.) A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw-yellow color. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese.

 Kar*roo" (kr*r"), n.; pl. Karroos (-rz"). One of the dry table-lands of South Africa, which often rise terracelike to considerable elevations. [Also karoo.]

The Great Karroo, or The Karroo, a vast plateau, in Cape Colony, stretching through five degrees of longitude, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.

 Kar"sten*ite (?), n. Same as Anhydrite.

 Kar"vel (?), n. [Obs.] See Carvel, and Caravel.

 ||Kar"y*o*ki*ne'sis (kr'**k*n"ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka'ryon a nut, kernel + kinei^n to move.] (Biol.) The indirect division of cells in which, prior to division of the cell protoplasm, complicated changes take place in the nucleus, attended with movement of the nuclear fibrils; -- opposed to karyostenosis. The nucleus becomes enlarged and convoluted, and finally the threads are separated into two groups which ultimately become disconnected and constitute the daughter nuclei.
 Called also mitosis. See Cell development, under Cell.

 Kar'y*o*ki*net"ic (-nt"k), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to karyokinesis; as, karyokinetic changes of cell division.

 ||Kar'y*om"i*ton (-m"*tn), n. [NL., Gr. ka'ryon a nut + mi'tos a thread.] (Biol.) The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed; -- in opposition to kytomiton, or the network in the body of the cell. W. Flemming.
 ||Kar'y*o*plas"ma (kr'**plz"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka'ryon a nut + pla'sma a thing molded.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; -- in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

 ||Kar'y*o*ste*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka'ryon a nut, kernel + &?; a being straitened.] (Biol.) Direct cell division (in which there is first a simple division of the nucleus, without any changes in its structure, followed by division of the protoplasm of the cell); -- in opposition to karyokinesis. [1913 Webster] Kar'y*o*ste*not"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or connected with, karyostenosis; as, the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division.

 Ka*sack" (kt), n. (Ethnol.) Same as Cossack.

 Kat (kät), n. (Bot.) An Arabian shrub (Catha edulis) the leaves of which are used as tea by the Arabs.

 Kat'a*bol"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to katabolism; as, katabolic processes, which give rise to substances (katastates) of decreasing complexity and increasing stability.

 Ka*tab"o*lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; down + &?; to throw.] (Physiol.)
 Destructive or downward metabolism; regressive metamorphism; -- opposed to anabolism. See Disassimilation.

 Kat"a*state (?), n. [Gr. (&?;) down + (&?;) to cause to stand.] (Physiol.) A substance formed by a katabolic process; -- opposed to anastate. See Katabolic.

 Kate (?), n. (Zoöl.) The brambling finch.

 Kath"e*tal (?), a. [Gr. &?; a perpendicular line. See Cathetus.]
 (Math.) Making a right angle; perpendicular, as two lines or two sides of a triangle, which include a right angle.

 Kath'e*tom"e*ter (?), n. Same as Cathetometer.

 Kat'ti*mun"doo (?), n. A caoutchouc-like substance obtained from the milky juice of the East Indian Euphorbia Kattimundoo. It is used as a cement.

 Ka"ty*did' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large, green, arboreal, orthopterous insect (Cyrtophyllus concavus) of the family Locustidæ, common in the United States. The males have stridulating organs at the bases of the front wings. During the summer and autumn, in the evening, the males make a peculiar, loud, shrill sound, resembling the combination Katy-did, whence the name.

 ||Ka"u*ri (?), n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A lofty coniferous tree of New Zealand Agathis, or Dammara, australis), furnishing valuable timber and yielding one kind of dammar resin. [Written also kaudi, cowdie, and cowrie.]

 Ka"va (?), n. [Polynesian.] (Bot.) A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also, the beverage itself. [Written also kawa, kava, and ava.]

 Ka*vass" (?), n.; pl. Kavasses (#) [Turk. kvvs] An armed constable; also, a government servant or courier. [Turkey] Kaw (?), v. i. & n. See Caw.

 Ka*wa"ka (?), n. (Bot.) a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

 Kawn (?), n. An inn. [Turkey] See Khan.

 Kay"ak (?), n. (Naut.) A light canoe, made of skins stretched over a frame, and usually capable of carrying but one person, who sits amidships and uses a double-bladed paddle. It is peculiar to the Eskimos and other Arctic tribes.

 Kay"ak*er (?), n. One who uses a kayak.

 Kay"ko (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dog salmon.

 Kayles (?), n. pl. [Akin to Dan. kegle, Sw. kegla, D.
 & G. kegel, OHG. kegil, whence F. quille.] A game; ninepins. [Prov Eng.] Carew.
 Kay"nard (?), n. [F. cagnard.] A lazy or cowardly person; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Keck (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kecked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Kecking.] [Cf. dial. G. köcken, köken.]
 To heave or to retch, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] Swift.
 Keck, n. An effort to vomit; queasiness. [R.]

 Kec"kle (?), v. i. & n. See Keck, v. i. & n. Kec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keckled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Keckling (?).] (Naut.) To wind old rope around, as a cable, to preserve its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains around, to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. Totten.
 Kec"kling (?), n. Old rope or iron chains wound around a cable. See Keckle, v. t.


required is a formal expression of the fact that a proposition is true when it points towards its objective, and false when it points away from it, In very simple cases we can give a very simple account of this: we can say that true propositions actually resemble their objectives in a way in which false propositions do not. But for this purpose it is necessary to revert to image-propositions instead of word-propositions. Let us take again the illustration of a memory-image of a familiar room, and let us suppose that in the image the window is to the left of the door. If in fact the window is to the left of the door, there is a correspondence between the image and the objective; there is the same relation between the window and the door as between the images of them.
 The image-memory consists of the image of the window to the left of the image of the door. When this is true, the very same relation relates the terms of the objective (namely the window and the door) as relates the images which mean them. In this case the correspondence which constitutes truth is very simple.

 In the case we have just been considering the objective consists of two parts with a certain relation (that of left-to-right), and the proposition consists of images of these parts with the very same relation. The same proposition, if it were false, would have a less simple formal relation to its objective. If the image-proposition consists of an image of the window to the left of an image of the door, while in fact the window is not to the left of the door, the proposition does not result from the objective by the mere substitution of images for their prototypes. Thus in this unusually simple case we can say that a true proposition "corresponds" to its objective in a formal sense in which a false proposition does not.
 Perhaps it may be possible to modify this notion of formal correspondence in such a way as to be more widely applicable, but if so, the modifications required will be by no means slight. The reasons for this must now be considered.

 To begin with, the simple type of correspondence we have been exhibiting can hardly occur when words are substituted for images, because, in word-propositions, relations are usually expressed by words, which are not themselves relations. Take such a proposition as "Socrates precedes Plato." Here the word "precedes" is just as solid as the words "Socrates" and "Plato"; it MEANS a relation, but is not a relation. Thus the objective which makes our proposition true consists of TWO terms with a relation between them, whereas our proposition consists of THREE terms with a relation of order between them. Of course, it would be perfectly possible, theoretically, to indicate a few chosen relations, not by words, but by relations between the other words. "Socrates-Plato" might be used to mean "Socrates precedes Plato"; "Plato-Socrates" might be used to mean "Plato was born before Socrates and died after him"; and so on. But the possibilities of such a method would be very limited. For aught I know, there may be languages that use it, but they are not among the languages with which I am acquainted. And in any case, in view of the multiplicity of relations that we wish to express, no language could advance far without words for relations. But as soon as we have words for relations, word-propositions have necessarily more terms than the facts to which they refer, and cannot therefore correspond so simply with their objectives as some image-propositions can.

 The consideration of negative propositions and negative facts introduces further complications. An image-proposition is necessarily positive: we can image the window to the left of the door, or to the right of the door, but we can form no image of the bare negative "the window not to the left of the door." We can DISBELIEVE the image-proposition expressed by "the window to the left of the door," and our disbelief will be true if the window is not to the left of the door. But we can form no image of the fact that the window is not to the left of the door. Attempts have often been made to deny such negative facts, but, for reasons which I have given elsewhere,* I believe these attempts to be mistaken, and I shall assume that there are negative facts.

 Word-propositions, like image-propositions, are always positive facts. The fact that Socrates precedes Plato is symbolized in English by the fact that the word "precedes" occurs between the words "Socrates" and "Plato."
 But we cannot symbolize the fact that Plato does not precede Socrates by not putting the word "precedes" between "Plato" and "Socrates." A negative fact is not sensible, and language, being intended for communication, has to be sensible. Therefore we symbolize the fact that Plato does not precede Socrates by putting the words "does not precede" between "Plato" and "Socrates." We thus obtain a series of words which is just as positive a fact as the series "Socrates precedes Plato." The propositions asserting negative facts are themselves positive facts; they are merely different positive facts from those asserting positive facts.

 We have thus, as regards the opposition of positive and negative, three different sorts of duality, according as we are dealing with facts, image-propositions, or word-propositions. We have, namely: (1) Positive and negative facts; (2) Image-propositions, which may be believed or disbelieved, but do not allow any duality of content corresponding to positive and negative facts; (3) Word-propositions, which are always positive facts, but are of two kinds: one verified by a positive objective, the other by a negative objective.

 Owing to these complications, the simplest type of correspondence is impossible when either negative facts or negative propositions are involved.

 Even when we confine ourselves to relations between two terms which are both imaged, it may be impossible to form an image-proposition in which the relation of the terms is represented by the same relation of the images. Suppose we say "Caesar was 2,000 years before Foch," we express a certain temporal relation between Caesar and Foch; but we cannot allow 2,000 years to elapse between our image of Caesar and our image of Foch.
 This is perhaps not a fair example, since "2,000 years before" is not a direct relation. But take a case where the relation is direct, say, "the sun is brighter than the moon." We can form visual images of sunshine and moonshine, and it may happen that our image of the sunshine is the brighter of the two, but this is by no means either necessary or sufficient. The act of comparison, implied in our judgment, is something more than the mere coexistence of two images, one of which is in fact brighter than the other. It would take us too far from our main topic if we were to go into the question what actually occurs when we make this judgment. Enough has been said to show that the correspondence between the belief and its objective is more complicated in this case than in that of the window to the left of the door, and this was all that had to be proved.

 In spite of these complications, the general nature of the formal correspondence which makes truth is clear from our instances. In the case of the simpler kind of propositions, namely those that I call "atomic" propositions, where there is only one word expressing a relation, the objective which would verify our proposition, assuming that the word "not" is absent, is obtained by replacing each word by what it means, the word meaning a relation being replaced by this relation among the meanings of the other words. For example, if the proposition is "Socrates precedes Plato," the objective which verifies it results from replacing the word "Socrates" by Socrates, the word "Plato" by Plato, and the word "precedes" by the relation of preceding between Socrates and Plato. If the result of this process is a fact, the proposition is true; if not, it is false. When our proposition is "Socrates does not precede Plato," the conditions of truth and falsehood are exactly reversed. More complicated propositions can be dealt with on the same lines. In fact, the purely formal question, which has occupied us in this last section, offers no very formidable difficulties.

 I do not believe that the above formal theory is untrue, but I do believe that it is inadequate. It


THE ABBE CONSTANTIN By Ludovic Halevy With a Preface by E. LEGOUVE, of the French Academy CONTENTS LUDOVIC HALEVY THE ABBE CONSTANTIN BOOK 1. CHAPTER I. THE SALE OF LONGUEVAL CHAPTER II. THE NEW CHATELAINE CHAPTER III. DELIGHTFUL SURPRISES BOOK 2. CHAPTER IV. A RIOT OF CHARITY CHAPTER V. THE FAIR AMERICANS CHAPTER VI. A LITTLE DINNER FOR FOUR BOOK 3. CHAPTER VII. CONFIDENCES CHAPTER VIII. ANOTHER MARTYR TO MILLIONS CHAPTER IX. THE REWARD OF TENDER COURAGE LUDOVIC HALEVY Ludovic Halevy was born in Paris, January 1, 1834. His father was Leon Halevy, the celebrated author; his grandfather, Fromenthal, the eminent composer. Ludovic was destined for the civil service, and, after finishing his studies, entered successively the Department of State (1852); the Algerian Department (1858), and later on became editorial secretary of the Corps Legislatif (1860). When his patron, the Duc de Morny, died in 1865, Halevy resigned, giving up a lucrative position for the uncertain profession of a playwright: At this period he devoted himself exclusively to the theatre.

 He had already written plays as early as 1856, and had also tried his hand at fiction, but did not meet with very great success. Toward 1860, however, he became acquainted with Henri Meilhac, and with him formed a kind of literary union, lasting for almost twenty years, when Halevy rather abruptly abandoned the theatre and became a writer of fiction.

 We have seen such kinds of co-partnerships, for instance, in Beaumont and Fletcher; more recently in the beautiful French tales of Erckmann-Chatrian, and still later in the English novels of Besant and Rice.

 Some say it was a fortunate event for Meilhac; others assert that Halevy reaped a great profit by the union. Be this as it may, a great number of plays-drama, comedy, farce, opera, operetta and ballet—were jointly produced, as is shown by the title-pages of two score or more of their pieces. When Ludovic Halevy was a candidate for L'Academie—he entered that glorious body in 1884—the question was ventilated by Pailleron: "What was the author's literary relation in his union with Meilhac?" It was answered by M. Sarcey, who criticised the character and quality of the work achieved. Public opinion has a long time since brought in quite another verdict in the case.

 Halevy's cooperation endowed the plays of Meilhac with a fuller ethical richness—tempered them, so to speak, and made them real, for it can not be denied that Meilhac was inclined to extravagance.

 Halevy's novels are remarkable for the elegance of literary style, tenderness of spirit and keenness of observation. He excels in ironical sketches. He has often been compared to Eugene Sue, but his touch is lighter than Sue's, and his humor less unctuous. Most of his little sketches, originally written for La Vie Parisienne, were collected in his 'Monsieur et Madame Cardinal' (1873); and 'Les Petites Cardinal', (1880).
 They are not intended 'virginibus puerisque', and the author's attitude is that of a half-pitying, half-contemptuous moralist, yet the virility of his criticism has brought him immortality.

 Personal recollections of the great war are to be found in 'L'Invasion' (1872); and 'Notes et Souvenirs', _PHONE_ (1889). Most extraordinary, however, was the success of 'L'Abbe Constantin' (1882), crowned by the Academy, which has gone through no less than one hundred and fifty editions up to 1904, and ranks as one of the greatest successes of contemporaneous literature. It is, indeed, his 'chef-d'oeuvre', very delicate, earnest, and at the same time ironical, a most entrancing family story. It was then that the doors of the French Academy opened wide before Halevy. 'L'Abbe Constantin' was adapted for the stage by Cremieux and Decourcelle (Le Gymnase, 1882). Further notable novels are: 'Criquette, Deux Mariages, Un Grand Mariage, Un Mariage d'Amour', all in 1883; 'Princesse, Les Trois Coups de Foudre, Mon Camarade Moussard', all in 1884; and the romances, 'Karikari (1892), and Mariette (1893)'. Since that time, I think, Halevy has not published anything of importance.

 THE ABBE CONSTANTIN BOOK 1.

 CHAPTER I. THE SALE OF LONGUEVAL With a step still valiant and firm, an old priest walked along the dusty road in the full rays of a brilliant sun. For more than thirty years the Abbe Constantin had been Cure of the little village which slept there in the plain, on the banks of a slender stream called La Lizotte. The Abbe Constantin was walking by the wall which surrounded the park of the castle of Longueval; at last he reached the entrance-gate, which rested high and massive on two ancient pillars of stone, embrowned and gnawed by time. The Cure stopped, and mournfully regarded two immense blue posters fixed on the pillars.

 The posters announced that on Wednesday, May 18, 1881, at one o'clock P.M., would take place, before the Civil Tribunal of Souvigny, the sale of the domain of Longueval, divided into four lots: 1. The castle of Longueval, its dependencies, fine pieces of water, extensive offices, park of 150 hectares in extent, completely surrounded by a wall, and traversed by the little river Lizotte. Valued at 600,000 francs.

 2. The farm of Blanche-Couronne, 300 hectares, valued at 500,000 francs.

 3. The farm of La Rozeraie, 250 hectares, valued at 400,000 francs.

 4. The woods and forests of La Mionne, containing 450 hectares, valued at 550,000 francs.

 And these four amounts, added together at the foot of the bill, gave the respectable sum of 2,050,000 francs.

 Then they were really going to dismember this magnificent domain, which, escaping all mutilation, had for more than two centuries always been transmitted intact from father to son in the family of Longueval. The placards also announced that after the temporary division into four lots, it would be possible to unite them again, and offer for sale the entire domain; but it was a very large morsel, and, to all appearance, no purchaser would present himself.

 The Marquise de Longueval had died six months before; in 1873 she had lost her only son, Robert de Longueval; the three heirs were the grandchildren of the Marquise: Pierre, Helene, and Camille. It had been found necessary to offer the domain for sale, as Helene and Camille were minors. Pierre, a young man of three-and-twenty, had lived rather fast, was already half-ruined, and could not hope to redeem Longueval.

 It was mid-day. In an hour it would have a new master, this old castle of Longueval; and this master, who would he be?


1850, pp. 774, 788.
 [98] 'Comptes Rendus,' July 6th, 1863.
 [99] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 804; 1857, p. 820; 1862, p. 1195.
 [100] Most of the largest cultivated strawberries are the descendants of F. grandiflora or chiloensis, and I have seen no account of these forms in their wild state. Methuen's Scarlet (Downing, 'Fruits,' p. 527) has "immense fruit of the largest size," and belongs to the section descended from F. virginiana; and the fruit of this species, as I hear from Prof. A. Gray, is only a little larger than that of F. vesca, or our common wood-strawberry.
 [101] 'Le Fraisier,' par le Comte L. de Lambertye, 1864, p. 50.
 [102] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. 1820, p. 207.
 [103] See an account by Prof. Decaisne, and by others in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, and 1858, p. 172; and Mr. Barnet's paper in 'Hort.
Soc. Transact.,' vol. vi. 1826, p. 170.
 [104] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. 1824, p. 294.
 [105] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 30th, 1862, p. 779. See also Mr. Prince to the same effect, ibid., 1863, p. 418.
 [106] For additional evidence see 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 9th, 1862, p. 721.
 [107] 'Le Fraisier,' par le Comte L. de Lambertye, pp. 221, 230.
 [108] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 200.
 [109] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 173.
 [110] Godron 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i. p. 161.
 [111] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 440.
 [112] F. Gloede in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1053.
 [113] Downing's 'Fruits,' p. 532.
 [114] Barnet, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. vi. p. 210.
 [115] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1847, p. 539.
 [116] For the several statements with respect to the American strawberries see Downing, 'Fruits,' p. 524; 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 188; 1847, p. 539; 1861, p. 717.
 [117] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 86. See also 'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, p. 88, and many other authorities. For the Continent, see F. Gloede, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1053.
 [118] Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in 'Journal of Hort.,' March 14th, 1865, p. 207.
 [119] Mr. H. Doubleday in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1101.
 [120] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1854, p. 254.
 [121] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 930; and Alph. De Candolle 'Géograph.
Bot.,' p. 910.
 [122] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv. 1828, p. 112.
 [123] The fullest account of the gooseberry is given by Mr. Thompson in 'Transact.
Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 2nd series, 1835, p. 218, from which most of the foregoing facts are taken.
 [124] 'Catalogue of Fruits of Hort. Soc. Garden,' 3rd edit., 1842.
 [125] Mr. Clarkson of Manchester, on the Culture of the Gooseberry, in Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv. 1828, p. 482.
 [126] Downing's 'Fruits of America,' p. 213.
 [127] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 811, where a table is given; and 1845, p. 819.
For the extreme weights gained, see 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 26th, 1864, p. 61.
 [128] Mr. Saul, of Lancaster, in Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iii. 1828, p. 421; and vol. x. 1834, p. 42.
 [129] 'Himalayan Journals,' 1854, vol. ii. p. 334. Moorcroft ('Travels,' vol. ii. p.
146) describes four varieties cultivated in Kashmir.
 [130] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 723.
 [131] Paper translated in Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' 1829, vol. v. p. 202.
 [132] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.
 [133] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1847, pp. 541 and 558.
 [134] The following details are taken from the 'Catalogue of Fruits, 1842, in Garden of Hort. Soc.,' p. 103; and from Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 943.
 [135] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 956.
 [136] 'Annales des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 4th series, vol. vi. 1856, p. 5.
 [137] 'American Journ. of Science,' 2nd series, vol. xxiv. 1857, p. 442.
 [138] Gärtner 'Bastarderzeugung,' 1849, s. 87, and s. 169 with respect to Maize; on Verbascum, ibid., s. 92 and 181; also his 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137.
With respect to Nicotiana see Kölreuter 'Zweite Forts.,' 1764, s. 53; though this is a somewhat different case.
 [139] 'De l'Espèce,' par M. Godron, tom. ii. p. 64.
 [140] Naudin, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 28.
 [141] 'Mèmoire sur les Cucurbitacées,' 1826, pp. 6, 24.
 [142] 'Flore des Serres,' Oct. 1861, quoted in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1135.
I have often consulted and taken some facts from M. Naudin's Memoir on Cucumis in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 5.
 [143] See also Sageret's 'Mémoire' p. 7.
 [144] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. ii. p. 1217.
 [145] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 1096.
 [146] 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 1096.
 [147] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1842, p. 36.
 [148] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fr


of that true time which is dialed in heaven.

Talfourd.
2. (Mining) To survey with a dial. Raymond.
 Di"a*lect (?), n. [F. dialecte, L. dialectus, fr. Gr.
 &?;, fr. &?; to converse, discourse. See Dialogue.] 1.
 Means or mode of expressing thoughts; language; tongue; form of speech.

 This book is writ in such a dialect As may the minds of listless men affect. Bunyan. The universal dialect of the world.

South.
2. The form of speech of a limited region or people, as distinguished from ether forms nearly related to it; a variety or subdivision of a language; speech characterized by local peculiarities or specific circumstances; as, the Ionic and Attic were dialects of Greece; the Yorkshire dialect; the dialect of the learned.

 In the midst of this Babel of dialects there suddenly appeared a standard English language.

Earle.
 [Charles V.] could address his subjects from every quarter in their native dialect.

Prescott.
Syn. -- Language; idiom; tongue; speech; phraseology. See Language, and Idiom.

 Di'a*lec"tal (?), a. Relating to a dialect; dialectical; as, a dialectical variant.

 Di'a*lec"tic (?), n. Same as Dialectics.

 Plato placed his dialectic above all sciences.

Liddell & Scott.
 { Di'a*lec"tic (?), Di'a*lec"tic*al (?), } a. [L. dialecticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. dialectique. See Dialect.] 1. Pertaining to dialectics; logical; argumental.

2. Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects. Earle.
 Di'a*lec"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a dialectical manner.

 Di'a*lec*ti"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. dialecticien.] One versed in dialectics; a logician; a reasoner.

 Di'a*lec"tics (?), n. [L. dialectica (sc. ars), Gr.
 &?; (sc. &?;): cf. F. dialectique.] That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning; the application of logical principles to discursive reasoning; the science or art of discriminating truth from error; logical discussion.

Dialectics was defined by Aristotle to be the method of arguing with probability on any given problem, and of defending a tenet without inconsistency. By Plato, it was used in the following senses: 1.
 Discussion by dialogue as a method of scientific investigation. 2.
 The method of investigating the truth by analysis. 3. The science of ideas or of the nature and laws of being -- higher metaphysics. By Kant, it was employed to signify the logic of appearances or illusions, whether these arise from accident or error, or from those necessary limitations which, according to this philosopher, originate in the constitution of the human intellect.

 Di'a*lec*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Dialect + -logy.] That branch of philology which is devoted to the consideration of dialects. Beck.
 Di'a*lec"tor (?), n. One skilled in dialectics.

 Di"al*ing (?), n. 1. The art of constructing dials; the science which treats of measuring time by dials. [Written also dialling.]

2. A method of surveying, especially in mines, in which the bearings of the courses, or the angles which they make with each other, are determined by means of the circumferentor.

 Di"al*ist, n. A maker of dials; one skilled in dialing.

 ||Di*al"la*ge (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; interchange, change, fr. &?; to interchange.] (Rhet.) A figure by which arguments are placed in various points of view, and then turned to one point. Smart.
 Di"al*lage (?; 277), n. [Gr. &?; change, alluding to the change and inequality of luster between the natural joints of the mineral.] (Min.)
 A dark green or bronze-colored laminated variety of pyroxene, common in certain igneous rocks.

 Di"al*lel (?), a. [Gr. &?; crossing.] Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; -- opposed to parallel. [Obs.] Ash.
 Di*al"lyl (?), n. (Chem.) A volatile, pungent, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H10, consisting of two allyl radicals, and belonging to the acetylene series.

 Di'a*log"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; belonging to discourse.]
 Relating to a dialogue; dialogistical. Burton.
 Di'a*log"ic*al*ly, adv. In the manner or nature of a dialogue. Goldsmith.
 Di*al"o*gism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. dialogisme.
 See Dialogue.] An imaginary speech or discussion between two or more; dialogue. Fulke.
 Di*al"o*gist (?), n. [L. dialogista: cf. F. dialogiste.]
 1. A speaker in a dialogue.

2. A writer of dialogues. P. Skelton.
 { Di*al'o*gis"tic (?), Di*al'o*gis"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;.]
 Pertaining to a dialogue; having the form or nature of a dialogue. -- Di*al'o*gis"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Di*al"o*gite (?), n. [From Gr. &?; an arguing.] (Min.)
 Native carbonate of manganese; rhodochrosite.

 Di*al"o*gize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. dialogiser.] To discourse in dialogue. Fotherby.
 Di"a*logue (?; 115), n. [OE. dialogue, L. dialogus, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to converse, dia' through + &?; to speak: cf. F. dialogue. See Legend.] 1. A conversation between two or more persons; particularly, a formal conservation in theatrical performances or in scholastic exercises.

2. A written composition in which two or more persons are represented as conversing or reasoning on some topic; as, the Dialogues of Plato.

 Di"a*logue, v. i. [Cf. F. dialoguer.] To take part in a dialogue; to dialogize. [R.] Shak.
 Di"a*logue, v. t. To express as in dialogue. [R.]

 And dialogued for him what he would say.

Shak.
 Di'al*y*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Gr. dia' through, asunder + &?; to loose + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having separate petals; polypetalous.

 ||Di*al"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Dialyses (#). [L., separation, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to part asunder, dissolve; dia' through + &?; to loose.] 1. (Gram.) Diæresis. See Diæresis, 1.

2. (Rhet.) Same as Asyndeton.

3. (Med.) (a) Debility. (b) A solution of continuity; division; separation of parts.

4. (Chem.) The separation of different substances in solution, as crystalloids and colloids, by means of their unequal diffusion, especially through natural or artificial membranes.

 Di'a*lyt"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See Dialysis.]
 Having the quality of unloosing or separating. Clarke.
Dialytic telescope, an achromatic telescope


under Bone.

 Dip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, dips; especially, a vessel used to dip water or other liquid; a ladle.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small grebe; the dabchick. (b) The buffel duck. (c) The water ouzel (Cinolus aquaticus) of Europe. (d) The American dipper or ouzel (Cinclus Mexicanus).

The Dipper (Astron.), the seven principal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear; popularly so called from their arrangement in the form of a dipper; -- called also Charles's Wain.
 See Ursa Major, under Ursa.

 Dip"ping, n. 1. The act or process of immersing.

2. The act of inclining downward.

3. The act of lifting or moving a liquid with a dipper, ladle, or the like.

4. The process of cleaning or brightening sheet metal or metalware, esp. brass, by dipping it in acids, etc.

5. The practice of taking snuff by rubbing the teeth or gums with a stick or brush dipped in snuff. [U.S.]

Dipping needle, a magnetic needle suspended at its center of gravity, and moving freely in a vertical plane, so as to indicate on a graduated circle the magnetic dip or inclination.

 Di'pris*mat"ic (?), a. [Prefix di- + prismatic.]
 Doubly prismatic.

 Di'pro*par"gyl (?), n. [Prefix di- + propargyl.] (Chem.)
 A pungent, mobile, volatile liquid, C6H6, produced artificially from certain allyl derivatives. Though isomeric with benzine, it is very different in its chemical relations. Called also dipropinyl.

 Di*pro"pyl (?), n. [Pref. di- + propyl.] (Chem.)
 One of the hexane paraffins, found in petroleum, consisting of two propyl radicals. See Hexane.

 ||Di*pro"to*don (?), n. [Gr. di- = di's- twice + &?; first + 'odoy's, 'odo'ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct Quaternary marsupial from Australia, about as large as the hippopotamus; -- so named because of its two large front teeth. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Dip"sas (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; thirst.] 1.
 A serpent whose bite was fabled to produce intense thirst. Milton.
2. (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless colubrine snakes.

 Dip*set"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Tending to produce thirst. Wright.
 Dip'so*ma"ni*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thirst + &?; mania.] (Med.) A morbid an uncontrollable craving (often periodic) for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors; also improperly used to denote acute and chronic alcoholism.

 Dip'so*ma"ni*ac (?), n. One who has an irrepressible desire for alcoholic drinks.

 Dip'so*ma*ni"a*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to dipsomania.

 ||Dip*so"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thirst.] (Med.)
 Excessive thirst produced by disease.

 ||Dip"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; with two wings, di- = di's- twice + &?; feather, wing: cf. F. diptère.] (Zoöl.)
 An extensive order of insects having only two functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly, mosquito, etc. They have a suctorial proboscis, often including two pairs of sharp organs (mandibles and maxillæ) with which they pierce the skin of animals. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larvæ (called maggots) being usually without feet.

 Dip"ter*al (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having two wings only; belonging to the order Diptera.

2. (Anc. Arch.) Having a double row of columns on each on the flanks, as well as in front and rear; -- said of a temple.

 Dip"ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) An insect of the order Diptera.

 ||Dip'te*ro*car"pus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; with two wings + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) A genus of trees found in the East Indies, some species of which produce a fragrant resin, other species wood oil.
 The fruit has two long wings.

 Dip"ter*ous (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having two wings, as certain insects; belonging to the order Diptera.

2. (Bot.) Having two wings; twowinged.

 Dip'ter*yg"i*an (?), a. [Gr. di- = di's- twice + &?; a fin, dim. of &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) Having two dorsal fins; -- said of certain fishes.

 Dip"tote (?), n. [Gr. &?;; di- = di's- twice + &?; falling, fr. &?; to fall: cf. F. diptote.] (Gram.) A noun which has only two cases. Andrews.
 Dip"tych (?), n. [L. diptycha, pl., fr. Gr. &?; folded, doubled; di- = di's- twice + &?; to fold, double up.] 1.
 Anything consisting of two leaves. Especially: (a) (Roman Antiq.) A writing tablet consisting of two leaves of rigid material connected by hinges and shutting together so as to protect the writing within. (b) A picture or series of pictures painted on two tablets connected by hinges. See Triptych.

2. A double catalogue, containing in one part the names of living, and in the other of deceased, ecclesiastics and benefactors of the church; a catalogue of saints.

 Di*pyre" (?), n. [Gr. di- = di's- twice fire.] (Min.) A mineral of the scapolite group; -- so called from the double effect of fire upon it, in fusing it, and rendering it phosphorescent.

 Di'py*re"nous (?), a. [Pref. di- + pyrene.] (Bot.)
 Containing two stones or nutlets.

 Di*pyr"i*dine (?; 104), n. [Pref. di- + pyridine.] (Geom.)
 A polymeric form of pyridine, C10H10N2, obtained as a colorless oil by the action of sodium on pyridine.

 Di*pyr"i*dyl (?), n. [Pref. di- + pyridine + -yl.]
 (Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous base, C10H8N2, obtained by the reduction of pyridine.

 Di*ra'di*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. di- + radiation.] The emission and diffusion of rays of light.

 Dire (dr), a. [Compar. Direr (?); superl. Direst.]
 [L. dirus; of uncertain origin.] 1. Ill-boding; portentous; as, dire omens.

2. Evil in great degree; dreadful; dismal; horrible; terrible; lamentable.

Dire was the tossing, deep the groans.

Milton.
 Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire.

Milton.
 Di*rect" (?), a. [L. directus, p. p. of dirigere to direct: cf. F. direct. See Dress, and cf. Dirge.] 1.
 Straight; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous; leading by the short or


Commorancy consists in usually lying there. Blackstone.
2. (Am. Law) Residence temporarily, or for a short time.

 Com"mo*rant (?), n. [L. commorans, p. pr. of commorari to abide; com- + morari to delay.] 1. (Law) Ordinarily residing; inhabiting.

 All freeholders within the precinct... and all persons commorant therein. Blackstone.
2. (Am. Law) Inhabiting or occupying temporarily.

 Com"mo*rant, n. A resident. Bp. Hacket.
 Com'mo*ra"tion (?), n. [L. commoratio.] The act of staying or residing in a place. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Com*mo"ri*ent (?), a. [L. commoriens, p. pr. of commoriri.]
 Dying together or at the same time. [R.] Sir G. Buck.
 Com*morse" (?), n. [L. commorsus, p. p. of commordere to bite sharply.] Remorse. [Obs.] "With sad commorse." Daniel.
 Com*mote" (?), v. t. [See Commove.] To commove; to disturb; to stir up. [R.]

 Society being more or less commoted and made uncomfortable.
Hawthorne.
 Com*mo"tion (?), n. [L. commotio: cf. F. commotion.
 See Motion.] 1. Disturbed or violent motion; agitation.

 [What] commotion in the winds! Shak.
2. A popular tumult; public disturbance; riot.

 When ye shall hear of wars and commotions. Luke xxi. 9.
3. Agitation, perturbation, or disorder, of mind; heat; excitement.
 "He could not debate anything without some commotion." Clarendon.
Syn. -- Excitement; agitation; perturbation; disturbance; tumult; disorder; violence.

 Com*move" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commoved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commoving.] [L. commovere, commotum; com- + movere to move.] 1. To urge; to persuade; to incite.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To put in motion; to disturb; to unsettle. [R.]

 Straight the sands, Commoved around, in gathering eddies play. Thomson.
 Com"mu*nal (? or?), a. [Cf. F. communal.] Pertaining to a commune.

 Com"mu*nal*ism (?), n. A French theory of government which holds that commune should be a kind of independent state, and the national government a confederation of such states, having only limited powers. It is advocated by advanced French republicans; but it should not be confounded with communism.

 Com"mu*nal*ist, n. [Cf. F. communaliste.] An advocate of communalism.

 Com'mu*nal*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to communalism.

 Com*mune" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Communed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] [OF. communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Common, and cf.
 Communicate.] 1. To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel.

 I would commune with you of such things That want no ear but yours. Shak.
2. To receive the communion; to partake of the eucharist or Lord's supper.

 To commune under both kinds. Bp. Burnet.
To commune with one's self or one's heart, to think; to reflect; to meditate.

 Com"mune (?), n. Communion; sympathetic intercourse or conversation between friends.

 For days of happy commune dead. Tennyson.
 Com"mune (?), n. [F., fr. commun. See Common.] 1. The commonalty; the common people. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 In this struggle -- to use the technical words of the time -- of the "commune", the general mass of the inhabitants, against the "prudhommes" or "wiser" few. J. R. Green.
2. A small territorial district in France under the government of a mayor and municipal council; also, the inhabitants, or the government, of such a district. See Arrondissement.

3. Absolute municipal selfgovernment.

The Commune of Paris, or The Commune (a) The government established in Paris (1792-94) by a usurpation of supreme power on the part of representatives chosen by the communes; the period of its continuance is known as the "Reign of Terror." (b) The revolutionary government, modeled on the commune of 1792, which the communists, so called, attempted to establish in 1871.

 Com*mu'ni*ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. communicabilité.]
 The quality of being communicable; capability of being imparted.

 Com*mu"ni*ca*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. communicable, LL. communicabilis.]
 1. Capable of being communicated, or imparted; as, a communicable disease; communicable knowledge.

2. Communicative; free-speaking. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 -- Com*mu"ni*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mu"ni*ca"bly, adv.
 Com*mu"ni*cant (?), n. [L. communicans, p. pr.] 1.
 One who partakes of, or is entitled to partake of, the sacrament of the Lord's supper; a church member.

 A never-failing monthly communicant. Atterbury.
2. One who communicates. Foxe.
 Com*mu"ni*cant (?), a. Communicating. [R.] Coleridge.
 Com*mu"ni*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Communicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] [L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Commune, v. i.] 1.
 To share in common; to participate in. [Obs.]

 To thousands that communicate our loss. B. Jonson 2. To impart; to bestow; to convey; as, to communicate a disease or a sensation; to communicate motion by means of a crank.

 Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences. Jer. Taylor.
3. To make known; to recount; to give; to impart; as, to communicate information to any one.

4. To administer the communion to. [R.]

 She [the church]... may communicate him. Jer. Taylor.
 This verb was formerly followed by with before the person receiving, but now usually takes to after it.

 He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby. Clarendon.
Syn. -- To impart; bestow; confer; reveal; disclose; tell; announce; recount; make known. -- To Communicate, Impart, Reveal. Communicate is the more general term, and denotes the allowing of others to partake or enjoy in common with ourselves. Impart is more specific. It is giving to others a part of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners; as, to impart our feelings; to impart of our property, etc. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed; as, to reveal a secret.

 Com*mu"ni*cate, v. i. 1. To share or participate; to possess or enjoy in common; to have sympathy.

 Ye did communicate with my affliction. Philip. iv. 4.
2. To give alms, sympathy, or


notional 'standard disclaimer file'.
Node:include war, Next:indent style, Previous:include, Up:= I = include war n. Excessive multi-leveled inclusion within a discussion thread, a practice that tends to annoy readers. In a forum with high-traffic newsgroups, such as Usenet, this can lead to flames and the urge to start a kill file.
Node:indent style, Next:index of X, Previous:include war, Up:= I = indent style n.
[C, C++, and Java programmers] The rules one uses to indent code in a readable fashion. There are four major C indent styles, described below; all have the aim of making it easier for the reader to visually track the scope of control constructs. They have been inherited by C++ and Java, which have C-like syntaxes.
The significant variable is the placement of { and } with respect to the statement(s) they enclose and to the guard or controlling statement (if, else, for, while, or do) on the block, if any.
'K&R style' -- Named after Kernighan & Ritchie, because the examples in K&R are formatted this way. Also called 'kernel style' because the Unix kernel is written in it, and the 'One True Brace Style' (abbrev.
1TBS) by its partisans. In C code, the body is typically indented by eight spaces (or one tab) per level, as shown here. Four spaces are occasionally seen in C, but in C++ and Java four tends to be the rule rather than the exception.
'Allman style' -- Named for Eric Allman, a Berkeley hacker who wrote a lot of the BSD utilities in it (it is sometimes called 'BSD style'). Resembles normal indent style in Pascal and Algol.
It is the only style other than K&R in widespread use among Java programmers. Basic indent per level shown here is eight spaces, but four (or sometimes three) spaces are generally preferred by C++ and Java programmers.
'Whitesmiths style' -- popularized by the examples that came with Whitesmiths C, an early commercial C compiler. Basic indent per level shown here is eight spaces, but four spaces are occasionally seen.
'GNU style' -- Used throughout GNU EMACS and the Free Software Foundation code, and just about nowhere else. Indents are always four spaces per level, with { and } halfway between the outer and inner indent levels.
Surveys have shown the Allman and Whitesmiths styles to be the most common, with about equal mind shares. K&R/1TBS used to be nearly universal, but is now much less common in C (the opening brace tends to get lost against the right paren of the guard part in an if or while, which is a Bad Thing). Defenders of 1TBS argue that any putative gain in readability is less important than their style's relative economy with vertical space, which enables one to see more code on one's screen at once.
The Java Language Specification legislates not only the capitalization of identifiers, but where nouns, adjectives, and verbs should be in method, class, interface, and variable names (section 6.8). While the specification stops short of also standardizing on a bracing style, all source code originating from Sun Laboratories uses the K&R style. This has set a precedent for Java programmers, which most follow.
Doubtless these issues will continue to be the subject of holy wars.
Node:index of X, Next:infant mortality, Previous:indent style, Up:= I = index of X n. See coefficient of X. Node:infant mortality, Next:infinite, Previous:index of X, Up:= I = infant mortality n. It is common lore among hackers (and in the electronics industry at large; this term is possibly techspeak by now) that the chances of sudden hardware failure drop off exponentially with a machine's time since first use (that is, until the relatively distant time at which enough mechanical wear in I/O devices and thermal-cycling stress in components has accumulated for the machine to start going senile). Up to half of all chip and wire failures happen within a new system's first few weeks; such failures are often referred to as 'infant mortality' problems (or, occasionally, as 'sudden infant death syndrome').
See bathtub curve, burn-in period.
Node:infinite, Next:infinite loop, Previous:infant mortality, Up:= I = infinite adj.
[common] Consisting of a large number of objects; extreme.
Used very loosely as in: "This program produces infinite garbage." "He is an infinite loser." The word most likely to follow 'infinite', though, is hair.
(It has been pointed out that fractals are an excellent example of infinite hair.) These uses are abuses of the word's mathematical meaning. The term 'semi-infinite', denoting an immoderately large amount of some resource, is also heard. "This compiler is taking a semi-infinite amount of time to optimize my program." See also semi.
Node:infinite loop, Next:Infinite-Monkey Theorem, Previous:infinite, Up:= I = infinite loop n. One that never terminates (that is, the machine spins or buzzes forever and goes catatonic).
There is a standard joke that has been made about each generation's exemplar of the ultra-fast machine: "The Cray-3 is so fast it can execute an infinite loop in under 2 seconds!"
Node:Infinite-Monkey Theorem, Next:infinity, Previous:infinite loop, Up:= I = Infinite-Monkey Theorem n.
"If you put an infinite number of monkeys at typewriters, eventually one will bash out the script for Hamlet." (One may also hypothesize a small number of monkeys and a very long period of time.) This theorem asserts nothing about the intelligence of the one random monkey that eventually comes up with the script (and note that the mob will also type out all the possible incorrect versions of Hamlet). It may be referred to semi-seriously when justifying a brute force method; the implication is that, with enough resources thrown at it, any technical challenge becomes a one-banana problem. This argument gets more respect since Linux justified the bazaar mode of development.
This theorem was first popularized by the astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington. It became part of the idiom of techies via the classic SF short story "Inflexible Logic" by Russell Maloney, and many younger hackers know it through a reference in Douglas Adams's "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". On 1 April 2000 the usage acquired its own Internet standard, (Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite).
Node:infinity, Next:inflate, Previous:Infinite-Monkey Theorem, Up:= I = infinity n.
1. The largest value that can be represented in a particular type of variable (register, memory location, data type, whatever). 2. 'minus infinity': The smallest such value, not necessarily or even usually the simple negation of plus infinity.
In N-bit twos-complement arithmetic, infinity is 2^(N-1) - 1 but minus infinity is - (2^(N-1)), not -(2^(N-1) - 1). Note also that this is different from time T equals minus infinity, which is closer to a mathematician's usage of infinity.
Node:inflate, Next:Infocom, Previous:infinity, Up:= I = inflate vt.
To decompress or puff a file. Rare among Internet hackers, used primarily by MS-DOS/Windows types.
Node:Infocom, Next:initgame, Previous:inflate, Up:= I = Infocom n. A now-legendary games company, active from 1979 to 1989, that commercialized the MDL parser technology used for Zork to produce a line of text adventure games that remain favorites among hackers. Infocom's games were intelligent, funny, witty, erudite, irreverent, challenging, satirical, and most thoroughly hackish in spirit. The physical game packages from Infocom are now prized collector's items.
After being acquired by Activision in 1989 they did a few more "modern" (e.g. graphics-intensive) games which were less successful than reissues of their classics.
The software, thankfully, is still extant; Infocom games were written in a kind of P-code and distributed with a P-code interpreter core, and not


capital and took part in several engineering works, among others, the map of the Valley of Mexico and its drainage. Diligent search instituted by the writer in Mexico and Spain regarding Portolá's further history, has so far discovered little beyond the fact that the commander's return to the capital was followed by promotion from Captain to Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Spanish Army, and his appointment as Governor of Puebla, February 23, 1777.

 In the municipal archives of the city of Puebla, on page 33 of the folio covering the years _PHONE_, is the following description of Portolá's taking possession of the office as Governor of that city and state: "Possession of Governor Portolá."

 "In the session (meeting of February 23d, 1777), the council saw a royal title of Political and Military Governor of this city granted by his Majesty to Señor Don Gaspar de Portolá, Lieutenant-Colonel of the Royal Army, and also a superior order of his Excellency the Viceroy, Governor, and Captain General of this New Spain, in which is stated that said title has been forwarded."

 "The President of the Council, standing and uncovered, took the title in his hand and kissed it and put it over his head, being a letter from the king, our master, and said that he would obey and he did obey its contents and in its provisions it was ordered that Lieutenant-Colonel Don Gaspar de Portolá be given possession of said office, and for that purpose, said noble corporation went out with the heralds to bring him to this hail of sessions, and when he was in, a notary-public having certified to his identity, he swore to use faithfully and well the office of Governor, doing justice, punishing, and not burdening the poor with excessive taxes; to keep and cause to be kept, the rights, privileges, royal decrees and ordinances, etc."

 "Having signed the oath, the president gave him the cane of Royal justice, by which the act of possession was completed."

 In the same volume many decrees and ordinances are signed by Portolá as Governor of Puebla.

 That in the year 1779, Portolá was still Governor of Puebla is proved by two original manuscripts in possession of the writer. One is a circular official notice to all the head authorities of Mexico, announcing the death of Viceroy Frey Don Antonio Bucareli y Ursua, and shown herewith; the other is a letter of Don Gaspar de Portolá, dated April 17th, 1779.

 Letter from the Viceroy of New Spain to Don Julian de Arriaga, Giving an Account of the arrival at San Blas of the Packet Boat San Carlos, Returning from the Survey of the Port of San Francisco. Document Obtained from the Archives of the Indies, Seville.

 "My Dear Sir:" "By courier sent to me from San Blas, I have just learned that the royal packet-boat San Carlos, under command of Lieutenant of the frigate Don Juan Manual Ayala, which with provisions and goods sailed for the harbor of Monterey, thence to the port of San Francisco, anchoring on the 6th inst. at San Blas."

 "In the copies which I send herewith, of the extensive examination made by this officer and his pilot, Don José Cañizares, your Excellency will see, in detail, all that was found advantageous, and the news obtained gives knowledge of all that that vast port contains and the facilities that is has to invernate40 vessels. The docility and gentle manners of the heathen that live in its vicinity inspire hopes in the utility of the plan, on which I had previously determined, of colonizing this land."

 "The letter of this officer, a copy of which is also enclosed, confirms everything, extolling the grandeur of the view of the port, the water, wood, and ballast with which it abounds, and although the climate is rather cold, it is healthy and free from the fogs found in Monterey."

 "He gives an account of what happened on his return, and praises the merit of the pilot, Don José Cañizares, in discharging the commission entrusted to him, and he recommends him to my attention, which I reserve to that of the King; at the same time recommending to Your Excellency that you remind His Majesty that this pilot is one of the most useful that the Department of San Blas has, and that in the voyages he has made has always shown the same honor, conduct, and intelligence as on the one just finished with such advantage to the service, because of the information and knowledge he has shown in the discharge of his duty."

 "For his reward, I consider him worthy of the royal bounty, as well as Lieutenant of frigate, Don Juan Manuel de Ayala, for his part in such important work."

 "That the Lord may keep you from harm for many years is my wish."

 "Exm°. Sr."

 "Your most obedient servant who kisses Your Excellency's hands," "Bailio Frey D. Antonio Bucareli y Ursua."

 "Mexico, November 26th, 1775."

 "To His Excellency Sr. Bailio Frey Don Julian de Arriaga."

 Causes that Decided the Government of Spain to Send an Expedition by Sea to Ascertain if there were any Russian Settlements on the Coast of California, and to Examine the Port of San Francisco.

 Father Junípero Serra had difficulty in obtaining from Commandant Fages the soldiers necessary to found the missions that were projected and notwithstanding his old age, he decided to go to the capital of Mexico to lay before the authorities his troubles. He sailed from San Diego in the mail boat San Carlos October 19, 1772, but, stricken by fever in Guadalajara, did not reach Mexico till February 16, 1773.

 Viceroy Bucareli, then in command of the colony, made the orders he considered necessary for California, but his orders would have had but little effect or would have followed the slow process of all official business, had not an outside incident given them force.

 Count de Lacy, then Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to St. Petersburg, communicated to the court in Madrid, that the Russians were exploring the coast of America. He corroborated his statement with copies of the newspapers of the Russian capital41. This news with the corroborating proofs was sent to Bucareli with the Royal edicts of April 11th and September 23, 1773.

 The result of this information was to give a better organization to the maritime department of San Blas and better regulations for California. It was also ordered that a settlement should be made at San Francisco; that better means of communication be established between San Diego and Monterey, and that an expedition should be sent to ascertain if the Russians had made settlements on the coast of California.

 THE LOG OF THE SAN CARLOS Alias Toison De Oro (Golden Fleece) Under Command of Lieutenant of Frigate of the Royal Navy Don Juan Manuel de Ayala From the Port of San Blas to the Port of San Francisco The First Ship to Enter the Port of San Francisco. Transcript of a Certified Copy of the Original, now in the Archives of the Indies, at Seville, Spain42.

 On the 19th of March, 1775, Lieutenant of Frigate, Don Juan Manuel de Ayala had the schooner under his command anchored near the white rock in the harbor of San Blas, waiting the sailing of the frigate Santiago to the west coast of California, when the commander of the expedition, Don Bruno de Ezeta, ordered him to deliver to Lieutenant of Frigate, Don Juan de la Bodega y Cuadra, the command of his schooner and take command of the packet boat, San Carlos, as her captain, Don Miguel Manríque, was sick and unable to make the voyage. Ayala obeyed the order and waited until the morning of the 21st, for the return of the launch which carried his predecessor to San Blas. He made everything ready on board to follow the frigate and schooner and he asked the commander of the expedition, Don Bruno de


, Goth.
 hwaírban, hwarbn, to walk. Cf. Whirl.]

1. A structure or platform of timber, masonry, iron, earth, or other material, built on the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the like, and usually extending from the shore to deep water, so that vessels may lie close alongside to receive and discharge cargo, passengers, etc.; a quay; a pier.

 Commerce pushes its wharves into the sea.

Bancroft.
 Out upon the wharfs they came, Knight and burgher, lord and dame.

Tennyson.
 The plural of this word is generally written wharves in the United States, and wharfs in England; but many recent English writers use wharves.

2. [AS. hwearf.] The bank of a river, or the shore of the sea. [Obs.] "The fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf."
 Shak.
Wharf boat, a kind of boat moored at the bank of a river, and used for a wharf, in places where the height of the water is so variable that a fixed wharf would be useless. [U. S.] Bartlett. — Wharf rat.
 (Zoöl.) (a) The common brown rat. (b) A neglected boy who lives around the wharfs. [Slang] Wharf (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wharfed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Wharfing.]

1. To guard or secure by a firm wall of timber or stone constructed like a wharf; to furnish with a wharf or wharfs.

2. To place upon a wharf; to bring to a wharf.

 Wharf"age (?), n.
1. The fee or duty paid for the privilege of using a wharf for loading or unloading goods; pierage, collectively; quayage.

2. A wharf or wharfs, collectively; wharfing.

 Wharf"ing, n.
1. Wharfs, collectively.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A mode of facing sea walls and embankments with planks driven as piles and secured by ties. Knight.
 Wharf"in*ger (?), n. [For wharfager.] A man who owns, or has the care of, a wharf.

 { Wharl (?), Wharl"ing, } n. A guttural pronunciation of the letter r; a burr. See Burr, n., 6.

 A strange, uncouth wharling in their speech.

Fuller.
 Wharp (?), n. A kind of fine sand from the banks of the Trent, used as a polishing powder. [Eng.]

 What (?), pron., a., & adv. [AS. hwæt, neuter of hw who; akin to OS. hwat what, OFries. hwet, D. & LG. wat, G. was, OHG. waz, hwaz, Icel. hvat, Sw. & Dan. hvad, Goth. hwa. √182. See Who.]

1. As an interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions regarding either persons or things; as, what is this? what did you say? what poem is this? what child is lost?

What see'st thou in the ground?

Shak.
What is man, that thou art mindful of him?

Ps. viii. 4.
What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him!

Matt. viii. 27.
 Originally, what, when, where, which, who, why, etc., were interrogatives only, and it is often difficult to determine whether they are used as interrogatives or relatives.

What in this sense, when it refers to things, may be used either substantively or adjectively; when it refers to persons, it is used only adjectively with a noun expressed, who being the pronoun used substantively.

2. As an exclamatory word: — (a) Used absolutely or independently; — often with a question following. "What welcome be thou." Chaucer.
What, could ye not watch with me one hour?

Matt. xxvi. 40.
(b) Used adjectively, meaning how remarkable, or how great; as, what folly! what eloquence! what courage!

What a piece of work is man!

Shak.
 O what a riddle of absurdity!

Young.
What in this use has a or an between itself and its noun if the qualitative or quantitative importance of the object is emphasized.

(c) Sometimes prefixed to adjectives in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how; as, what happy boys!

What partial judges are our love and hate!

Dryden.
3. As a relative pronoun: — (a) Used substantively with the antecedent suppressed, equivalent to that which, or those [persons] who, or those [things] which; — called a compound relative.

 With joy beyond what victory bestows.

Cowper.
 I'm thinking Captain Lawton will count the noses of what are left before they see their whaleboats.

Cooper.
What followed was in perfect harmony with this beginning.

Macaulay.
 I know well... how little you will be disposed to criticise what comes to you from me.

J. H. Newman.
(b) Used adjectively, equivalent to the... which; the sort or kind of... which; rarely, the.
 .. on, or at, which.

 See what natures accompany what colors.

Bacon.
 To restrain what power either the devil or any earthly enemy hath to work us woe.

Milton.
 We know what master laid thy keel, What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel.

Longfellow.
(c) Used adverbially in a sense corresponding to the adjectival use; as, he picked what good fruit he saw.

4. Whatever; whatsoever; what thing soever; — used indefinitely. "What after so befall." Chaucer.
 Whether it were the shortness of his foresight, the strength of his will,... or what it was.

Bacon.
5. Used adverbially, in part; partly; somewhat; — with a following preposition, especially, with, and commonly with repetition.

What for lust [pleasure] and what for lore.

Chaucer.
 Thus, what with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom shrunk.

Shak.
 The year before he had so used the matter that what by force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles.

Knolles.
 In such phrases as I tell you what, what anticipates the following statement, being elliptical for what I think, what it is, how it is, etc. "I tell thee what, corporal Bardolph, I could tear her." Shak. Here what relates to the last clause, "I could tear her;" this is what I tell you.

What not is often used at the close of an enumeration of several particulars or articles, it being an abbreviated clause, the verb of which, being either the same as that of the principal clause or a general word, as be, say, mention, enumerate, etc., is omitted. "Men hunt, hawk, and what not." Becon. "Some dead puppy, or log, orwhat not." C. Kingsley. "Battles, tournaments, hunts, and what not." De Quincey. Hence, the words are often used in a general sense with the force of a substantive, equivalent to anything you please, a miscellany, a variety, etc. From this arises the name whatnot, applied to an


; ashes.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous shrubby plants and herbs, mostly found in tropical countries, a few herbaceous species being North American. The foliage is often ashy-pubescent, whence the name.

 The Tephrosia toxicaria is used in the West Indies and in Polynesia for stupefying fish. T. purpurea is used medicinally in the East Indies. T. Virginia is the goat's rue of the United States.

 Tep"id (?), a. [L. tepidus, fr. tepere to be warm; akin to Skr. tap to be warm, tapas heat.] Moderately warm; lukewarm; as, a tepid bath; tepid rays; tepid vapors.
 — Tep"id*ness, n. Te*pid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. tépidité.] The quality or state of being tepid; moderate warmth; lukewarmness; tepidness.
 Jer. Taylor.
 Te"por (?), n. [L., fr. tepere to be tepid.] Gentle heat; moderate warmth; tepidness. Arbuthnot.
 Te*qui"la (?), n. An intoxicating liquor made from the maguey in the district of Tequila, Mexico.

 Ter- (?). A combining form from L. ter signifying three times, thrice. See Tri-, 2.

 Ter'a*con"ic (?), a. [Terebic + citraconic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the distillation of terebic acid, and homologous with citraconic acid.

 Ter'a*cryl"ic (?), a. [Terpene + acrylic.] (Chem.)
 Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acrylic series, obtained by the distillation of terpenylic acid, as an only substance having a peculiar cheesy odor.

 Ter"aph (?), n.; pl. Teraphs (&?;). See Teraphim.

 Ter"a*phim (?), n. pl. [Heb. terphm.] Images connected with the magical rites used by those Israelites who added corrupt practices to the patriarchal religion. Teraphim were consulted by the Israelites for oracular answers. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.).
 Ter"a*pin (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Terrapin.

 Te*rat"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; a wonder.] Wonderful; ominous; prodigious. [Obs.] Wollaston.
 Ter'a*tog"e*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a wonder, monster + the root of &?; to be born.] (Med.) The formation of monsters.

 Ter"a*toid (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, monster + -oid.]
 Resembling a monster; abnormal; of a pathological growth, exceedingly complex or highly organized. S. D. Gross.
 Ter'a*to*log"ic*al (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to teratology; as, teratological changes.

 Ter'a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a wonder, monster + -logy: cf. Gr. &?; a telling of wonders, and F. tératologie.]
 1. That branch of biological science which treats of monstrosities, malformations, or deviations from the normal type of structure, either in plants or animals.

2. Affectation of sublimity; bombast. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Ter'a*to"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, monster + -oma.]
 (Med.) A tumor, sometimes found in newborn children, which is made up of a heterigenous mixture of tissues, as of bone, cartilage and muscle.

 Ter"bic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, terbium; also, designating certain of its compounds.

 Ter"bi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.]
 (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of uncertain identification, supposed to exist in certain minerals, as gadolinite and samarskite, with other rare ytterbium earth. Symbol Tr or Tb. Atomic weight 150.

 Terce (?), n. See Tierce.

 Ter"cel (?), n. See Tiercel. Called also tarsel, tassel.
 Chaucer.
 Terce"let (?), n. (Zoöl.) A male hawk or eagle; a tiercelet. Chaucer.
 Ter"cel*lene (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small male hawk. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ter*cen"te*na*ry (?), a. [L. ter thirce + E. centenary.]
 Including, or relating to, an interval of three hundred years. — n. The three hundredth anniversary of any event; also, a celebration of such an anniversary.

 Ter"cet (?), n. [F., fr. It. terzetto, dim. of terzo, third, L. tertius. See Tierce, and cf. Terzetto.] 1. (Mus.)
 A triplet. Hiles.
2. (Poetry) A triplet; a group of three lines.

 Ter"cine (?), n. [F., from L. tertius the third.] (Bot.)
 A cellular layer derived from the nucleus of an ovule and surrounding the embryo sac. Cf. Quintine.

 Ter"e*bate (?), n. A salt of terebic acid.

 Ter"e*bene (?), n. (Chem.) A polymeric modification of terpene, obtained as a white crystalline camphorlike substance; — called also camphene. By extension, any one of a group of related substances.

 Ter'e*ben"thene (?), n. (Chem.) Oil of turpentine. See Turpentine.

 Te*reb"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, terbenthene (oil of turpentine); specifically, designating an acid, C7H10O4, obtained by the oxidation of terbenthene with nitric acid, as a white crystalline substance.

 Ter'e*bi*len"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid, C7H8O4, obtained as a white crystalline substance by a modified oxidation of terebic acid.

 Ter"e*binth (?), n. [L. terbinthus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. térébinthe.
 Cf. Turpentine.] (Bot.) The turpentine tree.

 Ter'e*bin"thic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to turpentine; resembling turpentine; terbinthine; as, terbinthic qualities.

 Ter'e*bin"thi*nate (?), a. Impregnating with the qualities of turpentine; terbinthine.

 Ter'e*bin"thine (?), a. [L. terbinthinus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to turpentine; consisting of turpentine, or partaking of its qualities.

 ||Ter"e*bra (?), n.; pl. E. Terebras (#), L. Terebræ (#). [L., a borer.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods having a long, tapering spire. They belong to the Toxoglossa.
 Called also auger shell.

2. (Zoöl.) The boring ovipositor of a hymenopterous insect.

 Ter"e*brant (?), a. [L. terebrans, -antis


(?), n. See Troy ounce, under Troy weight, above, and under Ounce.

 Tru"age (?), n. [Cf. OF. truage a tax. See True.] 1.
 A pledge of truth or peace made on payment of a tax. [Obs.] Ld.
 Berners.
2. A tax or impost; tribute. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester.
 Tru"an*cy (?), n. The act of playing truant, or the state of being truant; as, addicted to truancy.

 Tru"and (-and), n. & a. See Truant. [Obs.]

 Tru"ant, n. [F. truand, OF. truant, a vagrant, beggar; of Celtic origin; cf. W. tru, truan, wretched, miserable, truan a wretch, Ir. trogha miserable, Gael. truaghan a poor, distressed, or wretched creature, truagh wretched.] One who stays away from business or any duty; especially, one who stays out of school without leave; an idler; a loiterer; a shirk. Dryden.
 I have a truant been to chivalry.

Shak.
To play truant, to stray away; to loiter; especially, to stay out of school without leave. Sir T. Browne Tru"ant, a. Wandering from business or duty; loitering; idle, and shirking duty; as, a truant boy.

 While truant Jove, in infant pride, Played barefoot on Olympus' side.

Trumbull.
 Tru"ant, v. i. [Cf. F. truander.] To idle away time; to loiter, or wander; to play the truant. Shak.
 By this means they lost their time and truanted on the fundamental grounds of saving knowledge.

Lowell.
 Tru"ant, v. t. To idle away; to waste. [R.]

 I dare not be the author Of truanting the time.

Ford.
 Tru"ant*ly, adv. Like a truant; in idleness.

 Tru"ant*ship, n. The conduct of a truant; neglect of employment; idleness; truancy. Ascham.
 Trub (?), n. [Cf. Truffle.] A truffle. [Obs.]

 Trub"tall' (?), n. [Prov. E. trub slut; cf. Sw. trubbig stumpy.] A short, squat woman. [Obs.] Ainsworth.
 Tru*bu" (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East India herring (Clupea toli) which is extensively caught for the sake of its roe and for its flesh.

 Truce (?), n. [OE. trewes, triwes, treowes, pl. of trewe a truce, properly, pledge of fidelity, truth, AS. treów fidelity, faith, troth. See True.] 1. (Mil.) A suspension of arms by agreement of the commanders of opposing forces; a temporary cessation of hostilities, for negotiation or other purpose; an armistice.

2. Hence, intermission of action, pain, or contest; temporary cessation; short quiet.

 Where he may likeliest find Truce to his restless thoughts.

Milton.
Flag of truce (Mil.), a white flag carried or exhibited by one of the hostile parties, during the flying of which hostilities are suspended. — Truce of God, a suspension of arms promulgated by the church, which occasionally took place in the Middle Ages, putting a stop to private hostilities at or within certain periods.

 Truce"break'er (?), n. One who violates a truce, covenant, or engagement.

 Truce"less, a. Without a truce; unforbearing.

 Two minds in one, and each a truceless guest.

H. Brooke.
 Truch"man (?), n. [Cf. F. trucheman. See Dragoman.] An interpreter. See Dragoman. [Obs.]

 And after, by the tongue, Her truchman, she reports the mind's each throw.

B. Jonson.
 Tru'ci*da"tion (?), n. [L. trucidatio, fr. trucidare to slaughter.] The act of killing. [Obs.]

 Truck (?), n. [L. trochus an iron hoop, Gr. &?; a wheel, fr. &?; to run. See Trochee, and cf. Truckle, v. i.] 1.
 A small wheel, as of a vehicle; specifically (Ord.), a small strong wheel, as of wood or iron, for a gun carriage.

2. A low, wheeled vehicle or barrow for carrying goods, stone, and other heavy articles.

 Goods were conveyed about the town almost exclusively in trucks drawn by dogs.

Macaulay.
3. (Railroad Mach.) A swiveling carriage, consisting of a frame with one or more pairs of wheels and the necessary boxes, springs, etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomotive or a car; — sometimes called bogie in England. Trucks usually have four or six wheels.

4. (Naut.) (a) A small wooden cap at the summit of a flagstaff or a masthead, having holes in it for reeving halyards through.
 (b) A small piece of wood, usually cylindrical or disk-shaped, used for various purposes.

5. A freight car. [Eng.]

6. A frame on low wheels or rollers; — used for various purposes, as for a movable support for heavy bodies.

 Truck, v. t. To transport on a truck or trucks.

 Truck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. trucking.] [OE. trukken,F. troquer; akin to Sp.
 & Pg. trocar; of uncertain origin.] To exchange; to give in exchange; to barter; as, to truck knives for gold dust.

 We will begin by supposing the international trade to be in form, what it always is in reality, an actual trucking of one commodity against another.

J. S. Mill.
 Truck, v. i. To exchange commodities; to barter; to trade; to deal.

 A master of a ship, who deceived them under color of trucking with them.

Palfrey.
 Despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster.

Burke.
 To truck and higgle for a private good.

Emerson.
 Truck (?), n. [Cf. F. troc.] 1. Exchange of commodities; barter. Hakluyt.
2. Commodities appropriate for barter, or for small trade; small commodities; esp., in the United States, garden vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.]

3. The practice of paying wages in goods instead of money; — called also truck system.

Garden truck, vegetables raised for market. [Colloq.] [U. S.] — Truck farming, raising vegetables for market: market gardening. [Colloq. U.
 S.]

 Truck"age (?), n. The practice of bartering goods; exchange; barter; truck.

 The truckage of perishing coin.

Milton.
 Truck"age, n. Money paid for the conveyance of goods on a truck; freight.

 Truck"er (?), n. One who trucks; a trafficker.

 No man having ever yet driven a saving bargain with this great trucker for souls.

South.
 Truck"ing, n. The business of conveying goods on trucks.

 Truc"kle (?), n. [Dim. of truck a wheel; or from the kindred L. trochlea a block, sheaf containing one or more pulleys. See Truck a wheel.] A small wheel or caster. Hudibras


Paradise Lost by John Milton Contents Introduction Paradise Lost BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII Introduction (one page) This etext was originally created in _PHONE_ according to Dr. Joseph Raben of Queens College, NY, to whom it is attributed by Project Gutenberg. We had heard of this etext for years but it was not until 1991 that we actually managed to track it down to a specific location, and then it took months to convince people to let us have a copy, then more months for them actually to do the copying and get it to us. Then another month to convert to something we could massage with our favorite 486 in DOS. After that is was only a matter of days to get it into this shape you will see below. The original was, of course, in CAPS only, and so were all the other etexts of the 60's and early 70's. Don't let anyone fool you into thinking any etext with both upper and lower case is an original; all those original Project Gutenberg etexts were also in upper case and were translated or rewritten many times to get them into their current condition. They have been worked on by many people throughout the world.
In the course of our searches for Professor Raben and his etext we were never able to determine where copies were or which of a variety of editions he may have used as a source. We did get a little information here and there, but even after we received a copy of the etext we were unwilling to release it without first determining that it was in fact Public Domain and finding Raben to verify this and get his permission. Interested enough, in a totally unrelated action to our searches for him, the professor subscribed to the Project Gutenberg listserver and we happened, by accident, to notice his name. (We don't really look at every subscription request as the computers usually handle them.) The etext was then properly identified, copyright analyzed, and the current edition prepared.
To give you an estimation of the difference in the original and what we have today: the original was probably entered on cards commonly known at the time as "IBM cards" (Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate) and probably took in excess of 100,000 of them. A single card could hold 80 characters (hence 80 characters is an accepted standard for so many computer margins), and the entire original edition we received in all caps was over 800,000 chars in length, including line enumeration, symbols for caps and the punctuation marks, etc., since they were not available keyboard characters at the time (probably the keyboards operated at baud rates of around 113, meaning the typists had to type slowly for the keyboard to keep up).
This is the second version of Paradise Lost released by Project Gutenberg. The first was released as our October, 1991 etext.
Paradise Lost Book I Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste Brought death into the World, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, Sing, Heavenly Muse, that, on the secret top Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed In the beginning how the heavens and earth Rose out of Chaos: or, if Sion hill Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed Fast by the oracle of God, I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song, That with no middle flight intends to soar Above th' Aonian mount, while it pursues Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.
And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer Before all temples th' upright heart and pure, Instruct me, for thou know'st; thou from the first Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread, Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast Abyss, And mad'st it pregnant: what in me is dark Illumine, what is low raise and support; That, to the height of this great argument, I may assert Eternal Providence, And justify the ways of God to men.
 Say first—for Heaven hides nothing from thy view, Nor the deep tract of Hell—say first what cause Moved our grand parents, in that happy state, Favoured of Heaven so highly, to fall off From their Creator, and transgress his will For one restraint, lords of the World besides.
Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?
 Th' infernal Serpent; he it was whose guile, Stirred up with envy and revenge, deceived The mother of mankind, what time his pride Had cast him out from Heaven, with all his host Of rebel Angels, by whose aid, aspiring To set himself in glory above his peers, He trusted to have equalled the Most High, If he opposed, and with ambitious aim Against the throne and monarchy of God, Raised impious war in Heaven and battle proud, With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power Hurled headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky, With hideous ruin and combustion, down To bottomless perdition, there to dwell In adamantine chains and penal fire, Who durst defy th' Omnipotent to arms.
 Nine times the space that measures day and night To mortal men, he, with his horrid crew, Lay vanquished, rolling in the fiery gulf, Confounded, though immortal. But his doom Reserved him to more wrath; for now the thought Both of lost happiness and lasting pain Torments him: round he throws his baleful eyes, That witnessed huge affliction and dismay, Mixed with obdurate pride and steadfast hate.
At once, as far as Angels ken, he views The dismal situation waste and wild.
A dungeon horrible, on all sides round, As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flames No light; but rather darkness visible Served only to discover sights of woe, Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace And rest can never dwell, hope never comes That comes to all, but torture without end Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.
Such place Eternal Justice has prepared For those rebellious; here their prison ordained In utter darkness, and their portion set, As far removed from God and light of Heaven As from the centre thrice to th' utmost pole.
Oh how unlike the place from whence they fell!
There the companions of his fall, o'erwhelmed With floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire, He soon discerns; and, weltering by his side, One next himself in power, and next in crime, Long after known in Palestine, and named Beelzebub. To whom th' Arch-Enemy, And thence in Heaven called Satan, with bold words Breaking the horrid silence, thus began:— "If thou beest he—but O how fallen! how changed From him who, in the happy realms of light Clothed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine Myriads, though bright!—if he whom mutual league, United thoughts and counsels, equal hope And hazard in the glorious enterprise Joined with me once, now misery hath joined In equal ruin; into what pit thou seest From what height fallen: so much the stronger proved He with his thunder; and till then who knew The force of those dire arms? Yet not for those, Nor what the potent Victor in his rage Can else inflict, do I repent, or change, Though changed in outward lustre, that fixed mind, And high disdain from sense of injured merit, That with the Mightiest raised me to contend, And to the fierce contentions brought along Innumerable force of Spirits armed, That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring, His utmost power with adverse power opposed In dubious battle on the plains of Heaven, And shook his throne. What though the field be lost?
All is not lost


or more, in length. Most of them are harmless to man, but some are exceedingly voracious. The man-eating sharks mostly belong to the genera Carcharhinus, Carcharodon, and related genera. They have several rows of large sharp teeth with serrated edges, as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, or Rondeleti) of tropical seas, and the great blue shark (Carcharhinus glaucus) of all tropical and temperate seas. The former sometimes becomes thirty-six feet long, and is the most voracious and dangerous species known. The rare man-eating shark of the United States coast (Charcarodon Atwoodi) is thought by some to be a variety, or the young, of C. carcharias. The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and the smaller blue shark (C. caudatus), both common species on the coast of the United States, are of moderate size and not dangerous. They feed on shellfish and bottom fishes.

2. A rapacious, artful person; a sharper. [Colloq.]

3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine; as, to live upon the shark.
 [Obs.] South.
Baskin shark, Liver shark, Nurse shark, Oil shark, Sand shark, Tiger shark, etc. See under Basking, Liver, etc.
 See also Dogfish, Houndfish, Notidanian, and Tope. -- Gray shark, the sand shark. -- Hammer-headed shark. See Hammerhead. -- Port Jackson shark. See Cestraciont. -- Shark barrow, the eggcase of a shark; a sea purse. -- Shark ray. Same as Angel fish (a), under Angel. -- Thrasher shark, or Thresher shark, a large, voracious shark. See Thrasher. -- Whale shark, a huge harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) of the Indian Ocean. It becomes sixty feet or more in length, but has very small teeth.

 Shark, v. t. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. shark, n., or perhaps related to E. shear (as hearken to hear), and originally meaning, to clip off. Cf. Shirk.] To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.] Shak.
 Shark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sharked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle.

 Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning.

Bp. Earle.
2. To live by shifts and stratagems. Beau. & Fl.
 Shark"er (?), n. One who lives by sharking.

 Shark"ing, n. Petty rapine; trick; also, seeking a livelihood by shifts and dishonest devices.

 Shar"ock (?), n. An East Indian coin of the value of 12½ pence sterling, or about 25 cents.

 Sharp (?), a. [Compar. Sharper (?); superl. Sharpest.]
 [OE. sharp, scharp, scarp, AS. scearp; akin to OS. skarp, LG. scharp, D. scherp, G. scharf, Dan. & Sw. skarp, Icel. skarpr. Cf. Escarp, Scrape, Scorpion.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; of a nature to cut or pierce easily; not blunt or dull; keen.

 He dies upon my scimeter's sharp point.

Shak.
2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse or rounded; somewhat pointed or edged; peaked or ridged; as, a sharp hill; sharp features.

3. Affecting the sense as if pointed or cutting, keen, penetrating, acute: to the taste or smell, pungent, acid, sour, as ammonia has a sharp taste and odor; to the hearing, piercing, shrill, as a sharp sound or voice; to the eye, instantaneously brilliant, dazzling, as a sharp flash.

4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; acute; as, a sharp note or tone. (b) Raised a semitone in pitch; as, C sharp (C), which is a half step, or semitone, higher than C. (c) So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch; as, the tone is sharp; that instrument is sharp. Opposed in all these senses to flat.

5. Very trying to the feelings; piercing; keen; severe; painful; distressing; as, sharp pain, weather; a sharp and frosty air.

Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.

Shak.
 The morning sharp and clear.

Cowper.
 In sharpest perils faithful proved.

Keble.
6. Cutting in language or import; biting; sarcastic; cruel; harsh; rigorous; severe; as, a sharp rebuke. "That sharp look." Tennyson.
 To that place the sharp Athenian law Can not pursue us.

Shak.
 Be thy words severe, Sharp as merits but the sword forbear.

Dryden.
7. Of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; having nice discrimination; acute; penetrating; sagacious; clever; as, a sharp eye; sharp sight, hearing, or judgment.

 Nothing makes men sharper... than want.

Addison.
 Many other things belong to the material world, wherein the sharpest philosophers have never ye&?; arrived at clear and distinct ideas.

L. Watts.
8. Eager in pursuit; keen in quest; impatient for gratification; keen; as, a sharp appetite.

9. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous. "In sharp contest of battle." Milton.
 A sharp assault already is begun.

Dryden.
10. Keenly or unduly attentive to one's own interest; close and exact in dealing; shrewd; as, a sharp dealer; a sharp customer.

 The necessity of being so sharp and exacting.

Swift.
11. Composed of hard, angular grains; gritty; as, sharp sand. Moxon.
12. Steep; precipitous; abrupt; as, a sharp ascent or descent; a sharp turn or curve.

13. (Phonetics) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, without voice, as certain consonants, such as p, k, t, f; surd; nonvocal; aspirated.

Sharp is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, sharp-cornered, sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp-tasted, sharp-visaged, etc.

Sharp practice, the getting of an advantage, or the attempt to do so, by a tricky expedient. -- To brace sharp, or To sharp up (Naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible, that the ship may lie well up to the wind.

Syn. -- Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pungent; acrid; severe; poignant; biting; acrimonious; sarcastic; cutting; bitter; painful; afflictive; violent; harsh; fierce; ardent; fiery.

 Sharp (?), adv. 1. To a point or edge; piercingly; eagerly; sharply. M. Arnold.
 The head [of a spear] full sharp yground.

Chaucer.
 You bite so sharp at reasons.

Shak.
2. Precisely; exactly; as, we shall start at ten o'clock sharp.
 [Colloq.]

Look sharp, attend; be alert. [Colloq.]

 Sharp, n. 1. A sharp tool or weapon. [Obs.]

 If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen would be contented with a rubber at cuffs.

Collier.
2. (Mus.) (a) The character [] used to indicate that the note before which it is placed is to be raised a half step, or semitone, in pitch. (b) A sharp tone or note. Shak.
3. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. [Prov.
 Eng.] C. Kingsley.
4. A sewing needle having a very slender


= 'Absent By Self-Enforced Net Deprivation' have been sighted.
Node:accumulator, Next:ACK, Previous:ABEND, Up:= A = accumulator n. obs.
1. Archaic term for a register. On-line use of it as a synonym for 'register' is a fairly reliable indication that the user has been around for quite a while and/or that the architecture under discussion is quite old. The term in full is almost never used of microprocessor registers, for example, though symbolic names for arithmetic registers beginning in 'A' derive from historical use of the term 'accumulator' (and not, actually, from 'arithmetic').
Confusingly, though, an 'A' register name prefix may also stand for 'address', as for example on the Motorola 680x0 family. 2. A register being used for arithmetic or logic (as opposed to addressing or a loop index), especially one being used to accumulate a sum or count of many items. This use is in context of a particular routine or stretch of code. "The FOOBAZ routine uses A3 as an accumulator." 3. One's in-basket (esp. among old-timers who might use sense 1). "You want this reviewed? Sure, just put it in the accumulator." (See stack.)
Node:ACK, Next:Acme, Previous:accumulator, Up:= A = ACK /ak/ interj.
1. [common; from the ASCII mnemonic for _PHONE_] Acknowledge.
Used to register one's presence (compare mainstream Yo!). An appropriate response to ping or ENQ. 2. [from the comic strip "Bloom County"] An exclamation of surprised disgust, esp. in "Ack pffft!" Semi-humorous. Generally this sense is not spelled in caps (ACK) and is distinguished by a following exclamation point. 3. Used to politely interrupt someone to tell them you understand their point (see NAK). Thus, for example, you might cut off an overly long explanation with "Ack. Ack. Ack. I get it now". 4. An affirmative. "Think we ought to ditch that damn NT server for a Linux box?" "ACK!"
There is also a usage "ACK?" (from sense 1) meaning "Are you there?", often used in email when earlier mail has produced no reply, or during a lull in talk mode to see if the person has gone away (the standard humorous response is of course NAK (sense 1), i.e., "I'm not here").
Node:Acme, Next:acolyte, Previous:ACK, Up:= A = Acme n. The canonical supplier of bizarre, elaborate, and non-functional gadgetry - where Rube Goldberg and Heath Robinson (two cartoonists who specialized in elaborate contraptions) shop.
The name has been humorously expanded as A (or American) Company Making Everything. (In fact, Acme was a real brand sold from Sears Roebuck catalogs in the early 1900s.) Describing some X as an "Acme X" either means "This is insanely great", or, more likely, "This looks insanely great on paper, but in practice it's really easy to shoot yourself in the foot with it." Compare pistol.
This term, specially cherished by American hackers and explained here for the benefit of our overseas brethren, comes from the Warner Brothers' series of "Roadrunner" cartoons. In these cartoons, the famished Wile E. Coyote was forever attempting to catch up with, trap, and eat the Roadrunner. His attempts usually involved one or more high-technology Rube Goldberg devices - rocket jetpacks, catapults, magnetic traps, high-powered slingshots, etc. These were usually delivered in large cardboard boxes, labeled prominently with the Acme name.
These devices invariably malfunctioned in improbable and violent ways.
Node:acolyte, Next:ad-hockery, Previous:Acme, Up:= A = acolyte n. obs.
[TMRC] An OSU privileged enough to submit data and programs to a member of the priesthood.
Node:ad-hockery, Next:Ada, Previous:acolyte, Up:= A = ad-hockery /ad-hok'*r-ee/ n.
[Purdue] 1. Gratuitous assumptions made inside certain programs, esp. expert systems, which lead to the appearance of semi-intelligent behavior but are in fact entirely arbitrary. For example, fuzzy-matching of input tokens that might be typing errors against a symbol table can make it look as though a program knows how to spell. 2. Special-case code to cope with some awkward input that would otherwise cause a program to choke, presuming normal inputs are dealt with in some cleaner and more regular way. Also called 'ad-hackery', 'ad-hocity' (/ad-hos'*-tee/), 'ad-crockery'. See also ELIZA effect.
Node:Ada, Next:address harvester, Previous:ad-hockery, Up:= A = Ada n. A Pascal-descended language that was at one time made mandatory for Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon. Hackers are nearly unanimous in observing that, technically, it is precisely what one might expect given that kind of endorsement by fiat; designed by committee, crockish, difficult to use, and overall a disastrous, multi-billion-dollar boondoggle (one common description wss "The PL/I of the 1980s"). Hackers find Ada's exception-handling and inter-process communication features particularly hilarious. Ada Lovelace (the daughter of Lord Byron who became the world's first programmer while cooperating with Charles Babbage on the design of his mechanical computing engines in the mid-1800s) would almost certainly blanch at the use to which her name has latterly been put; the kindest thing that has been said about it is that there is probably a good small language screaming to get out from inside its vast, elephantine bulk.
Node:address harvester, Next:adger, Previous:Ada, Up:= A = address harvester n. A robot that searches web pages and/or filters netnews traffic looking for valid email addresses. Some address harvesters are benign, used only for compiling address directories. Most, unfortunately, are run by miscreants compiling address lists to spam. Address harvesters can be foiled by a teergrube.
Node:adger, Next:admin, Previous:address harvester, Up:= A = adger /aj'r/ vt.
[UCLA mutant of nadger, poss.
also from the middle name of an infamous tenured graduate student] To make a bonehead move with consequences that could have been foreseen with even slight mental effort. E.g., "He started removing files and promptly adgered the whole project". Compare dumbass attack.
Node:admin, Next:ADVENT, Previous:adger, Up:= A = admin /ad-min'/ n. Short for 'administrator'; very commonly used in speech or on-line to refer to the systems person in charge on a computer.
Common constructions on this include 'sysadmin' and 'site admin' (emphasizing the administrator's role as a site contact for email and news) or 'newsadmin' (focusing specifically on news). Compare postmaster, sysop, system mangler.
Node:ADVENT, Next:AFAIK, Previous:admin, Up:= A = ADVENT /ad'vent/ n. The prototypical computer adventure game, first designed by Will Crowther on the PDP-10 in the mid-1970s as an attempt at computer-refereed fantasy gaming, and expanded into a puzzle-oriented game by Don Woods at Stanford in 1976. (Woods had been one of the authors of INTERCAL.) Now better known as Adventure or Colossal Cave Adventure, but the TOPS-10 operating system permitted only six-letter filenames. See also vadding, Zork, and Infocom.
This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style since expected in text adventure games, and popularized several tag lines that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: "A huge green fierce snake bars the way!" "I see no X here" (for some noun X).
"You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike." "You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different." The 'magic words' xyzzy and plugh also derive from this game.
Crowther, by the way


parce que 1 368 Ce Cet 1 368 non-seulement non seulement 1 380 [Not in source] " 1 Abbreviations Overview of abbreviations used.
Abbreviation Expansion Capt.
Captain Delt.
Delineavit I.H.S.
[Expansion not available] Lith.
Lithography Q.M.G.
Quartermaster General