Post" of'fice (?), n. See under 4th Post.

 Post*o"ral (?), a. [Pref. post- + oral.] (Anat.)
 Situated behind, or posterior to, the mouth.

 Post*or"bit*al (?), a. [Pref. post- + orbital.] (Anat.
 & Zoöl.) Situated behind the orbit; as, the postorbital scales of some fishes and reptiles. -- n. A postorbital bone or scale.

 Post"paid' (?), a. Having the postage prepaid, as a letter.

 Post*pal"a*tine (?), a. [Pref. post- + palatine.] (Anat.)
 Situated behind the palate, or behind the palatine bones.

 Post*pli"o*cene (?), a. (Geol.) [Pref. post- + pliocene.]
 Of or pertaining to the period immediately following the Pliocene; Pleistocene. Also used as a noun. See Quaternary.

 Post*pone" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postponed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Postponing.] [L. postponere, postpositum; post after + ponere to place, put. See Post-, and Position.]
 1. To defer to a future or later time; to put off; also, to cause to be deferred or put off; to delay; to adjourn; as, to postpone the consideration of a bill to the following day, or indefinitely.

 His praise postponed, and never to be paid.

Cowper.
2. To place after, behind, or below something, in respect to precedence, preference, value, or importance.

 All other considerations should give way and be postponed to this.

Locke.
Syn. -- To adjourn; defer; delay; procrastinate.

 Post*pone"ment (?), n. The act of postponing; a deferring, or putting off, to a future time; a temporary delay. Macaulay.
 Post*pon"ence (?), n. [From L. postponens, p. pr.] The act of postponing, in sense 2. [Obs.] Johnson.
 Post*pon"er (?), n. One who postpones.

 Post*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Postposing.] [F. postposer. See Post-, and Pose, v. t.] To postpone. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Post*pos"it (?), v. t. [L. postpositus, p. p. See Postpone.]
 To postpone. [Obs.] Feltham.
 Post'po*si"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. postposition. See Postpone.]
 1. The act of placing after, or the state of being placed after.
 "The postposition of the nominative case to the verb." Mede.
 2. A word or particle placed after, or at the end of, another word; -- distinguished from preposition.

 Post'po*si"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to postposition.

 Post*pos"i*tive (?), a. [See Postpone.] Placed after another word; as, a postpositive conjunction; a postpositive letter. - - Post*pos"i*tive*ly, adv.
 Post*pran"di*al (?), a. [Pref. post- + prandial.]
 Happening, or done, after dinner; afterdinner; as, postprandial speeches.

 Pos*tre'mo*gen"i*ture (?; 135), n. [L. postremus last + genitura birth, geniture.] The right of the youngest born. Mozley & W. Post're*mote" (?), a. [Pref. post- + remote.] More remote in subsequent time or order.

 Post"rid'er (?), n. One who rides over a post road to carry the mails. Bancroft.
 ||Post*scap"u*la (?), n. [NL. See Post-, and Scapula.] (Anat.)
 The part of the scapula behind or below the spine, or mesoscapula.

 Post*scap"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the postscapula; infraspinous.

 ||Post*sce"ni*um (?), n. [L., fr. post + scena a scene.] The part of a theater behind the scenes; the back part of the stage of a theater.

 Post*scribe" (?), v. t. [L. postscribere. See Postscript.]
 To make a postscript. [R.] T. Adams.
 Post"script (?), n. [L. postscriptus, (assumed) p. p. of postscribere to write after; post after + scribere to write: cf. F. postscriptum.
 See Post-, and Scribe.] A paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; an addition made to a book or composition after the main body of the work has been finished, containing something omitted, or something new occurring to the writer. [Abbrev. P.
 S.]

 Post"script*ed, a. Having a postscript; added in a postscript. [R.]
 J. Q. Adams.
 ||Post'scu*tel"lum (?), n. [NL. See Post-, and Scutellum.] (Zoöl.)
 The hindermost dorsal piece of a thoracic somite of an insect; the plate behind the scutellum.

 Post*sphe"noid (?), a. [Pref. post- + sphenoid.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the posterior part of the sphenoid bone.

 Post-tem"po*ral (?), a. [Pref. post- + temporal.] (Anat.)
 Situated back of the temporal bone or the temporal region of the skull; -- applied especially to a bone which usually connects the supraclavicle with the skull in the pectoral arch of fishes. -- n. A post-temporal bone.

 Post*ter"ti*a*ry (?), a. [Pref. post- + tertiary.]
 (Geol.) Following, or more recent than, the Tertiary; Quaternary.

 ||Post"-tra'gus (?), n. [NL. See Post-, and Tragus.] (Anat.)
 A ridge within and behind the tragus in the ear of some animals.

 Post'-tym*pan"ic (?), a. [Pref. post- + tympanic.]
 (Anat.) Situated behind the tympanum, or in the skull, behind the auditory meatus.

 Pos"tu*lant (?; 135), n. [F., fr. L. postulans, p. pr. of postulare.
 See Postulate.] One who makes a request or demand; hence, a candidate.

 Pos"tu*late (?), n. [L. postulatum a demand, request, prop.
 p. p. of postulare to demand, prob. a dim. of poscere to demand, prob. for porcscere; akin to G. forschen to search, investigate, Skr. prach to ask, and L. precari to pray: cf.
 F. postulat. See Pray.] 1. Something demanded or asserted; especially, a position or supposition assumed without proof, or one which is considered as self-evident; a truth to which assent may be demanded or challenged, without argument or evidence.

2. (Geom.) The enunciation of a selfevident problem, in distinction from an axiom, which is the enunciation of a self-evident theorem.

 The distinction between a postulate and an axiom lies in this, -- that the latter is admitted to be self-evident, while the former may be agreed upon between two reasoners, and admitted


the acrimony of the juices of certain plants.
 [Archaic] Bacon.
2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irritating bitterness of disposition or manners.

 John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indignation to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit of theirs. South.
Syn. -- Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Tartness. These words express different degrees of angry feeling or language. Asperity and harshness arise from angry feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or an undue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual readiness. Tartness of reply; harshness of accusation; acrimony of invective.

 In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his contempt for the king's character. Macaulay.
 It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson.
 A just reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness and brutality. Shaftesbury.
 { ||A*cris"i*a (&?;), Ac"ri*sy (&?;), } n. [LL. acrisia, Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to separate, to decide.] 1.
 Inability to judge.

2. (Med.) Undecided character of a disease. [Obs.]

 ||Ac"ri*ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; indiscernible; 'a priv. + &?; to distinguish.] (Zoöl.) The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed.

 Ac"ri*tan (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Acrita. -- n. An individual of the Acrita.

 Ac"rite (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Acritan. Owen.
 A*crit"ic*al (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; critical.] (Med.)
 Having no crisis; giving no indications of a crisis; as, acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess.

 Ac'ri*to*chro"ma*cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; undistinguishable; 'a priv. + &?; to separate, distinguish + &?; color.] Color blindness; achromatopsy.

 Ac"ri*tude (&?;), n. [L. acritudo, from acer sharp.] Acridity; pungency joined with heat. [Obs.]

 Ac"ri*ty (&?;), n. [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. âcreté.] Sharpness; keenness. [Obs.]

 { Ac'ro*a*mat"ic (&?;), Ac'ro*a*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr.
 &?;, fr. &?; to hear.] Communicated orally; oral; -- applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally. Hence: Abstruse; profound.

 Ac'ro*at"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to hear.] Same as Acroamatic.

 Ac"ro*bat (&?;), n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. &?; walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft; &?; high + &?; to go.] One who practices rope dancing, high vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats.

 Ac'ro*bat"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. acrobatique.] Pertaining to an acrobat.

 -- Ac'ro*bat"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ac"ro*bat*ism (&?;), n. Feats of the acrobat; daring gymnastic feats; high vaulting.

 Ac'ro*car"pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; extreme, highest + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having a terminal fructification; having the fruit at the end of the stalk. (b) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem, as in certain mosses.

 Ac'ro*ce*phal"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; highest + &?;. See Cephalic.] Characterized by a high skull.

 Ac'ro*ceph"a*ly (&?;), n. Loftiness of skull.

 Ac'ro*ce*rau"ni*an (&?;), a. [L. acroceraunius, fr. Gr.
 &?; high, n. pl. &?; heights + &?; thunderbolt.] Of or pertaining to the high mountain range of "thundersmitten" peaks (now Kimara), between Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley.
 ||Ac'ro*dac"tyl*um (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; topmost + &?; finger.] (Zoöl.) The upper surface of the toes, individually.

 Ac"ro*dont (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a'kros summit + 'odoy's, 'odo'ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of lizards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the alveolar ridge. -- a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts.

 Ac"ro*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a'kros extreme, high + -gen.]
 (Bot.) A plant of the highest class of cryptogams, including the ferns, etc. See Cryptogamia.

The Age of Acrogens (Geol.), the age of coal plants, or the carboniferous era.

 Ac*rog"e*nous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Increasing by growth from the extremity; as, an acrogenous plant.

 A*cro"le*in (&?;), n. [L. acer sharp + olre to smell.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, highly volatile liquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the destructive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin. Its vapors are intensely irritating.
 Watts.
 Ac"ro*lith (&?;), n. [L. acrolthus, Gr. 'akroli'qos with the ends made of stone; 'a'kros extreme + li'qos stone.] (Arch. & Sculp.) A statue whose extremities are of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes.
 { A*crol"i*than (&?;), Ac'ro*lith"ic (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, or like, an acrolith.

 Ac'ro*meg"a*ly (&?;), n. [NL. acromegalia, fr. Gr.
 'a'kron point, peak + &?;, &?;, big.] (Med.) Chronic enlargement of the extremities and face.

 A*cro"mi*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. acromial.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison.
 ||A*cro"mi*on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a'kros extreme + &?; shoulder: cf. F. acromion.] (Anat.) The outer extremity of the shoulder blade.

 Ac'ro*mon'o*gram*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a'kros extreme + &?; alone + &?; a letter.] Having each verse begin with the same letter as that with which the preceding verse ends.

 { A*cron"yc (&?;), A


of green leaves.

 Crown"less, a. Without a crown.

 Crown"let (-l?t), n. A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.
 Crown" of'fice (?f'f?s; 115). (Eng. Law) The criminal branch of the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill.
 Crown"piece' (-p?s'), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19.

 Crown"-post' (kroun"p?st'), n. Same as King-post.

 Crown"-saw' (-s?'), n. [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.]
 (Mech.) A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion.

 The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight.
 Crown" side' (s?d'). See Crown office.

 Crown" wheel' (hw?l'). [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.)
 A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; -- called also a contrate wheel or face wheel.

 Crown"work' (-w?rk'), n. (Fort.) A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank.

 Crow"-quill' (kr?"kw?l'), n. A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill.

 Crows (kr?z), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; -- also called Upsarokas.

 Crow's"-foot' (kr?z"f??t'), n.; pl. Crow's-feet (-ft').

1. pl. The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson.
2. (Mil.) A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.]

3. (Arch.) Same as Bird's- mouth. [U.S.]

 Crow"-silk' (kr?"s?lk'), n. (Bot.) A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing).

 Crow's-nest' (kr?z"n?st'), n. (Naut.) A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout.

 Crow"step' (kr?"st?p'), n. (Arch.) See Corriestep.

 Crow"stone' (kr?"st?n'), n. (Arch.) The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell.
 Crowth (krouth), n. An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd.

 Crow"toe' (kr"t'), n. (Bot.) 1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior.
2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. "The tufted crowtoe."
 Milton.
 Crow"-trod'den (kr"tr?d'd'n), a. Marked with crow's-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic] Do I look as if I were crow-trodden? Beau. & FL.
 Croyl"stone' (kroil"stn'), n. (Min.) Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small.

 Croys (krois), n. See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Croze (kr?z), n. [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.] A cooper's tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also, the groove itself.

 Cro"zier (kr?"zh?r), n. See Crosier.

 Cro"ziered (-zh?rd), a. Crosiered.

 Cru"cial (kr?"shal), a. [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.] 1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as, crucial ligaments; a crucial incision.

2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as, a crucial test.

 Cru"cian carp' (-shan k?rp'). [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, - assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.)
 A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; -- called also German carp.

 The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp.

 Cru"ci*ate (kr?"sh?-?t or -sh?t; 106), a. [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.] 1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale.
2. (Bot.) Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform.

 Cru"ci*ate (kr?"sh?-?t), v. t. To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale.
 Cru'ci*a"tion (kr?'sh?-?"sh?n), n. [LL. cruciatio.] The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Cru"ci*ble (kr"s*b'l), n. [LL. crucibulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. krsul, LG. krüsel, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.] 1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc.

2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal.

3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as, the crucible of affliction.

Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; -- named from the place of manufacture.

 Cru"ci*fer (-f?r), n. [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.) Any plant of the order Cruciferæ.

 Cru*cif"er*ous (kr?-s?f"?r-?s), a. [L. crux, crucis, cross + -ferous: cf. F. crucif&?;re.] 1. Bearing a cross.

2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, rad


b) One of the different coats of arms arranged upon an escutcheon, denoting the descent of the bearer.

4. (Arch.) A series of quarters, or small upright posts. See Quarter, n., 1 (m) (Arch.) Gwilt.
Quartering block, a block on which the body of a condemned criminal was quartered. Macaulay.
 Quar"ter*ly, a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, a fourth part; as, quarterly seasons.

2. Recurring during, or at the end of, each quarter; as, quarterly payments of rent; a quarterly meeting.

 Quar"ter*ly, n.; pl. Quarterlies (&?;). A periodical work published once a quarter, or four times in a year.

 Quar"ter*ly, adv. 1. By quarters; once in a quarter of a year; as, the returns are made quarterly.

2. (Her.) In quarters, or quarterings; as, to bear arms quarterly; in four or more parts; -- said of a shield thus divided by lines drawn through it at right angles.

 Quar"ter*mas'ter (?), n. [Quarter + master: cf. F. quartier-maître.]
 1. (Mil.) An officer whose duty is to provide quarters, provisions, storage, clothing, fuel, stationery, and transportation for a regiment or other body of troops, and superintend the supplies.

2. (Naut.) A petty officer who attends to the helm, binnacle, signals, and the like, under the direction of the master. Totten.
Quartermaster general (Mil.), in the United States a staff officer, who has the rank of brigadier general and is the chief officer in the quartermaster's department; in England, an officer of high rank stationed at the War Office having similar duties; also, a staff officer, usually a general officer, accompanying each complete army in the field.
 -- Quartermaster sergeant. See Sergeant.

 Quar"tern (?), n.[OE. quarteroun, quartron, F. quarteron, the fourth part of a pound, or of a hundred; cf. L. quartarius a fourth part, quarter of any measure, quartern, gill. See Quarter, and cf.
 Quarteron, Quadroon.] 1. A quarter. Specifically: (a) The fourth part of a pint; a gill. (b) The fourth part of a peck, or of a stone (14 ibs.).

2. A loaf of bread weighing about four pounds; -- called also quartern loaf. Simmonds.
 Quar"ter*on (?), n. [F. See Quartern.] A quarter; esp., a quarter of a pound, or a quarter of a hundred. Piers Plowman.
 { Quar"ter*on (?), Quar"ter*oon (?) }, n. A quadroon.

 Quar"ter*pace' (?), n. (Arch.) A platform of a staircase where the stair turns at a right angle only. See Halfpace.

 Quar"ter round' (?). (Arch.) An ovolo.

 Quar"ter*staff' (?), n.; pl. Quarterstaves (&?;).
 A long and stout staff formerly used as a weapon of defense and offense; -- so called because in holding it one hand was placed in the middle, and the other between the middle and the end.

 { Quar*tet", Quar*tette" } (?), n. [It. quartetto, dim. of quarto the fourth, a fourth part, fr. L. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A composition in four parts, each performed by a single voice or instrument. (b) The set of four person who perform a piece of music in four parts.

2. (Poet.) A stanza of four lines.

 Quar"tic (?), a. [L. quartus fourth.] (Mach.) Of the fourth degree.

 Quar"tic (?), n. (a) (Alg.) A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic. (b) (Geom.) A curve or surface whose equation is of the fourth degree in the variables.

 Quar"tile (?), n. [F. quartile aspect, fr. L. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] (Astrol.) Same as Quadrate.

 Quar"tine (?), n. [F., fr. L. quartus the fourth.] (Bot.)
 A supposed fourth integument of an ovule, counting from the outside.

 Quar"to (?), a. [L. in quarto in fourth, from quartus the fourth: cf. F. (in) quarto. See Quart.] Having four leaves to the sheet; of the form or size of a quarto.

 Quar"to, n.; pl. Quartos (&?;). Originally, a book of the size of the fourth of sheet of printing paper; a size leaves; in present usage, a book of a square or nearly square form, and usually of large size.

 Quar"tridge (?), n. Quarterage. [Obs.]

 Quartz (?), n. [G. quarz.] (Min.) A form of silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2), occurring in hexagonal crystals, which are commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown, purple, green, and of other colors; also in cryptocrystalline massive forms varying in color and degree of transparency, being sometimes opaque.

 The crystalline varieties include: amethyst, violet; citrine and false topaz, pale yellow; rock crystal, transparent and colorless or nearly so; rose quartz, rosecolored; smoky quartz, smoky brown. The chief crypto-crystalline varieties are: agate, a chalcedony in layers or clouded with different colors, including the onyx and sardonyx; carnelian and sard, red or fleshcolored chalcedony; chalcedony, nearly white, and waxy in luster; chrysoprase, an apple-green chalcedony; flint, hornstone, basanite, or touchstone, brown to black in color and compact in texture; heliotrope, green dotted with red; jasper, opaque, red yellow, or brown, colored by iron or ferruginous clay; prase, translucent and dull leek-green. Quartz is an essential constituent of granite, and abounds in rocks of all ages. It forms the rocks quartzite (quartz rock) and sandstone, and makes most of the sand of the seashore.

 Quartz*if"er*ous (?), a. [Quartz + -ferous.] (Min.)
 Consisting chiefly of quartz; containing quartz.

 Quartz"ite (?), n. [Cf. F. quartzite.] (Min.) Massive quartz occurring as a rock; a metamorphosed sandstone; -- called also quartz rock.

 Quartz"oid (?), n. [Quartz + - oid.] (Crystallog.)
 A form of crystal common with quartz, consisting of two six-sided pyramids, base to base.

 Quartz"ose' (?), a. [Cf. F. quartzeux, G. quarzig.]
 (Min.) Containing, or resembling, quartz; partaking of the nature or qualities of quartz.

 quartz"ous (?), a. (Min.) Quarzose.

 Quartz"y (?), a. (Min.) Quartzose.

 Quas (?), n. A kind of beer. Same as Quass.

 { Quas"chi (?), Quas"je (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The brown coati. See Coati.

 Quash (?), n. Same as Squash.

 Quash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Quashing.] [OF. quasser, F. casser, fr. L. cassare to annihilate, annul, fr. cassus empty, vain, of uncertain origin.
 The word has been


anced to be herding his swine on the spot, and his herd was engulfed in the chasm down which Pluto vanished with Persephone. Accordingly at the Thesmophoria pigs were annually thrown into caverns to commemorate the disappearance of the swine of Eubuleus. It follows from this that the casting of the pigs into the vaults at the Thesmophoria formed part of the dramatic representation of Persephone's descent into the lower world; and as no image of Persephone appears to have been thrown in, we may infer that the descent of the pigs was not so much an accompaniment of her descent as the descent itself, in short, that the pigs were Persephone. Afterwards when Persephone or Demeter (for the two are equivalent) took on human form, a reason had to be found for the custom of throwing pigs into caverns at her festival; and this was done by saying that when Pluto carried off Persephone there happened to be some swine browsing near, which were swallowed up along with her. The story is obviously a forced and awkward attempt to bridge over the gulf between the old conception of the corn-spirit as a pig and the new conception of her as an anthropomorphic goddess. A trace of the older conception survived in the legend that when the sad mother was searching for traces of the vanished Persephone, the footprints of the lost one were obliterated by the footprints of a pig; originally, we may conjecture, the footprints of the pig were the footprints of Persephone and of Demeter herself. A consciousness of the intimate connexion of the pig with the corn lurks in the legend that the swineherd Eubuleus was a brother of Triptolemus, to whom Demeter first imparted the secret of the corn. Indeed, according to one version of the story, Eubuleus himself received, jointly with his brother Triptolemus, the gift of the corn from Demeter as a reward for revealing to her the fate of Persephone. Further, it is to be noted that at the Thesmophoria the women appear to have eaten swine's flesh. The meal, if I am right, must have been a solemn sacrament or communion, the worshippers partaking of the body of the god.
As thus explained, the Thesmophoria has its analogies in the folk-customs of Northern Europe which have been already described.
Just as at the Thesmophoria—an autumn festival in honour of the corn-goddess—swine's flesh was partly eaten, partly kept in caverns till the following year, when it was taken up to be sown with the seed-corn in the fields for the purpose of securing a good crop; so in the neighbourhood of Grenoble the goat killed on the harvest-field is partly eaten at the harvest-supper, partly pickled and kept till the next harvest; so at Pouilly the ox killed on the harvest-field is partly eaten by the harvesters, partly pickled and kept till the first day of sowing in spring, probably to be then mixed with the seed, or eaten by the ploughmen, or both; so at Udvarhely the feathers of the cock which is killed in the last sheaf at harvest are kept till spring, and then sown with the seed on the field; so in Hesse and Meiningen the flesh of pigs is eaten on Ash Wednesday or Candlemas, and the bones are kept till sowing-time, when they are put into the field sown or mixed with the seed in the bag; so, lastly, the corn from the last sheaf is kept till Christmas, made into the Yule Boar, and afterwards broken and mixed with the seed-corn at sowing in spring. Thus, to put it generally, the corn-spirit is killed in animal form in autumn; part of his flesh is eaten as a sacrament by his worshippers; and part of it is kept till next sowing-time or harvest as a pledge and security for the continuance or renewal of the corn-spirit's energies.
If persons of fastidious taste should object that the Greeks never could have conceived Demeter and Persephone to be embodied in the form of pigs, it may be answered that in the cave of Phigalia in Arcadia the Black Demeter was portrayed with the head and mane of a horse on the body of a woman. Between the portraits of a goddess as a pig, and the portrait of her as a woman with a horse's head, there is little to choose in respect of barbarism. The legend told of the Phigalian Demeter indicates that the horse was one of the animal forms assumed in ancient Greece, as in modern Europe, by the cornspirit. It was said that in her search for her daughter, Demeter assumed the form of a mare to escape the addresses of Poseidon, and that, offended at his importunity, she withdrew in dudgeon to a cave not far from Phigalia in the highlands of Western Arcadia. There, robed in black, she tarried so long that the fruits of the earth were perishing, and mankind would have died of famine if Pan had not soothed the angry goddess and persuaded her to quit the cave. In memory of this event, the Phigalians set up an image of the Black Demeter in the cave; it represented a woman dressed in a long robe, with the head and mane of a horse. The Black Demeter, in whose absence the fruits of the earth perish, is plainly a mythical expression for the bare wintry earth stripped of its summer mantle of green.
3. Attis, Adonis, and the Pig PASSING now to Attis and Adonis, we may note a few facts which seem to show that these deities of vegetation had also, like other deities of the same class, their animal embodiments. The worshippers of Attis abstained from eating the flesh of swine. This appears to indicate that the pig was regarded as an embodiment of Attis. And the legend that Attis was killed by a boar points in the same direction. For after the examples of the goat Dionysus and the pig Demeter it may almost be laid down as a rule that an animal which is said to have injured a god was originally the god himself.
Perhaps the cry of "Hyes Attes! Hyes Attes!" which was raised by the worshippers of Attis, may be neither more nor less than "Pig Attis! Pig Attis!"—hyes being possibly a Phrygian form of the Greek hy¯s, "a pig." In regard to Adonis, his connexion with the boar was not always explained by the story that he had been killed by the animal.
According to another story, a boar rent with his tusk the bark of the tree in which the infant Adonis was born. According to yet another story, he perished at the hands of Hephaestus on Mount Lebanon while he was hunting wild boars. These variations in the legend serve to show that, while the connexion of the boar with Adonis was certain, the reason of the connexion was not understood, and that consequently different stories were devised to explain it.
Certainly the pig ranked as a sacred animal among the Syrians. At the great religious metropolis of Hierapolis on the Euphrates pigs were neither sacrificed nor eaten, and if a man touched a pig he was unclean for the rest of the day. Some people said this was because the pigs were unclean; others said it was because the pigs were sacred. This difference of opinion points to a hazy state of religious thought in which the ideas of sanctity and uncleanness are not yet sharply distinguished, both being blent in a sort of vaporous solution to which we give the name of taboo. It is quite consistent with this that the pig should have been held to be an embodiment of the divine Adonis, and the analogies of Dionysus and Demeter make it probable that the story of the hostility of the animal to the god was only a late misapprehension of the old view of the god as embodied in a pig. The rule that pigs were not sacrificed or eaten by worshippers of Attis and presumably of Adonis, does not exclude the possibility that in these rituals the pig was slain on solemn occasions as a representative of the god and consumed sacramentally by the worshippers. Indeed, the sacramental killing and eating of an animal implies


(b) To remove, or open a way through, by breaking; as, to break down a door or wall. -- To break in. (a) To force in; as, to break in a door. (b) To train; to discipline; as, a horse well broken in. -- To break of, to rid of; to cause to abandon; as, to break one of a habit. -- To break off. (a) To separate by breaking; as, to break off a twig. (b) To stop suddenly; to abandon. "Break off thy sins by righteousness." Dan. iv. 27.
 -- To break open, to open by breaking. "Open the door, or I will break it open." Shak. -- To break out, to take or force out by breaking; as, to break out a pane of glass. -- To break out a cargo, to unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. -- To break through. (a) To make an opening through, as, as by violence or the force of gravity; to pass violently through; as, to break through the enemy's lines; to break through the ice. (b) To disregard; as, to break through the ceremony. -- To break up.
 (a) To separate into parts; to plow (new or fallow ground). "Break up this capon." Shak. "Break up your fallow ground." Jer.
 iv. 3. (b) To dissolve; to put an end to. "Break up the court." Shak. -- To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely; to upset. [Colloq.]

 With an immediate object: -- To break the back. (a) To dislocate the backbone; hence, to disable totally. (b) To get through the worst part of; as, to break the back of a difficult undertaking. -- To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by removing a portion of it; to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. -- To break cover, to burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when hunted. -- To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and apportion the parts among those entitled to a share. -- To break fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Breakfast. -- To break ground.
 (a) To open the earth as for planting; to commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like; as, to break ground for a foundation, a canal, or a railroad. (b) Fig.: To begin to execute any plan. (c) (Naut.) To release the anchor from the bottom. -- To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm (one) with grief. -- To break a house (Law), to remove or set aside with violence and a felonious intent any part of a house or of the fastenings provided to secure it. -- To break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to introduce a subject. -- To break jail, to escape from confinement in jail, usually by forcible means. -- To break a jest, to utter a jest. "Patroclus... the livelong day breaks scurril jests." Shak.
 -- To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. -- To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. -- To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck.
 -- To break no squares, to create no trouble. [Obs.] -- To break a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. -- To break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar; -- a mode of punishment formerly employed in some countries. -- To break wind, to give vent to wind from the anus.

Syn. -- To dispart; rend; tear; shatter; batter; violate; infringe; demolish; destroy; burst; dislocate.

 Break (brk), v. i. 1. To come apart or divide into two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and violence; to part; to burst asunder.

2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within, as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag.

 Else the bottle break, and the wine runneth out. Math.
 ix. 17.
3. To burst forth; to make its way; to come to view; to appear; to dawn.

 The day begins to break, and night is fled. Shak.
 And from the turf a fountain broke, and gurgled at our feet.
Wordsworth.
4. To burst forth violently, as a storm.

 The clouds are still above; and, while I speak, A second deluge o'er our head may break. Dryden.
5. To open up; to be scattered; to be dissipated; as, the clouds are breaking.

 At length the darkness begins to break. Macaulay.
6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties; to lose health or strength.

 See how the dean begins to break; Poor gentleman! he droops apace. Swift.
7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief; as, my heart is breaking.

8. To fall in business; to become bankrupt.

 He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and come to poverty. Bacn.
9. To make an abrupt or sudden change; to change the gait; as, to break into a run or gallop.

10. To fail in musical quality; as, a singer's voice breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an unmusical sound instead. Also, to change in tone, as a boy's voice at puberty.

11. To fall out; to terminate friendship.

 To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited. Collier.
 With prepositions or adverbs: - To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; to come or go away against resistance.

 Fear me not, man; I will not break away. Shak.
To break down. (a) To come down by breaking; as, the coach broke down. (b) To fail in any undertaking.

 He had broken down almost at the outset. Thackeray.
 -- To break forth, to issue; to come out suddenly, as sound, light, etc. "Then shall thy light break forth as the morning." Isa.
 lviii. 8; often with into in expressing or giving vent to one's feelings. "Break forth into singing, ye mountains." Isa. xliv. 23.
To break from, to go away from abruptly.

 This radiant from the circling crowd he broke. Dryden.
 -- To break into, to enter by breaking; as, to break into a house. -- To break in upon, to enter or approach violently or unexpectedly. "This, this is he; softly awhile; let us not break in upon him." Milton. -- To break loose. (a) To extricate one's self forcibly. "Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell?" Milton. (b) To cast off restraint, as of morals or propriety. -- To break off. (a) To become separated by rupture, or with suddenness and violence. (b) To desist or cease suddenly. "Nay, forward, old man; do not break off so." Shak.
 -- To break off from, to desist from; to abandon, as a habit. -- To break out. (a) To burst forth; to escape from restraint; to appear suddenly, as a fire or an epidemic. "For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and stream in the desert." Isa. xxxv. 6 (b) To show itself in cutaneous


ans pies, the parents of Charlemagne. Adenet le Roi toward the end of the 13th century is the author of the most artistic treatments of Berte's history (ed. A. Scheler, Bruxelles, 1874). Cf. W.W. Comfort, "Adenet le Roi: The End of a Literary Era" in "The Quarterly Review", April 1913.]

 124 (return) [ The reading "Sanson" (=Samson) is Foerster's most recent (1904) suggestion to replace the word "lion" which stands in all the MSS. Solomon's name has always been synonymous with wisdom, and Alexander's generosity was proverbial in the Middle Ages. For Alexander, cf. Paul Meyer, "Alexandre le Grand dans la litterature francaise du moyen age", 2 vols. (Paris, 1886), vol ii., pp.
 372-376, and Paget Toynbee, "Dante Studies and Researches" (London, 1902), p. 144.]

 125 (return) [ Of Arthur's several nephews, Gawain is represented by Chretien as peerless in respect of courage and courtesy. In the English romances his character steadily deteriorates.]

 126 (return) [ This sentence contains the motive for all the action in the sequel. The same situation is threatened in "Yvain", but there Gawain rescues the hero from the lethargy, ignoble in the eyes of a feudal audience, into which he was falling. Cf. also "Marques de Rome" ("Lit. Verein in Stuttgart", Tubingen, 1889), p. 36, where the Empress of Rome thus incites her husband to the chase: "Toz jors cropez vos a Postel; vos n'estes point chevalereus, si come vos deussiez estre, si juenes hom come vos estes"; also J. Gower, "Le Mirour de l'omme, 22, 813 ff.: "Rois est des femmes trop decu, Qant plus les ayme que son dieu, Dont laist honour pour foldelit: Cil Rois ne serra pas cremu, Q'ensi voet laisser sou escu Et querre le bataille ou lit."]

 127 (return) [ This brusque command, implying so sudden a change in Erec's attitude toward his wife, initiates a long series of tests of Enide's devotion, which fill the rest of the romance. Why did Erec treat his wife with such severity? In the Mabinogi of "Geraint the Son of Erbin", it is plain that jealousy was the hero's motive. The reader of "Erec" may judge whether, as we believe, the hero's sudden resolve is not rather that of a man piqued at being justly reproved by his wife for a delinquency he had not himself remarked; irate at his wife's imputation, and fearful of having forfeited her respect, he starts out to redeem his reputation in her eyes, and to maker her retract any insinuation she had made. Erec is simply angry with himself, but he expends his wrath upon his defenceless wife until he is reassured of her love and respect for him.]

 128 (return) [ The situation here is a common one. Parallels will be found in the "Voyage de Charlemagne", in the first tale of the "Arabian Nights", in the poem "Biterolf and Dietlieb", and in the English ballad of "King Arthur and King Cornwall". Professor Child, in his "English and Scotch Ballads", indexes the ballads in his collection, which present this motive, under the following caption: "King who regards himself as the richest, most magnificent, etc., in the world, is told that there is one who outstrips him, and undertakes to see for himself whether this is so, threatening death to the person who has affirmed his inferiority in case this is disproved."]

 129 (return) [ The presence of the Irish in this connection is explained by G. Paris in "Romania", xx. 149.]

 130 (return) [ Kay the Seneschal appears here for the first time in Chretien's poems with the character which he regularly ascribes to him. Readers of Arthurian romance are all familiar with Sir Kay; they will find that in Chretien, the seneschal, in addition to his undeniable qualities of bravery and frankness, has less pleasing traits; he is foolhardy, tactless, mean, and a disparager of others' merit. He figures prominently in "Yvain" and "Lancelot". His poetic history has not yet been written. His role in the German romances has been touched upon by Dr. Friedrich Sachse, "Ueber den Ritter Kei" (Berlin, 1860).]

 131 (return) [ No meat was eaten because it was the eve of Sunday.]

 132 (return) [ In the French epic poems and romances of adventure alike it is customary for giants and all manner of rustic boors to carry clubs, the arms of knighthood being appropriate for such ignoble creatures. Other instances of this convention will be remarked in the text.]

 133 (return) [ There follows and excellent example of an old French lament for the dead. Such a wail was known in old French as a "regret", a word which has lost its specific meaning in English.]

 134 (return) [ Many examples will be met of women skilled in the practice of medicine and surgery. On the subject, cf. A. Hertel, "Versauberte Oertlichkeiten und Gegenstande in der altfranzosschen Dichtung" (Hanover, 1908); Georg Manheimer, "Etwas liber die Aerzte im alten Frankreich" in "Romanische Forschungen", vi. 581-614.]

 135 (return) [ The reference here and in v.5891 is probably suggested by the "Roman d'Eneas", which tells the same story as Virgil's "Aeneid", in old French eight-syllable rhymed couplets, and which is dated by the most recent scholarship 1160 circ. Cf.
 F.M. Warren in "Modern Philology", iii. 179-209; iii. 513-539; iv.
 655-675. Also M. Wilmotte, "L'Evolution du roman francais aux environs de 1150" (Paris, 1903). Scenes from classical and medieval romance were for a long time favourite subject of portrayal upon cloths and tapestries, as well as of illuminations for manuscripts.]

 136 (return) [ Various conjectures have been advanced concerning the significance of this strange adventure and its mysterious name "La Joie de la cour". It is a quite extraneous episode, and Tennyson in his artistic use of our hero and heroine in the Idyl of "Geraint and Enid" did well to omit it. Chretien's explanation, a little farther on, of "La Joie de la cour" is lame and unsatisfactory, as if he himself did not understand the significance of the matter upon which he was working. Cf. E. Philipot in "Romania", xxv. 258-294; K. Othmer, "Ueber das Verhaltnis Chrestiens Erec und Enide zu dem Mabinogion des rothen Buch von Hergest" (Bonn, 1889); G. Paris in "Romania", xx. 152 f.]

 137 (return) [ The following description of Erec's reception is repeated with variations at the time of Yvain's entrance in the "Chastel de Pesme Avanture" ("Yvain", 5107 f.)
 (F.).]

 138 (return) [ For such conventional mediaeval descriptions of other-world castles, palaces, and landscapes, cf. O.M. Johnston in "Ztsch fur romanische Philologie", xxxii. 705-710.]

 139 (return) [ Tiebaut li Esclavon, frequently mentioned in the epic poems, was a Saracen king, the first


, it would vanish almost altogether, because light passing from water to glass is only slightly refracted or reflected or indeed affected in any way. It is almost as invisible as a jet of coal gas or hydrogen is in air. And for precisely the same reason!" "Yes," said Kemp, "that is pretty plain sailing." "And here is another fact you will know to be true. If a sheet of glass is smashed, Kemp, and beaten into a powder, it becomes much more visible while it is in the air; it becomes at last an opaque white powder. This is because the powdering multiplies the surfaces of the glass at which refraction and reflection occur. In the sheet of glass there are only two surfaces; in the powder the light is reflected or refracted by each grain it passes through, and very little gets right through the powder. But if the white powdered glass is put into water, it forthwith vanishes. The powdered glass and water have much the same refractive index; that is, the light undergoes very little refraction or reflection in passing from one to the other.
"You make the glass invisible by putting it into a liquid of nearly the same refractive index; a transparent thing becomes invisible if it is put in any medium of almost the same refractive index. And if you will consider only a second, you will see also that the powder of glass might be made to vanish in air, if its refractive index could be made the same as that of air; for then there would be no refraction or reflection as the light passed from glass to air." "Yes, yes," said Kemp. "But a man's not powdered glass!" "No," said Griffin. "He's more transparent!" "Nonsense!" "That from a doctor! How one forgets! Have you already forgotten your physics, in ten years? Just think of all the things that are transparent and seem not to be so. Paper, for instance, is made up of transparent fibres, and it is white and opaque only for the same reason that a powder of glass is white and opaque. Oil white paper, fill up the interstices between the particles with oil so that there is no longer refraction or reflection except at the surfaces, and it becomes as transparent as glass. And not only paper, but cotton fibre, linen fibre, wool fibre, woody fibre, and bone, Kemp, flesh, Kemp, hair, Kemp, nails and nerves, Kemp, in fact the whole fabric of a man except the red of his blood and the black pigment of hair, are all made up of transparent, colourless tissue. So little suffices to make us visible one to the other. For the most part the fibres of a living creature are no more opaque than water." "Great Heavens!" cried Kemp. "Of course, of course! I was thinking only last night of the sea larvae and all jelly-fish!" "Now you have me! And all that I knew and had in mind a year after I left London—six years ago. But I kept it to myself. I had to do my work under frightful disadvantages. Oliver, my professor, was a scientific bounder, a journalist by instinct, a thief of ideas—he was always prying! And you know the knavish system of the scientific world. I simply would not publish, and let him share my credit. I went on working; I got nearer and nearer making my formula into an experiment, a reality. I told no living soul, because I meant to flash my work upon the world with crushing effect and become famous at a blow. I took up the question of pigments to fill up certain gaps. And suddenly, not by design but by accident, I made a discovery in physiology." "Yes?" "You know the red colouring matter of blood; it can be made white—colourless—and remain with all the functions it has now!" Kemp gave a cry of incredulous amazement.
The Invisible Man rose and began pacing the little study. "You may well exclaim. I remember that night. It was late at night—in the daytime one was bothered with the gaping, silly students—and I worked then sometimes till dawn. It came suddenly, splendid and complete in my mind. I was alone; the laboratory was still, with the tall lights burning brightly and silently. In all my great moments I have been alone. 'One could make an animal—a tissue—transparent! One could make it invisible! All except the pigments—I could be invisible!' I said, suddenly realising what it meant to be an albino with such knowledge. It was overwhelming. I left the filtering I was doing, and went and stared out of the great window at the stars. 'I could be invisible!' I repeated.
"To do such a thing would be to transcend magic. And I beheld, unclouded by doubt, a magnificent vision of all that invisibility might mean to a man—the mystery, the power, the freedom. Drawbacks I saw none. You have only to think! And I, a shabby, poverty-struck, hemmed-in demonstrator, teaching fools in a provincial college, might suddenly become—this. I ask you, Kemp if you... Anyone, I tell you, would have flung himself upon that research. And I worked three years, and every mountain of difficulty I toiled over showed another from its summit. The infinite details! And the exasperation! A professor, a provincial professor, always prying. 'When are you going to publish this work of yours?' was his everlasting question. And the students, the cramped means! Three years I had of it— "And after three years of secrecy and exasperation, I found that to complete it was impossible—impossible." "How?" asked Kemp.
"Money," said the Invisible Man, and went again to stare out of the window.
He turned around abruptly. "I robbed the old man—robbed my father.
"The money was not his, and he shot himself." CHAPTER XX.
AT THE HOUSE IN GREAT PORTLAND STREET For a moment Kemp sat in silence, staring at the back of the headless figure at the window. Then he started, struck by a thought, rose, took the Invisible Man's arm, and turned him away from the outlook.
"You are tired," he said, "and while I sit, you walk about.
Have my chair." He placed himself between Griffin and the nearest window.
For a space Griffin sat silent, and then he resumed abruptly: "I had left the Chesilstowe cottage already," he said, "when that happened. It was last December. I had taken a room in London, a large unfurnished room in a big ill-managed lodging-house in a slum near Great Portland Street. The room was soon full of the appliances I had bought with his money; the work was going on steadily, successfully, drawing near an end. I was like a man emerging from a thicket, and suddenly coming on some unmeaning tragedy. I went to bury him. My mind was still on this research, and I did not lift a finger to save his character. I remember the funeral, the cheap hearse, the scant ceremony, the windy frost-bitten hillside, and the old college friend of his who read the service over him—a shabby, black, bent old man with a snivelling cold.
"I remember walking back to the empty house, through the place that had once been a village and was now patched and tinkered by the jerry builders into the ugly likeness of a town. Every way the roads ran out at last into the desecrated fields and ended in rubble heaps and rank wet weeds. I remember myself as a gaunt black figure, going along the slippery, shiny pavement, and the strange sense of detachment I felt from the squalid respectability, the sordid commercialism of the place.
"I did not feel a bit sorry for my father. He seemed to me to be the victim of his own foolish sentimentality. The current cant required my attendance at his funeral, but it was really not my affair.
"But going along the High Street, my old life came back to me for a space, for I met the girl I had known ten years since. Our eyes met.
"Something moved me to turn back and talk to her. She was a very ordinary person.
"It was all like a dream, that visit to the old places. I did not feel then that I was lonely, that I had come out from the world into


orate; to urge with energy; as, to enforce arguments or requests.

Enforcing sentiment of the thrust humanity.

Burke.
5. To put in force; to cause to take effect; to give effect to; to execute with vigor; as, to enforce the laws.

6. To urge; to ply hard; to lay much stress upon.

Enforce him with his envy to the people.

Shak.
 En*force (?), v. i. 1. To attempt by force. [Obs.]

2. To prove; to evince. [R.] Hooker.
3. To strengthen; to grow strong. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*force", n. Force; strength; power. [Obs.]

 A petty enterprise of small enforce.

Milton.
 En*force"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being enforced.

 En*forced" (?), a. Compelled; forced; not voluntary. "Enforced wrong." "Enforced smiles." Shak. -- En*for"ced*ly, adv.
Shak.
 En*force"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.] 1. The act of enforcing; compulsion.

 He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.

Sir W. Raleigh.
 Confess 't was hers, and by what rough enforcement You got it from her.

Shak.
2. A giving force to; a putting in execution.

Enforcement of strict military discipline.

Palfrey.
3. That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied.

 The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.

Locke.
 En*for"cer (?), n. One who enforces.

 En*for"ci*ble (?), a. That may be enforced.

 En*for"cive (?), a. Serving to enforce or constrain; compulsive. Marsion.
 -- En*for"cive*ly, adv.
 En*for"est (?), v. t. To turn into a forest.

 En*form" (?), v. t. [F. enformer. See Inform.] To form; to fashion. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*foul"dred (?), a. [Pref. en- + OF. fouldre, foldre, lightning, F. foudre, L. fulgur.] Mixed with, or emitting, lightning. [Obs.] "With foul enfouldred smoke." Spenser.
 En*frame" (?), v. t. To inclose, as in a frame.

 En*fran"chise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfranchised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfranchising (?).] [Pref. en- + franchise: cf. F. enfranchir.] 1. To set free; to liberate from slavery, prison, or any binding power. Bacon.
2. To endow with a franchise; to incorporate into a body politic and thus to invest with civil and political privileges; to admit to the privileges of a freeman.

3. To receive as denizens; to naturalize; as, to enfranchise foreign words. I. Watts.
 En*fran"chise*ment (?), n. 1. Releasing from slavery or custody. Shak.
2. Admission to the freedom of a corporation or body politic; investiture with the privileges of free citizens.

Enfranchisement of copyhold (Eng. Law), the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold. Mozley & W. En*fran"chis*er (?), n. One who enfranchises.

 En*free" (?), v. t. To set free. [Obs.] "The enfreed Antenor." Shak.
 En*free"dom (?), v. t. To set free. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*freeze" (?), v. t. To freeze; to congeal. [Obs.]

 Thou hast enfrozened her disdainful breast.

Spenser.
 En*fro"ward (?), v. t. To make froward, perverse, or ungovernable.
 [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.
 En*gage" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Engaging (?).] [F. engager; pref. en- (L. in) + gage pledge, pawn. See Gage.] 1. To put under pledge; to pledge; to place under obligations to do or forbear doing something, as by a pledge, oath, or promise; to bind by contract or promise. "I to thee engaged a prince's word." Shak.
2. To gain for service; to bring in as associate or aid; to enlist; as, to engage friends to aid in a cause; to engage men for service.

3. To gain over; to win and attach; to attract and hold; to draw.

 Good nature engages everybody to him.

Addison.
4. To employ the attention and efforts of; to occupy; to engross; to draw on.

 Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage.

Pope.
 Taking upon himself the difficult task of engaging him in conversation.

Hawthorne.
5. To enter into contest with; to encounter; to bring to conflict.

 A favorable opportunity of engaging the enemy.

Ludlow.
6. (Mach.) To come into gear with; as, the teeth of one cogwheel engage those of another, or one part of a clutch engages the other part.

 En*gage", v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self; to enter into an obligation; to become bound; to warrant.

 How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not.

Fuller.
2. To embark in a business; to take a part; to employ or involve one's self; to devote attention and effort; to enlist; as, to engage in controversy.

3. To enter into conflict; to join battle; as, the armies engaged in a general battle.

4. (Mach.) To be in gear, as two cogwheels working together.

 En*gaged" (?), a. 1. Occupied; employed; busy.

2. Pledged; promised; especially, having the affections pledged; promised in marriage; affianced; betrothed.

3. Greatly interested; of awakened zeal; earnest.

4. Involved; esp., involved in a hostile encounter; as, the engaged ships continued the fight.

Engaged column. (Arch.) Same as Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. En*ga"ged*ly (?), adv. With attachment; with interest; earnestly.

 En*ga"ged*ness, n. The state of being deeply interested; earnestness; zeal.

 En*gage"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. engagement.] 1. The act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest.

2. The state of being engaged, pledged or occupied; specif., a pledge to take some one as husband or wife.

3. That which engages; engrossing occupation; employment of the attention; obligation by pledge, promise, or contract; an enterprise embarked in; as, his engagements prevented his acceptance of any office.

 Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league.

Milton.
4. (Mil.) An action; a fight; a battle.

 In hot engagement with the Moors.

Dryden.
5. (Mach.) The state of being in gear; as, one part of a clutch is brought into engagement with the other part.

Syn. -- Vocation; business; employment; occupation; promise; stipulation; betrothal; word; battle; combat; fight; contest; conflict.
 See Battle.

 En*ga"ger (?), n. One who enters into an engagement or agreement; a surety.


group, are Dobchinsky and Bobchinsky, gesticulating at each other, open-mouthed and wide-eyed. The other guests remain standing stiff. The whole group retain the same position of rigidity for almost a minute and a half. The curtain falls.

 THE END


; to cause to crack; as, the sun checks timber.

Syn. -- To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff.

 Check (?), v. i. To make a stop; to pause; -- with at.

 The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke.
2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon.
3. To act as a curb or restraint.

 It [his presence] checks too strong upon me. Dryden.
4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc.

5. (Falconry) To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds.

 And like the haggard, check at every feather That comes before his eye. Shak.
 Check, a. Checkered; designed in checks.

 Check"age (?), n. 1. The act of checking; as, the checkage of a name or of an item in a list.

2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks.

 Check"er, n. [From Check, v. t.] One who checks.

 Check"er (chk"r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered (- rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. échiquier. See Check, n., and cf. 3d Checker.] 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors.

2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, colors, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity.

 Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood.
Addison.
 Check"er, n. [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.]

1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers.

2. A pattern in checks; a single check.

3. Checkerwork.

 This word is also written chequer.

 Check"er*ber'ry (-br'r), n.; pl. Checkerberries (#).
 (Bot.) A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Also incorrectly applied to the partridge berry (Mitchella repens).

 Check"er*board (-brd'), n. A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts.

 Check"ered (-rd), a. 1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material.

 Dancing in the checkered shade. Milton.
2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc.

 This checkered narrative. Macaulay.
 Check"ers (chk"rz), n. pl. [See Checher, v.] A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them.

 Check"er*work' (?), n. 1. Work consisting of or showing checkers varied alternately as to colors or materials.

2. Any aggregate of varied vicissitudes.

 How strange a checkerwork of Providence is the life of man.
De Foe.
 Check"la*ton (?), n. 1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.]

2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Check"less, a. That can not be checked or restrained.

 Check"mate, n. [F. échec et mat, fr. Per. shh mt ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mta he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.] 1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, -- which ends the game.

2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow.

 Check"mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.] 1. (Chess) To check (an adversary's king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape.

2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart.

 To checkmate and control my just demands. Ford.
 Check"rein' (?), n. 1. A short rein looped over the check hook to prevent a horse from lowering his head; -- called also a bearing rein.

2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse.

 Check"roll' (?), n. A list of servants in a household; -- called also chequer roll.

 Check"string' (?), n. A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver.

 Check"work (?), n. Anything made so as to form alternate squares like those of a checkerboard.

 Check"y (chk"), a. (Her.) Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; -- said of the field or of an armorial bearing.
 [Written also checquy, chequy.]

 Ched"dar (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as, Cheddar cheese.

 Cheek (chk), n. [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. ceàce, ceòce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.] 1. The side of the face below the eye.

2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer.
3. pl. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as, the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc.

4. pl. The branches of a bridle bit. Knight.
5. (Founding) A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask.

6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang] Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. -- Cheek bone (Anat.)
 the bone of the side of the face; esp., the malar bone. -- Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. -- Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. -- Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. -- Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. -- Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. -- Butment cheek. See under Butment.

 Cheek (chk), v. t. To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.]

 Cheeked (chkt), a. Having a cheek; -- used in composition. "Rosecheeked Adonis." Shak.
 Cheek"y, a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.]

 Cheep (chp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cheeped (chpt).] [Cf.
 Chirp]. To chirp, as a young bird.

 Cheep


has here the meaning of foundation in fact.
 The literal translation of the passage would therefore be: "Forsooth, is there any truth in it that a man is here in our house?" "Min Hakk" has occurred page 235, where the text, quoted in the note, may perhaps be translated: "Of a truth, is this saying soothfast?"—ST.)]

 351 (return) [ (The MS. has: "Yá Gháratí a-Zay má huná Rájil;" "Yá Gháratí" will recur presently, p. 256, along with "yá Musíbatí" = Oh my calamity! I take it therefore to be an exclamation of distress from "Ghárat" = invasion, with its incidents of devastation, rapine and ruin. It would be the natural outcry of the women left helpless in an unprotected camp when invaded by a hostile tribe. In "a-Zay má" the latter particle is not the negative, but the pronoun, giving to "a-Zay" = "in what manner," "how?" the more emphatical sense of "how ever?" In the same sense we find it again, infra, Night 754, "a-Zay má tafútní" = how canst thou quit me? I would therefore render: "Woe me I am undone, how ever should there be a man here?" or something to that purpose.—ST.)]

 352 (return) [ In Persian he would be called "Parí-stricken,"—smitten by the Fairies.]

 353 (return) [ A quarter-staff (vols.
 i, 234; viii. 186) opp. to the "Dabbús," or club-stick of the Badawin, the Caffres' "Knobkerry," which is also called by the Arabs "Kaná," pron.
 "Ganá."]

 354 (return) [ Scott's "Story of the Lady of Cairo and her four Gallants" (vol. vi. 380): Gauttier, Histoire d' une Dame du Caire et de ses Galans (vi. 400). This tale has travelled over the Eastern world. See in my vol. vi. 172 "The Lady and her Five Suitors," and the "Story of the Merchant's Wife and her Suitors" in Scott's "Tales, Anecdotes, and Letters" (Cadell, London, 1800), which is in fact a garbled version of the former, introduced into the répertoire of "The Seven Wazírs." I translate the W. M. version of the tale because it is the most primitive known to me; and I shall point out the portions where it lacks finish.]

 355 (return) [ This title does not appear till p. 463 (vol. v.) of the MS., and it re-appears in vol. vi. 8.]

 356 (return) [ i.e. in her haste: the text has "Kharrat." The Persians who rhetorically exaggerate everything say "rising and sinking like the dust of the road." (I doubt whether "Kharrat" could have the meaning given to it in the translation. The word in the MS. has no Tashdíd and I think the careless scribe meant it for "Kharajat," she went out.—ST.)]

 357 (return) [ I read "Nás malmúmín = assembled men, a crowd of people."—ST.]]

 358 (return) [ "Rajul Khwájá:" see vol. vi. 46, etc. For "Sháhbandar" = king of the port, a harbour-master, whose post I have compared with our "Consul," see vol. iv. 29. It is often, however, applied to Government officials who superintend trade and levy duties at inland marts.]

 359 (return) [ Arab. "Khimár," a veil or rather a covering for the back of the head. This was the especial whorishness with which Shahrazad taxes the Goodwife: she had been too prodigal of her charms, for the occiput and the "back hair" should not be displayed even to the moon.]

 360 (return) [ These four become five in the more finished tale—the King, the Wazir, the Kazi, the Wali or Chief of Police and the Carpenter. Moreover each one is dressed in different costume, gowns yellow, blue, red and patched with headgear equally absurd.]

 361 (return) [ In text "Turtúr" = the Badawi's bonnet: vol. ii. 143. Mr. Doughty (i. 160) found at Al-Khuraybah the figure of an ancient Arab wearing a close tunic to the knee and bearing on poll a coif. At Al-'Ula he was shown an ancient image of a man's head cut in sandstone: upon the crown was a low pointed bonnet.
 "Long caps" are also noticed in i. 562; and we are told that they were "worn in outlandish guise in Arabia."]

 362 (return) [ In text "Embárah" (pron. 'Mbárah); pop. for Al-bárihah = the last part of the preceding day or night, yesterday. The vulgar Egyptian uses it as if it were a corruption of the Pers. "in bár" = this time. The Arab Badawin pronounce it El-beyrih (with their exaggerated "Imálah") and use it not only for "yesterday," but also for the past afternoon.]

 363 (return) [ This device is far inferior in comic effect to the carpenter's press or cabinet of five compartments, and it lacks the ludicrous catastrophe in which all the lovers make water upon one another's heads.]

 364 (return) [ Scott (vi. 386) "The Cauzee's story:" Gauttier (vi. 406) does not translate it.]

 365 (return) [ In the text the message is delivered verbatim: this iteration is well fitted for oral work, with its changes of tone and play of face, and varied "gag"; but it is most annoying for the more critical reader.]

 366 (return) [ Arab. "Lukmah" = a balled mouthful: vols. i. 261, vii. 367.]

 367 (return) [ The "Miftáh" (prop.
 "Miftah") or key used throughout the Moslem East is a bit of wood, 714 inches long, and provided with 410 small iron pins which correspond with an equal number of holes in the "Dabbah" or wooden bolt. If one of these teeth be withdrawn the lock will not open. Lane (M.E. Introduction) has a sketch of the "Miftah" and "Dabbah."]

 368 (return) [ In text "Ayoh" which is here, I hold, a corruption of "Í (or Ayy) hú" = "yes indeed he." (I take "aywah" (as I would read the word) to be a different spelling for "aywa" = yes indeed, which according to Spitta Bey, Gr. p. 168 is a contraction of "Ay (Í) wa'lláhi," yes by Allah. "What? thy lover?" asks the husband, and she emphatically affirms the fact, to frighten the concealed tailor—ST.)]

 369 (return) [ In the Arab.
 "Al-Ashkhákh," plur. of "Shakhkh" and literally "the stales" meaning either dejection. (I read: "bi 'l-Shakhákh," the usual modern word for urine. "'Alayya Shakhákh" is: I want to make water. See Dozy Suppl


of a pipe when fastened to the pipe.

Blind flange, a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. -- Flange joint, a joint, as that of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Knight.
 - - Flange rail, a rail with a flange on one side, to keep wheels, etc. from running off. -- Flange turning, the process of forming a flange on a wrought iron plate by bending and hammering it when hot.

 Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanged (flnjd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flanging (fln"jng).] (Mach.) To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange.

 Flange, v. i. To be bent into a flange.

 Flanged (flnjd), a. Having a flange or flanges; as, a flanged wheel.

 Flank (flk), n. [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, with n inserted. Cf. Flaccid, Flanch, Flange.] 1.
 The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip. See Illust. of Beef.

2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion; the extreme right or left; as, to attack an enemy in flank is to attack him on the side.

 When to right and left the front Divided, and to either flank retired.

Milton.
(b) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the curtain, the flank and face of the opposite bastion; any part of a work defending another by a fire along the outside of its parapet. See Illust. of Bastion.

3. (Arch.) The side of any building. Brands.
4. That part of the acting surface of a gear wheel tooth that lies within the pitch line.

Flank attack (Mil.), an attack upon the side of an army or body of troops, distinguished from one upon its front or rear. -- Flank company (Mil.), a certain number of troops drawn up on the right or left of a battalion; usually grenadiers, light infantry, or riflemen. -- Flank defense (Fort.), protection of a work against undue exposure to an enemy's direct fire, by means of the fire from other works, sweeping the ground in its front. -- Flank en potence (Mil.), any part of the right or left wing formed at a projecting angle with the line. -- Flank files, the first men on the right, and the last on the left, of a company, battalion, etc. -- Flank march, a march made parallel or obliquely to an enemy's position, in order to turn it or to attack him on the flank. -- Flank movement, a change of march by an army, or portion of one, in order to turn one or both wings of the enemy, or to take up a new position. -- Flanks of a frontier, salient points in a national boundary, strengthened to protect the frontier against hostile incursion. -- Flank patrol, detachments acting independently of the column of an army, but patrolling along its flanks, to secure it against surprise and to observe the movements of the enemy.

 Flank (flk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanked (flkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanking.] [Cf. F. flanquer. See Flank, n., and cf. Flanker, v. t.] 1. To stand at the flank or side of; to border upon.

 Stately colonnades are flanked with trees.

Pitt.
2. To overlook or command the flank of; to secure or guard the flank of; to pass around or turn the flank of; to attack, or threaten to attack; the flank of.

 Flank, v. i. 1. To border; to touch. Bp. Butler.
2. To be posted on the side.

 Flank"er (?), n. One who, or that which, flanks, as a skirmisher or a body of troops sent out upon the flanks of an army toguard a line of march, or a fort projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body.

 They threw out flankers, and endeavored to dislodge their assailants.

W. Irwing.
 Flank"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flankered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flankering.] [See Flank, v. t.] 1. To defend by lateral fortifications. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.
2. To attack sideways. [Obs.] Evelyn.
 Flan"nel (fln"nl), n. [F. flanelle, cf. OF. flaine a pillowcase, a mattress (?); fr. W. gwlanen flannel, fr. gwlan wool; prob. akin to E. wool. Cf. Wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. Shak.
Adam's flannel. (Bot.) See under Adam. -- Canton flannel, Cotton flannel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

 Flan"neled (?), a. Covered or wrapped in flannel.

 Flan"nen (?), a. Made or consisting of flannel. [Obs.] "Flannen robes." Dryden.
 Flap (?), n. [OE. flappe, flap, blow, bly-flap; cf.
 D. flap, and E. flap, v.] Anything broad and limber that hangs loose, or that is attached by one side or end and is easily moved; as, the flap of a garment.

 A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.

Sir T. Browne.
2. A hinged leaf, as of a table or shutter.

3. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke or sound made with it; as, the flap of a sail or of a wing.

4. pl. (Far.) A disease in the lips of horses.

Flap tile, a tile with a bent up portion, to turn a corner or catch a drip. -- Flap valve (Mech.), a valve which opens and shuts upon one hinged side; a clack valve.

 Flap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flapping (?).] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.] 1. To beat with a flap; to strike.

 Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.

Pope.
2. To move, as something broad and flaplike; as, to flap the wings; to let fall, as the brim of a hat.

To flap in the mouth, to taunt. [Obs.] W. Cartwright.
 Flap, v. i. 1. To move as do wings, or as something broad or loose; to fly with wings beating the air.

 The crows flapped over by twos and threes.

Lowell.
2. To fall and hang like a flap, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. Gay.
 Flap"drag'on (?), n. 1. A game in which the players catch raisins out burning brandy, and swallow them blazing. Johnson.
2. The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson.
 Cakes and ale, and flapdragons and mummer's plays, and all the happy sports of Christians night.

C. Kingsley.
 Flap"drag'on, v. t. To swallow whole, as a flapdragon; to devour.
 [


intense heat.

Syn. — To animate; incite; impel; instigate; stimulate; encourage.

 Urge (?), v. i. 1. To press onward or forward. [R.]

2. To be pressing in argument; to insist; to persist.

 Ur"gence (?), n. Urgency. [Obs.]

 Ur"gen*cy (?), n. [Cf. F. urgence.] The quality or condition of being urgent; insistence; pressure; as, the urgency of a demand or an occasion.

 Ur"gent (?), a. [L. urgens, p. pr. of urgere: cf. F. urgent. See Urge.] Urging; pressing; besetting; plying, with importunity; calling for immediate attention; instantly important. "The urgent hour." Shak.
 Some urgent cause to ordain the contrary.

Hooker.
 The Egyptians were urgent upon the people that they might send them out of the land in haste.

Ex. xii. 33.
 Ur"gent*ly, adv. In an urgent manner.

 Ur"ger (?), n. One who urges. Beau. & Fl.
 U"ric (?), a. [Gr. &?; urine: cf. F. urique. See Urine.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to urine; obtained from urine; as, uric acid.

Uric acid, a crystalline body, present in small quantity in the urine of man and most mammals. Combined in the form of urate of ammonia, it is the chief constituent of the urine of birds and reptiles, forming the white part. Traces of it are also found in the various organs of the body. It is likewise a common constituent, either as the free acid or as a urate, of urinary or renal calculi and of the socalled gouty concretions. From acid urines, uric acid is frequently deposited, on standing in a cool place, in the form of a reddish yellow sediment, nearly always crystalline. Chemically, it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, C5H4N4O3, and by decomposition yields urea, among other products. It can be made synthetically by heating together urea and glycocoll. It was formerly called also lithic acid, in allusion to its occurrence in stone, or calculus.

 ||U"rim (?), n. [Heb. &?;rm, pl. of &?;r, fire &?;r light.] A part or decoration of the breastplate of the high priest among the ancient Jews, by which Jehovah revealed his will on certain occasions. Its nature has been the subject of conflicting conjectures.

 Thou shall put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim.

Ex. xxviii. 30.
 And when Saul inquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

1 Sam. xxviii. 6.
 Professor Plumptre supposes the Urim to have been a clear and colorless stone set in the breastplate of the high priest as a symbol of light, answering to the mystic scarab in the pectoral plate of the ancient Egyptian priests, and that the Thummim was an image corresponding to that worn by the priestly judges of Egypt as a symbol of truth and purity of motive. By gazing steadfastly on these, he may have been thrown into a mysterious, half ecstatic state, akin to hypnotism, in which he lost all personal consciousness, and received a spiritual illumination and insight.

 U"ri*nal (?), n. [L. urinal, fr. urina urine: cf. F.
 urinal.]

1. A vessel for holding urine; especially, a bottle or tube for holding urine for inspection.

2. A place or convenience for urinating purposes.

 U'ri*na"ri*um (?), n. [LL. urinarium.] (Agric.) A reservoir for urine, etc., for manure.

 U"ri*na*ry (?), a. [L. urina urine: cf. F. urinaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to the urine; as, the urinary bladder; urinary excretions.

2. Resembling, or being of the nature of, urine.

Urinary calculus (Med.), a concretion composed of some one or more crystalline constituents of the urine, liable to be found in any portion of the urinary passages or in the pelvis of the kidney. — Urinary pigments, (Physiol. Chem.), certain colored substances, urochrome, or urobilin, uroerythrin, etc., present in the urine together with indican, a colorless substance which by oxidation is convertible into colored bodies.

 U"ri*na*ry, n. A urinarium; also, a urinal.

 U"ri*nate (?), v. i. [LL. urinare.] To discharge urine; to make water.

 U'ri*na"tion (?), n. The act or process of voiding urine; micturition.

 U"ri*na*tive (?), a. Provoking the flow of urine; uretic; diuretic.
 [R.] Bacon.
 U"ri*na'tor (?), n. [L., from urinari to plunge under water, to dive.] One who dives under water in search of something, as for pearls; a diver. [R.] Ray.
 U"rine (?), n. [F. urine, L. urina; akin to urinari to plunge under water, to dive, Gr. &?; urine; cf. Skr. vr water, Icel. &?;r drizzling rain, AS. wær the sea.] (Physiol.) In mammals, a fluid excretion from the kidneys; in birds and reptiles, a solid or semisolid excretion.

 In man, the urine is a clear, transparent fluid of an amber color and peculiar odor, with an average density of 1.02. The average amount excreted in 24 hours is from 40 to 60 ounces (about 1,200 cubic centimeters). Chemically, the urine is mainly an aqueous solution of urea, salt (sodium chloride), and uric acid, together with some hippuric acid and peculiar pigments. It usually has an acid reaction, owing to the presence of acid phosphates of soda or free uric acid. Normally, it contains about 960 parts of water to 40 parts of solid matter, and the daily average excretion is 35 grams (540 grains) of urea, 0.75 gram (11 grains) of uric acid, and 16.5 grams (260 grains) of salt. Abnormally, it may contain sugar as in diabetes, albumen as in Bright's disease, bile pigments as in jaundice, or abnormal quantities of some one or more of the normal constituents.

 U"rine, v. i. To urinate. [Obs.] Bacon.
 U'ri*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Urine + - ferous.] Bearing or conveying urine; as, uriniferous tubules.

 U'ri*nip"a*rous (?), a. [Urine + L. parere to produce: cf. F. urinipare.] (Physiol.) Producing or preparing urine; as, the uriniparous tubes in the cortical portion of the kidney.

 U'ri*no*gen"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the urinary and genital organs; genitourinary; urogenital; as, the urinogenital canal.

 U'ri*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Urine + - meter.] A small hydrometer for determining the specific gravity of urine.

 U'ri*nom"e*try (?), n. The estimation of the specific gravity of urine by the


-- Yellow copperas (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of iron; -- called also copiapite. -- Yellow copper ore, a sulphide of copper and iron; copper pyrites. See Chalcopyrite. -- Yellow cress (Bot.), a yellow-flowered, cruciferous plant (Barbarea præcox), sometimes grown as a salad plant. -- Yellow dock. (Bot.) See the Note under Dock.
 -- Yellow earth, a yellowish clay, colored by iron, sometimes used as a yellow pigment. -- Yellow fever (Med.), a malignant, contagious, febrile disease of warm climates, attended with jaundice, producing a yellow color of the skin, and with the black vomit. See Black vomit, in the Vocabulary. -- Yellow flag, the quarantine flag. See under Quarantine, and 3d Flag. -- Yellow jack. (a) The yellow fever. See under 2d Jack. (b) The quarantine flag. See under Quarantine. -- Yellow jacket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American social wasps of the genus Vespa, in which the color of the body is partly bright yellow. These wasps are noted for their irritability, and for their painful stings. -- Yellow lead ore (Min.), wulfenite. -- Yellow lemur (Zoöl.), the kinkajou. -- Yellow macauco (Zoöl.), the kinkajou.
 -- Yellow mackerel (Zoöl.), the jurel. -- Yellow metal. Same as Muntz metal, under Metal. -- Yellow ocher (Min.), an impure, earthy variety of brown iron ore, which is used as a pigment. -- Yellow oxeye (Bot.), a yellow-flowered plant (Chrysanthemum segetum) closely related to the oxeye daisy.
 -- Yellow perch (Zoöl.), the common American perch. See Perch. -- Yellow pike (Zoöl.), the wall-eye. -- Yellow pine (Bot.), any of several kinds of pine; also, their yellowish and generally durable timber. Among the most common are valuable species are Pinus mitis and P. palustris of the Eastern and Southern States, and P. ponderosa and P. Arizonica of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific States. -- Yellow plover (Zoöl.), the golden plover. -- Yellow precipitate (Med. Chem.), an oxide of mercury which is thrown down as an amorphous yellow powder on adding corrosive sublimate to limewater. -- Yellow puccoon. (Bot.)
 Same as Orangeroot. -- Yellow rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Porzana Noveboracensis) in which the lower parts are dull yellow, darkest on the breast. The back is streaked with brownish yellow and with black, and spotted with white. Called also yellow crake.
 - - Yellow rattle, Yellow rocket. (Bot.) See under Rattle, and Rocket. -- Yellow Sally (Zoöl.), a greenish or yellowish European stone fly of the genus Chloroperla; -- so called by anglers. -- Yellow sculpin (Zoöl.), the dragonet. -- Yellow snake (Zoöl.), a West Indian boa (Chilobothrus inornatus) common in Jamaica. It becomes from eight to ten long. The body is yellowish or yellowish green, mixed with black, and anteriorly with black lines. -- Yellow spot. (a) (Anat.) A small yellowish spot with a central pit, the fovea centralis, in the center of the retina where vision is most accurate. See Eye. (b) (Zoöl.)
 A small American butterfly (Polites Peckius) of the Skipper family.
 Its wings are brownish, with a large, irregular, bright yellow spot on each of the hind wings, most conspicuous beneath. Called also Peck's skipper. See Illust. under Skipper, n., 5. -- Yellow tit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of crested titmice of the genus Machlolophus, native of India. The predominating colors of the plumage are yellow and green. -- Yellow viper (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. -- Yellow warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American warblers of the genus Dendroica in which the predominant color is yellow, especially D. æstiva, which is a very abundant and familiar species; -- called also garden warbler, golden warbler, summer yellowbird, summer warbler, and yellow-poll warbler. -- Yellow wash (Pharm.), yellow oxide of mercury suspended in water, -- a mixture prepared by adding corrosive sublimate to limewater. -- Yellow wren (Zoöl.)
(a) The European willow warbler. (b) The European wood warbler.

 Yel"low, n. 1. A bright golden color, reflecting more light than any other except white; the color of that part of the spectrum which is between the orange and green. "A long motley coat guarded with yellow."
 Shak.
2. A yellow pigment.

Cadmium yellow, Chrome yellow, Indigo yellow, King's yellow, etc. See under Cadmium, Chrome, etc. -- Naples yellow, a yellow amorphous pigment, used in oil, porcelain, and enamel painting, consisting of a basic lead metantimonate, obtained by fusing together tartar emetic lead nitrate, and common salt. -- Patent yellow (Old Chem.), a yellow pigment consisting essentially of a lead oxychloride; -- called also Turner's yellow.

 Yel"low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yellowed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Yellowing.] To make yellow; to cause to have a yellow tinge or color; to dye yellow.

 Yel"low, v. i. To become yellow or yellower.

 Yel"low*am'mer (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Yellow-hammer.

 Yel"low*bill' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American scoter.

 Yel"low*bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American goldfinch, or thistle bird. See Goldfinch. (b) The common yellow warbler; -- called also summer yellowbird. See Illust. of Yellow warbler, under Yellow, a. Yel"low-cov'ered (?), a. Covered or bound in yellow paper.

Yellow-covered literature, cheap sensational novels and trashy magazines; -- formerly so called from the usual color of their covers.
 [Colloq. U. S.] Bartlett.
 Yel"low-eyed' (?), a. Having yellow eyes.

Yellow-eyed grass (Bot.), any plant of the genus Xyris.

 Yel"low*fin' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large squeteague.

 Yel"low*fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A rock trout (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) found on the coast of Alaska; -- called also striped fish, and Atka mackerel.

 Yel"low-golds' (?), n. (Bot.) A certain plant, probably the yellow oxeye. B. Jonson.
 Yel"low*ham'mer (?), n. [For yellowammer, where ammer is fr. AS. amore a kind of bird; akin to G. ammer a yellow-hammer, OHG. amero.] (Zoöl.) (a) A common European finch (Emberiza citrinella). The color of the male is bright yellow on the breast, neck, and sides of the head, with the back yellow and brown, and the top of the head and the tail quills blackish.
 Called also yellow bunting, scribbling lark, and writing lark. [Written also yellow-ammer.] (b) The flicker.
 [Local, U. S.]

 Y


*ly, adv. -- Griev"ous*ness, n. Griff (?), n. [Cf. Gripe.] 1. Grasp; reach. [Obs.]

 A vein of gold ore within one spade's griff.

Holland.
2. [Cf. F. griffe, G. griff, prop., a grasping.] (Weaving) An arrangement of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which raise the warp threads in a loom for weaving figured goods. Knight.
 Griffe (?), n. [F.] The offspring of a mulatto woman and a negro; also, a mulatto. [Local, U. S.]

 Grif"fin (?), n. An Anglo-Indian name for a person just arrived from Europe. H. Kingsley.
 { Grif"fin (?), Grif"fon (?), } n. [OE. griffin, griffon, griffoun, F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, equiv to gryps, Gr. &?;; -- so called because of the hooked beak, and akin to grypo's curved, hook-nosed.]

1. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half lion and half eagle. It is often represented in Grecian and Roman works of art.

2. (Her.) A representation of this creature as an heraldic charge.

3. (Zoöl.) A species of large vulture (Gyps fulvus) found in the mountainous parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; -- called also gripe, and grype. It is supposed to be the "eagle" of the Bible. The bearded griffin is the lammergeir.
 [Written also gryphon.]

4. An English early apple.

 Grig (grg), n. [Cf. Sw. kräk little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zoöl.)
(a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel. See Glut. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] Audrey.
As merry as a grig [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of "As merry as a Greek; " by others, to be an allusion to the cricket.

 Gril (grl), a. [OE. gril harsh; akin to G. grell offending the ear or eye, shrill, dazzling, MHG. grel angry; cf.
 AS. gallan to provoke.] Harsh; hard; severe; stern; rough. [Obs.]
 Rom. of R. Grill, n. [F. gril. See Grill, v. t.] 1. A gridiron.

 [They] make grills of [wood] to broil their meat.

Cotton.
2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, as meat, fish, etc.

 Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grilling.] [F. griller, fr. gril gridiron, OF. graïl, L. craticulum for craticula fine hurdlework, a small gridiron, dim. of crates hurdle. See Grate, n.]

1. To broil on a grill or gridiron. [1913 Webster] Boiling of men in caldrons, grilling them on gridirons.

Marvell.
2. To torment, as if by broiling. Dickens.
 Gril*lade" (&?;), n. [F. See Grill, v. t.] The act of grilling; also, that which is grilled.

 Gril"lage (?), n. [F.] (Hydraulic Eagin.) A framework of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in marshy or treacherous soil.

 ||Grille (?), a. [F. See Grill, v. t.] A lattice or grating.

 The grille which formed part of the gate.

L. Oliphant.
 Gril"ly (?), v. t. [See Grill, v. t.] To broil; to grill; hence, To harass. [Obs.] Hudibras.
 Grilse (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon after its first return from the sea.

 Grim (?), a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer); superl. Grimmest (&?;).]
 [AS. grim; akin to G. grimm, equiv. to G. & D. grimmig, Dan. grim, grum, Sw. grym, Icel. grimmr, G. gram grief, as adj., hostile; cf. Gr. &?;, a crushing sound, &?; to neigh.] Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible.

 Whose grim aspect sets every joint a- shaking.

Shak.
 The ridges of grim war.

Milton.
Syn.-- Fierce; ferocious; furious; horrid; horrible; frightful; ghastly; grisly; hideous; stern; sullen; sour.

 Gri*mace" (gr*ms"), n. [F., prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. grma mask, specter, Icel. grma mask, hood, perh. akin to E. grin.]
 A distortion of the countenance, whether habitual, from affectation, or momentary and occasional, to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, complacency, etc.; a smirk; a made-up face. [1913 Webster] Moving his face into such a hideous grimace, that every feature of it appeared under a different distortion.

Addison. [1913 Webster] "Half the French words used affectedly by Melantha in Dryden's "Marriage a-la-Mode," as innovations in our language, are now in common use: chagrin, double-entendre, éclaircissement, embarras, équivoque, foible, grimace, naïvete, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasionally, are now in common use." I. Disraeli. [1913 Webster] Gri*mace", v. i. To make grimaces; to distort one's face; to make faces. H. Martineau.
 Gri*maced" (?), a. Distorted; crabbed.

 Gri*mal"kin (?), n. [For graymalkin; gray + malkin.]
 An old cat, esp. a she-cat. J. Philips.
 Grime (?), n. [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, lampblack, soot, grime, Icel. grma mask, sort of hood, OD. grijmsel, grimsel, soot, smut, and E. grimace.] Foul matter; dirt, rubbed in; sullying blackness, deeply ingrained.

 Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply; to dirt. Shak.
 Grim"i*ly (?), adv. In a grimy manner.

 Grim"i*ness n. The state of being grimy.

 Grim"ly (?), a. Grim; hideous; stern. [R.]

 In glided Margaret's grimly ghost, And stood at William's feet.

D. Mallet.
 Grim"ly, adv. In a grim manner; fiercely. Shak.
 Grimme (?), n. [Cf. F. grimme.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Cephalophus rufilotus) of a deep bay color, with a broad dorsal stripe of black; -- called also conquetoon.

 Grim"ness (?), n. [AS. grimnes


ie.
 See Stratagem.] 1. The science of military command, or the science of projecting campaigns and directing great military movements; generalship.

2. The use of stratagem or artifice.

 Strath (?), n. [Gael. srath.] A valley of considerable size, through which a river runs; a valley bottom; -- often used in composition with the name of the river; as, Strath Spey, Strathdon, Strathmore.
 [Scot.]

 The long green strath of Napa valley.

R. L. Stevenson.
 Strath"spey' (?), n. [So called from the district of Strath Spey in Scotland.] A lively Scottish dance, resembling the reel, but slower; also, the tune.

 Stra*tic"u*late (?), a. [Dim. Fr. stratum.] (Min.)
 Characterized by the presence of thin parallel strata, or layers, as in an agate.

 Strat'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stratification.] 1.
 The act or process of laying in strata, or the state of being laid in the form of strata, or layers.

2. (Physiol.) The deposition of material in successive layers in the growth of a cell wall, thus giving rise to a stratified appearance.

 Strat"i*fied (?), a. Having its substance arranged in strata, or layers; as, stratified rock.

 Strat"i*form (?), a. Having the form of strata.

 Strat"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stratified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stratifying (?).] [Stratum + -fy: cf.
 F. stratifier.] To form or deposit in strata, or layers, as substances in the earth; to arrange in strata.

 { Strat'i*graph"ic (?), Strat'i*graph"ic*al (?), } a. (Geol.)
 Pertaining to, or depended upon, the order or arrangement of strata; as, stratigraphical evidence. -- Strat'i*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.
 { Strat'i*graph"ic, -ic*al }, a. (Mil.) See Stratographic.

 Stra*tig"ra*phy (?), n. [Stratum + -graphy.] That branch of geology which treats of the arrangement and succession of strata.

 Stra*toc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an army + -cracy, as in democracy: cf. F. stratocratie.] A military government; government by military chiefs and an army.

 { Strat'o*graph"ic (?), Strat'o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to stratography.

 Stra*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an army + -graphy.] A description of an army, or of what belongs to an army.

 Stra*ton"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; an army.] Of or pertaining to an army. [R.]

 Stra*tot"ic (?), a. Warlike; military. [R.]

 Stra"tum (?), n.; pl. E. Stratums (#), L. Strata (#). The latter is more common. [L., from sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to Gr. &?; to spread, strew. See Strew, and cf.
 Consternation, Estrade, Prostrate, Stratus, Street.] 1. (Geol.)
 A bed of earth or rock of one kind, formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers, which form a rock as it lies between beds of other kinds. Also used figuratively.

2. A bed or layer artificially made; a course.

 Stra"tus (?), n. [L. stratus a spreading out, scattering, from sternere, stratum, to spread.] (Meteor.) A form of clouds in which they are arranged in a horizontal band or layer. See Cloud.

 Straught (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Stretch.

 Straught, v. t. To stretch; to make straight. [Written also straucht.]
 [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Straw (?), v. t. To spread or scatter. See Strew, and Strow. Chaucer.
 Straw, n. [OE. straw, stre, stree, AS. streáw, from the root of E. strew; akin to OFries. str, D. stroo, G. stroh, OHG. str, Icel. str, Dan. straa, Sw.
 strå. √166. See Strew.] 1. A stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, etc., especially of wheat, rye, oats, barley, more rarely of buckwheat, beans, and pease.

2. The gathered and thrashed stalks of certain species of grain, etc.; as, a bundle, or a load, of rye straw.

3. Anything proverbially worthless; the least possible thing; a mere trifle.

 I set not a straw by thy dreamings.

Chaucer.
Straw is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, straw-built, straw-crowned, straw-roofed, straw-stuffed, and the like.

Man of straw, an effigy formed by stuffing the garments of a man with straw; hence, a fictitious person; an irresponsible person; a puppet.
 -- Straw bail, worthless bail, as being given by irresponsible persons. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw bid, a worthless bid; a bid for a contract which the bidder is unable or unwilling to fulfill. [Colloq.
 U.S.] -- Straw cat (Zoöl.), the pampas cat. -- Straw color, the color of dry straw, being a delicate yellow. -- Straw drain, a drain filled with straw. -- Straw plait, or Straw plat, a strip formed by plaiting straws, used for making hats, bonnets, etc. -- To be in the straw, to be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman. [Slang] Straw"ber*ry (?), n. [AS. streáwberige; streáw straw + berie berry; perhaps from the resemblance of the runners of the plant to straws.] (Bot.) A fragrant edible berry, of a delicious taste and commonly of a red color, the fruit of a plant of the genus Fragaria, of which there are many varieties. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. The common American strawberry is Fragaria virginiana; the European, F. vesca. There are also other less common species.

Strawberry bass. (Zoöl.) See Calico bass, under Calico. -- Strawberry blite. (Bot.) See under Blite. -- Strawberry borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of insects whose larvæ burrow in the crown or roots of the strawberry vine.
 Especially: (a) The root borer (Anarsia lineatella), a very small dark gray moth whose larvæ burrow both in the larger roots and crown, often doing great damage. (b) The crown borer (Tyloderma fragariæ), a small brown weevil whose larva burrows in the crown and kills the plant. -- Strawberry bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Euonymus Americanus), a kind of spindle tree having crimson pods and the seeds covered with a scarlet aril. -- Strawberry crab (Zoöl.), a small European spider crab (Eurynome aspera); -- so called because the back is covered with pink tubercles. -- Strawberry fish (Zoöl.), the amadavat. -- Strawberry geranium (Bot.), a kind of saxifrage (Saxifraga sarmentosa) having reniform leaves, and producing long runners like those of the strawberry.
 -- Strawberry leaf. (a) The leaf of the strawberry. (b) The symbol of the rank or estate of a duke, because the ducal coronet is twined with strawberry leaves. "The strawberry leaves on her chariot panels are engraved on her ladyship's heart." Thackeray. -- Strawberry-leaf roller (Zoöl.), any