; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest.

 Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden.
 In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle.

To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. "His nose,... large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance." Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. -- To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.)
 To make haste; to be quick. -- To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] "How you were borne in hand, how crossed." Shak. -- To bear in mind, to remember. -- To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.)
 To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as, to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. -- To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge.
 [Obs.] "Cæsar doth bear me hard." Shak. -- To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. "Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing." South.
(b) To corroborate; to confirm. -- To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. "Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings." Addison.
Syn. -- To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft.

 Bear (&?;), v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness.

 This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden.
2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden.

 But man is born to bear. Pope.
3. To endure with patience; to be patient.

 I can not, can not bear. Dryden.
4. To press; -- with on or upon, or against.

 These men bear hard on the suspected party. Addison.
5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as, to bring matters to bear.

6. To relate or refer; -- with on or upon; as, how does this bear on the question?

7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect.

 Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform. Hawthorne.
8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as, a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] -- To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. -- To bear back, to retreat. "Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist." Sir W. Scott. -- To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. -- To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as, a ship bears in with the land. -- To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. -- To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly.
 - - To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. -- To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another. -- To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.

 Bear (br), n. A bier. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Bear (bâr), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel.
 & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. fh'r beast, Skr. bhalla bear.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects.

 The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species.

2. (Zoöl.) An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear.
3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person.

5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market.

 The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up.

6. (Mach.) A portable punching machine.

7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting; -- used to scour the deck.

Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. -- Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. -- Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. -- Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. -- Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels.

 Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as, to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market.

 { Bear, Bere } (&?;), n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.)
 Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hordeum hexastichon or H. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.]

 Bear"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. -- Bear"a*bly, adv.
 Bear"ber*ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond.

 Bear"bind' (&?;), n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convolvulus


and the Scottish clan are the same in meaning as the gens of other tribes. American authors, in treating of the Indians, have generally used the words tribe and clan as equivalent of gens. This is not correct. Almost all the tribes had a complete organization in gens and phratries, though of course they did not so name them. These terms are adopted by Mr. Morgan because they have a precise and historical meaning. As an example of Indian tribal-organization, we give an outline of the Seneca-Iroquois tribe.
TRIBE.
First Phratry, or Brotherhood.
Bear Wolf Beaver Turtle Gens.
Second Phratry, or Brotherhood.
Deer Snipe Heron Hawk Gens.
 It is proper to remark that the phratries are not a necessary member of the series. Several of the Indian tribes had only gens and tribe. Mr. Schoolcraft uses the words totemic system to express the same organization. Totem, the Ojibway dialect, signifies the symbol or devise which they use to designate the gens. Thus the figure of a bear would be the totem of the bear gens. We must remember that the tribes of to-day have, in many cases, lost their ancient organization. See Morgan's "Ancient Society," where this subject is fully treated. Also Powell, in "First Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology;" Grote's "History of Greece," Vol. III, p. 55, et seq.; Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," articles, gens, civitas, tribus, etc.; also Dorsey, in American Antiquarian, Oct., 1883, p. 312, et seq.
 The Mexican tribes form no exception to this statement. See this volume, Chapter XV.

 Lewis's "Wild Races of South-eastern India." Grote's "History of Greece," Vol. II.

 Mallery: "American Association Reports," 1877.

 Hochelaga.

 Morgan: "Contribution to N. A. Ethnology," Vol. IV, p. 119.

 "Luis Hernando De Biedman," and "A Gentleman of Elvas," both translated in "Historic Collections of Louisiana," Vol. II.

 "Historical Collections of Louisiana," Vol. I, p. 61.

 Morgan's "Contribution to N. A. Ethnology," Vol. IV, p. 114.

 Read Capt. John Smith, "Hist. of Virginia;" also "Mass. Hist. Col.," Vol. VIII, of the third series.

 Consult "The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley," by Lucian Carr, of the Kentucky Graphical Survey, where this subject is fully treated, and copious quotations given.

 Morgan's "Ancient Society," p. 526.

 Bandelier's "Fifth Annual Report, Arch. Inst.," p. 60.

 "Charlevoix's Travels in North America," p. 241.

 Fourth Annual Report of Peabody Museum, and from information furnished me by the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology.

 "The custom of palisading appears to have been general among the northern tribes."—Brackenridge's "Views of Louisiana," p. 182.

 "Views of Louisiana," p. 183.

 "Archæology Americanæ," Vol. I., p. 145.

 "Views of Louisiana," p. 182.

 Carr: "Mounds of the Mississippi Valley," p. 78.

 Quoted from Brinton, Am. Antiq., Oct., 1881.

 Hist. Col. of Louisiana, Vol. II., p. 105.

 "Mounds of the Mississippi Valley," p. 90.

 "Expedition to Florida," p. 15.

 Shea's "Early Voyages on the Mississippi," p. 135. "Historical Collections of Louisiana," Vol. I., p. 61. Quoted from Cyrus Thomas in American Antiquarian, March, 1884.

 See article by Cyrus Thomas, of the Bureau of Ethnology, in American Antiquarian, March, 1884.

 "History of Louisiana," Lond., 1763, Vol. II., pp. 188 and 211.

 Father Le Petit: Note, p. 142. "Hist. Col. Louisiana," Vol. III.

 "Hist. of the Five Nations," Introduction, p. 16.

 Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, No. 259, p. 15; "Mounds of the Mississippi Valley," p. 87.

 "Notes on Virginia," p. 191.

 Catlin's "North American Indians," p. 95.

 Foster's "Prehistoric Races of the U.S.," p. 346.

 Pueblo Chettro-kettle, Chaco Cañon.

 "Geographical and Geological Survey of the Territories," Hayden, 1876, p. 440. Calculations made by Mr. Holmes.

 Brinton's "Floridian Peninsula," p. 21. We think, however, this statement requires to be taken with some allowance. Personal liberty seems to have been the birthright of every Indian. ("Mounds of the Mississippi Valley," Carr, p. 24.) The council of the tribe is the real governing body of all people in a tribal state of society. ("Ancient Society," Morgan.) When the war-chief united in his person priestly powers also, he at once became an object of greater interest. This explains why the government of the chiefs among all the Southern Indian tribes appears so much more arbitrary than among the northern tribes.
 His real power was probably much the same in both cases, but superstition had surrounded his person with a great many formalities.
 The early explorers, acquainted only with the arbitrary governments of Europe, saw in all this despotic powers whereas there might not have been much foundation for this belief.

 "Traditions of Decodah," Pidgeon. Carr, "Mounds of the Mississippi Valley," p. 70.

 "Indian Migrations," American Antiquarian, April, 1883.

 Mr. Hale suggests that copper was the gold of the North American Indians, and that the "golden city" simply means a city or town where they knew how to work copper. It is well known that the mound building tribes had such knowledge, at least they knew how to work native copper.

 This tradition was first made known by Heckwelder, a missionary among the Delawares, in his "History of the Indian Nations." It is repeated at much greater length, and with additional particulars, in a paper read by Mr. E. G. Squier, before the Historical Society of New York. Mr. Squier has simply translated a genuine Indian record known as the Bark Record.
 The two authorities here mentioned consider the Delawares as coming from west of the Mississippi. Mr. Hale points out that it was more likely the Upper St. Lawrence—that portion known as the Detroit River—that was the "Great River" of the traditions.

 From this word comes Alleghany Mountains and River.

 In this connection it is at least interesting to note that several authors—Squier, MacLean, and others—have contended, judging from the fortified hills and camps, that the pressure of hostilities on the Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley was from the north-east.

 The Chata-muskoki family. (Brinton.)

 Hale: American Antiquarian, April, 1883.

 We are not at all certain but our scholars will shortly come to the conclusion that the Cherokees or Shawnees are quite as likely to be the descendants of the Allegewi as the Natchez.

 It is scarcely necessary to caution the reader as to the value of this statement of ancient greatness. The chroniclers of De Soto's expedition had nothing to say about it.

 Pickett's "History of Alabama," Vol. II.

 Du Pratz: "History of Louisiana," Vol. II.

 Stone metates, or mills


by candlelight or a lamp; to study by night.

 Lu"cu*brate, v. t. To elaborate, perfect, or compose, by night study or by laborious endeavor.

 Lu'cu*bra"tion (?), n. [l. lucubratio;cf. F. lucubration.]
 1. The act of lucubrating, or studying by candlelight; nocturnal study; meditation.

 After long lucubration I have hit upon such an expedient.

Goldsmith.
2. That which is composed by night; that which is produced by meditation in retirement; hence (loosely) any literary composition.

 Thy lucubrations have been perused by several of our friends.

Tatler.
 Lu"cu*bra'tor (?), n. One who studies by night; also, one who produces lucubrations.

 Lu"cu*bra*to*ry (?), a. [L. lucubratorius.] Composed by candlelight, or by night; of or pertaining to night studies; laborious or painstaking. Pope.
 Lu"cule (?), n. [Dim. fr. L. lux, lucis, light.] (Astron.)
 A spot or fleck on the sun brighter than the surrounding surface.

 Lu"cu*lent (?), a. [L. luculentus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. Lucid; clear; transparent. Thomson.
2. Clear; evident; luminous. " Most luculent testimonies."
 Hooker.
3. Bright; shining in beauty. [Obs.]

 Most debonair and luculent lady.

B. Jonson.
 Lu"cu*lent*ly, adv. In a luculent manner; clearly.

 Lu*cul"lite (?), n. [From Lucullus, a Roman consul, famous for his great wealth and luxury: cf. F. lucullite.] (Min.) A variety of black limestone, often polished for ornamental purposes.

 ||Lu*cu"ma (?), n. (Bot.) An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits.

Lucuma mammosum is called natural marmalade in the West Indies; L. Caimito, of Peru, furnishes a delicious fruit called lucuma and caimito.

 Lud"dite (?), n. One of a number of riotous persons in England, who for six years (1811-17) tried to prevent the use of labor-saving machinery by breaking it, burning factories, etc.; -- so called from Ned Lud, a half-witted man who some years previously had broken stocking frames. J.
 & H. Smith. H. Martineau.
 Lu*dib"ri*ous (?), a. [L. ludibrium mockery, derision, from ludere to play, sport.] Sportive; ridiculous; wanton. [Obs.] Tooker.
 Lu"di*bund (?), a. [L. ludibundus.] Sportive. [Obs.] -- Lu"di*bund*ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Lu"di*crous (?), a. [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, from ludus play, sport, fr. ludere to play.] Adapted to excite laughter, without scorn or contempt; sportive. Broome.
 A chapter upon German rhetoric would be in the same ludicrous predicament as Van Troil's chapter on the snakes of Iceland, which delivers its business in one summary sentence, announcing, that snakes in Iceland -- there are none.

De Quincey.
Syn. -- Laughable; sportive; burlesque; comic; droll; ridiculous.
 -- Ludicrous, Laughable, Ridiculous. We speak of a thing as ludicrous when it tends to produce laughter; as laughable when the impression is somewhat stronger; as ridiculous when more or less contempt is mingled with the merriment created.

 -- Lu"di*crous*ly, adv. -- Lu"di*crous*ness, n. Lu'di*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. ludificatio, fr. ludificare to make sport of; ludus sport + -ficare (in comp.) to make.
 See - fy.] The act of deriding.

 Lu*dif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. ludificatorius.] Making sport; tending to excite derision. [Obs.]

 Lud"lam*ite (?), n. [Named after Mr. Ludlam, of London.] (Min.)
 A mineral occurring in small, green, transparent, monoclinic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron.

 Lud"low group' (?). (Geol.) A subdivision of the British Upper Silurian lying below the Old Red Sandstone; -- so named from the Ludlow, in Western England. See the Chart of Geology.

 Lud"wig*ite (?), n. [Named after the chemist Ludwig.] (Min.)
 A borate of iron and magnesia, occurring in fibrous masses of a blackish green color.

 ||Lu"es (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Disease, especially of a contagious kind.

Lues venerea, syphilis; -- called also simply lues.

 Luff (?), n. [OE. lof, prob. a sort of timber by which the course of a ship was directed, perh. a sort of paddle; cf. D. loef luff, loeven to luff. The word is perh. akin to E. glove.
 Cf. Aloof.] (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship toward the wind.
 (b) The act of sailing a ship close to the wind. (c) The roundest part of a ship's bow. (d) The forward or weather leech of a sail, especially of the jib, spanker, and other fore-andaft sails.

Luff tackle, a purchase composed of a double and single block and fall, used for various purposes. Totten. -- Luff upon luff, a luff tackle attached to the fall of another luff tackle. R. H. Dana, Jr.
 Luff (lf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luffed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Luffing.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel toward the wind; to sail nearer the wind; to turn the tiller so as to make the vessel sail nearer the wind.

To luff round, or To luff alee, to make the extreme of this movement, for the purpose of throwing the ship's head into the wind.

 Luf"fer (lf"fr), n. (Arch.) See Louver.

 Lug (lg), n. [Sw. lugg the forelock.] 1. The ear, or its lobe. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

2. That which projects like an ear, esp. that by which anything is supported, carried, or grasped, or to which a support is fastened; an ear; as, the lugs of a kettle; the lugs of a founder's flask; the lug (handle) of a jug.

3. (Mach.) A projecting piece to which anything, as a rod, is attached, or against which anything, as a wedge or key, bears, or through which a bolt passes, etc.

4. (Harness) The leather loop or ear by which a shaft is held up.

5. (Zoöl.) The lugworm.

Lug bolt (Mach.), a bolt terminating in a long, flat extension which takes the place of a head; a strap bolt.

 Lug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lugged (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Lugging (?).] [OE. luggen, Sw. lugga to pull by the hair, fr. lugg the forelock.] To pull with force; to haul; to drag along; to carry with difficulty, as something heavy or cumbersome. Dryden.
 They


articles of brass.

 The very scullion who cleans the brasses. Hopkinson.
6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc.

7. pl. (Mining) Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass.

 The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze.

Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as, brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry.

Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. - - Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; -- called also Dutch gold.

 Bras"sage (&?;), n. [F.] A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; -- now called seigniorage.

 Bras"sart (&?;), n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm.
 See Brace, n.] Armor for the arm; -- generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.

 Brasse (&?;), n. [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.)
 A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch.

 Bras"sets (&?;), n. See Brassart.

 ||Bras"si*ca (&?;), n. [L., cabbage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

 Bras'si*ca"ceous (&?;), a. [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.)
 Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.

 Brass"i*ness (&?;), n. The state, condition, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.]

 Brass"-vis"aged (&?;), a. Impudent; bold.

 Brass"y (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass.

2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.]

 Brast (&?;), v. t. & i. [See Burst.] To burst. [Obs.]

 And both his yën braste out of his face. Chaucer.
 Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast. Spenser.
 Brat (brt), n. [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, rag, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child's bib or clout; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garment or cloak; also, coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib.
 [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.
3. A child; an offspring; -- formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. "This brat is none of mine." Shak.
 "A beggar's brat." Swift.
 O Israel! O household of the Lord! O Abraham's brats! O brood of blessed seed! Gascoigne.
4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L'Estrange.
 Brat (&?;), n. (Mining) A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.

 ||Brat"sche (&?;), n. [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.] The tenor viola, or viola.

 Brat"tice (&?;), n. [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall.

 Brat"tish*ing (&?;), n. 1. See Brattice, n.
2. (Arch.) Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet.

 Braun"ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.

 Bra*vade" (br*vd"), n. Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe.
 Bra*va"do (br*v"d), n., pl. Bravadoes (-dz). [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.] Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace.

 In spite of our host's bravado. Irving.
 Brave (brv), a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.]
 [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.]

1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; -- opposed to cowardly; as, a brave man; a brave act.

2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; -- especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.]

 Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Bacon.
 It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall. Pepys.
3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic] Wear my dagger with the braver grace. Shak.
 For I have gold, and therefore will be brave. In silks I'll rattle it of every color. Robert Greene.
 Frog and lizard in holiday coats And turtle brave in his golden spots. Emerson.
Syn. -- Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stouthearted. See Gallant.

 Brave (&?;), n. 1. A brave person; one who is daring.

 The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. F. S. Key.
2. Specifically, an Indian warrior.

3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully.

 Hot braves like thee may fight. Dryden.
4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.]

 Demetrius, thou dost overween in all; And so in this, to bear me down with braves. Shak.
 Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved (brvd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare.

 These I can brave, but those I can not bear. Dryden.
2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.]

 Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I'll neither be faced or braved. Shak.
 Brave"ly adv. 1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly.

2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily.

 And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her. Judith. x. 4.
3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.]


v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demanded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Demanding.] [F. demander, LL. demandare to demand, summon, send word, fr. L. demandare to give in charge, intrust; de- + mandare to commit to one's charge, commission, order, command. Cf. Mandate, Commend.] 1. To ask or call for with authority; to claim or seek from, as by authority or right; to claim, as something due; to call for urgently or peremptorily; as, to demand a debt; to demand obedience.

 This, in our foresaid holy father's name, Pope Innocent, I do demand of thee.

Shak.
2. To inquire authoritatively or earnestly; to ask, esp. in a peremptory manner; to question.

 I did demand what news from Shrewsbury.

Shak.
3. To require as necessary or useful; to be in urgent need of; hence, to call for; as, the case demands care.

4. (Law) To call into court; to summon. Burrill.
 De*mand", v. i. To make a demand; to inquire.

 The soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do?

Luke iii. 14.
 De*mand", n. [F. demande, fr. demander. See Demand, v. t.] 1. The act of demanding; an asking with authority; a peremptory urging of a claim; a claiming or challenging as due; requisition; as, the demand of a creditor; a note payable on demand.

 The demand [is] by the word of the holy ones.

Dan. iv. 17.
 He that has confidence to turn his wishes into demands will be but a little way from thinking he ought to obtain them.

Locke.
2. Earnest inquiry; question; query. Shak.
3. A diligent seeking or search; manifested want; desire to possess; request; as, a demand for certain goods; a person's company is in great demand.

 In 1678 came forth a second edition [Pilgrim's Progress] with additions; and then the demand became immense.

Macaulay.
4. That which one demands or has a right to demand; thing claimed as due; claim; as, demands on an estate.

5. (Law) (a) The asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due. (b) The right or title in virtue of which anything may be claimed; as, to hold a demand against a person. (c) A thing or amount claimed to be due.

In demand, in request; being much sought after. -- On demand, upon presentation and request of payment.

 De*mand"a*ble (?), a. That may be demanded or claimed. "All sums demandable."
 Bacon.
 De*mand"ant (?) n. [F. demandant, p. pr. of demander.]
 One who demands; the plaintiff in a real action; any plaintiff.

 De*mand"er (?), n. One who demands.

 De*mand"ress (?), n. A woman who demands.

 De*man"toid (?), n. [G. demant diamond + -oid.] (Min.)
 A yellow-green, transparent variety of garnet found in the Urals. It is valued as a gem because of its brilliancy of luster, whence the name.

 De*mar"cate (?), v. t. [See Demarcation.] To mark by bounds; to set the limits of; to separate; to discriminate. Wilkinson.
 De'mar*ca"tion (?), n. [F. démarcation; pref. dé- (L. de) + marquer to mark, of German origin. See Mark.] The act of marking, or of ascertaining and setting a limit; separation; distinction.

 The speculative line of demarcation, where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin, is faint, obscure, and not easily definable.

Burke.
 De*march" (?), n. [F. démarche. See March, n.]
 March; walk; gait. [Obs.]

 De*march (d"märk), n. [Gr. dh'marchos; dh^mos people + 'a'rchein to rule.] A chief or ruler of a deme or district in Greece.

 De'mar*ka"tion, n. Same as Demarcation.

 De'ma*te"ri*al*ize (?), v. t. To deprive of material or physical qualities or characteristics.

Dematerializing matter by stripping it of everything which...
 has distinguished matter.

Milman.
 Deme (dm), n. [Gr. dh^mos.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A territorial subdivision of Attica (also of modern Greece), corresponding to a township. Jowett (Thucyd.).
2. (Biol.) An undifferentiated aggregate of cells or plastids.

 De*mean" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demeaned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Demeaning.] [OF. demener to conduct, guide, manage, F. se démener to struggle; pref. dé- (L. de) + mener to lead, drive, carry on, conduct, fr. L. minare to drive animals by threatening cries, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] 1. To manage; to conduct; to treat.

 [Our] clergy have with violence demeaned the matter.

Milton.
2. To conduct; to behave; to comport; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun.

 They have demeaned themselves Like men born to renown by life or death.

Shak.
 They answered... that they should demean themselves according to their instructions.

Clarendon.
 3. To debase; to lower; to degrade; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun.

 Her son would demean himself by a marriage with an artist's daughter.

Thackeray.
 This sense is probably due to a false etymology which regarded the word as connected with the adjective mean.

 De*mean" (?), n. [OF. demene. See Demean, v. t.] 1.
 Management; treatment. [Obs.]

 Vile demean and usage bad.

Spenser.
2. Behavior; conduct; bearing; demeanor. [Obs.]

 With grave demean and solemn vanity.

West.
 De*mean", n. [See Demesne.] 1. Demesne. [Obs.]

2. pl. Resources; means. [Obs.]

 You know How narrow our demeans are.

Massinger.
 De*mean"ance (?), n. Demeanor. [Obs.] Skelton.
 De*mean"or (?), n. [Written also demeanour.] [For demeanure, fr. demean. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment; conduct. [Obs.]

 God commits the managing so great a trust... wholly to the demeanor of every grown man.

Milton.
2. Behavior; deportment; carriage; bearing; mien.

 His demeanor was singularly pleasing.

Macaulay.
 The men, as usual, liked her artless kindness and simple refined demeanor.

Thackeray.
 De*mean"ure (?), n. Behavior. [Obs.] Spenser.
 De"men*cy (?), n. [L. dementia, fr. demens mad. See Dement.] Dementia; loss of mental powers. See Insanity.

 De*ment" (?), v. t. [L. dementare, fr. demens, -mentis, out of one's mind, mad; de + mens mind. See Mental, and cf.
 Dementate.] To deprive of reason; to make mad. [


ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling (- dlng).] [Cf. Prov. E. caddle to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a. & v. t.] [Written also codle.] 1. To parboil, or soften by boiling.

 It [the guava fruit] may be coddled. Dampier.
2. To treat with excessive tenderness; to pamper.

 How many of our English princes have been coddled at home by their fond papas and mammas! Thackeray.
 He [Lord Byron] never coddled his reputation. Southey.
 Cod"dy*mod"dy (kd"d*md"d), n. (Zoöl.) A gull in the plumage of its first year.

 Code (kd), n. [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, the stock or stem of a tree, a board or tablet of wood smeared over with wax, on which the ancients originally wrote; hence, a book, a writing.] 1. A body of law, sanctioned by legislation, in which the rules of law to be specifically applied by the courts are set forth in systematic form; a compilation of laws by public authority; a digest.

 The collection of laws made by the order of Justinian is sometimes called, by way of eminence. "The Code" Wharton.
2. Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as, the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals.

Code civil or Code Napoleon, a code enacted in France in 1803 and 1804, embodying the law of rights of persons and of property generally. Abbot.
 Co'de*fend"ant (?), n. A joint defendant. Blackstone.
 Co*de"ine (?), n. [Gr. &?; poppy head: cf. F. cod&?;ine.]
 (Chem.) One of the opium alkaloids; a white crystalline substance, C18H21NO3, similar to and regarded as a derivative of morphine, but much feebler in its action; -- called also codeia.

 ||Co*det"ta (?), n. [It., dim. of coda tail.] (Mus.)
 A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

 ||Co"dex (?), n.; pl. Codices (#). [L. See Code.] 1.
 A book; a manuscript.

2. A collection or digest of laws; a code. Burrill.
3. An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament.

4. A collection of canons. Shipley.
 Cod"fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fish. Same as Cod.

 Codg"er (?), n. [Cf. Cadger.] 1. A miser or mean person.

2. A singular or odd person; -- a familiar, humorous, or depreciatory appellation. [Colloq.]

 A few of us old codgers met at the fireside. Emerson.
 Cod"i*cal (?), a. Relating to a codex, or a code.

 Cod"i*cil (?), n. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex: cf.
 F. codicille. See Code.] (Law) A clause added to a will.

 Cod'i*cil"la*ry (?), a. [L. codicillaris, codicillarius.]
 Of the nature of a codicil.

 Co'di*fi*ca"tion (? or?), n. [Cf. F. codification.] The act or process of codifying or reducing laws to a code.

 Co"di*fi'er (? or?), n. One who codifies.

 Co"di*fy (? or?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Codified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] [Code + - fy: cf. F. codifier.] To reduce to a code, as laws.

 Co*dil"la (?), n. [Cf. L. codicula a little tail, dim. of cauda tail.] (Com.) The coarse tow of flax and hemp. McElrath.
 Co*dille" (?), n. [F. codile.] A term at omber, signifying that the game is won. Pope.
 Co"dist (?), n. A codifier; a maker of codes. [R.]

 Co"dle (?), v. t. See Coddle.

 { Cod"lin (?), Cod"ling (?) }, n. [Cf. AS. codæppel a quince.] (a) An apple fit to stew or coddle. (b) An immature apple.

 A codling when 't is almost an apple. Shak.
Codling moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Carpocapsa Pomonella), which in the larval state (known as the apple worm) lives in apples, often doing great damage to the crop.

 Cod"ling, n. [Dim. of cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) A young cod; also, a hake.

 Cod" liv'er (?), n. The liver of the common cod and allied species.

Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained from the liver of the codfish, and used extensively in medicine as a means of supplying the body with fat in cases of malnutrition.

 Cod"piece' (?), n. [Cod, n., &?; + piece.] A part of male dress in front of the breeches, formerly made very conspicuous. Shak.
 Fosbroke.
 Cœ*cil"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Cæcilian.

 Co*ed'u*ca"tion (?; 135), n. An educating together, as of persons of different sexes or races.

 Co*ed'u*ca"tion*al (&?;), a. Co*ef"fi*ca*cy (?), n. Joint efficacy.

 Co'ef*fi"cien*cy (?), n. Joint efficiency; coöperation. Glanvill.
 Co'ef*fi"cient (?), a. Coöperating; acting together to produce an effect.

 Co'ef*fi"cient*ly, adv.
 Co'ef*fi"cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with something else to produce the same effect.

2. [Cf. F. coefficient.] (Math.) A number or letter put before a letter or quantity, known or unknown, to show how many times the latter is to be taken; as, 6x; bx; here 6 and b are coefficients of x.

3. (Physics) A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain fixed conditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc.; as, the coefficient of expansion; the coefficient of friction.

Arbitrary coefficient (Math.), a literal coefficient placed arbitrarily in an algebraic expression, the value of the coefficient being afterwards determined by the conditions of the problem.

 Coe"horn (?), n. [From its inventor, Baron Coehorn.] (Mil.)
 A small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with handles, and light enough to be carried short distances by two men.

 Cœl"a*canth (? or &?;), a. [Gr. koi^los hollow + &?; spine.] (Zoöl.) Having hollow spines, as some ganoid fishes.

 { ||Cœ*len"te*ra (?) or ||Cœ*len'te*ra"ta, } n. pl.
 [NL., fr. Gr. koi^los hollow + &?; intestines.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine


Mussulmans While most words ending in man become plural by changing this termination to men, as gentlemen, noblemen, clergymen, statesmen, the following simply add s: dragomans, Mussulmans, Ottomans, talismans "A dozen dragomans offered their services as guides and interpreters." "A band of Mussulmans cut off our retreat." "Those fierce Ottomans proved to be very revengeful." "He purchased five finely upholstered ottomans for his drawing-room." Heroes, Cantos Most nouns ending in o add es to form the plural; as, heroes, negroes, potatoes, stuccoes, manifestoes, mosquitoes. Words ending in io or yo add s; as, folios, nuncios, olios, ratios, embryos.
The following words, being less frequently used, often puzzle us to know whether to add s or es to form the plural: armadillos, cantos, cuckoos, halos, juntos, octavos, provisos, salvos, solos, twos, tyros, virtuosos.
Alms, Odds, Riches Many nouns that end in s have a plural appearance, and we are often perplexed to know whether to use this or these, and whether to employ a singular or a plural verb when the noun is used as a substantive.
Amends is singular. Assets, dregs, eaves, bees, pincers, riches, scissors, sheers, tongs, vitals, are plural. When we say a pair of pincers, or scissors, or shears, or tongs, the verb should be singular. Tidings, in Shakespeare's time, was used indiscriminately with a singular or plural verb, but is now generally regarded as plural.
Alms and headquarters are usually made plural, but are occasionally found with a singular verb. Pains is usually singular.
Means, odds, and species are singular or plural, according to the meaning.
"By this means he accomplished his purpose." "What other means is left to us?" "Your means are very slender, and your waste is great." Proper Names These are usually pluralized by adding s; as, the Stuarts, the Caesars, the Beechers, the Brownings.
Titles with Proper Names Shall we say the Miss Browns, the Misses Brown, or the Misses Browns? Great diversity of opinion prevails. Gould Brown says: "The name and not the title is varied to form the plural; as, the Miss Howards, the two Mr. Clarks." Alexander Bain, LL. D., says: "We may say the Misses Brown, or the Miss Browns, or even the Misses Browns." The chief objection to the last two forms is found when the proper name ends with s, as when we say, the Miss Brookses, the Miss Joneses, the Miss Pottses, the Miss Blisses. The form the Misses Brooks is objected to by some on the ground that it sounds affected. On the whole the rule given by Gould Brown is the best, and is quite generally observed.
Knight Templar Both words are made plural, Knights Templars, a very unusual way of forming the plural.
Plural Compounds The plural sign of a compound word is affixed to the principal part of the word, to the part that conveys the predominant idea; as, fathers-in-law, man-servants, outpourings, ingatherings. In such words as handfuls, cupfuls, mouthfuls, the plural ending is added to the subordinate part because the ideas are so closely associated as to blend into one.
Beaus, Beaux Some words ending in eau have only the English plurals, as bureaus, portmanteaus; others take both the English and the French plurals, as beaus, beaux; flambeaus, flambeaux; plateaus, plateaux; and still others take only the foreign plural; as, bateaux, chateaux, tableaux.
Pair, Couple, Brace After numerals, the singular form of such words as these is generally employed; as, five pair of gloves, eight couple of dancers, three brace of pigeons, five dozen of eggs, four score years, twenty sail of ships, fifty head of cattle, six hundred of these men, two thousand of these cattle, etc.
After such indefinite adjectives as few, many, several, some of the above words take the plural form; as, several hundreds, many thousands.
Index, Appendix Indexes of books; indices, if applied to mathematical signs in algebra. Appendixes or appendices.
Fish, Fly The plural of fish is fishes when considered individually, and fish when considered collectively. "My three pet fishes feed out of my hand." "Six barrels of fish were landed from the schooner." Most words ending in y change this termination into ies, as duties, cities, etc. The plural of fly, the insect, is formed in the usual manner, but fly, a light carriage, adds s; as, "Six flys carried the guests to their homes." Animalcule The plural of this word is animalcules. There is no plural animalculae. The plural of the Latin animalculum is animalcula.
Bandit This word has two plural forms, bandits and banditti.
Brother Plural brothers, when referring to members of the same family; brethren, when applied to members of the same church or society.
Die Plural dies, when the stamp with which seals are impressed is meant; dice, the cubes used in playing backgammon.
Herring The plural is herrings, but shad, trout, bass, pike, pickerel, grayling, have no plural form. "I caught three bass and seven fine pickerel this morning." Grouse The names of game birds, as grouse, quail, snipe, woodcock, usually take no plural form.
Pea Considered individually the plural is peas; when referring to the crop the proper form is pease.
Penny "He gave me twelve bright new pennies," referring to the individual coins. "I paid him twelve pence," meaning a shilling.
Wharf Plural, generally wharves in America; wharfs in England.
CHAPTER VII Adverbs The clearness of the sentence is often dependent upon the proper placing of the adverb. No absolute rule can be laid down, but it should generally be placed before the word it qualifies. It is sometimes necessary to place it after the verb, and occasionally between the auxiliary and the verb, but it should never come between to and the infinitive.
"I have thought of marrying often." As the adverb relates to the thinking, and not to the marrying, the sentence should read, "I have often thought of marrying." "We have often occasion to speak of health." This should be, "We often have occasion," etc, "It remains then undecided whether we shall go to Newport or Saratoga." Place undecided before then.
Adjective or Adverb?
There is often a doubt in the mind of the speaker whether to use the adjective or the adverb, and too frequently he reaches a wrong decision. When the limiting word expresses a quality or state of the subject or of the object of a verb, the adjective must be employed; but if the manner of the action is to be expressed, the adverb must be used. The verbs be, seem, look, taste, smell, and feel furnish many stumbling-blocks.
"This rose smells sweetly." As the property or quality of the rose is here referred to, and not the manner of smelling, the adjective sweet should be employed, and not the adverb sweetly.
"Thomas feels quite badly about it." Here, again, it is the condition of Thomas's mind, and not the manner of feeling, that is to be expressed; hence, badly should be bad or uncomfortable.
"Didn't she look beautifully upon the occasion of her wedding?" No; she looked beautiful.
"The sun shines brightly." Bright is the better word.
"The child looks cold," refers to the condition of the child. "The lady looked coldly upon her suitor," refers to


euphemism.
 [Western U.S.]

 The highway robber -- road agent he is quaintly called.

The century.
 -- Road book, a guidebook in respect to roads and distances. -- Road metal, the broken, stone used in macadamizing roads. -- Road roller, a heavy roller, or combinations of rollers, for making earth, macadam, or concrete roads smooth and compact. -- often driven by steam. -- Road runner (Zoöl.), the chaparral cock. -- Road steamer, a locomotive engine adapted to running on common roads. -- To go on the road, to engage in the business of a commercial traveler. [Colloq.] -- To take the road, to begin or engage in traveling. -- To take to the road, to engage in robbery upon the highways.

Syn. -- Way; highway; street; lane; pathway; route; passage; course. See Way.

 Road"bed' (?), n. In railroads, the bed or foundation on which the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; in common roads, the whole material laid in place and ready for travel.

 Road"less, a. Destitute of roads.

 Road"mak'er (?), n. One who makes roads.

 Road"side', n. Land adjoining a road or highway; the part of a road or highway that borders the traveled part. Also used ajectively.

 Road"stead (?), n. [Road, 4 + stead a place.] An anchorage off shore. Same as Road, 4.

 Moored in the neighboring roadstead.

Longfellow.
 Road"ster (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A clumsy vessel that works its way from one anchorage to another by means of the tides. Ham.
 Nav. Encyc.
2. A horse that is accustomed to traveling on the high road, or is suitable for use on ordinary roads.

 A sound, swift, well-fed hunter and roadster.

Thackeray.
3. A bicycle or tricycle adapted for common roads rather than for the racing track.

4. One who drives much; a coach driver. [Eng.]

5. A hunter who keeps to the roads instead of following the hounds across country. [Eng. Slang.]

 Road"way' (?), n. A road; especially, the part traveled by carriages. Shak.
 Roam (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roamed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Roaming.] [OE. romen, ramen; cf. AS. r&?;man to raise, rise, D. ramen to hit, plan, aim, OS. r&?;m&?;n to strive after, OHG. rmen. But the word was probably influenced by Rome; cf. OF. romier a pilgrim, originally, a pilgrim going to Rome, It. romeo, Sp. romero. Cf. Ramble.] To go from place to place without any certain purpose or direction; to rove; to wander.

 He roameth to the carpenter's house.

Chaucer.
 Daphne roaming through a thorny wood.

Shak.
Syn. -- To wander; rove; range; stroll; ramble.

 Roam, v. t. To range or wander over.

 And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam.

Milton.
 Roam, n. The act of roaming; a wandering; a ramble; as, he began his roam o'er hill amd dale. Milton.
 Roam"er (?), n. One who roams; a wanderer.

 Roan (?), a. [F. rouan; cf. Sp. roano, ruano, It. rovano, roano.] 1. Having a bay, chestnut, brown, or black color, with gray or white thickly interspersed; -- said of a horse.

 Give my roan a drench.

Shak.
2. Made of the leather called roan; as, roan binding.

Roan antelope (Zoöl.), a very large South African antelope (Hippotragus equinus). It has long sharp horns and a stiff bright brown mane. Called also mahnya, equine antelope, and bastard gemsbok.

 Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse; a roan color.

2. A roan horse.

3. A kind of leather used for slippers, bookbinding, etc., made from sheepskin, tanned with sumac and colored to imitate ungrained morocco. DeColange.
Roan tree. (Bot.) See Rowan tree.

 Roar (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roared (?); p. pr.
 & vvb. n. Roaring.] [OE. roren, raren, AS. rrian; akin to G. röhten, OHG. r&?;r&?;n. √112.]
 1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound. Specifically: (a) To bellow, or utter a deep, loud cry, as a lion or other beast.

Roaring bulls he would him make to tame.

Spenser.
(b) To cry loudly, as in pain, distress, or anger.

 Sole on the barren sands, the suffering chief Roared out for anguish, and indulged his grief.

Dryden.
 He scorned to roar under the impressions of a finite anger.

South.
2. To make a loud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, a crowd of persons when shouting together, or the like.

 The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar.

Milton.
 How oft I crossed where carts and coaches roar.

Gay.
3. To be boisterous; to be disorderly.

 It was a mad, roaring time, full of extravagance.

Bp. Burnet.
4. To laugh out loudly and continuously; as, the hearers roared at his jokes.

5. To make a loud noise in breathing, as horses having a certain disease. See Roaring, 2.

Roaring boy, a roaring, noisy fellow; -- name given, at the latter end Queen Elizabeth's reign, to the riotous fellows who raised disturbances in the street. "Two roaring boys of Rome, that made all split." Beau. & Fl. -- Roaring forties (Naut.), a sailor's name for the stormy tract of ocean between 40° and 50° north latitude.

 Roar, v. t. To cry aloud; to proclaim loudly.

 This last action will roar thy infamy.

Ford.
 Roar (?), n. The sound of roaring. Specifically: (a) The deep, loud cry of a wild beast; as, the roar of a lion. (b) The cry of one in pain, distress, anger, or the like. (c) A loud, continuous, and confused sound; as, the roar of a cannon, of the wind, or the waves; the roar of ocean.

 Arm! arm! it is, it is the cannon's opening roar!

Byron.
(d) A boisterous outcry or shouting, as in mirth.

 Pit, boxes, and galleries were in a constant roar of laughter.

Macaulay.
 Roar"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, roars.
 Specifically: (a) A riotous fellow; a roaring boy.

 A lady to turn roarer, and break glasses.

Massinger.
(b) (Far.) A horse subject to roaring. See Roaring, 2.

2. (Zoöl.) The barn owl. [Prov. Eng.]

 Roar"ing, n. 1. A loud, deep, prolonged sound, as of a large beast, or of a person in distress, anger, mirth, etc., or of a noisy congregation.

2. (Far.) An affection of the windpipe of a horse, causing a loud, peculiar


AUSTRALIAN LEGENDARY TALES FOLK-LORE OF THE NOONGAHBURRAHS AS TOLD TO THE PICCANINNIES COLLECTED BY MRS. K. LANGLOH PARKER WITH INTRODUCTION BY ANDREW LANG, M.A.
 DEDICATED TO PETER HIPPI KING OF THE NOONGAHBURRAHS CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION, BY ANDREW LANG, M.A.
1 DINEWAN THE EMU, AND GOOMBLEGUBBON THE BUSTARD 2 THE GALAH, AND OOLAH THE LIZARD 3 BAHLOO THE MOON, AND THE DAENS 4 THE ORIGIN OF THE NARRAN LAKE 5 GOOLOO THE MAGPIE, AND THE WAHROOGAH 6 THE WEEOOMBEENS AND THE PIGGIEBILLAH 7 BOOTOOLGAH THE CRANE AND GOONUR THE KANGAROO RAT, THE FIRE MAKERS 8 WEEDAH THE MOCKING BIRD 9 THE GWINERBOOS THE REDBREASTS 10 MEAMEI THE SEVEN SISTERS 11 THE COOKOOBURRAHS AND THE GOOLAHGOOL 12 THE MAYAMAH 13 THE BUNBUNDOOLOOEYS 14 OONGNAIRWAH AND GUINAREY 15 NARAHDARN THE BAT 16 MULLYANGAH THE MORNING STAR 17 GOOMBLEGUBBON, BEEARGAII, AND OUYAN 18 MOOREGOO THE MOPOKE, AND BAHLOO THE MOON 19 OUYAN THE CURLEW 20 DINEWAN THE EMU, AND WAHN THE CROWS 21 GOOLAHWILLEEL THE TOPKNOT PIGEONS 22 GOONUR, THE WOMAN-DOCTOR 23 DEEREEREE THE WAGTAIL, AND THE RAINBOW 24 MOOREGOO THE MOPOKE, AND MOONINGUGGAHGUL THE MOSQUITO BIRD 25 BOUGOODOOGAHDAH THE RAIN BIRD 26 THE BORAH OF BYAMEE 27 BUNNYYARL THE FLIES AND WURRUNNUNNAH THE BEES 28 DEEGEENBOYAH THE SOLDIER-BIRD 29 MAYRAH, THE WIND THAT BLOWS THE WINTER AWAY 30 WAYAMBEH THE TURTLE 31 WIRREENUN THE RAINMAKER NATIVE TEXT OF THE FIRST TALE (APPENDIX) GLOSSARY PREFACE A neighbour of mine exclaimed, when I mentioned that I proposed making a small collection of the folk-lore legends of the tribe of blacks I knew so well living on this station, "But have the blacks any legends?"—thus showing that people may live in a country and yet know little of the aboriginal inhabitants; and though there are probably many who do know these particular legends, yet I think that this is the first attempt that has been made to collect the tales of any particular tribe, and publish them alone. At all events, I know that no attempt has been made previously, as far as the folklore of the Noongahburrahs is concerned.
Therefore, on the authority of Professor Max Muller, that folk-lore of any country is worth collecting, I am emboldened to offer my small attempt, at a collection, to the public. There are probably many who, knowing these legends, would not think them worth recording; but, on the other hand, I hope there are many who think, as I do, that we should try, while there is yet time, to gather all the information possible of a race fast dying out, and the origin of which is so obscure. I cannot affect to think that these little legends will do much to remove that obscurity, but undoubtedly a scientific and patient study of the folk-lore throughout Australia would greatly assist thereto. I, alas! am but an amateur, moved to my work by interest in the subject, and in the blacks, of whom I have had some experience.
The time is coming when it will be impossible to make even such a collection as this, for the old blacks are quickly dying out, and the young ones will probably think it beneath the dignity of their so-called civilisation even to remember such old-women's stories. Those who have themselves attempted the study of an unknown folk-lore will be able to appreciate the difficulties a student has to surmount before he can even induce those to talk who have the knowledge he desires. In this, as in so much else, those who are ready to be garrulous know little.
I have confined this little book to the legends of the Narran tribe, known among themselves as Noongahburrahs. It is astonishing to find, within comparatively short distances, a diversity of language and custom. You may even find the same word in different tribes bearing a totally different meaning. Many words, too, have been introduced which the blacks think are English, and the English think are native. Such, for example, as piccaninny, and, as far as these outside blacks are concerned, boomerang is regarded as English, their local word being burren; yet nine out of ten people whom you meet think both are local native words.
Though I have written my little book in the interests of folk-lore, I hope it will gain the attention of, and have some interest for, children—of Australian children, because they will find stories of old friends among the Bush birds; and of English children, because I hope that they will be glad to make new friends, and so establish a free trade between the Australian and English nurseries—wingless, and laughing birds, in exchange for fairy godmothers, and princes in disguise.
I must also acknowledge my great indebtedness to the blacks, who, when once they understood what I wanted to know, were most ready to repeat to me the legends repeating with the utmost patience, time after time, not only the legends, but the names, that I might manage to spell them so as to be understood when repeated. In particular I should like to mention my indebtedness to Peter Hippi, king of the Noongahburrahs; and to Hippitha, Matah, Barahgurrie, and Beemunny.
I have dedicated my booklet to Peter Hippi, in grateful recognition of his long and faithful service to myself and my husband, which has extended, with few intervals, over a period of twenty years. He, too, is probably the last king of the Noongabburrahs, who are fast dying out—, and soon their weapons, bartered by them for tobacco or whisky, alone will prove that they ever existed. It seemed to me a pity that some attempt should not be made to collect the folk-lore of the quickly disappearing tribe—a folk-lore embodying, probably, the thoughts, fancies, and beliefs of the genuine aboriginal race, and which, as such, deserves to be, indeed, as Max Muller says, "might be and ought to be, collected in every part of the world."
The legends were told to me by the blacks themselves, some of whom remember the coming of Mitchellan, as they call Major Mitchell, the explorer of these back creeks. The old blacks laugh now when they tell you how frightened their mothers were of the first wheel tracks they saw. They would not let the children tread on them, but carefully lifted them over, lest their feet should break out in sores, as they were supposed to do if they trod on a snake's track. But with all their fear, little did they realise that


*te, interj. [See Benedicite, n.] An exclamation corresponding to Bless you!.

 { Ben"e*dict (&?;), Ben"e*dick (&?;), } n. [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of "Much Ado about Nothing."]
 A married man, or a man newly married.

 Ben"e*dict, a. [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Having mild and salubrious qualities.
 [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ben'e*dic"tine (&?;), a. Pertaining to the monks of St.
 Benedict, or St. Benet.

 Ben'e*dic"tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846.

 The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Fr&?;&?;&?;&?;rs which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines.

 Ben'e*dic"tion (&?;), n. [L. benedictio: cf. F. bénédiction.
 See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing.

2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness.

 So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus Followed with benediction.
Milton.
 Homeward serenely she walked with God's benediction upon her.
Longfellow.
 Specifically: The short prayer which closes public worship; as, to give the benediction.

3. (Eccl.) The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe.
4. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God.

 Ben'e*dic"tion*al (&?;), n. A book of benedictions.

 Ben'e*dic"tion*a*ry (&?;), n. A collected series of benedictions.

 The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold. G. Gurton's Needle.
 Ben'e*dic"tive (&?;), a. Tending to bless. Gauden.
 Ben'e*dic"to*ry (&?;), a. Expressing wishes for good; as, a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.
 ||Ben'e*dic"tus (&?;), n. [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.]
 The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); -- so named from the first word of the Latin version.

 Ben"e*dight (&?;), a. Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.
 Ben'e*fac"tion (&?;), n. [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]
 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson.
2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation.

Syn. -- Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms.

 Ben'e*fac"tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.
 Ben'e*fac"tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit.

 His benefactress blushes at the deed. Cowper.
 Be*nef"ic (&?;), a. [L. beneficus. See Benefice.]
 Favorable; beneficent. Milton.
 Ben"e*fice (&?;), n. [F. bénéfice, L. beneficium, a kindness, in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]

1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter.
2. (Feudal Law) An estate in lands; a fief.

 Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings.

3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson.

 All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.

 Ben"e*fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.] To endow with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.]

 Ben"e*ficed (&?;), a. Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. "Beneficed clergymen." Burke.
 Ben"e*fice*less (&?;), a. Having no benefice. "Beneficeless precisians." Sheldon.
 Be*nef"i*cence (&?;), n. [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. bénéficence. See Benefice.] The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness.

 And whose beneficence no charge exhausts. Cowper.
Syn. -- See Benevolence.

 Be*nef'i*cent (&?;), a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence.

 The beneficent fruits of Christianity. Prescott.
Syn. -- See Benevolent.

 Be*nef'i*cen"tial (&?;), a. Relating to beneficence.

 Be*nef"i*cent*ly (b*nf"*sent*l), adv. In a beneficent manner; with beneficence.

 Ben'e*fi"cial (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bénéficial, LL. beneficialis.] 1. Conferring benefits; useful; profitable; helpful; advantageous; serviceable; contributing to a valuable end; -- followed by to.

 The war which would have been most beneficial to us. Swift.
2. (Law) Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as, the beneficial owner of an estate.
 Kent.
3. King. [Obs.] "A beneficial foe." B. Jonson.
Syn. -- See Advantage.

 Ben'e*fi"cial*ly, adv. In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully.

 Ben'e*fi"cial*ness, n. The quality of being beneficial; profitableness.

 Ben'e*fi"ci*a*ry (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bénéficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.] 1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession.

 A feudatory or beneficiary king of England. Bacon.
2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as, beneficiary gifts.

 Ben'e*fi"ci*a*ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries (&?;). 1.
 A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe.
2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate.

 The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are. Jer


ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumbled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fumbling (?).] [Akin to D. fommelen to crumple, fumble, Sw. fumla to fusuble, famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, fumble, Icel. falme, AS. folm palm of the hand. See Feel, and cf. Fanble, Palm.] 1. To feel or grope about; to make awkward attempts to do or find something.

 Adams now began to fumble in his pockets.

Fielding.
2. To grope about in perplexity; to seek awkwardly; as, to fumble for an excuse. Dryden.
 My understanding flutters and my memory fumbles.

Chesterfield.
 Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.

Wordsworth.
3. To handle much; to play childishly; to turn over and over.

 I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers.

Shak.
 Fum"ble, v. t. To handle or manage awkwardly; to crowd or tumble together. Shak.
 Fum"bler (?), n. One who fumbles.

 Fum"bling*ly (?), adv. In the manner of one who fumbles.

 Fume (fm), n. [L. fumus; akin to Skr. dhma smoke, dh to shake, fan a flame, cf. Gr. qy'ein to sacrifice, storm, rage, qy'mon, qy'mos, thyme, and perh. to E. dust: cf. OF. fum smoke, F. fumée.
 Cf. Dust, n., Femerell, Thyme.] 1. Exhalation; volatile matter (esp. noxious vapor or smoke) ascending in a dense body; smoke; vapor; reek; as, the fumes of tobacco.

 The fumes of new shorn hay.

T. Warton.
 The fumes of undigested wine.

Dryden.
2. Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of self-control; as, the fumes of passion. South.
3. Anything vaporlike, unsubstantial, or airy; idle conceit; vain imagination.

 A show of fumes and fancies.

Bacon.
4. The incense of praise; inordinate flattery.

 To smother him with fumes and eulogies.

Burton.
In a fume, in ill temper, esp. from impatience.

 Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumed (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Fuming.] [Cf. F. fumer, L. fumare to smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To smoke; to throw off fumes, as in combustion or chemical action; to rise up, as vapor.

 Where the golden altar fumed.

Milton.
 Silenus lay, Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain.

Roscommon.
2. To be as in a mist; to be dulled and stupefied.

 Keep his brain fuming.

Shak.
3. To pass off in fumes or vapors.

 Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity.

Cheyne.
4. To be in a rage; to be hot with anger.

 He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.

Dryden.
 While her mother did fret, and her father did fume.

Sir W. Scott.
To fume away, to give way to excitement and displeasure; to storm; also, to pass off in fumes.

 Fume, v. t. 1. To expose to the action of fumes; to treat with vapors, smoke, etc.; as, to bleach straw by fuming it with sulphur; to fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc., as a room.

 She fumed the temple with an odorous flame.

Dryden.
2. To praise inordinately; to flatter.

 They demi-deify and fume him so.

Cowper.
3. To throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor.

 The heat will fume away most of the scent.

Montimer.
 How vicious hearts fume frenzy to the brain!

Young.
 Fume"less, a. Free from fumes.

 Fum"er (?), n. 1. One that fumes.

2. One who makes or uses perfumes. [Obs.]

 Embroiderers, feather makers, fumers.

Beau. & Fl.
 Fu"mer*ell (?), n. (Arch.) See Femerell.

 Fu"met (?), n. [Cf. F. fumier dung, OF. femier, fr.
 L. fimus dung.] The dung of deer. B. Jonson.
 { Fu"met (?) ||Fu*mette" (?), } n. [F. fumet odor, fume of wine or meat, fr. L. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] The stench or high flavor of game or other meat when kept long. Swift.
 Fu"me*tere" (?), n. Fumitory. [Obs.]

 Fu"mid (?), a. [L. fumidus, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.]
 Smoky; vaporous. Sir T. Broune.
 { Fu*mid"i*ty (?), Fu"mid*ness (?) } n. The state of being fumid; smokiness.

 Fu*mif"er*ous (?), a. [L. fumifer; fumus smoke + ferre to bear.] Producing smoke.

 Fu*mif"u*gist (?), n. [L. fumus smoke + fugare to put to flight, fugere to flee.] One who, or that which, drives away smoke or fumes.

 Fu"mi*fy (?), v. t. [Fume + - fy.] To subject to the action of smoke. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Fu"mi*gant (?), a. [L. fumigans, p. pr. of fumigare.
 See Fumigate.] Fuming. [R.]

 Fu"mi*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fumigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fumigating (?).] [L. fumigate, p. p. of fumigare to fumigate, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To apply smoke to; to expose to smoke or vapor; to purify, or free from infection, by the use of smoke or vapors.

2. To smoke; to perfume. Dryden.
 Fum'iga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. fumigation.]

1. The act of fumigating, or applying smoke or vapor, as for disinfection.

2. Vapor raised in the process of fumigating.

 Fu"mi*ga'tor (?), n. One who, or that which, fumigates; an apparattus for fumigating.

 Fu"mi*ga*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. fumigatoire.] Having the quality of purifying by smoke. [R.]

 Fum"i*ly (?), adv. Smokily; with fume.

 Fum"ing, a. Producing fumes, or vapors.

Cadet's fuming liquid (Chem.), alkarsin. -- Fuming liquor of Libavius (Old Chem.), stannic chloride; the chloride of tin, SnCl4, forming a colorless, mobile liquid which fumes in the air. Mixed with water it solidifies to the so-called butter of tin.
 -- Fuming sulphuric acid. (Chem.) Same as Disulphuric


iate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. "Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;" and another remarks, "It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using." So, also, we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, "It requires a peculiar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;" "He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;" "The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright." Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an "ominous silence" which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, "If you knew how to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition." In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, "I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request." Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man's faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence.

 Ap*pre"ci*ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v.
 i.] J. Morse.
 Ap*pre"ci*a'ting*ly (&?;), adv. In an appreciating manner; with appreciation.

 Ap*pre'ci*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. appréciation.]
 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence.

2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as, an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors.

 His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character.
J. R. Green.
3. A rise in value; -- opposed to depreciation.

 Ap*pre"ci*a*tive (&?;), a. Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as, an appreciative audience. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ly, adv.
 Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ness, n. The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence.

 Ap*pre"ci*a'tor (&?;), n. One who appreciates.

 Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Showing appreciation; appreciative; as, appreciatory commendation. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ri*ly (&?;), adv.
 Ap'pre*hend" (p'pr*hnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + -hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. chanda'nein to hold, contain, and E. get: cf. F. appréhender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic] We have two hands to apprehend it. Jer. Taylor.
2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as, to apprehend a criminal.

3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider.

 This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king's head, and he violently apprehended it.
Fuller.
 The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them.
Gladstone.
4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.]

G. You are too much distrustful of my truth. E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend The means and manner how. Beau. & Fl.
5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear.

 The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence. Macaulay.
Syn. -- To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. -- To Apprehend, Comprehend.
 These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. "We may apprehended much of Shakespeare's aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters." Trench.
 Ap'pre*hend", v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose.

2. To be apprehensive; to fear.

 It is worse to apprehend than to suffer. Rowe.
 Ap'pre*hend"er (&?;), n. One who apprehends.

 Ap'pre*hen'si*bi"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey.
 Ap'pre*hen"si*ble (&?;), a. [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Capable of being apprehended or conceived. "Apprehensible by faith." Bp. Hall. -- Ap'*pre*hen"si*bly, adv.
 Ap'pre*hen"sion (&?;), n. [L. apprehensio: cf. F. appréhension.
 See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne.
2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as, the felon, after his apprehension, escaped.

3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception.

 Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked intellection of an object. Glanvill.
4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea.

 In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as, in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue.

 To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension. South.
5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as, a man of dull apprehension.

6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil.

 After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life. Addison.
Syn. -- Apprehension,


The Lake Gun by James Fenimore Cooper {This text has been transcribed and annotated by Hugh C. MacDougall, Founder and Secretary of the James Fenimore Cooper Society (_EMAIL_), who welcomes corrections and emendations. The text has been transcribed as written, except that because of the limitations of the Gutenberg Project format, italicized words have been transcribed in FULL CAPITALS.}
{"The Lake Gun" is one of James Fenimore Cooper's very few short stories, and was written in the last year of his life. It was commissioned by George E. Wood for publication in a volume of miscellaneous stories and poems called "The Parthenon" (New York: George E. Wood, 1850), and Cooper received $100 for it. The story was reprinted a few years later in a similar volume called "Specimens of American Literature" (New York, 1866). It was published in book form in 1932 in a slipcased edition limited to 450 copies (New York: William Farquhar Payson, 1932) with an introduction by Robert F. Spiller.}
{Introductory Note: The "Lake Gun," though based on folklore about Seneca Lake in Central New York State (the "Wandering Jew" and the "Lake Gun"), and on a supposed Seneca Indian legend, is in fact political satire commenting on American political demagogues in general, and in particular on the then (1850) Whig Senator from New York State, William Henry Seward (_PHONE_), who had served as Governor of New York (_PHONE_) and would later become Secretary of State (_PHONE_) under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson. By 1850 Cooper feared that unscrupulous political extremists, mobilizing public opinion behind causes such as abolitionism, were leading America towards a disastrous Civil War. Cooper probably obtained his local lore about Seneca Lake while visiting his son Paul, who attended Geneva College (now Hobart College) on Lake Seneca from _PHONE_.}
The Lake Gun by James Fenimore Cooper The Seneca is remarkable for its "Wandering Jew," and the "Lake Gun."
The first is a tree so balanced that when its roots are clear of the bottom it floats with its broken and pointed trunk a few feet above the surface of the water, driving before the winds, or following in the course of the currents. At times, the "Wandering Jew" is seen off Jefferson, near the head of this beautiful sheet; and next it will appear anchored, as it might be, in the shallow water near the outlet.
{"Wandering Jew" = The medieval legend of Ahasueras, who mocked Christ on his way to the cross and was condemned to live until Judgment Day, is widespread throughout Europe, though he was only identified as a "Jew" in the 17th century--students at Geneva College (now Hobart College) applied the name to a supposedly unsinkable floating log in Lake Seneca, identified as the legendary "Chief Agayentha"; Jefferson = I am indebted to John Gormley of Burdett, NY, for the information that the Village of Jefferson, which I had been unable to locate, was renamed "Watkins" in 1852 and then the current and well-known "Watkins Glen" in 1926. (August, 2011)} For more than half a century has this remnant of the forest floated about, from point to point, its bald head whitening with time, until its features have become familiar to all the older inhabitants of that region of country. The great depth of the Seneca prevents it from freezing; and summer and winter, springtime and autumn, is this wanderer to be observed; occasionally battling with the ice that makes a short distance from the shore, now pursuing its quiet way before a mild southern air in June, or, again, anchored, by its roots touching the bottom, as it passes a point, or comes in contact with the flats.
It has been known to remain a year or two at a time in view of the village of Geneva, until, accustomed to its sight, the people began to think that it was never to move from its berth any more; but a fresh northerly breeze changes all this; the "Jew" swings to the gale, and, like a ship unmooring, drags clear of the bottom, and goes off to the southward, with its head just high enough above water to be visible. It would seem really that his wanderings are not to cease as long as wood will float.
{Village of Geneva = now the City of Geneva, at the northern end of Lake Seneca} No white man can give the history of this "Jew." He was found laving his sides in the pure waters of the Seneca by the earliest settlers, and it may have been ages since his wanderings commenced. When they are to cease is a secret in the womb of time.
The "Lake Gun" is a mystery. It is a sound resembling the explosion of a heavy piece of artillery, that can be accounted for by none of the known laws of nature. The report is deep, hollow, distant, and imposing. The lake seems to be speaking to the surrounding hills, which send back the echoes of its voice in accurate reply. No satisfactory theory has ever been broached to explain these noises. Conjectures have been hazarded about chasms, and the escape of compressed air by the sudden admission of water; but all this is talking at random, and has probably no foundation in truth. The most that can be said is, that such sounds are heard, though at long intervals, and that no one as yet has succeeded in ascertaining their cause.
{"The Lake Gun" = The "Lake Gun" or "Lake Drum" is a mysterious booming sound occasionally heard on Lake Seneca (and on neighboring Lake Cayuga), which has been given a variety of scientific, literary, and legendary interpretations.}
It is not many lustrums since curiosity induced an idler, a traveler, and one possessed of much attainment derived from journeys in distant lands, first to inquire closely into all the traditions connected with these two peculiarities of the Seneca, and, having thus obtained all he could, to lead him to make the tour of the entire lake, in the hope of learning more by actual personal observation. He went up and down in the steamboat; was much gratified with his trip, but could see or hear nothing to help him in his investigation. The "Gun" had not been heard in a long time, and no one could tell him what had become of the "Wandering Jew." In vain did his eyes roam over the broad expanse of water; they could discover nothing to reward their search. There was an old man in the boat, of the name of Peter, who had passed his life on the Seneca, and to him was our traveler referred, as the person most likely to gratify his curiosity. Fuller (for so we shall call the stranger for the sake of convenience) was not slow to profit by this hint, and was soon in amicable relations with the tough, old, fresh-water mariner. A half-eagle opportunely bestowed opened all the stores of Peter's lore; and he professed himself ready to undertake a cruise, even, for the especial purpose of hunting up the "Jew."
{lustrum = a period of five years; half eagle = a U.S. gold coin worth $5.00} "I haven't seen that ere crittur now"—Peter always spoke of the tree as if it had animal life—"these three years. We think he doesn't like the steamboats. The very last time I seed the old chap he was a-goin' up afore a smart norwester, and we was a-comin' down with the wind in our teeth, when I made out the 'Jew,' about a mile, or, at most, a mile and a half ahead of us, and right in our track. I remember that I said to myself, says I, 'Old fellow, we'll get a sight of your countenance this time.' I suppose you know, sir, that the 'Jew' has a face just like a human?"
"I did not know that; but what became of the tree?"
"Tree," answered Peter, shaking his head, "why, can't we cut a tree down in the woods, saw it and carve


two or more persons or gangs who work by spells. [R.]

 Their toil is so extreme that they can not endure it above four hours in a day, but are succeeded by spells.

Garew.
4. A gratuitous helping forward of another's work; as, a logging spell.
 [Local, U.S.]

 Spell (?), n.[AS. spell a saying, tale, speech; akin to OS.
 & OHG. spel, Icel. spjall,Goth. spill. Cf. Gospel, Spell to tell the letters of.] 1. A story; a tale. [Obs.] "Hearken to my spell." Chaucer.
2. A stanza, verse, or phrase supposed to be endowed with magical power; an incantation; hence, any charm.

 Start not; her actions shall be holy as You hear my spell is lawful.

Shak.
 Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled (&?;) or Spelt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] [OE. spellen, spellien, tell, relate, AS. spellian, fr. spell a saying, tale; akin to MHG. spellen to relate, Goth. spill&?;n.e Spell a tale. In sense 4 and those following, OE. spellen, perhaps originally a different word, and from or influenced by spell a splinter, from the use of a piece of wood to point to the letters in schools: cf. D. spellen to spell. Cf. Spell splinter.] 1. To tell; to relate; to teach. [Obs.]

 Might I that legend find, By fairies spelt in mystic rhymes.

T. Warton.
2. To put under the influence of a spell; to affect by a spell; to bewitch; to fascinate; to charm. "Spelled with words of power." Dryden.
 He was much spelled with Eleanor Talbot.

Sir G. Buck.
3. To constitute; to measure. [Obs.]

 The Saxon heptarchy, when seven kings put together did spell but one in effect.

Fuller.
4. To tell or name in their proper order letters of, as a word; to write or print in order the letters of, esp. the proper letters; to form, as words, by correct orthography.

 The word "satire" ought to be spelled with i, and not with y. Dryden.
5. To discover by characters or marks; to read with difficulty; -- usually with out; as, to spell out the sense of an author; to spell out a verse in the Bible.

 To spell out a God in the works of creation.

South.
 To sit spelling and observing divine justice upon every accident.

Milton.
 Spell, v. i. 1. To form words with letters, esp. with the proper letters, either orally or in writing.

 When what small knowledge was, in them did dwell, And he a god, who could but read or spell.

Dryden.
2. To study by noting characters; to gain knowledge or learn the meaning of anything, by study. [Obs.]

 Where I may sit and rightly spell Of every star that heaven doth shew, And every herb that sips the dew.

Milton.
 Spell"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being spelt. Carlyle.
 Spell"bound' (?), a. Bound by, or as by, a spell.

 Spell"er (?), n. 1. One who spells.

2. A spelling book. [U. S.]

 Spell"ful (?), a. Abounding in spells, or charms.

 Here, while his eyes the learned leaves peruse, Each spellful mystery explained he views.

Hoole.
 Spell"ing, n. The act of one who spells; formation of words by letters; orthography.

 Spell"ing, a. Of or pertaining to spelling.

Spelling bee, a spelling match. [U.S.] - - Spelling book, a book with exercises for teaching children to spell; a speller. -- Spelling match, a contest of skill in spelling words, between two or more persons.

 Spell"ken (?), n. A theater. [Slang] Byron.
 Spell"work' (?), n. Power or effect of magic; that which is wrought by magic; enchantment.

 Like those Peri isles of light That hang by spellwork in the air.

Moore.
 Spelt (?), imp. & p. p. of Spell. Spelled.

 Spelt, n. [AS. spelt, fr. L. spelta.] (Bot.) A species of grain (Triticum Spelta) much cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland; -- called also German wheat.

 Spelt, n. [See Spalt.] (Metal.) Spelter. [Colloq.]

 Spelt, v. t. & i. [See Spell a splinter.] To split; to break; to spalt. [Obs.] Mortimer.
 Spel"ter (?), n. [Cf. LG. spialter, G. & D. spiauter.
 Cf. Pewter.] (Metal.) Zinc; -- especially so called in commerce and arts.

 Spe*lunc" (?), n. [L. spelunca cave.] A cavern; a cave.
 [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
 Spence (?), n. [OF. despense, F. dépense, buffet, buttery, fr. OF. despendre to spend, distribute, L. dispendere, dispensum. See Dispense, Spend.] 1. A place where provisions are kept; a buttery; a larder; a pantry.

 In... his spence, or "pantry" were hung the carcasses of a sheep or ewe, and two cows lately slaughtered.

Sir W. Scott.
 Bluff Harry broke into the spence, And turned the cowls adrift.

Tennyson.
2. The inner apartment of a country house; also, the place where the family sit and eat. [Scot.] Jamieson.
 Spen"cer (?), n. [OF. despensier. See Spence, and cf.
 Dispenser.] One who has the care of the spence, or buttery. [Obs.] Promptorium Parvulorum.
 Spen"cer, n. [From the third Earl Spencer, who first wore it, or brought it into fashion.] A short jacket worn by men and by women.
 Ld. Lutton.
 Spen"cer, n. (Naut.) A foreand-aft sail, abaft the foremast or the mainmast, hoisted upon a small supplementary mast and set with a gaff and no boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast; -- named after its inventor, Knight Spencer, of England [1802].

Spencer mast, a small mast just abaft the foremast or mainmast, for hoisting the spencer. R. H. Dana, Jr.
 Spend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spent (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Spending.] [AS. spendan (in comp.), fr. L. expendere or dispendere to weigh out, to expend, dispense. See Pendant, and cf. Dispend, Expend, Spence, Spencer.] 1. To weigh or lay out; to dispose of; to part with; as, to spend money for clothing.

Spend thou that in the town.

Shak.
 Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread?

Isa. lv. 2.
 2. To bestow; to employ; -- often with on or upon.

 I... am never loath To spend my judgment.

Herbert.
3. To consume; to waste; to squander; to exhaust; as, to spend an estate in gaming or other vices.

4. To pass, as time; to suffer to pass away; as, to spend a day idly; to spend winter abroad.

 We spend our years as a tale that is told.

Ps. xc. 9.


To the Same 205 To Edmund Gosse 206 To the Same 207 To P. G. Hamerton 208 To Sidney Colvin 209 To W. E. Henley 211 To the Same 212 To Sidney Colvin 213 To Dr. Alexander Japp 215 To Mrs. Sitwell 216 To Edmund Gosse 217 To the Same 218 To the Same 219 To W. E. Henley 219 To Dr. Alexander Japp 221 To W. E. Henley 222 To Thomas Stevenson 223 To P. G. Hamerton 224 To Charles Baxter 226 To Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 227 To Alison Cunningham 228 To Charles Baxter 228 To W. E. Henley 229 To the Same 230 To Alexander Ireland 233 To Edmund Gosse 235 To Dr. Alexander Japp 236 p. xiTo the Same 236 To W. E. Henley 238 To Mrs. T. Stevenson 240 To Edmund Gosse 241 To the Same 242 To W. E. Henley 242 VI MARSEILLES AND HYÈRES Letters:— To the Editor of the New York Tribune 251 To R. A. M. Stevenson 252 To Thomas Stevenson 253 To Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 254 To Charles Baxter 254 To Alison Cunningham 256 To W. E. Henley 257 To Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 261 To Thomas Stevenson 262 To Mrs. Sitwell 263 To Edmund Gosse 265 To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 266 To the Same 267 To Edmund Gosse 268 To the Same 269 To W. E. Henley 270 To the Same 271 To the Same 272 p. xiiTo the Same 273 To the Same 274 To Alison Cunningham 275 To W. E. Henley 277 To Edmund Gosse 278 To W. E. Henley 279 To Edmund Gosse 283 To Sidney Colvin 284 To W. H. Low 286 To R. A. M. Stevenson 288 To Thomas Stevenson 291 To W. H. Low 292 To W. E. Henley 294 To Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 295 To Sidney Colvin 296 To Mrs. Milne 297 To Miss Ferrier 299 To W. H. Low 300 To Thomas Stevenson 301 To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 302 To Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 303 To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 304 To Sidney Colvin 305 To Mr. Dick 308 To Cosmo Monkhouse 310 To Edmund Gosse 312 To Miss Ferrier 313 To W. H. Low 314 To Thomas Stevenson 315 To Cosmo Monkhouse 316 To W. E. Henley 318 p. xiiiTo Edmund Gosse 319 To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 320 To Sidney Colvin 321 VII LIFE AT BOURNEMOUTH Letters:— To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 328 To W. E. Henley 328 To the Rev. Professor Lewis Campbell 330 To Andrew Chatto 331 To W. H. Low 332 To Thomas Stevenson 334 To W. E. Henley 335 To Thomas Stevenson 335 To Charles Baxter 337 To the Same 337 To Miss Ferrier 338 To Edmund Gosse 339 To Austin Dobson 340 To Henry James 341 To Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Stevenson 343 To W. E. Henley 344 To the Same 345 To H. A. Jones 346 To Sidney Colvin 346 To Thomas Stevenson 347 To Sidney Colvin 348 To the Same 349 p. xivTo J. A. Symonds 350 To Edmund Gosse 352 To W. H. Low 354 To P. G. Hamerton 356 To William Archer 358 To Mrs. Fleeming Jenkin 359 To the Same 360 To W. H. Low 361 To W. E. Henley 363 To William Archer 364 To Thomas Stevenson 367 To Henry James 368 To William Archer 369 To the Same 371 To W. H. Low 374 Frontispiece—PORTRAIT OF R. L. STEVENSON, æt. 35 From a photograph by Mr. Lloyd Osbourne p. xvINTRODUCTION One day in the autumn of 1888, in the island of Tahiti, during an illness which he supposed might be his last, Stevenson put into the hands of his stepson, Mr.
Lloyd Osbourne, a sealed paper with the request that it should be opened after his death. He recovered, as every one knows, and had strength enough to enjoy six years more of active life and work in the Pacific Islands. When the end came, and the paper was opened, it was found to contain, among other things, the expression of his wish that I should be asked to prepare for publication 'a selection of his letters and a sketch of his life.' The journal letters written to myself from his Samoan home, subsequently to the date of the request, offered the readiest material towards fulfilling promptly a part at least of the duty thus laid upon me; and a selection from these was accordingly published in the autumn following his death. [xv] The scanty leisure of an official life (chief


er (?), n. A machine for pressing the water from skins in tanning. Knight.
 Sa*mo"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Samoan Islands (formerly called Navigators' Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean, or their inhabitants. -- n. An inhabitant of the Samoan Islands.

 ||Sa"mo*var (?), n. [Russ. samovar'.] A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn.

 Sam'oy*edes" (?), n. pl.; sing. Samoyede (&?;). (Ethnol.)
 An ignorant and degraded Turanian tribe which occupies a portion of Northern Russia and a part of Siberia.

 Samp (?), n. [From American Indian spac, saupac, made soft, or thinned.] An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy.

 ||Sam"pan (?), n. (Naut.) A Chinese boat from twelve to fifteen feet long, covered with a house, and sometimes used as a permanent habitation on the inland waters. [Written also sanpan.]

 Sam"phire (? or?; 277), n. [F. l'herbe de Saint Pierre. See Saint, and Petrel.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, suffrutescent, umbelliferous European plant (Crithmum maritimum). It grows among rocks and on cliffs along the seacoast, and is used for pickles.

 Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade!

Shak.
(b) The species of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea); -- called in England marsh samphire. (c) A seashore shrub (Borrichia arborescens) of the West Indies.

Golden samphire. See under Golden.

 Sam"ple (?), n. [OE. sample, asaumple, OF. essample, example, fr. L. exemplum. See Example, and cf. Ensample, Sampler.] 1. Example; pattern. [Obs.] Spenser. "A sample to the youngest." Shak.
 Thus he concludes, and every hardy knight His sample followed.

Fairfax.
2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown as evidence of the quality of the whole; a specimen; as, goods are often purchased by samples.

 I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss.

Woodward.
Syn. -- Specimen; example. See Specimen.

 Sam"ple, v. t. 1. To make or show something similar to; to match. Bp. Hall.
2. To take or to test a sample or samples of; as, to sample sugar, teas, wools, cloths.

 Sam"pler (?), n. [See Exampler, Exemplar.] 1. One who makes up samples for inspection; one who examines samples, or by samples; as, a wool sampler.

2. A pattern; a specimen; especially, a collection of needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc., to be used as samples, or to display the skill of the worker.

 Susie dear, bring your sampler and Mrs. Schumann will show you how to make that W you bothered over.

E. E. Hale.
 ||Sam"shoo, Sam"shu (&?;), n. [Chinese san-shao thrice fired.] A spirituous liquor distilled by the Chinese from the yeasty liquor in which boiled rice has fermented under pressure. S. W. Williams.
 Sam"son (?), n. An Israelite of Bible record (see Judges xiii.), distinguished for his great strength; hence, a man of extraordinary physical strength.

Samson post. (a) (Naut.) A strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck; also, a temporary or movable pillar carrying a leading block or pulley for various purposes. Brande & C. (b) In deep-well boring, the post which supports the walking beam of the apparatus.

 San'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sanable; sanableness; curableness.

 San"a*ble (?), a. [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Capable of being healed or cured; susceptible of remedy.

Syn. -- Remediable; curable; healable.

 San"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being sanable.

 Sa*na"tion (?), n. [L. sanatio. See Sanable.] The act of healing or curing. [Obs.] Wiseman.
 San"a*tive (?), a. [LL. sanativus.] Having the power to cure or heal; healing; tending to heal; sanatory. -- San"a*tive*ness, n. San'a*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanatory.] An establishment for the treatment of the sick; a resort for invalids. See Sanitarium.

 San"a*to*ry (?), a. [LL. sanatorius, fr. L. sanare to heal. See Sanable.] Conducive to health; tending to cure; healing; curative; sanative.

Sanatory ordinances for the protection of public health, such as quarantine, fever hospitals, draining, etc.

De Quincey.
Sanatory and sanitary should not be confounded. Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sanitary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health.

 ||San'be*ni"to (?), n. [Sp. & Pg. sambenito, contr. from L. saccus sack + benedictus blessed.] 1. Anciently, a sackcloth coat worn by penitents on being reconciled to the church.

2. A garnment or cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, figures, etc., and worn by persons who had been examined by the Inquisition and were brought forth for punishment at the auto-da-fé.

 { Sance"-bell' (?), Sanc"te bell' (?) }, n. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

 Sanc"ti*fi*cate (?), v. t. [L. sanctificatus, p. p. of sanctificare.]
 To sanctify. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Sanc'ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sanctificatio: cf. F. sanctification.]
 1. The act of sanctifying or making holy; the state of being sanctified or made holy; esp. (Theol.), the act of God's grace by which the affections of men are purified, or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted to a supreme love to God; also, the state of being thus purified or sanctified.

 God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth.

2 Thess. ii. 13.
2. The act of consecrating, or of setting apart for a sacred purpose; consecration. Bp. Burnet.
 Sanc"ti*fied (?), a. Made holy; also, made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious.

 Sanc"ti*fi'er (?), n. One who sanctifies, or makes holy; specifically, the Holy Spirit.

 Sanc"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying (?).] [F. sanctifier, L. sanctificare; sanctus holy + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Saint, and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy; to set apart to a holy or religious use; to consecrate by appropriate rites; to hallow.

 God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.

Gen. ii. 3.
 Moses... sanctified Aaron and his garments.

Lev. viii. 30.
2. To make free from sin; to cleanse from moral corruption and pollution; to pur