), n. (Chem.)A salt of perbromic acid.

 Per*bro"mic (?), a. [Pref. per- + bromic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid, HBrO4, of bromine.

 Per*bro"mide (?), n. (Chem.) A bromide having a higher proportion of bromine than any other bromide of the same substance or series.

 ||Per"ca (?), n. [L., a perch.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, including the fresh-water perch.

 ||Per'cale" (?), n. [F.] A fine cotton fabric, having a linen finish, and often printed on one side, - - used for women's and children's wear.

 ||Per'ca'line" (?), n. [F.] A fine kind of French cotton goods, usually of one color.

 Per*car"bide (?), n. [Pref. per- + carbide.] (Chem.)A compound containing a relatively large amount of carbon. [R.]

 Per*car"bu*ret (?), n. [Pref. per- + carburet.] (Chem.)
 A percarbide. [Obsoles.]

 Per*car"bu*ret'ed, a. (Chem.) Combined with a relatively large amount of carbon.

 Per*case" (?), adv. [OE. per cas. See Parcase.] Perhaps; perchance. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Perce (?), v. t. To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Per*ceiv"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being perceived; perceptible. -- Per*ceiv"a*bly, adv.
 Per*ceiv"ance (?), n. Power of perceiving. [Obs.] "The senses and common perceivance." Milton.
 Per*ceive" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perceived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perceiving.] [OF. percevoir, perceveir, L. percipere, perceptum; per (see Per-) + capere to take, receive. See Capacious, and cf. Perception.] 1. To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to receive impressions from by means of the bodily organs; to take cognizance of the existence, character, or identity of, by means of the senses; to see, hear, or feel; as, to perceive a distant ship; to perceive a discord. Reid.
2. To take intellectual cognizance of; to apprehend by the mind; to be convinced of by direct intuition; to note; to remark; to discern; to see; to understand.

 Jesus perceived their wickedness.

Matt. xxii. 18.
 You may, fair lady, Perceive I speak sincerely.

Shak.
 Till we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive it by our own understandings, we are still in the dark.

Locke.
3. To be affected of influented by. [R.]

 The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of tempests before the air here below.

Bacon.
Syn. -- To discern; distinguish; observe; see; feel; know; understand. -- To Perceive, Discern. To perceive a thing is to apprehend it as presented to the senses or the intellect; to discern is to mark differences, or to see a thing as distinguished from others around it. We may perceive two persons afar off without being able to discern whether they are men or women. Hence, discern is often used of an act of the senses or the mind involving close, discriminating, analytical attention. We perceive that which is clear or obvious; we discern that which requires much attention to get an idea of it. "We perceive light, darkness, colors, or the truth or falsehood of anything. We discern characters, motives, the tendency and consequences of actions, etc." Crabb.
 Per*ceiv"er (?), n. One who perceives (in any of the senses of the verb). Milton.
 Perce"ly (?), n. Parsley. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Per*cent"age (?), n. [Per cent + -age, as in average.
 See Per, and Cent.] (Com.) A certain rate per cent; the allowance, duty, rate of interest, discount, or commission, on a hundred.

 Per"cept (?), n. [From L. percipere, perceptum.] That which is perceived. Sir W. Hamilton.
 The modern discussion between percept and concept, the one sensuous, the other intellectual.

Max Müller.
 Per*cep'ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. perceptibilité.]
 1. The quality or state of being perceptible; as, the perceptibility of light or color.

2. Perception. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 Per*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [L. perceptibilis: cf. F. perceptible.
 See Perceive.] Capable of being perceived; cognizable; discernible; perceivable.

 With a perceptible blast of the air.

Bacon.
 -- Per*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Per*cep"ti*bly, adv.
 Per*cep"tion (?), n. [L. perceptio: cf. F. perception.
 See Perceive.] 1. The act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses or intellect; apperhension by the bodily organs, or by the mind, of what is presented to them; discernment; apperhension; cognition.

2. (Metaph.) The faculty of perceiving; the faculty, or peculiar part, of man's constitution by which he has knowledge through the medium or instrumentality of the bodily organs; the act of apperhending material objects or qualities through the senses; -- distinguished from conception.
 Sir W. Hamilton.
 Matter hath no life nor perception, and is not conscious of its own existence.

Bentley.
3. The quality, state, or capability, of being affected by something external; sensation; sensibility. [Obs.]

 This experiment discovereth perception in plants.

Bacon.
4. An idea; a notion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
 "The word perception is, in the language of philosophers previous to Reid, used in a very extensive signification. By Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Leibnitz, and others, it is employed in a sense almost as unexclusive as consciousness, in its widest signification. By Reid this word was limited to our faculty acquisitive of knowledge, and to that branch of this faculty whereby, through the senses, we obtain a knowledge of the external world. But his limitation did not stop here. In the act of external perception he distinguished two elements, to which he gave the names of perception and sensation. He ought perhaps to have called these perception proper and sensation proper, when employed in his special meaning." Sir W. Hamilton.
 Per*cep"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. perceptif.] Of or pertaining to the act or power of perceiving; having the faculty or power of perceiving; used in perception. "His perceptive and reflective faculties." Motley.
 Per'cep*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being perceptive; power of perception. Locke.
 ||Per*ces"o*ces (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. perca a perch + esox, -ocis, a pike.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the gray mullets (Mugil), the barracudas, the silversides, and other related fishes. So called from their relation both to perches and to pikes.

 Perch (prch), n. [Written also pearch.] [OE. perche, F.


settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc.

(d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner.

 My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take, With settlement as good as law can make.

Dryden.
(e) (Law) A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it.

2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed.
 Specifically: -- (a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.]

 Fuller's earth left a thick settlement.

Mortimer.
(b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as, settlement in the West.

(c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary.

3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl. Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement.

4. (Law) A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone.
 Bouvier.
Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone.
 Set"tler (?), n. 1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc.

2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as, the first settlers of New England.

3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.]

4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle.

 Set"tling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one's self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc.

2. pl. That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton.
Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market.

 Set"-to' (?), n. A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like.
 [Colloq.] Halliwell.
 ||Set"u*la (?), n.; pl. Setulæ (#). [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.] A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

 Set"ule (?), n. [See Setula.] A setula.

 Set"u*lose' (?), a. Having small bristles or setæ.

 Set"wall' (?), n. [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.) A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer.
 Sev"en (?), a. [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS.
 seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sjö, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. saptan. √305. Cf. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.] One more than six; six and one added; as, seven days make one week.

Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. -- Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. -- Seven wonders of the world.
 See under Wonders. -- Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also, its edible fruit. -- Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipomœa tuberosa) related to the morningglory.

 Sev"en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects.

 Of every beast, and bird, and insect small, Game sevens and pairs.

Milton.
2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii.

 Sev"en*fold' (?), a. Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. "Sevenfold rage." Milton.
 Sev"en*fold', adv. Seven times as much or as often.

 Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold.

Gen. iv. 15.
 Seven"night (?), n. A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight.

 Sev"en*score' (?), n. & a. Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty.

 The old Countess of Desmond... lived sevenscore years.

Bacon.
 Sev"en-shoot'er (?), n. A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.]

 Sev"en*teen' (?), a. [OE. seventene, AS. seofontne, i. e., seventen. Cf. Seventy.] One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as, seventeen years.

 Sev"en*teen', n. 1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects.

2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii.

 Sev"en*teenth' (?), a. [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonteóða, seofonteogeða.] 1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others.

 In... the seventeenth day of the month... were all the fountains of the great deep broken up.

Gen. vii. 11.
2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided.

 Sev"en*teenth' (?), n. 1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole.

3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a third.

 Sev"enth (?), a. [From Seven: cf. AS. seofoða.] 1.
 Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others.

 On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.

Gen. ii. 2.
2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the seventh part.

Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. -- Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist.

 Sev"enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished.

 Sev'en-thir"ties (?), n. pl. A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made


, two anchovies, a teaspoonful of chopped herbs, a few chopped capers, and the calf's brains. Roll the head up, stitch it together and braize it in half a tumbler of Malmsey or Australian Muscat (Burgoyne's), half a cup of very good white stock, some bits of ham and bacon, and a clove of garlic with two cuts. Cook it gently for four hours and serve it with its own sauce. Do not leave the garlic in longer than ten minutes.

 No. 109. Testa di Vitello in Frittata (Calf's Head) Ingredients: Calf's head, eggs, Parmesan, ham, pepper, butter, croutons.

 A good rechauffe' of calf's head may be made in the following manner: After the head has been well boiled in good stock, cut it into slices and mask these with a mixture of eggs well beaten up, grated Parmesan, pepper, and chopped ham. Fry in butter, and garnish with fried parsley and fried croutons. Serve with a sauce made of a quarter of a pint of good Bechamel (No. 3) and a dessert-spoonful of New Century sauce.

 No. 110. Zampetti (Calves' Feet) Ingredients: Calves' or pigs' feet, butter, leeks or small onions, parsley, salt, pepper, stock, tomatoes, eggs, cheese, cinnamon.

 Blanch and bone two or more calves' or pigs' feet and put them into a stewpan with butter, leeks, or onions, chopped parsley, salt, pepper, and a little stock. Let them boil till the liquid is somewhat reduced, then add good meat gravy and two tablespoonsful of tomato puree, and just before taking the stewpan off the fire, add the yolks of two eggs beaten up, a tablespoonful of grated cheese, and a tiny pinch of cinnamon. Mix all well together and serve very hot.

 No. 111. Bodini Marinati Ingredients: Veal forcemeat, truffles, sweetbread, mushrooms, herbs, flour, pasta marinate (No. 17), tongue, butter.

 Make a mixture of truffles, tongue, sweetbread, mushrooms, and herbs, all chopped up, and add it to a forcemeat of veal, the proportions being two-thirds veal forcemeat and the other ingredients one third. Mix this well and form it into little balls about the size of a pigeon's egg, flour them and mask them all over with pasta marinate (No. 17). Fry them in butter over a slow fire, so that the balls may be well cooked through, and when they are the right colour dry them in a napkin and serve very hot.

 These bodini may be made with various ingredients; they will be most delicate with a forcemeat of fowl and bits of brain mixed with herbs, truffle, cooked ham, or tongue. They are also excellent made with fish (sole, mullet, turbot, &c.), either cooked or raw, and marinated in lemon, salt, pepper, oil, nutmeg, and parsley.

 No. 112. Animelle alla Parmegiana (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbread, bread crumbs, Parmesan, butter.

 Blanch as many sweetbreads as you require, and then roll them in bread crumbs mixed with grated Parmesan, salt, and pepper; wrap them up in buttered grease-proof paper and grill them. When they are cooked, take off the paper, and serve with a good sauce in a sauce-boat.

 No. 113. Animelle in Cartoccio (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbread, butter, herbs, salt, pepper, bread crumbs, Parmesan, lemons, gravy, tomatoes.

 Blanch a pound of sweetbread cuttings, mix it with two ounces of melted butter, chopped herbs, salt, and pepper, and put it into paper souffle cases. Then strew over each some bread crumbs mixed with grated Parmesan, put the cases in the oven, and when they are browned serve either with good gravy and lemon juice or with tomato sauce (No. 9).

 No. 114. Animelle all'Italiana (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbread, butter, onions, salt, herbs, eggs, glaze, Risotto (No. 190), truffles, quenelles of fowl, Espagnole sauce, white sauce.

 Blanch as many sweetbreads as you require, cut them into quarters and saute them in butter with a small onion cut up, salt, and a bunch of herbs. Then pour over them two cups of white sauce and cook gently for twenty minutes; take out the sweetbreads and put them in a stewpan. Reduce the sauce, and add to it a mixture made of the yolks of four eggs, one and a half ounce of butter and a teaspoonful of glaze; pass it through a sieve, pour it over the sweetbreads, and keep them warm in a bain-marie.
 Have ready a good Risotto all'Italiana (No. 190), and put it into a border mould (but first decorate the inside of the mould with slices of truffle), put it in a moderate oven, and when it is warm turn it out on a dish.
 Place the sweetbreads on the risotto and fill in the centre with quenelles of fowl and Espagnole sauce (No. 1).

 No. 115. Animelle Lardellate (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbreads, larding, bacon, stock, a macedoine of vegetables.

 Blanch two sweetbreads, lard them, and cook them very slowly in good stock. Skim the stock and reduce it to a glaze to cover the sweetbreads.
 Then cut them into three or four pieces and arrange them round a dish, but see that the larding is well glazed over. In the centre of the dish place a piece of bread in the shape of a cup and fill this with a macedoine of vegetables.

 No. 116. Frittura di Bottoni e di Animelle (Sweetbread and Mushrooms) Ingredients: Sweetbread, fresh button mushrooms, flour, bread crumbs, salt, pepper, parsley, butter, lemons.

 Peel some button mushrooms and cut them in halves. Boil a sweetbread, and cut it into pieces about the same size as the mushrooms, flour, egg, and bread crumb them, and fry in butter; then serve with a garnish of fried parsley. Hand cut lemons with this dish.

 No. 117. Cervello in Fili serbe (Calf's Brains) Ingredients: Calf's brains, stock, butter, parsley, lemon.

 Boil half a calf's brain in good stock for ten minutes then drain and pour a little melted butter and the juice of half a lemon over the brain; add some chopped parsley fried for one minute in butter, and serve as hot as possible.

 No. 118. Cervello alla Milanese (Calf's Brains) Ingredients: Calf s brains, eggs, bread crumbs, butter.

 Scald a calf's brain and let it get cold. Wipe it on a cloth, and get it as dry as possible, then cut it into pieces about the size of a walnut, egg and bread crumb them, fry in butter, and strew a little salt over them.

 No. 119. Cervello alla Villeroy (Calf's Brains) Ingredients: Calf's brains, eggs, flour, mushrooms, Velute sauce.

 Scald a calf's brain, and when cold cut it up and mask each piece with a thick sauce made of well-reduced Velute (No. 2), mixed with chopped cooked mushrooms; flour them over and dip them into the yolk of an egg, and fry as quickly as possible.

 No. 120. Frittura of Liver and Brains Ingredients: Calf's liver and brains (or lamb's or pig's fry), butter, ham, flour, puff pastry.

 Cut up half a pound of liver in small slices, flour and fry them in butter or dripping, together with a calf's or pig's or


(Front Cover) Nature Series No. 23. | How To Tell The Birds From The Flowers.
 How To Tell The Birds From The Flowers.
A Manual of Flornithology for Beginners.
(bird and flower) Verses and Illustrations By Robert Williams Wood.
Published by Paul Elder and Company San Francisco and New York.
[pg i] Copyright 1907 By Paul Elder and Company Copyright 1907 By Paul Elder and Company [pg ii] Contents.
Page.
 The Bird. The Burdock. 1.
 The Clover. The Plover. 2.
 The Crow. The Crocus. 3.
 The Rue. The Rooster. 4.
 The Parrot. The Carrot. 5.
 The Pea. The Pewee. 6.
 The Pelican. The Panicle. 7.
 The Hen. The Lichen. 8.
 The Hawk. The Hollyhock. 9.
 The Cow Bird. The Cowslip. 10.
 A Sparrer. Asparagus. 11.
 The Tern. The Turnip. 12.
 The Ole Gander. The Oleander. 14.
 [pg iii] The Blue Mountain Lory.
 The Blue Morning Glory. 15.
 The Quail. The Kale. 16.
 The Pecan. The Toucan. 17.
 The Auk. The Orchid. 18.
 The Cat-bird. The Catnip. 20.
 The Ibis. The 'Ibiscus. 21.
 The Butter-ball. The Buttercup. 22.
 The Bay. The Jay. 23.
 The Pipe. The Snipe. 24.
 The Roc. The Shamrock. 25.
 The Lark. The Larkspur. 26.
 The Puffin. Nuffin. 27.
 Author's Apology. 28.
[pg iv] Burr. Bird.
Burr. Bird.
 The Bird and the Burdock.
 Who is there who has never heard, About the Burdock and the Bird?
 And yet how very very few, Discriminate between the two, While even Mr. Burbank can't Transform a Bird into a Plant!
Burbank.
[pg 1] The Clover. The Plover.
The Clover. The Plover.
 The Plover and the Clover can be told apart with ease, By paying close attention to the habits of the Bees, For en-to-molo-gists aver, the Bee can be in Clover, While ety-molo-gists concur, there is no B in Plover.
[pg 2] The Crow. The Crocus.
The Crow. The Crocus.
 Some are unable, as you know, To tell the Crocus from the Crow; The reason why is just because They are not versed in Nature's laws.
 The noisy, cawing Crows all come, Obedient to the Cro'custom, A large Crow Caw-cus to convoke.
 You never hear the Crocus croak!
[pg 3] The Rue. The Rooster.
The Rue. The Rooster.
 Of Rooster the rudiment clearly is "Roo", And the bird from the plant very probably grew.
 You can easily tell them apart without fail, By merely observing the Rue lacks de-tail.
[pg 4] The Parrot. The Carrot.
The Parrot. The Carrot.
 The Parrot and the Carrot we may easily confound, They're very much alike in looks and similar in sound, We recognize the Parrot by his clear articulation, For Carrots are unable to engage in conversation.
[pg 5] The Pea. The Pewee.
The Pea. The Pewee.
 To tell the Pewee from the Pea, Requires great per-spi-ca-city.
 Here in the pod we see the Pea, While perched close by is the Pewee; The Pea he hears the Pewee peep, While Pewee sees the wee Pea weep, There'll be but little time to see, How Pewee differs from the Pea.
[pg 6] The Pelican. The Panicle.
The Pelican. The Panicle.
 The Panicle and Pelican Have often been confused; The letters which spell Pelican In Panicle are used.
 You never need confound the two, There are many ways of telling: The simplest thing that one can do, Is to observe the spelling.
[pg 7] The Hen. The Lichen.
The Hen. The Lichen.
 The Lichens lie on rocks and bark, They look somewhat like Hens: Hens lay, they lie, we may remark, A difference of tense.
[pg 8] The Hawk. The Hollyhock.
The Hawk. The Hollyhock.
 To recognize this Bird-of-Prey, The broody Hen you should survey: She takes her Chicks on daily walks, Among the neighboring Hollyhocks, While with the Hawk association, Is quite beyond her toleration.
[pg 9] The Cow Bird. The Cowslip.
The Cow Bird. The Cowslip.
 Growing in mires, in gold attired, The Cowslip has been much admired, Altho' its proper name, we're told, Is really the Marsh Marigold: The Cow Bird picture, I suspect, Is absolutely incorrect, We make such errors now and then, A sort of cow slip of the pen.
[pg 10] A Sparrer. Asparagus.
A Sparrer. Asparagus.
 The Sparrow, from flying, is quite out of breath, In fact he has worked himself almost to death, While the lazy Asparagus,—so it is said,— Spends all of his time in the'sparagus bed.
[pg 11] The Tern. The Turnip.
The Tern. The Turnip.
 To tell the Turnip from the Tern, A thing which everyone should learn, Observe the Tern up in the air, See how he turns,—and now compare Him with this inert vegetable, Who thus to turn is quite unable, For he is rooted to the spot, [pg 12] While as we see the Tern is not: He is not always doomed to be Thus bound to earth e-tern-ally, For "Cooked to a turn" may be inferred, To change the Turnip to the Bird.
(tern looking at turnips in a pot) Observe the Turnip in the pot.
 The Tern is glad that he is not!
[pg 13] The Ole Gander. The Oleander.
The Ole Gander. The Oleander.
 The Gander loves to promenade, Around the farmer's poultry-yard, While, as we see, the Oleander Is quite unable to meander.
[pg 14] The Blue Mountain Lory. The Blue Morning Glory.
The Blue Mountain Lory. The Blue Morning Glory.
 The Blue Mountain Lory spends most of his time In climbing about in a tropical clime; We therefore our efforts need only confine, To minutely observing the climb of the Vine.
[pg 15] The Quail. The Kale.
The Quail. The Kale.
 The California Quail is said To have a tail upon his head, While contrary-wise we style the Kale, A cabbage head upon a tail.
 It is not hard to tell the two, The Quail commences with a queue.
[pg 16] The Pecan. The Toucan.
The Pecan. The Toucan.
 Very few can Tell the Toucan From the Pecan— Here's a new plan: To take the Toucan from the tree,


.

Dryden.
 Rid"dle, v. i. To speak ambiguously or enigmatically. "Lysander riddels very prettily." Shak.
 Rid"dler (?), n. One who riddles (grain, sand, etc.).

 Rid"dler, n. One who speaks in, or propounds, riddles.

 Rid"dling (?), a. Speaking in a riddle or riddles; containing a riddle. "Riddling triplets." Tennyson. -- Rid"dling, adv.
 Ride (rd), v. i. [imp. Rode (rd) (Rid [rd], archaic); p. p. Ridden (&?;) (Rid, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Riding (&?;).] [AS. rdan; akin to LG. riden, D. rijden, G. reiten, OHG. rtan, Icel. rða, Sw. rida, Dan. ride; cf. L. raeda a carriage, which is from a Celtic word. Cf. Road.] 1. To be carried on the back of an animal, as a horse.

 To-morrow, when ye riden by the way.

Chaucer.
 Let your master ride on before, and do you gallop after him.

Swift.
2. To be borne in a carriage; as, to ride in a coach, in a car, and the like. See Synonym, below.

 The richest inhabitants exhibited their wealth, not by riding in gilden carriages, but by walking the streets with trains of servants.

Macaulay.
3. To be borne or in a fluid; to float; to lie.

 Men once walked where ships at anchor ride.

Dryden.
4. To be supported in motion; to rest.

 Strong as the exletree On which heaven rides.

Shak.
 On whose foolish honesty My practices ride easy!

Shak.
5. To manage a horse, as an equestrian.

 He rode, he fenced, he moved with graceful ease.

Dryden.
6. To support a rider, as a horse; to move under the saddle; as, a horse rides easy or hard, slow or fast.

To ride easy (Naut.), to lie at anchor without violent pitching or straining at the cables. -- To ride hard (Naut.), to pitch violently. -- To ride out. (a) To go upon a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To ride in the open air. [Colloq.] -- To ride to hounds, to ride behind, and near to, the hounds in hunting.

Syn. -- Drive. -- Ride, Drive. Ride originally meant (and is so used throughout the English Bible) to be carried on horseback or in a vehicle of any kind. At present in England, drive is the word applied in most cases to progress in a carriage; as, a drive around the park, etc.; while ride is appropriated to progress on a horse.
 Johnson seems to sanction this distinction by giving "to travel on horseback" as the leading sense of ride; though he adds "to travel in a vehicle" as a secondary sense. This latter use of the word still occurs to some extent; as, the queen rides to Parliament in her coach of state; to ride in an omnibus.

 "Will you ride over or drive?" said Lord Willowby to his quest, after breakfast that morning.

W. Black.
 Ride, v. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried; as, to ride a horse; to ride a bicycle.

 [They] rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air In whirlwind.

Milton.
2. To manage insolently at will; to domineer over.

 The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by bakers, cobblers, and brewers.

Swift.
3. To convey, as by riding; to make or do by riding.

 Tue only men that safe can ride Mine errands on the Scottish side.

Sir W. Scott.
4. (Surg.) To overlap (each other); -- said of bones or fractured fragments.

To ride a hobby, to have some favorite occupation or subject of talk. -- To ride and tie, to take turn with another in labor and rest; -- from the expedient adopted by two persons with one horse, one of whom rides the animal a certain distance, and then ties him for the use of the other, who is coming up on foot. Fielding. -- To ride down. (a) To ride over; to trample down in riding; to overthrow by riding against; as, to ride down an enemy. (b) (Naut.) To bear down, as on a halyard when hoisting a sail. -- To ride out (Naut.), to keep safe afloat during (a storm) while riding at anchor or when hove to on the open sea; as, to ride out the gale.

 Ride, n. 1. The act of riding; an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle.

2. A saddle horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.
3. A road or avenue cut in a wood, or through grounds, to be used as a place for riding; a riding.

 Ri*deau" (r*d"), n. [F.] A small mound of earth; ground slightly elevated; a small ridge.

 Rid"en (rd"'n), obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of Ride. Chaucer.
 Ri"dent (r"dent), a. [L. ridens, p. pr. of ridere to laugh.] Laughing. [R.] Thackeray.
 Rid"er (rd"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, rides.

2. Formerly, an agent who went out with samples of goods to obtain orders; a commercial traveler. [Eng.]

3. One who breaks or manages a horse. Shak.
4. An addition or amendment to a manuscript or other document, which is attached on a separate piece of paper; in legislative practice, an additional clause annexed to a bill while in course of passage; something extra or burdensome that is imposed.

 After the third reading, a foolish man stood up to propose a rider.

Macaulay.
 This [question] was a rider which Mab found difficult to answer.

A. S. Hardy.
5. (Math.) A problem of more than usual difficulty added to another on an examination paper.

6. [D. rijder.] A Dutch gold coin having the figure of a man on horseback stamped upon it.

 His moldy money! half a dozen riders.

J. Fletcher.
7. (Mining) Rock material in a vein of ore, dividing it.

8. (Shipbuilding) An interior rib occasionally fixed in a ship's hold, reaching from the keelson to the beams of the lower deck, to strengthen her frame. Totten.
9. (Naut.) The second tier of casks in a vessel's hold.

10. A small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance, along which it can be moved in the manner of the weight on a steelyard.

11. A robber. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drummond.
Rider's bone (Med.), a bony deposit in the muscles of the upper and inner part of the thigh, due to the pressure and irritation caused by the saddle in riding.

 Rid"er*less, a. Having no rider; as, a riderless horse. H. Kingsley.
 Ridge (?), n. [OE. rigge the back, AS. hrycg; akin to D. rug, G. rÜcken, OHG. rucki, hrukki, Icel. hryggr, Sw. rugg, Dan. ryg. √16.] 1.
 The back, or top of the back; a crest. Hudibras.
2. A range of hills or mountains, or the upper part of such a range; any extended elevation between valleys. "The


). B, lower part of a barbed harpoon from the Plantade deposit.
Many harpoons have been found in the caves of the south of France; others come from Belgium, from Keyserloch in Germany, Kent's Hole in England, from Conches, Wauwyl, and Concise in Switzerland. Excavations in Victoria Cave, near Settle (Yorkshire), yielded amongst other interesting objects a bone harpoon cut to a point and with two barbs on either side. On the banks of the Uswiata, a little Polish river flowing into the Dnieper, two harpoons made out of the horns of some bovine animal were found, both in perfect preservation, and with several barbs.24 Count Ouvaroff, in an excellent work published a little before his death, mentions a bone spear from the shores of the Oka, and Madsen and Montelius speak of Scandinavian harpoons. These weapons must have been especially useful in the North during the severe frosts of winter. The fisherman made a hole in the ice and struck the fish with his harpoon when the poor creatures came up to the surface to breathe.
From the most remote times the Americans knew how to make and use harpoons. As many as twenty-eight different kinds are known.25 In some the barbs are bilateral, but most of them have them on one side only. Some, however, are made of stag or elk horn, and one harpoon from Maine is made of whalebone. A harpoon-point found near Detroit (Michigan) is nearly a foot long by one inch thick. Excavations in a rock shelter in Alaska yielded a harpoon which lay side by side with some of the most ancient Quaternary mammals of America. A good many copper harpoon-heads are also mentioned; one of the largest from Wisconsin is ten inches long. Others have been found in the island of Santa Barbara (California) and in Tierra del Fuego, where the natives of the present day still use similar ones. These harpoons with barbs are by no means simple weapons, the idea of which would naturally occur to the human mind, so that it is really extremely strange to find weapons so entirely similar in regions so different and so widely separated from one another. This constant similitude in the working of the genius of man is, as We shall never tire of repeating, one of the most striking facts revealed by prehistoric researches.
Herodotus tells that the Pœni (Carthaginians) plunged baskets into the water and drew them up full of fish. It is probable that the Lake Dwellers of Helvetia employed a similar process, but these ancient Swiss were already more advanced than that.
They knew how to cultivate hemp, to spin it, and to make nets of it; the remains of some of these nets have often of late years been taken from the beds of the lakes.
It is almost impossible to class with any certainty the numerous Lake Stations of Switzerland. Some few certainly date from the Stone age, others from the transition period, between it and that of the early use of metals, or even from the Bronze age. As therefore they have been occupied at different times by different people, some of them having even been still in use in the time of the Romans, it is most difficult to fix with any precision the date to which belong the various objects mixed together beneath the deep waters of the lakes. We can only say that the nets differ very much in the size of the meshes, and the thickness of the rope used. Those found at Robenhausen are very like those in use in France at the present day. There has, in fact, been no advance in the art of making fishing-tackle since the remote days of the Lake Dwellers.
We are ignorant of the mode of manufacture of prehistoric nets. Did the Lake Dwellers, as some archæologists are disposed to think, use a loom? Did they use shuttles and rollers such as are employed by the Esquimaux and Californians of the present day? It is impossible to say, but it is supposed that the bears' teeth sharpened to a point, found in some stations, were used to tighten the meshes. These meshes were generally square, and each one was finished of with a knot of the same size at each intersection.
The lead weights so indispensable to fishermen of the present day for sinking the nets, were represented in prehistoric times by stones. These stones, which are drilled or notched, are found in all the Lake Stations. The fragments of pottery pierced with a hole found at Schussenried, a Lake Station of the Stone age on the Feder-See (Wurtemburg), were probably used for the same purpose. In some of the Swiss Lake Stations have also been found pieces of wood and cork, pierced with one or more holes, which had certainly served as floats.
Numerous stone implements of the most primitive forms, often of rock not native to the country, have been found in some of the islands of Greece, as well as in Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, and Sicily. These discoveries bear witness to the presence of man in these islands at a very remote antiquity, though no other traces of the existence of prehistoric human beings have as yet been found there. These men can only have reached the islands by way of the sea. Boats were the only means of communication between the Lake Dwellers of Switzerland and the mainland, and, as we have seen, the ancient Scandinavians hunted fish on the deep ocean.
We must therefore admit that attempts at navigation were made in the very earliest days of humanity. Alan, impelled by necessity, or perhaps only by curiosity, was not afraid to launch his bark, first upon the rivers, and later upon the more formidable waves of the sea Illi robur et æs triplex Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci Commisit pelago ratem Primus.26 The Latin poet is right, and we cannot but admire those who were the first to brave the terrors of the deep and the horrors of the tempest; for they were gifted alike with the intelligence which conceives, the courage that dares, and the strength that achieves.
Trees torn up by the roots by the force of the waters, and floating on the surface of those waters, naturally attracted the attention of primeval man, and the first boats were doubtless the trunks of such trees roughly squared and then hollowed out with the help of fire. Later experience led to the addition of a prow which would more easily cleave the water, and a stern which would serve as a pivot. These canoes, if such a name may be already given to them, were at first guided by branches stripped of their leaves, or with long poles. Then oars or paddles were introduced, which are better for beating the water, and in later barks traces have been made out of what is supposed to have been a mast, indicating the use of a sail. The art of navigation may now be said to have been inaugurated. In different parts of Europe have been found boats which certainly belong to very remote times, though their exact date cannot be fixed. Their construction greatly resembles that of the pirogues of the Polynesians, or the kayaks of the Greenlanders. One of the most ancient, now in the Berlin Provincial Museum, was taken from a peat-bog of Brandenburg.27 It is 27 feet long and scarcely 16 inches wide.
Sir W. Wilde describes several boats from the marshes and peat-bogs of Ireland,28 many of which have handles cut in the wood at the ends, by the help of which they could easily be dragged along overland.
Sir W. Wilde adds that the Irish also used curraghs, or coracles, which were mere wicker frames covered with the skins of oxen. These frail barks introduce us to a new mode of navigation; they are met with not only in tire different countries of Europe, but also in America, and were in use there in pre-Columbian times. Even more interesting examples have been found in Scotland.29 Towards the close of last century a pirogue was taken from the ancient bed of the Clyde at Glasgow. Since then have been discovered, at depths varying from six to twelve feet, more than twenty similar boats. The deposits in which they lay had formerly been beneath the sea, but are now some twenty feet above the level of the ocean. Great changes have therefore taken place since these barks were launched upon the waves.30 Their mode of construction is an excellent indication of the date to which they belong. Some which are hollowed out of the trunks of oaks by the help of fire, or with a blunt tool, are supposed by Lyell to date from the Stone age. Others have clean-cut notches, evidently made with metal implements. Some are made of planks joined together with wooden pegs, and one canoe found in County Galway even contained copper nails. Most of the boats from the bed of the Clyde seem to have


some warlike service.

Holland.
2. [F. exploiter.] To utilize; to make available; to get the value or usefulness out of; as, to exploit a mine or agricultural lands; to exploit public opinion. [Recent] 3. Hence: To draw an illegitimate profit from; to speculate on; to put upon. [Recent] In no sense whatever does a man who accumulates a fortune by legitimate industry exploit his employés or make his capital "out of" anybody else.

W. G. Sumner.
 Ex'ploi*ta"tion (?), n. [F.] The act of exploiting or utilizing. J. D. Whitney.
 Ex*ploi"ture (?; 135), n. 1. The act of exploiting or accomplishing; achievement. [Obs.] Udall.
2. Exploitation. Harper's Mag.
 Ex*plor"a*ble (?), a. That may be explored; as, an explorable region.

 Ex*plo"rate (?), v. t. [L. explorare, exploratum.] To explore. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne.
 Ex'plo*ra"tion (?), n. [L. exploratio: cf. F. exploration.]
 The act of exploring, penetrating, or ranging over for purposes of discovery, especially of geographical discovery; examination; as, the exploration of unknown countries; (Med.) physical examination.

 "An exploration of doctrine."

Bp. Hall.
 Ex*plor"a*tive (?), a. Exploratory.

 Ex"plo*ra'tor (?), n. [L.] One who explores; one who examines closely; a searcher.

 Ex*plor"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. exploratorius.] Serving or intended to explore; searching; examining; explorative. Sir H. Wotton.
 Ex*plore" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explored(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Exploring.] [L. explorare to explore; ex out+plorare to cry out aloud,prob. orig., to cause to flow; perh.
 akin to E. flow: cf. F. explorer.] 1. To seek for or after; to strive to attain by search; to look wisely and carefully for.
 [Obs.]

Explores the lost, the wandering sheep directs.

Pope.
2. To search through or into; to penetrate or range over for discovery; to examine thoroughly; as, to explore new countries or seas; to explore the depths of science. "Hidden frauds [to] explore."
 Dryden.
 Ex*plore"ment, n. The act of exploring; exploration. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ex*plor"er (?), n. One who explores; also, an apparatus with which one explores, as a diving bell.

 Ex*plor"ing, a. Employed in, or designed for, exploration. "Exploring parties." Bancroft.
 Ex*plo"sion (?), n. [L. explosio a driving off by clapping: cf. F. explosion explosion. See Explode.] 1. The act of exploding; detonation; a chemical action which causes the sudden formation of a great volume of expanded gas; as, the explosion of gunpowder, of fire damp,etc.

2. A bursting with violence and loud noise, because of internal pressure; as, the explosion of a gun, a bomb, a steam boiler, etc.

3. A violent outburst of feeling, manifested by excited language, action, etc.; as, an explosion of wrath.

 A formidable explosion of high-church fanaticism.

Macaulay.
 Ex*plo"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. explosif.] Driving or bursting out with violence and noise; causing explosion; as, the explosive force of gunpowder.

 Ex*plo"sive, n. 1. An explosive agent; a compound or mixture susceptible of a rapid chemical reaction, as gunpowder, or nitro-glycerine.

2. A sound produced by an explosive impulse of the breath; (Phonetics) one of consonants p, b, t, d, k, g, which are sounded with a sort of explosive power of voice. [See Guide to Pronunciation, √ 155-7, 184.]

 Ex*plo"sive*ly, adv. In an explosive manner.

 Ex*po'li*a"tion (?), n. See Exspoliation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Ex*pol"ish (?), v. t. [Cf. L. expolire. See Polish.] To polish thoroughly. [Obs.] Heywood.
 Ex*pone" (?), v. t. [OE. exponen. See Expound.] To expound; to explain; also, to expose; to imperil. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Drummond.
 Ex*po"nent (?), n. [L. exponens, -entis, p. pr. of exponere to put out, set forth, expose. See Expound.] 1. (Alg.) A number, letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and above another quantity, and denoting how many times the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indicated; thus a2 denotes the second power, and ax the xth power, of a (2 and x being the exponents). A fractional exponent, or index, is used to denote the root of a quantity. Thus, a denotes the third or cube root of a.

2. One who, or that which, stands as an index or representative; as, the leader of a party is the exponent of its principles.

Exponent of a ratio, the quotient arising when the antecedent is divided by the consequent; thus, 6 is the exponent of the ratio of 30 to 5. [R.]

 Ex'po*nen"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. exponentiel.] Pertaining to exponents; involving variable exponents; as, an exponential expression; exponential calculus; an exponential function.

Exponential curve, a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. -- Exponential equation, an equation which contains an exponential quantity, or in which the unknown quantity enters as an exponent. -- Exponential quantity (Math.), a quantity whose exponent is unknown or variable, as ax. -- Exponential series, a series derived from the development of exponential equations or quantities.

 Ex*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exported; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Exporting.] [L. exportare, exportatum; ex out+portare to carry : cf. F. exporter. See Port demeanor.]
 1. To carry away; to remove. [Obs.]

 [They] export honor from a man, and make him a return in envy.

Bacon.
2. To carry or send abroad, or out of a country, especially to foreign countries, as merchandise or commodities in the way of commerce; -- the opposite of import; as, to export grain, cotton, cattle, goods, etc.

 Ex"port (?), n. 1. The act of exporting; exportation; as, to prohibit the export of wheat or tobacco.

2. That which is exported; a commodity conveyed from one country or State to another in the way of traffic; -- used chiefly in the plural, exports.

 The ordinary course of exchange... between two places must likewise be an indication of the ordinary course of their exports and imports.

A. Smith.
 Ex*port'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suitable for exportation.

 To increase the exportability of native goods.

J. P. Peters.
 Ex*port"a*ble (?), a. Suitable for exportation; as, exportable


able of inheriting or receiving by inheritance.

 This son shall be legitimate and heritable.

Sir M. Hale.
Heritable rights (Scots Law), rights of the heir; rights to land or whatever may be intimately connected with land; realty. Jacob (Law Dict.).
 Her"it*age (?), a. [OE. heritage, eritage, OF. heritage, eritage, F. héritage, fr. hériter to inherit, LL. heriditare. See Hereditable.] 1. That which is inherited, or passes from heir to heir; inheritance.

 Part of my heritage, Which my dead father did bequeath to me.

Shak.
2. (Script.) A possession; the Israelites, as God's chosen people; also, a flock under pastoral charge. Joel iii. 2. 1 Peter v. 3.
 Her"it*ance (?), n. [OF. heritance.] Heritage; inheritance.
 [R.]

 Robbing their children of the heritance Their fathers handed down Southey.
 Her"it*or (?), n. [Cf. LL. her&?;ator, fr. L. heres an heir.] A proprietor or landholder in a parish. [Scot.]

 Herl (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Harl, 2.

 Her"ling, Hir"ling (&?;), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.)
 The young of the sea trout. [Prov. Eng.]

 ||Her"ma (?), n.; pl. Hermæ (#). [L.] See Hermes, 2.
 Her*maph'ro*de"i*ty (?), n. Hermaphrodism. B. Jonson.
 Her*maph"ro*dism (?), n. [Cf. F. hermaphrodisme.] (Biol.)
 See Hermaphroditism.

 Her*maph"ro*dite (?), n. [L. hermaphroditus, Gr. &?;, so called from the mythical story that Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, when bathing, became joined in one body with Salmacis, the nymph of a fountain in Caria: cf. F. hermaphrodite.] (Biol.)
 An individual which has the attributes of both male and female, or which unites in itself the two sexes; an animal or plant having the parts of generation of both sexes, as when a flower contains both the stamens and pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. In some cases reproduction may take place without the union of the distinct individuals.
 In the animal kingdom true hermaphrodites are found only among the invertebrates. See Illust. in Appendix, under Helminths.

 Her*maph"ro*dite, a. Including, or being of, both sexes; as, an hermaphrodite animal or flower.

Hermaphrodite brig. (Naut.) See under Brig. Totten.
 { Her*maph'ro*dit"ic (?), Her*maph'ro*dit"ic*al (?), } a. (Biol.)
 Partaking of the characteristics of both sexes; characterized by hermaphroditism. -- Her*maph'ro*dit"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Her*maph"ro*dit*ism (?), n. (Biol.) The union of the two sexes in the same individual, or the combination of some of their characteristics or organs in one individual.

 { Her'me*neu"tic (?), Her'me*neu"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr.
 &?; to interpret: cf. F. herméneutique.] Unfolding the signification; of or pertaining to interpretation; exegetical; explanatory; as, hermeneutic theology, or the art of expounding the Scriptures; a hermeneutic phrase.

 Her'me*neu"tic*al*ly, adv. According to the principles of interpretation; as, a verse of Scripture was examined hermeneutically.

 Her'me*neu"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?; (sc. &?;).] The science of interpretation and explanation; exegesis; esp., that branch of theology which defines the laws whereby the meaning of the Scriptures is to be ascertained. SchaffHerzog Encyc.
 Her"mes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.) See Mercury.

Hermes Trismegistus [Gr. 'Ermh^s trisme'gistos, lit., Hermes thrice greatest] was a late name of Hermes, especially as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He was the fabled inventor of astrology and alchemy.

2. (Archæology) Originally, a boundary stone dedicated to Hermes as the god of boundaries, and therefore bearing in some cases a head, or head and shoulders, placed upon a quadrangular pillar whose height is that of the body belonging to the head, sometimes having feet or other parts of the body sculptured upon it. These figures, though often representing Hermes, were used for other divinities, and even, in later times, for portraits of human beings. Called also herma. See Terminal statue, under Terminal.

 { Her*met"ic (?), Her*met"ic*al (?), } a. [F. hermétique.
 See Note under Hermes, 1.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or taught by, Hermes Trismegistus; as, hermetic philosophy. Hence: Alchemical; chemic. "Delusions of the hermetic art." Burke.
 The alchemists, as the people were called who tried to make gold, considered themselves followers of Hermes, and often called themselves Hermetic philosophers.

A. B. Buckley.
2. Of or pertaining to the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine on the principles of the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a remedy, of an alkali and an acid; as, hermetic medicine.

3. Made perfectly close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can enter or escape; as, an hermetic seal. See Note under Hermetically.

Hermetic art, alchemy. -- Hermetic books. (a) Books of the Egyptians, which treat of astrology. (b) Books which treat of universal principles, of the nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, and other topics.

 Her*met"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In an hermetical manner; chemically. Boyle.
2. By fusion, so as to form an air-tight closure.

 A vessel or tube is hermetically sealed when it is closed completely against the passage of air or other fluid by fusing the extremity; -- sometimes less properly applied to any air-tight closure.

 Her"mit (?), n. [OE. ermite, eremite, heremit, heremite, F. hermite, ermite, L. eremita, Gr.
 &?;, fr. &?; lonely, solitary. Cf. Eremite.] 1. A person who retires from society and lives in solitude; a recluse; an anchoret; especially, one who so lives from religious motives.

 He had been Duke of Savoy, and after a very glorious reign, took on him the habit of a hermit, and retired into this solitary spot.

Addison.
2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another. [Obs.] "We rest your hermits." Shak.
Hermit crab (Zoöl.), a marine decapod crustacean of the family Paguridæ. The species are numerous, and belong to many genera. Called also soldier crab. The hermit crabs usually occupy the dead shells of various univalve mollusks. See Illust. of Commensal. --


Morimer.
3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson.
 Let a bleak paleness chalk the door. Herbert.
To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] "I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out." Burke.
 Chalk"cut'ter (?), n. A man who digs chalk.

 Chalk"i*ness (?), n. The state of being chalky.

 Chalk"stone' (?), n. 1. A mass of chalk.

 As chalkstones... beaten in sunder. Isa. xxvii. 9.
2. (Med.) A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

 Chalk"y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as, a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

 Chal"lenge (?), n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.]
 1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also, the letter or message conveying the summons.

 A challenge to controversy. Goldsmith.
2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign.

3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]

 There must be no challenge of superiority. Collier.
4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game.

5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone 6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.]

Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. -- Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. -- Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. -- Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. -- Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

 Chal"lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Challenged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr.
 L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n., and cf. Calumniate.] 1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy.

 I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood. Locke.
2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat.

 By this I challenge him to single fight. Shak.
3. To claim as due; to demand as a right.

Challenge better terms. Addison.
4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.]

 He complained of the emperors... and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues... from them. Holland.
5. (Mil.) To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as, the sentinel challenged us, with "Who comes there?"

6. To take exception to; question; as, to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation.

7. (Law) To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court.

8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualified as a voter. [U. S.]

To challenge to the array, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n. Chal"lenge, v. i. To assert a right; to claim a place.

 Where nature doth with merit challenge. Shak.
 Chal"lenge*a*ble (?), a. That may be challenged.

 Chal"len*ger (?), n. One who challenges.

 Chal"lis (?), n. [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat's hair.] A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies' dresses. [Written also chally.]

 Cha"lon (?), n. A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cha*lyb"e*an (?), a. [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. &?;.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel.

2. Of superior quality and temper; -- applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton.
 Cha*lyb"e*ate (?), a. [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus.
 See Chalubean.] Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as, chalybeate springs.

 Cha*lyb"e*ate, n. Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

 Cha*lyb"e*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

 Chal"y*bite (?), n. (Min.) Native iron carbonate; -- usually called siderite.

 Cham (?), v. t. [See Chap.] To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More.
 Cham (?), n. [See Khan.] The sovereign prince of Tartary; -- now usually written khan. Shak.
 Cha*made (?), n. [F. chamade, fr. Pg. chamada, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (Mil.) A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum.

 They beat the chamade, and sent us carte blanche. Addison.
 ||Cha"mal (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora.

 Cham"ber (?), n. [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. &?; anything with a vaulted roof or arched covering; cf. Skr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber, Camera, Comrade.]

1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as, the house had four chambers.

 2. pl. Apartments in a lodging house. "A bachelor's life in chambers." Thackeray.
3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as, presence chamber; senate chamber.

4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as, the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce.

5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as, the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye.

6. pl. (Law.) A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge


stops is a 'breakpoint'. 3.
[techspeak] vi. To send an RS-232 break (two character widths of line high) over a serial comm line. 4. [Unix] vi. To strike whatever key currently causes the tty driver to send SIGINT to the current process. Normally, break (sense 3), delete or control-C does this. 5. 'break break' may be said to interrupt a conversation (this is an example of verb doubling). This usage comes from radio communications, which in turn probably came from landline telegraph/teleprinter usage, as badly abused in the Citizen's Band craze a few years ago.
Node:break-even point, Next:breath-of-life packet, Previous:break, Up:= B = break-even point n. In the process of implementing a new computer language, the point at which the language is sufficiently effective that one can implement the language in itself. That is, for a new language called, hypothetically, FOOGOL, one has reached break-even when one can write a demonstration compiler for FOOGOL in FOOGOL, discard the original implementation language, and thereafter use working versions of FOOGOL to develop newer ones. This is an important milestone; see MFTL.
Since this entry was first written, several correspondents have reported that there actually was a compiler for a tiny Algol-like language called Foogol floating around on various VAXen in the early and mid-1980s. A FOOGOL implementation is available at the Retrocomputing Museum _URL_
Node:breath-of-life packet, Next:breedle, Previous:break-even point, Up:= B = breath-of-life packet n.
[XEROX PARC] An Ethernet packet that contains bootstrap (see boot) code, periodically sent out from a working computer to infuse the 'breath of life' into any computer on the network that has happened to crash. Machines depending on such packets have sufficient hardware or firmware code to wait for (or request) such a packet during the reboot process. See also dickless workstation.
The notional 'kiss-of-death packet', with a function complementary to that of a breath-of-life packet, is recommended for dealing with hosts that consume too many network resources.
Though 'kiss-of-death packet' is usually used in jest, there is at least one documented instance of an Internet subnet with limited address-table slots in a gateway machine in which such packets were routinely used to compete for slots, rather like Christmas shoppers competing for scarce parking spaces.
Node:breedle, Next:Breidbart Index, Previous:breath-of-life packet, Up:= B = breedle n. See feep.
Node:Breidbart Index, Next:bring X to its knees, Previous:breedle, Up:= B = Breidbart Index /bri:d'bart ind*ks/ A measurement of the severity of spam invented by long-time hacker Seth Breidbart, used for programming cancelbots. The Breidbart Index takes into account the fact that excessive multi-posting EMP is worse than excessive cross-posting ECP. The Breidbart Index is computed as follows: For each article in a spam, take the square-root of the number of newsgroups to which the article is posted. The Breidbart Index is the sum of the square roots of all of the posts in the spam. For example, one article posted to nine newsgroups and again to sixteen would have BI = sqrt(9) + sqrt(16) = 7. It is generally agreed that a spam is cancelable if the Breidbart Index exceeds 20.
The Breidbart Index accumulates over a 45-day window. Ten articles yesterday and ten articles today and ten articles tomorrow add up to a 30-article spam. Spam fighters will often reset the count if you can convince them that the spam was accidental and/or you have seen the error of your ways and won't repeat it. Breidbart Index can accumulate over multiple authors.
For example, the "Make Money Fast" pyramid scheme exceeded a BI of 20 a long time ago, and is now considered "cancel on sight".
Node:bring X to its knees, Next:brittle, Previous:Breidbart Index, Up:= B = bring X to its knees v.
[common] To present a machine, operating system, piece of software, or algorithm with a load so extreme or pathological that it grinds to a halt.
"To bring a MicroVAX to its knees, try twenty users running vi -- or four running EMACS." Compare hog.
Node:brittle, Next:broadcast storm, Previous:bring X to its knees, Up:= B = brittle adj.
Said of software that is functional but easily broken by changes in operating environment or configuration, or by any minor tweak to the software itself. Also, any system that responds inappropriately and disastrously to abnormal but expected external stimuli; e.g., a file system that is usually totally scrambled by a power failure is said to be brittle. This term is often used to describe the results of a research effort that were never intended to be robust, but it can be applied to commercial software, which (due to closed-source development) displays the quality far more often than it ought to. Oppose robust.
Node:broadcast storm, Next:brochureware, Previous:brittle, Up:= B = broadcast storm n.
[common] An incorrect packet broadcast on a network that causes most hosts to respond all at once, typically with wrong answers that start the process over again. See network meltdown; compare mail storm.
Node:brochureware, Next:broken, Previous:broadcast storm, Up:= B = brochureware n. Planned but non-existent product like vaporware, but with the added implication that marketing is actively selling and promoting it (they've printed brochures). Brochureware is often deployed as a strategic weapon; the idea is to con customers into not committing to an existing product of the competition's. It is a safe bet that when a brochureware product finally becomes real, it will be more expensive than and inferior to the alternatives that had been available for years.
Node:broken, Next:broken arrow, Previous:brochureware, Up:= B = broken adj.
1. Not working properly (of programs). 2. Behaving strangely; especially (when used of people) exhibiting extreme depression.
Node:broken arrow, Next:BrokenWindows, Previous:broken, Up:= B = broken arrow n.
[IBM] The error code displayed on line 25 of a 3270 terminal (or a PC emulating a 3270) for various kinds of protocol violations and "unexpected" error conditions (including connection to a down computer). On a PC, simulated with '->/_', with the two center characters overstruck.
Note: to appreciate this term fully, it helps to know that 'broken arrow' is also military jargon for an accident involving nuclear weapons.... Node:BrokenWindows, Next:broket, Previous:broken arrow, Up:= B = BrokenWindows n. Abusive hackerism for the crufty and elephantine X environment on Sun machines; properly called 'OpenWindows'.
Node:broket, Next:Brooks's Law, Previous:BrokenWindows, Up:= B = broket /broh'k*t/ or /broh'ket'/ n.
[rare; by analogy with 'bracket': a 'broken bracket'] Either of the characters < and >, when used as paired enclosing delimiters. This word originated as a contraction of the phrase 'broken bracket', that is, a bracket that is bent in the middle. (At MIT, and apparently in the Real World as well, these are usually called angle brackets.)
Node:Brooks's Law, Next:brown-paper-bag bug, Previous:broket, Up:= B = Brooks's Law prov.
"Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later" -- a result of the fact that the expected advantage from splitting development work among N programmers is O(N) (that is, proportional to N), but the complexity and communications cost associated with coordinating and then merging their work is O(N^2) (that is, proportional to the square of N). The quote is from Fred Brooks, a manager of IBM's OS/360 project and author of "The Mythical Man-Month" (Addison-Wesley, 1975, ISBN 0-201-


out to battle. Jamieson.
 Pic (?), n. [Cf. F. pic.] A Turkish cloth measure, varying from 18 to 28 inches.

 Pi"ca (?), n. [L. pica a pie, magpie; in sense 3 prob. named from some resemblance to the colors of the magpie. Cf. Pie magpie.] 1.
(Zoöl.) The genus that includes the magpies.

2. (Med.) A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A service-book. See Pie. [Obs.]

4. (Print.) A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English.

 This line is printed in pica Pica is twice the size of nonpareil, and is used as a standard of measurement in casting leads, cutting rules, etc., and also as a standard by which to designate several larger kinds of type, as double pica, two-line pica, four-line pica, and the like.

Small pica (Print.), a size of type next larger than long primer, and smaller than pica.

 This line is printed in small pica ||Pic'a*dor" (?), n. [Sp.] A horseman armed with a lance, who in a bullfight receives the first attack of the bull, and excites him by picking him without attempting to kill him.

 Pic"a*mar' (?), n. [L. pix, picis, pitch + amarus bitter.] (Chem.) An oily liquid hydrocarbon extracted from the creosote of beechwood tar. It consists essentially of certain derivatives of pyrogallol.

 Pic"a*pare (?), n. (Zoöl.) The finfoot.

 Pic"ard (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Adamites in the fifteenth century; -- so called from one Picard of Flanders.
 See Adamite.

 Pic'a*resque" (?), a. [F., fr. Sp. picaro rogue.] Applied to that class of literature in which the principal personage is the Spanish picaro, meaning a rascal, a knave, a rogue, an adventurer.

 ||Pi*ca"ri*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of birds which includes the woodpeckers, toucans, trogons, hornbills, kingfishers, motmots, rollers, and goatsuckers. By some writers it is made to include also the cuckoos, swifts, and humming birds.

 Pi*ca"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Picariæ.
 -- n. One of the Picariæ.

 Pic'a*roon" (?), n. [Sp. picaron, aug. of picaro roguish, n., a rogue.] One who plunders; especially, a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate; a corsair; a marauder; a sharper. Sir W. Temple.
 Pic'a*yune" (?), n. [From the language of the Caribs.] A small coin of the value of six and a quarter cents. See Fippenny bit. [Local, U.S.]

 Pic'a*yun"ish (?), a. Petty; paltry; mean; as, a picayunish business. [Colloq. U.S.]

 { Pic"ca*dil (?), Pic'ca*dil"ly (?), } n. [OF. piccagilles the several divisions of pieces fastened together about the brim of the collar of a doublet, a dim. fr. Sp. picado, p. p. of picar to prick. See Pike.] A high, stiff collar for the neck; also, a hem or band about the skirt of a garment, -- worn by men in the 17th century.

 Pic"cage (?), n. [LL. piccadium, fr. F. piquer to prick.] (O. Eng. Law) Money paid at fairs for leave to break ground for booths. Ainsworth.
 Pic"ca*lil'li (?), n. A pickle of various vegetables with pungent species, -- originally made in the East Indies.

 ||Pic"co*lo (?), n. [It., small.] 1. (Mus.) A small, shrill flute, the pitch of which is an octave higher than the ordinary flute; an octave flute.

2. (Mus.) A small upright piano.

3. (Mus.) An organ stop, with a high, piercing tone.

 Pice (?), n. [Hind. pais] A small copper coin of the East Indies, worth less than a cent. Malcom.
 ||Pic"e*a (?), n. [L., the pitch pine, from pix, picis, pitch.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and other respects differing from the firs.

 Pi"cene (?), n. [See Piceous.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (C&?;H&?;) extracted from the pitchy residue of coal tar and petroleum as a bluish fluorescent crystalline substance.

 Pic"e*ous (?), a. [L. piceus, fr. pix, picis, pitch.] Of or pertaining to pitch; resembling pitch in color or quality; pitchy.

 Pi"chey (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A Brazilian armadillo (Dasypus minutus); the little armadillo. [Written also pichiy.]

 ||Pi'chi*ci*a"go (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small, burrowing, South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus), allied to the armadillos. The shell is attached only along the back.
 [Written also pichyciego.]

 Pich"u*rim bean' (?). (Bot.) The seed of a Brazilian lauraceous tree (Nectandra Puchury) of a taste and smell between those of nutmeg and of sassafras, -- sometimes used medicinally. Called also sassafras nut.

 ||Pi"ci (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.)
 A division of birds including the woodpeckers and wrynecks.

 Pi"ci*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Piciformes.

 ||Pic'i*for"mes (?), n. pl. [NL. See Picus, and -Form.] (Zoöl.)
 A group of birds including the woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, colies, kingfishes, hornbills, and some other related groups.

 Pi"cine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the woodpeckers (Pici), or to the Piciformes.

 Pick (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Picking.] [OE. picken, pikken, to prick, peck; akin to Icel. pikka, Sw. picka, Dan. pikke, D. pikken, G. picken, F. piquer, W. pigo. Cf.
 Peck, v., Pike, Pitch to throw.] 1. To throw; to pitch.
 [Obs.]

 As high as I could pick my lance.

Shak.
2. To peck at, as a bird with its beak; to strike at with anything pointed; to act upon with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to prick, as with a pin.

3. To separate or open by means of a sharp point or points; as, to


eight classes into which the tribe is now divided.
For simplicity's sake I will assume that in place of eight there were four original classes. This will illustrate the principle equally well, and be far less involved.
Let A, B, C, and D represent the names of the four classes—to one of which every native belongs.
1. The first law is that—Natives belonging to class A may only intermarry with class B, and natives belonging to C may only intermarry with class D.
2. The progeny of a man and woman of intermarrying classes is of a different class from either father or mother.
Thus a man of class B marries a woman of class A, but their offspring (male or female) is of class D. Let Am represent a male of class A. Let Af represent a female of class A, and similarly Bm, Bf, etc.
Let Ap represent progeny who belong to class A, and similarly Bp, Cp, Dp.
Law 2 may now be set down as under— Af + BmAm + BfCf + DmCm + Df ---------------------------- Dp Cp Bp Ap 3. The first law holds good with the progeny of these combinations, i.e., Dp can only marry one of class C—though neither the father nor mother of Dp could marry into class C; similarly for Cp, etc.
4. Dp recognises as father or mother all members of classes A and B; similarly Cp, etc.
This explains the seeming absurdity of the answer one receives from natives to questions concerning their relationships to others. An old man, for instance, may point out a young girl and say, "That one my mother," for the girl belongs to the same class as his actual father or mother.
5. All the progeny of classes A and B are brothers and sisters; similarly C and D. Thus taking Dp2 to represent the progeny of an Ap and a Bp Af + BmAp + Bp -------------- Dp Dp2 All of class Dp recognise class Dp2 (though of another generation) as brothers and sisters. For this reason there is no absurdity in a small boy pointing out a very aged woman as his sister.
6. A man may have as many wives as he can get, so long as these laws are adhered to.
Let us now see what degrees of kindred are prohibited by these laws.
Let us take the case of a man of class A. He can only marry a woman of class B, whose parents must therefore have belonged to classes C and D her mother being a C and her father a D. Therefore his wife's mother and father belong to classes with which he may not intermarry.
Therefore a man may not marry— His mother-in-law.
The sister of his wife's mother.
The sister of his wife's father.
Nor the sister of any one of the three.
Nor can he marry his sister.
But he may marry— His wife's sisters (sisters by blood or tribal class).
And as far as I can see, no law prevents a man from marrying his grandmother should he so desire.
CHAPTER II Sturt Creek And "Gregory's Salt Sea" The Sturt Creek presents many points of interest. It rises in the Northern Territory, runs for nearly three hundred miles in a South-Westerly direction, and comes to an end in a large salt-lake, across the border, in the desert. It runs throughout its entire length once in every three or four years, though each yearly rainy season floods it in certain parts. In the dry season one might in many places ride right across its course without being aware of it. In the wet season such parts of it are swamps and marshes, over which its waters spread to a width of five and six miles. Permanent pools are numerous, and occur wherever a ridge of sandstone rock runs across the course of the creek. On either side of the creek fine grass-plains spread East and West. The further South the creek goes, the less good is the country on the East side; presently there is no grass country except on the West side. Not far below the station the creek is joined by the Wolf, which, like all Kimberley creeks, is fringed with gums, Bauhinia, and Leichardt-trees.
From the confluence downwards a war between the grass-lands and the desert is waged for the supremacy of the river-banks. For miles the sandy channel, cut out like a large drain through the country, less than one chain wide in places, is hemmed in on either side by desert gums and spinifex, and once out of sight of the creek the surrounding land receives no benefit from the water.
But lower down again, about the latitude of Mount Mueller, the grass plains gain the day; and a very pretty bit of country they form too, especially when the creek is running, as it was when we were there. In many places its waters had overflowed the banks, expanding into clay-pans and lagoons of beautiful clear water where teal and whistling duck disported themselves.
The Wolf rises on the opposite slope of the watershed to Christmas Creek and the Mary River, and floods twice or thrice a year. Below its junction with the Sturt the combined creek takes on itself the character of the Wolf, and at the point of confluence the Sturt may be said to end. Seeing how seldom the Sturt runs its entire length and how small its channel is at this point, smaller than that of the Wolf, I think that it is to the latter that the lakes (Gregory's "Salt Sea") chiefly owe their existence.
However that may be, the combined waters fill but an insignificant channel and one can hardly credit that this creek has a length of nearly three hundred miles.
On nearing the lakes the creek assumes so dismal an appearance, and so funereal is the aspect of the dead scrub and dark tops of the "boree" (a kind of mulga), that one wonders that Gregory did not choose the name of "Dead" instead of merely "Salt Sea." A curious point about this lower part of the creek is, that stretches of fresh and salt water alternate.
The stream, as we saw it, was only just running in the lower reaches; in places it ran under the sandy bed, and in this part the salt pools occurred. First we passed a stretch of clear, brackish water, then a nearly dry reach of sand, then a trickle of fresh water lasting for a hundred yards or so; this would again disappear, and be seen lower down as another salt pool.
The creek enters the first lake in a broad estuary; this lake is some four miles long by two miles wide, lying North and South. At the southern end a narrow channel, 150 yards wide, winds its way into the large lake beyond, a fine sheet of water, eight miles in diameter. A narrow belt of open country, overgrown with succulent herbage, fringes the margin of the lake; beyond it is dense scrub, with occasional patches of grass; beyond that, sand, sandhills, and spinifex. In the distance can be seen flat-topped hills and bluffs, and rising ground which encloses the hollow of the lake. The lake has no outlet; of this Gregory satisfied himself by making a complete circuit of it. At the time of his discovery the lakes were dry, or nearly so, and doubtless had the appearance of being shallow depressions, such as the salt lakes in the southern part of the Colony; so that having followed the Sturt for so many miles—a creek which showed every appearance of occasionally flooding to a width of five or six miles—he must have been somewhat uncertain as to what happened to so great a volume of water. However, the lake is nearly thirty feet deep in the middle, and, from its area, is capable of holding a vast amount of water. The creek, below its confluence with the Wolf, is continually losing its waters, throwing off arms and billabongs, especially to the west, which form swamps, clay-pans, and lagoons. So much water is wasted in this manner that near the entrance into the lake the creek is of a most insignificant size. The fall, too, is so gradual that the water runs sluggishly and has time to soak away into the enclosing sand.
Mr. Stretch tells me that it takes eight days for the water from rain falling at the head of


, or an eminent orator a Cicero.

 An'to*no*mas"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, antonomasia. -- An'to*no*mas"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv.
 An*ton"o*ma*sy (&?;), n. Antonomasia.

 An"to*nym (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a word used in substitution for another; &?; + &?;, &?;, a word.] A word of opposite meaning; a counterterm; -- used as a correlative of synonym. [R.]
 C. J. Smith.
 Ant*or"bit*al (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + orbital.]
 (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the front of the orbit. -- n. The antorbital bone.

 Ant'or*gas"tic (&?;), a. See Antiorgastic.

 Ant*o"zone (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + ozone.] (Chem.)
 A compound formerly supposed to be modification of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide; -- so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone, converting it into ordinary oxygen.

 An"tral (&?;), a. (Anat.) Relating to an antrum.

 An"tre (&?;), n. [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr.
 &?;.] A cavern. [Obs.] Shak.
 An*trorse" (n*trôrs"), a. [From L. ante + versun turned; apparently formed in imitation of retrorse.] (Bot.)
 Forward or upward in direction. Gray.
 An'tro*vert" (&?;), v. t. To bend forward. [R.] Owen.
 ||An"trum (&?;), n.; pl. Antra (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical cavity or sinus.
 Huxley.
 ||An*trus"tion (&?;), n. [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in their enterprises.

 Ant" thrush' (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and feeding chiefly on ants. (b) See Ant bird, under Ant.

 ||A*nu"bis (&?;), n. [L.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox.

 ||A*nu"ra (*n"r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + o'yra' a tail.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Written also anoura.]

 A*nu"rous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Also written anourous.]

 An"u*ry (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + o'y^ron urine.] (Med.)
 Nonsecretion or defective secretion of urine; ischury.

 ||A"nus (&?;), n. [L., prob. for asnus: cf. Gr. &?; to sit, Skr. s.] (Anat.) The posterior opening of the alimentary canal, through which the excrements are expelled.

 An"vil (&?;), n. [OE. anvelt, anfelt, anefelt, AS. anfilt, onfilt; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. anafalz, D. aanbeld.] 1. An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hammered and shaped.

2. Anything resembling an anvil in shape or use. Specifically (Anat.), the incus. See Incus.

To be on the anvil, to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. Swift.
 An"vil, v. t. To form or shape on an anvil; to hammer out; as, anviled armor. Beau. & Fl.
 Anx*i"e*tude (&?;), n. [L. anxietudo.] The state of being anxious; anxiety. [R.]

 Anx*i"e*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Anxieties (&?;).
 [L. anxietas, fr. anxius: cf. F. anxiété.
 See Anxious.] 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing or event, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness.

2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes 3. (Med.) A state of restlessness and agitation, often with general indisposition and a distressing sense of oppression at the epigastrium. Dunglison.
Syn. -- Care; solicitude; foreboding; uneasiness; perplexity; disquietude; disquiet; trouble; apprehension; restlessness. See Care.

 Anx"ious (k"shs), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to cause pain, choke; akin to Gr. 'a'gchein to choke. See Anger.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude; greatly concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting something future or unknown; being in painful suspense; -- applied to persons; as, anxious for the issue of a battle.

2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety; worrying; -- applied to things; as, anxious labor.

 The sweet of life, from which God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares. Milton.
3. Earnestly desirous; as, anxious to please.

 He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at those who are eager for reform. Macaulay.
Anxious is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., before the object of solicitude.

Syn. -- Solicitous; careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless; concerned; disturbed; watchful.

 Anx"ious*ly, adv. In an anxious manner; with painful uncertainty; solicitously.

 Anx"ious*ness, n. The quality of being anxious; great solicitude; anxiety.

 A"ny (&?;), a. & pron. [OE. æni, æni, eni, ani, oni, AS. nig, fr. n one. It is akin to OS. nig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig.
 See One.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be.

Any is often used in denying or asserting without limitation; as, this thing ought not be done at any time; I ask any one to answer my question.

 No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son. Matt. xi. 27.
2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as, are there any witnesses present? are there any other houses like it? "Who will show us any good?" Ps. iv. 6.
 It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood; anybody; anyone; (pl.) any persons.

 If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God,... and it shall be given him. Jas. i. 5.
 That if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. Acts ix. 2.
At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of


, Up:= V = vanilla adj.
[from the default flavor of ice cream in the U.S.] Ordinary flavor, standard. When used of food, very often does not mean that the food is flavored with vanilla extract! For example, 'vanilla wonton soup' means ordinary wonton soup, as opposed to hot-and-sour wonton soup. Applied to hardware and software, as in "Vanilla Version 7 Unix can't run on a vanilla 11/34." Also used to orthogonalize chip nomenclature; for instance, a 74V00 means what TI calls a 7400, as distinct from a 74LS00, etc. This word differs from canonical in that the latter means 'default', whereas vanilla simply means 'ordinary'. For example, when hackers go on a great-wall, hot-and-sour soup is the canonical soup to get (because that is what most of them usually order) even though it isn't the vanilla (wonton) soup.
Node:vanity domain, Next:vannevar, Previous:vanilla, Up:= V = vanity domain n.
[common; from 'vanity plate' as in car license plate] An Internet domain, particularly in the.com or.org top-level domains, apparently created for no reason other than boosting the creator's ego.
Node:vannevar, Next:vaporware, Previous:vanity domain, Up:= V = vannevar /van'*-var/ n. A bogus technological prediction or a foredoomed engineering concept, esp. one that fails by implicitly assuming that technologies develop linearly, incrementally, and in isolation from one another when in fact the learning curve tends to be highly nonlinear, revolutions are common, and competition is the rule. The prototype was Vannevar Bush's prediction of 'electronic brains' the size of the Empire State Building with a Niagara-Falls-equivalent cooling system for their tubes and relays, a prediction made at a time when the semiconductor effect had already been demonstrated. Other famous vannevars have included magnetic-bubble memory, LISP machines, videotex, and a paper from the late 1970s that computed a purported ultimate limit on areal density for ICs that was in fact less than the routine densities of 5 years later.
Node:vaporware, Next:var, Previous:vannevar, Up:= V = vaporware /vay'pr-weir/ n. Products announced far in advance of any release (which may or may not actually take place). See also brochureware.
Node:var, Next:vaston, Previous:vaporware, Up:= V = var /veir/ or /var/ n. Short for 'variable'. Compare arg, param.
Node:vaston, Next:VAX, Previous:var, Up:= V = vaston n.
[Durham, UK] The unit of 'load average'. A measure of how much work a computer is doing. A meter displaying this as a function of time is known as a 'vastometer'. First used during a computing practical in December 1996.
Node:VAX, Next:VAXectomy, Previous:vaston, Up:= V = VAX /vaks/ n.
1. [from Virtual Address eXtension] The most successful minicomputer design in industry history, possibly excepting its immediate ancestor, the PDP-11. Between its release in 1978 and its eclipse by killer micros after about 1986, the VAX was probably the hacker's favorite machine of them all, esp. after the 1982 release of 4.2 BSD Unix (see BSD). Esp. noted for its large, assembler-programmer-friendly instruction set -- an asset that became a liability after the RISC revolution. 2. A major brand of vacuum cleaner in Britain. Cited here because its sales pitch, "Nothing sucks like a VAX!" became a sort of battle-cry of RISC partisans. It is even sometimes claimed that DEC actually entered a cross-licensing deal with the vacuum-Vax people that allowed them to market VAX computers in the U.K. in return for not challenging the vacuum cleaner trademark in the U.S.
A rival brand actually pioneered the slogan: its original form was "Nothing sucks like Electrolux". It has apparently become a classic example (used in advertising textbooks) of the perils of not knowing the local idiom. But in 1996, the press manager of Electrolux AB, while confirming that the company used this slogan in the late 1960s, also tells us that their marketing people were fully aware of the possible double entendre and intended it to gain attention.
And gain attention it did - the VAX-vacuum-cleaner people thought the slogan a sufficiently good idea to copy it. Several British hackers report that VAX's promotions used it in _PHONE_, and we have one report from a New Zealander that the infamous slogan surfaced there in TV ads for the product in 1992.
Node:VAXectomy, Next:VAXen, Previous:VAX, Up:= V = VAXectomy /vak-sek't*-mee/ n.
[by analogy with 'vasectomy'] A VAX removal. DEC's Microvaxen, especially, are much slower than newer RISC-based workstations such as the SPARC. Thus, if one knows one has a replacement coming, VAX removal can be cause for celebration.
Node:VAXen, Next:vaxherd, Previous:VAXectomy, Up:= V = VAXen /vak'sn/ n.
[from 'oxen', perhaps influenced by 'vixen'] (alt. 'vaxen') The plural canonically used among hackers for the DEC VAX computers. "Our installation has four PDP-10s and twenty vaxen." See boxen.
Node:vaxherd, Next:vaxism, Previous:VAXen, Up:= V = vaxherd /vaks'herd/ n. obs.
[from 'oxherd'] A VAX operator. The image is reinforced because VAXen actually did tend to come in herds, technically known as 'clusters'.
Node:vaxism, Next:vaxocentrism, Previous:vaxherd, Up:= V = vaxism /vak'sizm/ n. A piece of code that exhibits vaxocentrism in critical areas. Compare PC-ism, unixism.
Node:vaxocentrism, Next:vdiff, Previous:vaxism, Up:= V = vaxocentrism /vak'soh-sen'trizm/ n.
[analogy with 'ethnocentrism'] A notional disease said to afflict C programmers who persist in coding according to certain assumptions that are valid (esp. under Unix) on VAXen but false elsewhere. Among these are: The assumption that dereferencing a null pointer is safe because it is all bits 0, and location 0 is readable and 0.
Problem: this may instead cause an illegal-address trap on non-VAXen, and even on VAXen under OSes other than BSD Unix.
Usually this is an implicit assumption of sloppy code (forgetting to check the pointer before using it), rather than deliberate exploitation of a misfeature.
The assumption that characters are signed.
The assumption that a pointer to any one type can freely be cast into a pointer to any other type. A stronger form of this is the assumption that all pointers are the same size and format, which means you don't have to worry about getting the casts or types correct in calls. Problem: this fails on word-oriented machines or others with multiple pointer formats.
The assumption that the parameters of a routine are stored in memory, on a stack, contiguously, and in strictly ascending or descending order. Problem: this fails on many RISC architectures.
The assumption that pointer and integer types are the same size, and that pointers can be stuffed into integer variables (and vice-versa) and drawn back out without being truncated or mangled. Problem: this fails on segmented architectures or word-oriented machines with funny pointer formats.
The assumption that a data type of any size may begin at any byte address in memory (for example, that you can freely construct and dereference a pointer to a wordor greater-sized object at an odd char address). Problem: this fails on many (esp.
RISC) architectures better optimized for HLL execution speed, and can cause an illegal address fault or bus error.
The (related) assumption that there is no padding at the end


more perfectly balanced."
In 1863 he married the daughter of Haliday Bruce, Esq., of Dublin and up to the close of his life he lived at the Cambridge Observatory, pursuing his mathematical work and enjoying the society of his friends.
He died, after a long illness, on 21st January, 1892, and was interred in St. Giles's Cemetery, on the Huntingdon Road, Cambridge.


. [From Grave to dig.] 1. The act or art of carving figures in hard substances, esp. by incision or in intaglio.

2. That which is graved or carved. [R.]

 Skillful to... grave any manner of graving.

2 Chron. ii. 14.
3. Impression, as upon the mind or heart.

 New gravings upon their souls.

Eikon Basilike Grav"i*tate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating (?).] [Cf. F. graviter. See Gravity.] To obey the law of gravitation; to exert a force Or pressure, or tend to move, under the influence of gravitation; to tend in any direction or toward any object.

 Why does this apple fall to the ground? Because all bodies gravitate toward each other.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 Politicians who naturally gravitate towards the stronger party.

Macaulay.
 Grav"i*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. gravitation. See Gravity.] 1.
 The act of gravitating.

2. (Pysics) That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also attraction of gravitation, universal gravitation, and universal gravity. See Attraction, and Weight.

Law of gravitation, that law in accordance with which gravitation acts, namely, that every two bodies or portions of matter in the universe attract each other with a force proportional directly to the quantity of matter they contain, and inversely to the squares of their distances.

 Grav'i*tation*al (?), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the force of gravity; as, gravitational units.

 Gravi*ta*tive (?), a. Causing to gravitate; tending to a center. Coleridge.
 Grav"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Gravities (#). [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy; cf. F. gravité. See Grave, a., Grief.] 1. The state of having weight; beaviness; as, the gravity of lead.

2. Sobriety of character or demeanor. "Men of gravity and learning." Shak.
 ! p. 648 needs proofing ##proof - especially italicized words (also in etymologies) are not properly marked!> 3. Importance, significance, dignity, etc; hence, seriousness; enormity; as, the gravity of an offense.

 They derive an importance from... the gravity of the place where they were uttered.

Burke.
4. (Physics) The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth; terrestrial gravitation.

5. (Mus.) Lowness of tone; -- opposed to acuteness.

Center of gravity See under Center. -- Gravity battery, See Battery, n., 4. -- Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. Thus, 19, the specific gravity of gold, expresses the fact that, bulk for bulk, gold is nineteen times as heavy as water.

 Gra"vy (?), n.; pl. Gravies (#). [OE. greavie; prob. fr. greaves, graves, the sediment of melted tallow.
 See Greaves.] 1. The juice or other liquid matter that drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the food when served up.

2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

 Gray (?), a. [Compar. Grayer (&?;); superl.
 Grayest.] [OE. gray, grey, AS. grg, grg; akin to D. graauw, OHG. gro, G. grau, Dan. graa, Sw. grå, Icel. grr.] [Written also grey.] 1. White mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of ashes, or of hair whitened by age; sometimes, a dark mixed color; as, the soft gray eye of a dove.

 These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks.

Sir I. Newton.
2. Gray-haired; gray-headed; of a gray color; hoary.

3. Old; mature; as, gray experience. Ames.

Gray antimony (Min.), stibnite. -- Gray buck (Zoöl.), the chickara. -- Gray cobalt (Min.), smaltite. -- Gray copper (Min.), tetrahedrite. -- Gray duck (Zoöl.), the gadwall; also applied to the female mallard. -- Gray falcon (Zoöl.)
 the peregrine falcon. -- Gray Friar. See Franciscan, and Friar. -- Gray hen (Zoöl.), the female of the blackcock or black grouse. See Heath grouse. -- Gray mill or millet (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Lithospermum; gromwell. -- Gray mullet (Zoöl.) any one of the numerous species of the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidæ, found both in the Old World and America; as the European species (M. capito, and M. auratus), the American striped mullet (M. albula), and the white or silver mullet (M. Braziliensis). See Mullet. -- Gray owl (Zoöl.), the European tawny or brown owl (Syrnium aluco). The great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) inhabits arctic America. -- Gray parrot (Zoöl.), a parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly domesticated, and noted for its aptness in learning to talk. -- Gray pike. (Zoöl.) See Sauger. -- Gray snapper (Zoöl.), a Florida fish; the sea lawyer.
 See Snapper. -- Gray snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher in winter plumage. -- Gray whale (Zoöl.), a rather large and swift California whale (Rhachianectes glaucus), formerly taken in large numbers in the bays; -- called also grayback, devilfish, and hardhead.

 Gray, n. 1. A gray color; any mixture of white and black; also, a neutral or whitish tint.

2. An animal or thing of gray color, as a horse, a badger, or a kind of salmon.

 Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day. That coats thy life, my gallant gray.

Sir W. Scott.
 Gray"back' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The California gray whale. (b) The redbreasted sandpiper or knot. (c) The dowitcher. (d) The body louse.

 Gray"beard' (?), n. An old man. Shak.
 Gray"fly' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The trumpet fly. Milton.
 Gray"hound' (-hound'), n. (Zoöl.) See Greyhound.

 Gray"ish, a. Somewhat gray.

 Gray"lag' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common wild gray goose (Anser anser) of Europe, believed to be the wild form of the domestic goose.
 See Illust. of Goose.

 Gray"ling (?), n. [From Gray, a.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 A European fish (Thymallus vulgaris), allied to the trout, but having a very broad dorsal fin; -- called also umber. It inhabits cold mountain streams, and is valued as a game fish.

 And here and there a lusty trout, And here and there a grayling.

Tennyson.
2. (Zoöl.)