'cha*ca*mac" (?), n. A divinity worshiped by the ancient Peruvians as the creator of the universe.

 ||Pa*chak" (?), n. (Bot.) The fragrant roots of the Saussurea Costus, exported from India to China, and used for burning as incense.
 It is supposed to be the costus of the ancients. [Written also putchuck.]

 Pa*cha"lic (?), a. & n. See Pashalic.

 ||Pa*chi"si (?), Par*che"si (&?;), n. [Hind., fr. pachis twenty-five, the highest throw in the game.] A game, somewhat resembling backgammon, originating in India.

 Pa*chom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. pa'chos thickness + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring thickness, as of the glass of a mirror, or of paper; a pachymeter.

 ||Pa*chon"ta (?), n. (Bot.) A substance resembling gutta-percha, and used to adulterate it, obtained from the East Indian tree Isonandra acuminata.

 Pach"y- (?). [Gr. &?; thick.] A combining form meaning thick; as, pachyderm, pachydactyl.

 Pach'y*car"pous (?), a. [Pachy- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.)
 Having the pericarp thick.

 Pach'y*dac"tyl (?), n. [Pachy- + dactyl.] (Zoöl.)
 A bird or other animal having thick toes.

 Pach'y*dac"tyl*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having thick toes.

 Pach"y*derm (?), n. [Cf. F. pachyderme.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the Pachydermata.

 Pach'y*der"mal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or relating to the pachyderms; as, pachydermal dentition.

 ||Pach'y*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thick-skinned; pachy's thick + &?; skin.] (Zoöl.) A group of hoofed mammals distinguished for the thickness of their skins, including the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, and hog. It is now considered an artificial group.

 Pach'y*der"ma*tous (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the pachyderms.

2. Thick-skinned; not sensitive to ridicule.

 Pach'y*der"moid (?), a. [Pachyderm + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Related to the pachyderms.

 Pach'y*glos"sal (?), a. [Pachy- + Gr. &?; tongue.] (Zoöl.)
 Having a thick tongue; -- applied to a group of lizards (Pachyglossæ), including the iguanas and agamas.

 Pach'y*men'in*gi"tis (?), n. [Pachy- + meningitis.]
 (Med.) Inflammation of the dura mater or outer membrane of the brain.

 Pa*chym"e*ter (?), n. [Pachy- + -meter.] Same as Pachometer.

 Pach"y*ote (?), n. [Pachy- + Gr. &?;, &?;, ear.] (Zoöl.)
 One of a family of bats, including those which have thick external ears.

 Pac"i*fi'a*ble (?), a. Capable of being pacified or appeased; placable.

 Pa*cif"ic (?), a. [L. pacificus: cf. F. pacifique.
 See Pacify.] Of or pertaining to peace; suited to make or restore peace; of a peaceful character; not warlike; not quarrelsome; conciliatory; as, pacific words or acts; a pacific nature or condition.

Pacific Ocean, the ocean between America and Asia, so called by Magellan, its first European navigator, on account of the exemption from violent tempests which he enjoyed while sailing over it; -- called also, simply, the Pacific, and, formerly, the South sea.

Syn. -- Peacemaking; appeasing; conciliatory; tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful; reconciling; mild; gentle.

 Pa*cif"ic*a*ble (?), a. Placable. [R.] Bp. Hall.
 Pa*cif"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to peace; pacific. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. -- Pa*cif"ic*al*ly, adv. [R.]

 Pa*cif'i*ca"tion (?), n. [L. pacificatio: cf. F. pacification.
 See Pacify.] The act or process of pacifying, or of making peace between parties at variance; reconciliation. "An embassy of pacification."
 Bacon.
 Pa*cif"i*ca'tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, pacifies; a peacemaker. Bacon.
 Pa*cif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. pacificatorius.] Tending to make peace; conciliatory. Barrow.
 Pac"i*fi'er (?), n. One who pacifies.

 Pac"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pacified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pacifying (?).] [F. pacifier, L. pacificare; pax, pacis, peace + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Peace, and -fy.] To make to be at peace; to appease; to calm; to still; to quiet; to allay the agitation, excitement, or resentment of; to tranquillize; as, to pacify a man when angry; to pacify pride, appetite, or importunity. "Pray ye, pacify yourself." Shak.
 To pacify and settle those countries.

Bacon.
 Pa*cin"i*an (?), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Filippo Pacini, an Italian physician of the 19th century.

Pacinian corpuscles, small oval bodies terminating some of the minute branches of the sensory nerves in the integument and other parts of the body. They are supposed to be tactile organs.

 Pack (?), n. [Cf. Pact.] A pact. [Obs.] Daniel.
 Pack, n. [Akin to D. pak, G. pack, Dan. pakke, Sw. packa, Icel. pakki, Gael. & Ir. pac, Arm. pak.
 Cf. Packet.]

1. A bundle made up and prepared to be carried; especially, a bundle to be carried on the back; a load for an animal; a bale, as of goods. Piers Plowman.
2. [Cf. Peck, n.] A number or quantity equal to the contents of a pack; hence, a multitude; a burden. "A pack of sorrows." "A pack of blessings." Shak.
 "In England, by a pack of meal is meant 280 lbs.; of wool, 240 lbs." McElrath.
3. A number or quantity of connected or similar things; as: (a) A full set of playing cards; also, the assortment used in a particular game; as, a euchre pack. (b) A number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept together. (c) A number of persons associated or leagued in a bad design or practice; a gang; as, a pack of thieves or knaves. (d) A shook of cask staves. (e) A bundle of sheet-iron plates for rolling simultaneously.


differs in quantity.

4. (Com.) A weight of 2,240 pounds. See Ton. [R.]

5. An indefinite large quantity. Shak.
 A tun of man in thy large bulk is writ.

Dryden.
6. A drunkard; — so called humorously, or in contempt.

7. (Zoöl.) Any shell belonging to Dolium and allied genera; — called also tun-shell.

 Tun, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tunned (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Tunning.] To put into tuns, or casks. Boyle.
 Tu"na (?), n. (Bot.) The Opuntia Tuna. See Prickly pear, under Prickly.

 Tu"na, n. [Cf. Tunny.] (Zoöl.) (a) The tunny. (b) The bonito, 2.

 Tun"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tuned, or made harmonious; hence, harmonious; musical; tuneful. — Tun"a*ble*ness, n. — Tun"a*bly, adv.
 And tunable as sylvan pipe or song.

Milton.
 Tun"-bel'lied (?), a. Having a large, protuberant belly, or one shaped like a tun; pot-bellied.

 Tun"-dish' (?), n. A tunnel. [Obs.] Shak.
 ||Tun"dra (?), n. [Russ., from a native name.] A rolling, marshy, mossy plain of Northern Siberia.

 Tune (?), n. [A variant of tone.] 1. A sound; a note; a tone. "The tune of your voices." Shak.
2. (Mus.) (a) A rhythmical, melodious, symmetrical series of tones for one voice or instrument, or for any number of voices or instruments in unison, or two or more such series forming parts in harmony; a melody; an air; as, a merry tune; a mournful tune; a slow tune; a psalm tune. See Air. (b) The state of giving the proper, sound or sounds; just intonation; harmonious accordance; pitch of the voice or an instrument; adjustment of the parts of an instrument so as to harmonize with itself or with others; as, the piano, or the organ, is not in tune.

 Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh.

Shak.
3. Order; harmony; concord; fit disposition, temper, or humor; right mood.

 A child will learn three times as much when he is in tune, as when he... is dragged unwillingly to [his task].

Locke.
 Tune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tuned (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Tuning.] 1. To put into a state adapted to produce the proper sounds; to harmonize, to cause to be in tune; to correct the tone of; as, to tune a piano or a violin. " Tune your harps." Dryden.
 2. To give tone to; to attune; to adapt in style of music; to make harmonious.

 For now to sorrow must I tune my song.

Milton.
3. To sing with melody or harmony.

 Fountains, and ye, that warble, as ye flow, Melodious murmurs, warbling tune his praise.

Milton.
4. To put into a proper state or disposition. Shak.
 Tune (?), v. i. 1. To form one sound to another; to form accordant musical sounds.

 Whilst tuning to the water's fall, The small birds sang to her.

Drayton.
2. To utter inarticulate harmony with the voice; to sing without pronouncing words; to hum. [R.]

 Tune"ful (?), a. Harmonious; melodious; musical; as, tuneful notes. " Tuneful birds." Milton. — Tune"ful*ly, adv.
 — Tune"ful*ness, n. Tune"less, a. 1. Without tune; inharmonious; unmusical. "
 Thy tuneless serenade." Cowley.
 How often have I led thy sportive choir, With tuneless pipe, beside the murmuring Loire!

Goldsmith.
2. Not employed in making music; as, tuneless harps.

3. Not expressed in music or poetry; unsung. [R.]

 Tun"er (?), n. One who tunes; especially, one whose occupation is to tune musical instruments.

 Tun"-great' (?), a. Having the circumference of a tun. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Tung"state (?), n. [Cf. F. tungstate.] (Chem.) A salt of tungstic acid; a wolframate.

 Tung"sten (?), n. [Sw. tungsten (cf. Dan. tungsteen, G. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to Dan. tung, Icel.
 þungr) + sten stone. See Stone.] 1. (Chem.)
 A rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. It has both acid and basic properties. When alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. Symbol W (Wolframium).
 Atomic weight, 183.6. Specific gravity, 18.

2. (Min.) Scheelite, or calcium tungstate. [Obs.]

Tungsten ocher, or Tungstic ocher (Min.), tungstate.

 Tung*sten"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to tungsten; containing tungsten; as, tungstenic ores. [R.]

 Tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tungsten; derived from, or resembling, tungsten; wolframic; as, tungstic oxide.

Tungstic acid, an acid of tungsten, H2WO4, analogous to sulphuric and chromic acids.

 Tung"stite (?), n. (Min.) The oxide of tungsten, a yellow mineral occurring in a pulverulent form. It is often associated with wolfram.

 Tun*gus"es (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A group of roving Turanian tribes occupying Eastern Siberia and the Amoor valley. They resemble the Mongols. [Written also Tungooses.]

 Tun*gus"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Tunguses; as, the Tungusic dialects.

 Tun"hoof' (?), n. [Cf. Aleboof.] (Bot.) Ground ivy; alehoof.

 Tu"nic (?), n. [L. tunica: cf. F. tunique.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.) An under-garment worn by the ancient Romans of both sexes. It was made with or without sleeves, reached to or below the knees, and was confined at the waist by a girdle.

2. Any similar garment worm by ancient or Oriental peoples; also, a common name for various styles of loose-fitting undergarments and over-garments worn in modern times by Europeans and others.

3. (R. C. Ch.) Same as Tunicle.

4. (Anat.) A membrane, or layer of tissue, especially when enveloping an organ or part, as the eye.

5. (Bot.) A natural covering; an integument; as, the tunic of a seed.

6. (Zoöl.) See Mantle, n., 3 (a).

 Tu"ni*ca*ry (?), n.; pl. Tunicaries (#). [L. tunica a tunic.] (Zoöl.) One of the Tunicata.

 ||Tu'ni*ca"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tunicate.] (Zoöl.) A grand division


;.

2. The process of fining or refining; clarification; also (Metal.), the conversion of cast iron into suitable for puddling, in a hearth or charcoal fire.

3. That which is used to refine; especially, a preparation of isinglass, gelatin, etc., for clarifying beer.

Fining pot, a vessel in which metals are refined. Prov. xvii. 3.
 ||Fi"nis (?), n. [L.] An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book.

 Fin"ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finished (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Finishing.] [F. finir (with a stem finissin several forms, whence E. -ish: see -ish.),fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, end; perh. for fidnis, and akin findere to cleave, E. fissure.] 1. To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate.

 And heroically hath finished A life heroic.

Milton.
2. To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish.

Syn. -- To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; accomplish; perfect.

 Fin"ish, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to terminate.

 His days may finish ere that hapless time.

Shak.
2. To end; to die. [R.] Shak.
 Fin"ish, n. 1. That which finishes, puts an end to&?; or perfects.

2. (Arch.) The joiner work and other finer work required for the completion of a building, especially of the interior. See Inside finish, and Outside finish.

3. (Fine Arts) (a) The labor required to give final completion to any work; hence, minute detail, careful elaboration, or the like. (b) See Finishing coat, under Finishing.

4. The result of completed labor, as on the surface of an object; manner or style of finishing; as, a rough, dead, or glossy finish given to cloth, stone, metal, etc.

5. Completion; -- opposed to start, or beginning.

 Fin"ished (?), a. Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect; as, a finished poem; a finished education.

Finished work (Mach.), work that is made smooth or polished, though not necessarily completed.

 Fin"ish*er (?), n. 1. One who finishes, puts an end to, completes, or perfects; esp. used in the trades, as in hatting, weaving, etc., for the workman who gives a finishing touch to the work, or any part of it, and brings it to perfection.

 O prophet of glad tidings, finisher Of utmost hope!

Milton.
2. Something that gives the finishing touch to, or settles, anything. [Colloq.]

 Fin"ish*ing, n. The act or process of completing or perfecting; the final work upon or ornamentation of a thing.

 Fin"ish*ing, a. Tending to complete or to render fit for the market or for use.

Finishing coat. (a) (Plastering) the final coat of plastering applied to walls and ceilings, usually white and rubbed smooth.
 (b) (Painting) The final coat of paint, usually differently mixed applied from the others. -- Finishing press, a machine for pressing fabrics. -- Finishing rolls (Iron Working), the rolls of a train which receive the bar from roughing rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Raymond.
 Fi"nite (?), a. [L. finitus, p. p. of finire. See Finish, and cf. Fine, a.] Having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded; -- opposed to infinite; as, finite number; finite existence; a finite being; a finite mind; finite duration.

 Fi"nite*less, a. Infinite. [Obs.] Sir T. browne.
 Fi"nite*ly, adv. In a finite manner or degree.

 Fi"nite*ness, n. The state of being finite.

 Fin"i*tude (?), n. [L. finire. See Finish.] Limitation. Cheyne.
 Fin"land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Finland.

 Fin"less, a. (Zoöl.) destitute of fins.

 Fin"let (?), n. [Fin + - let.] A little fin; one of the parts of a divided fin.

 Fin"like' (?), a. Resembling a fin.

 Finn (?), a. A native of Finland; one of the Finn&?; in the ethnological sense. See Finns.

 Fin"nan had"die (?). [See Haddock.] Haddock cured in peat smoke, originally at Findon (pron. fn"an), Scotland. the name is also applied to other kinds of smoked haddock. [Written also finnan haddock.]

 Finned (?), a. Having a fin, or fins, or anything resembling a fin.
 Mortimer.
 Fin"ner (?), n. (Zoöl.) A finback whale.

 Finn"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Finns.

 Fin"ni*kin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. [Written also finikin.]

 Finn"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Finland, to the Finns, or to their language. -- n. A Northern Turanian group of languages; the language of the Finns.

 Finns (?), n. pl.; sing. Finn. (Ethnol.) (a) Natives of Finland; Finlanders. (b) A branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting Northern and Eastern Europe, including the Magyars, Bulgarians, Permians, Lapps, and Finlanders. [Written also Fins.]

 Fin"ny (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having, or abounding in, fins, as fishes; pertaining to fishes.

2. Abounding in fishes.

 With patient angle trolls the finny deep.

Goldsmoth.
 ||Fi*no"chi*o (?; 277), n. [It. finocchio fennel, LL. fenuclum.
 See Fennel.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Fœniculum dulce) having a somewhat tuberous stem; sweet fennel. The blanched stems are used in France and Italy as a culinary vegetable.

 ||Fi"nos (?), n. pl. [Sp., pl., fr. fino fine.] Second best wool from Merino sheep. Gardner.
 Fin"pike' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bichir. See Crossopterygii.

 Fint (?), 3d pers. sing. pr. of Find, for findeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fin"-toed' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having toes connected by a membrane; palmiped; palmated; also, lobate.

 ||Fiord (fy&?;rd; i or y consonant, § 272), n.
 [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.] A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Written also fjord.]

 Fi"o*rin (?), n. [Cf. Ir. fiothran a sort of grass.] (Bot.)
 A species of creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba); -- called also fiorin grass.

 Fi"o*rite (?), n. (


our artists in that part of the Daguerrean process referred to.
FINIS.
INDEX.


or pertaining to a Quaker; Quakerlike.

 Quak"er*ism (?), n. The peculiar character, manners, tenets, etc., of the Quakers.

 Quak"er*like (?), a. Like a Quaker.

 Quak"er*ly, a. Resembling Quakers; Quakerlike; Quakerish. Macaulay.
 Quak"er*y (?), n. Quakerism. [Obs.] Hallywell.
 Quake"tail' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A wagtail.

 Quak"i*ness (?), n. The state of being quaky; liability to quake.

 Quak"ing, a. & n. from Quake, v. Quaking aspen (Bot.), an American species of poplar (Populus tremuloides), the leaves of which tremble in the lightest breeze. It much resembles the European aspen. See Aspen. -- Quaking bog, a bog of forming peat so saturated with water that it shakes when trodden upon.
 -- Quaking grass. (Bot.) (a) One of several grasses of the genus Briza, having slender-stalked and pendulous ovate spikelets, which quake and rattle in the wind. Briza maxima is the large quaking grass; B. media and B. minor are the smaller kinds. (b) Rattlesnake grass (Glyceria Canadensis).

 Quak"ing*ly (?), adv. In a quaking manner; fearfully. Sir P. Sidney.
 Quak"y (?), a. Shaky, or tremulous; quaking.

 Qual"i*fi'a*ble (?), a. Capable of being qualified; abatable; modifiable. Barrow.
 Qual'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. qualification. See Qualify.]
 1. The act of qualifying, or the condition of being qualified.

2. That which qualifies; any natural endowment, or any acquirement, which fits a person for a place, office, or employment, or which enables him to sustian any character with success; an enabling quality or circumstance; requisite capacity or possession.

 There is no qualification for government but virtue and wisdom, actual or presumptive.

Burke.
3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited; that which qualifies by limiting; modification; restriction; hence, abatement; diminution; as, to use words without any qualification.

 Qual"i*fi*ca*tive (?), n. That which qualifies, modifies, or restricts; a qualifying term or statement.

 How many qualificatives, correctives, and restrictives he inserteth in this relation.

Fuller.
 Qual"i*fi*ca'tor (?), n. [LL.] (R. C. Ch.) An officer whose business it is to examine and prepare causes for trial in the ecclesiastical courts.

 Qual"i*fied (?), a. 1. Fitted by accomplishments or endowments.

2. Modified; limited; as, a qualified statement.

Qualified fee (Law), a base fee, or an estate which has a qualification annexed to it, the fee ceasing with the qualification, as a grant to A and his heirs, tenants of the manor of Dale. -- Qualified indorsement (Law), an indorsement which modifies the liability of the indorser that would result from the general principles of law, but does not affect the negotiability of the instrument. Story. -- Qualified negative (Legislation), a limited veto power, by which the chief executive in a constitutional government may refuse assent to bills passed by the legislative body, which bills therefore fail to become laws unless upon a reconsideration the legislature again passes them by a certain majority specified in the constitution, when they become laws without the approval of the executive. -- Qualified property (Law), that which depends on temporary possession, as that in wild animals reclaimed, or as in the case of a bailment.

Syn. -- Competent; fit; adapted. -- Qualified, Competent. Competent is most commonly used with respect to native endowments and general ability suited to the performance of a task or duty; qualified with respect to specific acquirements and training.

 Qual"i*fied'ly, adv. In the way of qualification; with modification or qualification.

 Qual"i*fied'ness, n. The state of being qualified.

 Qual"i*fi'er (?), n. One who, or that which, qualifies; that which modifies, reduces, tempers or restrains.

 Qual"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Qualified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Qualifying (?).] [F. qualifier, LL. qualificare, fr. L. qualis how constituted, as + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Quality, and -Fy.] 1. To make such as is required; to give added or requisite qualities to; to fit, as for a place, office, occupation, or character; to furnish with the knowledge, skill, or other accomplishment necessary for a purpose; to make capable, as of an employment or privilege; to supply with legal power or capacity.

 He had qualified himself for municipal office by taking the oaths to the sovereigns in possession.

Macaulay.
2. To give individual quality to; to modulate; to vary; to regulate.

 It hath no larynx... to qualify the sound.

Sir T. Browne.
3. To reduce from a general, undefined, or comprehensive form, to particular or restricted form; to modify; to limit; to restrict; to restrain; as, to qualify a statement, claim, or proposition.

4. Hence, to soften; to abate; to diminish; to assuage; to reduce the strength of, as liquors.

 I do not seek to quench your love's hot fire, But qualify the fire's extreme rage.

Shak.
5. To soothe; to cure; -- said of persons. [Obs.]

 In short space he has them qualified.

Spenser.
Syn. -- To fit; equip; prepare; adapt; capacitate; enable; modify; soften; restrict; restrain; temper.

 Qual"i*fy, v. i. 1. To be or become qualified; to be fit, as for an office or employment.

2. To obtain legal power or capacity by taking the oath, or complying with the forms required, on assuming an office.

 Qual"i*ta*tive (?), a. [Cf. LL. gualitativus, F. qualitatif.]
 Relating to quality; having the character of quality. -- Qual"i*ta*tive*ly, adv.
Qualitative analysis (Chem.), analysis which merely determines the constituents of a substance without any regard to the quantity of each ingredient; -- contrasted with quantitative analysis.

 Qual"i*tied (?), a. Furnished with qualities; endowed. [Obs.] "He was well qualitied." Chapman.
 Qual"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Qualities (#). [F. qualité, L. qualitas, fr. qualis how constituted, as; akin to E. which.
 See Which.] 1. The condition of being of such and such a sort as distinguished from others; nature or character relatively considered, as of goods; character; sort; rank.

 We lived most joyful, obtaining acquaintance with many of the city not of the meanest quality.

Bacon 2. Special or temporary character; profession; occupation; assumed or asserted rank, part, or position.

 I made that inquiry in quality of an antiquary.

Gray.
3. That which makes, or helps to make, anything such as it is; anything belonging to a subject, or predicable of it; distinguishing property, characteristic, or attribute; peculiar power, capacity, or virtue; distinctive trait;


THE REAL DIARY OF A REAL BOY By Henry A. Shute Contents INTRODUCTION DIRY THIRTY YEARS (OR MORE) AFTER DRAMATIS PERSONAE INTRODUCTION In the winter of 1901-02, while rummaging an old closet in the shed-chamber of my father's house, I unearthed a salt-box which had been equipped with leather hinges at the expense of considerable ingenuity, and at a very remote period. In addition to this, a hasp of the same material, firmly fastened by carpet-tacks and a catch of bent wire, bade defiance to burglars, midnight marauders, and safe-breakers.

 DIRY Father thot i aught to keep a diry, but i sed i dident want to, because i coodent wright well enuf, but he sed he wood give $1000 dolars if he had kept a diry when he was a boy.

 Mother said she gessed nobody wood dass to read it, but father said everybody would tumble over each other to read it, anyhow he wood give $1000 dolars if he had kept it. i told him i wood keep one regular if he wood give me a quarter of a dolar a week, but he said i had got to keep it anyhow and i woodent get no quarter for it neither, but he woodent ask to read it for a year, and i know he will forget it before that, so i am going to wright just what i want to in it. Father always forgets everything but my lickins. he remembers them every time you bet.

 So i have got to keep it, but it seems to me that my diry is worth a quarter of a dolar a week if fathers is worth $1000 dolars, everybody says father was a buster when he was a boy and went round with Gim Melcher and Charles Talor. my grandmother says i am the best boy she ever see, if i dident go with Beany Watson and Pewter Purinton, it was Beany and Pewt made me tuf.

 there dos'nt seem to be much to put into a diry only fites and who got licked at school and if it ranes or snows, so i will begin today.

 December 1, 186- brite and fair, late to brekfast, but mother dident say nothing. father goes to boston and works in the custum house so i can get up as late as i want to. father says he works like time, but i went to boston once and father dident do anything but tell stories about what he and Gim Melcher usted to do when he was a boy. once or twice when a man came in they would all be wrighting fast, when the man came in again i sed why do you all wright so fast when he comes in and stop when he goes out, and the man sort of laffed and went out laffing, and the men were mad and told father not to bring that dam little fool again.

 December 2. Skinny Bruce got licked in school today. I told my granmother about it and she said she was glad i dident do enything to get punnished for and she felt sure i never wood. i dident tell her i had to stay in the wood box all the morning with the cover down, i dident tell father either you bet.

 December 2. rany. i forgot to say it raned yesterday too. i got cold and have a red rag round my gozzle.

 December 2. pretty near had a fite in schol today. Skinny Bruce and Frank Elliot got rite up with there fists up when the bell rung. it was two bad, it wood have been a buly fite. i bet on Skinny.

 December 3, 186- brite and fair. went to church today. Me and Pewt and Beany go to the Unitarial church. we all joined sunday school to get into the Crismas festerval. they have it in the town hall and have two trees and supper and presents for the scholars. so we are going to stay til after crismas anyway the unitarials have jest built a new church. Pewt and Beany's fathers painted it and so they go there. i don't know why we go there xcept because they don't have any church in the afternoon. Nipper Brown and Micky Gould go there. we all went into the same class. our teacher is Mister Winsor a student. we call them stewdcats. after we had said our lesson we all skinned out with Mr. Winsor. when we went down Maple street we saw 2 roosters fiting in Dany Wingates yard, and we stoped to see it. i knew more about fiting roosters than any of the fellers, because me and Ed Towle had fit roosters lots. Mr. Winsor said i was a sport, well while the roosters were fiting, sunday school let out and he skipped acros the street and walked off with one of the girls and we hollered for him to come and see the fite out, and he turned red and looked mad. the leghorn squorked and stuck his head into a corner. when a rooster squorks he wont fite any more.

 December 5. snowed today and school let out at noon. this afternoon went down to the library to plug stewdcats. there was me and Beany and Pewt, and Whacker and Pozzy Chadwick and Pricilla Hobbs. Pricilla is a feller you know, and Pheby Talor, Pheby is a feller too, and Lubbin Smith and Nigger Bell, he is'nt a nigger only we call him Nigger, and Tommy Tompson and Dutchey Seamans and Chick Chickering, and Tady Finton and Chitter Robinson.

 December 6. Gim Wingate has got a new bobtail coat.

 December 7, 186- Got sent to bed last nite for smoking hayseed cigars and can't go with Beany enny more. It is funny, my father wont let me go with Beany becaus he is tuf, and Pewts father wont let Pewt go with me becaus im tuf, and Beanys father says if he catches me or Pewt in his yard he will lick time out of us. Rany today.

 December 8. Skinny Bruce got licked in school today. Skipy Moses was in the wood box all the morning.

 December 9. brite and fair, speakin day today. missed in Horatius at the brige.

 December 10. Clowdy but no rane. went to church. lots of new fellers in sunday school. me and Beany and Pewt and Pile Woods and Billy Folsom and Jimmy Gad and lots of others. Mister Winsor dident teach today, gess they woodent let him on account of the rooster fite.

 December 11. My new boots from Tommy Gads came today. i tell you they are clumpers. no snow yet.

 December 12. Crismas is pretty near, dont know wether i shall get ennything. father says i dont desirve ennything. you can get goozeberrys down to Si Smiths 1 dozen for 5 cents. He has a funny sine it is December 15. Fite at resess today, Gran Miller and Ben Rundlet. Ben licked him easy. the fellers got to stumping each other to fite. Micky Gould said he cood lick me and i said he want man enuf and he said if i wood come out behind the school house after school he wood show me and i said i wood and all the fellers hollered and said they wood be there. But after school i thaught i aught to go home and split my kindlings and so i went home. a feller aught to do something for his family ennyway. i cood have licked him if i had wanted to.

 December 16. Tady Finton got licked in school today. snowed today a little.

 December 17. rained in


field or place, or of a grand edifice, etc.; also, the movable structure of timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed.

2. An opening for passage in any inclosing wall, fence, or barrier; or the suspended framework which closes or opens a passage. Also, figuratively, a means or way of entrance or of exit.

 Knowest thou the way to Dover? Both stile and gate, horse way and footpath.

Shak.
 Opening a gate for a long war.

Knolles.
3. A door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc.

4. (Script.) The places which command the entrances or access; hence, place of vantage; power; might.

 The gates of hell shall not prevail against it.

Matt. xvi. 18.
5. In a lock tumbler, the opening for the stump of the bolt to pass through or into.

6. (Founding) (a) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mold; the ingate. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening; a sprue or sullage piece. [Written also geat and git.]

Gate chamber, a recess in the side wall of a canal lock, which receives the opened gate. -- Gate channel. See Gate, 5. -- Gate hook, the hook-formed piece of a gate hinge. -- Gate money, entrance money for admission to an inclosure. -- Gate tender, one in charge of a gate, as at a railroad crossing. -- Gate valva, a stop valve for a pipe, having a sliding gate which affords a straight passageway when open. -- Gate vein (Anat.), the portal vein.
 -- To break gates (Eng. Univ.), to enter a college inclosure after the hour to which a student has been restricted. -- To stand in the gate, or gates, to occupy places or advantage, power, or defense.

 Gate, v. t. 1. To supply with a gate.

2. (Eng. Univ.) To punish by requiring to be within the gates at an earlier hour than usual.

 Gate, n. [Icel. gata; akin to SW. gata street, lane, Dan. gade, Goth. gatwö, G. gasse. Cf. Gate a door, Gait.] 1. A way; a path; a road; a street (as in Highgate).
 [O. Eng. & Scot.]

 I was going to be an honest man; but the devil has this very day flung first a lawyer, and then a woman, in my gate.

Sir W. Scott.
2. Manner; gait. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

 Gat"ed (?), a. Having gates. Young.
 Gate"house' (?), n. A house connected or associated with a gate.

 Gate"less, a. Having no gate.

 Gate"man (?), n. A gate keeper; a gate tender.

 Gate"post' (?), n. 1. A post to which a gate is hung; -- called also swinging or hinging post.

2. A post against which a gate closes; -- called also shutting post.

 Gate"way' (?), n. A passage through a fence or wall; a gate; also, a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate in hung, or a structure at an entrance or gate designed for ornament or defense.

 Gate"wise' (?), adv. In the manner of a gate.

 Three circles of stones set up gatewise.

Fuller.
 Gath"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gathered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gathering.] [OE. gaderen, AS. gaderian, gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gæd fellowship; akin to E. good, D. gaderen to collect, G. gatte husband, MHG. gate, also companion, Goth. gadiliggs a sister's son. √29. See Good, and cf. Together.]

1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate.

 And Belgium's capital had gathered them Her beauty and her chivalry.

Byron.
 When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together.

Matt. ii. 4.
2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck.

 A rose just gathered from the stalk.

Dryden.
 Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?

Matt. vii. 16.
Gather us from among the heathen.

Ps. cvi. 47.
3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up.

 He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.

Prov. xxviii. 8.
 To pay the creditor... he must gather up money by degrees.

Locke.
4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as, to gather a ruffle.

Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand.

Pope.
5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude.

 Let me say no more! Gather the sequel by that went before.

Shak.
6. To gain; to win. [Obs.]

 He gathers ground upon her in the chase.

Dryden.
7. (Arch.) To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like.

8. (Naut.) To haul in; to take up; as, to gather the slack of a rope.

To be gathered to one's people, or to one's fathers to die.
 Gen. xxv. 8. -- To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. Spenser.
 -- To gather one's self together, to collect and dispose one's powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. -- To gather way (Naut.), to begin to move; to move with increasing speed.

 Gath"er (?), v. i. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate.

 When small humors gather to a gout.

Pope.
 Tears from the depth of some divine despair Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes.

Tennyson.
2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase.

 Their snowball did not gather as it went.

Bacon.
3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as, a boil has gathered.

4. To collect or bring things together.

 Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed.

Matt. xxv. 26.
 Gath"er, n. 1. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker.

2. (Carriage Making) The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward.

3. (Arch.) The soffit or under surface of the masonry


1) A definition, if it is to be called perfect, must explain the inmost essence of a thing, and must take care not to substitute for this any of its properties. (2) In order to illustrate my meaning, without taking an example which would seem to show a desire to expose other people's errors, I will choose the case of something abstract, the definition of which is of little moment. (95:3) Such is a circle. (4) If a circle be defined as a figure, such that all straight lines drawn from the center to the circumference are equal, every one can see that such a definition does not in the least explain the essence of a circle, but solely one of its properties. (5) Though, as I have said, this is of no importance in the case of figures and other abstractions, it is of great importance in the case of physical beings and realities: for the properties of things are not understood so long as their essences are unknown. (6) If the latter be passed over, there is necessarily a perversion of the succession of ideas which should reflect the succession of nature, and we go far astray from our object.
[96] In order to be free from this fault, the following rules should be observed in definition:-- I. (1) If the thing in question be created, the definition must (as we have said) comprehend the proximate cause.
 (2) For instance, a circle should, according to this rule, be defined as follows: the figure described by any line whereof one end is fixed and the other free. (3) This definition clearly comprehends the proximate cause.
II. (4) A conception or definition of a thing should be such that all the properties of that thing, in so far as it is considered by itself, and not in conjunction with other things, can be deduced from it, as may be seen in the definition given of a circle: for from that it clearly follows that all straight lines drawn from the center to the circumference are equal. (5) That this is a necessary characteristic of a definition is so clear to anyone, who reflects on the matter, that there is no need to spend time in proving it, or in showing that, owing to this second condition, every definition should be affirmative. (6) I speak of intellectual affirmation, giving little thought to verbal affirmations which, owing to the poverty of language, must sometimes, perhaps, be expressed negatively, though the idea contained is affirmative.
[97] The rules for the definition of an uncreated thing are as follows:-- I. The exclusion of all idea of cause--that is, the thing must not need explanation by Anything outside itself.
II. When the definition of the thing has been given, there must be no room for doubt as to whether the thing exists or not.
III. It must contain, as far as the mind is concerned, no substantives which could be put into an adjectival form; in other words, the object defined must not be explained through abstractions.
IV. Lastly, though this is not absolutely necessary, it should be possible to deduce from the definition all the properties of the thing defined.
All these rules become obvious to anyone giving strict attention to the matter.
[98] (1) I have also stated that the best basis for drawing a conclusion is a particular affirmative essence. (2) The more specialized the idea is, the more it is distinct, and therefore clear. (3) Wherefore a knowledge of particular things should be sought for as diligently as possible.
[99] (1) As regards the order of our perceptions, and the manner in which they should be arranged and united, it is necessary that, as soon as is possible and rational, we should inquire whether there be any being (and, if so, what being), that is the cause of all things, so that its essence, represented in thought, may be the cause of all our ideas, and then our mind will to the utmost possible extent reflect nature. (2) For it will possess, subjectively, nature's essence, order, and union. (3) Thus we can see that it is before all things necessary for us to deduce all our ideas from physical things--that is, from real entities, proceeding, as far as may be, according to the series of causes, from one real entity to another real entity, never passing to universals and abstractions, either for the purpose of deducing some real entity from them, or deducing them from some real entity. (4) Either of these processes interrupts the true progress of the understanding.
[100] (1) But it must be observed that, by the series of causes and real entities, I do not here mean the series of particular and mutable things, but only the series of fixed and eternal things. (2) It would be impossible for human infirmity to follow up the series of particular mutable things, both on account their multitude, surpassing all calculation, and on account of the infinitely diverse circumstances surrounding one and the same thing, any one of which may be the cause of its existence or non-existence. (3) Indeed, their existence has no connection with their essence, or (as we have said already) is not an eternal truth.
[101] (1) Neither is there any need that we should understand their series, for the essences of particular mutable things are not to be gathered from their series or order of existence, which would furnish us with nothing beyond their extrinsic denominations, their relations, or, at most, their circumstances, all of which are very different from their inmost essence.
(101:2) This inmost essence must be sought solely from fixed and eternal things, and from the laws, inscribed (so to speak) in those things as in their true codes, according to which all particular things take place and are arranged; nay, these mutable particular things depend so intimately and essentially (so to phrase it) upon the fixed things, that they cannot either be conceived without them.
[102] (1) But, though this be so, there seems to be no small difficulty in arriving at the knowledge of these particular things, for to conceive them all at once would far surpass the powers of the human understanding. (2) The arrangement whereby one thing is understood, before another, as we have stated, should not be sought from their series of existence, nor from eternal things. (3) For the latter are all by nature simultaneous. (4) Other aids are therefore needed besides those employed for understanding eternal things and their laws. (5) However, this is not the place to recount such aids, nor is there any need to do so, until we have acquired a sufficient knowledge of eternal things and their infallible laws, and until the nature of our senses has become plain to us.
[103] (1) Before betaking ourselves to seek knowledge of particular things, it will be seasonable to speak of such aids, as all tend to teach us the mode of employing our senses, and to make certain experiments under fixed rules and arrangements which may suffice to determine the object of our inquiry, so that we may therefrom infer what laws of eternal things it has been produced under, and may gain an insight into its inmost nature, as I will duly show. (2) Here, to return to my purpose, I will only endeavor to set forth what seems necessary for enabling us to attain to knowledge of eternal things, and to define them under the conditions laid down above.
[104] (1) With this end, we must bear in mind what has already been stated, namely, that when the mind devotes itself to any thought, so as to examine it, and to deduce therefrom in due order all the legitimate conclusions possible, any falsehood which may lurk in the thought will be detected; but if the thought be true, the mind will readily proceed without interruption to deduce truths from it.
(104:2) This, I say, is necessary for our purpose, for our thoughts may be brought to a close by the absence of a foundation.
[105] (1) If, therefore, we wish to investigate the first thing of all, it will be


THERE ARE CRIMES AND CRIMES A Comedy By August Strindberg Translated from the Swedish with an Introduction by Edwin Bjorkman CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THERE ARE CRIMES AND CRIMES CHARACTERS ACT I FIRST SCENE SECOND SCENE ACT II FIRST SCENE SECOND SCENE ACT III FIRST SCENE SECOND SCENE ACT IV FIRST SCENE SECOND SCENE INTRODUCTION Strindberg was fifty years old when he wrote "There Are Crimes and Crimes." In the same year, 1899, he produced three of his finest historical dramas: "The Saga of the Folkungs," "Gustavus Vasa," and "Eric XIV." Just before, he had finished "Advent," which he described as "A Mystery," and which was published together with "There Are Crimes and Crimes" under the common title of "In a Higher Court." Back of these dramas lay his strange confessional works, "Inferno" and "Legends," and the first two parts of his autobiographical dream-play, "Toward Damascus"—all of which were finished between May, 1897, and some time in the latter part of 1898. And back of these again lay that period of mental crisis, when, at Paris, in 1895 and 1896, he strove to make gold by the transmutation of baser metals, while at the same time his spirit was travelling through all the seven hells in its search for the heaven promised by the great mystics of the past.

 "There Are Crimes and Crimes" may, in fact, be regarded as his first definite step beyond that crisis, of which the preceding works were at once the record and closing chord. When, in 1909, he issued "The Author," being a long withheld fourth part of his first autobiographical series, "The Bondwoman's Son," he prefixed to it an analytical summary of the entire body of his work. Opposite the works from 1897-8 appears in this summary the following passage: "The great crisis at the age of fifty; revolutions in the life of the soul, desert wanderings, Swedenborgian Heavens and Hells." But concerning "There Are Crimes and Crimes" and the three historical dramas from the same year he writes triumphantly: "Light after darkness; new productivity, with recovered Faith, Hope and Love—and with full, rock-firm Certitude."

 In its German version the play is named "Rausch," or "Intoxication," which indicates the part played by the champagne in the plunge of Maurice from the pinnacles of success to the depths of misfortune. Strindberg has more and more come to see that a moderation verging closely on asceticism is wise for most men and essential to the man of genius who wants to fulfil his divine mission. And he does not scorn to press home even this comparatively humble lesson with the naive directness and fiery zeal which form such conspicuous features of all his work.

 But in the title which bound it to "Advent" at their joint publication we have a better clue to what the author himself undoubtedly regards as the most important element of his work—its religious tendency. The "higher court," in which are tried the crimes of Maurice, Adolphe, and Henriette, is, of course, the highest one that man can imagine. And the crimes of which they have all become guilty are those which, as Adolphe remarks, "are not mentioned in the criminal code"—in a word, crimes against the spirit, against the impalpable power that moves us, against God. The play, seen in this light, pictures a deep-reaching spiritual change, leading us step by step from the soul adrift on the waters of life to the state where it is definitely oriented and impelled.

 There are two distinct currents discernible in this dramatic revelation of progress from spiritual chaos to spiritual order—for to order the play must be said to lead, and progress is implied in its onward movement, if there be anything at all in our growing modern conviction that ANY vital faith is better than none at all. One of the currents in question refers to the means rather than the end, to the road rather than the goal.
 It brings us back to those uncanny soul-adventures by which Strindberg himself won his way to the "full, rock-firm Certitude" of which the play in its entirety is the first tangible expression. The elements entering into this current are not only mystical, but occult. They are derived in part from Swedenborg, and in part from that picturesque French dreamer who signs himself "Sar Peladan"; but mostly they have sprung out of Strindberg's own experiences in moments of abnormal tension.

 What happened, or seemed to happen, to himself at Paris in 1895, and what he later described with such bewildering exactitude in his "Inferno" and "Legends," all this is here presented in dramatic form, but a little toned down, both to suit the needs of the stage and the calmer mood of the author. Coincidence is law. It is the finger-point of Providence, the signal to man that he must beware. Mystery is the gospel: the secret knitting of man to man, of fact to fact, deep beneath the surface of visible and audible existence. Few writers could take us into such a realm of probable impossibilities and possible improbabilities without losing all claim to serious consideration. If Strindberg has thus ventured to our gain and no loss of his own, his success can be explained only by the presence in the play of that second, parallel current of thought and feeling.

 This deeper current is as simple as the one nearer the surface is fantastic. It is the manifestation of that "rock-firm Certitude" to which I have already referred. And nothing will bring us nearer to it than Strindberg's own confession of faith, given in his "Speeches to the Swedish Nation" two years ago. In that pamphlet there is a chapter headed "Religion," in which occurs this passage: "Since 1896 I have been calling myself a Christian. I am not a Catholic, and have never been, but during a stay of seven years in Catholic countries and among Catholic relatives, I discovered that the difference between Catholic and Protestant tenets is either none at all, or else wholly superficial, and that the division which once occurred was merely political or else concerned with theological problems not fundamentally germane to the religion itself. A registered Protestant I am and will remain, but I can hardly be called orthodox or evangelistic, but come nearest to being a Swedenborgian. I use my Bible Christianity internally and privately to tame my somewhat decivilized nature—decivilised by that veterinary philosophy and animal science (Darwinism) in which, as student at the university, I was reared. And I assure my fellow-beings that they have no right to complain because, according to my ability, I practise the Christian teachings. For only through religion, or the hope of something better, and the recognition of the innermost meaning of life as that of an ordeal, a school, or perhaps a penitentiary, will it be possible to bear the burden of life with sufficient resignation."

 Here, as elsewhere, it is made patent that Strindberg's religiosity always, on closer analysis, reduces itself to morality. At bottom he is first and last, and has always been, a moralist—a man passionately craving to know what is RIGHT and to do it. During the middle, naturalistic period of his creative career, this fundamental tendency was in part obscured, and he engaged in the game of intellectual curiosity known as "truth for truth's own sake." One of the chief marks of his final and mystical


Drayton.
 Our praises are our wages.

Shak.
 Existing legislation on the subject of wages.

Encyc. Brit.
Wage is used adjectively and as the first part of compounds which are usually self-explaining; as, wage worker, or wage-worker; wage-earner, etc.

Board wages. See under 1st Board.

Syn. — Hire; reward; stipend; salary; allowance; pay; compensation; remuneration; fruit.

 Wag"el (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Waggel.

 Wa"gen*boom' (?), n. [D., literally, wagon tree.] (Bot.) A south African proteaceous tree (Protea grandiflora); also, its tough wood, used for making wagon wheels.

 Wa"ger (?), n. [OE. wager, wajour, OF. wagiere, or wageure, E. gageure. See Wage, v. t.]

1. Something deposited, laid, or hazarded on the event of a contest or an unsettled question; a bet; a stake; a pledge.

 Besides these plates for horse races, the wagers may be as the persons please.

Sir W. Temple.
 If any atheist can stake his soul for a wager against such an inexhaustible disproportion, let him never hereafter accuse others of credulity.

Bentley.
2. (Law) A contract by which two parties or more agree that a certain sum of money, or other thing, shall be paid or delivered to one of them, on the happening or not happening of an uncertain event. Bouvier.
 At common law a wager is considered as a legal contract which the courts must enforce unless it be on a subject contrary to public policy, or immoral, or tending to the detriment of the public, or affecting the interest, feelings, or character of a third person. In many of the United States an action can not be sustained upon any wager or bet. Chitty.
Bouvier.
3. That on which bets are laid; the subject of a bet.

Wager of battel, or Wager of battle (O. Eng. Law), the giving of gage, or pledge, for trying a cause by single combat, formerly allowed in military, criminal, and civil causes. In writs of right, where the trial was by champions, the tenant produced his champion, who, by throwing down his glove as a gage, thus waged, or stipulated, battle with the champion of the demandant, who, by taking up the glove, accepted the challenge. The wager of battel, which has been long in disuse, was abolished in England in 1819, by a statute passed in consequence of a defendant's having waged his battle in a case which arose about that period. See Battel. — Wager of law (Law), the giving of gage, or sureties, by a defendant in an action of debt, that at a certain day assigned he would take a law, or oath, in open court, that he did not owe the debt, and at the same time bring with him eleven neighbors (called compurgators), who should avow upon their oaths that they believed in their consciences that he spoke the truth. — Wager policy. (Insurance Law) See under Policy.

 Wa"ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wagering.] To hazard on the issue of a contest, or on some question that is to be decided, or on some casualty; to lay; to stake; to bet.

 And wagered with him Pieces of gold 'gainst this which he wore.

Shak.
 Wa"ger, v. i. To make a bet; to lay a wager.

 'T was merry when You wagered on your angling.

Shak.
 Wa"ger*er (?), n. One who wagers, or lays a bet.

 Wa"ger*ing, a. Hazarding; pertaining to the act of one who wagers.

Wagering policy. (Com.) See Wager policy, under Policy.

 Wa"ges (?), n. plural in termination, but singular in signification. [Plural of wage; cf. F. gages, pl., wages, hire. See Wage, n.] A compensation given to a hired person for services; price paid for labor; recompense; hire. See Wage, n., 2.

 The wages of sin is death.

Rom. vi. 23.
Wages fund (Polit. Econ.), the aggregate capital existing at any time in any country, which theoretically is unconditionally destined to be paid out in wages. It was formerly held, by Mill and other political economists, that the average rate of wages in any country at any time depended upon the relation of the wages fund to the number of laborers.
 This theory has been greatly modified by the discovery of other conditions affecting wages, which it does not take into account. Encyc. Brit.
Syn. — See under Wage, n. Wag"gel (wg"gl), n. (Zoöl.) The young of the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), formerly considered a distinct species. [Prov. Eng.]

 Wag"ger*y (-gr*), n.; pl. Waggeries (#). [From Wag.]
 The manner or action of a wag; mischievous merriment; sportive trick or gayety; good-humored sarcasm; pleasantry; jocularity; as, the waggery of a schoolboy. Locke.
 A drollery and lurking waggery of expression.

W. Irving.
 Wag"gie (-g), n. The pied wagtail. [Prov. Eng.]

 Wag"gish (-gsh), a. 1. Like a wag; mischievous in sport; roguish in merriment or good humor; frolicsome. "A company of waggish boys." L'Estrange.
2. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for sport; sportive; humorous; as, a waggish trick.

 — Wag"gish*ly, adv. — Wag"gish*ness, n. Wag"gle (?), v. i. [Freq. of wag; cf. D. waggelen, G.
 wackeln.] To reel, sway, or move from side to side; to move with a wagging motion; to waddle.

 Why do you go nodding and waggling so?

L'Estrange.
 Wag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waggled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Waggling (?).] To move frequently one way and the other; to wag; as, a bird waggles his tail.

 Wag"-hal'ter (?), n. [Wag + halter.] One who moves or wears a halter; one likely to be hanged. [Colloq. & Obs.]

 I can tell you, I am a mad wag-halter.

Marston.
 Wag"ner*ite (?), n. (Min.) A fluophosphate of magnesia, occurring in yellowish crystals, and also in massive forms.

 Wag"on (?), n. [D. wagen. √136. See Wain.]

1. A wheeled carriage; a vehicle on four wheels, and usually drawn by horses; especially, one used for carrying freight or merchandise.

 In the United States, light wagons are used for the conveyance of persons and light commodities.

2. A freight car on a railway. [Eng.]

3. A chariot [Obs.] Spenser.
4. (Astron.) The Dipper, or Charles's Wain.

 This word and its compounds are often written with two g's (waggon, waggonage, etc.), chiefly in England. The forms wagon, wagonage, etc., are, however, etymologically preferable, and in


is his story of early New England life called Magnalia Christi Americana.

 MAUD MULLER 94. astral: a lamp with peculiar construction so that the shadow is not cast directly below it.

 BURNS Burns. In connection with this poem may well be read the following poems by Robert Burns (_PHONE_): "The Twa Dogs," "A Man's a Man for A' That," "Cotter's Saturday Night" (Selections), "Ye Banks and Braes o' Bonnie Doon," "Highland Mary."

 40. allegory: the expression of an idea indirectly by means of a story or narrative. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is probably the best-known allegory. What others can you name?

 67. Craigie-burn and Devon were favorite Scotch streams.

 71. Ayr: a river in Scotland. This whole region is full of associations with Burns. Near it he was born and there is the Auld Brig of Doon of Tam o' Shanter fame. Near the river is a Burns monument. Doon: a river of Scotland 30 miles long and running through wild and picturesque country.
 Burns has made it famous.

 91-92. The unpleasant facts of Burns's life, due to weakness of character, should not be allowed to destroy our appreciation of what he accomplished when he was his better self.

 99. Magdalen. See John 8:3-11 and many other instances in the Gospels.

 103. The mournful Tuscan: Dante, who wrote "The Divine Comedy."

 THE HERO 1. Bayard, Pierre Terrail (_PHONE_): a French soldier who, on account of his heroism, piety, and magnanimity was called "le chevalier sans noun et sans reproche," the fearless and faultless knight. By his contemporaries he was more often called "le bon chevalier," the good knight.

 6. Zutphen: an old town in Holland, which was often besieged, especially during the wars of freedom waged by the Dutch. The most celebtated fight under its walls was in September, 1586, when Sir Philip Sidney was mortally wounded.

 12. See John 16: 21.

 28. Sidney. See note on line 6 and Proem, note on line 4.

 31. Cyllenian ranges: Mount Cyllene, in southern Greece, the fabled birthplace of Hermes.

 36. Suliote. See Fitz-Greene Halleck, "Marco Bozzaris," note on line 13 42. The reference is to Samuel G. Howe, who fought as a young man for the independence of Greece.

 46. Albanian: pertaining to Albania, a province of western Turkey.

 78. Cadmus: mythological king of Phoenicia; was regarded as the introducer of the alphabet from Phoenicia into Greece.

 86. Lancelot stands for most of us as the example of a brave knight whose life was ruined by a great weakness. Malory writes of him in "Mort d'Arthur," and Tennyson has made him well known to us.

 THE ETERNAL GOODNESS 24. See John 19:23 and Matthew 9: 20-22.

 36. After David had suffered, he wrote the greatest of the Psalms which are attributed to him. The idea of righteous judgement is to be found throughout them all, but seems especially strong in 9 and 147.

 54. Compare Tennyson's Crossing the Bar.

 THE PIPES AT LUCKNOW 9. Lowland: the south and east of Scotland; distinguished from the Highlands.

 13. pibroch: a wild, irregular martial music played on Scotch bagpipes.

 18. A small English garrison was in possession of the city of Lucknow at the time of the great Sepoy Mutiny in India,. They were besieged, and their rescue is described here.

 32. Sir Henry Havelock commanded the relieving army.

 36. Sepoy: a native East-Indian soldier, equipped like a European soldier.

 51. Goomtee: a river of Hindustan.

 77. Gaelic: belonging to Highland Scotch or other Celtic people.

 COBBLER KEEZAR'S VISION The element of superstition which enters into many of Whittier's poems is well illustrated here.

 19. the Brocken: in the Harz Mountains in Germany.

 35. swart: dark-colored.

 49. See "Prophecy of Samuel Sewall," note on line 32.

 52. Religion among the Pilgrim fathers was a harsh thing. What illustrations of its character did you find in the early part of this book 84. Doctor Dee: an English astrologer (_PHONE_).

 85. Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius: German physician, theologian, and writer (_PHONE_), who tried to turn less precious metals into gold.

 89. Minnesinger. Hares Sachs (_PHONE_), the famous cobbler singer, is probably referred to. For another famous minstrel see notes on Longfellow, "Walter von der Vogelweide."

 139. Bingen, a city on the Rhine, has been made famous by the poem written in 1799 by Southey, "God's Judgment on a Wicked Bishop." Longfellow refers to this legend in "The Children's Hour."

 140. Frankfort (on-the-Main), in Germany.

 147. droughty: thirsty, wanting drink.

 THE MAYFLOWERS 1. Sad Mayflower: the trailing arbutus.

 14. Our years of wandering o'er. The Pilgrim fathers sought refuge in Holland, but found life there unsatisfactory, as they were not entirely free. They then set out for Virginia and almost by chance settled in New England.

 RALPH WALDO EMERSON (_PHONE_) "He shaped an ideal for the commonest life, he proposed an object to the humblest seeker after truth. Look for beauty in the world around you, he said, and you shall see it everywhere. Look within, with pure eyes and simple trust, and you shall find the Deity mirrored in your own soul.
 Trust yourself because you trust the voice of God in your inmost consciousness."

 Born in Boston, Mass., of a family with some literary attainments, he showed little promise of unusual ability during his years at Harvard. He became pastor of the Second Church in Boston for a time and later settled in Concord. He lectured extensively and wrote much, living a quiet, isolated life.

 The poems by Emerson are used by permission of, and by special arrangement with, Houghton Mifflin Company, authorized publishers of his works.

 GOOD-BYE "Good-Bye" was written in 1823 when Emerson, a young boy, was teaching in Boston. It does not refer to his retirement to the country twelve years later, but seems a kind of prophecy.

 27. lore: learning.

 28. sophist: a professed teacher of wisdom.

 EACH AND ALL 26. noisome offensive.

 THE PROBLEM 18. canticles: hymns belonging to church service.

 19. The dome of St. Peter's was the largest in the world at the time of its construction and was a great architectural achievement. Emerson feels that it, like every other work that is worth-while, was the result of a sincere heart.

 20. groined: made the roofs inside the churches according to a complicated, intersecting pattern.

 28. Notice the figure of speech here. Is it effective?

 39-40. All the mighty buildings of the world were made first in the minds of the builder or architect, and then took form.

 44. The Andes and Mt. Ararat are very ancient formations and belong to Nature at her beginning on the earth. These great buildings are so in keeping with Nature that she accepts them and forgets how modern they are.

 51. Pentecost: Whitsunday, when the descent of the


added such keys as SUPER, HYPER, and GREEK (see space-cadet keyboard). 2.
By extension, bits associated with 'extra' shift keys on any keyboard, e.g., the ALT on an IBM PC or command and option keys on a Macintosh.
It has long been rumored that 'bucky bits' were named for Buckminster Fuller during a period when he was consulting at Stanford. Actually, bucky bits were invented by Niklaus Wirth when he was at Stanford in 1964-65; he first suggested the idea of an EDIT key to set the 8th bit of an otherwise 7-bit ASCII character). It seems that, unknown to Wirth, certain Stanford hackers had privately nicknamed him 'Bucky' after a prominent portion of his dental anatomy, and this nickname transferred to the bit. Bucky-bit commands were used in a number of editors written at Stanford, including most notably TV-EDIT and NLS.
The term spread to MIT and CMU early and is now in general use. Ironically, Wirth himself remained unaware of its derivation for nearly 30 years, until GLS dug up this history in early 1993!
See double bucky, quadruple bucky.
Node:buffer chuck, Next:buffer overflow, Previous:bucky bits, Up:= B = buffer chuck n. Shorter and ruder syn. for buffer overflow.
Node:buffer overflow, Next:bug, Previous:buffer chuck, Up:= B = buffer overflow n. What happens when you try to stuff more data into a buffer (holding area) than it can handle. This problem is commonly exploited by crackers to get arbitrary commands executed by a program running with root permissions. This may be due to a mismatch in the processing rates of the producing and consuming processes (see overrun and firehose syndrome), or because the buffer is simply too small to hold all the data that must accumulate before a piece of it can be processed. For example, in a text-processing tool that crunches a line at a time, a short line buffer can result in lossage as input from a long line overflows the buffer and trashes data beyond it. Good defensive programming would check for overflow on each character and stop accepting data when the buffer is full up. The term is used of and by humans in a metaphorical sense. "What time did I agree to meet you? My buffer must have overflowed." Or "If I answer that phone my buffer is going to overflow." See also spam, overrun screw.
Node:bug, Next:bug-compatible, Previous:buffer overflow, Up:= B = bug n. An unwanted and unintended property of a program or piece of hardware, esp. one that causes it to malfunction. Antonym of feature. Examples: "There's a bug in the editor: it writes things out backwards." "The system crashed because of a hardware bug." "Fred is a winner, but he has a few bugs" (i.e., Fred is a good guy, but he has a few personality problems).
Historical note: Admiral Grace Hopper (an early computing pioneer better known for inventing COBOL) liked to tell a story in which a technician solved a glitch in the Harvard Mark II machine by pulling an actual insect out from between the contacts of one of its relays, and she subsequently promulgated bug in its hackish sense as a joke about the incident (though, as she was careful to admit, she was not there when it happened). For many years the logbook associated with the incident and the actual bug in question (a moth) sat in a display case at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC). The entire story, with a picture of the logbook and the moth taped into it, is recorded in the "Annals of the History of Computing", Vol. 3, No. 3 (July 1981), pp. 285-286.
The text of the log entry (from September 9, 1947), reads "1545 Relay #70 Panel F (moth) in relay. First actual case of bug being found". This wording establishes that the term was already in use at the time in its current specific sense -- and Hopper herself reports that the term 'bug' was regularly applied to problems in radar electronics during WWII.
Indeed, the use of 'bug' to mean an industrial defect was already established in Thomas Edison's time, and a more specific and rather modern use can be found in an electrical handbook from 1896 ("Hawkin's New Catechism of Electricity", Theo. Audel & Co.) which says: "The term 'bug' is used to a limited extent to designate any fault or trouble in the connections or working of electric apparatus." It further notes that the term is "said to have originated in quadruplex telegraphy and have been transferred to all electric apparatus."
The latter observation may explain a common folk etymology of the term; that it came from telephone company usage, in which "bugs in a telephone cable" were blamed for noisy lines. Though this derivation seems to be mistaken, it may well be a distorted memory of a joke first current among telegraph operators more than a century ago!
Or perhaps not a joke. Historians of the field inform us that the term "bug" was regularly used in the early days of telegraphy to refer to a variety of semi-automatic telegraphy keyers that would send a string of dots if you held them down. In fact, the Vibroplex keyers (which were among the most common of this type) even had a graphic of a beetle on them (and still do)! While the ability to send repeated dots automatically was very useful for professional morse code operators, these were also significantly trickier to use than the older manual keyers, and it could take some practice to ensure one didn't introduce extraneous dots into the code by holding the key down a fraction too long. In the hands of an inexperienced operator, a Vibroplex "bug" on the line could mean that a lot of garbled Morse would soon be coming your way.
Further, the term "bug" has long been used among radio technicians to describe a device that converts electromagnetic field variations into acoustic signals. It is used to trace radio interference and look for dangerous radio emissions. Radio community usage derives from the roach-like shape of the first versions used by 19th century physicists. The first versions consisted of a coil of wire (roach body), with the two wire ends sticking out and bent back to nearly touch forming a spark gap (roach antennae). The bug is to the radio technician what the stethoscope is to the stereotype medical doctor. This sense is almost certainly ancestral to modern use of "bug" for a covert monitoring device, but may also have contributed to the use of "bug" for the effects of radio interference itself.
Actually, use of 'bug' in the general sense of a disruptive event goes back to Shakespeare! (Henry VI, part III - Act V, Scene II: King Edward: "So, lie thou there. Die thou; and die our fear; For Warwick was a bug that fear'd us all.") In the first edition of Samuel Johnson's dictionary one meaning of 'bug' is "A frightful object; a walking spectre"; this is traced to 'bugbear', a Welsh term for a variety of mythological monster which (to complete the circle) has recently been reintroduced into the popular lexicon through fantasy role-playing games.
In any case, in jargon the word almost never refers to insects. Here is a plausible conversation that never actually happened: "There is a bug in this ant farm!"
"What do you mean? I don't see any ants in it."
"That's the bug."
A careful discussion of the etymological issues can be found in a paper by Fred R. Shapiro, 1987, "Entomology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore", American Speech 62(4):376-378.
[There has been a widespread myth that the original bug was moved to the Smithsonian, and an earlier version of this entry so asserted. A correspondent who thought to check discovered that the bug was not there. While investigating this in late 1990, your editor discovered that the NSWC still had the bug, but had unsuccessfully tried to get the Smithsonian to accept it -- and that the present curator of their History of American Technology Museum didn't know this and agreed that it would make a worthwhile exhibit. It was moved to the Smithsonian in mid-1991, but due to space and money constraints was not


Spring of an arch (Arch.) See Springing line of an arch, under Springing. -- Spring of pork, the lower part of a fore quarter, which is divided from the neck, and has the leg and foot without the shoulder. [Obs.] Nares.
 Sir, pray hand the spring of pork to me.

Gayton.
 -- Spring pin (Locomotive Engines), an iron rod fitted between the springs and the axle boxes, to sustain and regulate the pressure on the axles. -- Spring rye, a kind of rye sown in the spring; -- in distinction from winter rye, sown in autumn. -- Spring stay (Naut.), a preventer stay, to assist the regular one. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Spring tide, the tide which happens at, or soon after, the new and the full moon, and which rises higher than common tides. See Tide. -- Spring wagon, a wagon in which springs are interposed between the body and the axles to form elastic supports. -- Spring wheat, any kind of wheat sown in the spring; -- in distinction from winter wheat, which is sown in autumn.

 { Spring"al (?), Spring"ald (?), Spring"all (?) }, a. [Scot. springald, springel, fr. Scot. & E. spring.] An active, springly young man. [Obs.] "There came two springals of full tender years."
 Spenser.
 Joseph, when he was sold to Potiphar, that great man, was a fair young springall.

Latimer.
 Spring"al, n. [OF. espringale; of Teutonic origin, akin to E. spring.] An ancient military engine for casting stones and arrows by means of a spring.

 Spring"board' (?), n. An elastic board, secured at the ends, or at one end, often by elastic supports, used in performing feats of agility or in exercising.

 { ||Spring"bok' (?), Spring"buck' (?) }, n. [D. springbok; springen to spring, leap + bok a he-goat, buck.] (Zoöl.)
 A South African gazelle (Gazella euchore) noted for its graceful form and swiftness, and for its peculiar habit of springing lighty and suddenly into the air. It has a white dorsal stripe, expanding into a broad patch of white on the rump and tail. Called also springer.
 [Written also springboc, and springbock.]

 Springe (?), n. [From Spring, v. i.: cf. G. sprenkel, Prov. E. springle.] A noose fastened to an elastic body, and drawn close with a sudden spring, whereby it catches a bird or other animal; a gin; a snare.

 As a woodcock to mine own springe.

Shak.
 Springe, v. t. To catch in a springe; to insnare. [R.]

 Spring"e (? or?), v. t. [OE. sprengen. See Sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.]

 He would sowen some difficulty, Or springen cockle in our cleane corn.

Chaucer.
 Spring"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, springs; specifically, one who rouses game.

2. A young plant. [Obs.] Evelyn.
3. (Arch.) (a) The impost, or point at which an arch rests upon its support, and from which it seems to spring. Hence: (b) The bottom stone of an arch, which lies on the impost. The skew back is one form of springer. (c) The rib of a groined vault, as being the solid abutment for each section of vaulting.

4. (Zoöl.) The grampus.

5. (Zoöl.) A variety of the field spaniel. See Spaniel.

6. (Zoöl.) A species of antelope; the sprinkbok.

 Spring"halt' (?), n. (Far.) A kind of lameness in horse. See Stringhalt. Shak.
 Spring"head' (?), n. A fountain or source.

 Spring"i*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being springly. Boyle.
 Spring"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, springs.

2. Growth; increase; also, that which springs up; a shoot; a plant.

 Thou blessest the springing thereof.

Ps. lxv. 10.
Springing line of an arch (Arch.), the horizontal line drawn through the junction of the vertical face of the impost with the curve of the intrados; -- called also spring of an arch.

 Sprin"gle (?), n. A springe. [Prov. Eng.]

 Spring"let (?), n. A little spring.

 But yet from out the little hill Oozes the slender springlet still.

Sir W. Scott.
 Spring"tail' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small apterous insects belonging to the order Thysanura.
 They have two elastic caudal stylets which can be bent under the abdomen and then suddenly extended like a spring, thus enabling them to leap to a considerable distance. See Collembola, and Podura.

 Spring"tide (?), n. The time of spring; springtime. Thomson.
 Spring"time' (?), n. The season of spring; springtide.

 Spring"y (?), a. [Compar. Springier (?); superl.
 Springiest.] [From Spring.] 1. Resembling, having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a spring; elastic; as, springy steel; a springy step.

 Though her little frame was slight, it was firm and springy.

Sir W. Scott.
2. Abounding with springs or fountains; wet; spongy; as, springy land.

 Sprin"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprinkled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinkling (?).] [OE. sprenkelen, freq. of sprengen to sprinkle, to scatter, AS. sprengan, properly, to make to spring, causative of springan to spring; akin to D. sprenkelen to sprinkle, G. sprengen. See Spring, v. i., and cf. Sprent.]
 1. To scatter in small drops or particles, as water, seed, etc.

2. To scatter on; to disperse something over in small drops or particles; to besprinkle; as, to sprinkle the earth with water; to sprinkle a floor with sand.

3. To baptize by the application of a few drops, or a small quantity, of water; hence, to cleanse; to purify.

 Having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience.

Heb. x. 22.
 Sprin"kle, v. i. 1. To scatter a liquid, or any fine substance, so that it may fall in particles.

 And the priest shall... sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before the Lord.

Lev. xiv. 16.
2. To rain moderately, or with scattered drops falling now and then; as, it sprinkles.

3. To fly or be scattered in small drops or particles.

 Sprin"kle, n. 1. A small quantity scattered, or sparsely distributed; a sprinkling.

2. A utensil for sprinkling; a sprinkler. [Obs.]

 Sprin"kler (?), n. 1. One who sprinkles.

2. An instrument or vessel used in sprinkling; specifically, a watering pot.

 Sprin"kling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sprinkles.

 Baptism may well enough be performed by sprinkling or effusion of water.

Ayliffe.
2. A small quantity falling in distinct drops or particles; as, a sprinkling of rain or snow.

3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity distributed like drops. Craik.
 Sprint (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprinted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sprinting


to Iberia.

 I"bex ("bks), n.; pl. E. Ibexes (-z), L. Ibices (b"*sz). [L., a kind of goat, the chamois.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of wild goats having very large, recurved horns, transversely ridged in front; -- called also steinbok.

 The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is the best known. The Spanish, or Pyrenean, ibex (C. Hispanica) has smoother and more spreading horns.

 ||I*bi"dem (?), adv. [L.] In the same place; -- abbreviated ibid.
 or ib.
 I"bis (?), n. [L. ibis, Gr. &?;; of Egyptian origin.] (Zoöl.)
 Any bird of the genus Ibis and several allied genera, of the family Ibidæ, inhabiting both the Old World and the New. Numerous species are known. They are large, wading birds, having a long, curved beak, and feed largely on reptiles.

 The sacred ibis of the ancient Egyptians (Ibis Æthiopica) has the head and neck black, without feathers. The plumage of the body and wings is white, except the tertiaries, which are lengthened and form a dark purple plume. In ancient times this bird was extensively domesticated in Egypt, but it is now seldom seen so far north. The glossy ibis (Plegadis autumnalis), which is widely distributed both in the Old World and the New, has the head and neck feathered, except between the eyes and bill; the scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) and the white ibis (G. alba) inhabit the West Indies and South America, and are rarely found in the United States. The wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) of America belongs to the Stork family (Ciconidæ). See Wood ibis.

 -i*ble (?). See -able.

 -ic (?). [L. -icus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. -ique.] 1. A suffix signifying, in general, relating to, or characteristic of; as, historic, hygienic, telegraphic, etc.

2. (Chem.) A suffix, denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds where the name of the element ends in -ous; as, ferric, sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of pertaining to; as, hydric, sodic, calcic.

 I*ca"ri*an (?), a. [L. Icarius, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, the mythic son of Dædalus, who, when flying from Crete on wings cemented with wax, mounted so high that the sun melted the wax, and he fell into the sea.] Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight.

 Ice (s), n. [OE. is, iis, AS. s; aksin to D. ijs, G. eis, OHG. s, Icel. ss, Sw. is, Dan. iis, and perh. to E. iron.] 1. Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4° C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats.

 Water freezes at 32° F. or 0° Cent., and ice melts at the same temperature. Ice owes its cooling properties to the large amount of heat required to melt it.

2. Concreted sugar. Johnson.
3. Water, cream, custard, etc., sweetened, flavored, and artificially frozen.

4. Any substance having the appearance of ice; as, camphor ice.

Anchor ice, ice which sometimes forms about stones and other objects at the bottom of running or other water, and is thus attached or anchored to the ground. -- Bay ice, ice formed in bays, fiords, etc., often in extensive fields which drift out to sea. -- Ground ice, anchor ice. -- Ice age (Geol.), the glacial epoch or period. See under Glacial. -- Ice anchor (Naut.), a grapnel for mooring a vessel to a field of ice. Kane. -- Ice blink [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness of the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. -- Ice boat. (a) A boat fitted with skates or runners, and propelled on ice by sails; an ice yacht. (b) A strong steamboat for breaking a channel through ice. -- Ice box or chest, a box for holding ice; a box in which things are kept cool by means of ice; a refrigerator. -- Ice brook, a brook or stream as cold as ice.
 [Poetic] Shak. -- Ice cream [for iced cream], cream, milk, or custard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. -- Ice field, an extensive sheet of ice. -- Ice float, Ice floe, a sheet of floating ice similar to an ice field, but smaller. -- Ice foot, shore ice in Arctic regions; an ice belt. Kane. -- Ice house, a close-covered pit or building for storing ice. -- Ice machine (Physics), a machine for making ice artificially, as by the production of a low temperature through the sudden expansion of a gas or vapor, or the rapid evaporation of a volatile liquid. -- Ice master. See Ice pilot (below). -- Ice pack, an irregular mass of broken and drifting ice.
 -- Ice paper, a transparent film of gelatin for copying or reproducing; papier glacé. -- Ice petrel (Zoöl.), a shearwater (Puffinus gelidus) of the Antarctic seas, abundant among floating ice. -- Ice pick, a sharp instrument for breaking ice into small pieces. -- Ice pilot, a pilot who has charge of a vessel where the course is obstructed by ice, as in polar seas; -- called also ice master. -- Ice pitcher, a pitcher adapted for ice water. -- Ice plow, a large tool for grooving and cutting ice. -- Ice sludge, bay ice broken small by the wind or waves; sludge. -- Ice spar (Min.), a variety of feldspar, the crystals of which are very clear like ice; rhyacolite. -- Ice tongs, large iron nippers for handling ice. -- Ice water. (a) Water cooled by ice. (b) Water formed by the melting of ice. -- Ice yacht.
 See Ice boat (above). -- To break the ice. See under Break.
 -- Water ice, a confection consisting of water sweetened, flavored, and frozen.

 Ice (s), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iced (st); p. pr. & vb. n. Icing ("sng).] 1. To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice.

2. To cover with icing, or frosting made of sugar and milk or white of egg; to frost, as cakes, tarts, etc.

3. To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze.

 Ice"berg' (?), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. iisbierg, Sw. isberg, properly, a mountain of ice. See Ice, and Berg.] A large mass of ice, generally floating in the ocean.

 Icebergs are large detached portions of glaciers, which in cold regions often project into the sea.

 Ice"bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Arctic sea bird, as the Arctic fulmar.

 Ice"bound' (?), a. Totally surrounded with ice, so as to be


I have had no experience with the aluminium bronze screen. I presume, however, that it is used only for mills where mercury is not put in the mortars, otherwise, it would surely become amalgamated. The same remark applies to brass wire cloth and tinned plate. Unless the metal of which they are composed will not readily amalgamate with mercury, I should be chary of using new screen devices. Mercury is a most insidious metal and is often found most unexpectedly in places in the battery where it should not be. Probably aluminium steel would be better than any substance mentioned. It would be hard, light, strong, and not readily corrodible. I am not aware if it has been tried.

 Under the heading of "Power for Mills" the following is taken from the same source.

 POWER FOR MILLS "As the Pelton wheel seems to find the most frequent application in California, it may be convenient for millmen to have the following rule, applicable to these wheels: "When the head of water is known in feet, multiply it by 0._PHONE_, and the product is the horse-power obtainable from one miner's inch of water.

 "The power necessary for different mill parts is: The writer has had small practical experience of the working of that excellent hydraulic motor, the Pelton wheel, but if by horse-power in the table given is meant nominal horse-power, it appears to be high. Working with 800 cwt. stamps, 80 blows a minute, one horse-power nominal will be found sufficient with any good modern engine, which has no further burden than raising the stamps and pumping the feed water. It is always well, however, particularly when providing engine power, to err on the right side, and make provision for more than is absolutely needed for actual battery requirements. This rule applies with equal potency to pumping engines.

 TO AVOID LOSS IN CLEANING UP The following is a hint to quartz mill managers with respect to that common source of loss of gold involved in the almost inevitable loss of mercury in cleaning up operations. I have known hundreds of pounds' worth of gold to be recovered from an old quartz mill site by the simple process of washing up the ground under the floor.

 If you cannot afford to floor the whole of the battery with smooth concrete, at all events smoothly concrete the floor of the cleaning-up room, and let the floor slope towards the centre: where a sink is provided.
 Any lost mercury must thus find its way to the centre, where it will collect and can be panned off from time to time. Of course an underground drain and mercury trap must be provided.

 IRON EXTRACTOR When using self-feeders, fragments of steel tools are especially liable to get into the battery boxes or other crushing appliance where they sometimes cause great mischief. I believe the following plan would be a practicable remedy for this evil.

 By a belt from the cam or counter shaft, cause a powerful electric magnet to extract all magnetic particles; then, by a simple ratchet movement, at intervals withdraw the magnet and drop the adhering fragments into a receptacle by automatically switching off the electric current. A powerful ordinary horseshoe magnet might probably do just as well, but would require to be re-magnetised from time to time.

 TO SILVER COPPER PLATES To silver copper plates, that is, to amalgamate them on the face with mercury, is really a most simple operation, though many batterymen make a great mystery of it. Indeed, when I first went into a quartz mill the process deemed necessary was not only a very tedious one, but very dirty also.

 To amalgamate with silver, in fact, to silver-plate your copper without resort to the electro-plating bath, take any old silver (failing that, silver coin will do, but is more expensive), and dissolve it in somewhat dilute nitric acid, using only just sufficient acid as will assist the process. After some hours place the ball of amalgam in a piece of strong new calico and squeeze out any surplus mercury.

 About an ounce of silver to the foot of copper is sufficient. To apply it on new plates use nitric acid applied with a swab to free the surface of the copper from oxides or impurities, then rub the ball of amalgam over the surface using some little force. It is always well when coating copper plates with silver or zinc by means of mercury to let them stand dry for a day or two before using, as the mercury oxidises and the coating metal more closely adheres.

 Only the very best copper plate procurable should be used for battery tables; bad copper will always give trouble, both in the first "curing," and after treatment. It should not be heavily rolled copper, as the more porous the metal the more easily will the mercury penetrate and amalgamate. I cannot agree that any good is attained by scouring the plates with sand and alkalies, as recommended in some books on the subject; on the contrary, I prefer the opposite mode of treatment, and either face the plates with nitrate of silver and nitrate of mercury, or else with sulphate of zinc and mercury, in the form of what is called zinc amalgam. If mine water, which often contains a little free sulphuric acid, is being used, the latter plan is preferable.

 The copper should be placed smoothly on the wooden table and secured firmly thereto by copper tacks. If the plate should be bent or buckled, it may be flattened by beating it with a heavy hammer, taking care to interpose a piece of inch-thick soft wood between hammer and plate.

 To coat with mercury only, procure some nitrate of mercury. This is easily made by placing mercury in an earthenware bowl, pouring somewhat dilute nitric acid on it, and letting it stand till the metallic mercury is changed to a white crystal. Dense reddish-brown fumes will arise, which are injurious if breathed, so the operation should be conducted either in the open air, or where there is a draught.

 Having your silvering solution ready, which is to be somewhat diluted with water, next take two swabs, with handles about 12 inches long, dip the first into a basin containing dilute nitric acid, and rub it rapidly over about a foot of the surface of the plate; the oxide of copper will be absolutely removed, and the surface of the copper rendered pure and bright; then take the other swab, wet with the dilute nitric of mercury, and pass it over the clean surface, rubbing it well in. Continue this till the whole plate has a coating of mercury. It may be well to go over it more than once. Now turn on the water and wash the plate clean, sprinkle with metallic mercury, rubbing it upwards until the plate will hold no more.

 A basin with nitrate of mercury may be kept handy, and the plates touched up from time to time for a few days until they get amalgamated with gold, after which, unless you have much base metal to contend with, they will give no further trouble.

 It must be remembered, however, that an excessive use of nitric acid will result in waste of mercury, which will be carried off in a milky stream with the water; and also that it will cause the amalgam to become very hard, and less active in attracting other particles of gold.

 If you are treating the plate with nitrate of silver prepared as already mentioned, clean the plate with dilute nitric acid, rub the surface with the ball of amalgam, following with the swab and fairly rubbing in. It will be well to prepare the plate some days before requiring to use it, as a better adhesion of the silver and copper takes place than if mercury is applied at once.

 To amalgamate with zinc amalgam, clean the copper plate by means of a swab, with fairly strong sulphuric acid diluted with water; then while wet apply the zinc-mercury mixture and well rub in. To prepare the zinc-amalgam, clip some zinc (the lining of packing cases will do) into small pieces and immerse them in mercury after washing them with a little weak sulphuric acid and water to remove any coating of oxide. When the mercury will absorb no more zinc, squeeze through chamois leather or calico (as for silver amalgam), and well rub in. The plate thus prepared should stand for a few days, dry, before using. If, before


decided that the correction project was going to be a lot of trouble, and might be a perversion of the original work. I concentrated instead on producing an accurate rendition of the text. However, if a French speaker can find a French edition, it might be nice to see if the translators introduced errors.
The measurements seem to have been converted from metric without regard for significant figures. Occasional conversions are simply omitted, with "feet" inserted for "meters" without fixing the numbers. These might be safely recomputed without doing violence to the spirit of the original work. Whether one should standardize the spelling of "aluminium" I don't know. "Aluminium" has a certain charm. I don't know what American or English usage was at the time. We might consider converting all the temperatures to Fahrenheit. I suggest removing the page numbers, undoing all the hyphenation, and repackaging the lines at a length of (up to) 72 characters, with only occasional word breaks.
Page _TAG_ and a full reformating has been done. Line widow/orphans have been painstakingly removed. Hypenated words at the end of lines have been eliminated to the best of my judgement.
I think a table of units should be offered for the reader.
myriameter = 10 km fathom = 6 feet; league ~ 3 miles, but don't know French usage in 1865. page 125 has perigee 86,410 leagues (French), or 238,833 miles Would be nice to know the currency conversions of the day.
We may criticize Verne for his errors, but the remarkable thing is how much he got right! I think this was the first engineering proposal for space travel, using physics instead of magic. Verne deserves much of the credit for inspiring the early rocket pioneers, and ultimately today's space program. As "literary" history, I note that Heinlein's "The Man Who Sold the Moon" borrows from it.
add conversion table for units. fathom, league, meter, mile, foot, C/F contact publisher for translator information is perihelium {sic} a real word? maybe substitute perihelion?
I have changed the one case of perihelium to the correct perihelion.
There's an incorrect reference to Nov. 30 in the early part of book 2 to fix [I read it over and left it there. Close enough for fiction, but I am sure they would have missed the moon by a lot.]
Dates were not fixed.
inconsistent spelling of Palliser, Palisser This only occurs twice in the book, so both are left in.
pyroxyle sometimes with xile 'yle' ending was accepted by undisputed "majority rule" aluminum and aluminium The former accepted.
maybe 18000 instead of 17000 yards/sec?
30th degree of lunar latitude instead of 13th?
there seems to be an inconsistency in the title for book 2 Numbers, units, dates, times and math errors have NOT been changed.
Typographic conventions in the book: The book uses ligatures for ff fi fl ffi ffl; I have simply spelled these out.
Chapter N is in italics.
The chapter titles are in small caps.
The first word of each chapter has an oversize capital, and the rest of the word is in small caps. If the first word is two letters or less, the second word is also in small caps.
AM and PM are always in small caps, as A.M. or P.M.
All these have been changed to PG standards.
My typographic conventions: There are a few lines longer than 80 character, usually because I have inserted a {sic phrase} in the line. I am using % as a line-break character in these cases; the % and the following new-line should be deleted. {correction} I have indicated some candidates for correction in braces.
All these were appreciated! and either corrected or ignored.
italics are marked with underbars These are left in for the next proofer to turn into CAPS for PG.
_TAG_ CAPS# are enclosed in hash-marks $ae $'e dollar-sign preceeds ligatures and accented characters.
The accent follows the $ and precedes the letter. I've tried to get ' and ' (as accents) right.
I have used : as an accent marker for umlaut.
All are removed.
I've used ' and ' to enclose (recursive) quotes. Ascii has no provision for distinguishable open and close doublequotes.
The book uses ligatures for ff fi fl ffi ffl; I have simply spelled these out.
L for British Pound.
All these conventions (except the circumflex) have been accepted.
bold indicates a different typeface Removed (only one case) and probably a printers error?
δ indicates a non-ascii character, here the greek letter delta left in.


Indian characters. Bismillah, Barikallah, and so on, according to the novelists, form the very essence of Eastern conversation.

 End of Project Gutenberg Etext Adventures of Major Gahagan by Thackeray


Hammond and Gardner Williams. Than these three men the United States has not sent to British Africa any Americans of whom she has better reason to be proud. Such men abroad do for those at home untold good. They are the real ambassadors of their country.

 The last I learned of Burnham is told in the snapshot of him which accompanies this article, and which shows him, barefoot, in the Yaqui River, where he has gone, perhaps, to conceal his trail from the Indians.
 It came a month ago in a letter which said briefly that when the picture was snapped the expedition was "trying to cool off." There his narrative ended. Promising as it does adventures still to come, it seems a good place in which to leave him.

 Meanwhile, you may think of Mrs. Burnham after a year in Mexico keeping the house open for her husband's return to Pasadena, and of their first son, Roderick, studying woodcraft with his father, forestry with Gifford Pinchot, and playing right guard on the freshman team at the University of California.

 But Burnham himself we will leave "cooling off" in the Yaqui River, maybe, with Indians hunting for him along the banks. And we need not worry about him. We know they will not catch him.