sides may be well cooked, then flour and dip them into beaten-up eggs; fry them a good colour and serve very hot.

 For a maigre dish use forcemeat of fish or lobster, and more cream instead of stock.

 Fowl, Duck, Game, Hare, Rabbit, &c. No. 131. Soffiato di Cappone (Fowl Souffle) Ingredients: Fowl, Bechamel, stock, semolina flour, potatoes, salt, eggs, butter, smoked tongue or ham.

 Prepare a puree of fowl or turkey and a small quantity of grated tongue or ham, and whilst you are pounding the meat add some good gravy or stock.
 Then make a Bechamel sauce (No. 3) and add two table-spoonsful of semolina flour, a boiled potato and salt to taste, boil it up and add the puree of fowl, then let it get nearly cold, add yolks of eggs and the white beaten up into a snow. (For one pint of the puree use the yolks of three eggs.)
 Pour the whole into a buttered souffle case, and half an hour before serving put it in a moderate oven and serve hot. You can use game instead of fowl, and serve in little souffle cases.

 No. 132. Pollo alla Fiorentina (Chicken) Ingredients: Fowl, butter, vegetables, rice or macaroni, peppercorns, stock, ham, tomatoes, bay leaves, onions, cloves, Liebig.

 Roll up a fowl in buttered paper and put it in the oven in a fireproof dish with all kinds of vegetables and a few peppercorns. Leave it there for about two hours, then put the fowl and vegetables into two quarts of good stock and let it simmer for one hour; serve on well-boiled rice or macaroni and pour the following sauce over it. Sauce: Two pounds tomatoes, one big cup of good stock, a quarter pound of chopped ham, three bay leaves, one onion stuck with cloves, one teaspoonful of Liebig. Simmer an hour and a half.

 No. 133. Pollo all'Oliva (Chicken) Ingredients: Fowl, onions, celery, salt, parsley, carrots, butter, stock, olives, tomatoes.

 Cut up half an onion, a stick of celery, a sprig of parsley, a carrot, and cook them all in a quarter pound of butter. Into this put a fowl cut up and let it act brown all over, turn when necessary and then baste it with boiling stock. Add four Spanish olives cut up and four others pounded in a mortar, eight whole olives and three tablespoonsful of tomato puree reduced, and when the fowl is well cooked pour the sauce over it.

 No. 134. Pollo alla Villereccia (Chicken) Ingredients: Fowl, butter, flour, stock, bacon, ham, mushrooms, onions, cloves, eggs, cream, lemons.

 Cut up a fowl into quarters and put it into a saucepan with three ounces of butter and a tablespoonful of flour Put it on the fire, and when it is well browned add half a pint of stock, bits of bacon and ham, butter, three mushrooms (previously boiled), an onion stuck with three cloves.
 When this is cooked skim off the grease, pass the sauce through a sieve, and add the yolks of two eggs mixed with two tablespoonsful of cream.
 Lastly, add a squeeze of lemon juice to the sauce and pour it over the fowl.

 No. 135. Pollo alla Cacciatora (Chicken) Ingredients: The same as No. 134 and tomatoes.

 Cook the fowl exactly as above, but add either a puree of tomatoes or tomato sauce.

 No. 136. Pollastro alla Lorenese (Fowl) Ingredients: Fowl, butter, parsley, lemon, small onions, bread crumbs.

 Cut up a fowl and put it into a frying pan with two ounces of butter, one onion cut up and a sprig of chopped parsley, salt and pepper; put it on the fire and cook it, but turn the pieces several times: then take them out and roll them whilst hot in bread crumbs, and fry them. Serve with cut lemons.

 No. 137. Pollastro in Fricassea al Burro (Fowl) Ingredients: Fowl, butter, fat bacon, ham, mushrooms, truffles, herbs, spice, gravy.

 Cut up a fowl and cook it in a fricassee of butter, bacon, ham, herbs, mushrooms, truffles, spice, and good gravy or stock. Serve in its own gravy.

 No. 138. Pollastro in istufa di Pomidoro (Braized Fowl) Ingredients: Fowl, bacon, ham, bay leaf, spice, garlic, Burgundy, tomatoes.

 Braize a fowl with bits of fat bacon, ham, a bay leaf, a clove of garlic with one cut in it, a pinch of spice, and a glass of Burgundy. Only leave the garlic in for five minutes. When cooked serve with tomato sauce (No.
 9).

 No. 139. Cappone con Riso (Capon with Rice) Ingredients: Capon, veal forcemeat, fat bacon, stock, rice, truffles, mushrooms, cocks' combs, kidneys or fowls' liver, supreme sauce, milk, Chablis.

 Stuff a fine capon with a good firm forcemeat made of veal, tongue, ham, and chopped truffles; cover it with larding bacon; tie it up in buttered paper, and cook it in very good white stock. In the meantime boil four ounces of rice in milk till quite stiff, mix in some chopped truffles, and make ten little timbales of it. Take out the capon when it is sufficiently cooked and place it on a dish; garnish it with cooked mushrooms, cocks' combs, kidneys, or fowls' livers, and pour a sauce supreme (No. 16) over it; round the dish place the timbales of rice, and between each put a whole truffle cooked in white wine. Serve a sauce supreme in a sauce bowl.

 No. 140. Dindo Arrosto alla Milanese (Roast Turkey) Ingredients: Turkey, sausage meat, prunes, chestnuts, a pear, butter, Marsala, salt, rosemary, bacon, carrot, onion, turnip, garlic.

 Blanch for seven or eight minutes three prunes, quarter of a pound of sausage meat, three tablespoonsful of chestnut puree, two small slices of bacon, half a cooked pear, and saute them in butter; chop up the liver and gizzard of the turkey, mix them with the other ingredients, and add half a glass of Marsala; use this as a stuffing for the turkey, and first braize it for three quarters of an hour with salt, butter, a blade of rosemary, bits of fat bacon, a carrot, a turnip, an onion, three cloves, and a clove of garlic with a cut; then roast it before a clear fire for about twenty minutes; put it back into the sauce till it is ready to serve. Only leave the garlic in ten minutes.

 No. 141. Tacchinotto all'Istrione (Turkey Poult) Ingredients: A turkey poult, ham, mace, bay leaves, lemons, water, salt, onions, parsley, celery, carrots, Chablis.

 Truss a turkey poult, and cover it all over with slices of ham or bacon, put two bay leaves and four slices of lemon on it, and sprinkle with a small pinch of mace, then sew it up tight in a dishcloth, and stew it in good stock, salt, an onion, parsley, a stick of celery, a carrot, and a pint of Chablis; cook for an hour, take it out of the cloth, and pour a good rich sauce over it. It is also good cold with aspic jelly.

 No. 142. Fagiano alla Napoletana (Phe


surround or protect with a dike or dry bank; to secure with a bank.

2. To drain by a dike or ditch.

 Dike, v. i. To work as a ditcher; to dig. [Obs.]

 He would thresh and thereto dike and delve.

Chaucer.
 Dik"er (?), n. 1. A ditcher. Piers Plowman.
2. One who builds stone walls; usually, one who builds them without lime. [Scot.]

 Di*lac"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilacerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dilacerating (?).] [L. dilaceratus, p. p. of dilacerare to tear apart; di- = dis- + lacerare to tear.] To rend asunder; to tear to pieces. Sir T. Browne.
 Di*lac'er*a"tion (?), n. [L. dilaceratio: cf. F. dilacération.]
 The act of rending asunder. Arbuthnot.
 Di*la"ni*ate (?), v. t. [L. dilaniatus, p. p. of dilaniare to dilacerate; di- = dis- + laniare to tear to pieces.] To rend in pieces; to tear. [R.] Howell.
 Di*la'ni*a"tion (?), n. A rending or tearing in pieces; dilaceration. [R.]

 Di*lap"i*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilapidated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dilapidating (?).] [L. dilapidare to scatter like stones; di- = dis- + lapidare to throw stones, fr. lapis a stone. See Lapidary.] 1. To bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin, by misuse or through neglect; to destroy the fairness and good condition of; -- said of a building.

 If the bishop, parson, or vicar, etc., dilapidates the buildings, or cuts down the timber of the patrimony.

Blackstone.
2. To impair by waste and abuse; to squander.

 The patrimony of the bishopric of Oxon was much dilapidated.

Wood.
 Di*lap"i*date, v. i. To get out of repair; to fall into partial ruin; to become decayed; as, the church was suffered to dilapidate.
 Johnson.
 Di*lap"i*da'ted (?), a. Decayed; fallen into partial ruin; injured by bad usage or neglect.

 A deserted and dilapidated buildings.

Cooper.
 Di*lap'i*da"tion (?), n. [L. dilapidatio: cf. F. dilapidation.]
 1. The act of dilapidating, or the state of being dilapidated, reduced to decay, partially ruined, or squandered.

 Tell the people that are relived by the dilapidation of their public estate.

Burke.
2. Ecclesiastical waste; impairing of church property by an incumbent, through neglect or by intention.

 The business of dilapidations came on between our bishop and the Archibishop of York.

Strype.
3. (Law) The pulling down of a building, or suffering it to fall or be in a state of decay. Burrill.
 Di*lap"i*da'tor (?), n. [Cf. F. dilapidateur.] One who causes dilapidation. Strype.
 Di*la'ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. dilatabilité.] The quality of being dilatable, or admitting expansion; -- opposed to contractibility.
 Ray.
 Di*lat"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. dilatable.] Capable of expansion; that may be dilated; -- opposed to contractible; as, the lungs are dilatable by the force of air; air is dilatable by heat.

 Dil'a*ta"tion (?), n. [OE. dilatacioun, F. dilatation, L. dilatatio, fr. dilatare. See Dilate, and cf. 2d Dilation.]
 1. Prolixity; diffuse discourse. [Obs.] "What needeth greater dilatation?"
 Chaucer.
2. The act of dilating; expansion; an enlarging on al&?; sides; the state of being dilated; dilation.

3. (Anat.) A dilation or enlargement of a canal or other organ.

 ||Dil'a*ta"tor (?), n. [NL. Cf. L. dilatator a propagator.]
 (Anat.) A muscle which dilates any part; a dilator.

 Di*late" (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dilating (?).] [L. dilatare; either fr. di- = dis- + latus wide, not the same word as latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear (see Latitude); or fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre to separate (see Delay, Tolerate, Differ, and cf. Dilatory): cf. F. dilater.] 1. To expand; to distend; to enlarge or extend in all directions; to swell; -- opposed to contract; as, the air dilates the lungs; air is dilated by increase of heat.

2. To enlarge upon; to relate at large; to tell copiously or diffusely. [R.]

 Do me the favor to dilate at full What hath befallen of them and thee till now.

Shak.
Syn. -- To expand; swell; distend; enlarge; spread out; amplify; expatiate.

 Di*late", v. i. 1. To grow wide; to expand; to swell or extend in all directions.

 His heart dilates and glories in his strength.

Addison.
2. To speak largely and copiously; to dwell in narration; to enlarge; -- with on or upon.

 But still on their ancient joys dilate.

Crabbe.
 Di*late", a. Extensive; expanded. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Di*lat"ed, a. 1. Expanded; enlarged. Shak.
2. (Bot.) Widening into a lamina or into lateral winglike appendages.

3. (Zoöl.) Having the margin wide and spreading.

 Di*lat"ed*ly, adv. In a dilated manner. Feltham.
 Di*lat"er (?), n. One who, or that which, dilates, expands, or enlarges.

 Di*la"tion (?), n. [L. dilatio. See Dilatory.] Delay. [Obs.]
 Bp. Hall.
 Di*la"tion, n. [From dilate, v., cf. Dilatation, Dilator.]
 The act of dilating, or the state of being dilated; expansion; dilatation.
 Mrs. Browning.
 At first her eye with slow dilation rolled.

Tennyson.
 A gigantic dilation of the hateful figure.

Dickens.
 Di*lat"ive (?), a. Causing dilation; tending to dilate, on enlarge; expansive. Coleridge.
 Dil'a*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Dilate + -meter.] (Physiol.)
 An instrument for measuring the dilatation or expansion of a substance, especially of a fluid.

 Di*lat"or (?), n. [See Dilate.] 1. One who, or that which, widens or expands.

2. (Anat.) A muscle that dilates any part.

3. (Med.) An instrument for expanding a part; as, a urethral dilator.

 Dil"a*to*ri*ly (?),


NMI /N-M-I/ n. Non-Maskable Interrupt. An IRQ 7 on the PDP-11 or 680[01234]0; the NMI line on an 80[1234]86. In contrast with a priority interrupt (which might be ignored, although that is unlikely), an NMI is never ignored. Except, that is, on clone boxes, where NMI is often ignored on the motherboard because flaky hardware can generate many spurious ones.
Node:no-op, Next:noddy, Previous:NMI, Up:= N = no-op /noh'op/ n.,v.
alt. NOP /nop/ [no operation] 1. A machine instruction that does nothing (sometimes used in assembler-level programming as filler for data or patch areas, or to overwrite code to be removed in binaries). 2. A person who contributes nothing to a project, or has nothing going on upstairs, or both. As in "He's a no-op." 3. Any operation or sequence of operations with no effect, such as circling the block without finding a parking space, or putting money into a vending machine and having it fall immediately into the coin-return box, or asking someone for help and being told to go away. "Oh, well, that was a no-op."
Hot-and-sour soup (see great-wall) that is insufficiently either is 'no-op soup'; so is wonton soup if everybody else is having hot-and-sour.
Node:noddy, Next:node, Previous:no-op, Up:= N = noddy /nod'ee/ adj.
[UK: from the children's books] 1. Small and un-useful, but demonstrating a point. Noddy programs are often written by people learning a new language or system. The archetypal noddy program is hello world. Noddy code may be used to demonstrate a feature or bug of a compiler. May be used of real hardware or software to imply that it isn't worth using. "This editor's a bit noddy." 2. A program that is more or less instant to produce. In this use, the term does not necessarily connote uselessness, but describes a hack sufficiently trivial that it can be written and debugged while carrying on (and during the space of) a normal conversation. "I'll just throw together a noddy awk script to dump all the first fields." In North America this might be called a mickey mouse program. See toy program.
Node:node, Next:Nominal Semidestructor, Previous:noddy, Up:= N = node n.
1. [Internet, UUCP] A host machine on the network. 2. [MS-DOS BBSes] A dial-in line on a BBS. Thus an MS-DOS sysop might say that his BBS has 4 nodes even though it has a single machine and no Internet link, confusing an Internet hacker no end.
Node:Nominal Semidestructor, Next:non-optimal solution, Previous:node, Up:= N = Nominal Semidestructor n. Soundalike slang for 'National Semiconductor', found among other places in the Networking/2 networking sources. During the late 1970s to mid-1980s this company marketed a series of microprocessors including the NS16000 and NS32000 and several variants. At one point early in the great microprocessor race, the specs on these chips made them look like serious competition for the rising Intel 80x86 and Motorola 680x0 series.
Unfortunately, the actual parts were notoriously flaky and never implemented the full instruction set promised in their literature, apparently because the company couldn't get any of the mask steppings to work as designed. They eventually sank without trace, joining the Zilog Z8000 and a few even more obscure also-rans in the graveyard of forgotten microprocessors.
Compare HP-SUX, AIDX, buglix, Macintrash, Telerat, ScumOS, sun-stools, Slowlaris, Internet Exploder.
Node:non-optimal solution, Next:nonlinear, Previous:Nominal Semidestructor, Up:= N = non-optimal solution n.
(also 'sub-optimal solution') An astoundingly stupid way to do something. This term is generally used in deadpan sarcasm, as its impact is greatest when the person speaking looks completely serious. Compare stunning. See also Bad Thing.
Node:nonlinear, Next:nontrivial, Previous:non-optimal solution, Up:= N = nonlinear adj.
[scientific computation] 1. Behaving in an erratic and unpredictable fashion; unstable. When used to describe the behavior of a machine or program, it suggests that said machine or program is being forced to run far outside of design specifications. This behavior may be induced by unreasonable inputs, or may be triggered when a more mundane bug sends the computation far off from its expected course. 2. When describing the behavior of a person, suggests a tantrum or a flame. "When you talk to Bob, don't mention the drug problem or he'll go nonlinear for hours." In this context, 'go nonlinear' connotes 'blow up out of proportion' (proportion connotes linearity).
Node:nontrivial, Next:not ready for prime time, Previous:nonlinear, Up:= N = nontrivial adj.
Requiring real thought or significant computing power. Often used as an understated way of saying that a problem is quite difficult or impractical, or even entirely unsolvable ("Proving P=NP is nontrivial"). The preferred emphatic form is 'decidedly nontrivial'. See trivial, uninteresting, interesting.
Node:not ready for prime time, Next:notwork, Previous:nontrivial, Up:= N = not ready for prime time adj.
Usable, but only just so; not very robust; for internal use only. Said of a program or device. Often connotes that the thing will be made more solid Real Soon Now. This term comes from the ensemble name of the original cast of "Saturday Night Live", the "Not Ready for Prime Time Players". It has extra flavor for hackers because of the special (though now semi-obsolescent) meaning of prime time. Compare beta.
Node:notwork, Next:NP-, Previous:not ready for prime time, Up:= N = notwork /not'werk/ n. A network, when it is acting flaky or is down. Compare nyetwork. Said at IBM to have originally referred to a particular period of flakiness on IBM's VNET corporate network ca. 1988; but there are independent reports of the term from elsewhere.
Node:NP-, Next:nroff, Previous:notwork, Up:= N = NP- /N-P/ pref.
Extremely. Used to modify adjectives describing a level or quality of difficulty; the connotation is often 'more so than it should be' This is generalized from the computer-science terms 'NP-hard' and 'NP-complete'; NP-complete problems all seem to be very hard, but so far no one has found a proof that they are. NP is the set of Nondeterministic-Polynomial algorithms, those that can be completed by a nondeterministic Turing machine in an amount of time that is a polynomial function of the size of the input; a solution for one NP-complete problem would solve all the others. "Coding a BitBlt implementation to perform correctly in every case is NP-annoying."
Note, however, that strictly speaking this usage is misleading; there are plenty of easy problems in class NP.
NP-complete problems are hard not because they are in class NP, but because they are the hardest problems in class NP.
Node:nroff, Next:NSA line eater, Previous:NP-, Up:= N = nroff /N'rof/ n. [Unix, from "new roff" (see troff)] A companion program to the Unix typesetter troff, accepting identical input but preparing output for terminals and line printers.
Node:NSA line eater, Next:NSP, Previous:nroff, Up:= N = NSA line eater n. The National Security Agency trawling program sometimes assumed to be reading the net for the U.S. Government's spooks.
Most hackers used to think it was mythical but believed in acting as though existed just in case. since the mid-1990s it has gradually become known that the NSA actually does this, quite illegaly, through its Echelon program.


times its won size. -- Bottle flower.
 (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. -- Bottle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ure. -- Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd or calabash (Lagenaria Vulgaris), whose shell is used for bottles, dippers, etc. -- Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious fodder grass (Setaria glauca and S. viridis); -- called also foxtail, and green foxtail. -- Bottle tit (Zoöl.), the European long-tailed titmouse; - - so called from the shape of its nest. -- Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk. -- Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber nipple (generally with an intervening tube), used in feeding infants.

 Bot"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled (&?;) p. pr.
 & vb. n. Bottling (&?;).] To put into bottles; to inclose in, or as in, a bottle or bottles; to keep or restrain as in a bottle; as, to bottle wine or porter; to bottle up one's wrath.

 Bot"tle, n. [OE. botel, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf. OHG. bozo bunch. See Boss stud.] A bundle, esp. of hay. [Obs.
 or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak.
 Bot"tled (&?;), a. 1. Put into bottles; inclosed in bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle.

2. Having the shape of a bottle; protuberant. Shak.
 Bot"tle green' (&?;) A dark shade of green, like that of bottle glass.
 -- Bot"tle-green', a. Bot"tle*head' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the grampus; -- called also bottle-nosed whale.

 There are several species so named, as the pilot whales, of the genus Globicephalus, and one or more species of Hyperoödon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the European coast. See Blackfish, 1.

 Bot"tle*hold'er (&?;), n. 1. One who attends a pugilist in a prize fight; -- so called from the bottle of water of which he has charge.

2. One who assists or supports another in a contest; an abettor; a backer. [Colloq.]

 Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of oppressed states. The London Times.
 Bot"tle-nose' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A cetacean of the Dolphin family, of several species, as Delphinus Tursio and Lagenorhyncus leucopleurus, of Europe.

2. The puffin.

 Bot"tle-nosed' (-nzd), a. Having the nose bottle-shaped, or large at the end. Dickens.
 Bot"tler (bt"tlr/), n. One who bottles wine, beer, soda water, etc.

 Bot"tle*screw' (&?;) n. A corkscrew. Swift.
 Bot"tling (bt"tlng) n. The act or the process of putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water, etc.) and corking the bottles.

 Bot"tom (bt"tm), n. [OE. botum, botme, AS. botm; akin to OS. bodom, D. bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden, Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn), L. fundus (for fudnus), Gr. pyqmh'n (for fyqmh'n), Skr. budhna (for bhudhna), and Ir. bonn sole of the foot, W. bon stem, base. √257. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, n.] 1. The lowest part of anything; the foot; as, the bottom of a tree or well; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page.

 Or dive into the bottom of the deep. Shak.
2. The part of anything which is beneath the contents and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a person sits, the circular base or lower head of a cask or tub, or the plank floor of a ship's hold; the under surface.

 Barrels with the bottom knocked out. Macaulay.
 No two chairs were alike; such high backs and low backs and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms. W. Irving.
3. That upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; foundation; groundwork.

4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea.

5. The fundament; the buttocks.

6. An abyss. [Obs.] Dryden.
7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river; low-lying ground; a dale; a valley. "The bottoms and the high grounds." Stoddard.
8. (Naut.) The part of a ship which is ordinarily under water; hence, the vessel itself; a ship.

 My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shak.
 Not to sell the teas, but to return them to London in the same bottoms in which they were shipped. Bancroft.
Full bottom, a hull of such shape as permits carrying a large amount of merchandise.

9. Power of endurance; as, a horse of a good bottom.

10. Dregs or grounds; lees; sediment. Johnson.
At bottom, At the bottom, at the foundation or basis; in reality. "He was at the bottom a good man." J. F. Cooper. -- To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or originator of; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious sense.] J. H. Newman.
 He was at the bottom of many excellent counsels. Addison.
 -- To go to the bottom, to sink; esp. to be wrecked. -- To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point; to find something on which to rest.

 Bot"tom, a. Of or pertaining to the bottom; fundamental; lowest; under; as, bottom rock; the bottom board of a wagon box; bottom prices.

Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a valley; a dale. Milton.
 -- Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom lands. -- Bottom land.
 See 1st Bottom, n., 7.

 Bot"tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.]

1. To found or build upon; to fix upon as a support; -- followed by on or upon.

 Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle. Atterbury.
 Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom their eternal state]. South.
2. To furnish with a bottom; as, to bottom a chair.

3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles.
 Bot"tom, v. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support; to be based or grounded; -- usually with on or upon.

 Find on what foundation any proposition bottoms. Locke.
2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to impede free action, as when the point of a cog strikes the bottom of a space between two other cogs, or a piston the end of a cylinder.

 Bot"tom, n. [OE. botme, perh. corrupt. for button.
 See Button.] A ball or skein of thread; a cocoon. [Obs.]

 Silkworms finish their bottoms in... fifteen days. Mortimer.
 Bot"tom, v. t. To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. [Obs.]


it.

 War"rant*a*ble (?), a. Authorized by commission, precept, or right; justifiable; defensible; as, the seizure of a thief is always warrantable by law and justice; falsehood is never warrantable.

 His meals are coarse and short, his employment warrantable, his sleep certain and refreshing.

South.
 — War"rant*a*ble*ness, n. — War"rant*bly, adv.
 War'ran*tee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a warrant or warranty is made.

 War"rant*er (?), n. 1. One who warrants, gives authority, or legally empowers.

2. (Law) One who assures, or covenants to assure; one who contracts to secure another in a right, or to make good any defect of title or quality; one who gives a warranty; a guarantor; as, the warranter of a horse.

 War"rant*ise (?), n. [OF. warentise, warandise, garantise.
 See Warrant, n.] Authority; security; warranty. [Obs.] Shak.
 War"rant*ise, v. t. To warrant. [Obs.] Hakluyt.
 War"rant*or (?), n. (Law) One who warrants.

 War"rant*y (?), n.; pl. Warranties (#). [OF. warantie, F. garantie. See Warrant, n., and cf. Guaranty.]

1. (Anc. Law) A covenant real, whereby the grantor of an estate of freehold and his heirs were bound to warrant and defend the title, and, in case of eviction by title paramount, to yield other lands of equal value in recompense. This warranty has long singe become obsolete, and its place supplied by personal covenants for title. Among these is the covenant of warranty, which runs with the land, and is in the nature of a real covenant. Kent.
2. (Modern Law) An engagement or undertaking, express or implied, that a certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly or impliedly declared or promised to be. In sales of goods by persons in possession, there is an implied warranty of title, but, as to the quality of goods, the rule of every sale is, Caveat emptor. Chitty. Bouvier.
3. (Insurance Law) A stipulation or engagement by a party insured, that certain things, relating to the subject of insurance, or affecting the risk, exist, or shall exist, or have been done, or shall be done. These warranties, when express, should appear in the policy; but there are certain implied warranties. Bouvier.
4. Justificatory mandate or precept; authority; warrant. [R.] Shak.
 If they disobey precept, that is no excuse to us, nor gives us any warranty ... to disobey likewise.

Kettlewe&?;&?;.
5. Security; warrant; guaranty.

 The stamp was a warranty of the public.

Locke.
Syn. — See Guarantee.

 War"rant*y, v. t. To warrant; to guarantee.

 War"ray (?), v. t. [OF. werreier, werrier, guerroier, F. guerroyer, from OF. werre war, F. guerre; of German origin. See War.] To make war upon. [Obs.] Fairfax. "When a man warrayeth truth." Chaucer.
 Warre (?), a. [OE. werre; of Scand. origin. See Worse.]
 Worse. [Obs.]

 They say the world is much warre than it wont.

Spenser.
 War"ren (?), n. [Of. waresne, warenne, garene, F. garenne, from OF. warer, garer, to beware, to take care; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. war&?;n (in comp.), OS. war&?;n to take care, to observe, akin to E. wary. &?;&?;&?;&?;.
 See Wary.]

1. (Eng Law) (a) A place privileged, by prescription or grant the king, for keeping certain animals (as hares, conies, partridges, pheasants, etc.) called beasts and fowls of warren. Burrill.
(b) A privilege which one has in his lands, by royal grant or prescription, of hunting and taking wild beasts and birds of warren, to the exclusion of any other person not entering by his permission. Spelman.
 They wend both warren and in waste.

Piers Plowman.
 The warren is the next franchise in degree to the park; and a forest, which is the highest in dignity, comprehends a chase, a park, and a free warren.

2. A piece of ground for the breeding of rabbits.

3. A place for keeping flash, in a river.

 War"ren*er (?), n. The keeper of a warren.

 War'ri*an"gle (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wariangle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 War"rie (?), v. t. See Warye. [Obs.]

 War"rin (?), n. [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) An Australian lorikeet (Trichoglossus multicolor) remarkable for the variety and brilliancy of its colors; — called also blue-bellied lorikeet, and blue-bellied parrot.

 War"rior (?; 277), n. [OE. werreour, OF. werreour, guerreor, from guerre, werre, war. See War, and Warray.] A man engaged or experienced in war, or in the military life; a soldier; a champion.

Warriors old with ordered spear and shield.

Milton.
Warrior ant (Zoöl.), a reddish ant (Formica sanguinea) native of Europe and America. It is one of the species which move in armies to capture and enslave other ants.

 War"rior*ess, n. A female warrior. [Obs.] Spenser.
 War"ry (?), v. t. See Warye. [Obs.]

 War"saw (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The black grouper (Epinephelus nigritus) of the southern coasts of the United States. (b) The jewfish; — called also guasa.

 Wart (?), n. [OE. werte, AS. wearte; akin to D. wrat, G. warze, OHG. warza, Icel. varta, Sw. vårta, Dan. vorte; perh. orig., a growth, and akin to E. wort; or cf. L. verruca wart.]

1. (Med.) A small, usually hard, tumor on the skin formed by enlargement of its vascular papillæ, and thickening of the epidermis which covers them.

2. An excrescence or protuberance more or less resembling a true wart; specifically (Bot.), a glandular excrescence or hardened protuberance on plants.

Fig wart, Moist wart (Med.), a soft, bright red, pointed or tufted tumor found about the genitals, often massed into groups of large size. It is a variety of condyloma. Called also pointed wart, venereal wart. L. A. Duhring. — Wart cress (Bot.), the swine's cress. See under Swine. — Wart snake (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian colubrine snakes of the genus Acrochordus, having the body covered with wartlike tubercles or spinose scales, and lacking cephalic plates and ventral scutes. — Wart spurge (Bot.), a kind of wartwort (E


less.

 Col"or*man (?), n.; pl. Colormen (#). A vender of paints, etc. Simmonds.
 Col"or ser"geant. See under Sergeant.

 Co*los"sal (?), a. [Cf. F. colossal, L. colosseus.
 See Colossus.] 1. Of enormous size; gigantic; huge; as, a colossal statue. "A colossal stride." Motley.
2. (Sculpture & Painting) Of a size larger than heroic.
 See Heroic.

 Col'os*se"an (?), a. Colossal. [R.]

 Col'os*se"um (?), n. [Neut., fr. L. colosseus gigantic. See Coliseum.] The amphitheater of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.]

 Co*los"sus (?), n.; pl. L. Colossi (#), E. Colossuses (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome, the Colossus of Apollo at Rhodes.

 He doth bestride the narrow world Like a colossus. Shak.
 There is no authority for the statement that the legs of the Colossus at Rhodes extended over the mouth of the harbor. Dr. Wm. Smith.
2. Any man or beast of gigantic size.

 ||Co*los"trum (?), n. [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion.

 Co*lot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; colon + &?; cutting.] (Surg.)
 An operation for opening the colon Col"our (?), n. See Color.

 Colp (?), n. See Collop.

 Col"por'tage (?), n. [F.] The distribution of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs.

 Col"por'ter (?), n. Same as Colporteur.

 Col"por'teur (?; 277), n. [F. colporteur one who carries on his neck, fr. colporter to carry on one's neck; col (L. collum) neck + porter (L. portare) to carry.] A hawker; specifically, one who travels about selling and distributing religious tracts and books.

 Col"staff' (?), n. [F. col neck + E. staff. Cf. Coll.]
 A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders.

 Colt (?; 110), n. [OE. colt a young horse, ass, or camel, AS. colt; cf. dial. Sw. kullt a boy, lad.] 1. The young of the equine genus or horse kind of animals; -- sometimes distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female. Cf. Foal.

 In sporting circles it is usual to reckon the age of colts from some arbitrary date, as from January 1, or May 1, next preceding the birth of the animal.

2. A young, foolish fellow. Shak.
3. A short knotted rope formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
Colt's tooth, an imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. -- To cast one's colt's tooth, to cease from youthful wantonness.
 "Your colt's tooth is not cast yet." Shak. -- To have a colt's tooth, to be wanton. Chaucer.
 Colt (?; 110), v. i. To frisk or frolic like a colt; to act licentiously or wantonly. [Obs.]

 They shook off their bridles and began to colt. Spenser.
 Colt, v. t. 1. To horse; to get with young. Shak.
2. To befool. [Obs.] Shak.
 Col"ter (?), n. [AS. culter, fr. L. culter plowshare, knife. Cf. Cutlass.] A knife or cutter, attached to the beam of a plow to cut the sward, in advance of the plowshare and moldboard. [Written also coulter.]

 Colt"ish (?), a. Like a colt; wanton; frisky.

 He was all coltish, full of ragery. Chaucer.
 -- Colt"ish*ly, adv. -- Colt"ish*ness, n. Colts"foot' (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and rootstock are sometimes employed in medicine.

Butterbur coltsfoot (Bot.), a European plant (Petasites vulgaris).

 Colt's" tooth' (?). See under Colt.

 ||Col"u*ber (?), n. [L., a serpent.] (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless serpents.

 Linnæus placed in this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but by modern writers it is greatly restricted.

 Col"u*brine (?), a. [L. colubrinus.] 1. (Zoöl.)
 like or related to snakes of the genus Coluber.

2. Like a snake; cunning; crafty. Johnson.
 ||Co*lu"go (?), n. [Prob. an aboriginal name.] (Zoöl.)
 A peculiar East Indian mammal (Galleopithecus volans), having along the sides, connecting the fore and hind limbs, a parachutelike membrane, by means of which it is able to make long leaps, like the flying squirrel; -- called also flying lemur.

 Co*lum"ba (?), n. (Med.) See Calumba.

 ||Co*lum"bæ (?), n. pl.; [L. columba pigeon.] (Zoöl.)
 An order of birds, including the pigeons.

 ||Col'um*ba"ri*um (?), n.; pl. L. Columbaria (#) [L. See Columbary.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A dovecote or pigeon house. (b) A sepulchral chamber with niches for holding cinerary urns.

 Col"um*ba*ry (?), n.; pl. Columbaries (#). [L. columbarium, fr. columba a dove.] A dovecote; a pigeon house. Sir T. Browne.
 Co*lum"bate (?), n. [Cf. F. colombate. See Columbium.] (Chem.)
 A salt of columbic acid; a niobate. See Columbium.

 Co*lum"batz fly' (?). [From Kolumbatz, a mountain in Germany.] (Zoöl.)
 See Buffalo fly, under Buffalo.

 ||Col'um*bel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. columba a dove. So called from a fancied resemblance in color and form, of some species.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of univalve shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

 Co*lum"bi*a (?), n. America; the United States; -- a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer. Dr. T. Dwight.
 Co*lum"bi*ad (?), n. [From Columbia the United States.] (Mil.)
 A form of seacoast cannon; a long, chambered gun designed for throwing shot or shells with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation.

 Since the War of 1812 the Columbiad has been much modified, especially by General Rodman, and the improved form now used in seacoast defense is often called the Rod


draulic cement. See under Hydraulic.

 Ce*ment" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cementing.] [Cf. F. cimenter. See Cement, n.]
 1. To unite or cause to adhere by means of a cement. Bp. Burnet.
2. To unite firmly or closely. Shak.
3. To overlay or coat with cement; as, to cement a cellar bottom.

 Ce*ment", v. i. To become cemented or firmly united; to cohere. S. Sharp.
 Ce*ment"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to cement, as of a tooth; as, cemental tubes. R. Owen.
 Cem'en*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of cementing.

2. (Chem.) A process which consists in surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the physical properties of the body being changed by chemical combination with powder; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal, and green glass becomes porcelain by cementation with sand.

 Ce*ment"a*to*ry (?), a. Having the quality of cementing or uniting firmly.

 Ce*ment"er (?), n. A person or thing that cements.

 Cem'en*ti"tious (?), a. [L. caementitius pertaining to quarry stones. See Cement, n. ] Of the nature of cement. [R.] Forsyth.
 Cem'e*te"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a cemetery. "Cemeterial cells." [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Cem"e*ter*y (?), n.; pl. Cemeteries (&?;). [L. cemeterium, Gr. &?; a sleeping chamber, burial place, fr. &?; to put to sleep.] A place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; a graveyard; a churchyard; a necropolis.

 Ce*nan"thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; empty + &?; a flower.] (Bot.)
 The absence or suppression of the essential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower.

 Ce*na"tion (?), n. [L. cenatio.] Meal-taking; dining or supping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Cen"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. cenatorius, fr. cenare to dine, sup, fr. cena, coena, dinner, supper.] Of or pertaining to dinner or supper. [R.]

 The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment.
Sir T. Browne.
 Cen"o*bite (?), n. [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. koino'bios; koino's common + bi'os life: cf. F. cénobite.] One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Gibbon.
 { Cen'o*bit"ic (?), Cen'o*bit"ic*al (?) } a. [Cf. F. cénobitique.]
 Of or pertaining to a cenobite.

 Cen"o*bi*tism (?), n. The state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a cenobite. Milman.
 Ce*nog"a*my (s*ng"*m), n. [Gr. koino's common + ga'mos marriage.]
 The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members, as in certain societies practicing communism.

 Cen"o*taph (sn"*tf), n. [Gr. kenota'fion; keno's empty + ta'fos burial, tomb: cf. F. cénotaphe.] An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. Dryden.
 A cenotaph in Westminster Abbey. Macaulay.
 Cen"o*taph'y (?), n. A cenotaph. [R.]

 Lord Cobham honored him with a cenotaphy. Macaulay.
 Ce'no*zo"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; recent + &?; life.] (Geol.)
 Belonging to the most recent division of geological time, including the tertiary, or Age of mammals, and the Quaternary, or Age of man. [Written also cænozoic, cainozoic, kainozoic.] See Geology.

 This word is used by many authors as synonymous with Tertiary, the Quaternary Age not being included.

 Cense (?), n. [OF. cense, F. cens, L. census.
 See Census.] 1. A census; -- also, a public rate or tax. [Obs.] Howell.
 Bacon.
2. Condition; rank. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Censing.] [Abbrev. from incense.] To perfume with odors from burning gums and spices.

 The Salii sing and cense his altars round. Dryden.
 Cense, v. i. To burn or scatter incense.

 Cen"ser (?), n. [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, F. encensoir, fr. LL. incensarium, incensorium, fr. L. incensum incense. See Incense, and cf. Incensory.] A vessel for perfumes; esp. one in which incense is burned.

 The ecclesiastical censer is usually cup-shaped, has a cover pierced with holes, and is hung by chains. The censer bearer swings it to quicken the combustion.

 Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincense Which from a golden censer forth doth rise. Spenser.
 Cen"sor (?), n. [L. censor, fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. (Antiq.) One of two magistrates of Rome who took a register of the number and property of citizens, and who also exercised the office of inspector of morals and conduct.

2. One who is empowered to examine manuscripts before they are committed to the press, and to forbid their publication if they contain anything obnoxious; -- an official in some European countries.

3. One given to fault-finding; a censurer.

 Nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors who have no inclination to approve. Rambler.
4. A critic; a reviewer.

 Received with caution by the censors of the press. W. Irving.
 Cen*so"ri*al (?), a. 1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. Junius.
2. Full of censure; censorious.

 The censorial declamation of Juvenal. T. Warton.
 Cen*so"ri*an (?), a. Censorial. [R.] Bacon.
 Cen*so"ri*ous (?), a. [L. censorius pertaining to the censor. See Censor.] 1. Addicted to censure; apt to blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings or manners.

 A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be consorious of his neighbors. Watts.
2. Implying or expressing censure; as, censorious remarks.

Syn. -- Fault-finding; carping; caviling; captious; severe; condemnatory; hypercritical.

 -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ness, n. Cen"sor*ship (?), n. The office or power of a censor; as, to stand for a censorship. Holland.
 The press was not indeed at that moment


p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] [OE. scorchen, probably akin to scorcnen; cf. Norw. skrokken shrunk up, skrekka, skrökka, to shrink, to become wrinkled up, dial. Sw. skråkkla to wrinkle (see Shrug); but perhaps influenced by OF. escorchier to strip the bark from, to flay, to skin, F. écorcher, LL. excorticare; L. ex from + cortex, -icis, bark (cf. Cork); because the skin falls off when scorched.] 1. To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; to subject to so much heat as changes color and texture without consuming; as, to scorch linen.

 Summer drouth or singèd air Never scorch thy tresses fair.

Milton.
2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat; to dry up with heat; to affect as by heat.

 Lashed by mad rage, and scorched by brutal fires.

Prior.
3. To burn; to destroy by, or as by, fire.

 Power was given unto him to scorch men with fire.

Rev. xvi. 8.
 The fire that scorches me to death.

Dryden.
 Scorch, v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched; to be dried up.

 Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings, to prevent the roots from scorching.

Mortimer.
2. To burn or be burnt.

 He laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red hot.

Hawthorne.
 Scorch"ing, a. Burning; parching or shriveling with heat. -- Scorch"ing*ly, adv. -- Scorch"ing*ness, n. Score (skr), n. [AS. scor twenty, fr. sceran, scieran, to shear, cut, divide; or rather the kindred Icel. skor incision, twenty, akin to Dan. skure a notch, Sw. skåra. See Shear.] 1. A notch or incision; especially, one that is made as a tally mark; hence, a mark, or line, made for the purpose of account.

 Whereas, before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used.

Shak.
2. An account or reckoning; account of dues; bill; hence, indebtedness.

 He parted well, and paid his score.

Shak.
3. Account; reason; motive; sake; behalf.

 But left the trade, as many more Have lately done on the same score.

Hudibras.
 You act your kindness in Cydaria's score.

Dryden.
4. The number twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally; hence, in pl., a large number.

 Amongst three or four score hogsheads.

Shak.
 At length the queen took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly by scores.

Macaulay.
5. A distance of twenty yards; -- a term used in ancient archery and gunnery. Halliwell.
6. A weight of twenty pounds. [Prov. Eng.]

7. The number of points gained by the contestants, or either of them, in any game, as in cards or cricket.

8. A line drawn; a groove or furrow.

9. (Mus.) The original and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices written on staves one above another, so that they can be read at a glance; -- so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was drawn through all the parts. Moore (Encyc. of Music).
In score (Mus.), having all the parts arranged and placed in juxtaposition. Smart. -- To quit scores, to settle or balance accounts; to render an equivalent; to make compensation.

 Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it?

South.
 Score (skr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored (skrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; to cut notches or furrows in; to notch; to scratch; to furrow; as, to score timber for hewing; to score the back with a lash.

 Let us score their backs.

Shak.
 A briar in that tangled wilderness Had scored her white right hand.

M. Arnold.
2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keeping account of something; as, to score a tally.

3. To mark or signify by lines or notches; to keep record or account of; to set down; to record; to charge.

 Madam, I know when, Instead of five, you scored me ten.

Swift.
 Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score.

Shak.
4. To engrave, as upon a shield. [R.] Spenser.
5. To make a score of, as points, runs, etc., in a game.

6. (Mus.) To write down in proper order and arrangement; as, to score an overture for an orchestra. See Score, n., 9.

7. (Geol.) To mark with parallel lines or scratches; as, the rocks of New England and the Western States were scored in the drift epoch.

 Scor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scores.

 ||Sco"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Scoriæ (#). [L., fr.
 Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dung, ordure.] 1. The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores; dross.

2. Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders.

 Sco"ri*ac (?), a. Scoriaceous. E. A. Poe.
 Sco'ri*a"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. scoriacé.] Of or pertaining to scoria; like scoria or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria.

 Sco"rie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The young of any gull. [Written also scaurie.] [Prov. Eng.]

 Sco'ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. scorification. See Scorify.]
 (Chem.) The act, process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag; hence, the separation from earthy matter by means of a slag; as, the scorification of ores.

 Sco"ri*fi'er (?), n. (Chem.) One who, or that which, scorifies; specifically, a small flat bowl-shaped cup used in the first heating in assaying, to remove the earth and gangue, and to concentrate the gold and silver in a lead button.

 Sco"ri*form (?), a. In the form of scoria.

 Sco"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorifying (?).] [Scoria + -fy: cf. F.
 scorifier.] (Chem.) To reduce to scoria or slag; specifically, in assaying, to fuse so as to separate the gangue and earthy material, with borax, lead, soda, etc., thus leaving the gold and silver in a lead button; hence, to separate from, or by means of, a slag.

 Sco"ri*ous (?), a. Scoriaceous. Sir T. Browne.
 Scorn (skôrn), n. [OE. scorn, scarn, scharn, OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of German origin; cf.
 OHG. skern mockery, skernn to mock; but cf. also OF. escorner to mock.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard; that disdain which springs


THE JEW OF MALTA.

 By Christopher Marlowe Edited By The Rev. Alexander Dyce The Famous Tragedy of The Rich Iew of Malta. As it was playd before the King and Qveene, in His Majesties Theatre at White-Hall, by her Majesties Servants at the Cock-pit. Written by Christopher Marlo. London; Printed by I. B. for Nicholas Vavasour, and are to be sold at his Shop in the Inner-Temple, neere the Church. 1633. 4to.

 TO MY WORTHY FRIEND, MASTER THOMAS HAMMON, of GRAY'S INN, ETC.

 This play, composed by so worthy an author as Master Marlowe, and the part of the Jew presented by so unimitable an actor as Master Alleyn, being in this later age commended to the stage; as I ushered it unto the court, and presented it to the Cock-pit, with these Prologues and Epilogues here inserted, so now being newly brought to the press, I was loath it should be published without the ornament of an Epistle; making choice of you unto whom to devote it; than whom (of all those gentlemen and acquaintance within the compass of my long knowledge) there is none more able to tax ignorance, or attribute right to merit. Sir, you have been pleased to grace some of mine own works 1 with your courteous patronage: I hope this will not be the worse accepted, because commended by me; over whom none can claim more power or privilege than yourself. I had no better a new-year's gift to present you with; receive it therefore as a continuance of that inviolable obligement, by which he rests still engaged, who, as he ever hath, shall always remain, Contents THE PROLOGUE SPOKEN AT COURT.
 EPILOGUE SPOKEN AT COURT.
 THE PROLOGUE TO THE STAGE, AT THE COCK-PIT.
 EPILOGUE TO THE STAGE, AT THE COCK-PIT.
 DRAMATIS PERSONAE.
 THE JEW OF MALTA.
 ACT I. ACT II.
 ACT III.
 ACT IV.
 ACT V. Footnotes: THE PROLOGUE SPOKEN AT COURT.

 EPILOGUE SPOKEN AT COURT.

 THE PROLOGUE TO THE STAGE, AT THE COCK-PIT.

 EPILOGUE TO THE STAGE, AT THE COCK-PIT.

 DRAMATIS PERSONAE.

 THE JEW OF MALTA.

 ACT I. 16 ACT II.

 ACT III.

 ACT IV.

 ACT V. Footnotes: 1 (return) [ Heywood dedicates the First Part of THE IRON AGE (printed 1632) "To my Worthy and much Respected Friend, Mr. Thomas Hammon, of Grayes Inne, Esquire."]

 2 (return) [ Tho. Heywood: The well-known dramatist.]

 3 (return) [ censures: i.e. judgments.]

 4 (return) [ bin: i.e. been.]

 5 (return) [ best of poets: "Marlo."
 Marg. note in old ed.]

 6 (return) [ best of actors: "Allin."
 Marg. note in old. ed.—Any account of the celebrated actor, Edward Alleyn, the founder of Dulwich College, would be superfluous here.]

 7 (return) [ In HERO AND LEANDER, &c.: The meaning is—The one (Marlowe) gained a lasting memory by being the author of HERO AND LEANDER; while the other (Alleyn) wan the attribute of peerless by playing the parts of Tamburlaine, the Jew of Malta, &c.—The passage happens to be mispointed in the old ed. thus, and hence Mr. Collier, in his HIST. OF ENG. DRAM. POET. iii. 114, understood the words, as applying to Marlowe: he afterwards, however, in his MEMOIRS OF ALLEYN, p. 9, suspected that the punctuation of the old ed. might be wrong,—which it doubtless is.]

 8 (return) [ him: "Perkins." Marg. note in old ed.—"This was Richard Perkins, one of the performers belonging to the Cock-pit theatre in Drury-Lane. His name is printed among those who acted in HANNIBAL AND SCIPIO by Nabbes, THE WEDDING by Shirley, and THE FAIR MAID OF THE WEST by Heywood. After the play-houses were shut up on account of the confusion arising from the civil wars, Perkins and Sumner, who belonged to the same house, lived together at Clerkenwell, where they died and were buried. They both died some years before the Restoration. See THE DIALOGUE ON PLAYS AND PLAYERS [Dodsley's OLD PLAYS, 1. clii., last ed.]." REED (apud Dodsley's O. P.). Perkins acted a prominent part in Webster's WHITE DEVIL, when it was first brought on the stage, —perhaps Brachiano (for Burbadge, who was celebrated in Brachiano, does not appear to have played it originally): in a notice to the reader at the end of that tragedy Webster says; "In particular I must remember the well-approved industry of my friend Master Perkins, and confess the worth of his action did crown both the beginning and end."
 About 1622-3 Perkins belonged to the Red Bull theatre: about 1637 he joined the company at Salisbury Court: see Webster's WORKS, note, p. 51, ed. Dyce, 1857.]

 9 (return) [ prize was play'd: This expression (so frequent in our early writers) is properly applied to fencing: see Steevens's note on Shakespeare's MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR, act.
 i. sc. 1.]

 10 (return) [ no wagers laid: "Wagers as to the comparative merits of rival actors in particular parts were not unfrequent of old," &c. Collier (apud Dodsley's O. P.). See my ed. of Peele's WORKS, i. x. ed. 1829; and Collier's MEMOIRS OF ALLEYN, p. 11.]

 11 (return) [ the Guise: "i.e. the Duke of Guise, who had been the principal contriver and actor in the horrid massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. He met with his deserved fate, being assassinated, by order of the French king, in 1588." REED (apud Dodsley's O. P.). And see our author's MASSACRE AT PARIS.]

 12 (return) [ empery: Old ed.
 "Empire."]

 13 (return) [ the Draco's: "i.e. the severe lawgiver of Athens; 'whose statutes,' said Demades, 'were not written with ink, but blood.'" STEEVENS (apud Dodsley's O. P.).—Old ed. "the Drancus."]

 14 (return) [ had: Qy. "had BUT"?]

 15 (return) [ a lecture here: Qy. "a lecture TO YOU here"?]

 16 (return) [ Act I.: The Scenes of this play are not marked in the old ed.; nor in the present edition,—because occasionally (where the audience were to SUPPOSE a change of place, it was impossible to mark them.]

 17 (return) [ Samnites: Old ed.
 "Samintes."]

 18 (return) [ silverlings: When


becomes pendulous, she will very materially add to her comfort by swearing a muslin abdominal bandage.
A woolen undersuit, or undervest and drawers, with high neck and long sleeves, must be worn winter and summer; the grade of the wool to be adapted to the season of the year. The especial necessity for wearing wool next the skin during the pregnancy is because of the intimate relation between the skin and the kidneys. Any chilling of the body at this time is apt to lead to the congestion of the kidneys. If there is already any congestion of the kidneys present, or any abdominal pain, in addition to the undersuit an abdominal bandage should be worn. These bandages come woven in ribbed woolen, and fit the body snugly. This bandage is to be constantly worn, and, of course, changed at night. During the cold weather the stockings should also be of wool. Under no circumstances are garters allowed to be worn, as they form a constriction around the leg and interfere with the return of the venous blood to the heart, and so increase the tendency to the formation of the varicose veins. It is better not to use any means to hold the stockings up; they will be kept sufficiently well in place by the under-drawers. Low shoes should never be worn except in the hottest weather. It is of the greatest importance that the woman should be impressed with the necessity of the avoidance of taking cold, since any lung or kidney trouble is a serious complication of pregnancy.
Diet.— The diet is the same as that at any other time, only it is more necessary to guard against anything which is likely to cause indigestion. In other words, the diet should be plain, simple, and easy of digestion; nutritious and partaken of at regular intervals. In the latter part of pregnancy owing to the pressure of the enlarged uterus on the stomach, the food may have to be partaken of in smaller quantities and at shorter intervals. At this time also the appetite is abnormally large.
Where it does not disagree with the patient, milk is the best adjuvant possible to the diet.
Constipation.— Constipation is the rule of pregnancy. This is due to the great pressure that the enlarged uterus makes on the bowel; and as important as it is at all times to keep the bowels regular, it is at this time more necessary than ever that the woman should have the bowels well evacuated every day. A retention of fecal matter in the body causes the reabsorption into the blood of the toxic matters, with the resulting headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite, and intense nervousness. To obviate this tendency to constipation, plenty of fruit and vegetables should be eaten, as well as cereals if the woman is taking a good deal of outdoor exercise, otherwise the latter had better be omitted. The woman should drink plenty of water— at least three pints a day; this acts as a laxative as well as to flush out the kidneys. If, in spite of all these measures, constipation still persists, as it probably will, a seidlitz powder can be taken the first thing on rising in the morning; or from one teaspoonful to one tablespoonful of the effervescing granules of the phosphate of soda in a glass of water, also to be taken on rising in the morning; or one-half grain of the solid extract of cascara sagrada night and morning.
The object of these is to keep the bowels open, but purgation must always be avoided.
Bladder Symptoms.— If there is any irritability of the bladder, any scalding on urination, or a very great frequency of emptying the bladder in the early months of pregnancy, a physician should be consulted at once; in the last months of pregnancy there is a desire to evacuate the bladder frequently, and sometimes at the last there is an incontinence of urine, which is due to the descent of the uterus and the great pressure on the bladder; this condition disappears with the confinement.
Leucorrhea.— If this is present to any marked degree, the vaginal douche should be continued throughout the pregnancy; the temperature of the douche should be from 110° to 112° F.; it must never be taken very hot or very cold. The fountain syringe should be used, and the bag should not be hung more than three feet above the bed, so that there shall not be too much force to the stream of water.
Baths.— Warm tub-baths may be taken throughout the pregnancy, but never oftener than twice a week, and the woman should never stay in the tub longer than is absolutely necessary for the bath, as otherwise the bath is too enervating. A daily sponge-bath of cool or cold salt water at a temperature of from 80° to 70° F., and in the proportion of a pint of rock or sea salt to a gallon of water is most invigorating, and counteracts many of the nervous symptoms and promotes sleep and good digestion. The temperature of the room in which this bath is taken should be 72° F. Shower-baths cause too great a shock to the nervous system, and they as well as foot-baths must be prohibited. Sitz-baths at a temperature from 110° to 90° F. may be taken just before retiring throughout the pregnancy.
The frequency and duration of the bath as well as the temperature should be regulated by the attending physician. In cases of intense nervousness and insomnia these baths have an excellent sedative effect. A pregnant woman must never under any circumstances take ocean baths, since there is always great danger that the shock of the waves will cause an abortion.
Sea-voyages should be avoided because of the severe nausea and vomiting, as well as the danger that the lurching of the vessel may cause miscarriage.
The sewing-machine is a tabooed thing for the pregnant woman, because of the jarring of the pelvis which it produces. Sweeping of heavy carpets is also injurious. There must be no lifting of heavy pieces of furniture, and especially no lifting from the floor, as it interferes with the circulation in the uterus and is apt to produce miscarriage.
Driving in an easy carriage over smooth roads is permissible; dogcarts, or any conveyance which produces much jolting, must be avoided; and while driving is good, the woman should not do her own driving, on account of the danger of the jars that would be caused by the sudden pulling of the horse upon the lines.
Horseback-riding and bicycling are, of course, forbidden, as are also golf, tennis, and dancing.
Exercise.— Exercise in the open air should be taken every day, when the weather is suitable, and walking is the best form of exercise. The amount will be regulated to some extent by what the woman has been accustomed to taking, and it should always stop short of fatigue. The woman should live as much as possible in the open air, and she should attend to her ordinary duties about the house. Long railway journeys are always objectionable.
Hemorrhoids or piles are very often troublesome toward the close of the pregnancy. To overcome this, the patient should lie down immediately after the bowel movement, and remain in the recumbent position for ten or fifteen minutes. In addition, care should be taken to secure a loose movement of the bowels. Should the piles come down, applications of cloths wrung out of hot water, and held well pressed against the bowel, should be made; the piles should then be pressed back until the finger feels that the mass has been pushed above the second constriction of the bowel, which is felt to exist at about two inches above the sphincter ani muscle. Should these means not suffice, the physician must be consulted at once.
Swelling and pain of the external genitals and of the lower limbs are best relieved by the recumbent position. Should the veins of the legs be much enlarged or the feet swollen, the patient should have compression made by the wearing of elastic stockings. Or in some cases a bandage is sufficient; in this case the bandage may be made of muslin; it should be three inches wide, and, beginning at the toes, should extend up as high as the enlargement of the veins continues. This bandage should be freshly applied every morning before rising.
Pain caused by the stretching of the skin may be relieved by the inunction of the skin with cottonseed or cocoanut oil. For severe pain in the small of the back, rubbing with soap


QUO VADIS A NARRATIVE OF THE TIME OF NERO by Henryk Sienkiewicz Translated from the Polish by Jeremiah Curtin CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY QUO VADIS Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV Chapter XVI Chapter XVII Chapter XVIII Chapter XIX Chapter XX Chapter XXI Chapter XXII Chapter XXIII Chapter XXIV Chapter XXV Chapter XXVI Chapter XXVII Chapter XXVIII Chapter XXIX Chapter XXX Chapter XXXI Chapter XXXII Chapter XXXIII Chapter XXXIV Chapter XXXV Chapter XXVI Chapter XXXVII Chapter XXXVIII Chapter XXXIX Chapter XL Chapter XLI Chapter XLII Chapter XLIII Chapter XLIV Chapter XLV Chapter XLVI Chapter XLVII Chapter XLVIII Chapter XLIX Chapter L Chapter LI Chapter LII Chapter LIII Chapter LIV Chapter LV Chapter LVI Chapter LVII Chapter LVIII Chapter LIX Chapter LX Chapter LXI Chapter LXII Chapter LXIII Chapter LXIV Chapter LXV Chapter LXVI Chapter LXVII Chapter LXVIII Chapter LXIX Chapter LXX Chapter LXXI Chapter LXXII Chapter LXXIII EPILOGUE INTRODUCTORY IN the trilogy "With Fire and Sword," "The Deluge," and "Pan Michael," Sienkiewicz has given pictures of a great and decisive epoch in modern history. The results of the struggle begun under Bogdan Hmelnitski have been felt for more than two centuries, and they are growing daily in importance. The Russia which rose out of that struggle has become a power not only of European but of world-wide significance, and, to all human seeming, she is yet in an early stage of her career.

 In "Quo Vadis" the author gives us pictures of opening scenes in the conflict of moral ideas with the Roman Empire,—a conflict from which Christianity issued as the leading force in history.

 The Slays are not so well known to Western Europe or to us as they are sure to be in the near future; hence the trilogy, with all its popularity and merit, is not appreciated yet as it will be.

 The conflict described in "Quo Vadis" is of supreme interest to a vast number of persons reading English; and this book will rouse, I think, more attention at first than anything written by Sienkiewicz hitherto.

 JEREMIAH CURTIN ILOM, NORTHERN GUATEMALA, June, 1896 QUO VADIS Quo Vadis A Narrative of the Time of Nero Chapter I PETRONIUS woke only about midday, and as usual greatly wearied. The evening before he had been at one of Nero's feasts, which was prolonged till late at night. For some time his health had been failing. He said himself that he woke up benumbed, as it were, and without power of collecting his thoughts. But the morning bath and careful kneading of the body by trained slaves hastened gradually the course of his slothful blood, roused him, quickened him, restored his strength, so that he issued from the elæothesium, that is, the last division of the bath, as if he had risen from the dead, with eyes gleaming from wit and gladness, rejuvenated, filled with life, exquisite, so unapproachable that Otho himself could not compare with him, and was really that which he had been called,—arbiter elegantiarum.

 He visited the public baths rarely, only when some rhetor happened there who roused admiration and who was spoken of in the city, or when in the ephebias there were combats of exceptional interest. Moreover, he had in his own "insula" private baths which Celer, the famous contemporary of Severus, had extended for him, reconstructed and arranged with such uncommon taste that Nero himself acknowledged their excellence over those of the Emperor, though the imperial baths were more extensive and finished with incomparably greater luxury.

 After that feast, at which he was bored by the jesting of Vatinius with Nero, Lucan, and Seneca, he took part in a diatribe as to whether woman has a soul. Rising late, he used, as was his custom, the baths. Two enormous balneatores laid him on a cypress table covered with snow-white Egyptian byssus, and with hands dipped in perfumed olive oil began to rub his shapely body; and he waited with closed eyes till the heat of the laconicum and the heat of their hands passed through him and expelled weariness.

 But after a certain time he spoke, and opened his eyes; he inquired about the weather, and then about gems which the jeweller Idomeneus had promised to send him for examination that day. It appeared that the weather was beautiful, with a light breeze from the Alban hills, and that the gems had not been brought. Petronius closed his eyes again, and had given command to bear him to the tepidarium, when from behind the curtain the nomenclator looked in, announcing that young Marcus Vinicius, recently returned from Asia Minor, had come to visit him.

 Petronius ordered to admit the guest to the tepidarium, to which he was borne himself. Vinicius was the son of his oldest sister, who years before had married Marcus Vinicius, a man of consular dignity from the time of Tiberius. The young man was serving then under Corbulo against the Parthians, and at the close of the war had returned to the city. Petronius had for him a certain weakness bordering on attachment, for Marcus was beautiful and athletic, a young man who knew how to preserve a certain aesthetic measure in his profligacy; this, Petronius prized above everything.

 "A greeting to Petronius," said the young man, entering the tepidarium with a springy step. "May all the gods grant thee success, but especially Asklepios and Kypris, for under their double protection nothing evil can meet one." "I greet thee in Rome, and may thy rest be sweet after war," replied Petronius, extending his hand from between the folds of soft karbas stuff in which he was wrapped. "What's to be heard in Armenia; or since thou wert in Asia, didst thou not stumble into Bithynia?" Petronius on a time had been proconsul in Bithynia, and, what is more, he had governed with energy and justice. This was a


Hakluyt.
 Re*demp"tion*er (-?r), n. 1. One who redeems himself, as from debt or servitude.

2. Formerly, one who, wishing to emigrate from Europe to America, sold his services for a stipulated time to pay the expenses of his passage.

 Re*demp"tion*ist, n. (R.C.Ch.) A monk of an order founded in 1197; -- so called because the order was especially devoted to the redemption of Christians held in captivity by the Mohammedans. Called also Trinitarian.

 Re*demp"tive (-t?v), a. Serving or tending to redeem; redeeming; as, the redemptive work of Christ.

 Re*demp"tor*ist (-t?r*?st), n. [F. rédemptoriste, fr.
 L. redemptor redeemer, from redinere. See Redeem.] (R.C.Ch.)
 One of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, founded in Naples in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Maria de Liquori. It was introduced onto the United States in 1832 at Detroit. The Fathers of the Congregation devote themselves to preaching to the neglected, esp. in missions and retreats, and are forbidden by their rule to engage in the instruction of youth.

 Re*demp"to*ry (-t?*r?), a. Paid for ransom; serving to redeem.
 "Hector's redemptory price." Chapman.
 Re*demp"ture (-t?r; 135), n. Redemption. [Obs.]

 Re*dent"ed (r?*d?nt"?d), a. [From OF. redent. See Redan.]
 Formed like the teeth of a saw; indented.

 Re'de*pos"it (r?'d?*p?z"?t), v. t. To deposit again.

 Re'de*scend" (-s?nd"), v. i. [Pref. re- + descend: cf. F. redescendre.] To descend again. Howell.
 Red"eye' (r?d"?'), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The rudd. (b) Same as Redfish (d). (c) The goggle-eye, or fresh-water rock bass. [Local, U.S.]

 Red"fin' (-f?n'), n. (Zoöl.) A small North American dace (Minnilus cornutus, or Notropis megalops). The male, in the breeding season, has bright red fins. Called also red dace, and shiner. Applied also to Notropis ardens, of the Mississippi valley.

 Red"finch' (-fnch'), n. (Zoöl.) The European linnet.

 Red"fish' (rd"fsh'), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The blueback salmon of the North Pacific; -- called also nerka. See Blueback (b).
 (b) The rosefish. (c) A large California labroid food fish (Trochocopus pulcher); -- called also fathead. (d) The red bass, red drum, or drumfish. See the Note under Drumfish.

 Red"-gum' (-g?m'), n. [OE. reed gounde; AS. reád red + gund matter, pus.] 1. (Med.) An eruption of red pimples upon the face, neck, and arms, in early infancy; tooth rash; strophulus. Good.
2. A name of rust on grain. See Rust.

 { Red"-hand' (r?d"h?nd'), Red"-hand'ed (- h?nd'?d), } a. or adv.
 Having hands red with blood; in the very act, as if with red or bloody hands; -- said of a person taken in the act of homicide; hence, fresh from the commission of crime; as, he was taken red-hand or red-handed.

 Red"head' (-h?d'), n. 1. A person having red hair.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) An American duck (Aythya Americana) highly esteemed as a game bird. It is closely allied to the canvasback, but is smaller and its head brighter red. Called also red-headed duck. American poachard, grayback, and fall duck.
 See Illust. under Poachard. (b) The red-headed woodpecker.
 See Woodpecker.

3. (Bot.) A kind of milkweed (Asclepias Curassavica) with red flowers. It is used in medicine.

 Red'hi*bi"tion (r?d'h?*b?sh"?n), n. [L. redhibitio a taking back.] (Civil Law) The annulling of a sale, and the return by the buyer of the article sold, on account of some defect.

 Red*hib"i*to*ry (r?d*h?b"?*t?*r?), a. [L. redhibitorius.] (Civil Law) Of or pertaining to redhibition; as, a redhibitory action or fault.

 Red"hoop' (r?d"h??p'), n. (Zoöl.) The male of the European bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.]

 Red"horn' (-h?rn'), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a tribe of butterflies (Fugacia) including the common yellow species and the cabbage butterflies. The antennæ are usually red.

 Red"-hot' (-h?t'), a. Red with heat; heated to redness; as, red-hot iron; red-hot balls. Hence, figuratively, excited; violent; as, a red-hot radical. Shak.
 ||Re"di*a (r?"d?*?), n.; pl. L. Rediæ (-), E. Redias (-&?;z). [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.)
 A kind of larva, or nurse, which is prroduced within the sporocyst of certain trematodes by asexual generation. It in turn produces, in the same way, either another generation of rediæ, or else cercariæ within its own body. Called also proscolex, and nurse. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Re"di*ent (r?"d?-ent), a. [L. rediens, p. pr. of redire to return; pref. red- + ire to go.] Returning. [R.]

 Re'di*gest" (r?'d?*j?st"), v. t. To digest, or reduce to form, a second time. Kent.
 Re'di*min"ish (-m?n"?sh), v. t. To diminish again.

 Red"in*gote (rd"n*gt), n. [F., corrupted from E. riding coat.]
 A long plain double-breasted outside coat for women.

 Re*din"te*grate (r?*d?n"t?*gr?t), a. [L. redintegratus, p. p. of redintegrare to restore; pref. red-, re-, re- + integrare to make whole, to renew, fr. integer whole. See Integer.] Restored to wholeness or a perfect state; renewed. Bacon.
 Re*din"te*grate (-gr?t), v. t. To make whole again; a renew; to restore to integrity or soundness.

 The English nation seems obliterated. What could redintegrate us again?

Coleridge.
 Re*din'te*gra"tion (-gr?"sh?n), n. [L. redintegratio.] 1.
 Restoration to a whole or sound state; renewal; renovation. Dr. H. More.
2. (Chem.) Restoration of a mixed body or matter to its former nature and state. [Achaic.] Coxe.
3. (Psychology) The law that objects which have been


any way whatsoever, but which also suffer alterations in form ad lib. during their motion. Clocks, for which the law of motion is of any kind, however irregular, serve for the definition of time. We have to imagine each of these clocks fixed at a point on the non-rigid reference-body. These clocks satisfy only the one condition, that the "readings" which are observed simultaneously on adjacent clocks (in space) differ from each other by an indefinitely small amount. This non-rigid reference-body, which might appropriately be termed a "reference-mollusc", is in the main equivalent to a Gaussian four-dimensional co-ordinate system chosen arbitrarily.
That which gives the "mollusc" a certain comprehensibility as compared with the Gauss co-ordinate system is the (really unjustified) formal retention of the separate existence of the space co-ordinates as opposed to the time co-ordinate. Every point on the mollusc is treated as a space-point, and every material point which is at rest relatively to it as at rest, so long as the mollusc is considered as reference-body. The general principle of relativity requires that all these molluscs can be used as reference-bodies with equal right and equal success in the formulation of the general laws of nature; the laws themselves must be quite independent of the choice of mollusc.
The great power possessed by the general principle of relativity lies in the comprehensive limitation which is imposed on the laws of nature in consequence of what we have seen above.
[Contents] XXIX The Solution of the Problem of Gravitation on the Basis of the General Principle of Relativity If the reader has followed all our previous considerations, he will have no further difficulty in understanding the methods leading to the solution of the problem of gravitation.
We start off on a consideration of a Galileian domain, i.e. a domain in which there is no gravitational field relative to the Galileian reference-body K. The behaviour of measuring-rods and clocks with reference to K is known from the special theory of relativity, likewise the behaviour of "isolated" material points; the latter move uniformly and in straight lines.
Now let us refer this domain to a random Gauss coordinate system or to a "mollusc" as reference-body K′. Then with respect to K′ there is a gravitational field G (of a particular kind). We learn the behavior of measuring-rods and clocks and also of freely-moving material points with reference to K′ simply by mathematical transformation. We interpret this behaviour as the behaviour of measuring-rods, docks and material points u nder the influence of the gravitational field G. Hereupon we introduce a hypothesis: that the influence of the gravitational field on measuring-rods, clocks and freely-moving material points continues to take place according to the same laws, even in the case where the prevailing gravitational field is not derivable from the Galileian special case, simply by means of a transformation of co-ordinates.
The next step is to investigate the space-time behaviour of the gravitational field G, which was derived from the Galileian special case simply by transformation of the coordinates. This behaviour is formulated in a law, which is always valid, no matter how the reference-body (mollusc) used in the description may be chosen.
This law is not yet the general law of the gravitational field, since the gravitational field under consideration is of a special kind. In order to find out the general law-of-field of gravitation we still require to obtain a generalisation of the law as found above. This can be obtained without caprice, however, by taking into consideration the following demands: (a) The required generalisation must likewise satisfy the general postulate of relativity.
(b) If there is any matter in the domain under consideration, only its inertial mass, and thus according to Section XV only its energy is of importance for its effect in exciting a field.
(c) Gravitational field and matter together must satisfy the law of the conservation of energy (and of impulse).
Finally, the general principle of relativity permits us to determine the influence of the gravitational field on the course of all those processes which take place according to known laws when a gravitational field is absent i.e. which have already been fitted into the frame of the special theory of relativity.
In this connection we proceed in principle according to the method which has already been explained for measuring-rods, clocks and freely moving material points.
The theory of gravitation derived in this way from the general postulate of relativity excels not only in its beauty; nor in removing the defect attaching to classical mechanics which was brought to light in Section XXI; nor in interpreting the empirical law of the equality of inertial and gravitational mass; but it has also already explained a result of observation in astronomy, against which classical mechanics is powerless.
If we confine the application of the theory to the case where the gravitational fields can be regarded as being weak, and in which all masses move with respect to the coordinate system with velocities which are small compared with the velocity of light, we then obtain as a first approximation the Newtonian theory. Thus the latter theory is obtained here without any particular assumption, whereas Newton had to introduce the hypothesis that the force of attraction between mutually attracting material points is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If we increase the accuracy of the calculation, deviations from the theory of Newton make their appearance, practically all of which must nevertheless escape the test of observation owing to their smallness.
We must draw attention here to one of these deviations. According to Newton's theory, a planet moves round the sun in an ellipse, which would permanently maintain its position with respect to the fixed stars, if we could disregard the motion of the fixed stars themselves and the action of the other planets under consideration. Thus, if we correct the observed motion of the planets for these two influences, and if Newton's theory be strictly correct, we ought to obtain for the orbit of the planet an ellipse, which is fixed with reference to the fixed stars. This deduction, which can be tested with great accuracy, has been confirmed for all the planets save one, with the precision that is capable of being obtained by the delicacy of observation attainable at the present time. The sole exception is Mercury, the planet which lies nearest the sun.
Since the time of Leverrier, it has been known that the ellipse corresponding to the orbit of Mercury, after it has been corrected for the influences mentioned above, is not stationary with respect to the fixed stars, but that it rotates exceedingly slowly in the plane of the orbit and in the sense of the orbital motion. The value obtained for this rotary movement of the orbital ellipse was 43 seconds of arc per century, an amount ensured to be correct to within a few seconds of arc. This effect can be explained by means of classical mechanics only on the assumption of hypotheses which have little probability, and which were devised solely for this purpose.
On the basis of the general theory of relativity, it is found that the ellipse of every planet round the sun must necessarily rotate in the manner indicated above; that for all the planets, with the exception of Mercury, this rotation is too small to be detected with the delicacy of observation possible at the present time; but that in the case of Mercury it must amount to 43 seconds of arc per century, a result which is strictly in agreement with observation.
Apart from this one, it has hitherto been possible to make only two deductions from the theory which admit of being tested by observation, to wit, the curvature of light rays by the gravitational field of the sun1, and a displacement of the spectral lines of light reaching us from large stars, as compared with the corresponding lines for light produced in an analogous manner terrestrially (i.e. by the same kind of atom)2. These two deductions from the theory have both been confirmed.
1 First observed by Eddington and others in 1919. (Cf. Appendix III, pp. 126–129). ↑ 2 Established by Adams in 1924. (Cf. p. 132) ↑ PART III Considerations on the Universe as a Whole [Contents] XXX Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory Apart from the difficulty discussed in Section XXI, there is a second fundamental difficulty attending classical celestial mechanics, which, to the best of my knowledge, was first discussed in detail by the astronomer Seeliger. If we ponder over the question as to how the universe, considered as a whole, is to be regarded, the first answer that suggests itself to us is surely this: As regards space (and time) the universe is infinite. There are stars everywhere, so that the density of matter, although very variable in detail, is nevertheless on the average everywhere the same. In other


as, a scale of iron, of bone, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the small scalelike structures covering parts of some invertebrates, as those on the wings of Lepidoptera and on the body of Thysanura; the elytra of certain annelids. See Lepidoptera.

4. (Zoöl.) A scale insect. (See below.)

5. (Bot.) A small appendage like a rudimentary leaf, resembling the scales of a fish in form, and often in arrangement; as, the scale of a bud, of a pine cone, and the like. The name is also given to the chaff on the stems of ferns.

6. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife. See Illust. of Pocketknife.

7. An incrustation deposit on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated, as a steam boiler.

8. (Metal.) The thin oxide which forms on the surface of iron forgings. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide, Fe3O4.
 Also, a similar coating upon other metals.

Covering scale (Zoöl.), a hydrophyllium. -- Ganoid scale. (Zoöl.) See under Ganoid. -- Scale armor (Mil.), armor made of small metallic scales overlapping, and fastened upon leather or cloth. -- Scale beetle (Zoöl.), the tiger beetle. -- Scale carp (Zoöl.), a carp having normal scales. -- Scale insect (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small hemipterous insects belonging to the family Coccidæ, in which the females, when adult, become more or less scalelike in form. They are found upon the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs, and often do great damage to fruit trees. See Orange scale,under Orange. -- Scale moss (Bot.), any leafy-stemmed moss of the order Hepaticæ; -- so called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves of most of the species. See Hepatica, 2, and Jungermannia.

 Scale (?), v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales; as, to scale a fish; to scale the inside of a boiler.

2. To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface. "If all the mountains were scaled, and the earth made even." T. Burnet.
3. To scatter; to spread. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

4. (Gun.) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten.
 Scale, v. i. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or laminæ; as, some sandstone scales by exposure.

 Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off.

Bacon.
2. To separate; to scatter. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

 Scale, n. [L. scalae, pl., scala staircase, ladder; akin to scandere to climb. See Scan; cf. Escalade.] 1. A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending. [Obs.]

2. Hence, anything graduated, especially when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regular intervals. Specifically: (a) A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off distances, etc., as in drawing, plotting, and the like. See Gunter's scale. (b) A series of spaces marked by lines, and representing proportionately larger distances; as, a scale of miles, yards, feet, etc., for a map or plan. (c) A basis for a numeral system; as, the decimal scale; the binary scale, etc. (d) (Mus.) The graduated series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote to its octave; -- called also the gamut. It may be repeated through any number of octaves. See Chromatic scale, Diatonic scale, Major scale, and Minor scale, under Chromatic, Diatonic, Major, and Minor.

3. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order; as, a scale of being.

 There is a certain scale of duties... which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion.

Milton.
4. Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts; size or degree of the parts or components in any complex thing, compared with other like things; especially, the relative proportion of the linear dimensions of the parts of a drawing, map, model, etc., to the dimensions of the corresponding parts of the object that is represented; as, a map on a scale of an inch to a mile.

Scale of chords, a graduated scale on which are given the lengths of the chords of arcs from 0° to 90° in a circle of given radius, -- used in measuring given angles and in plotting angles of given numbers of degrees.

 Scale, v. t. [Cf. It. scalare, fr. L. scalae, scala.
 See Scale a ladder.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to ascend by steps or by climbing; to clamber up; as, to scale the wall of a fort.

 Oft have I scaled the craggy oak.

Spenser.
 Scale, v. i. To lead up by steps; to ascend. [Obs.]

 Satan from hence, now on the lower stair, That scaled by steps of gold to heaven-gate, Looks down with wonder.

Milton.
 Scale"back' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidæ, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust.
 under Chætopoda.

 Scale"beam' (?), n. 1. The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied.

2. A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard.

 Scale"board' (?; commonly &?;), n. [3d scale + board.]
 1. (Print.) A thin slip of wood used to justify a page.
 [Obs.] Crabb.
2. A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of furniture, and the like.

Scaleboard plane, a plane for cutting from a board a wide shaving forming a scaleboard.

 Scaled (?), a. 1. Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc.

2. Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring.

3. (Zoöl.) Having feathers which in form, color, or arrangement somewhat resemble scales; as, the scaled dove.

Scaled dove (Zoöl.), any American dove of the genus Scardafella.
 Its colored feather tips resemble scales.

 Scale"less (?), a. Destitute of scales.

 Sca*lene" (?), a. [L. scalenus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. scalène.]
 1. (Geom.) (a) Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle. (b) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone.

2. (Anat.) (a) Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles.

Scalene muscles (Anat.), a group of muscles, usually three on each side in man, extending from the cervical vertebræ to the first and second ribs.

 Sca*lene", n. (Geom.) A triangle having its sides and angles unequal.

 Sca*le'no*he"dral (sk*l'n*h"dral), a. (Crystallog.)
 Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron.

 Sca*le'no*he"dron (-drn), n. [Gr. skalhno's


. [From L. gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.)
 The tread, treadle, or chalasa of an egg.

 Gal"le*ass (?; 135), n. [F. galéasse, galéace; cf. It. galeazza, Sp. galeaza; LL. galea a galley.
 See Galley.] (Naut.) A large galley, having some features of the galleon, as broadside guns; esp., such a vessel used by the southern nations of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. See Galleon, and Galley.
 [Written variously galeas, gallias, etc.]

 "The galleasses... were a third larger than the ordinary galley, and rowed each by three hundred galley slaves. They consisted of an enormous towering structure at the stern, a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with seats for the rowers amidships." Motley.
 { Gal*le"gan (gl*l"gan), Gal*le"go (gl*l"g or g*ly"g), } n.
 [Sp. Gallego.] A native or inhabitant of Galicia, in Spain; a Galician.

 Gal"le*ïn (?), n. [Pyrogallol + phthaleïn.]
 (Chem.) A red crystalline dyestuff, obtained by heating together pyrogallic and phthalic acids.

 Gal"le*on (?), n. [Sp. galeon, cf. F. galion; fr. LL.
 galeo, galio. See Galley.] (Naut.) A sailing vessel of the 15th and following centuries, often having three or four decks, and used for war or commerce. The term is often rather indiscriminately applied to any large sailing vessel.

 The galleons... were huge, round-stemmed, clumsy vessels, with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern, like castles.

Motley.
 Gal"le*ot (?), n. (Naut.) See Galiot.

 Gal"ler*y (?), n.; pl. Galleries (#). [F. galerie, It. galleria, fr. LL. galeria gallery, perh. orig., a festal hall, banquetting hall; cf. OF. galerie a rejoicing, fr. galer to rejoice. Cf. Gallant, a.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or place for walking; a connecting passageway, as between one room and another; also, a long hole or passage excavated by a boring or burrowing animal.

2. A room for the exhibition of works of art; as, a picture gallery; hence, also, a large or important collection of paintings, sculptures, etc.

3. A long and narrow platform attached to one or more sides of public hall or the interior of a church, and supported by brackets or columns; -- sometimes intended to be occupied by musicians or spectators, sometimes designed merely to increase the capacity of the hall.

4. (Naut.) A frame, like a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship, and hence called stern gallery or quarter gallery, -- seldom found in vessels built since 1850.

5. (Fort.) Any communication which is covered overhead as well as at the sides. When prepared for defense, it is a defensive gallery.

6. (Mining) A working drift or level.

Whispering gallery. See under Whispering.

 Gal"le*tyle (?), n. [OE. gallytile. Cf. Gallipot.] A little tile of glazed earthenware. [Obs.] "The substance of galletyle." Bacon.
 Gal"ley (?), n.; pl. Galleys (#). [OE. gale, galeie (cf. OF. galie, galée, LL. galea, LGr. &?;; of unknown origin.] 1. (Naut.) A vessel propelled by oars, whether having masts and sails or not; as: (a) A large vessel for war and national purposes; -- common in the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century. (b) A name given by analogy to the Greek, Roman, and other ancient vessels propelled by oars. (c) A light, open boat used on the Thames by customhouse officers, press gangs, and also for pleasure. (d) One of the small boats carried by a man-ofwar.

 The typical galley of the Mediterranean was from one hundred to two hundred feet long, often having twenty oars on each side. It had two or three masts rigged with lateen sails, carried guns at prow and stern, and a complement of one thousand to twelve hundred men, and was very efficient in mediaeval warfare. Galleons, galliots, galleasses, half galleys, and quarter galleys were all modifications of this type.

2. The cookroom or kitchen and cooking apparatus of a vessel; -- sometimes on merchant vessels called the caboose.

3. (Chem.) An oblong oven or muffle with a battery of retorts; a gallery furnace.

4. [F. galée; the same word as E. galley a vessel.] (Print.) (a) An oblong tray of wood or brass, with upright sides, for holding type which has been set, or is to be made up, etc. (b) A proof sheet taken from type while on a galley; a galley proof.

Galley slave, a person condemned, often as a punishment for crime, to work at the oar on board a galley. "To toil like a galley slave."
 Macaulay.-- Galley slice (Print.), a sliding false bottom to a large galley. Knight.
 Gal"ley-bird' (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European green woodpecker; also, the spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.]

 Gal"ley-worm' (?), n. [Prob. so called because the numerous legs along the sides move rhythmically like the oars of a galley.] (Zoöl.)
 A chilognath myriapod of the genus Iulus, and allied genera, having numerous short legs along the sides; a milliped or "thousand legs." See Chilognatha.

 Gall"fly' (?), n.; pl. Gallflies (&?;). (Zoöl.)
 An insect that deposits its eggs in plants, and occasions galls, esp. any small hymenopteran of the genus Cynips and allied genera. See Illust.
 of Gall.

 Gal'li*am"bic (?), a. [L. galliambus a song used by the priests of Cybele; Gallus (a name applied to these priests) + iambus] (Pros.) Consisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic, the last of which lacks the final syllable; -- said of a kind of verse.

 Gal"li*an (?), a. [See Gallic.] Gallic; French. [Obs.] Shak.
 Gal"liard (?), a. [OE., fr. F. gaillard, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. galach valiant, or AS. gagol, geagl, wanton, lascivious.] Gay; brisk; active. [Obs.]

 Gal"liard, n. A brisk, gay man. [Obs.]

 Selden is a galliard by himself.

Cleveland.
 Gal"liard, n. [F. gaillarde, cf. Sp. gallarda. See Galliard, a.] A gay, lively dance. Cf. Gailliarde.

 Never a hall such a galliard did grace.

Sir. W. Scott.
 Gal'liard*ise (?), n. [F. gaillardise. See Galliard, a.]
 Excessive gayety; merriment. [Obs.]

 The mirth and galliardise of company.