 3), mixed with cream and grated Parmesan Spread this well over the cucumber, and put it into the oven for ten minutes keeping the rounds of cucumber separate, so as to arrange them in a circle on a very hot dish. Care should be taken not to cook the cucumber too long, or it will break in pieces and spoil the look of the dish.

 No. 167. Carote al sughillo (Carrots) Ingredients: Carrots, stock, butter, sausage, pepper.

 Boil some young carrots in stock, slice them up, and put them in a stewpan with a sausage cut up; cook for quarter of an hour on a slow fire, then stir up the fire, and when the carrots and sausage are a good colour add a good Espagnole sauce (No. 1), and serve.

 No. 168. Carote e piselli alla panna (Carrots and Peas) Ingredients: Young carrots, peas, cream, salt.

 Half cook equal quantities of peas and young carrots (the carrots should be cut in dice, and will require a little longer cooking), then put them together in a stewpan with three or four tablespoonsful of cream, and cook till quite tender. Serve hot.

 No. 169. Verze alla Certosine (Cabbage) Ingredients: Cabbage, butter, salt, leeks or shallots, sardines, cheese.

 Any vegetable may be cooked in the following simple manner: Boil them well, then slightly fry a little bit of leek or shallot and a sardine in butter; drain the vegetables, put them in the butter, and cook gently so that they may absorb all the flavour, and at the last add a dust of grated cheese and a tiny pinch of spice.

 No. 170. Lattughe al sugo (Lettuce) Ingredients: Lettuce, Parmesan, bacon, stock, butter, croutons of bread, gravy.

 Take off the outside leaves of a lettuce, blanch and drain them well. Put on each leaf a mixture of grated Parmesan, salt, little bits of chopped bacon or ham, add a little good stock, cover over with buttered paper, and cook in a hot oven for five minutes. Then drain off the stock and roll up each leaf with the bacon, &c., put them on croutons of fried bread and pour some good thick gravy over them.

 No. 171 Lattughe farcite alla Genovese (Lettuce) Ingredients: Lettuce, forcemeat of fowl or veal, ham, Espagnole sauce.

 Prepare a lettuce as above, and spread on each leaf a spoonful of forcemeat of fowl or veal, add a little cooked ham chopped up, roll up the leaves, and cook as above. Drain them on a cloth, arrange them neatly on a dish, and pour some good Espagnole sauce (No. 1) over them.

 No. 172. Funghi cappelle infarcite (Stuffed Mushrooms) Ingredients: Mushrooms, bread, stock, garlic, parsley, salt, Parmesan, butter, eggs, cream.

 Choose a dozen good fresh mushrooms, take off the stalks and put the tops into a saucepan with a little butter. See that they lie bottom upwards.
 Then cut up and mix together half the stalks of the mushrooms, a little bread crumb soaked in gravy, the merest scrap of garlic and a little chopped parsley. Put this into a separate saucepan and add to it two eggs, half a gill of cream, salt, and two tablespoonsful of grated Parmesan. Mix well so as to get a smooth paste and fill in the cavities of the mushrooms with it. Then add a little more butter, strew some bread crumbs over each mushroom, and cook in the oven for ten to fifteen minutes.

 No. 173. Verdure miste (Macedoine of Vegetables) Ingredients: Cauliflower, carrots, celery, spinach, butter, cream, pepper, Parmesan.

 Boil some carrots, cauliflower, spinach, and celery (all cut up) in water.
 Then put them in layers in a buttered china mould, and between each layer add a little cream, pepper, and a little grated Parmesan and Cheddar. Fill the mould in this manner, and put it in the oven for half an hour, so that the vegetables may cook without adhering to the mould. Turn out and serve.

 No. 174. Patate alla crema (Potatoes in cream) Ingredients: Potatoes, butter, Parmesan, white stock, cream, pepper, salt.

 Boil two pounds of potatoes in salted water for a quarter of an hour, peel and cut them into slices about the size of a penny, then arrange them in layers in a very deep fireproof dish (with a lid), and on each layer pour a little melted butter, a little good white stock and a dust of grated Parmesan. Reduce a pint and a half of cream to half its quantity, add a little pepper, and pour it over the potatoes. Put the dish in the oven for twenty minutes. Serve as hot as possible.

 No. 175. Cestelline di patate alla giardiniera (Potatoes) Ingredients: Potatoes, white stock, salt, butter, peas, asparagus, sprouts, beans, &c. Choose some big sound potatoes, cut them in half and scoop out a little of the centre so as to form a cavity, blanch them in salted water and cook for a quarter of an hour in good white stock and a little butter. Then fill in the cavities with a macedoine of cooked vegetables and add a little cream to each.

 No. 176. Patate al Pomidoro (Potatoes with Tomato Sauce) Ingredients: Potatoes, butter, salt, tomatoes, lemon, stock.

 Peel three or four raw potatoes, cut them in slices about the size of a five-shilling piece, then put them into a stewpan with two ounces of melted butter, and cook them gently until they are a good colour, add salt, drain off the butter, then glaze them by adding half a glass of good stock. Arrange them on a dish, pour some good tomato sauce over them, and add a little butter and a squeeze of lemon juice.

 No. 177. Spinaci alla Milanese (Spinach) Ingredients: Spinach, butter, Velute sauce, salt, pepper, flour, stock.

 Wash three pounds of spinach at least


meditation may be attained supreme self-realisation. Meditation is one of the six ways through which Buddhahood may be reached, and the Zen sectarians affirm that Sakyamuni laid special stress on this method in his later teachings, handing down the rules to his chief disciple Kashiapa.
 According to their tradition Kashiapa, the first Zen patriarch, imparted the secret to Ananda, who in turn passed it on to successive patriarchs until it reached Bodhi-Dharma, the twenty-eighth. Bodhi-Dharma came to Northern China in the early half of the sixth century and was the first patriarch of Chinese Zen. There is much uncertainty about the history of these patriarchs and their doctrines. In its philosophical aspect early Zennism seems to have affinity on one hand to the Indian Negativism of Nagarjuna and on the other to the Gnan philosophy formulated by Sancharacharya. The first teaching of Zen as we know it at the present day must be attributed to the sixth Chinese patriarch Yeno(637-713), founder of Southern Zen, so-called from the fact of its predominance in Southern China. He is closely followed by the great Baso(died 788) who made of Zen a living influence in Celestial life. Hiakujo(719-814) the pupil of Baso, first instituted the Zen monastery and established a ritual and regulations for its government. In the discussions of the Zen school after the time of Baso we find the play of the Yangtse-Kiang mind causing an accession of native modes of thought in contrast to the former Indian idealism. Whatever sectarian pride may assert to the contrary one cannot help being impressed by the similarity of Southern Zen to the teachings of Laotse and the Taoist Conversationalists. In the Tao-teking we already find allusions to the importance of self-concentration and the need of properly regulating the breath—essential points in the practice of Zen meditation. Some of the best commentaries on the Book of Laotse have been written by Zen scholars.

 Zennism, like Taoism, is the worship of Relativity. One master defines Zen as the art of feeling the polar star in the southern sky. Truth can be reached only through the comprehension of opposites. Again, Zennism, like Taoism, is a strong advocate of individualism. Nothing is real except that which concerns the working of our own minds. Yeno, the sixth patriarch, once saw two monks watching the flag of a pagoda fluttering in the wind.
 One said "It is the wind that moves," the other said "It is the flag that moves"; but Yeno explained to them that the real movement was neither of the wind nor the flag, but of something within their own minds. Hiakujo was walking in the forest with a disciple when a hare scurried off at their approach. "Why does the hare fly from you?" asked Hiakujo. "Because he is afraid of me," was the answer. "No," said the master, "it is because you have murderous instinct." The dialogue recalls that of Soshi (Chaungtse), the Taoist. One day Soshi was walking on the bank of a river with a friend. "How delightfully the fishes are enjoying themselves in the water!" exclaimed Soshi. His friend spake to him thus: "You are not a fish; how do you know that the fishes are enjoying themselves?" "You are not myself," returned Soshi; "how do you know that I do not know that the fishes are enjoying themselves?"

 Zen was often opposed to the precepts of orthodox Buddhism even as Taoism was opposed to Confucianism. To the transcendental insight of the Zen, words were but an incumbrance to thought; the whole sway of Buddhist scriptures only commentaries on personal speculation. The followers of Zen aimed at direct communion with the inner nature of things, regarding their outward accessories only as impediments to a clear perception of Truth. It was this love of the Abstract that led the Zen to prefer black and white sketches to the elaborately coloured paintings of the classic Buddhist School. Some of the Zen even became iconoclastic as a result of their endeavor to recognise the Buddha in themselves rather than through images and symbolism. We find Tankawosho breaking up a wooden statue of Buddha on a wintry day to make a fire. "What sacrilege!" said the horror-stricken bystander. "I wish to get the Shali out of the ashes," calmly rejoined the Zen. "But you certainly will not get Shali from this image!" was the angry retort, to which Tanka replied, "If I do not, this is certainly not a Buddha and I am committing no sacrilege." Then he turned to warm himself over the kindling fire.

 A special contribution of Zen to Eastern thought was its recognition of the mundane as of equal importance with the spiritual. It held that in the great relation of things there was no distinction of small and great, an atom possessing equal possibilities with the universe. The seeker for perfection must discover in his own life the reflection of the inner light. The organisation of the Zen monastery was very significant of this point of view. To every member, except the abbot, was assigned some special work in the caretaking of the monastery, and curiously enough, to the novices was committed the lighter duties, while to the most respected and advanced monks were given the more irksome and menial tasks. Such services formed a part of the Zen discipline and every least action must be done absolutely perfectly. Thus many a weighty discussion ensued while weeding the garden, paring a turnip, or serving tea. The whole ideal of Teaism is a result of this Zen conception of greatness in the smallest incidents of life. Taoism furnished the basis for aesthetic ideals, Zennism made them practical.

 IV. The Tea-Room To European architects brought up on the traditions of stone and brick construction, our Japanese method of building with wood and bamboo seems scarcely worthy to be ranked as architecture. It is but quite recently that a competent student of Western architecture has recognised and paid tribute to the remarkable perfection of our great temples. Such being the case as regards our classic architecture, we could hardly expect the outsider to appreciate the subtle beauty of the tea-room, its principles of construction and decoration being entirely different from those of the West.

 The tea-room (the Sukiya) does not pretend to be other than a mere cottage—a straw hut, as we call it. The original ideographs for Sukiya mean the Abode of Fancy. Latterly the various tea-masters substituted various Chinese characters according to their conception of the tea-room, and the term Sukiya may signify the Abode of Vacancy or the Abode of the Unsymmetrical. It is an Abode of Fancy inasmuch as it is an ephemeral structure built to house a poetic impulse. It is an Abode of Vacancy inasmuch as it is devoid of ornamentation except for what may be placed in it to satisfy some aesthetic need of the moment. It is an Abode of the Unsymmetrical inasmuch as it is consecrated to the worship of the Imperfect, purposely leaving some thing unfinished for the play of the imagination to complete. The ideals of Teaism have since the sixteenth century influenced our architecture to such degree that the ordinary Japanese interior of the present day, on account of the extreme simplicity and chasteness of its scheme of decoration, appears to foreigners almost barren.

 The first independent tea-room was the creation of Senno-Soyeki, commonly known by his later name of Rikiu, the greatest of all tea-masters, who, in the sixteenth century, under the patronage of Taiko-Hideyoshi, instituted and brought to a high state of perfection the formalities of the Tea-ceremony. The proportions of the tea-room had been previously determined by Jowo—a famous tea-master of the fifteenth century. The early tea-room consisted merely of a portion of the ordinary drawing-room partitioned off by screens for the purpose of the tea-gathering. The portion partitioned off was called the Kakoi (enclosure), a name still applied to those tea-rooms which are built into a house and are not independent constructions. The Sukiya consists of the tea-room proper, designed to accommodate not more than five persons, a number suggestive of the saying "more than the Graces and less than the Muses," an anteroom (midsuya) where the tea utensils


and the wonders of Puss in Boots and Cinderella, which have descended to us from that vast cloud-country of bygone ages; that dreamland of fairy imagery, which is as real to the little maid in the twentieth century as it was to her young sisters in the shadow of the Pyramids, on the banks of the Tiber and the Ganges, in the neighborhood of solemn Druid Temples, or among the fjords and floes of the far-off Icelandic country, in centuries long since gone by.


meeting, for the purpose of exploding gaseous mixtures by an electric spark, as in gas analysis, etc.

 Det'o*na"tion (-n"shn), n. [Cf. F. détonation.] An explosion or sudden report made by the instantaneous decomposition or combustion of unstable substances; as, the detonation of gun cotton.

 Det"o*na'tor (dt"*n'tr), n. One who, or that which, detonates.

 Det'o*ni*za"tion (dt'*n*z"shn), n. The act of detonizing; detonation.

 Det"o*nize (dt"*nz), v. t. & i. [See Detonate.] [imp. & p. p.Detonized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Detonizing.] To explode, or cause to explode; to burn with an explosion; to detonate.

 De*tor"sion (?), n. Same as Detortion.

 De*tort" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detorted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Detorting.] [L. detortus, p. p. of detorquere to turn away; de + torquere to turn about, twist: cf. F. détorquer, détordre.] To turn form the original or plain meaning; to pervert; to wrest. Hammond.
 De*tor"tion (?), n. The act of detorting, or the state of being detorted; a twisting or warping.

 De'tour" (?), n. [F. détour, fr. détourner to turn aside; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + tourner to turn. See Turn.] A turning; a circuitous route; a deviation from a direct course; as, the detours of the Mississippi.

 De*tract" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detracted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Detracting.] [L. detractus, p. p. of detrahere to detract; de + trahere to draw: cf. F. détracter.
 See Trace.] 1. To take away; to withdraw.

Detract much from the view of the without.

Sir H. Wotton.
2. To take credit or reputation from; to defame.

 That calumnious critic... Detracting what laboriously we do.

Drayton.
Syn. -- To derogate; decry; disparage; depreciate; asperse; vilify; defame; traduce. See Decry.

 De*tract", v. i. To take away a part or something, especially from one's credit; to lessen reputation; to derogate; to defame; -- often with from.

 It has been the fashion to detract both from the moral and literary character of Cicero.

V. Knox.
 De*tract"er (?), n. One who detracts; a detractor.

 Other detracters and malicious writers.

Sir T. North.
 De*tract"ing*ly, adv. In a detracting manner.

 De*trac"tion (?), n. [F. détraction, L. detractio.]
 1. A taking away or withdrawing. [Obs.]

 The detraction of the eggs of the said wild fowl.

Bacon.
2. The act of taking away from the reputation or good name of another; a lessening or cheapening in the estimation of others; the act of depreciating another, from envy or malice; calumny.

Syn. -- Depreciation; disparagement; derogation; slander; calumny; aspersion; censure.

 De*trac"tious (?), a. Containing detraction; detractory. [R.] Johnson.
 De*tract"ive (?), a. 1. Tending to detract or draw. [R.]

2. Tending to lower in estimation; depreciative.

 De*tract"ive*ness, n. The quality of being detractive.

 De*tract"or (?), n. [L.: cf. F. détracteur.] One who detracts; a derogator; a defamer.

 His detractors were noisy and scurrilous.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Slanderer; calumniator; defamer; vilifier.

 De*tract"o*ry (?), a. Defamatory by denial of desert; derogatory; calumnious. Sir T. Browne.
 De*tract"ress, n. A female detractor. Addison.
 De*train" (?), v. i. & t. To alight, or to cause to alight, from a railway train. [Eng.] London Graphic.
 De*trect" (?), v. t. [L. detrectare; de + tractare, intens. of trahere to draw.] To refuse; to decline. [Obs.] "To detrect the battle." Holinshed.
 Det"ri*ment (dt"r*ment), n. [L. detrimentum, fr. deterere, detritum, to rub or wear away; de + terere to rub: cf. F. détriment. See Trite.] 1. That which injures or causes damage; mischief; harm; diminution; loss; damage; -- used very generically; as, detriments to property, religion, morals, etc.

 I can repair That detriment, if such it be.

Milton.
2. A charge made to students and barristers for incidental repairs of the rooms they occupy. [Eng.]

Syn. -- Injury; loss; damage; disadvantage; prejudice; hurt; mischief; harm.

 Det"ri*ment (?), v. t. To do injury to; to hurt. [Archaic] Other might be determined thereby.

Fuller.
 Det'ri*men"tal (?), a. Causing detriment; injurious; hurtful.

 Neither dangerous nor detrimental to the donor.

Addison.
Syn. -- Injurious; hurtful; prejudicial; disadvantageous; mischievous; pernicious.

 Det'ri*men"tal*ness, n. The quality of being detrimental; injuriousness.

 De*tri"tal (?), a. (Geol.) Pertaining to, or composed of, detritus.

 De*trite" (?), a. [L. detritus, p. p.] Worn out.

 De*tri"tion (?), n. [LL. detritio. See Detriment.] A wearing off or away.

 Phonograms which by process long-continued detrition have reached a step of extreme simplicity.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).
 De*tri"tus (?), n. [F. détritus, fr. L. detritus, p. p. of deterere. See Detriment.] 1. (Geol.) A mass of substances worn off from solid bodies by attrition, and reduced to small portions; as, diluvial detritus.

 For large portions, the word débris is used.

2. Hence: Any fragments separated from the body to which they belonged; any product of disintegration.

 The mass of detritus of which modern languages are composed.

Farrar.
 De*trude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Detruding.] [L. detrudere, detrusum; de + trudere to thrust, push.] To thrust down or out; to push down with force. Locke.
 De*trun"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruncated; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruncating.] [L. detruncatus, p. p. of detruncare to cut off; de + trunc


öl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Boreus. The male has rudimentary wings; the female is wingless. These insects sometimes appear creeping and leaping on the snow in great numbers. -- Snow gnat (Zoöl.), any wingless dipterous insect of the genus Chionea found running on snow in winter. -- Snow goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arctic geese of the genus Chen. The common snow goose (Chen hyperborea), common in the Western United States in winter, is white, with the tips of the wings black and legs and bill red.
 Called also white brant, wavey, and Texas goose. The blue, or blue-winged, snow goose (C. cœrulescens) is varied with grayish brown and bluish gray, with the wing quills black and the head and upper part of the neck white. Called also white head, white-headed goose, and bald brant. -- Snow leopard (Zool.), the ounce. -- Snow line, lowest limit of perpetual snow. In the Alps this is at an altitude of 9,000 feet, in the Andes, at the equator, 16,000 feet. -- Snow mouse (Zoöl.), a European vole (Arvicola nivalis) which inhabits the Alps and other high mountains. -- Snow pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome gallinaceous birds of the genus Tetraogallus, native of the lofty mountains of Asia. The Himalayn snow pheasant (T. Himalayensis) in the best-known species. Called also snow cock, and snow chukor. -- Snow partridge. (Zoöl.) See under Partridge. -- Snow pigeon (Zoöl.), a pigeon (Columba leuconota) native of the Himalaya mountains. Its back, neck, and rump are white, the top of the head and the ear coverts are black. -- Snow plant (Bot.), a fleshy parasitic herb (Sarcodes sanguinea) growing in the coniferous forests of California. It is all of a bright red color, and is fabled to grow from the snow, through which it sometimes shoots up.

 Snow (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Snowing.] To fall in or as snow; -- chiefly used impersonally; as, it snows; it snowed yesterday.

 Snow, v. t. To scatter like snow; to cover with, or as with, snow.
 Donne. Shak.
 Snow"ball' (?), n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or roller together, or anything resembling such a mass.

2. (Bot.) The Guelder-rose.

Snowball tree (Bot.), the Guelderrose.

 Snow"ball', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snowballed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snowballing.] To pelt with snowballs; to throw snowballs at.

 Snow"ball', v. i. To throw snowballs.

 Snow"ber'ry (?), n. (Bot.) A name of several shrubs with white berries; as, the Symphoricarpus racemosus of the Northern United States, and the Chiococca racemosa of Florida and tropical America.

Creeping snowberry. (Bot.) See under Creeping.

 Snow"bird (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An arctic finch (Plectrophenax, or Plectrophanes, nivalis) common, in winter, both in Europe and the United States, and often appearing in large flocks during snowstorms. It is partially white, but variously marked with chestnut and brown. Called also snow bunting, snowflake, snowfleck, and snowflight.
 (b) Any finch of the genus Junco which appears in flocks in winter time, especially J. hyemalis in the Eastern United States; -- called also blue snowbird. See Junco. (c) The fieldfare.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 Snow"-blind' (?), a. Affected with blindness by the brilliancy of snow. -- Snow"- blind'ness, n. Snow"-bound' (?), a. Enveloped in, or confined by, snow. Whittier.
 Snow"-broth' (?), n. Snow and water mixed, or snow just melted; very cold liquor. Shak.
 Snow"cap' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very small humming bird (Microchæra albocoronata) native of New Grenada.

 The feathers of the top of the head are white and snining, the body blue black with a purple and bronzy luster. The name is applied also to Microchæra parvirostris of Central America, which is similar in color.

 Snow"-capped' (?), a. Having the top capped or covered with snow; as, snow-capped mountains.

 Snow"drift' (?), n. A bank of drifted snow.

 Snow"drop' (?), n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Galanthus nivalis) bearing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the ground. It is cultivated in gardens for its beauty.

Snowdrop tree. See Silver-bell tree, under Silver, a. Snow"flake' (?), n. 1. A flake, or small filmy mass, of snow.

2. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

3. (Bot.) A name given to several bulbous plants of the genus Leucoium (L. vernum, æstivum, etc.)
 resembling the snowdrop, but having all the perianth leaves of equal size.

 Snow"fleck' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

 Snowl (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.]

 Snow"less (?), a. Destitute of snow.

 { Snow"plow', Snow"plough' } (?), n. An implement operating like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, etc.

 Snow"shed (?), n. A shelter to protect from snow, esp. a long roof over an exposed part of a railroad.

 Snow"shoe' (?), n. A slight frame of wood three or four feet long and about one third as wide, with thongs or cords stretched across it, and having a support and holder for the foot; -- used by persons for walking on soft snow.

 Snow"shoe'ing, n. Traveling on snowshoes.

 Snow"sho'er (?), n. One who travels on snowshoes; an expert in using snowshoes. W. G. Beers.
 Snow"slip' (?), n. A large mass or avalanche of snow which slips down the side of a mountain, etc.

 Snow"storm' (?), n. A storm with falling snow.

 Snow"-white' (?), a. White as snow; very white. "Snow-white and rose-red" Chaucer.
 Snow"y (?), a. 1. White like snow. "So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows." Shak.
2. Abounding with snow; covered with snow. "The snowy top of cold Olympus." Milton.
3. Fig.: Pure; unblemished; unstained; spotless.

 There did he lose his snowy innocence.

J. Hall (1646).
Snowy heron (Zoöl.), a white heron, or egret (Ardea candidissima), found in the Southern United States, and southward to Chili; -- called also plume bird. -- Snowy lemming (Zoöl.), the collared lemming (Cuniculus torquatus), which turns white in winter. -- Snowy owl (Zoöl.), a large arctic owl (Nyctea Scandiaca, or N. nivea) common all over the northern parts of the United States and Europe in winter time. Its plumage is sometimes nearly pure white, but it is usually more or less marked with blackish spots. Called also white owl. -- Snowy plover (Zoöl


Beached (bcht); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Beaching.] To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as, to beach a ship.

 Beach" comb'er (&?;). A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean.
 See Comber. [Amer.]

 Beached (&?;), p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach.

 The beached verge of the salt flood. Shak.
2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as, the ship is beached.

 Beach"y (&?;), a. Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly.

 The beachy girdle of the ocean. Shak.
 Bea"con (b"k'n), n. [OE. bekene, AS. beácen, bcen; akin to OS. bkan, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning.

 No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar. Gay.
2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners.

3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.]

4. That which gives notice of danger.

 Modest doubt is called The beacon of the wise. Shak.
Beacon fire, a signal fire.

 Bea"con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (-k'nd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine.

 That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell.
2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons.

 Bea"con*age (&?;), n. Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also, beacons, collectively.

 Bea"con*less, a. Having no beacon.

 Bead (&?;), n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. pei'qein to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count.
 See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [Obs.]

2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to be at one's beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer.

3. Any small globular body; as, (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. "Cold beads of midnight dew." Wordsworth.
(c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.)
 A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as, the borax bead; the iron bead, etc.

Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. -- Bead mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads.
 [Written also bead mould.] -- Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. -- Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous.

 Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading.

 Bead, v. i. To form beadlike bubbles.

 { Bead"house', Bede"house' } (&?;), n. [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.] An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors.

 Bead"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads.

2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liquors; as, the beading of a brand of whisky.

 Bea"dle (&?;), n. [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. büttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See.
 Bid, v.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; -- called also an apparitor or summoner.

2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.]

 In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved.

3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc.

 Bea"dle*ry (&?;), n. Office or jurisdiction of a beadle.

 Bea"dle*ship, n. The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood.
 Bead" proof' (&?;). 1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters.

2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken.

 Bead"roll' (&?;), n. (R. C. Ch.) A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general.

 On Fame's eternal beadroll worthy to be filed. Spenser.
 It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line.
Quart. Rev.
 { Beads"man, Bedes"man } (&?;), n.; pl. -men (&?;).
 A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman.

 Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God. Fuller.
 Bead"snake' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black.

 { Beads"wom'an, Bedes"wom'an } (&?;), n.; pl. -women (&?;). Fem. of Beadsman.

 Bead"work' (&?;


Gr. &?; thunder + -logy.] A treatise upon thunder.

 ||Bron'to*sau"rus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thunder + &?; lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of American jurassic dinosaurs.
 A length of sixty feet is believed to have been attained by these reptiles.

 ||Bron'to*the"ri*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thunder + &?; beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of western North America. They were allied to the rhinoceros, but the skull bears a pair of powerful horn cores in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed. See Illustration in Appendix.

 ||Bron'to*zo"um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thunder + &?; animal.] (Paleon.) An extinct animal of large size, known from its three-toed footprints in Mesozoic sandstone.

 The tracks made by these reptiles are found eighteen inches in length, and were formerly referred to gigantic birds; but the discovery of large bipedal three-toed dinosaurs has suggested that they were made by those reptiles.

 Bronze (&?;), n. [F. bronze, fr. It. bronzo brown, fr. OHG. br&?;n, G. braun. See Brown, a.]
 1. An alloy of copper and tin, to which small proportions of other metals, especially zinc, are sometimes added. It is hard and sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc., the proportions of the ingredients being varied to suit the particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and speculum metal.

2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze.

 A print, a bronze, a flower, a root. Prior.
3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze; also, a pigment or powder for imitating bronze.

4. Boldness; impudence; "brass."

 Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands. Pope.
Aluminium bronze. See under Aluminium. -- Bronze age, an age of the world which followed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or bronze. -- Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used with size or in combination with painting, to give the appearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface. -- Phosphor bronze ∧ Silicious or Silicium bronze are made by adding phosphorus and silicon respectively to ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity.

 Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Bronzing.] [Cf. F. bronzer. See Bronze, n.]
 1. To give an appearance of bronze to, by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means; to make of the color of bronze; as, to bronze plaster casts; to bronze coins or medals.

 The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger. W. Black.
2. To make hard or unfeeling; to brazen.

 The lawer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead. Sir W. Scott.
Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison's disease.

 Bronze"wing' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian pigeon of the genus Phaps, of several species; -- so called from its bronze plumage.

 Bronz"ine (&?;), n. A metal so prepared as to have the appearance of bronze. -- a. Made of bronzine; resembling bronze; bronzelike.

 Bronz"ing, n. 1. The act or art of communicating to articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appearance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson.
2. A material for bronzing.

 Bronz"ist, n. One who makes, imitates, collects, or deals in, bronzes.

 Bronz"ite (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bronzite.] (Min.) A variety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family.

 Bronz"y (&?;), a. Like bronze.

 Brooch (brch; 277), n. [See Broach, n.] 1. An ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it to a garment; now worn at the breast by women; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat.

 Honor's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat. B. Jonson.
2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color, as a sepia painting, or an India painting.

 Brooch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooched (brcht).] To adorn as with a brooch. [R.]

 Brood (brd), n. [OE. brod, AS. brd; akin to D. broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. brühe broth, MHG. brüeje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf.
 Breed, v. t.] 1. The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as, a brood of chickens.

 As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings. Luke xiii. 34.
 A hen followed by a brood of ducks. Spectator.
2. The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as, a woman with a brood of children.

 The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood. Wordsworth.
3. That which is bred or produced; breed; species.

 Flocks of the airy brood, (Cranes, geese or long-necked swans). Chapman.
4. (Mining) Heavy waste in tin and copper ores.

To sit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shak.
 Brood, a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs.

2. Kept for breeding from; as, a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as, a brood sow.

 Brood (brch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brooded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the young; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her chickens, in order to warm and protect them; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding.

 Birds of calm sir brooding on the charmed wave. Milton.
2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; -- usually followed by over or on; as, to brood over misfortunes.

Brooding on unprofitable gold. Dryden.
Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit. Hawthorne.
 When with downcast eyes we muse and brood. Tennyson.


Animal Heroes by Ernest Thompson Seton Note to Reader A hero is an individual of unusual gifts and achievements. Whether it be man or animal, this definition applies; and it is the histories of such that appeal to the imagination and to the hearts of those who hear them.
In this volume every one of the stories, though more or less composite, is founded on the actual life of a veritable animal hero. The most composite is the White Reindeer. This story I wrote by Utrovand in Norway during the summer of 1900, while the Reindeer herds grazed in sight on the near uplands.
The Lynx is founded on some of my own early experiences in the backwoods.
It is less than ten years since the 'Jack Warhorse' won his hero-crown.
Thousands of "Kaskadoans" will remember him, and by the name Warhorse his coursing exploits are recorded in several daily papers.
The least composite is Arnaux. It is so nearly historical that several who knew the bird have supplied additional items of information.
The nest of the destroying Peregrines, with its owners and their young, is now to be seen in the American Museum of Natural History of New York. The Museum authorities inform me that Pigeon badges with the following numbers were found in the nest: 9970-S, 1696, U. 63, 77, J. F. 52, Ex. 705, 6-1894, C 20900. Perhaps some Pigeon-lover may learn from these lines the fate of one or other wonderful flier that has long been recorded "never returned."
CONTENTS THE SLUM CAT ARNAUX—The Chronicle of a Homing Pigeon BADLANDS BILLY—The Wolf that Won THE BOY AND THE LYNX LITTLE WARHORSE—The History of a Jack-rabbit SNAP—The Story of a Bull-Terrier THE WINNIPEG WOLF THE LEGEND OF THE WHITE REINDEER THE SLUM CAT LIFE I I "M-e-a-t! M-e-a-t!" came shrilling down Scrimper's Alley. Surely the Pied Piper of Hamelin was there, for it seemed that all the Cats in the neighborhood were running toward the sound, though the Dogs, it must be confessed, looked scornfully indifferent.
"Meat! Meat!" and louder; then the centre of attraction came in view—a rough, dirty little man with a push-cart; while straggling behind him were a score of Cats that joined in his cry with a sound nearly the same as his own. Every fifty yards, that is, as soon as a goodly throng of Cats was gathered, the push-cart stopped. The man with the magic voice took out of the box in his cart a skewer on which were pieces of strong-smelling boiled liver. With a long stick he pushed the pieces off. Each Cat seized on one, and wheeling, with a slight depression of the ears and a little tiger growl and glare, she rushed away with her prize to devour it in some safe retreat.
"Meat! Meat!" And still they came to get their portions. All were well known to the meat-man. There was Castiglione's Tiger; this was Jones's Black; here was Pralitsky's "Torkershell," and this was Madame Danton's White; there sneaked Blenkinshoff's Maltee, and that climbing on the barrow was Sawyer's old Orange Billy, an impudent fraud that never had had any financial backing,—all to be remembered and kept in account.
This one's owner was sure pay, a dime a week; that one's doubtful.
There was John Washee's Cat, that got only a small piece because John was in arrears. Then there was the saloon-keeper's collared and ribboned ratter, which got an extra lump because the 'barkeep' was liberal; and the rounds-man's Cat, that brought no cash, but got unusual consideration because the meat-man did. But there were others.
A black Cat with a white nose came rushing confidently with the rest, only to be repulsed savagely. Alas! Pussy did not understand. She had been a pensioner of the barrow for months. Why this unkind change? It was beyond her comprehension. But the meat-man knew. Her mistress had stopped payment. The meat-man kept no books but his memory, and it never was at fault.
Outside this patrician 'four hundred' about the barrow, were other Cats, keeping away from the push-cart because they were not on the list, the Social Register as it were, yet fascinated by the heavenly smell and the faint possibility of accidental good luck. Among these hangers-on was a thin gray Slummer, a homeless Cat that lived by her wits—slab-sided and not over-clean. One could see at a glance that she was doing her duty by a family in some out-of-the-way corner. She kept one eye on the barrow circle and the other on the possible Dogs.
She saw a score of happy Cats slink off with their delicious 'daily' and their tiger-like air, but no opening for her, till a big Tom of her own class sprang on a little pensioner with intent to rob. The victim dropped the meat to defend herself against the enemy, and before the 'all-powerful' could intervene, the gray Slummer saw her chance, seized the prize, and was gone.
She went through the hole in Menzie's side door and over the wall at the back, then sat down and devoured the lump of liver, licked her chops, felt absolutely happy, and set out by devious ways to the rubbish-yard, where, in the bottom of an old cracker-box, her family was awaiting her. A plaintive mewing reached her ears. She went at speed and reached the box to see a huge Black Tom-cat calmly destroying her brood. He was twice as big as she, but she went at him with all her strength, and he did as most animals will do when caught wrong-doing, he turned and ran away. Only one was left, a little thing like its mother, but of more pronounced color—gray with black spots, and a white touch on nose, ears, and tail-tip. There can be no question of the mother's grief for a few days; but that wore off, and all her care was for the survivor. That benevolence was as far as possible from the motives of the murderous old Tom there can be no doubt; but he proved a blessing in deep disguise, for both mother and Kit were visibly bettered in a short time. The daily quest for food continued. The meat-man rarely proved a success, but the ash-cans were there, and if they did not afford a meat-supply, at least they were sure to produce potato-skins that could be used to allay the gripe of hunger for another day.
One night the mother Cat smelt a wonderful smell that came from the East River at the end of the alley. A new smell always needs investigating, and when it is attractive as well as new, there is but one course open. It led Pussy to the docks a block away, and then out on a wharf, away from any cover but the night. A sudden noise, a growl and a rush, were the first notice she had that she was cut off by her old enemy, the Wharf Dog. There was only one escape. She leaped from the wharf to the vessel from which the smell came. The Dog could not follow, so when the fish-boat sailed in the morning Pussy unwillingly went with her and was seen no more.
II The Slum Kitten waited in vain for her mother. The morning came and went. She became very hungry. Toward evening a deep-laid instinct drove her forth to seek food. She slunk out of the old box, and feeling her way silently among the rubbish, she smelt everything that seemed eatable, but without finding food. At length she reached the wooden steps leading down into Jap Malee's bird-store underground. The door was open a little. She wandered into a world of rank and curious smells and a number of living things in cages all about her. A negro was sitting idly on a box in a corner. He saw the little stranger enter and watched it curiously. It wandered past some Rabbits. They paid no heed.
It came to a wide