*cron"ych*al (&?;), } a. [Gr.
 'akro'nychos at nightfall; 'a'kros + ny'x night.] (Astron.) Rising at sunset and setting at sunrise, as a star; -- opposed to cosmical.

 The word is sometimes incorrectly written acronical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical.

 A*cron"yc*al*ly, adv. In an acronycal manner as rising at the setting of the sun, and vice versa.

 Ac"ro*nyc"tous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'akro'nyktos; 'a'kros + ny'x, nykto's, night.] (Astron.) Acronycal.

 A*crook" (&?;), adv. Crookedly. [R.] Udall.
 A*crop"e*tal (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a'kros summit + L. petere to seek.] (Bot.) Developing from below towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the center; centripetal; -- said of certain inflorescence.

 A*croph"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a'kros extreme + &?; sound.]
 The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object.

 ||Ac'ro*po"di*um (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a'kros topmost + poy's, podo's, foot.] (Zoöl.) The entire upper surface of the foot.

 A*crop"o*lis (&?;), n. [Gr. 'akro'polis; 'a'kros extreme + po'lis city.] The upper part, or the citadel, of a Grecian city; especially, the citadel of Athens.

 Ac"ro*pol"i*tan (&?;), a. Pertaining to an acropolis.

 Ac"ro*spire (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; anything twisted.]
 (Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate; the plumule in germination; -- so called from its spiral form.

 Ac"ro*spire, v. i. To put forth the first sprout.

 Ac"ro*spore (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; fruit.] (Bot.)
 A spore borne at the extremity of the cells of fructification in fungi.

 Ac"ro*spor"ous (&?;), a. Having acrospores.

 A*cross" (#; 115), prep. [Pref. a- + cross: cf. F. en croix. See Cross, n.] From side to side; athwart; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length; quite over; as, a bridge laid across a river. Dryden.
To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally. Freeman.
 -- To go across the country, to go by a direct course across a region without following the roads.

 A*cross", adv. 1. From side to side; crosswise; as, with arms folded across. Shak.
2. Obliquely; athwart; amiss; awry. [Obs.]

 The squint-eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of Christ. Bp. Hall.
 A*cros"tic (&?;) (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; extreme + &?; order, line, verse.] 1. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or motto.

2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm cxix.). See Abecedarian.

Double acrostic, a species of enigma, in which words are to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other words.

 { A*cros"tic (&?;), A*cros"tic*al (&?;), } n. Pertaining to, or characterized by, acrostics.

 A*cros"tic*al*ly, adv. After the manner of an acrostic.

 ||Ac'ro*tar"si*um (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; topmost + &?; tarsus.] (Zoöl.) The instep or front of the tarsus.

 Ac'ro*te*leu"tic (k'r*t*l"tk), n. [Gr. 'a'kros extreme + teley'th end.] (Eccles.) The end of a verse or psalm, or something added thereto, to be sung by the people, by way of a response.

 Ac"ro*ter (k'r*tr or *kr*tr), n. [F. acrotère.
 See Acroterium.] (Arch.) Same as Acroterium.

 Ac'ro*te"ri*al (k'r*t"r*al), a. Pertaining to an acroterium; as, acroterial ornaments. P. Cyc.
 ||Ac'ro*te'ri*um (-m), n.; pl. Acroteria (&?;).
 [L., fr. Gr. 'akrwth'rion summit, fr. 'a'kros topmost.] (Arch.) (a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other ornaments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (b) One of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part roof balustrade.

 A*crot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; an extreme, fr. &?;.] (Med.)
 Pertaining to or affecting the surface.

 Ac"ro*tism (k"r*tz'm), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + kro'tos a rattling, beating.] (Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation.

 A*crot"o*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'akro'tomos cut off sharp; 'a'kros extreme + te'mnein to cut.] (Min.) Having a cleavage parallel with the base.

 A*cryl"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or containing acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the hydride; as, acrylic acid.

 Act (kt), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf.
 F. acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed.

 That best portion of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered acts Of kindness and of love. Wordsworth.
 Hence, in specific uses: (a) The result of public deliberation; the decision or determination of a legislative body, council, court of justice, etc.; a decree, edit, law, judgment, resolve, award; as, an act of Parliament, or of Congress. (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that something has been done. Abbott. (c) A performance of part of a play; one of the principal divisions of a play or dramatic work in which a certain definite part of the action is completed.
 (d) A thesis maintained in public, in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student.

2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a possibility or possible existence. [Obs.]

 The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they afterward grow to be. Hooker.
3. Process


allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire.

 Refreshing winds the summer's heat assuage. Addison.
 To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man Burke.
 The fount at which the panting mind assuages Her thirst of knowledge. Byron.
Syn. -- To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate.

 As*suage", v. i. To abate or subside. [Archaic] "The waters assuaged."
 Gen. vii. 1.
 The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage.
De Foe.
 As*suage"ment (&?;), n. [OF. assouagement, asuagement.]
 Mitigation; abatement.

 As*sua"ger (&?;), n. One who, or that which, assuages.

 As*sua"sive (&?;), a. [From assuage, as if this were fr.
 a supposed L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + -suasive as in persuasive.] Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.]

 Music her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope.
 As*sub"ju*gate (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + subjugate.]
 To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak.
 As'sue*fac"tion (&?;), n. [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.] The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed; habituation. [Obs.]

 Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction introduce a nature. Jer. Taylor.
 As"sue*tude (&?;), n. [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.] Accustomedness; habit; habitual use.

Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt. Bacon.
 As*sum"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be assumed.

 As*sum"a*bly, adv. By way of assumption.

 As*sume" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy: cf. F. assumer.
 See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one's self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly.

 Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne. Pope.
 The god assumed his native form again. Pope.
2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively.

 The consequences of assumed principles. Whewell.
3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance.

 Ambition assuming the mask of religion. Porteus.
Assume a virtue, if you have it not. Shak.
4. To receive or adopt.

 The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company. Sir W. Scott.
Syn. -- To arrogate; usurp; appropriate.

 As*sume", v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet.
2. (Law) To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill.
 As*sumed" (&?;), a. 1. Supposed.

2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as, an assumed character.

 As*sum"ed*ly (&?;), adv. By assumption.

 As*sum"ent (&?;), n. [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.] A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731).
 As*sum"er (&?;), n. One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney.
 As*sum"ing, a. Pretentious; taking much upon one's self; presumptuous. Burke.
 ||As*sump"sit (?; 215), n. [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere.
 See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton.
 As*sumpt" (?; 215), v. t. [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere.
 See Assume.] To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon.
 As*sumpt", n. [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.]
 That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.]

 The sun of all your assumpts is this. Chillingworth.
 As*sump"tion (?; 215), n. [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption.
 See Assume.] 1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one's self; the act of taking up or adopting.

 The assumption of authority. Whewell.
2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim.

 This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body.
Thodey.
 That calm assumption of the virtues. W. Black.
3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition.

 Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption's wrong. Dryden.
4. (Logic) The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism.

5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath.
 & Greek Churches) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven.

 As*sump"tive (&?;), a. [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.] Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. -- As*sump"tive*ly, adv.
Assumptive arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds' College. Percy Smith.
 As*sur"ance (&?;), n. [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence.

 Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. Acts xvii. 31.
Assurances of support came pouring in daily. Macaulay.
2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty.

 Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Heb. x. 22.
3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self-reliance.

 Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles.
 Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance.
Lock


aa.] The more ancient of the two great epic poems in Sanskrit. The hero and heroine are Rama and his wife Sita.

 Ram"berge (rm"brj), n. [F., fr. rame oar + barge barge.] Formerly, a kind of large war galley.

 Ram"ble (rm"b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rambled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rambling (-blng).] [For rammle, fr.
 Prov. E. rame to roam. Cf. Roam.] 1. To walk, ride, or sail, from place to place, without any determinate object in view; to roam carelessly or irregularly; to rove; to wander; as, to ramble about the city; to ramble over the world.

 He that is at liberty to ramble in perfect darkness, what is his liberty better than if driven up and down as a bubble by the wind?

Locke.
2. To talk or write in a discursive, aimless way.

3. To extend or grow at random. Thomson.
Syn. -- To rove; roam; wander; range; stroll.

 Ram"ble, n. 1. A going or moving from place to place without any determinate business or object; an excursion or stroll merely for recreation.

 Coming home, after a short Christmas ramble.

Swift.
2. [Cf. Rammel.] (Coal Mining) A bed of shale over the seam.
 Raymond.
 Ram"bler (-blr), n. One who rambles; a rover; a wanderer.

 Ram"bling (-blng), a. Roving; wandering; discursive; as, a rambling fellow, talk, or building.

 Ram"bling*ly, adv. In a rambling manner.

 Ram"booze (-bz), n. A beverage made of wine, ale (or milk), sugar, etc. [Obs.] Blount.
 Ram*bu"tan (rm*b"tn), n. [Malay rambtan, fr. rambut hair of the head.] (Bot.) A Malayan fruit produced by the tree Nephelium lappaceum, and closely related to the litchi nut. It is bright red, oval in shape, covered with coarse hairs (whence the name), and contains a pleasant acid pulp. Called also ramboostan.

 Ra"me*al (r"m*al), a. Same as Ramal. Gray.
 Ra"me*an (-an), n. A Ramist. Shipley.
 Ramed (rmd), a. Having the frames, stem, and sternpost adjusted; -- said of a ship on the stocks.

 Ram"ee (rm"), n. (Bot.) See Ramie.

 Ram"e*kin (rm"*kn), n. See Ramequin. [Obs.]

 Ram"ent (rm"ent), n. [L. ramenta, pl.] 1. A scraping; a shaving. [Obs.]

2. pl. (Bot.) Ramenta.

 ||Ra*men"ta (r*mn"t), n. pl. [L., scrapings.] (Bot.) Thin brownish chaffy scales upon the leaves or young shoots of some plants, especially upon the petioles and leaves of ferns. Gray.
 Ram'en*ta"ceous (rm'n*t"shs), a. (Bot.) Covered with ramenta.

 Ra"me*ous (r"m*s), a. [L. rameus, from ramus branch, bough.] (Bot.) Ramal.

 Ram"e*quin (rm"*kn), n. [F.] (Cookery) A mixture of cheese, eggs, etc., formed in a mold, or served on bread. [Written also ramekin.]

 Ram"ie (rm"), n. [From Malay.] (Bot.) The grass-cloth plant (Bœhmeria nivea); also, its fiber, which is very fine and exceedingly strong; -- called also China grass, and rhea.
 See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass.

 Ram'i*fi*ca"tion (rm'*f*k"shn), n. [Cf. F. ramification. See Ramify.] 1. The process of branching, or the development of branches or offshoots from a stem; also, the mode of their arrangement.

2. A small branch or offshoot proceeding from a main stock or channel; as, the ramifications of an artery, vein, or nerve.

3. A division into principal and subordinate classes, heads, or departments; also, one of the subordinate parts; as, the ramifications of a subject or scheme.

4. The production of branchlike figures. Crabb.
 Ram'i*flo"rous (-fl"rs), a. [L. ramus branch + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Flowering on the branches.

 Ram"i*form (rm"*fôrm), a. [L. ramus branch + -form.]
 (Bot.) Having the form of a branch.

 Ram"i*fy (rm"*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ramified (rm"*fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ramifying (rm"*f'ng).] [F. ramifier, LL.
 ramificare, fr. L. ramus a branch + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] To divide into branches or subdivisions; as, to ramify an art, subject, scheme.

 Ram"i*fy, v. i. 1. To shoot, or divide, into branches or subdivisions, as the stem of a plant.

 When they [asparagus plants]... begin to ramify.

Arbuthnot.
2. To be divided or subdivided, as a main subject.

 Ra*mig"er*ous (r*mj"r*s), a. [L. ramus a branch + -gerous.]
 (Bot.) Bearing branches; branched.

 Ra*mip"a*rous (r*mp"*rs), a. [L. ramus + parere to bear.] (Bot.)
 Producing branches; ramigerous.

 Ra"mist (r"mst), n. A follower of Pierre Ramé, better known as Ramus, a celebrated French scholar, who was professor of rhetoric and philosophy at Paris in the reign of Henry II., and opposed the Aristotelians.

 Ram"line (rm"ln), n. A line used to get a straight middle line, as on a spar, or from stem to stern in building a vessel.

 Ram"mel (rm"ml), n. Refuse matter. [Obs.]

 Filled with any rubbish, rammel and broken stones.

Holland.
 Ram"mer (-mr), n. One who, or that which, rams or drives.
 Specifically: (a) An instrument for driving anything with force; as, a rammer for driving stones or piles, or for beating the earth to more solidity. (b) A rod for forcing down the charge of a gun; a ramrod. (c) (Founding) An implement for pounding the sand of a mold to render it compact.

 Ram"mish (-msh), a. Like a ram; hence, rank; lascivious. "Their savor is so rammish." Chaucer.
 Ram"mish*ness, n. The quality of being rammish.

 Ram"my (-m), a. Like a ram; rammish. Burton.
 Ram'ol*les"cence (rm'l*ls"sens), n. [F. ramollir to make soft, to soften; pref. rere- + amollir to soften; a (L. ad) + mollir to soften, L. mollire, fr. mollis soft.] A softening or mollifying. [R.]

 Ra*


.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as, the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear.

4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome.

Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. -- Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. -- Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5.

 Seg"ment (?), v. i. (Biol.) To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum.

 Seg*men"tal (?), a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as, a segmental duct; segmental papillæ. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs.

Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. -- Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zoöl.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also, as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. -- Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult.

 Seg'men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation.

Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast.
 See Illust. of Invagination. -- Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. -- Segmentation of the ovum, or Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. -- Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula.

 Seg"ment*ed (?), a. Divided into segments or joints; articulated.

 { Seg"ni*tude (?), Seg"ni*ty (?) }, n. [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.]

 ||Se"gno (?), n. [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno.

 Se"go (?), n. (Bot.) A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; -- so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons.

 Seg"re*gate (?), a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. seaside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select.

2. (Bot.) Separated from others of the same kind.

 Seg"re*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To separate from others; to set apart.

 They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations.

I. Taylor.
 Seg"re*gate, v. i. (Geol.) To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification.

 Seg're*ga"tion (?), n. [L. segregatio: cf. F. ségrégation.]
 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting.

2. (Geol.) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process.

 ||Seiches (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geol.) Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva.

 Seid (?), n. [Ar seyid prince.] A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali.

 Seid"litz (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.]

Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of Rochell&?; salt (tartrate of potassium and sodium) and the other contains thirty-five grains of tartaric acid. The powders are mixed in water, and drunk while effervescing, as a mild cathartic; -- so called from the resemblance to the natural water of Seidlitz. Called also Rochelle powders. -- Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient.

 Seigh (?), obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer.
 Seign*eu"ri*al (?), a. [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1.
 Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple.
2. Vested with large powers; independent.

 Seign"ior (?), n. [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It.
 signore, Sp. señor from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor.

2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English.

Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey.

 Seign"ior*age (?), n. [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.]
 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it.

 If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion


; westward.

 West"ern (?), a.
1. Of or pertaining to the west; situated in the west, or in the region nearly in the direction of west; being in that quarter where the sun sets; as, the western shore of France; the western ocean.

 Far o'er the glowing western main.

Keble.
2. Moving toward the west; as, a ship makes a western course; coming from the west; as, a western breeze.

Western Church. See Latin Church, under Latin. — Western empire (Hist.), the western portion of the Roman empire, as divided, by the will of Theodosius the Great, between his sons Honorius and Arcadius, a. d. 395.

 West"ern*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of the west.

 West"ern*most' (?), a. Situated the farthest towards the west; most western.

 { West' In"di*a (?), West' In"di*an (?).} Belonging or relating to the West Indies.

West India tea (Bot.), a shrubby plant (Capraria biflora) having oblanceolate toothed leaves which are sometimes used in the West Indies as a substitute for tea.

 West' In"di*an. A native of, or a dweller in, the West Indies.

 West"ing (?), n. (Naut. & Surv.) The distance, reckoned toward the west, between the two meridians passing through the extremities of a course, or portion of a ship's path; the departure of a course which lies to the west of north.

 West"ling (?), n. A westerner. [R.]

 West"min'ster As*sem"bly (?). See under Assembly.

 West"most' (?), a. Lying farthest to the west; westernmost.

 { West"ward (?), West"wards (?), } adv. [AS. westweard. See West, and - ward. ] Toward the west; as, to ride or sail westward.

Westward the course of empire takes its way.

Berkeley.
 West"ward, a. Lying toward the west.

 Yond same star that's westward from the pole.

Shak.
 West"ward, n. The western region or countries; the west.

 West"ward*ly, adv. In a westward direction.

 West"y (?), a. Dizzy; giddy. [Prov. Eng.]

 Wet (wt), a. [Compar. Wetter (?); superl. Wettest.]
 [OE. wet, weet, AS. wt; akin to OFries. wt, Icel. vtr, Sw. våt, Dan. vaad, and E. water.
 √137. See Water.]

1. Containing, or consisting of, water or other liquid; moist; soaked with a liquid; having water or other liquid upon the surface; as, wet land; a wet cloth; a wet table. "Wet cheeks." Shak.
2. Very damp; rainy; as, wet weather; a wet season. "Wet October's torrent flood." Milton.
3. (Chem.) Employing, or done by means of, water or some other liquid; as, the wet extraction of copper, in distinction from dry extraction in which dry heat or fusion is employed.

4. Refreshed with liquor; drunk. [Slang] Prior.
Wet blanket, Wet dock, etc. See under Blanket, Dock, etc. — Wet goods, intoxicating liquors. [Slang] Syn. — Nasty; humid; damp; moist. See Nasty.

 Wet (?), n. [AS. wta. See Wet, a.]

1. Water or wetness; moisture or humidity in considerable degree.

 Have here a cloth and wipe away the wet.

Chaucer.
 Now the sun, with more effectual beams, Had cheered the face of earth, and dried the wet From drooping plant.

Milton.
2. Rainy weather; foggy or misty weather.

3. A dram; a drink. [Slang] Wet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wet (rarely Wetted); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Wetting.] [AS. wtan.] To fill or moisten with water or other liquid; to sprinkle; to cause to have water or other fluid adherent to the surface; to dip or soak in a liquid; as, to wet a sponge; to wet the hands; to wet cloth. "[The scene] did draw tears from me and wetted my paper." Burke.
 Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise... Whether to deck with clouds the uncolored sky, Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers.

Milton.
To wet one's whistle, to moisten one's throat; to drink a dram of liquor. [Colloq.]

 Let us drink the other cup to wet our whistles.

Walton.
 Wet"bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch, whose cry is thought to foretell rain. [Prov. Eng.]

 Weth"er (?), n. [OE. wether, AS. weðer; akin to OS. wethar, withar, a ram, D. weder, G. widder, OHG. widar, Icel. veðr, Sw. vädur, Dan. vædder, Goth. wiþrus a lamb, L. vitulus calf, Skr. vatsa, L. vetus old, Gr. 'e'tos year; — originally meaning, a yearling.
 Cf. Veal, Veteran.] A castrated ram.

 Wet"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being wet; moisture; humidity; as, the wetness of land; the wetness of a cloth.

2. A watery or moist state of the atmosphere; a state of being rainy, foggy, or misty; as, the wetness of weather or the season.

Wetness generally implies more water or liquid than is implied by humidness or moisture.

 Wet" nurse' (?). A nurse who suckles a child, especially the child of another woman. Cf. Dry nurse.

 Wet"-shod' (?), a. Having the feet, or the shoes on the feet, wet.

 Wet"tish (?), a. Somewhat wet; moist; humid.

 We"vil (?), n. See Weevil.

 Wex (?), v. t. & i. To grow; to wax. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 "Each wexing moon." Dryden.
 Wex, obs. imp. of Wex. Waxed. Chaucer.
 Wex, n. Wax. [Obs.] "Yelwe as wex." Chaucer.
 Wey (?), n. Way; road; path. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wey, v. t. & i. To weigh. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wey (?), n. [OE. weye, AS. w&?;ge weight. &?;&?;&?;&?;.
 See Weight.] A certain measure of weight. [Eng.] "A weye of Essex cheese." Piers Plowman.
 A wey is 6&?; tods, or 182 pounds, of wool; a load, or five quarters, of wheat, 40 bushels of salt, each weighing 56 pounds; 32 cloves of cheese, each weighing seven pounds; 48 bushels of oats and barley; and from two cwt. to three cwt. of butter. Simmonds.
 Weyle (?), v. t. & i. To wail. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Wey"le*way (?), interj. See Welaway. [Obs.]

 Weyve (?), v. t. To waive. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 We"zand (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

 Whaap


), a. Consisting of, or resembling, suet; as, a suety substance.

 Suf- (?). A form of the prefix Sub-.

 Suf"fer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Suffering.] [OE. suffren, soffren, OF. sufrir, sofrir, F. souffrir, (assumed) LL. sofferire, for L. sufferre; sub under + ferre to bear, akin to E. bear.
 See Bear to support.] 1. To feel, or endure, with pain, annoyance, etc.; to submit to with distress or grief; to undergo; as, to suffer pain of body, or grief of mind.

2. To endure or undergo without sinking; to support; to sustain; to bear up under.

 Our spirit and strength entire, Strongly to suffer and support our pains.

Milton.
3. To undergo; to be affected by; to sustain; to experience; as, most substances suffer a change when long exposed to air and moisture; to suffer loss or damage.

 If your more ponderous and settled project May suffer alteration.

Shak.
4. To allow; to permit; not to forbid or hinder; to tolerate.

 Thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him.

Lev. xix. 17.
 I suffer them to enter and possess.

Milton.
Syn. -- To permit; bear; endure; support; sustain; allow; admit; tolerate. See Permit.

 Suf"fer, v. i. 1. To feel or undergo pain of body or mind; to bear what is inconvenient; as, we suffer from pain, sickness, or sorrow; we suffer with anxiety.

 O well for him whose will is strong! He suffers, but he will not suffer long.

Tennyson.
2. To undergo punishment; specifically, to undergo the penalty of death.

 The father was first condemned to suffer upon a day appointed, and the son afterwards the day following.

Clarendon.
3. To be injured; to sustain loss or damage.

 Public business suffers by private infirmities.

Sir W. Temple.
 Suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. souffrable.] 1. Able to suffer or endure; patient. [Obs.] "Ye must be sufferable." Chaucer.
2. That may be suffered, tolerated, or permitted; allowable; tolerable.

 -- Suf"fer*a*ble*ness, n. -- Suf"fer*a*bly, adv.
 Suf"fer*ance (?), n. [OE. suffrance, OF. sufrance, soufrance, F. souffrance, L. sufferentia, from sufferens, - entis, p. pr. of sufferre. See Suffer.] 1. The state of suffering; the bearing of pain; endurance.

 He must not only die the death, But thy unkindness shall his death draw out To lingering sufferance.

Shak.
2. Pain endured; misery; suffering; distress.

 The seeming sufferances that you had borne.

Shak.
3. Loss; damage; injury. [Obs.]

 A grievous... sufferance on most part of their fleet.

Shak.
4. Submission under difficult or oppressive circumstances; patience; moderation. Chaucer.
 But hasty heat tempering with sufferance wise.

Spenser.
5. Negative consent by not forbidding or hindering; toleration; permission; allowance; leave. Shak.
 In their beginning they are weak and wan, But soon, through sufferance, grow to fearful end.

Spenser.
 Somewhiles by sufferance, and somewhiles by special leave and favor, they erected to themselves oratories.

Hooker.
6. A permission granted by the customs authorities for the shipment of goods. [Eng.]

Estate of sufferance (Law), the holding by a tenant who came in by a lawful title, but remains, after his right has expired, without positive leave of the owner. Blackstone. -- On sufferance, by mere toleration; as, to remain in a house on sufferance.

Syn. -- Endurance; pain; misery; inconvenience; patience; moderation; toleration; permission.

 Suf"fer*er (?), n. 1. One who suffers; one who endures or undergoes suffering; one who sustains inconvenience or loss; as, sufferers by poverty or sickness; men are sufferers by fire or by losses at sea.

2. One who permits or allows.

 Suf"fer*ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or loss; pain endured; distress, loss, or injury incurred; as, sufferings by pain or sorrow; sufferings by want or by wrongs. "Souls in sufferings tried." Keble.
 Suf"fer*ing, a. Being in pain or grief; having loss, injury, distress, etc. -- Suf"fer*ing*ly, adv.
 Suf*fice" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sufficed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sufficing (?).] [OE. suffisen, OF. soufire, F. suffire (cf. suffisant, p. pr.), L. sufficere to put under, to substitute, to avail for, to suffice; sub under + facere to make. See Fact.] To be enough, or sufficient; to meet the need (of anything); to be equal to the end proposed; to be adequate. Chaucer.
 To recount almighty works, What words or tongue of seraph can suffice?

Milton.
 Suf*fice", v. t. 1. To satisfy; to content; to be equal to the wants or demands of. Spenser.
 Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.

Deut. iii. 26.
2. To furnish; to supply adequately. [Obs.]

 The power appeased, with winds sufficed the sail.

Dryden.
 Suf*fi"cience (?), n. Sufficiently. [Obs.]

 Suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. [L. sufficientia: cf. F. suffisance.
 See Suffice.] 1. The quality or state of being sufficient, or adequate to the end proposed; adequacy.

 His sufficiency is such that he bestows and possesses, his plenty being unexhausted.

Boyle.
2. Qualification for any purpose; ability; capacity.

 A substitute or most allowed sufficiency.

Shak.
 I am not so confident of my own sufficiency as not willingly to admit the counsel of others.

Eikon Basilike.
3. Adequate substance or means; competence. "An elegant sufficiency."
 Thomson.
4. Supply equal to wants; ample stock or fund.

5. Conceit; self-confidence; selfsufficiency.

Sufficiency is a compound of vanity and ignorance.

Sir W. Temple.
 Suf*fi"cient (?), a. [L. sufficiens, -entis, p. pr.
 of sufficere: cf. F. suffisant. See Suffice.] 1.
 Equal to the end proposed; adequate to wants; enough; ample; competent; as, provision sufficient for the family; an army sufficient to defend the country.

 My grace is sufficient for thee.

2 Cor. xii. 9.
2. Possessing adequate talents or accomplishments; of competent power or ability; qualified; fit.

 Who is sufficient for these things?

2 Cor. ii. 16.
3. Capable of meeting obligations; responsible.

 The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient... I think I may take his bond.

Shak.
4. Self-sufficient; self-satisfied; content. [R.]

 Thou art the most sufficient (I'll say for thee), Not to believe a thing.

Beau. & Fl.
Syn. -- Enough; adequate; competent; full; satisfactory; ample.


eat our substance.

Tennyson.
 His wretched estate is eaten up with mortgages.

Thackeray.
2. To corrode, as metal, by rust; to consume the flesh, as a cancer; to waste or wear away; to destroy gradually; to cause to disappear.

To eat humble pie. See under Humble. -- To eat of (partitive use). "Eat of the bread that can not waste." Keble. -- To eat one's words, to retract what one has said. (See the Citation under Blurt.) -- To eat out, to consume completely. "Eat out the heart and comfort of it." Tillotson. -- To eat the wind out of a vessel (Naut.), to gain slowly to windward of her.

Syn. -- To consume; devour; gnaw; corrode.

 Eat, v. i. 1. To take food; to feed; especially, to take solid, in distinction from liquid, food; to board.

 He did eat continually at the king's table.

2 Sam. ix. 13.
2. To taste or relish; as, it eats like tender beef.

3. To make one's way slowly.

To eat, To eat in or into, to make way by corrosion; to gnaw; to consume. "A sword laid by, which eats into itself." Byron.
 -- To eat to windward (Naut.), to keep the course when closehauled with but little steering; -- said of a vessel.

 Eat"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Capable of being eaten; fit to be eaten; proper for food; esculent; edible. -- n. Something fit to be eaten.

 Eat"age (-j; 48), n. Eatable growth of grass for horses and cattle, esp. that of aftermath.

 Eat"er (-r), n. One who, or that which, eats.

 Eath (th), a. & adv. [AS. eáðe.] Easy or easily. [Obs.] "Eath to move with plaints." Fairfax.
 Eat"ing (?), n. 1. The act of tasking food; the act of consuming or corroding.

2. Something fit to be eaten; food; as, a peach is good eating.
 [Colloq.]

Eating house, a house where cooked provisions are sold, to be eaten on the premises.

 ||Eau' de Co*logne" (?). [F. eau water (L. aqua) + de of + Cologne.] Same as Cologne.

 ||Eau' de vie" (?). [F., water of life; eau (L. aqua) water + de of + vie (L. vita) life.] French name for brandy. Cf. Aqua vitæ, under Aqua. Bescherelle.
 Eave"drop' (?), n. A drop from the eaves; eavesdrop. [R.] Tennyson.
 Eaves (?), n. pl. [OE. evese, pl. eveses, AS. efese eaves, brim, brink; akin to OHG. obisa, opasa, porch, hall, MHG. obse eaves, Icel. ups, Goth. ubizwa porch; cf.
 Icel. upsardropi, OSw. opsä-drup water dropping from the eaves. Probably from the root of E. over. The s of eaves is in English regarded as a plural ending, though not so in Saxon. See Over, and cf. Eavesdrop.] 1. (Arch.) The edges or lower borders of the roof of a building, which overhang the walls, and cast off the water that falls on the roof.

2. Brow; ridge. [Obs.] "Eaves of the hill." Wyclif.
3. Eyelids or eyelashes.

 And closing eaves of wearied eyes.

Tennyson.
Eaves board (Arch.), an arris fillet, or a thick board with a feather edge, nailed across the rafters at the eaves of a building, to raise the lower course of slates a little, or to receive the lowest course of tiles; -- called also eaves catch and eaves lath. -- Eaves channel, Eaves gutter, Eaves trough. Same as Gutter, 1.
 -- Eaves molding (Arch.), a molding immediately below the eaves, acting as a cornice or part of a cornice. -- Eaves swallow (Zoöl.). (a) The cliff swallow; -- so called from its habit of building retort-shaped nests of mud under the eaves of buildings.
 See Cliff swallow, under Cliff. (b) The European swallow.

 Eaves"drop' (vz"drp'), v. i. [Eaves + drop.] To stand under the eaves, near a window or at the door, of a house, to listen and learn what is said within doors; hence, to listen secretly to what is said in private.

 To eavesdrop in disguises.

Milton.
 Eaves"drop', n. The water which falls in drops from the eaves of a house.

 Eaves"drop'per (?), n. One who stands under the eaves, or near the window or door of a house, to listen; hence, a secret listener.

 Eaves"drop'ping (?), n. (Law) The habit of lurking about dwelling houses, and other places where persons meet for private intercourse, secretly listening to what is said, and then tattling it abroad. The offense is indictable at common law. Wharton.
 Ebb (b), n. (Zoöl.) The European bunting.

 Ebb, n. [AS. ebba; akin to Fries. ebba, D. eb, ebbe, Dan. & G. ebbe, Sw. ebb, cf. Goth. ibuks backward; prob. akin to E. even.] 1. The reflux or flowing back of the tide; the return of the tidal wave toward the sea; -- opposed to flood; as, the boats will go out on the ebb.

 Thou shoreless flood which in thy ebb and flow Claspest the limits of morality!

Shelley.
2. The state or time of passing away; a falling from a better to a worse state; low state or condition; decline; decay. "Our ebb of life." Roscommon.
 Painting was then at its lowest ebb.

Dryden.
Ebb and flow, the alternate ebb and flood of the tide; often used figuratively.

 This alternation between unhealthy activity and depression, this ebb and flow of the industrial.

A. T. Hadley.
 Ebb (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ebbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ebbing.] [AS. ebbian; akin to D. & G. ebben, Dan. ebbe. See 2d Ebb.] 1. To flow back; to return, as the water of a tide toward the ocean; -- opposed to flow.

 That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow.

Pope.
2. To return or fall back from a better to a worse state; to decline; to decay; to recede.

 The hours of life ebb fast.

Blackmore.
Syn. -- To recede; retire; withdraw; decay; decrease; wane; sink; lower.

 Ebb, v. t. To cause to flow back. [Obs.] Ford.
 Ebb, a. Receding; going out; falling; shallow; low.

 The water there is otherwise very low and ebb.

Holland.
 Ebb" tide' (?). The reflux of tide water; the retiring tide; -- opposed to flood tide.

 E"bi*o*nite (?), n. [Heb. ebyonm poor people.] (Eccl.
 Hist.) One of a sect of heretics, in the first centuries of the church, whose doctrine was a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. They denied the divinity of Christ,


-Hilaire and Conant both found similar creatures, and there is one in the Museum at Harvard; Wyman saw a living double-headed snake in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris in 1853, and many parallel instances are on record.
Classification.—We shall attempt no scientific discussion of the causation or embryologic derivation of the monster, contenting ourselves with simple history and description, adding any associate facts of interest that may be suggested. For further information, the reader is referred to the authors cited or to any of the standard treatises on teratology.
Many classifications of terata have been offered, and each possesses some advantage. The modern reader is referred to the modification of the grouping of Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire given by Hirst and Piersol, or those of Blanc and Guinard. For convenience, we have adopted the following classification, which will include only those monsters that have LIVED AFTER BIRTH, and who have attracted general notice or attained some fame in their time, as attested by accounts in contemporary literature.
CLASS 1.—Union of several fetuses. CLASS 2.—Union of two distinct fetuses by a connecting band. CLASS 3.—Union of two distinct fetuses by an osseous junction of the cranial bones. CLASS 4.—Union of two distinct fetuses in which one or more parts are eliminated by the junction. CLASS 5.—Fusion of two fetuses by a bony union of the ischii. CLASS 6.—Fusion of two fetuses below the umbilicus into a common lower extremity. CLASS 7.—Bicephalic monsters. CLASS 8.—Parasitic monsters. CLASS 9.—Monsters with a single body and double lower extremities. CLASS 10.—Diphallic terata. CLASS 11.—Fetus in fetu, and dermoid cysts. CLASS 12.—Hermaphrodites.
CLASS I.—Triple Monsters.—Haller and Meckel were of the opinion that no cases of triple monsters worthy of credence are on record, and since their time this has been the popular opinion. Surely none have ever lived. Licetus describes a human monster with two feet and seven heads and as many arms. Bartholinus speaks of a three-headed monster who after birth gave vent to horrible cries and expired. Borellus speaks of a three-headed dog, a veritable Cerberus. Blasius published an essay on triple monsters in 1677. Bordenave is quoted as mentioning a human monster formed of three fetuses, but his description proves clearly that it was only the union of two. Probably the best example of this anomaly that we have was described by Galvagni at Cattania in 1834.
This monster had two necks, on one of which was a single head normal in dimensions. On the other neck were two heads, as seen in the accompanying illustration. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire mentions several cases, and Martin de Pedro publishes a description of a case in Madrid in 1879. There are also on record some cases of triple monster by inclusion which will be spoken of later. Instances in the lower animals have been seen, the three-headed sheep of Pare, already spoken of, being one.
CLASS II.—Double Monsters.—A curious mode of junction, probably the most interesting, as it admits of longer life in these monstrosities, is that of a simple cartilaginous band extending between two absolutely distinct and different individuals. The band is generally in the sternal region. In 1752 there was described a remarkable monstrosity which consisted of conjoined twins, a perfect and an imperfect child, connected at their ensiform cartilages by a band 4 inches in circumference. The Hindoo sisters, described by Dr. Andrew Berry, lived to be seven years old; they stood face to face, with their chests 6 1/2 inches and their pubes 8 1/2 inches apart. Mitchell describes the full-grown female twins, born at Newport, Ky., called the Newport twins. The woman who gave birth to them became impregnated, it is said, immediately after seeing the famous Siamese twins, and the products of this pregnancy took the conformation of those celebrated exhibitionists.
Perhaps the best known of all double monsters were the Siamese twins.
They were exhibited all over the globe and had the additional benefit and advertisement of a much mooted discussion as to the advisability of their severance, in which opinions of the leading medical men of all nations were advanced. The literature on these famous brothers is simply stupendous. The amount of material in the Surgeon General's library at Washington would surprise an investigator. A curious volume in this library is a book containing clippings, advertisements, and divers portraits of the twins. It will be impossible to speak at all fully on this subject, but a short history and running review of their lives will be given: Eng and Chang were born in Siam about May, 1811.
Their father was of Chinese extraction and had gone to Siam and there married a woman whose father was also a Chinaman. Hence, for the most part, they were of Chinese blood, which probably accounted for their dark color and Chinese features. Their mother was about thirty-five years old at the time of their birth and had borne 4 female children prior to Chang and Eng. She afterward had twins several times, having eventually 14 children in all. She gave no history of special significance of the pregnancy, although she averred that the head of one and the feet of the other were born at the same time. The twins were both feeble at birth, and Eng continued delicate, while Chang thrived. It was only with difficulty that their lives were saved, as Chowpahyi, the reigning king, had a superstition that such freaks of nature always presaged evil to the country. They were really discovered by Robert Hunter, a British merchant at Bangkok, who in 1824 saw them boating and stripped to the waist. He prevailed on the parents and King Chowpahyi to allow them to go away for exhibition. They were first taken out of the country by a certain Captain Coffin. The first scientific description of them was given by Professor J. C. Warren, who examined them in Boston, at the Harvard University, in 1829. At that time Eng was 5 feet 2 inches and Chang 5 feet 1 1/2 inches in height.
They presented all the characteristics of Chinamen and wore long black queues coiled thrice around their heads, as shown by the accompanying illustration. After an eight-weeks' tour over the Eastern States they went to London, arriving at that port November 20, 1829. Their tour in France was forbidden on the same grounds as the objection to the exhibition of Ritta-Christina, namely, the possibility of causing the production of monsters by maternal impressions in pregnant women. After their European tour they returned to the United States and settled down as farmers in North Carolina, adopting the name of Bunker. When forty-four years of age they married two sisters, English women, twenty-six and twenty-eight years of age, respectively. Domestic infelicity soon compelled them to keep the wives at different houses, and they alternated weeks in visiting each wife. Chang had six children and Eng five, all healthy and strong. In 1869 they made another trip to Europe, ostensibly to consult the most celebrated surgeons of Great Britain and France on the advisability of being separated. It was stated that a feeling of antagonistic hatred after a quarrel prompted them to seek "surgical separation," but the real cause was most likely to replenish their depleted exchequer by renewed exhibition and advertisement.
A most pathetic characteristic of these illustrious brothers was the affection and forbearance they showed for each other until shortly before their death. They bore each other's trials and petty maladies with the greatest sympathy, and in this manner rendered their lives far more agreeable than a casual observer would suppose possible. They both became Christians and members or attendants of the Baptist Church.
Figure 31 is a representation of the Siamese twins in old age. On each side of them is a son. The original photograph is in the Mutter Museum, College of Physicians, Philadelphia.
The feasibility of the operation of separating them was discussed by many of the leading men of America, and Thompson, Fergusson, Syme, Sir J. Y. Simpson


Codex Junius 11 (Author unknown) This file contains translations from the Anglo-Saxon of the following works: "Genesis A", "Genesis B", "Exodus", "Daniel", and "Christ and Satan". All are works found in the manuscript of Anglo-Saxon verse known as "Junius 11."
These works were originally written in Anglo-Saxon, sometime between the 7th and 10th Centuries A.D. Although sometimes ascribed to the poet Caedmon (fl. late 7th Century), it is generally thought that these poems do not represent the work of one single poet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Other Translations— Bradley, S.A.J.: "Anglo-Saxon Poetry" (Everyman Press, London, 1982) Critical Editions— Doane, A.N. (ed.): "Genesis A: A New Critical Edition" (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1978) Doane, A.N. (ed.): "The Saxon Genesis: An Edition of the West Saxon Genesis B and the Old Saxon Vatican Genesis" (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1991) Dobbie, Elliot VanKirk (ed.): "The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, vol. I—The Junius Manuscript" (Columbia University Press, New York, 1937) Farrell, R.T. (ed.): "Daniel and Azarias" (Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1974) Tolkein, J.R.R. (ed.): "The Old English Exodus" (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981) GENESIS (Genesis A & B) NOTE: This work is generally believed to be a composite of two separate poems, usually referred to as "Genesis A" (or "The Earlier Genesis") and "Genesis B" (or "The Later Genesis").
"Genesis A" is the work at lines #1-234 and _TAG_; "Genesis B" is interpolated into "Genesis A" at lines #235-851.
The reason for this interpolation is not known. Perhaps the original compiler preferred the version of the story presented in "Genesis B", or perhaps the text of "Genesis A" from which he was working with was missing this section. Adding to this confusion is evidence that "Genesis B" appears to be a translation from an earlier and separate Old Saxon retelling of the biblical "Book of Genesis", a fragment of which (corresponding to lines #791-817 of "Genesis B") survives.
"Genesis", like the other poems of "Codex Junius 11", is not a direct translation into Anglo-Saxon of the Old Testament "Book of Genesis". Rather, it is an effort to retell the story in the poetry and style of the Germanic Epic, a style still popular with the Anglo-Saxons at the time "Junius 11" was compiled.
—DBK CONTENTS LIBER I Genesis (I-IV) Genesis B (IV-XIV) Exodus (XLII-XLIX) Daniel (L-LV) LIBER II Christ and Satan (I-VII) The Harrowing of Hell (VIII-XII) The Temptation LIBER I I (ll. 1-28) Right is it that we praise the King of heaven, the Lord of hosts, and love Him with all our hearts. For He is great in power, the Source of all created things, the Lord Almighty.
Never hath He known beginning, neither cometh an end of His eternal glory. Ever in majesty He reigneth over celestial thrones; in righteousness and strength He keepeth the courts of heaven which were established, broad and ample, by the might of God, for angel dwellers, wardens of the soul. The angel legions knew the blessedness of God, celestial joy and bliss. Great was their glory! The mighty spirits magnified their Prince and sang His praise with gladness, serving the Lord of life, exceeding blessed in His splendour. They knew no sin nor any evil; but dwelt in peace for ever with their Lord. They wrought no deed in heaven save right and truth, until the angel prince in pride walked in the ways of error. Then no longer would they work their own advantage, but turned away from the love of God. They boasted greatly, in their banded strength, that they could share with God His glorious dwelling, spacious and heavenly bright.
(ll. 28-46) Then sorrow came upon them, envy and insolence and pride of the angel who first began that deed of folly, to plot and hatch it forth, and, thirsting for battle, boasted that in the northern borders of heaven he would establish a throne and a kingdom. Then was God angered and wrathful against that host which He had crowned before with radiance and glory. For the traitors, to reward their work, He shaped a house of pain and grim affliction, and lamentations of hell. Our Lord prepared this torture-house of exiles, deep and joyless, for the coming of the angel hosts. Well He knew it lay enshrouded in eternal night, and filled with woe, wrapped in fire and piercing cold, smoke-veils and ruddy flame. And over that wretched realm He spread the brooding terror of torment. They had wrought grievous wrong together against God. Grim the reward they gained!
(ll. 47-77) Fierce of heart, they boasted they would take the kingdom, and easily. But their hope failed them when the Lord, High King of heaven, lifted His hand against their host. The erring spirits, in their sin, might not prevail against the Lord, but God, the Mighty, in His wrath, smote their insolence and broke their pride, bereft these impious souls of victory and power and dominion and glory; despoiled His foes of bliss and peace and joy and radiant grace, and mightily avenged His wrath upon them to their destruction. His heart was hardened against them; with heavy hand He crushed His foes, subdued them to His will, and, in His wrath, drove out the rebels from their ancient home and seats of glory. Our Lord expelled and banished out of heaven the presumptuous angel host. All-wielding God dismissed the faithless horde, a hostile band of woeful spirits, upon a long, long journey. Crushed was their pride, their boasting humbled, their power broken, their glory dimmed. Thenceforth those dusky spirits dwelt in exile. No cause had they to laugh aloud, but, racked with pangs of hell, they suffered pain and woe and tribulation, cloaked with darkness, knowing bitter anguish, a grim requital, because they sought to strive with God.
(ll. 78-81) Then was there calm as formerly in heaven, the kindly ways of peace. The Lord was dear to all, a Prince among His thanes, and glory was renewed of angel legions knowing blessedness with God.
II (ll. 82-91) The citizens of heaven, the home of glory, dwelt again in concord. Strife was at an end among the angels, discord and dissension, when those warring spirits, shorn of light, were hurled from heaven. Behind them stretching wide their mansions lay, crowned with glory, prospering in grace in God's dominion, a sunny, fruitful land, empty of dwellers, when the accursed spirits reached their place of exile within Hell's prison-walls.
(ll. 92-102) Then our Lord took counsel in the thoughts of His heart how He might people, with a better host, the great creation, the native seats and gleaming mansions, high in heaven, wherefrom these boastful foes had got them forth. Therefore with mighty power Holy God ordained, beneath the arching heavens, that earth and sky and the far-bounded sea should be established, earth-creatures in the stead of those rebellious foes whom He had cast from heaven.
(ll. 103-119) As yet was nought save shadows of darkness; the spacious earth lay hidden, deep


. civis citizen. See City.]
 Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs.

Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

 Civ"i*cism (?), n. The principle of civil government.

 Civ"ics (?), n. The science of civil government.

 Civ"il (?), a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.] 1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state.

2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; -- said of the community.

 England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil. Spenser.
3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; -- said of an individual.

Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven. Preston 4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable.

 "A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a 'civis' and his relations to the other members of that 'civitas.'" Trench 5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state.

6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings.

Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. -- Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. -- Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. - - Civil engineering.
 See under Engineering. -- Civil law. See under Law. -- Civil list. See under List. -- Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. -- Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. -- Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. -- Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. -- Civil suit. Same as Civil action.
 -- Civil war. See under War. -- Civil year. See under Year.

 Ci*vil"ian (?), n. [From Civil] 1. One skilled in the civil law.

 Ancient civilians and writers upon government. Swift.
2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves.
3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

 Civ"il*ist (?), n. A civilian. [R.] Warburton.
 Ci*vil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Civilities (#). [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilité. See Civil.] 1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.]

 Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin. Sir J. Davies.
 The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word -- civilization. Trench.
2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.]

 To serve in a civility. Latimer.
3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression.

 The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be. Chesterfield.
 The sweet civilities of life. Dryden.
Syn. -- Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

 Civ"i*li'za*ble (?), a. Capable of being civilized.

 Civ'i*li*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. civilisation.] 1.
 The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement.

 Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles --... the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion. Burke 2. (Law) Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

 Civ"i*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.] 1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine.

 Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose Her land to civilize, as to subdue. Dryden 2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] "Civilizing adultery." Milton.
Syn. -- To polish; refine; humanize.

 Civ"i*lized (?), a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated.

 Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society. J. Quincy.
 Civ"i*li*zer (?), n. One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

 Civ"i*ly (?), adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

 Civ"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.
 Ciz"ar (?), v. i. [From Cizars.] To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau.
 & Fl.
 Ciz"ars (?), n. pl. Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.
 Cize (?), n. Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size.

 Clab"ber (?), n. [See Bonnyclabber] Milk curdled so as to become thick.

 Clab"ber, v. i. To become clabber; to lopper.

 Clach"an (?), n. [Scot., fr. Gael.] A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott Sitting at the clachon alehouse. R. L. Stevenson.
 Clack (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clacking.] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F. claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.] 1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click.

 We heard Mr.Hodson's whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches. Thackeray.
 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run.

 Clack (?), v. t.


consideration; reflective; contemplative; as, a reflecting mind.

Reflecting circle, an astronomical instrument for measuring angless, like the sextant or Hadley's quadrant, by the reflection of light from two plane mirrors which it carries, and differing from the sextant chiefly in having an entire circle. -- Reflecting galvanometer, a galvanometer in which the deflections of the needle are read by means of a mirror attached to it, which reflects a ray of light or the image of a scale; -- called also mirror galvanometer. -- Reflecting goniometer. See under Goniometer. -- Reflecting telescope. See under Telescope.

 Re*flect"ing*ly, adv. With reflection; also, with censure; reproachfully. Swift.
 Re*flec"tion (r?*fl?k"sh?n), n. [L. reflexio: cf. F. réflexion.
 See Riflect.] [Written also reflexion.] 1. The act of reflecting, or turning or sending back, or the state of being reflected.
 Specifically: (a) The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below.

 The eye sees not itself, But by reflection, by some other things.

Shak.
(b) The reverting of the mind to that which has already occupied it; continued consideration; meditation; contemplation; hence, also, that operation or power of the mind by which it is conscious of its own acts or states; the capacity for judging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule or standard.

 By reflection,... I would be understood to mean, that notice which the mind takes of its own operations, and the manner of them, by reason whereof there come to be ideas of these operations in the understanding.

Locke.
 This delight grows and improves under thought and reflection.

South.
2. Shining; brightness, as of the sun. [Obs.] Shak.
3. That which is produced by reflection. Specifically: (a) An image given back from a reflecting surface; a reflected counterpart.

 As the sun water we can bear, Yet not the sun, but his reflection, there.

Dryden.
(b) A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane. (c) Result of meditation; thought or opinion after attentive consideration or contemplation; especially, thoughts suggested by truth.

 Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him.

Atterbury.
4. Censure; reproach cast.

 He died; and oh! may no reflection shed Its poisonous venom on the royal dead.

Prior.
5. (Physiol.) The transference of an excitement from one nerve fiber to another by means of the nerve cells, as in reflex action.
 See Reflex action, under Reflex.

Angle of reflection, the angle which anything, as a ray of light, on leaving a reflecting surface, makes with the perpendicular to the surface. -- Angle of total reflection. (Opt.) Same as Critical angle, under Critical.

Syn. -- Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; consideration; musing; thinking.

 Re*flect"ive (r?*fl?kt"?v), a. [Cf. F. réflectif. Cf.
 Reflexive.] 1. Throwing back images; as, a reflective mirror.

 In the reflective stream the sighing bride, viewing her charms.

Prior.
2. Capable of exercising thought or judgment; as, reflective reason. Prior.
 His perceptive and reflective faculties... thus acquired a precocious and extraordinary development.

Motley.
3. Addicted to introspective or meditative habits; as, a reflective person.

4. (Gram.) Reflexive; reciprocal.

 -- Re*flect"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flect"ive*ness, n. "Reflectiveness of manner." J. C. Shairp.
 Re*flect"or (-r), n. [Cf. F. réflecteur.] 1.
 One who, or that which, reflects. Boyle.
2. (Physics) (a) Something having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a mirror, a speculum, etc. (b) A reflecting telescope. (c) A device for reflecting sound.

 Re"flex (r?"fl?ks), a. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere: cf. F. réflexe. See Reflect.] 1. Directed back; attended by reflection; retroactive; introspective.

 The reflex act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions.

Sir M. Hale.
2. Produced in reaction, in resistance, or in return.

3. (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, stimulus or excitation without the necessary intervention of consciousness.

Reflex action (Physiol.), any action performed involuntarily in consequence of an impulse or impression transmitted along afferent nerves to a nerve center, from which it is reflected to an efferent nerve, and so calls into action certain muscles, organs, or cells. -- Reflex nerve (Physiol.), an excito-motory nerve. See Exitomotory.

 Re"flex (r?"fl?ks; formerly r?*fl?ks"), n. [L. reflexus a bending back. See Reflect.] 1. Reflection; the light reflected from an illuminated surface to one in shade.

 Yon gray is not the morning's eye, 'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow.

Shak.
 On the depths of death there swims The reflex of a human face.

Tennyson.
2. (Physiol.) An involuntary movement produced by reflex action.

Patellar reflex. See Knee jerk, under Knee.

 Re*flex" (r?*fl?ks"), v. t. [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere.
 See Reflect.] 1. To reflect. [Obs.] Shak.
2. To bend back; to turn back. J. Gregory.
 Re*flexed" (r?*fl?kst"), a. Bent backward or outward.

 Re*flex'i*bil"i*ty (r?*fl?ks'?*b?l"?*t?), n. [Cf. F. réflexibilité.]
 The quality or capability of being reflexible; as, the reflexibility of the rays of light. Sir I. Newton.
 Re*flex"i*ble (r?*fl?ks"?*b'l), a. [CF. F. réflexible.]
 Capable of being reflected, or thrown back.

 The light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible.

Cheyne.
 Re*flex"ion (-fl?k"sh?n), n. See Reflection. Chaucer.
 Re*flex"i*ty (r?*fl?ks"?*t?), n. The state or condition of being reflected. [R.]

 Re*flex"ive (-?v), a. 1. [Cf. F. réflexif.]
 Bending or turned backward; reflective; having respect to something past.

 Assurance reflexive can not be a divine faith.

Hammond.
2. Implying censure. [Obs.] "What man does not resent an ugly reflexive word?" South.
3. (Gram.) Having for its direct object a pronoun which refers to the agent or subject as its antecedent; -- said of certain verbs; as, the witness perjured himself; I bethought myself.
 Applied also to pronouns of this class; reciprocal; reflective.

 -- Re*flex"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flex"ive*ness, n. Re*flex"ly, adv. In a reflex manner; reflectively.

 Re"float (r?"fl?t), n. Reflux; ebb. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Re'flo*res"cence (r?'fl?*r


WHO WAS WHO5000 B. C. TO DATE Biographical Dictionary of the Famous and Those Who Wanted to Be Edited by Irwin L. Gordon CONTENTS NOTE ABBREVIATIONS OBITUARY BIOGRAPHIES A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z NOTE THE editor begs leave to inform the public that only persons who can produce proper evidence of their demise will be admitted to Who Was Who.
 Press Agent notices or complimentary comments are absolutely excluded, and those offering to pay for the insertion of names will be prosecuted. As persons become eligible they will be included without solicitation, while the pages will be expurgated of others should good luck warrant.

 Who Was Who contains over 500 biographies of those who did or endeavored to become famous. In a work of such magnitude errors occasionally occur.
 Should this be the case, the editor will be glad to receive corrections from the ex-celebrities or their enemies. These will be accepted gratis.
 Proofs will be sent to all subscribers. Members of the family will be able to order the coming editions in advance by applying and remitting to the publisher.

 The work is fully protected by the libel laws of the United States and Great Britain. Under no circumstance will duels be fought.

 The editor wishes to express his thanks to those who have furnished material for this book. He also trusts they will show their good feeling by purchasing a copy, and that all the unfortunates will speedily be returned to Who's Who.

 THE EDITOR.

 ABBREVIATIONS OBITUARY BIOGRAPHIES A ADAM(1) (last name unknown), ancestor, explorer, gardener, and inaugurator of history. Biographers differ as to his parentage. Born first Saturday of year 1. Little is known of his childhood. Education: Self-educated.
 Entered the gardening and orchard business when a young man. Was a strong anti-polygamist. Married Eve, a close relative. Children, Cain and Abel (see them). Was prosperous for some years, but eventually fell prey to his wife's fruitful ambitions. Lost favor of the proprietor of the garden, and failed in business. A. started a number of things which have not been perfected. Diet: Fond of apples. Recreation: Chess, agriculture. Address: Eden, General Delivery. Clubs: Member of all exclusive clubs.

 (1) Ed. Note: Adam should not be first, but he is given that position out of respect.

 ABEL, son of the above. Spent early days in the Garden of Eden with his parents, and later traveled with them. Conducted a sheep raising business.
 Finally had a row with his brother, and was knocked out in the first round.

 ABRAHAM, a patriarch whose descendants now own New York City, Jerusalem, vast sections of the remainder of the globe, and control the pawn-broking, diamond, theatrical, and old clothing markets. Camel and sheep merchant.
 Considerable land was willed him. A. prospered. Married Sarah (last name unknown). Marital infelicity followed, A. having an affair with Mrs.
 Abraham's maid. The woman was discharged, and the family lived happily ever afterward. Ambition: The chosen people. Recreation: Riding, tennis, camel racing. Address: Caanan. Clubs: Country.

 ABRUSSI, Prince Luigi Amedeo Guiseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, of the Italian nobility. Spent the greater portion of his life taking care of his name, climbing mountains, fighting Turks, and denying rumors regarding his marriage.

 ACHILLES (first name unknown), a baby whose mother gave him a bath, but forgot to wash all of his feet. Later was veteran of the siege of Troy.
 Died before receiving pension.

 AESOP, novelist, nature faker. Little is known of his childhood except that he was fond of dogs and played with the cat. Later he made animals his life's study. A. discovered the zoological principal that a turtle can run faster than a rabbit, and that foxes never eat sour grapes.
 Publications: Fables; the book has had a good sale. Address: Greece.
 Clubs: Zoological Societies.

 ALADDIN, of Somewhere. An ancient who possessed a lamp and a genii with which he could secure anything an American millionaire or actress can now purchase.

 ALDRICH, Senator N. W., architect of the Aldrich Plan, a system for removing the financial interests of the country from the common people and placing them in the hands of the few.

 ALPHONSO XIII, a king who enjoyed Paris without losing his job.

 AMUNDSON, Captain Roald, another pole discoverer. Away back in the year 1912 he reached the south pole after a considerable journey through the Arctic regions. Like his predecessors he became an author and lecturer.
 Publications: The South Pole. Price, Pd2.2S in England; $10.50 in the U. S. Later A. retired and lived on his royalty. Ambition: A few more poles, a few more books.

 ANANIAS. See Dr. Cook and Roosevelt.

 ANDERSON, Mary, actress; one of the wisest women who ever lived. In the height of a brilliant stage career she fell in love, and decided that a quiet home with a husband and children was more to be desired than the empty plaudits of the crowd, and the attentions of stage-door Johnnies.

 ANGELO, Mike, painter and sculptor of no mean ability. Born in Italy, but named after Irish relatives. At school he showed his talents by making cartoons of the teachers. These were unappreciated. Moved to Florence, where he bought some chisels, brushes, and saw his first model. A. remained a bachelor. Later he moved to Rome, and began a brilliant church-decorating career. Secured permission of the Pope to give an exhibition in the Vatican. This was finally made permanent. Also made a fortune erecting tomb-stones for the Medici family, leading politicians of his time. It is difficult to leave Italy without seeing much of his work.
 A. never favored the cubists or post-impressionists. Recreations: Painting, sculpture. Address: Rome.

 ANTHONY, Saint, of Pauda. An Italian who visited Paris, and could not forget what he saw.

 ANTOINETTE, Marie, wife of Louis No. 15, who assisted her husband to spend the French taxes. Was also a practical joker, her humor terminating at Versailles when she advised a mob to eat cake during a bread famine. Her wit was unappreciated. Ambition: Anything but October 16, 1791.
 Recreation: Versailles; looking through a grated window. Address: Versailles. Later: Consiergerie, Paris.

 APOLLO, a handsome ancient who fell in love, posed for his statues, patronized music and poetry, and, finally, had a table water named in his honor. Career: See longer and less respectable biographies. A. was the first person to sing to the accompaniment of a musical instrument, but he was a good singer. Ambition: Paris. Recreation: Music, travel, archery.
 Address: Greece. Clubs: Athletic, musical.

 ARC, Joan of, celebrated French suffragette. Spent girlhood milking cows and embroidering. When the English ministry began operations in France J. dropped her embroidery in the milk bucket and began suffragetting. She did not break windows or blow up anything. Gathered a host of males about her and captured towns. English exited. J. went back to the cow, but again had to take to the armor. She was finally jailed, and burnt up by the Radical ministry. She burned an old maid. Recreation: Barn dances, churning


ari, or otherwise, is sent down again to the same court, to be proceeded in there. (b) In English practice, a writ issuing out of chancery in cases where the judges of subordinate courts delay giving judgment, commanding them to proceed to judgment. (c) A writ by which the commission of the justice of the peace is revived, after having been suspended. Tomlins. Burrill.
 Pro*ce"dure (?), n. [F. procédure. See Proceed.] 1.
 The act or manner of proceeding or moving forward; progress; process; operation; conduct. "The true procedure of conscience." South.
2. A step taken; an act performed; a proceeding; the steps taken in an action or other legal proceeding. "Gracious procedures." I. Taylor.
3. That which results; issue; product. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Pro*ceed" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Proceeded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Proceeding.] [F. procéder. fr. L. procedere, processum, to go before, to proceed; pro forward + cedere to move. See Cede.] 1. To move, pass, or go forward or onward; to advance; to continue or renew motion begun; as, to proceed on a journey.

 If thou proceed in this thy insolence.

Shak.
2. To pass from one point, topic, or stage, to another; as, to proceed with a story or argument.

3. To issue or come forth as from a source or origin; to come from; as, light proceeds from the sun.

 I proceeded forth and came from God.

John viii. 42.
 It proceeds from policy, not love.

Shak.
4. To go on in an orderly or regulated manner; to begin and carry on a series of acts or measures; to act by method; to prosecute a design.

 He that proceeds upon other principles in his inquiry.

Locke.
5. To be transacted; to take place; to occur. [Obs.]

 He will, after his sour fashion, tell you What hath proceeded worthy note to-day.

Shak.
6. To have application or effect; to operate.

 This rule only proceeds and takes place when a person can not of common law condemn another by his sentence.

Ayliffe.
7. (Law) To begin and carry on a legal process.

Syn. -- To advance; go on; continue; progress; issue; arise; emanate.

 Pro"ceed (?), n. See Proceeds. [Obs.] Howell.
 Pro*ceed"er (?), n. One who proceeds.

 Pro*ceed"ing, n. 1. The act of one who proceeds, or who prosecutes a design or transaction; progress or movement from one thing to another; a measure or step taken in a course of business; a transaction; as, an illegal proceeding; a cautious or a violent proceeding.

 The proceedings of the high commission.

Macaulay.
2. pl. (Law) The course of procedure in the prosecution of an action at law. Blackstone.
Proceedings of a society, the published record of its action, or of things done at its meetings.

Syn. -- Procedure; measure; step, See Transaction.

 Pro"ceeds (?), n. pl. That which comes forth or results; effect; yield; issue; product; sum accruing from a sale, etc.

 Proc'e*leus*mat"ic (?), a. [L. proceleusmaticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to rouse to action beforehand; &?; + &?; to incite; cf. F. procéleusmatique.]

1. Inciting; animating; encouraging. [R.] Johnson.
2. (Pros.) Consisting of four short syllables; composed of feet of four short syllables each.

 Proc'e*leus*mat"ic (?), n. (Pros.) A foot consisting of four short syllables.

 Pro'cel*la"ri*an (?), n. [L. procella a storm.] (Zoöl.)
 One of a family of oceanic birds (Procellaridæ) including the petrels, fulmars, and shearwaters. They are often seen in great abundance in stormy weather.

 Pro*cel"lous (?), a. [L. procellosus, fr. procella a storm.] Stormy. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Pro'ce*phal"ic (?), a. [Pref. pro- + cephalic.] (Zoöl.)
 Pertaining to, or forming, the front of the head.

Procephalic lobe (Zoöl.), that part of the head of an invertebrate animal which is in front of the mouth.

 Pro*cep"tion (?), n. [Pref. pro- + L. capere to take.] Preoccupation. [Obs.] Eikon Basilik&?;.
 Pro*cere" (?), a. [L. procerus tall.] Of high stature; tall.
 [Obs.] Evelyn.
 Pro*cer"e*brum (?), n. [Pref. pro- + cerebrum.] (Anat.)
 The prosencephalon.

 ||Proc"e*res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. procer &?; chief.]
 (Zoöl.) An order of large birds; the Ratitæ; -- called also Proceri.

 Proc"er*ite (?), n. [Pref. pro- + Gr. &?; &?; horn.]
 (Zoöl.) The segment next to the flagellum of the antennæ of Crustacea.

 Pro*cer"i*ty (?), n. [L. proceritas.] Height of stature; tallness. [R.] Johnson.
 Proc"ess, n. [F. procès, L. processus. See Proceed.]

1. The act of proceeding; continued forward movement; procedure; progress; advance. "Long process of time." Milton.
 The thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns.

Tennyson.
2. A series of actions, motions, or occurrences; progressive act or transaction; continuous operation; normal or actual course or procedure; regular proceeding; as, the process of vegetation or decomposition; a chemical process; processes of nature.

 Tell her the process of Antonio's end.

Shak.
3. A statement of events; a narrative. [Obs.] Chaucer.
4. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Any marked prominence or projecting part, especially of a bone; anapophysis.

5. (Law) The whole course of proceedings in a cause real or personal, civil or criminal, from the beginning to the end of the suit; strictly, the means used for bringing the defendant into court to answer to the action; -- a generic term for writs of the class called judicial.

Deacon's process [from H. Deacon, who introduced it] (Chem.), a method of obtaining chlorine gas by passing hydrochloric acid gas over heated slag which has been previously saturated with a solution of some metallic salt, as sulphate of copper. -- Final process (Practice), a writ of execution in an action at law. Burrill. -- In process, in the condition of advance, accomplishment, transaction, or the like; begun, and not completed. -- Jury process (Law), the process by which a jury is summoned in a cause, and by which their attendance is enforced. Burrill. -- Leblanc's process (Chem.), the process of manufacturing soda by treating salt with sulphuric acid, reducing the sodium sulphate so formed to sodium sulphide by roasting with charcoal, and converting the sodium sulphide to sodium carbonate by roasting with lime. -- Mesne process. See under Mesne. -- Process milling, the process of high milling for grinding flour. See under Milling. -- Reversible process (Thermodynamics), any process consisting of a cycle of operations such that the different


Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done.
A. Brewer.
 Crit"ic*al (krt"*kal), a. [See Critic, n., Crisis.]

1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions.

 It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears to direct and determine what is graceful and what is not. Holder.
2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic's art; of the nature of a criticism; accurate; as, critical knowledge; a critical dissertation.

3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious.

 Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion, that he would never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman customs. Bp. Stillingfleet.
4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious; censorious; exacting.

 O gentle lady, do not put me to 't, For I am nothing, if not critical.
Shak.
5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to principles, as becomes a critic; as, a critical analysis of a subject.

6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis, turning point, or specially important juncture; important as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue; attended with risk; dangerous; as, the critical stage of a fever; a critical situation.

 Our circumstances are indeed critical. Burke.
 The small moment, the exact point, the critical minute, on which every good work so much depends. South.
Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. -- Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; -- so called from his most important work, the "Critique of Pure Reason." -- Critical point (Physics), a certain temperature, different for different gases, but always the same for each gas, regarded as the limit above which no amount of pressure can produce condensation to a liquid.

 Crit"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner; with nice discernment; accurately; exactly.

Critically to discern good writers from bad. Dryden.
2. At a crisis; at a critical time; in a situation, place, or condition of decisive consequence; as, a fortification critically situated.

 Coming critically the night before the session. Bp.
 Burnet.
 Crit"ic*al*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being critical, or of occurring at a critical time.

2. Accuracy in examination or decision; exactness.

 Crit"ic*as'ter (krt"k*s'tr), n. A contemptible or vicious critic.

 The rancorous and reptile crew of poeticules, who decompose into criticasters.
Swinburne.
 Crit"i*cis'a*ble (krt"*sz'*b'l), a. Capable of being criticised.

 Crit"i*cise (kr?t"?-s?z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised (-s?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] [Written also, more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.] [Cf. G. kritisiren.
 See Critic.] 1. To examine and judge as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment upon; as, to criticise an author; to criticise a picture.

2. To express one's views as to the merit or demerit of; esp., to animadvert upon; to find fault with; as, to criticise conduct. Blackwood's Mag.
 Crit"i*cise, v. i. 1. To act as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment; to play the critic; -- formerly used with on or upon.

 Several of these ladies, indeed, criticised upon the form of the association. Addison.
2. To discuss the merits or demerits of a thing or person; esp., to find fault.

 Cavil you may, but never criticise. Pope.
 Crit"i*ci'ser (-s?'z?r), n. One who criticises; a critic.

 Crit"i*cism (kr?t"?-s?z'm), n. 1. The rules and principles which regulate the practice of the critic; the art of judging with knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts; as, dramatic criticism.

 The elements ofcriticism depend on the two principles of Beauty and Truth, one of which is the final end or object of study in every one of its pursuits: Beauty, in letters and the arts; Truth, in history and sciences. Brande & C. By criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a standard of judging well. Dryden.
2. The act of criticising; a critical judgment passed or expressed; a critical observation or detailed examination and review; a critique; animadversion; censure.

 About the plan of "Rasselas" little was said by the critics; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to invite severe criticism. Macaulay.
 Cri*tique" (kr*tk"), n. [F. critique, f., fr. Gr. kritikh' (sc. te'chnh) the critical art, from kritiko's. See Critic.]

1. The art of criticism. [Written also critic.] [R.]

2. A critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; a critical dissertation or essay; a careful and thorough analysis of any subject; a criticism; as, Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason."

 I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a ring as on the inscription of a medal. Addison.
3. A critic; one who criticises. [Obs.]

 A question among critiques in the ages to come. Bp.
 Lincoln.
 Cri*tique", v. t. [Cf. Critic, v.] To criticise or pass judgment upon. [Obs.] Pope.
 Criz"zel (kr?z"z'l), n. [Cf. grizzle darkish gray, or G. griselig gravelly, granular, speckled.] A kind of roughness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. [Written also crizzeling and crizzle.]

 Croak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Croaked. (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] [From the primitive of AS. cracettan to croak as a raven; akin to G. krächzen to croak, and to E. creak, crake.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow; hence, to make any hoarse, dismal sound.

 Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog, And the hoarse nation croaked.
Pope.
2. To complain; especially, to grumble; to forebode evil; to utter complaints or forebodings habitually.

 Marat... croaks with reasonableness. Carlyle.
 Croak, v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to announce by croaking; to forebode; as, to croak disaster.

 The raven himself is hoarse, That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan. Shak.
 Two ravens now began to croak Their nuptial song. Wordsworth.
 Croak, n. The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound.

 Croak"er (-?r), n. 1. One who croaks, murmurs, grumbles, or complains unreasonably; one who habitually fore


Evelyn.
 De*liv"er*ly, adv. Actively; quickly; nimbly. [Obs.]

 Swim with your bodies, And carry it sweetly and deliverly.

Beau. & Fl.
 De*liv"er*ness, n. Nimbleness; agility. [Obs.]

 De*liv"er*y, n.; pl. Deliveries (&?;). 1.
 The act of delivering from restraint; rescue; release; liberation; as, the delivery of a captive from his dungeon.

2. The act of delivering up or over; surrender; transfer of the body or substance of a thing; distribution; as, the delivery of a fort, of hostages, of a criminal, of goods, of letters.

3. The act or style of utterance; manner of speaking; as, a good delivery; a clear delivery.

4. The act of giving birth; parturition; the expulsion or extraction of a fetus and its membranes.

5. The act of exerting one's strength or limbs.

 Neater limbs and freer delivery.

Sir H. Wotton.
6. The act or manner of delivering a ball; as, the pitcher has a swift delivery.

 Dell (?), n. [AS. del, akin to E. dale; cf. D. delle, del, low ground. See Dale.] 1. A small, retired valley; a ravine.

 In dells and dales, concealed from human sight.

Tickell.
2. A young woman; a wench. [Obs.]

 Sweet doxies and dells.

B. Jonson.
 ||Del"la Crus"ca (?). A shortened form of Accademia della Crusca, an academy in Florence, Italy, founded in the 16th century, especially for conserving the purity of the Italian language.

 The Accademia della Crusca (literally, academy of the bran or chaff) was so called in allusion to its chief object of bolting or purifying the national language.

 Del'la*crus"can (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Accademia della Crusca in Florence.

The Dellacruscan School, a name given in satire to a class of affected English writers, most of whom lived in Florence, about a. d.
 1785.

 ||De"loo (d"l), n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

 ||De*loul" (d*ll"), n. [Prob. of Arabic or Bedouin origin.] (Zoöl.)
 A special breed of the dromedary used for rapid traveling; the swift camel; -- called also herire, and maharik.

 Delph (?), n. Delftware.

 Five nothings in five plates of delph.

Swift.
 Delph, n. (Hydraul. Engin.) The drain on the land side of a sea embankment. Knight.
 Del"phi*an (?), a. Delphic.

 Del"phic (?), a. [L. Delphicus, fr. Gr. Delfiko's, fr.
 Delfoi', L. Delphi, a town of Phocis, in Greece, now Kastri.]
 (Gr. Antiq.) 1. Of or relating to Delphi, or to the famous oracle of that place.

2. Ambiguous; mysterious. "If he is silent or delphic." New York Times.
 { Del"phin, Del"phine } (?), a. [See Dauphin.] Pertaining to the dauphin of France; as, the Delphin classics, an edition of the Latin classics, prepared in the reign of Louis XIV., for the use of the dauphin (in usum Delphini).

 Del"phin, n. [L. delphinus a dolphin.] (Chem.) A fatty substance contained in the oil of the dolphin and the porpoise; -- called also phocenin.

 Del"phine (?), a. [L. delphinus a dolphin, Gr. delfi's, delfi'n.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes.

 Del*phin"ic (?), a. [See Delphin, n.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or derived from, the dolphin; phocenic.

Delphinic acid. (Chem.) See Valeric acid, under Valeric. [Obs.]

 Del*phin"ic, a. [From NL. Delphinium, the name of the genus.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the larkspur; specifically, relating to the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria).

 Del"phi*nine (?; 104), n. [Cf. F. delphinine.] (Chem.)
 A poisonous alkaloid extracted from the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), as a colorless amorphous powder.

 Del"phi*noid (?), a. [L. delphinus a dolphin + -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the dolphin.

 ||Del'phi*noi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cetacea which comprises the dolphins, porpoises, and related forms.

 ||Del*phi"nus (?), n. [L., a dolphin, fr. Gr. delfi's, delfi'n.] 1.
(Zoöl.) A genus of Cetacea, including the dolphin. See Dolphin, 1.

2. (Astron.) The Dolphin, a constellation near the equator and east of Aquila.

 Del"ta (?), n.; pl. Deltas (#). [Gr. de'lta, the name of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (the capital form of which is, Eng. D), from the Phœnician name of the corresponding letter. The Greeks called the alluvial deposit at the mouth of the Nile, from its shape, the Delta of the Nile.] A tract of land shaped like the letter delta (), especially when the land is alluvial and inclosed between two or more mouths of a river; as, the delta of the Ganges, of the Nile, or of the Mississippi.

 Del'ta*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Delta + L. facere to make.] The formation of a delta or of deltas. [R.]

 Del*ta"ic (?), a. Relating to, or like, a delta.

 ||Del*thy"ris (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. de'lta the name of the letter + thy'ra door.] (Zoöl.) A name formerly given to certain Silurian brachiopod shells of the genus Spirifer.

Delthyris limestone (Geol.), one of the divisions of the Upper Silurian rocks in New York.

 Del"tic (?), a. Deltaic.

 ||Del*tid"i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. de'lta, the letter.] (Zoöl.)
 The triangular space under the beak of many brachiopod shells.

 Del'to*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. de'lta, the letter + 'e'dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A solid bounded by twelve quadrilateral faces.
 It is a hemihedral form of the isometric system, allied to the tetrahedron.

 Del"toid (?), a. [Gr. deltoeidh's deltashaped; de'lta the name of the letter + e'i^dos form: cf. F. deltoïde. See Delta.] Shaped like the Greek (delta); delta-shaped; triangular.

Deltoid leaf (Bot.), a leaf in the form of a triangle with the stem inserted at the middle of the base. -- Deltoid muscle (Anat.), a triangular muscle in the shoulder which serves to move the arm directly upward.

 De*lud"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being deluded; liable to be imposed