the cause of demurrer is particularly stated. -- Special deposit, a deposit made of a specific thing to be kept distinct from others. -- Special homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Special injuction (Law), an injuction granted on special grounds, arising of the circumstances of the case. Daniell. -- Special issue (Law), an issue produced upon a special plea. Stephen. -- Special jury (Law), a jury consisting of persons of some particular calling, station, or qualification, which is called upon motion of either party when the cause is supposed to require it; a struck jury. -- Special orders (Mil.), orders which do not concern, and are not published to, the whole command, such as those relating to the movement of a particular corps, a detail, a temporary camp, etc. -- Special partner, a limited partner; a partner with a limited or restricted responsibility; -- unknown at common law. -- Special partnership, a limited or particular partnership; -- a term sometimes applied to a partnership in a particular business, operation, or adventure. -- Special plea in bar (Law), a plea setting forth particular and new matter, distinguished from the general issue. Bouvier. -- Special pleader (Law), originally, a counsel who devoted himself to drawing special counts and pleas; in a wider sense, a lawyer who draws pleadings. -- Special pleading (Law), the allegation of special or new matter, as distingiushed from a direct denial of matter previously alleged on the side. Bouvier. The popular denomination of the whole science of pleading. Stephen. The phrase is sometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. Burrill. -- Special property (Law), a qualified or limited ownership possession, as in wild animals, things found or bailed. -- Special session, an extraordinary session; a session at an unusual time or for an unusual purpose; as, a special session of Congress or of a legislature. -- Special statute, or Special law, an act of the legislature which has reference to a particular person, place, or interest; -- in distinction from a general law. -- Special verdict (Law), a special finding of the facts of the case, leaving to the court the application of the law to them. Wharton (Law Dict.).
Syn. -- Peculiar; appropriate; specific; dictinctive; particular; exceptional; singular. See Peculiar.

 Spe"cial, n. 1. A particular. [Obs.] Hammond.
2. One appointed for a special service or occasion.

In special, specially; in particular. Chaucer.
 Spe"cial*ism (?), n. Devotion to a particular and restricted part or branch of knowledge, art, or science; as, medical specialism.

 Spe"cial*ist (?), n. One who devotes himself to some specialty; as, a medical specialist, one who devotes himself to diseases of particular parts of the body, as the eye, the ear, the nerves, etc.

 Spe'ci*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Specialities (#). [See Special, and Specialty.] 1. A particular or peculiar case; a particularity. Sir M. Hale.
2. (Law) See Specialty, 3.

3. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic of a person or thing; that for which a person is specially distinguished; an object of special attention; a special occupation or object of attention; a specialty.

 On these two general heads all other specialities are depedent.

Hooker.
 Strive, while improving your one talent, to enrich your whole capital as a man. It is in this way that you escape from the wretched narrow-mindedness which is the characteristic of every one who cultivates his speciality.

Ld. Lytton.
 We 'll say, instead, the inconsequent creature man, - For that'a his speciality.

Mrs. Browning.
 Think of this, sir,... remote from the impulses of passion, and apart from the specialities -- if I may use that strong remark -- of prejudice.

Dickens.
4. An attribute or quality peculiar to a species.

 Spe'cial*i*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act of specializing, or the state of being spezialized.

2. (Biol.) The setting apart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function. Darwin.
 Spe"cial*ize (?), v. t. 1. To mention specially; to particularize.

2. To apply to some specialty or limited object; to assign to a specific use; as, specialized knowledge.

3. (Biol.) To supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions.

 Spe"cial*ly, adv. 1. In a special manner; particularly; especially. Chaucer.
2. For a particular purpose; as, a meeting of the legislature is specially summoned.

 Spe"cial*ty (?), n.; pl. Specialties (#). [F. spécialité.
 Cf. Speciality.] 1. Particularity.

Specialty of rule hath been neglected.

Shak.
2. A particular or peculiar case. [Obs.]

3. (Law) A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by deed; a writing, under seal, given as security for a debt particularly specified. Chitty. Bouvier. Wharton (Law Dict.).
 Let specialties be therefore drawn between us.

Shak.
4. That for which a person is distinguished, in which he is specially versed, or which he makes an object of special attention; a speciality.

 Men of boundless knowledge, like Humbold, must have had once their specialty, their pet subject.

C. Kingsley.
 ||Spe"ci*e (?), abl. of L. species sort, kind. Used in the phrase in specie, that is, in sort, in kind, in (its own) form.

 "[The king] expects a return in specie from them" [i. e., kindness for kindness].

Dryden.
In specie (Law), in precise or definite form; specifically; according to the exact terms; of the very thing.

 Spe"cie (?), n. [Formed as a singular from species, in sense 5.] Coin; hard money.

 Spe"cies (?), n. sing. & pl. [L., a sight, outward appearance, shape, form, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species. See Spice, n., and cf. Specie, Special.] 1. Visible or sensible presentation; appearance; a sensible percept received by the imagination; an image. [R.]
 "The species of the letters illuminated with indigo and violet." Sir I. Newton.
 Wit,... the faculty of imagination in the writer, which searches over all the memory for the species or ideas of those things which it designs to represent.

Dryden.
 In the scholastic philosophy, the species was sensible and intelligible.
 The sensible species was that in any material, object which was in fact discerned by the mind through the organ of perception, or that in any object which rendered it possible that it should be perceived. The sensible species, as apprehended by the understanding in any of the relations of thought, was called an intelligible species. "An apparent diversity between the species visible and audible is, that the visible doth not mingle in the medium, but the audible doth." Bacon.
2. (Logic) A group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. Thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to European, American, or the like, as species.

3. In science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation.

 In mineralogy and chemistry, objects which possess the same definite chemical structure, and are fundamentally the same in crystallization and physical characters, are classed as belonging to a species. In zoölogy and botany, a species is an ideal group of individuals which are believed to have descended


Richardson's "Koch Гј buloch." But as the writer borrows so much from Al-Mas'udi it may possibly be Aъk in Sнstбn where stood the heretical city "Shбdrak," chapt. cxxii.
[FN#552] i.e. The excellent (or surpassing) Religious. Shaykhah, the fem. of Shaykh, is a she-chief, even the head of the dancinggirls will be entitled "Shaykhah."
[FN#553] The curtain would screen her from the sight of meninvalids and probably hung across the single room of the "Zбwiyah" or hermit's cell. The curtain is noticed in the tales of two other reverend women; vols. {v.} 155 and v. 257.
[FN#554] Abdullah met his wife on Thursday, the night of which would amongst Moslems be Friday night.
[FN#555] i.e. with Sa'idah.


. No x exist.
5. Some x exist.
6. No x are not-y.
7. Some x are not-y, and some x exist.
__________ Taking x="judges"; y="just"; 8. No judges are just.
9. Some judges are unjust.
10. All judges are just.
__________ Taking x="plums"; y="wholesome"; 11. Some plums are wholesome.
12. There are no wholesome plums.
13. Plums are some of them wholesome, and some not.
14. All plums are unwholesome.
[See pp. 59, 60] __________ Taking y="diligent students"; x="successful"; 15. No diligent students are unsuccessful.
16. All diligent students are successful.
17. No students are diligent.
18. There are some diligent, but unsuccessful, students.
19. Some students are diligent.
[See pp. 60, 1] 3. Half of Smaller Diagram.
Symbols to be interpreted.
__________ __________ __________ Taking x="good riddles"; y="hard"; __________ [See pp. 61, 2] Taking x="lobster"; y="selfish"; __________ Taking y="healthy people"; x="happy"; [See p. 62] 4. Smaller Diagram.
Propositions to be represented.
__________ 1. All y are x.
2. Some y are not-x.
3. No not-x are not-y.
4. Some x are not-y.
5. Some not-y are x.
6. No not-x are y.
7. Some not-x are not-y.
8. All not-x are not-y.
9. Some not-y exist.
10. No not-x exist.
11. Some y are x, and some are not-x.
12. All x are y, and all not-y are not-x.
[See pp. 62, 3] Taking "nations" as Universe; x="civilised"; y="warlike"; 13. No uncivilised nation is warlike.
14. All unwarlike nations are uncivilised.
15. Some nations are unwarlike.
16. All warlike nations are civilised, and all civilised nations are warlike.
17. No nation is uncivilised.
__________ Taking "crocodiles" as Universe; x="hungry"; and y="amiable"; 18. All hungry crocodiles are unamiable.
19. No crocodiles are amiable when hungry.
20. Some crocodiles, when not hungry, are amiable; but some are not.
21. No crocodiles are amiable, and some are hungry.
22. All crocodiles, when not hungry, are amiable; and all unamiable crocodiles are hungry.
23. Some hungry crocodiles are amiable, and some that are not hungry are unamiable.
[See pp. 63, 4] 5. Smaller Diagram.
Symbols to be interpreted.
__________ __________ __________ Taking "houses" as Universe; x="built of brick"; and y="two-storied"; interpret [See p. 65] Taking "boys" as Universe; x="fat"; and y="active"; interpret __________ Taking "cats" as Universe; x="green-eyed"; and y="good-tempered"; interpret [See pp. 65, 6] 6. Larger Diagram.
Propositions to be represented.
__________ __________ 1. No x are m.
2. Some y are m'.
3. All m are x'.
4. No m' are y'.
5. No m are x; All y are m.
6. Some x are m; No y are m.
7. All m are x'; No m are y.
8. No x' are m; No y' are m'.
[See pp. 67,8] Taking "rabbits" as Universe; m="greedy"; x="old"; and y="black"; represent 9. No old rabbits are greedy.
10. Some not-greedy rabbits are black.
11. All white rabbits are free from greediness.
12. All greedy rabbits are young.
13. No old rabbits are greedy; All black rabbits are greedy.
14. All rabbits, that are not greedy, are black; No old rabbits are free from greediness.
__________ Taking "birds" as Universe; m="that sing loud"; x="well-fed"; and y="happy"; represent 15. All well-fed birds sing loud; No birds, that sing loud, are unhappy.
16. All birds, that do not sing loud, are unhappy; No well-fed birds fail to sing loud.
__________ Taking "persons" as Universe; m="in the house"; x="John"; and y="having a tooth-ache"; represent 17. John is in the house; Everybody in the house is suffering from tooth-ache.
18. There is no one in the house but John; Nobody, out of the house, has a tooth-ache.
__________ [See pp. 68-70] Taking "persons" as Universe; m="I"; x="that has taken a walk"; y="that feels better"; represent 19. I have been out for a walk; I feel much better.
__________ Choosing your own 'Universe' &c., represent 20. I sent him to bring me a kitten; He brought me a kettle by mistake.
[See pp. 70, 1] 7. Both Diagrams to be employed.
__________ __________ N.B. In each Question, a small Diagram should be drawn, for x and y only, and marked in accordance with the given large Diagram: and then as many Propositions as possible, for x and y, should be read off from this small Diagram.
[See p. 72] __________ Mark, in a large Diagram, the following pairs of Propositions from the preceding Section: then mark a small Diagram in accordance with it, &c.
__________ Mark, on a large Diagram, the following Pairs of Propositions: then mark a small Diagram, &c. These are, in fact, Pairs of PREMISSES for Syllogisms: and the results, read off from the small Diagram, are the CONCLUSIONS.
13. No exciting books suit feverish patients; Unexciting books make one drowsy.
14. Some, who deserve the fair, get their deserts; None but the brave deserve the fair.
15. No children are patient; No impatient person can sit still.
[See pp. 72-5] 16. All pigs are fat; No skeletons are fat.
17. No monkeys are soldiers; All monkeys are mischievous.
18. None of my cousins are just; No judges are unjust.
19. Some days are rainy; Rainy days are tiresome.
20. All medicine is nasty; Senna is a medicine.
21. Some Jews are rich; All Patagonians are Gentiles.
22. All teetotalers like sugar; No nightingale drinks wine.
23. No muffins are wholesome; All buns are unwholesome.
24. No fat creatures run well; Some greyhounds run well.
25. All soldiers march; Some youths are not soldiers.
26. Sugar is sweet; Salt is not sweet.
27. Some eggs are hard-boiled; No eggs are uncrackable.
28. There are no Jews in the house; There are no Gentiles in the garden.
[See pp. 75-82] 29. All


öl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Boreus. The male has rudimentary wings; the female is wingless. These insects sometimes appear creeping and leaping on the snow in great numbers. -- Snow gnat (Zoöl.), any wingless dipterous insect of the genus Chionea found running on snow in winter. -- Snow goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arctic geese of the genus Chen. The common snow goose (Chen hyperborea), common in the Western United States in winter, is white, with the tips of the wings black and legs and bill red.
 Called also white brant, wavey, and Texas goose. The blue, or blue-winged, snow goose (C. cœrulescens) is varied with grayish brown and bluish gray, with the wing quills black and the head and upper part of the neck white. Called also white head, white-headed goose, and bald brant. -- Snow leopard (Zool.), the ounce. -- Snow line, lowest limit of perpetual snow. In the Alps this is at an altitude of 9,000 feet, in the Andes, at the equator, 16,000 feet. -- Snow mouse (Zoöl.), a European vole (Arvicola nivalis) which inhabits the Alps and other high mountains. -- Snow pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome gallinaceous birds of the genus Tetraogallus, native of the lofty mountains of Asia. The Himalayn snow pheasant (T. Himalayensis) in the best-known species. Called also snow cock, and snow chukor. -- Snow partridge. (Zoöl.) See under Partridge. -- Snow pigeon (Zoöl.), a pigeon (Columba leuconota) native of the Himalaya mountains. Its back, neck, and rump are white, the top of the head and the ear coverts are black. -- Snow plant (Bot.), a fleshy parasitic herb (Sarcodes sanguinea) growing in the coniferous forests of California. It is all of a bright red color, and is fabled to grow from the snow, through which it sometimes shoots up.

 Snow (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Snowing.] To fall in or as snow; -- chiefly used impersonally; as, it snows; it snowed yesterday.

 Snow, v. t. To scatter like snow; to cover with, or as with, snow.
 Donne. Shak.
 Snow"ball' (?), n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or roller together, or anything resembling such a mass.

2. (Bot.) The Guelder-rose.

Snowball tree (Bot.), the Guelderrose.

 Snow"ball', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snowballed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Snowballing.] To pelt with snowballs; to throw snowballs at.

 Snow"ball', v. i. To throw snowballs.

 Snow"ber'ry (?), n. (Bot.) A name of several shrubs with white berries; as, the Symphoricarpus racemosus of the Northern United States, and the Chiococca racemosa of Florida and tropical America.

Creeping snowberry. (Bot.) See under Creeping.

 Snow"bird (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An arctic finch (Plectrophenax, or Plectrophanes, nivalis) common, in winter, both in Europe and the United States, and often appearing in large flocks during snowstorms. It is partially white, but variously marked with chestnut and brown. Called also snow bunting, snowflake, snowfleck, and snowflight.
 (b) Any finch of the genus Junco which appears in flocks in winter time, especially J. hyemalis in the Eastern United States; -- called also blue snowbird. See Junco. (c) The fieldfare.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 Snow"-blind' (?), a. Affected with blindness by the brilliancy of snow. -- Snow"- blind'ness, n. Snow"-bound' (?), a. Enveloped in, or confined by, snow. Whittier.
 Snow"-broth' (?), n. Snow and water mixed, or snow just melted; very cold liquor. Shak.
 Snow"cap' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very small humming bird (Microchæra albocoronata) native of New Grenada.

 The feathers of the top of the head are white and snining, the body blue black with a purple and bronzy luster. The name is applied also to Microchæra parvirostris of Central America, which is similar in color.

 Snow"-capped' (?), a. Having the top capped or covered with snow; as, snow-capped mountains.

 Snow"drift' (?), n. A bank of drifted snow.

 Snow"drop' (?), n. (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Galanthus nivalis) bearing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the ground. It is cultivated in gardens for its beauty.

Snowdrop tree. See Silver-bell tree, under Silver, a. Snow"flake' (?), n. 1. A flake, or small filmy mass, of snow.

2. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

3. (Bot.) A name given to several bulbous plants of the genus Leucoium (L. vernum, æstivum, etc.)
 resembling the snowdrop, but having all the perianth leaves of equal size.

 Snow"fleck' (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1.

 Snowl (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.]

 Snow"less (?), a. Destitute of snow.

 { Snow"plow', Snow"plough' } (?), n. An implement operating like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, etc.

 Snow"shed (?), n. A shelter to protect from snow, esp. a long roof over an exposed part of a railroad.

 Snow"shoe' (?), n. A slight frame of wood three or four feet long and about one third as wide, with thongs or cords stretched across it, and having a support and holder for the foot; -- used by persons for walking on soft snow.

 Snow"shoe'ing, n. Traveling on snowshoes.

 Snow"sho'er (?), n. One who travels on snowshoes; an expert in using snowshoes. W. G. Beers.
 Snow"slip' (?), n. A large mass or avalanche of snow which slips down the side of a mountain, etc.

 Snow"storm' (?), n. A storm with falling snow.

 Snow"-white' (?), a. White as snow; very white. "Snow-white and rose-red" Chaucer.
 Snow"y (?), a. 1. White like snow. "So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows." Shak.
2. Abounding with snow; covered with snow. "The snowy top of cold Olympus." Milton.
3. Fig.: Pure; unblemished; unstained; spotless.

 There did he lose his snowy innocence.

J. Hall (1646).
Snowy heron (Zoöl.), a white heron, or egret (Ardea candidissima), found in the Southern United States, and southward to Chili; -- called also plume bird. -- Snowy lemming (Zoöl.), the collared lemming (Cuniculus torquatus), which turns white in winter. -- Snowy owl (Zoöl.), a large arctic owl (Nyctea Scandiaca, or N. nivea) common all over the northern parts of the United States and Europe in winter time. Its plumage is sometimes nearly pure white, but it is usually more or less marked with blackish spots. Called also white owl. -- Snowy plover (Zoöl


recognized convention of romance.
So ends our unfolding of the Mystery of Edwin Drood.

THE END PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SON, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
FOOTNOTES [11] Landless is not "Lackland," but a form of de Laundeles, a Lothian name of the twelfth century, merged later in that of Ormistoun.
[48] Life of Dickens, vol. iii.
pp. 425–439.
[74] J. Cuming Walters, p. 102; Proctor, pp. 131–135. Mr. Cuming Walters used an edition of 1896, apparently a reprint of a paper by Proctor, written earlier than his final book of 1887. Hence the error as to Mr. Proctor's last theory.
[77] Mrs. Perugini, the books say, but certainly a daughter.
[91] What would Weissmann say to all this?
[96] So Mr. Cuming Walters quotes Mr.
Hughes, who quotes Sir L. Fildes. He believes that Jasper strangled Edwin with the black-silk scarf, and, no doubt, Jasper was for long of that opinion himself.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PUZZLE OF DICKENS'S LAST PLOT***


ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. √194. See Of; cf. Aft.] 1.
 Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as, an after period of life. Marshall.
 In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as, after-ages, afteract, after-days, after-life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning.

2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) To ward the stern of the ship; -- applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It is often combined with its noun; as, after-bowlines, after-braces, after-sails, after-yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts.

After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part.

 Aft"er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as, men in line one after another. "Shut doors after you." Shak.
2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak.
 Codrus after Ph&?;bus sings the best. Dryden.
3. Later in time; subsequent; as, after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause.

After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
Matt. xxvi. 32.
4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as, after what you have said, I shall be careful.

5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as, after all our advice, you took that course.

6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of.

 Ye shall not go after other gods. Deut. vi. 14.
After whom is the king of Israel come out? 1 Sam. xxiv.
 14.
7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as, to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness.

8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as, to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father.

To name or call after, to name like and reference to.

 Our eldest son was named George after his uncle. Goldsmith.
9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as, he acted after his kind.

 He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes. Isa. xi.
 3.
 They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh.
Rom. viii. 5.
10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic] He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon.
After all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. -- After (with the same noun preceding and following), as, wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. -- One after another, successively. -- To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to reach or get; as, he is after money.

 Aft"er, adv. Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as, he follows after.

 It was about the space of three hours after. Acts. v. 7.
After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in afterdescribed, afterdinner, after-part.
 The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1.

 Aft"er*birth' (&?;), n. (Med.) The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery.

 Aft"er*cast' (&?;), n. A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower.
 Aft"er*clap' (&?;), n. An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser.
 Aft"er*crop' (&?;), n. A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer.
 Aft"er damp' (&?;).An irrespirable gas, remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid.

 Aft"er-din'ner(&?;), n. The time just after dinner. "An after-dinner's sleep." Shak. [Obs.] -- a. Following dinner; post-prandial; as, an after-dinner nap.

 Aft"er-eat'age(&?;), n. Aftergrass.

 Aft"er*eye' (&?;), v. t. To look after. [Poetic] Shak.
 Aft"er*game' (&?;), n. A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton.
Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl.
 Aft"er-glow(&?;), n. A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset.

 Aft"er*grass' (&?;), n. The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath.

 Aft"er*growth' (&?;), n. A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill.
 Aft"er*guard' (&?;), n. (Naut.) The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after-sails. Totten.
 Aft"er-im'age(&?;), n. The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc.

 Aft"er*ings (&?;), n. pl. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs.] Grose.
 Aft"er*math (&?;), n. [After + math. See Math.] A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland.
 Aft"er-men'tioned(&?;), a. Mentioned afterwards; as, persons after-mentioned (in a writing).

 Aft"er*most (&?;), a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS. æftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -te, -me, -st.]
 1. Hindmost; -- opposed to foremost.

2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern; most aft.

 Aft"er*noon" (&?;), n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening.

 Aft"er-note'(&?;), n. (Mus.) One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note.

 Aft"er*pains' (&?;), n. pl. (Med.) The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth.

 Aft"er*piece' (&?;), n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment.

2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder.

 Aft"er-sails'(&?;), n. pl. (Naut.) The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzen


ably to the plan which he had crayoned out. Malone.
 Craze (krz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, slå i kras, to break to pieces, F. écraser to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf.
 Crash.] 1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase.

 God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels. Milton.
2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.]

 Till length of years, And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs. Milton.
3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane.

 Any man... that is crazed and out of his wits. Tilloston.
 Grief hath crazed my wits. Shak.
 Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as one that is crazed; to rave; to become insane.

 She would weep and he would craze. Keats.
2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery.

 Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity.

2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet.

 It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly. Prof. Wilson.
3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as, the bric-a-brac craze; the æsthetic craze.

 Various crazes concerning health and disease. W. Pater.
 Craz"ed*ness (-?d-n?s), n. A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect.

 { Craze"-mill' (krz"ml'), Craz"ing-mill' (kr?"z?ng-) }, n. [See 1st Craze.] A mill for grinding tin ore.

 Cra"zi*ly (kr"z*l), adv. In a crazy manner.

 Cra"zi*ness, n. 1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as, the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs.

2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement.

 Cra"zy (kr"z), a. [From Craze.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feebleness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe.

 Piles of mean andcrazy houses. Macaulay.
 One of great riches, but a crazy constitution. Addison.
 They... got a crazy boat to carry them to the island. Jeffrey.
2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged.

 Over moist and crazy brains. Hudibras.
3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.]

 The girls were crazy to be introduced to him. R. B. Kimball.
Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; -- so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; -- called also funny bone. -- Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement.

 Cre"a*ble (kr?"?-b'l), a. [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.] Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts.
 Creaght (kr?t), n. [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.]
 A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell.
 Creaght, v. i. To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies.
 Creak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. krieken to crackle, chirp.] To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as, shoes creak.

 The creaking locusts with my voice conspire. Dryden.
 Doors upon their hinges creaked. Tennyson.
 Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with.

Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry. Shak.
 Creak (krk), n. The sound produced by anything that creaks; a creaking. Roget.
 Creak"ing, n. A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound.

 Start not at the creaking of the door. Longfellow.
 Cream (krm), n. [F. crême, perh. fr. LL. crema cream of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained.

2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface.
 [R.]

3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream.

4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation.

 In vain she tries her paste and creams, To smooth her skin or hide its seams. Goldsmith.
5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as, the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures.

 Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant. Shelton.
Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; -- to be eaten cold. -- Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. -- Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. -- Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. -- Cream nut, the Brazil nut. -- Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. -- Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization.
 It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; -- called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc.

 Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (kr?md); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Creaming.] 1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream.

2. To take off the best or choicest part of.

3. To furnish with, or as with, cream.

Creaming the fragrant cups. Mrs. Whitney.
To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency.

 Cream, v. i. To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream;


of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial.

 Frit"il*la*ry (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant with checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria: the Guinea-hen flower. See Fritillaria.

2. (Zoöl.) One of several species of butterflies belonging to Argynnis and allied genera; -- so called because the coloring of their wings resembles that of the common Fritillaria.
 See Aphrodite.

 Frit"i*nan*cy (?), n. [L. fritinnire to twitter.] A chirping or creaking, as of a cricket. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Frit"ter (?), n. [OR. fritour, friture, pancake, F. friture frying, a thing fried, from frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. A small quantity of batter, fried in boiling lard or in a frying pan. Fritters are of various kinds, named from the substance inclosed in the batter; as, apple fritters, clam fritters, oyster fritters.

2. A fragment; a shred; a small piece.

 And cut whole giants into fritters.

Hudibras.
Corn fritter. See under Corn.

 Frit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces, for frying.

2. To break into small pieces or fragments.

 Break all nerves, and fritter all their sense.

Pope.
To fritter away, to diminish; to pare off; to reduce to nothing by taking away a little at a time; also, to waste piecemeal; as, to fritter away time, strength, credit, etc.

 Frit"ting (?), n. [See Frit to expose to heat.] The formation of frit or slag by heat with but incipient fusion.

 Friv"o*lism (?), n. Frivolity. [R.] Pristley.
 Fri*vol"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Frivolities (#). [Cg. F. frivolité.
 See Frivolous.] The condition or quality of being frivolous; also, acts or habits of trifling; unbecoming levity of disposition.

 Friv"o*lous (?), a. [L. frivolus; prob. akin to friare to rub, crumble, E. friable: cf. F. frivole.]

1. Of little weight or importance; not worth notice; slight; as, a frivolous argument. Swift.
2. Given to trifling; marked with unbecoming levity; silly; interested especially in trifling matters.

 His personal tastes were low and frivolous.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Trifling; trivial; slight; petty; worthless.

 -- Friv"o*lous*ly, adv. -- Friv"o*lous*ness, n. Friz (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frizzing (?).] [Cf. F. friser to curl, crisp, frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs); prob.akin to OFries. frisle hair of the head. Cf. Frieze kind of cloth.] [Written also frizz.]
 1. To curl or form into small curls, as hair, with a crisping pin; to crisp.

 With her hair frizzed short up to her ears.

Pepys.
2. To form into little burs, prominences, knobs, or tufts, as the nap of cloth.

3. (Leather Manufacture) To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing, as with pumice stone or a blunt instrument.

Frizzing machine. (a) (Fabrics) A machine for frizzing the surface of cloth. (b) (Wood Working) A bench with a revolving cutter head slightly protruding above its surface, for dressing boards.

 Friz, n.; pl. Frizzes (&?;). That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled, as a wig; a frizzle. [Written also frizz.]

 He [Dr. Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig became his face and head, might easily infer that a similar fullbottomed, well-curled friz of words would be no less becoming to his thoughts.

Hare.
 Frize (?), n. (Arch.) See 1st Frieze.

 Friz"el (?), a. (Firearms) A movable furrowed piece of steel struck by the flint, to throw sparks into the pan, in an early form of flintlock. Knight.
 Fri*zette" (?), n. [F. frisette curl.] A curl of hair or silk; a pad of frizzed hair or silk worn by women under the hair to stuff it out.

 Frizz (?), v. t. & n. See Friz, v. t. & n. Friz"zle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling (?).] [Dim. of friz.] To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz; to crinkle. Gay.
To frizzle up, to crinkle or crisp excessively.

 Friz"zle, n. A curl; a lock of hair crisped. Milton.
 Friz"zler' (?), n. One who frizzles.

 { Friz"zly (?), Friz"zy (?), } a. Curled or crisped; as, frizzly, hair.

 Fro (fr), adv. [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel.
 fr, akin to Dan. fra from, E. from. See From.] From; away; back or backward; -- now used only in opposition to the word to, in the phrase to and fro, that is, to and from. See To and fro under To. Milton.
 Fro, prep. From. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Frock (?), n. [F. froc a monk's cowl, coat, garment, LL. frocus, froccus, flocus, floccus, fr. L. floccus a flock of wool; hence orig., a flocky cloth or garment; cf. L. flaccus flabby, E. flaccid.] 1. A loose outer garment; especially, a gown forming a part of European modern costume for women and children; also, a coarse shirtlike garment worn by some workmen over their other clothes; a smock frock; as, a marketman's frock.

2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars, and supposed to take the place of all, or nearly all, other garments. It has a hood which can be drawn over the head at pleasure, and is girded by a cord.

Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually double-breasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. -- Smock frock. See in the Vocabulary.

 Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock.

2. To make a monk of. Cf. Unfrock.

 Frocked (?), a. Clothed in a frock.

 Frock"less (?), a. Destitute of a frock.

 Froe (fr), n. [See Frow.] A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow. [Obs.]
 "Raging frantic froes." Draylon.
 Froe, n. [See Frow


kk in drekka (to drink) must be pronounced like the kc in bookcase, while the k in dręki (dragon) is single, as in booking. When final (or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, as in munn (mouth acc.), hamarr (hammer nom.), steinn (stone nom.), distinguished from mun (will vb.), and the accusatives hamar, stein.
6. k and g had a more front (palatal) sound before the front vowels e, ę, i, ö, ǫ̈, y, and their longs, as also before j, as in kęnna (known), keyra (drive), gǫ̈ra (make), liggja (lie).
7. kkj, ggj were probably pronounced simply as double front kk, gg, the j not being pronounced separately.
8. f had initially the sound of our f, medially and finally that of v, as in gefa (give), gaf (gave), except of course in such combinations as ft, where it had the sound of f.
9. g was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons.
initially and in the combination ng, the two g's in ganga (go) being pronounced as in go. It had the open sound of G. g in sagen medially before the back vowels a, o, ǫ, u, and all conss. except j, and finally:--saga (tale), dǫgum (with days); sagði (he said); lag (he lay).
Before the front vowels and j it had the sound of G. g in liegen, or nearly that of j (our y), as in sęgir (says), sęgja (to say).
10. Before voiceless conss. (t, s) g seems to have been pronounced k, as in sagt (said), dags (day's).
11. The g was always sounded in the combination ng, as in single, not as in singer.
12. h was sounded before j in such words as hjarta (heart) much as in E. hue (= hjū). hl, hn, hr, hv probably represented voiceless l, n, r, w respectively, hv being identical with E. wh: hlaupa (leap), hnīga (bend), hringr (ring), hvat (what).
13. j is not distinguished from i in the MSS. It had the sound of E. y in young: jǫrð (earth), sętja (to set).
14. p in pt probably had the sound of f: lopt (air).
15. r was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch.
16. s was always sharp.
17. v (which was sometimes written u and w) had the sound of E. w: vel (well), hǫggva (hew).
18. z had the sound of ts: bęztr (best).
19. þ and ð were used promiscuously in the older MS., the very oldest using þ almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic þ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard th, ð medially and finally to express that of soft th; as there can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old pronunciation, it is retained in this book: þing (parliament), faðir (father), við (against). In such combinations as pð the ð must of course be pronounced þ. Stress 20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable.
Phonology Vowels 21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the most important of which are mutation (umlaut), fracture (brechung), and gradation (ablaut).
Mutation 22. The following changes are i-mutations (caused by an older i or j following, which has generally been dropped)3: [Footnote 3: Many of the i's which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables are late weakenings of a and other vowels, as in bani (death) = Old English bana; these do not cause mutation.]
a (ǫ)... ę :-- mann (man acc.), męnn (men); hǫnd (hand), hęndr (hands).
ā... æ :-- māl (speech), mæla (speak).
e (ja, jǫ)... i :-- verðr (worth), virða (estimate).
u (o)... y :-- fullr (full), fylla (to fill); lopt (air), lypta (lift).
ū... ȳ :-- brūn (eyebrow), pl. brȳnn.
o... ö :-- koma (to come), kömr (comes).
ō... œ :-- fōr (went), fœra (bring).
au... ey :-- lauss (loose), leysa (loosen).
jū (jō)... ȳ :-- sjūkr (sick), sȳki (sickness); ljōsta (strike), lȳstr (strikes).
23. The change of a into ę is sometimes the result of a following k, g, or ng, as in dęgi dat. sg.
of dagr (day), tękinn (taken), gęnginn (gone), inf.
taka, ganga. i appears instead of e, and u instead of o before a nasal followed by another cons.: cp.
binda (to bind), bundinn (bound) with bresta (burst) ptc. prt. brostinn.
24. There is also a u-mutation, caused by a following u, which has often been dropped: a... ǫ :-- dagr (day) dat. pl. dǫgum; land (land) pl. lǫnd.
25. Unaccented ǫ becomes u, as in sumur pl. of sumar (summer), kǫlluðu (they called), infin. kalla.
Fracture 26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is e: when followed by original a it becomes ja, when followed by original u it becomes jǫ, as in jarðar gen. of jǫrð (earth)4. When followed by original i, the e is, of course, mutated to i, as in skildir plur. nom. of skjǫldr (shield), gen. skjaldar.
[Footnote 4: Cp. German erde.]
Gradation 27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- a... ō :-- fara (go) pret. fōr, whence by mut. fœra (bring).
e (i, ja)... a... u (o) :-- bresta (burst), prt. brast, prt. pl. brustu, ptc. prt. brostinn; finna (find), fundinn (found ptc.), fundr (meeting).
e... a... ā... o :-- stela (steal), prt. stal, prt. pl. stālu, ptc. prt. stolinn.
e... a... ā... e :-- gefa (give), gaf (he gave), gāfu (they gave), gefinn (given), gjǫf (gift), u-fracture of gef-, gæfa (luck) mut. of gāf-.
ī... ei... i :-- skīna (shine), skein (he shone), skinu (they shone). sōl-skin (sunshine).
jū (jō)... au... u... o :-- ljūga (tell a lie), prt. laug, prt. pl. lugu, ptc. prt.
loginn. lygi (lie sbst.) mut. of lug-.
skjōta (shoot), skjōtr (swift), skotinn (shot ptc.), skot (shot subst.).
Other changes 28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: þā (then), nū (now).
29. Inflection


cf. Heb. d'meseq damask; cf. It. damasco, Sp. damasco, F. damas. Cf.
 Damascene, DamassÉ.] 1. Damask silk; silk woven with an elaborate pattern of flowers and the like. "A bed of ancient damask."
 W. Irving.
2. Linen so woven that a pattern in produced by the different directions of the thread, without contrast of color.

3. A heavy woolen or worsted stuff with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask; -- made for furniture covering and hangings.

4. Damask or Damascus steel; also, the peculiar markings or "water" of such steel.

5. A deep pink or rose color. Fairfax.
 Dam"ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the city of Damascus; resembling the products or manufactures of Damascus.

2. Having the color of the damask rose.

 But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek.

Shak.
Damask color, a deep rose-color like that of the damask rose. -- Damask plum, a small dark-colored plum, generally called damson. -- Damask rose (Bot.), a large, pink, hardy, and very fragrant variety of rose (Rosa damascena) from Damascus. "Damask roses have not been known in England above one hundred years." Bacon. -- Damask steel, or Damascus steel, steel of the kind originally made at Damascus, famous for its hardness, and its beautiful texture, ornamented with waving lines; especially, that which is inlaid with damaskeening; -- formerly much valued for sword blades, from its great flexibility and tenacity.

 Dam"ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damasked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Damasking.] To decorate in a way peculiar to Damascus or attributed to Damascus; particularly: (a) with flowers and rich designs, as silk; (b) with inlaid lines of gold, etc., or with a peculiar marking or "water," as metal. See Damaskeen.

 Mingled metal damasked o'er with gold.

Dryde&?;.
 On the soft, downy bank, damasked with flowers.

Milton.
 { Dam"as*keen' (?), Dam"as*ken (?), } v. t. [F. damaschinare.
 See Damascene, v.] To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a peculiar marking or "water" produced in the process of manufacture, or with designs produced by inlaying or incrusting with another metal, as silver or gold, or by etching, etc., to damask.

Damaskeening is is partly mosaic work, partly engraving, and partly carving.

Ure.
 Dam"as*kin (?), n. [Cf. F. damasquin, adj., It. damaschino, Sp. damasquino. See Damaskeen.] A sword of Damask steel.

 No old Toledo blades or damaskins.

Howell (1641).
 Da*mas*sé" (?), a. [F. damassé, fr. damas.
 See Damask.] Woven like damask. -- n. A damassé fabric, esp.
 one of linen.

 Dam"as*sin (dm"as*sn), n. [F., fr. damas. See Damask.]
 A kind of modified damask or brocade.

 Dam"bo*nite (-b*nt), n. [Cf. F. dambonite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugary substance obtained from an African caoutchouc.

 Dam"bose (dm"bs), n. (Chem.) A crystalline variety of fruit sugar obtained from dambonite.

 Dame (dm), n. [F. dame, LL. domna, fr. L. domina mistress, lady, fem. of dominus master, ruler, lord; akin to domare to tame, subdue. See Tame, and cf. Dam a mother, Dan, Danger, Dungeon, Dominie, Don, n., Duenna.] 1. A mistress of a family, who is a lady; a woman in authority; especially, a lady.

 Then shall these lords do vex me half so much, As that proud dame, the lord protector's wife.

Shak.
2. The mistress of a family in common life, or the mistress of a common school; as, a dame's school.

 In the dame's classes at the village school.

Emerson.
3. A woman in general, esp. an elderly woman.

4. A mother; -- applied to human beings and quadrupeds. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dame"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A cruciferrous plant (Hesperis matronalis), remarkable for its fragrance, especially toward the close of the day; -- called also rocket and dame's violet. Loudon.
 Da'mi*a"na (?), n. [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Med.) A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac.

 There are several varieties derived from different plants, esp. from a species of Turnera and from Bigelovia veneta. Wood & Bache.
 Da"mi*an*ist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Damian, patriarch of Alexandria in the 6th century, who held heretical opinions on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity.

 { Dam"mar (?), Dam"ma*ra (?), } n. [Jav. & Malay. damar.]
 An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine.

Dammar pine, (Bot.), a tree of the Moluccas (Agathis orientalis, or Dammara orientalis), yielding dammar.

 Dam"ma*ra, n. (Bot.) A large tree of the order Coniferæ, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; -- called also Agathis.
 There are several species.

 Damn (dm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damned (dmd or dm"nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Damning (dm"ng or dm"nng).] [OE. damnen dampnen (with excrescent p), OF. damner, dampner, F. damner, fr. L. damnare, damnatum, to condemn, fr. damnum damage, a fine, penalty. Cf. Condemn, Damage.] 1. To condemn; to declare guilty; to doom; to adjudge to punishment; to sentence; to censure.

 He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.

Shak.
2. (Theol.) To doom to punishment in the future world; to consign to perdition; to curse.

3. To condemn as bad or displeasing, by open expression, as by denuciation, hissing, hooting, etc.

 You are not so arrant a critic as to damn them [the works of modern poets]... without hearing.

Pope.
Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer, And without sneering teach the rest to sneer.

Pope.
Damn is sometimes used interjectionally, imperatively, and intensively.

 Damn, v. i. To invoke damnation; to curse. "While I inwardly damn."
 Goldsmith.
 Dam'na*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being damnable; damnableness. Sir T. More.
 Dam"na*ble (?), a. [L. damnabilis, fr. damnare: cf.
 F. damnable. See Damn.] 1. Liable to damnation; deserving, or for which one deserves, to be damned; of a damning nature.

 A creature unprepared


ous.] (Zoöl.) Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks.

 Sax'i*ca"vid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the saxicavas. -- n. A saxicava.

 Sax'i*ca"vous (?), a. [L. saxum rock + cavare to make hollow, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. saxicave.] (Zoöl.)
 Boring, or hollowing out, rocks; -- said of certain mollusks which live in holes which they burrow in rocks. See Illust. of Lithodomus.

 Sax*ic"o*line (?), a. [L. saxum a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Stoneinhabiting; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the stonechats.

 Sax*ic"o*lous (?), a. [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks.

 ||Sax*if"ra*ga (?), n. [L., saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.)
 A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage.

 Sax'i*fra*ga"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Saxifragaceæ) of which saxifrage is the type. The order includes also the alum root, the hydrangeas, the mock orange, currants and gooseberries, and many other plants.

 Sax*if"ra*gant (?), a. [See Saxifrage.] Breaking or destroying stones; saxifragous. [R.] -- n. That which breaks or destroys stones. [R.]

 Sax"i*frage (?; 48), n. [L. saxifraga, from saxifragus stone-breaking; saxum rock + frangere to break: cf. F. saxifrage.
 See Fracture, and cf. Sassafras, Saxon.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, mostly perennial herbs growing in crevices of rocks in mountainous regions.

Burnet saxifrage, a European umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella Saxifraga). -- Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) growing in rivulets in Europe; also, C. Americanum, common in the United States. See also under Golden. -- Meadow saxifrage, or Pepper saxifrage. See under Meadow.

 Sax*if"ra*gous (?), a. [L. saxifragus: cf. F. saxifrage.
 See Saxifrage.] Dissolving stone, especially dissolving stone in the bladder.

 Sax"on (sks"n or -'n), n. [L. Saxo, pl. Saxones, from the Saxon national name; cf. AS. pl. Seaxe, Seaxan, fr.
 seax a knife, a short sword, a dagger (akin to OHG. sahs, and perhaps to L. saxum rock, stone, knives being originally made of stone); and cf. G. Sachse, pl. Sachsen. Cf. Saxifrage.]
 1. (a) One of a nation or people who formerly dwelt in the northern part of Germany, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries. (b) Also used in the sense of AngloSaxon. (c) A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony.

2. The language of the Saxons; AngloSaxon.

Old Saxon, the Saxon of the continent of Europe in the old form of the language, as shown particularly in the "Heliand", a metrical narration of the gospel history preserved in manuscripts of the 9th century.

 Sax"on, a. Of or pertaining to the Saxons, their country, or their language. (b) Anglo-Saxon. (c) Of or pertaining to Saxony or its inhabitants.

Saxon blue (Dyeing), a deep blue liquid used in dyeing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid. Brande & C. -- Saxon green (Dyeing), a green color produced by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon blue.

 Sax*on"ic (?), a. Relating to the Saxons or AngloSaxons.

 Sax"on*ism (?), n. An idiom of the Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language.
 T. Warton.
 Sax"on*ist, n. One versed in the Saxon language.

 Sax"on*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Mountain soap, under Mountain.

 Sax"o*phone (?), n. [A.A.J. Sax, the inventor (see Saxhorn) + Gr. &?; tone.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of the qualities both of a brass instrument and of a clarinet.

 Sax"-tu'ba (?), n. [See Saxhorn, and Tube.] (Mus.) A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba.

 Say (s), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.
 Say (s), n. [Aphetic form of assay.] 1. Trial by sample; assay; sample; specimen; smack. [Obs.]

 If those principal works of God... be but certain tastes and says, as it were, of that final benefit.

Hooker.
 Thy tongue some say of breeding breathes.

Shak.
2. Tried quality; temper; proof. [Obs.]

 He found a sword of better say.

Spenser.
3. Essay; trial; attempt. [Obs.]

To give a say at, to attempt. B. Jonson.
 Say, v. t. To try; to assay. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Say, n. [OE. saie, F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, sagus, a coarse woolen mantle; cf. Gr.
 sa'gos. See Sagum.] 1. A kind of silk or satin. [Obs.]

 Thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord!

Shak.
2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. [Obs.]

 His garment neither was of silk nor say.

Spenser.
 Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said (sd), contracted from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] [OE. seggen, seyen, siggen, sayen, sayn, AS. secgan; akin to OS. seggian, D. zeggen, LG. seggen, OHG. sagn, G. sagen, Icel. segja, Sw. säga, Dan. sige, Lith. sakyti; cf. OL. insece tell, relate, Gr. 'e'nnepe (for 'en-sepe), 'e'spete.
 Cf. Saga, Saw a saying.] 1. To utter or express in words; to tell; to speak; to declare; as, he said many wise things.

 Arise, and say how thou camest here.

Shak.
2. To repeat; to rehearse; to recite; to pronounce; as, to say a lesson.

 Of my instruction hast thou nothing bated In what thou hadst to say?

Shak.
 After which shall be said or sung the following hymn.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.
3. To announce as a decision or opinion; to state positively; to assert; hence, to form an opinion upon; to be sure about; to be determined in mind as to.

 But what it is, hard is to say.

Milton.
4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, hypothesis, or approximation; hence, to suppose; -- in the imperative, followed sometimes by the subjunctive; as, he had, say fifty thousand dollars; the fox had run, say


and the wonders of Puss in Boots and Cinderella, which have descended to us from that vast cloud-country of bygone ages; that dreamland of fairy imagery, which is as real to the little maid in the twentieth century as it was to her young sisters in the shadow of the Pyramids, on the banks of the Tiber and the Ganges, in the neighborhood of solemn Druid Temples, or among the fjords and floes of the far-off Icelandic country, in centuries long since gone by.


for railroad ties. -- Screw bolt, a bolt having a screw thread on its shank, in distinction from a key bolt. See 1st Bolt, 3. -- Screw box, a device, resembling a die, for cutting the thread on a wooden screw. -- Screw dock. See under Dock. -- Screw engine, a marine engine for driving a screw propeller. -- Screw gear. See Spiral gear, under Spiral. -- Screw jack. Same as Jackscrew. -- Screw key, a wrench for turning a screw or nut; a spanner wrench. -- Screw machine.
 (a) One of a series of machines employed in the manufacture of wood screws. (b) A machine tool resembling a lathe, having a number of cutting tools that can be caused to act on the work successively, for making screws and other turned pieces from metal rods. -- Screw pine (Bot.), any plant of the endogenous genus Pandanus, of which there are about fifty species, natives of tropical lands from Africa to Polynesia; -- named from the spiral arrangement of the pineapple-like leaves. -- Screw plate, a device for cutting threads on small screws, consisting of a thin steel plate having a series of perforations with internal screws forming dies. -- Screw press, a press in which pressure is exerted by means of a screw. -- Screw propeller, a screw or spiral bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; also, a steam vessel propelled by a screw. -- Screw shell (Zoöl.), a long, slender, spiral gastropod shell, especially of the genus Turritella and allied genera. See Turritella. -- Screw steamer, a steamship propelled by a screw. -- Screw thread, the spiral rib which forms a screw. -- Screw stone (Paleon.), the fossil stem of an encrinite. -- Screw tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Helicteres, consisting of about thirty species of tropical shrubs, with simple leaves and spirally twisted, five-celled capsules; -- also called twisted-horn, and twisty. -- Screw valve, a stop valve which is opened or closed by a screw. -- Screw worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. -- Screw wrench.
 (a) A wrench for turning a screw. (b) A wrench with an adjustable jaw that is moved by a screw. -- To put the screw, or screws, on, to use pressure upon, as for the purpose of extortion; to coerce. -- To put under the screw or screws, to subject to pressure; to force. -- Wood screw, a metal screw with a sharp thread of coarse pitch, adapted to holding fast in wood. See Illust.
 of Wood screw, under Wood.

 Screw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press.

2. To force; to squeeze; to press, as by screws.

 But screw your courage to the sticking place, And we'll not fail.

Shak.
3. Hence: To practice extortion upon; to oppress by unreasonable or extortionate exactions.

 Our country landlords, by unmeasurable screwing and racking their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people to a worse condition than the peasants in France.

swift.
4. To twist; to distort; as, to screw his visage.

 He screwed his face into a hardened smile.

Dryden.
5. To examine rigidly, as a student; to subject to a severe examination. [Cant, American Colleges] To screw out, to press out; to extort. - - To screw up, to force; to bring by violent pressure. Howell. -- To screw in, to force in by turning or twisting.

 Screw, v. i. 1. To use violent mans in making exactions; to be oppressive or exacting. Howitt.
2. To turn one's self uneasily with a twisting motion; as, he screws about in his chair.

 Screw"-cut'ting (?), a. Adapted for forming a screw by cutting; as, a screw-cutting lathe.

 Screw"-driv'er (?), n. A tool for turning screws so as to drive them into their place. It has a thin end which enters the nick in the head of the screw.

 Screw"er (?), n. One who, or that which, screws.

 Screw"ing, a. & n. from Screw, v. t. Screwing machine. See Screw machine, under Screw.

 Scrib"a*ble (?), a. [See Scribe.] Capable of being written, or of being written upon. [R.]

 Scri*ba"tious (?), a. [See Scribe.] Skillful in, or fond of, writing. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Scrib"bet (?), n. A painter's pencil.

 Scrib"ble (?), v. t. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Woolen Manuf.) To card coarsely; to run through the scribbling machine.

 Scrib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribbling (-blng).] [From Scribe.] 1. To write hastily or carelessly, without regard to correctness or elegance; as, to scribble a letter.

2. To fill or cover with careless or worthless writing.

 Scrib"ble, v. i. To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl.

 If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spite.

Pope.
 Scrib"ble, n. Hasty or careless writing; a writing of little value; a scrawl; as, a hasty scribble. Boyle.
 Neither did I but vacant seasons spend In this my scribble.

Bunyan.
 Scrib"ble*ment (?), n. A scribble. [R.] Foster.
 Scrib"bler (?), n. One who scribbles; a petty author; a writer of no reputation; a literary hack.

 The scribbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine.

Granville.
 Scrib"bler, n. A scribbling machine.

 Scrib"bling (?), n. [See 1st Scribble.] The act or process of carding coarsely.

Scribbling machine, the machine used for the first carding of wool or other fiber; -- called also scribbler.

 Scrib"bling, a. Writing hastily or poorly.

 Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks!

Goldsmith.
 Scrib"bling, n. The act of writing hastily or idly.

 Scrib"bling*ly, adv. In a scribbling manner.

 Scribe (skrb), n. [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write; cf. Gr. ska'rifos a splinter, pencil, style (for writing), E. scarify.
 Cf. Ascribe, Describe, Script, Scrivener, Scrutoire.] 1. One who writes; a draughtsman; a writer for another; especially, an offical or public writer; an amanuensis or secretary; a notary; a copyist.

2. (Jewish Hist.) A writer and doctor of the law; one skilled in the law and traditions; one who read and explained the law to the people.

 Scribe (skrb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed (skrbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribing.] 1. To write, engrave, or mark upon; to inscribe. Spenser.
2. (Carp.) To cut (anything) in such a way as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a molding, or


in style" as Pater phrases it, primarily determines not only clearness, but also such qualities of style as reserve, refinement, and simple Doric beauty. Since, however, structure is more obviously associated with the larger groups, and style with the smaller, the questions have been arranged according to this division.

 I. Suggestions for the Study of Subject-Matter.

 1. To whom does Huxley address the essay?

 2. Can you see any adaptation of his material to his audience?

 3. How would A Piece of Chalk be differently presented if given before a science club?

 4. Does Huxley make his subject interesting? If so, how does he accomplish this?

 5. Is the personality of Huxley suggested by the essays? See Life and Letters, vol. ii, p. 293.

 II. Suggestions for the Study of Structure.

 A. Analysis of the whole composition.

 1. State in one complete sentence the theme of the essay.

 2. Analyze the essay for the logical development of the thought.

 a. Questions on the Introduction.

 In the introduction, how does the author approach his material?

 Does he give the main points of the essay?

 Does he give his reasons for writing?

 Does he narrow his subject to one point of view?

 Is the introduction a digression?

 b. Questions on the Body.

 Can you find large groups of thought?

 Are these groups closely related to the theme and to each other?

 Do you find any digressions?

 Is the method used in developing the groups inductive or deductive?

 Is the method different in different groups?

 Are the groups arranged for good emphasis in the whole composition?

 c. Questions on the Conclusion.

 How does the author conclude the essay?

 Does the conclusion sum up the points of the essay?

 Are any new points suggested?

 Is the thought of the whole essay stated?

 Do you consider it a strong conclusion?

 3. Make out an outline which shall picture the skeleton of the essay studied. In making the outline express the topics in the form of complete statements, phrase the thought for clear sequence, and be careful about such matters as spacing and punctuation.

 B. Analysis of paragraph structure.

 1. Can a paragraph be analyzed in the same manner as the whole composition?

 2. Can you express the thought of each paragraph in a complete sentence?

 3. Can you find different points presented in the paragraph developing the paragraph topic, as the large groups of the whole composition develop the theme?

 4. Are the paragraphs closely related, and how are they bound together?

 5. Can any of the paragraphs be combined to advantage?

 6. Read from Barrett Wendell's English Composition the chapter on paragraphs. Are Huxley's paragraphs constructed in accordance with the principles given in this chapter?

 7. Is the paragraph type varied? For paragraph types, see Scott and Denny's Paragraph Writing.

 C. Comparative study of the structure of the essay.

 1. Do you find any difference between Huxley's earlier and later essays as regards the structure of the whole, or the structure of the paragraph?

 2. Which essay seems to you to be most successful in structure?

 3. Has the character of the audience any influence upon the structure of the essays?

 4. Compare the structure of one of Huxley's essays with that of some other essay recently studied.

 5. Has the nature of the material any influence upon the structure of the essay?

 III. Suggestions for the Study of Style.

 A. Exactly what do you mean by style?

 B. Questions on sentence structure.

 1. From any given essay, group together sentences which are long, short, loose, periodic, balanced, simple, compound; note those peculiar, for any reason, to Huxley.

 2. Stevenson says, "The one rule is to be infinitely various; to interest, to disappoint, to surprise and still to gratify; to be ever changing, as it were, the stitch, and yet still to give the effect of ingenious neatness."

 Do Huxley's sentences conform to Stevenson's rule? Compare Huxley's sentences with Stevenson's for variety in form. Is there any reason for the difference between the form of the two writers?

 3. Does this quotation from Pater's essay on Style describe Huxley's sentences? "The blithe, crisp sentence, decisive as a child's expression of its needs, may alternate with the long-contending, victoriously intricate sentence; the sentence, born with the integrity of a single word, relieving the sort of sentence in which, if you look closely, you can see contrivance, much adjustment, to bring a highly qualified matter into compass at one view."

 4. How do Huxley's sentences compare with those of Ruskin, or with those of any author recently studied?

 5. Are Huxley's sentences musical? How does an author make his sentences musical?

 C. Questions on words.

 1. Do you find evidence of exactness, a quality which Huxley said he labored for?

 2. Are the words general or specific in character?

 3. How does Huxley make his subject-matter attractive?

 4. From what sources does Huxley derive his words? Are they every-day words, or more scholarly in character?

 5. Do you find any figures? Are these mainly ornamental or do they re-enforce the thought?

 8. Are there many allusions and quotations? Can you easily recognize the source?

 7. Pater says in his essay on Style that the literary artist "begets a vocabulary faithful to the colouring of his own spirit, and in the strictest sense original." Do you find that Huxley's vocabulary suggests the man?

 8. Does Huxley seem to search for "the smooth, or winsome, or forcible word, as such, or quite simply and honestly, for the word's adjustment to its meaning"?

 9. Make out a list of the words and proper names in any given essay which are not familiar to you; write out the explanation of these in the form of notes giving any information which is interesting and relevant.

 D. General questions on style.

 1. How is Huxley's style adapted to the subject-matter?

 2. Can you explain the difference in style of the different essays by the difference in purpose?

 3. Compare Huxley's way of saying things with some other author's way of saying things.

 4. Huxley says of his essays to workingmen, "I only wish I had had the sense to anticipate the run these have had here and abroad, and I would have revised them properly. As they stand they are terribly in the rough, from a literary point of view."

 Do you find evidences of roughness?

 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY — AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1 And when I consider, in one view, the many things... which I have upon my hands, I feel the burlesque of being employed in this manner at my time of life. But, in another view, and taking in all circumstances, these things, as trifling as they may appear, no less than things of greater importance, seem to be put upon me to do.—Bishop Butler to the Duchess of Somerset.

 The "many things" to which the Duchess's correspondent here refers are the repairs and improvements of the episcopal seat at Auckland. I doubt if the great apologist, greater in nothing than in the simple dignity of his character, would have considered the writing an account of himself as a thing which could be put upon him to do whatever circumstances might be taken in. But the good bishop lived in an age when a man might write books and yet be permitted to keep his private existence to himself; in the pre-Boswellian 2 epoch, when the germ of the photographer lay concealed in the distant future, and the interviewer who pervades our age was an unforeseen, indeed unimaginable, birth of time.

 At present, the most convinced believer in the aphorism "Bene qui latuit, bene vixit,"3 is not always able to act up to it. An importunate person informs him that his portrait is about to be published and will


ories105 Topic 1. THE MAKING OF INFERENCES105 § 22105 § 23 (a) Proof106 § 24 (b) Causation117 § 25 (c) Scepticism129 § 26 (d) The Empirical Method in the Study of Cases136 § 27 (e) Analogy144 § 28 (f) Probability147 § 29 (g) Chance159 § 30 (h) Persuasion and Explanation161 § 31 (i) Inference and Judgment165 § 32 (j) Mistaken Inferences176 § 33 (k) Statistics of the Moral Situation179 Topic 2. KNOWLEDGE183 § 34183 PART II. OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (THE MENTAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXAMINEE)187 Title A. General Conditions187 Topic 1. OF SENSE PERCEPTION187 § 35187 § 36 (a) General Considerations187 (b) The Sense of Sight 196 § 37 (1) General Considerations196 § 38 (2) Color-vision204 § 39 (3) The Blind Spot207 § 40 (c) The Sense of Hearing208 § 41 (d) The Sense of Taste212 § 42 (e) The Sense of Smell213 § 43 (f) The Sense of Touch215 Topic 2. PERCEPTION AND CONCEPTION221 § 44221 Topic 3. IMAGINATION232 § 45232 Topic 4. INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES238 § 46 (a) General Considerations238 § 47 (b) The Mechanism of Thinking243 § 48 (c) The Subconscious245 § 49 (d) Subjective Conditions{xix}248 Topic 5. THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS254 § 50254 Topic 6. RECOLLECTION AND MEMORY258 § 51258 § 52 (a) The Essence of Memory259 § 53 (b) The Forms of Reproduction263 § 54 (c) The Peculiarities of Reproduction268 § 55 (d) Illusions of Memory275 § 56 (e) Mnemotechnique279 Topic 7. THE WILL281 § 57281 Topic 8. EMOTION283 § 58283 Topic 9. THE FORMS OF GIVING TESTIMONY287 § 59287 § 60 (a) General Study of Variety in Forms of Expression288 § 61 (b) Dialect Forms293 § 62 (c) Incorrect Forms296 Title B. Differentiating Conditions of Giving Testimony300 Topic 1. GENERAL DIFFERENCES300 (a) Woman300 § 63 1. General Considerations300 § 64 2. Difference between Man and Women307 3. Sexual Peculiarities311 § 65 (a) General311 § 66 (b) Menstruation311 § 67 (c) Pregnancy317 § 68 (d) Erotic319 § 69 (e) Submerged Sexual Factors322 4. Particular Feminine Qualities332 § 70 (a) Intelligence332 § 71 1. Conception333 § 72 2. Judgment335 § 73 3. Quarrels with Women337 § 74 (b) Honesty340 § 75 (c) Love, Hate and Friendship350 § 76 (d) Emotional Disposition and Related Subjects359 § 77 (e) Weakness361 § 78 (b) Children364 § 79 1. General Considerations364 § 80 2. Children as Witnesses365 § 81 3. Juvenile Delinquency{xx}369 § 82 (c) Senility372 § 83 (d) Differences in Conception375 § 84 (e) Nature and Nurture384 § 85 1. The Influence of Nurture385 § 86 2. The Views of the Uneducated388 § 87 3. Onesided Education391 § 88 4. Inclination393 § 89 5. Other Differences395 § 90 6. Intelligence and Stupidity398 Topic 2. ISOLATED INFLUENCES406 § 91 (a) Habit406 § 92 (b) Heredity410 § 93 (c) Prepossession412 § 94 (d) Imitation and the Crowd415 § 95 (e) Passion and Emotion416 § 96 (f) Honor421 § 97 (g) Superstition422 Topic 3. MISTAKES422 (a) Mistakes of the Senses422 § 98 (1) General Considerations422 § 99 (2) Optical Illusions427 § 100 (3) Auditory Illusions443 § 101 (4) Illusions of Touch449 § 102 (5) Illusions of the Sense of Taste452 § 103 (6) The Illusions of the Olfactory Sense453 § 104 (b) Hallucinations and Illusions454 § 105 (c) Imaginative Ideas459 (d) Misunderstandings467 § 106 1. Verbal Misunderstandings467 § 107 2. Other Misunderstandings470 (e) The Lie474 § 108 1. General Considerations474 § 109 2. The Pathoformic Lie479 Topic 4. ISOLATED SPECIAL CONDITIONS480 § 110 (a) Sleep and Dream480 § 111 (b) Intoxication484 § 112 (c) Suggestion491 Appendix A. Bibliography, including texts more easily within reach of English readers493 Appendix B. Works on Psychology of General Interest500 Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z503 {1} CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY.
INTRODUCTION.
OF all disciplines necessary to the criminal justice in addition to the knowledge of law, the most important are those derived from psychology.
For such sciences teach him to know the type of man it is his business to deal with. Now psychological sciences appear in various forms. There is a native psychology, a keenness of vision given in the march of experience, to a few fortunate persons, who see rightly without having learned the laws which determine the course of events, or without being even conscious of them. Of this native psychological power many men show traces, but very few indeed are possessed of as much as criminalists intrinsically require.
In the colleges and pre-professional schools we jurists may acquire a little scientific psychology as a "philosophical propaedeutic," but we all know how insufficient it is and how little of it endures in the business of life. And we had rather not reckon up the number of criminalists who, seeing this insufficiency, pursue serious psychological investigations.
One especial psychological discipline which was apparently created for our sake is the psychology of law, the development of which, in Germany, Volkmar[1] recounts. This science afterward developed, through the instrumentality of Metzger[2] and Plainer,[3] as criminal psychology.
From the medical point of view especially, Choulant's collection of the latter's, "Quaestiones," is still valuable. Criminal psychology was developed further by Hoffbauer,[4] Grohmann,[5]{2} Heinroth,[6] Schaumann,[7] Münch,[8] Eckartshausen,[9] and others. In Kant's time the subject was a bone of contention between faculties, Kant representing in the quarrel the philosophic, Metzger, Hoffbauer, and Fries,[10] the medical faculties. Later legal psychology was simply absorbed by psychiatry, and thereby completely subsumed among the medical disciplines, in spite of the fact that Regnault,[11] still later, attempted to recover it for philosophy, as is pointed out in Friedreich's[12] well-known text-book (cf. moreover V. Wilbrand's[13] text-book). Nowadays, criminal psychology, as represented by Kraus,[14] Krafft-Ebing,[15] Maudsley,[16] Holtzendorff,[17] Lombroso,[18] and others has become a branch of criminal anthropology. It is valued as the doctrine of motives in crime, or, according to


Skr. pippala, pippali.] 1.
 A well-known, pungently aromatic condiment, the dried berry, either whole or powdered, of the Piper nigrum.

Common, or black, pepper is made from the whole berry, dried just before maturity; white pepper is made from the ripe berry after the outer skin has been removed by maceration and friction. It has less of the peculiar properties of the plant than the black pepper. Pepper is used in medicine as a carminative stimulant.

2. (Bot.) The plant which yields pepper, an East Indian woody climber (Piper nigrum), with ovate leaves and apetalous flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The berries are red when ripe.
 Also, by extension, any one of the several hundred species of the genus Piper, widely dispersed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the earth.

3. Any plant of the genus Capsicum, and its fruit; red pepper; as, the bell pepper.

 The term pepper has been extended to various other fruits and plants, more or less closely resembling the true pepper, esp. to the common varieties of Capsicum. See Capsicum, and the Phrases, below.

African pepper, the Guinea pepper. See under Guinea. -- Cayenne pepper. See under Cayenne. -- Chinese pepper, the spicy berries of the Xanthoxylum piperitum, a species of prickly ash found in China and Japan. -- Guinea pepper. See under Guinea, and Capsicum.
 -- Jamaica pepper. See Allspice. -- Long pepper. (a) The spike of berries of Piper longum, an East Indian shrub. (b) The root of Piper, or Macropiper, methysticum. See Kava. -- Malaguetta, or Meleguetta, pepper, the aromatic seeds of the Amomum Melegueta, an African plant of the Ginger family. They are sometimes used to flavor beer, etc., under the name of grains of Paradise. -- Red pepper. See Capsicum. -- Sweet pepper bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Clethra alnifolia), with racemes of fragrant white flowers; -- called also white alder. -- Pepper box or caster, a small box or bottle, with a perforated lid, used for sprinkling ground pepper on food, etc. -- Pepper corn. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pepper elder (Bot.), a West Indian name of several plants of the Pepper family, species of Piper and Peperomia.
 -- Pepper moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Biston betularia) having white wings covered with small black specks. -- Pepper pot, a mucilaginous soup or stew of vegetables and cassareep, much esteemed in the West Indies. -- Pepper root. (Bot.). See Coralwort. -- pepper sauce, a condiment for the table, made of small red peppers steeped in vinegar. -- Pepper tree (Bot.), an aromatic tree (Drimys axillaris) of the Magnolia family, common in New Zealand. See Peruvian mastic tree, under Mastic.

 Pep"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peppered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Peppering.] 1. To sprinkle or season with pepper.

2. Figuratively: To shower shot or other missiles, or blows, upon; to pelt; to fill with shot, or cover with bruises or wounds. "I have peppered two of them." "I am peppered, I warrant, for this world." Shak.
 Pep"per, v. i. To fire numerous shots (at).

 Pep"per*brand' (?), n. (Bot.) See 1st Bunt.

 Pep"per*corn' (?), n. 1. A dried berry of the black pepper (Piper nigrum).

2. Anything insignificant; a particle.

 Pep"per dulse' (?). (Bot.) A variety of edible seaweed (Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pungency. [Scot.] Lindley.
 Pep"per*er (?), n. A grocer; -- formerly so called because he sold pepper. [Obs.]

 Pep"per*grass' (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Any herb of the cruciferous genus Lepidium, especially the garden peppergrass, or garden cress, Lepidium sativum; -- called also pepperwort.
 All the species have a pungent flavor. (b) The common pillwort of Europe (Pilularia globulifera). See Pillwort.

 Pep"per*idge (?), n. [Cf. NL. berberis, E. barberry.]
 (Bot.) A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) with very tough wood, handsome oval polished leaves, and very acid berries, -- the sour gum, or common tupelo. See Tupelo. [Written also piperidge and pipperidge.]

Pepperidge bush (Bot.), the barberry.

 Pep"per*ing, a. Hot; pungent; peppery. Swift.
 Pep"per*mint (?), n. [Pepper + mint.] 1. (Bot.)
 An aromatic and pungent plant of the genus Mentha (M. piperita), much used in medicine and confectionery.

2. A volatile oil (oil of peppermint) distilled from the fresh herb; also, a well-known essence or spirit (essence of peppermint) obtained from it.

3. A lozenge of sugar flavored with peppermint.

Peppermint camphor. (Chem.) Same as Menthol. -- Peppermint tree (Bot.), a name given to several Australian species of gum tree (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. piperita, E. odorata, etc.) which have hard and durable wood, and yield an essential oil.

 Pep"per*wort' (?), n. (Bot.) See Peppergrass.

 Pep"per*y (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; having the qualities of pepper; hot; pungent.

2. Fig.: Hot-tempered; passionate; choleric.

 Pep"sin (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cooking, digesting, digestion, fr.
 &?;, &?;, to cook, digest: cf. F. pepsine. Cf. Dyspepsia.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized proteolytic ferment or enzyme contained in the secretory glands of the stomach. In the gastric juice it is united with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.2 per cent, approximately) and the two together constitute the active portion of the digestive fluid. It is the active agent in the gastric juice of all animals.

 As prepared from the glandular layer of pigs' or calves' stomachs it constitutes an important article of pharmacy.

 Pep'sin*hy'dro*chlo"ric (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Peptohydrochloric.

 Pep*sin"o*gen (?), n. [Pepsin + -gen.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) The antecedent of the ferment pepsin. A substance contained in the form of granules in the peptic cells of the gastric glands. It is readily convertible into pepsin. Also called propepsin.

 Pep"tic (?), a. [L. pepticus, Gr. &?;. See Pepsin.] 1.
 Relating to digestion; promoting digestion; digestive; as, peptic sauces.

2. Able to digest. [R.]

 Tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic.

Carlyle.
3. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to pepsin; resembling pepsin in its power of digesting or dissolving albuminous matter; containing or yielding pepsin, or a body of like properties; as, the peptic glands.

 Pep"tic, n. 1. An agent that promotes digestion.

2. pl. The digestive organs.

 Is there some magic in the place


of a vessel and wheat, or of a jar and wine; a jar is said to 'have' wine, and a corn-measure wheat. The expression in such cases has reference to content. Or it refers to that which has been acquired; we are said to 'have' a house or a field. A man is also said to 'have' a wife, and a wife a husband, and this appears to be the most remote meaning of the term, for by the use of it we mean simply that the husband lives with the wife.
Other senses of the word might perhaps be found, but the most ordinary ones have all been enumerated.


THE GREAT STONE FACE AND OTHER TALES OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS By Nathaniel Hawthorne 1882 Contents INTRODUCTION THE GREAT STONE FACE THE AMBITIOUS GUEST THE GREAT CARBUNCLE SKETCHES FROM MEMORY INTRODUCTION THE first three numbers in this collection are tales of the White Hills in New Hampshire. The passages from Sketches from Memory show that Hawthorne had visited the mountains in one of his occasional rambles from home, but there are no entries in his Note Books which give accounts of such a visit. There is, however, among these notes the following interesting paragraph, written in 1840 and clearly foreshadowing The Great Stone Face: 'The semblance of a human face to be formed on the side of a mountain, or in the fracture of a small stone, by a lusus naturae [freak of nature].
 The face is an object of curiosity for years or centuries, and by and by a boy is born whose features gradually assume the aspect of that portrait.
 At some critical juncture the resemblance is found to be perfect. A prophecy may be connected.' It is not impossible that this conceit occurred to Hawthorne before he had himself seen the Old Man of the Mountain, or the Profile, in the Franconia Notch which is generally associated in the minds of readers with The Great Stone Face.

 In The Ambitious Guest he has made use of the incident still told to travellers through the Notch, of the destruction of the Willey family in August, 1826. The house occupied by the family was on the slope of a mountain, and after a long drought there was a terrible tempest which not only raised the river to a great height but loosened the surface of the mountain so that a great landslide took place. The house was in the track of the slide, and the family rushed out of doors. Had they remained within they would have been safe, for a ledge above the house parted the avalanche so that it was diverted into two paths and swept past the house on either side. Mr. and Mrs. Willey, their five children, and two hired men were crushed under the weight of earth, rocks, and trees.

 In the Sketches from Memory Hawthorne gives an intimation of the tale which he might write and did afterward write of The Great Carbuncle. The paper is interesting as showing what were the actual experiences out of which he formed his imaginative stories.

 THE GREAT STONE FACE and Other Tales Of The White Mountains THE GREAT STONE FACE One afternoon, when the sun was going down, a mother and her little boy sat at the door of their cottage, talking about the Great Stone Face. They had but to lift their eyes, and there it was plainly to be seen, though miles away, with the sunshine brightening all its features. And what was the Great Stone Face? Embosomed amongst a family of lofty mountains, there was a valley so spacious that it contained many thousand inhabitants. Some of these good people dwelt in log-huts, with the black forest all around them, on the steep and difficult hillsides. Others had their homes in comfortable farm-houses, and cultivated the rich soil on the gentle slopes or level surfaces of the valley. Others, again, were congregated into populous villages, where some wild, highland rivulet, tumbling down from its birthplace in the upper mountain region, had been caught and tamed by human cunning, and compelled to turn the machinery of cotton-factories.
 The inhabitants of this valley, in short, were numerous, and of many modes of life. But all of them, grown people and children, had a kind of familiarity with the Great Stone Face, although some possessed the gift of distinguishing this grand natural phenomenon more perfectly than many of their neighbors.

 The Great Stone Face, then, was a work of Nature in her mood of majestie playfulness, formed on the perpendicular side of a mountain by some immense rocks, which had been thrown together in such a position as, when viewed at a proper distance, precisely to resemble the features of the human countenance. It seemed as if an enormous giant, or a Titan, had sculptured his own likeness on the precipice. There was the broad arch of the forehead, a hundred feet in height; the nose, with its long bridge; and the vast lips, which, if they could have spoken, would have rolled their thunder accents from one end of the valley to the other. True it is, that if the spectator approached too near, he lost the outline of the gigantic visage, and could discern only a heap of ponderous and gigantic rocks, piled in chaotic ruin one upon another. Retracing his steps, however, the wondrous features would again be seen; and the farther he withdrew from them, the more like a human face, with all its original divinity intact, did they appear; until, as it grew dim in the distance, with the clouds and glorified vapor of the mountains clustering about it, the Great Stone Face seemed positively to be alive.

 It was a happy lot for children to grow up to manhood or womanhood with the Great Stone Face before their eyes, for all the features were noble, and the expression was at once grand and sweet, as if it were the glow of a vast, warm heart, that embraced all mankind in its affections, and had room for more. It was an education only to look at it. According to the belief of many people, the valley owed much of its fertility to this benign aspect that was continually beaming over it, illuminating the clouds, and infusing its tenderness into the sunshine.

 As we began with saying, a mother and her little boy sat at their cottage-door, gazing at the Great Stone Face, and talking about it. The child's name was Ernest.

 'Mother,' said he, while the Titanic visage miled on him, 'I wish that it could speak, for it looks so very kindly that its voice must needs be pleasant. If I were to See a man with such a face, I should love him dearly.' 'If an old prophecy should come to pass,' answered his mother, 'we may see a man, some time for other, with exactly such a face as that.' 'What prophecy do you mean, dear mother?' eagerly inquired Ernest. 'Pray tell me all about it!' So his mother told him a story that her own mother had told to her, when she herself was younger than little Ernest; a story, not of things that were past, but of what was yet to come; a story, nevertheless, so very old, that even the Indians, who formerly inhabited this valley, had heard it from their forefathers, to whom, as they affirmed, it had been murmured by the mountain streams, and whispered by the wind among the tree-tops.
 The purport was, that, at some future day, a child should be born hereabouts, who was destined to become the greatest and noblest personage of his time, and whose countenance, in manhood, should bear an exact resemblance to the Great Stone Face. Not a few old-fashioned people, and young ones likewise, in the ardor of their hopes, still cherished an enduring faith in this old prophecy. But others, who had seen more of the world, had watched and waited till they were weary, and had beheld no man with such a face, nor any man that proved to be much greater or nobler than his neighbors, concluded it to be nothing but an idle tale. At all events, the great man of the prophecy had not yet appeared.

 'O mother, dear mother!' cried Ernest, clapping his hands above his head, 'I do hope that I shall live to see him!' His mother was


THE PURCELL PAPERS.

 BY THE LATE JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU, AUTHOR OF 'UNCLE SILAS.'

 With a Memoir by ALFRED PERCEVAL GRAVES IN THREE VOLUMES.

 VOL. I. Contents MEMOIR OF JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU.
 THE GHOST AND THE BONE SETTER.
 THE FORTUNES OF SIR ROBERT ARDAGH.
 THE LAST HEIR OF CASTLE CONNOR.
 THE DRUNKARD'S DREAM.

 MEMOIR OF JOSEPH SHERIDAN LE FANU.

 A noble Huguenot family, owning considerable property in Normandy, the Le Fanus of Caen, were, upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, deprived of their ancestral estates of Mandeville, Sequeville, and Cresseron; but, owing to their possessing influential relatives at the court of Louis the Fourteenth, were allowed to quit their country for England, unmolested, with their personal property. We meet with John Le Fanu de Sequeville and Charles Le Fanu de Cresseron, as cavalry officers in William the Third's army; Charles being so distinguished a member of the King's staff that he was presented with William's portrait from his master's own hand. He afterwards served as a major of dragoons under Marlborough.

 At the beginning of the eighteenth century, William Le Fanu was the sole survivor of his family. He married Henrietta Raboteau de Puggibaut, the last of another great and noble Huguenot family, whose escape from France, as a child, by the aid of a Roman Catholic uncle in high position at the French court, was effected after adventures of the most romantic danger.

 Joseph Le Fanu, the eldest of the sons of this marriage who left issue, held the office of Clerk of the Coast in Ireland. He married for the second time Alicia, daughter of Thomas Sheridan and sister of Richard Brinsley Sheridan; his brother, Captain Henry Le Fanu, of Leamington, being united to the only other sister of the great wit and orator.

 Dean Thomas Philip Le Fanu, the eldest son of Joseph Le Fanu, became by his wife Emma, daughter of Dr. Dobbin, F.T.C.D., the father of Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, the subject of this memoir, whose name is so familiar to English and American readers as one of the greatest masters of the weird and the terrible amongst our modern novelists.

 Born in Dublin on the 28th of August, 1814, he did not begin to speak until he was more than two years of age; but when he had once started, the boy showed an unusual aptitude in acquiring fresh words, and using them correctly.

 The first evidence of literary taste which he gave was in his sixth year, when he made several little sketches with explanatory remarks written beneath them, after the manner of Du Maurier's, or Charles Keene's humorous illustrations in 'Punch.'

 One of these, preserved long afterwards by his mother, represented a balloon in mid-air, and two aeronauts, who had occupied it, falling headlong to earth, the disaster being explained by these words: 'See the effects of trying to go to Heaven.'

 As a mere child, he was a remarkably good actor, both in tragic and comic pieces, and was hardly twelve years old when he began to write verses of singular spirit for one so young. At fourteen, he produced a long Irish poem, which he never permitted anyone but his mother and brother to read.
 To that brother, Mr. William Le Fanu, Commissioner of Public Works, Ireland, to whom, as the suggester of Sheridan Le Fanu's 'Phaudrig Croohore' and 'Shamus O'Brien,' Irish ballad literature owes a delightful debt, and whose richly humorous and passionately pathetic powers as a raconteur of these poems have only doubled that obligation in the hearts of those who have been happy enough to be his hearers—to Mr. William Le Fanu we are indebted for the following extracts from the first of his works, which the boy-author seems to have set any store by: To Mr. William Le Fanu we are further indebted for the accompanying specimens of his brother's serious and humorous powers in verse, written when he was quite a lad, as valentines to a Miss G. K.: 'My dear good Madam, You can't think how very sad I'm. I sent you, or I mistake myself foully, A very excellent imitation of the poet Cowley, Containing three very fair stanzas, Which number Longinus, a very critical man, says, And Aristotle, who was a critic ten times more caustic, To a nicety fits a valentine or an acrostic. And yet for all my pains to this moving epistle, I have got no answer, so I suppose I may go whistle.
 Perhaps you'd have preferred that like an old monk I had pattered on In the style and after the manner of the unfortunate Chatterton; Or that, unlike my reverend daddy's son, I had attempted the classicalities of the dull, though immortal Addison.

 But besides the poetical powers with which he was endowed, in common with the great Brinsley, Lady Dufferin, and the Hon. Mrs. Norton, young Sheridan Le Fanu also possessed an irresistible humour and oratorical gift that, as a student of Old Trinity, made him a formidable rival of the best of the young debaters of his time at the 'College Historical,' not a few of whom have since reached the highest eminence at the Irish Bar, after having long enlivened and charmed St. Stephen's by their wit and oratory.

 Amongst his compeers he was remarkable for his sudden fiery eloquence of attack, and ready and rapid powers of repartee when on his defence. But Le Fanu, whose understanding was elevated by a deep love of the classics, in which he took university honours, and further heightened by an admirable knowledge of our own great authors, was not to be tempted away by oratory from literature, his first and, as it proved, his last love.

 Very soon after leaving college, and just when he was called to the Bar, about the year 1838, he bought the 'Warder,' a Dublin newspaper, of which he was editor, and took what many of his best friends and admirers, looking to his high prospects as a barrister, regarded at the time as a fatal step in his career to fame.

 Just before this period, Le Fanu had taken to writing humorous Irish stories, afterwards published in the 'Dublin University Magazine,' such as the 'Quare Gander,' 'Jim Sulivan's Adventure,' 'The Ghost and the Bone-setter,' etc.

 These stories his brother William Le Fanu was in the habit of repeating for his friends' amusement, and about the year 1837, when he was about twenty-three years of age, Joseph Le Fanu said to him that he thought an Irish story in verse would tell well, and that if he would choose him a subject suitable for recitation, he would write him one. 'Write me an Irish "Young Lochinvar,"' said his brother; and in a few days he handed him 'Phaudrig Croohore'—Anglice, 'Patrick Crohore.'

 Of course this poem has the disadvantage not only of being written after 'Young Lochinvar,' but also that of having been directly inspired by it; and yet, although wanting in the rare and graceful finish of the original, the Irish copy has, we feel, so much fire and feeling that it at least tempts us to regret that Scott's poem was not written in that heart-stirring Northern dialect without which the noblest of our British ballads would lose half their spirit. Indeed, we may safely say that some of Le Fanu's lines are finer than any in 'Young Lochinvar,' simply because they seem to speak straight from a people's heart, not to be the mere echoes of medieval romance.

 'Phaudrig Croohore' did not appear in print in the 'Dublin University Magazine' till 1844, twelve years after its composition, when


in the 1920s.
Published in January 1908, The Blue Lagoon was an immediate success, both with reviewers and the public. "[This] tale of the discovery of love, and innocent mating, is as fresh as the ozone that made them strong," declared one reviewer. Another claimed that "for once the title of 'romance,' found in so many modern stories, is really justified." The novel was reprinted more than twenty times in the next twelve years and remained popular in other forms for more than eighty years. Norman MacOwen and Charlton Mann adapted the story as a play, which ran for 263 performances in London from August 28, 1920, to April 16, 1921. Film versions of the novel were made in 1923, 1949, and 1980.
Stacpoole also wrote two successful sequels: The Garden of God (1923) and The Gates of Morning (1925). These three books and two others were combined to form The Blue Lagoon Omnibus in 1933. The Garden of God was filmed as Return to the Blue Lagoon in 1992.
This Gutenberg etext of The Blue Lagoon: A Romance is based on the 1908 first American edition published by J. B. Lippincott Company of Philadelphia.
----- essentially identical.