"ple (&?;), v. t. To tinge or dye with a purple color.

 Be*queath" (b*kw"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bequeathed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] [OE. biquethen, AS. becweðan to say, affirm, bequeath; pref. be- + cweðan to say, speak. See Quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will; to give by testament; -- said especially of personal property.

 My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me. Shak.
2. To hand down; to transmit.

 To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it. Glanvill.
3. To give; to offer; to commit. [Obs.]

 To whom, with all submission, on my knee I do bequeath my faithful services And true subjection everlastingly. Shak.
Syn. -- To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words denote the giving or disposing of property by will. Devise, in legal usage, is property used to denote a gift by will of real property, and he to whom it is given is called the devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or legacy; i. e., of personal property; the gift is called a legacy, and he who receives it is called a legatee.
 In popular usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; and it is sometimes so construed by courts.

 Be*queath"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being bequeathed.

 Be*queath"al (&?;), n. The act of bequeathing; bequeathment; bequest. Fuller.
 Be*queath"ment (&?;), n. The act of bequeathing, or the state of being bequeathed; a bequest.

 Be*quest" (&?;), n. [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. bequide; pref. be- + AS. cwide a saying, becweðan to bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion with quest.
 See Bequeath, Quest.] 1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; as, a bequest of property by A. to B.

2. That which is left by will, esp. personal property; a legacy; also, a gift.

 Be*quest", v. t. To bequeath, or leave as a legacy. [Obs.] "All I have to bequest." Gascoigne.
 Be*queth"en (&?;), old p. p. of Bequeath. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Be*quote" (&?;), v. t. To quote constantly or with great frequency.

 Be*rain (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beraining.] To rain upon; to wet with rain.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Be*rate" (b*rt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Berating.] To rate or chide vehemently; to scold. Holland.
Motley.
 Be*rat"tle (b*rt"t'l), v. t. To make rattle; to scold vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak.
 Be*ray" (b*r"), v. t. [Pref. be + ray to defile] To make foul; to soil; to defile. [Obs.] Milton.
 ||Berbe (brb), n. [Cf. Berber, Barb a Barbary horse.] (Zoöl.)
 An African genet (Genetta pardina). See Genet.

 Ber"ber (br"br), n. [See Barbary.] A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part of that region; -- called also Kabyles. Also, the language spoken by this people.

 Ber"ber*ine (&?;), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, gold thread, and other plants.

 Ber"ber*ry (&?;), n. See Barberry.

 Ber"dash (&?;), n. A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.]

 A treatise against the cravat and berdash. Steele.
 Bere (br), v. t. [Cf. OIcel. berja to strike.] To pierce.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Bere, n. See Bear, barley. [Scot.]

 Be*reave" (b*rv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved (b*rvd"), Bereft (b*rft"); p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] [OE. bireven, AS. bereáfian. See Be-, and Reave.]

1. To make destitute; to deprive; to strip; -- with of before the person or thing taken away.

 Madam, you have bereft me of all words. Shak.
Bereft of him who taught me how to sing. Tickell.
2. To take away from. [Obs.]

 All your interest in those territories Is utterly bereft you; all is lost. Shak.
3. To take away. [Obs.]

 Shall move you to bereave my life. Marlowe.
 The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or bereft by death of a relative, bereft of hope and strength.

Syn. -- To dispossess; to divest.

 Be*reave"ment (&?;), n. The state of being bereaved; deprivation; esp., the loss of a relative by death.

 Be*reav"er (&?;), n. One who bereaves.

 Be*reft" (b*rft"), imp. & p. p. of Bereave.

 Be*ret"ta (&?;), n. Same as Berretta.

 Berg (&?;), n. [√95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Iceberg.] A large mass or hill, as of ice.

 Glittering bergs of ice. Tennyson.
 Ber"ga*mot (br"g*mt), n. [F. bergamote, fr. It. bergamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk. beg armdi a lord's pear.] 1. (Bot.)
(a) A tree of the Orange family (Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume. Also, the fruit. (b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata).

2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit.

3. A variety of pear. Johnson.
4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot.

 The better hand... gives the nose its bergamot. Cowper.
5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox's or goat's hair; -- said to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit.

Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint family (Monarda fistulosa).

 Ber"gan*der (&?;), n. [Berg, for burrow + gander a male goose? Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.] (Zoöl.)
 A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Sheldrake.

 Ber"ger*et (&?;), n. [OF. bergerete, F. berger a shepherd.] A pastoral song. [Obs.]

 Bergh (&?;),


parallel to a great circle passing through the poles of the earth. Math. Dict. -- Polar distance, the angular distance of any point on a sphere from one of its poles, particularly of a heavenly body from the north pole of the heavens. -- Polar equation of a line or surface, an equation which expresses the relation between the polar coördinates of every point of the line or surface. -- Polar forces (Physics), forces that are developed and act in pairs, with opposite tendencies or properties in the two elements, as magnetism, electricity, etc. -- Polar hare (Zoöl.), a large hare of Arctic America (Lepus arcticus), which turns pure white in winter. It is probably a variety of the common European hare (L. timidus). -- Polar lights, the aurora borealis or australis. -- Polar, or Polaric, opposition or contrast (Logic), an opposition or contrast made by the existence of two opposite conceptions which are the extremes in a species, as white and black in colors; hence, as great an opposition or contrast as possible. -- Polar projection. See under Projection. -- Polar spherical triangle (Spherics), a spherical triangle whose three angular points are poles of the sides of a given triangle. See 4th Pole, 2. -- Polar whale (Zoöl.), the right whale, or bowhead. See Whale.

 Po"lar (?), n. (Conic Sections) The right line drawn through the two points of contact of the two tangents drawn from a given point to a given conic section. The given point is called the pole of the line. If the given point lies within the curve so that the two tangents become imaginary, there is still a real polar line which does not meet the curve, but which possesses other properties of the polar. Thus the focus and directrix are pole and polar. There are also poles and polar curves to curves of higher degree than the second, and poles and polar planes to surfaces of the second degree.

 Pol"ar*chy (?), n. See Polyarchy.

 Po*lar"ic (?), a. See Polar. [R.]

 Po"lar*i*ly (?), adv. In a polary manner; with polarity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Po'lar*im"e*ter (?), n. [Polar + -meter.] (Opt.)
 An instrument for determining the amount of polarization of light, or the proportion of polarized light, in a partially polarized ray.

 Po'lar*im"e*try (?), n. (Opt.) The art or process of measuring the polarization of light.

 ||Po*la"ris (?), n. [NL. See Polar.] (Astron.) The polestar.
 See North star, under North.

 Po*lar"i*scope (?), n. [Polar + -scope.] (Opt.)
 An instrument consisting essentially of a polarizer and an analyzer, used for polarizing light, and analyzing its properties.

 Po*lar'i*scop"ic (?), a. (Opt.) Of or pertaining to the polariscope; obtained by the use of a polariscope; as, polariscopic observations.

 Po'lar*is"co*py (?), n. (Opt.) The art or rocess of making observations with the polariscope.

 Po'lar*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or exhibiting, poles; having a polar arrangement or disposition; arising from, or dependent upon, the possession of poles or polar characteristics; as, polaristic antagonism.

 Po*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. polarité.] 1. (Physics) That quality or condition of a body in virtue of which it exhibits opposite, or contrasted, properties or powers, in opposite, or contrasted, parts or directions; or a condition giving rise to a contrast of properties corresponding to a contrast of positions, as, for example, attraction and repulsion in the opposite parts of a magnet, the dissimilar phenomena corresponding to the different sides of a polarized ray of light, etc.

2. (Geom.) A property of the conic sections by virtue of which a given point determines a corresponding right line and a given right line determines a corresponding point. See Polar, n. Po"lar*i'za*ble (?), a. Susceptible of polarization.

 Po'lar*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. polarisation.]

1. The act of polarizing; the state of being polarized, or of having polarity.

2. (Opt.) A peculiar affection or condition of the rays of light or heat, in consequence of which they exhibit different properties in different directions.

 If a beam of light, which has been reflected from a plate of unsilvered glass at an angle of about 56°, be received upon a second plate of glass similar to the former, and at the same angle of incidence, the light will be readily reflected when the two planes of incidence are parallel to each other, but will not be reflected when the two planes of incidence are perpendicular to each other. The light has, therefore, acquired new properties by reflection from the first plate of glass, and is called polarized light, while the modification which the light has experienced by this reflection is called polarization. The plane in which the beam of light is reflected from the first mirror is called the plane of polarization. The angle of polarization is the angle at which a beam of light must be reflected, in order that the polarization may be the most complete. The term polarization was derived from the theory of emission, and it was conceived that each luminous molecule has two poles analogous to the poles of a magnet; but this view is not now held.
 According to the undulatory theory, ordinary light is produced by vibrations transverse or perpendicular to the direction of the ray, and distributed as to show no distinction as to any particular direction. But when, by any means, these, vibrations are made to take place in one plane, the light is said to be plane polarized. If only a portion of the vibrations lie in one plane the ray is said to be partially polarized.
 Light may be polarized by several methods other than by reflection, as by refraction through most crystalline media, or by being transmitted obliquely through several plates of glass with parallel faces. If a beam of polarized light be transmitted through a crystal of quartz in the direction of its axis, the plane of polarization will be changed by an angle proportional to the thickness of the crystal. This phenomenon is called rotatory polarization. A beam of light reflected from a metallic surface, or from glass surfaces under certain peculiar conditions, acquires properties still more complex, its vibrations being no longer rectilinear, but circular, or elliptical. This phenomenon is called circular or elliptical polarization.

3. (Elec.) An effect produced upon the plates of a voltaic battery, or the electrodes in an electrolytic cell, by the deposition upon them of the gases liberated by the action of the current. It is chiefly due to the hydrogen, and results in an increase of the resistance, and the setting up of an opposing electromotive force, both of which tend materially to weaken the current of the battery, or that passing through the cell.

 Po"lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Polarizing (?).] [Cf. F. polariser.] To communicate polarity to.

 Po"lar*i'zer (?), n. (Physics) That which polarizes; especially, the part of a polariscope which receives and polarizes the light. It is usually a reflecting plate, or a plate of some crystal, as tourmaline, or a doubly refracting crystal.

 Po"lar*y (?), a. Tending to a pole; having a direction toward a pole. [R.] Sir T


Dainty, Dignity, Condign, Disdain.] 1.
 To esteem worthy; to consider worth notice; - - opposed to disdain.
 [Obs.]

 I fear my Julia would not deign my lines.

Shak.
2. To condescend to give or bestow; to stoop to furnish; to vouchsafe; to allow; to grant.

 Nor would we deign him burial of his men.

Shak.
 Deign, v. i. To think worthy; to vouchsafe; to condescend; - - followed by an infinitive.

 O deign to visit our forsaken seats.

Pope.
 Yet not Lord Cranstone deigned she greet.

Sir W. Scott.
 Round turned he, as not deigning Those craven ranks to see.

Macaulay.
 In early English deign was often used impersonally.

 Him deyneth not to set his foot to ground.

Chaucer.
 Deign"ous (?), a. [For disdeignous, OF. desdeignos, desdaigneus, F. dédaigneux. See Disdain.] Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Deil (dl), n. Devil; -- spelt also deel. [Scot.]

Deil's buckie. See under Buckie.

 ||Dei*noc"e*ras (?), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinoceras.

 ||Dei*nor"nis (?), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinornis.

 ||Dei"no*saur (d"n*sr), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinosaur.

 ||Dei'no*the"ri*um (d'n*th"r*m), n. [NL.] (Paleon.) See Dinotherium.

 De*in"te*grate (?), v. t. [L. deintegrare to impair; de- + integrare to make whole.] To disintegrate. [Obs.]

 { Dein"te*ous (?), Dein"te*vous (?) }, a. Rare; excellent; costly.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 De*ip"a*rous (d*p"*rs), a. [L. deus a god + parere to bring forth.] Bearing or bringing forth a god; -- said of the Virgin Mary.
 [Obs.] Bailey.
 Deip*nos"o*phist (dp*ns"*fst), n. [Gr. deipnosofisth's; dei^pnon a meal + sofisth's a wise man, sophist.] One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who cultivated learned conversation at meals.

 De"is (d"s), n. See Dais.

 De"ism (d"z'm), n. [L. deus god: cf. F. déisme.
 See Deity.] The doctrine or creed of a deist; the belief or system of those who acknowledge the existence of one God, but deny revelation.

Deism is the belief in natural religion only, or those truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is to discover by the light of reason, independent of any revelation from God. Hence, deism implies infidelity, or a disbelief in the divine origin of the Scriptures.

 De"ist (d"st), n. [L. deus god: cf. F. déiste.
 See Deity.] One who believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion; a freethinker.

 A deist, as denying a revelation, is opposed to a Christian; as, opposed to the denier of a God, whether atheist or pantheist, a deist is generally denominated theist. Latham.
Syn. -- See Infidel.

 { De*is"tic (d*s"tk), De*is"tic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to, savoring of, or consisting in, deism; as, a deistic writer; a deistical book.

 The deistical or antichristian scheme.

I. Watts.
 De*is"tic*al*ly, adv. After the manner of deists.

 De*is"tic*al*ness, n. State of being deistical.

 De"i*tate (d"*tt), a. Deified. [Obs.] Cranmer.
 De"i*ty (d"*t), n.; pl. Deities (- tz). [OE. deite, F. déité, fr. L. deitas, fr. deus a god; akin to divus divine, Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jupiter, dies day, Gr. di^os divine, Zey's, gen. Dio's, Zeus, Skr.
 dva divine, as a noun, god, daiva divine, dy sky, day, hence, the sky personified as a god, and to the first syllable of E. Tuesday, Gael. & Ir. dia God, W. duw. Cf. Divine, Journey, Journal, Tuesday.] 1. The collection of attributes which make up the nature of a god; divinity; godhead; as, the deity of the Supreme Being is seen in his works.

 They declared with emphasis the perfect deity and the perfect manhood of Christ.

Milman.
2. A god or goddess; a heathen god.

 To worship calves, the deities Of Egypt.

Milton.
The Deity, God, the Supreme Being.

 This great poet and philosopher [Simonides], the more he contemplated the nature of the Deity, found that he waded but the more out of his depth.

Addison.
 De*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dejected; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Dejecting.] [L. dejectus, p. p. of dejicere to throw down; de- + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To cast down. [Obs. or Archaic] Christ dejected himself even unto the hells.

Udall.
 Sometimes she dejects her eyes in a seeming civility; and many mistake in her a cunning for a modest look.

Fuller.
2. To cast down the spirits of; to dispirit; to discourage; to dishearten.

 Nor think, to die dejects my lofty mind.

Pope.
 De*ject", a. [L. dejectus, p. p.] Dejected. [Obs.]

 ||De*jec"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. from L. dejectus, p.
 p.] Excrements; as, the dejecta of the sick.

 De*ject"ed, a. Cast down; afflicted; low-spirited; sad; as, a dejected look or countenance. -- De*ject"ed*ly, adv. -- De*ject"ed*ness, n. De*ject"er (?), n. One who casts down, or dejects.

 De*jec"tion (?), n. [L. dejectio a casting down: cf. F. déjection.]
 1. A casting down; depression. [Obs. or Archaic] Hallywell.
2. The act of humbling or abasing one's self.

 Adoration implies submission and dejection.

Bp. Pearson.
3. Lowness of spirits occasioned by grief or misfortune; mental depression; melancholy.

 What besides, Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair, Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring.

Milton.
4. A low condition; weakness; inability. [R.]

 A dejection of appetite.

Arbuthnot.
5. (Physiol.) (a) The discharge of excrement. (b) Fæces; excrement. Ray.
 De*ject"ly (?), adv. Dejectedly. [Obs.]

 De*jec"to*ry (?), a. [L. dejector a dejecter.] 1.
 Having power


483,648) or (on a bitty box) 2^(15) (32,768). If you want to work with numbers larger than that, you have to use floating-point numbers, which are usually accurate to only six or seven decimal places. Computer languages that provide bignums can perform exact calculations on very large numbers, such as 1000!
(the factorial of 1000, which is 1000 times 999 times 998 times ... times 2 times 1). For example, this value for 1000! was computed by the MacLISP system using bignums: Node:bigot, Next:bit, Previous:bignum, Up:= B = bigot n.
[common] A person who is religiously attached to a particular computer, language, operating system, editor, or other tool (see religious issues).
Usually found with a specifier; thus, 'cray bigot', 'ITS bigot', 'APL bigot', 'VMS bigot', 'Berkeley bigot'. Real bigots can be distinguished from mere partisans or zealots by the fact that they refuse to learn alternatives even when the march of time and/or technology is threatening to obsolete the favored tool. It is truly said "You can tell a bigot, but you can't tell him much." Compare weenie, Amiga Persecution Complex.
Node:bit, Next:bit bang, Previous:bigot, Up:= B = bit n.
[from the mainstream meaning and 'Binary digIT'] 1.
[techspeak] The unit of information; the amount of information obtained by asking a yes-or-no question for which the two outcomes are equally probable. 2. [techspeak] A computational quantity that can take on one of two values, such as true and false or 0 and 1. 3. A mental flag: a reminder that something should be done eventually. "I have a bit set for you." (I haven't seen you for a while, and I'm supposed to tell or ask you something.) 4. More generally, a (possibly incorrect) mental state of belief. "I have a bit set that says that you were the last guy to hack on EMACS." (Meaning "I think you were the last guy to hack on EMACS, and what I am about to say is predicated on this, so please stop me if this isn't true.")
"I just need one bit from you" is a polite way of indicating that you intend only a short interruption for a question that can presumably be answered yes or no.
A bit is said to be 'set' if its value is true or 1, and 'reset' or 'clear' if its value is false or 0. One speaks of setting and clearing bits. To toggle or 'invert' a bit is to change it, either from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0. See also flag, trit, mode bit.
The term 'bit' first appeared in print in the computer-science sense in a 1948 paper by information theorist Claude Shannon, and was there credited to the early computer scientist John Tukey (who also seems to have coined the term 'software'). Tukey records that 'bit' evolved over a lunch table as a handier alternative to 'bigit' or 'binit', at a conference in the winter of 1943-44.
Node:bit bang, Next:bit bashing, Previous:bit, Up:= B = bit bang n. Transmission of data on a serial line, when accomplished by rapidly tweaking a single output bit, in software, at the appropriate times. The technique is a simple loop with eight OUT and SHIFT instruction pairs for each byte. Input is more interesting. And full duplex (doing input and output at the same time) is one way to separate the real hackers from the wannabees.
Bit bang was used on certain early models of Prime computers, presumably when UARTs were too expensive, and on archaic Z80 micros with a Zilog PIO but no SIO. In an interesting instance of the cycle of reincarnation, this technique returned to use in the early 1990s on some RISC architectures because it consumes such an infinitesimal part of the processor that it actually makes sense not to have a UART. Compare cycle of reincarnation.
Node:bit bashing, Next:bit bucket, Previous:bit bang, Up:= B = bit bashing n.
(alt. 'bit diddling' or bit twiddling) Term used to describe any of several kinds of low-level programming characterized by manipulation of bit, flag, nybble, and other smaller-than-character-sized pieces of data; these include low-level device control, encryption algorithms, checksum and error-correcting codes, hash functions, some flavors of graphics programming (see bitblt), and assembler/compiler code generation. May connote either tedium or a real technical challenge (more usually the former). "The command decoding for the new tape driver looks pretty solid but the bit-bashing for the control registers still has bugs." See also bit bang, mode bit.
Node:bit bucket, Next:bit decay, Previous:bit bashing, Up:= B = bit bucket n.
[very common] 1. The universal data sink (originally, the mythical receptacle used to catch bits when they fall off the end of a register during a shift instruction). Discarded, lost, or destroyed data is said to have 'gone to the bit bucket'. On Unix, often used for /dev/null. Sometimes amplified as 'the Great Bit Bucket in the Sky'. 2. The place where all lost mail and news messages eventually go. The selection is performed according to Finagle's Law; important mail is much more likely to end up in the bit bucket than junk mail, which has an almost 100% probability of getting delivered. Routing to the bit bucket is automatically performed by mail-transfer agents, news systems, and the lower layers of the network. 3. The ideal location for all unwanted mail responses: "Flames about this article to the bit bucket." Such a request is guaranteed to overflow one's mailbox with flames. 4.
Excuse for all mail that has not been sent. "I mailed you those figures last week; they must have landed in the bit bucket."
Compare black hole.
This term is used purely in jest. It is based on the fanciful notion that bits are objects that are not destroyed but only misplaced. This appears to have been a mutation of an earlier term 'bit box', about which the same legend was current; old-time hackers also report that trainees used to be told that when the CPU stored bits into memory it was actually pulling them 'out of the bit box'. See also chad box.
Another variant of this legend has it that, as a consequence of the 'parity preservation law', the number of 1 bits that go to the bit bucket must equal the number of 0 bits. Any imbalance results in bits filling up the bit bucket. A qualified computer technician can empty a full bit bucket as part of scheduled maintenance.
Node:bit decay, Next:bit rot, Previous:bit bucket, Up:= B = bit decay n. See bit rot. People with a physics background tend to prefer this variant for the analogy with particle decay. See also computron, quantum bogodynamics.
Node:bit rot, Next:bit twiddling, Previous:bit decay, Up:= B = bit rot n.
[common] Also bit decay.
Hypothetical disease the existence of which has been deduced from the observation that unused programs or features will often stop working after sufficient time has passed, even if 'nothing has changed'. The theory explains that bits decay as if they were radioactive. As time passes, the contents of a file or the code in a program will become increasingly garbled.
There actually are physical processes that produce such effects (alpha particles generated by trace radionuclides in ceramic chip packages, for example, can change the contents of a computer memory unpredictably, and various kinds of subtle media failures can corrupt files in mass storage), but they are quite rare (and computers are built with error-detecting circuitry to compensate for them). The notion long favored among hackers that cosmic rays are among the causes of such events turns out to be a myth; see the cosmic rays entry for details.
The term software rot is almost synonymous. Software rot is the effect, bit rot the notional cause.
Node:bit twiddling, Next:bit-paired keyboard,


code. "No source for the buggy port driver? Aaargh! I hate proprietary operating systems. Time to RTFB."
Of the various RTF? forms, 'RTFB' is the least pejorative against anyone asking a question for which RTFB is the answer; the anger here is directed at the absence of both source and adequate documentation.
Node:RTFM, Next:RTFS, Previous:RTFB, Up:= R = RTFM /R-T-F-M/ imp.
[Unix] Abbreviation for 'Read The Fucking Manual'. 1. Used by gurus to brush off questions they consider trivial or annoying. Compare Don't do that then!. 2. Used when reporting a problem to indicate that you aren't just asking out of randomness. "No, I can't figure out how to interface Unix to my toaster, and yes, I have RTFM." Unlike sense 1, this use is considered polite. See also FM, RTFAQ, RTFB, RTFS, STFW, RTM, all of which mutated from RTFM, and compare UTSL.
Node:RTFS, Next:RTI, Previous:RTFM, Up:= R = RTFS /R-T-F-S/ [Unix] 1. imp. Abbreviation for 'Read The Fucking Source'.
Variant form of RTFM, used when the problem at hand is not necessarily obvious and not answerable from the manuals -- or the manuals are not yet written and maybe never will be. For even trickier situations, see RTFB. Unlike RTFM, the anger inherent in RTFS is not usually directed at the person asking the question, but rather at the people who failed to provide adequate documentation. 2. imp. 'Read The Fucking Standard'; this oath can only be used when the problem area (e.g., a language or operating system interface) has actually been codified in a ratified standards document. The existence of these standards documents (and the technically inappropriate but politically mandated compromises that they inevitably contain, and the impenetrable legalese in which they are invariably written, and the unbelievably tedious bureaucratic process by which they are produced) can be unnerving to hackers, who are used to a certain amount of ambiguity in the specifications of the systems they use. (Hackers feel that such ambiguities are acceptable as long as the Right Thing to do is obvious to any thinking observer; sadly, this casual attitude towards specifications becomes unworkable when a system becomes popular in the Real World.) Since a hacker is likely to feel that a standards document is both unnecessary and technically deficient, the deprecation inherent in this term may be directed as much against the standard as against the person who ought to read it.
Node:RTI, Next:RTM, Previous:RTFS, Up:= R = RTI /R-T-I/ interj.
The mnemonic for the 'return from interrupt' instruction on many computers including the 6502 and 6800. The variant 'RETI' is found among former Z80 hackers (almost nobody programs these things in assembler anymore). Equivalent to "Now, where was I?"
or used to end a conversational digression. See pop; see also POPJ.
Node:RTM, Next:RTS, Previous:RTI, Up:= R = RTM /R-T-M/ [Usenet: abbreviation for 'Read The Manual'] 1. Politer variant of RTFM. 2. Robert Tappan Morris, perpetrator of the great Internet worm of 1988 (see Great Worm); villain to many, naive hacker gone wrong to a few. Morris claimed that the worm that brought the Internet to its knees was a benign experiment that got out of control as the result of a coding error. After the storm of negative publicity that followed this blunder, Morris's username on ITS was hacked from RTM to RTFM.
Node:RTS, Next:rude, Previous:RTM, Up:= R = RTS /R-T-S/ imp.
Abbreviation for 'Read The Screen'. Mainly used by hackers in the microcomputer world. Refers to what one would like to tell the suit one is forced to explain an extremely simple application to. Particularly appropriate when the suit failed to notice the 'Press any key to continue' prompt, and wishes to know 'why won't it do anything'. Also seen as 'RTFS' in especially deserving cases.
Node:rude, Next:runes, Previous:RTS, Up:= R = rude [WPI] adj.
1. (of a program) Badly written. 2. Functionally poor, e.g., a program that is very difficult to use because of gratuitously poor (random?) design decisions. Oppose cuspy. 3. Anything that manipulates a shared resource without regard for its other users in such a way as to cause a (non-fatal) problem. Examples: programs that change tty modes without resetting them on exit, or windowing programs that keep forcing themselves to the top of the window stack. Compare all-elbows.
Node:runes, Next:runic, Previous:rude, Up:= R = runes pl.n.
1. Anything that requires heavy wizardry or black art to parse: core dumps, JCL commands, APL, or code in a language you haven't a clue how to read. Not quite as bad as line noise, but close. Compare casting the runes, Great Runes. 2. Special display characters (for example, the high-half graphics on an IBM PC). 3. [borderline techspeak] 16-bit characters from the Unicode multilingual character set.
Node:runic, Next:rusty iron, Previous:runes, Up:= R = runic adj.
Syn. obscure. VMS fans sometimes refer to Unix as 'Runix'; Unix fans return the compliment by expanding VMS to 'Very Messy Syntax' or 'Vachement Mauvais Système' (French idiom, "Hugely Bad System").
Node:rusty iron, Next:rusty memory, Previous:runic, Up:= R = rusty iron n. Syn. tired iron. It has been claimed that this is the inevitable fate of water MIPS.
Node:rusty memory, Next:rusty wire, Previous:rusty iron, Up:= R = rusty memory n. Mass-storage that uses iron-oxide-based magnetic media (esp.
tape and the pre-Winchester removable disk packs used in washing machines). Compare donuts.
Node:rusty wire, Next:S/N ratio, Previous:rusty memory, Up:= R = rusty wire n.
[Amateur Packet Radio] Any very noisy network medium, in which the packets are subject to frequent corruption. Most prevalent in reference to wireless links subject to all the vagaries of RF noise and marginal propagation conditions. "Yes, but how good is your whizbang new protocol on really rusty wire?".
Node:= S =, Next:= T =, Previous:= R =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = S = S/N ratio: sacred: saga: sagan: SAIL: salescritter: salt: salt mines: salt substrate: same-day service: samizdat: samurai: sandbender: sandbox: sanity check: Saturday-night special: say: scag: scanno: scary devil monastery: schroedinbug: science-fiction fandom: scram switch: scratch: scratch monkey: scream and die: screaming tty: screen: screen name: screw: screwage: scribble: script kiddies: scrog: scrool: scrozzle: scruffies: SCSI: ScumOS: search-and-destroy mode: second-system effect: secondary damage: security through obscurity: SED: segfault: seggie: segment: segmentation fault: segv: self-reference: selvage: semi: semi-automated: semi-infinite: senior bit: September that never ended: server: SEX: sex changer: shambolic link: shar file: sharchive: Share and enjoy!: shareware: sharing violation: shebang: shelfware: shell: shell out: shift left (or right) logical: shim: shitogram: short card: shotgun debugging: shovelware: showstopper:


to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc.

 Used also as a substantive; as, the French anas.

 It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent. Hallam.
 An'a*bap"tism (&?;), n. [L. anabaptismus, Gr.
 'anabaptismo's: cf. F. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists.

 An'a*bap"tist (&?;), n. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if 'anabaptisth's: cf. F. anabaptiste.] A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy.

 In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism.

 { An'a*bap*tis"tic (&?;), An'a*bap*tis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton.
 Bp. Bull.
 An'a*bap"tist*ry (&?;), n. The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.]

 Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster. Pagitt.
 An'a*bap*tize" (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; again + &?; to baptize. See Baptize.] To rebaptize; to rechristen; also, to rename. [R.] Whitlock.
 ||An"a*bas (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, p. p. of &?; to advance.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes.

 ||A*nab"a*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to go up; &?; up + &?; to go.] 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called "The Anabasis."

 The anabasis of Napoleon. De Quincey.
2. (Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.]

 An'a*bat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to anabasis; as, an anabatic fever. [Obs.]

 An'a*bol"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; something heaped up; &?; + &?; a stroke.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature.

 A*nab"o*lism (&?;), n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism.

 An'a*camp"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; to bend back; &?; back + &?; to bend.] Reflecting of reflected; as, an anacamptic sound (and echo).

 The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics.

 An'a*camp"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv. By reflection; as, echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton.
 An'a*camp"tics (&?;), n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics.

2. The science of reflected sounds.

 { ||An'a*can"thi*ni (&?;), An"a*canths (&?;), } n. pl.
 [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; thorny, fr. &?; thorn.] (Zoöl.)
 A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin-rays, as the cod.

 An'a*can"thous (&?;), a. Spineless, as certain fishes.

 An'a*car"di*a"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples.

 An'a*car"dic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as, anacardic acid.

 ||An'a*car"di*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; similar to + &?; heart; -- the fruit of this plant being thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew.

 An'a*ca*thar"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting; &?; + &?;. See Cathartic.] (Med.)
 Producing vomiting or expectoration. -- n. An anacathartic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic.

 ||An*ach"a*ris (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; up + &?; grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frog's-bit family (Hydrocharidaceæ), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme.

 An*ach"o*ret (&?;), n. An*ach'o*ret"ic*al (&?;), a. See Anchoret, Anchoretic. [Obs.]

 An*ach"o*rism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; place.] An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.]

 An'a*chron"ic (&?;), An'a*chron"ic*al (&?;), a. Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic.

 An*ach"ro*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to refer to a wrong time, to confound times; &?; + &?; time: cf. F. anachronisme.]
 A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation.

 An*ach'ro*nis"tic (&?;), a. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton.
 An*ach"ro*nize (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell.
 An*ach"ro*nous (&?;), a. Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. -- An*ach"ro*nous*ly, adv.
 An'a*clas"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; to bend back and break; to reflect (light); &?; + &?; to break.] 1. (Opt.)
 Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as, anaclastic


AUSTRALIAN LEGENDARY TALES FOLK-LORE OF THE NOONGAHBURRAHS AS TOLD TO THE PICCANINNIES COLLECTED BY MRS. K. LANGLOH PARKER WITH INTRODUCTION BY ANDREW LANG, M.A.
 DEDICATED TO PETER HIPPI KING OF THE NOONGAHBURRAHS CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION, BY ANDREW LANG, M.A.
1 DINEWAN THE EMU, AND GOOMBLEGUBBON THE BUSTARD 2 THE GALAH, AND OOLAH THE LIZARD 3 BAHLOO THE MOON, AND THE DAENS 4 THE ORIGIN OF THE NARRAN LAKE 5 GOOLOO THE MAGPIE, AND THE WAHROOGAH 6 THE WEEOOMBEENS AND THE PIGGIEBILLAH 7 BOOTOOLGAH THE CRANE AND GOONUR THE KANGAROO RAT, THE FIRE MAKERS 8 WEEDAH THE MOCKING BIRD 9 THE GWINERBOOS THE REDBREASTS 10 MEAMEI THE SEVEN SISTERS 11 THE COOKOOBURRAHS AND THE GOOLAHGOOL 12 THE MAYAMAH 13 THE BUNBUNDOOLOOEYS 14 OONGNAIRWAH AND GUINAREY 15 NARAHDARN THE BAT 16 MULLYANGAH THE MORNING STAR 17 GOOMBLEGUBBON, BEEARGAII, AND OUYAN 18 MOOREGOO THE MOPOKE, AND BAHLOO THE MOON 19 OUYAN THE CURLEW 20 DINEWAN THE EMU, AND WAHN THE CROWS 21 GOOLAHWILLEEL THE TOPKNOT PIGEONS 22 GOONUR, THE WOMAN-DOCTOR 23 DEEREEREE THE WAGTAIL, AND THE RAINBOW 24 MOOREGOO THE MOPOKE, AND MOONINGUGGAHGUL THE MOSQUITO BIRD 25 BOUGOODOOGAHDAH THE RAIN BIRD 26 THE BORAH OF BYAMEE 27 BUNNYYARL THE FLIES AND WURRUNNUNNAH THE BEES 28 DEEGEENBOYAH THE SOLDIER-BIRD 29 MAYRAH, THE WIND THAT BLOWS THE WINTER AWAY 30 WAYAMBEH THE TURTLE 31 WIRREENUN THE RAINMAKER NATIVE TEXT OF THE FIRST TALE (APPENDIX) GLOSSARY PREFACE A neighbour of mine exclaimed, when I mentioned that I proposed making a small collection of the folk-lore legends of the tribe of blacks I knew so well living on this station, "But have the blacks any legends?"—thus showing that people may live in a country and yet know little of the aboriginal inhabitants; and though there are probably many who do know these particular legends, yet I think that this is the first attempt that has been made to collect the tales of any particular tribe, and publish them alone. At all events, I know that no attempt has been made previously, as far as the folklore of the Noongahburrahs is concerned.
Therefore, on the authority of Professor Max Muller, that folk-lore of any country is worth collecting, I am emboldened to offer my small attempt, at a collection, to the public. There are probably many who, knowing these legends, would not think them worth recording; but, on the other hand, I hope there are many who think, as I do, that we should try, while there is yet time, to gather all the information possible of a race fast dying out, and the origin of which is so obscure. I cannot affect to think that these little legends will do much to remove that obscurity, but undoubtedly a scientific and patient study of the folk-lore throughout Australia would greatly assist thereto. I, alas! am but an amateur, moved to my work by interest in the subject, and in the blacks, of whom I have had some experience.
The time is coming when it will be impossible to make even such a collection as this, for the old blacks are quickly dying out, and the young ones will probably think it beneath the dignity of their so-called civilisation even to remember such old-women's stories. Those who have themselves attempted the study of an unknown folk-lore will be able to appreciate the difficulties a student has to surmount before he can even induce those to talk who have the knowledge he desires. In this, as in so much else, those who are ready to be garrulous know little.
I have confined this little book to the legends of the Narran tribe, known among themselves as Noongahburrahs. It is astonishing to find, within comparatively short distances, a diversity of language and custom. You may even find the same word in different tribes bearing a totally different meaning. Many words, too, have been introduced which the blacks think are English, and the English think are native. Such, for example, as piccaninny, and, as far as these outside blacks are concerned, boomerang is regarded as English, their local word being burren; yet nine out of ten people whom you meet think both are local native words.
Though I have written my little book in the interests of folk-lore, I hope it will gain the attention of, and have some interest for, children—of Australian children, because they will find stories of old friends among the Bush birds; and of English children, because I hope that they will be glad to make new friends, and so establish a free trade between the Australian and English nurseries—wingless, and laughing birds, in exchange for fairy godmothers, and princes in disguise.
I must also acknowledge my great indebtedness to the blacks, who, when once they understood what I wanted to know, were most ready to repeat to me the legends repeating with the utmost patience, time after time, not only the legends, but the names, that I might manage to spell them so as to be understood when repeated. In particular I should like to mention my indebtedness to Peter Hippi, king of the Noongahburrahs; and to Hippitha, Matah, Barahgurrie, and Beemunny.
I have dedicated my booklet to Peter Hippi, in grateful recognition of his long and faithful service to myself and my husband, which has extended, with few intervals, over a period of twenty years. He, too, is probably the last king of the Noongabburrahs, who are fast dying out—, and soon their weapons, bartered by them for tobacco or whisky, alone will prove that they ever existed. It seemed to me a pity that some attempt should not be made to collect the folk-lore of the quickly disappearing tribe—a folk-lore embodying, probably, the thoughts, fancies, and beliefs of the genuine aboriginal race, and which, as such, deserves to be, indeed, as Max Muller says, "might be and ought to be, collected in every part of the world."
The legends were told to me by the blacks themselves, some of whom remember the coming of Mitchellan, as they call Major Mitchell, the explorer of these back creeks. The old blacks laugh now when they tell you how frightened their mothers were of the first wheel tracks they saw. They would not let the children tread on them, but carefully lifted them over, lest their feet should break out in sores, as they were supposed to do if they trod on a snake's track. But with all their fear, little did they realise that


work secretly against (a candidate of one's own party). [Slang, U. S.]

 Knife switch. (Elec.) A switch consisting of one or more knifelike pieces hinged at one end and making contact near the other with flat gripping springs.

 Knight service. Also Knight's service (&?;). 1. (Feud. Law) The military service by rendering which a knight held his lands; also, the tenure of lands held on condition of performing military service.

 By far the greater part of England [in the 13th century] is held of the king by knight's service.... In order to understand this tenure we must form the conception of a unit of military service. That unit seems to be the service of one knight or fully armed horseman (servitium unius militis) to be done to the king in his army for forty days in the year, if it be called for.... The limit of forty days seems to have existed rather in theory than practice.

Pollock & Mait.
2. Service such as a knight can or should render; hence, good or valuable service.

 Knight's fee. (Feudal Law) The fee of a knight; specif., the amount of land the holding of which imposed the obligation of knight service, being sometimes a hide or less, sometimes six or more hides.

 Knob"ker'rie (?), n. [Boer D. knopkirie, fr. D. knop-hout, knotty stick + Hottentot kïrri club.] A short club with a knobbed end used as a missile weapon by Kafir and other native tribes of South Africa.

 Knob"stick' (?), n. A stick, cane, or club terminating in a knob; esp., such a stick or club used as a weapon or missile; a knobkerrie.

 Knock, v. i. To practice evil speaking or fault-finding; to criticize habitually or captiously. [Vulgar Slang, U. S.]

 Knock, v. t. To impress strongly or forcibly; to astonish; to move to admiration or applause. [Slang, Eng.]

 Knock"a*bout' (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A small yacht, generally from fifteen to twentyfive feet in length, having a mainsail and a jib. All knockabouts have ballast and either a keel or centerboard.
 The original type was twenty-one feet in length. The next larger type is called a raceabout.

2. A knockabout performer or performance. [Theat. Slang] 3. A man hired on a sheep station to do odd jobs. [Colloq., Australia] Knock"a*bout' (?), a. 1. Marked by knocking about or roughness.

2. Of noisy and violent character. [Theat. Slang] 3. Characterized by, or suitable for, knocking about, or traveling or wandering hither and thither.

4. That does odd jobs; -- said of a class of hands or laborers on a sheep station. [Collog., Australia] Knock"down' (?), a. 1. Of such force as to fell or overthrow; overwhelming; as, a knockdown blow.

2. Designating a rivet end to be formed into a head by upsetting in fastening.

3. Of or pertaining to the act of knocking down at an auction; specif., designating the price below which an article will not be disposed by the auctioneer.

4. Made or constructed so as to be capable of being knocked down or taken apart, as for transportation.

 Knock"down', n. 1. That which knocks one down; something that overpowers or overwhelms, as strong liquor; specif., a kind of ale or beer that is very strong. [Slang.]

2. A knocking down; a felling by a knock; a blow that overwhelms; also, a fist fight.

3. Something that knocks down, or takes apart, for packing or removal, as a piece of furniture; also, state of being knocked down, or taken apart.

 Knock"er (?), n. 1. A person strikingly handsome, beautiful, or fine; one who wins admiration; a "stunner." [Slang.]

2. A species of large cockroach, esp. Blabera gigantea, of semitropical America, which is able to produce a loud knocking sound.

 Knock"-off', n. Act or place of knocking off; that which knocks off; specif. (Mach.), a cam or the like for disconnecting something, as a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

 Knock"-off', a. That knocks off; of or pertaining to knocking off.

 Knock"-out', a. That knocks out; characterized by knocking out; as, a knock-out blow; a knock-out key for knocking out a drill from a collet.

 Knock"-out' (?), n. Act of knocking out, or state of being knocked out.

 Knock-out drops. Drops of some drug put in one's drink to stupefy him for purpose of robbery, etc. [Slang, U. S.]

 Ko"dak (?), n. [An invented name.] 1. A kind of portable photographic camera, esp. adapted for snapshot work, in which a succession of negatives is made upon a continuous roll of sensitized film; -- a trade-mark name of the Eastman Kodak Company, but now popularly applied to almost any hand camera.

2. A photograph taken with a kodak.

 Ko"dak, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kodaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kodaking.] To photograph with a kodak; hence, to describe or characterize briefly and vividly.

 ||Koft'ga*ri" (?), a. [Hind. koft garï goldbeating. fr.
 Per. koft beating + garï trade.] Ornamental work produced by inlaying steel with gold, -- a variety of damascening much used in the arts of India.

 { Ko"la (?), Kola nut }. Same as Cola, Cola nut.

 Ko*lin"sky (?), n. [Russ. kolinski of Kola, a district in northeasten Russia where the finest minks abound.] Among furriers, any of several Asiatic minks; esp., Putorius sibiricus, the yellowish brown pelt of which is valued, esp. for the tail, used for making artists' brushes. Trade names for the fur are red sable and Tatar sable.

 { Ko*lusch"an, Ko*lush"an } (?), a. [From Russ. kalyushka piece of wood (worn in the nether lip).] Designating, or pert. to, a linguistic stock of North American Indians comprising the Tlinkit tribes of the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska and adjacent coast lands. Their language bears some affinity to Mexican tongues.

 Kon*seal" (?), n. [Prob. formed from conceal.] (Med.)
 A form of capsule for inclosing a dose of medicine that is offensive, caustic, or the like.

 ||Kop (?), n. [South Afr. D., fr. D. kop head, akin to G. kopf and prob. to E. cop top.] Hill; mountain. [South Africa] ||Kop"je (?), n. [South African D., dim. of kop. See Kop.] A hillock; a small kop. [South Africa] The colloqual Dutch pronunciation as here given is the usual one in South Africa.

 Ko"sher (?), a. [heb. koshër fit, proper.] Ceremonially clean, according to Jewish law; -- applied to food, esp. to meat of animals slaughtered according to the requirements of Jewish law. Opp


Innocent.] 1. The state or quality of being innocent; freedom from that which is harmful or infurious; harmlessness.

2. The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness.

 The silence often of pure innocence Persuades when speaking fails.

Shak.
 Banished from man's life his happiest life, Simplicity and spotless innocence!

Milton.
3. The state or quality of being not chargeable for, or guilty of, a particular crime or offense; as, the innocence of the prisoner was clearly shown.

4. Simplicity or plainness, bordering on weakness or silliness; artlessness; ingenuousness. Chaucer. Shak.
Syn. -- Harmlessness; innocuousness; blamelessness; purity; sinlessness; guiltlessness.

 In"no*cen*cy (?), n. Innocence.

 In"no*cent (?), a. [F. innocent, L. innocens, -entis; pref. innot + nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm, hurt. See Noxious.] 1. Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as, an innocent medicine or remedy.

 The spear Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.

Pope.
2. Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright.

 To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb.

Shak.
 I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood.

Matt. xxvii. 4.
 The aidless, innocent lady, his wished prey.

Milton.
3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as, a man is innocent of the crime charged.

Innocent from the great transgression.

Ps. xix. 13.
4. Simple; artless; foolish. Shak.
5. Lawful; permitted; as, an innocent trade.

6. Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as, innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation.

Innocent party (Law), a party who has not notice of a fact tainting a litigated transaction with illegality.

Syn. -- Harmless; innoxious; innoffensive; guiltless; spotless; immaculate; pure; unblamable; blameless; faultless; guileless; upright.

 In"no*cent, n. 1. An innocent person; one free from, or unacquainted with, guilt or sin. Shak.
2. An unsophisticated person; hence, a child; a simpleton; an idiot. B. Jonson.
 In Scotland a natural fool was called an innocent.

Sir W. Scott.
Innocents' day (Eccl.), Childermas day.

 In"no*cent*ly, adv. In an innocent manner.

 In"no*cu"i*ty (?), n. Innocuousness.

 In*noc"u*ous (?), a. [L. innocuus; innot + nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt. See Innocent.] Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent.

 A patient, innocuous, innocent man.

Burton.
 -- In*noc"u*ous*ly, adv. -- In*noc"u*ous*ness, n. Where the salt sea innocuously breaks.

Wordsworth.
 In"no*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innodated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Innodating (?).] [L. innodatus, p. p. of innodare; pref. inin + nodus knot.] To bind up, as in a knot; to include. [Obs.] Fuller.
 In*nom"i*na*ble (?), a. [L. innominabilis; pref. innot + nominare to name: cf. F. innominable.] Not to be named. [R.] Testament of Love.
 In*nom"i*nate (?), a. [L. innominatus; pref. innot + nominare to name.] 1. Having no name; unnamed; as, an innominate person or place. [R.] Ray.
2. (Anat.) A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as, the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava.

Innominate bone (Anat.), the great bone which makes a lateral half of the pelvis in mammals; hip bone; haunch bone; huckle bone.
 It is composed of three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, consolidated into one in the adult, though separate in the fetus, as also in many adult reptiles and amphibians. -- Innominate contracts (Law), in the Roman law, contracts without a specific name.

 In"no*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Innovating (?).] [L. innovatus, p. p. of innovare to revew; pref. inin + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New.] 1. To bring in as new; to introduce as a novelty; as, to innovate a word or an act. [Archaic] 2. To change or alter by introducing something new; to remodel; to revolutionize. [Archaic] Burton.
 From his attempts upon the civil power, he proceeds to innovate God's worship.

South.
 In"no*vate, v. i. To introduce novelties or changes; -- sometimes with in or on. Bacon.
 Every man, therefore, is not fit to innovate.

Dryden.
 In'no*va"tion (?), n. [L. innovatio; cf. F. innovation.]
 1. The act of innovating; introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc. Dryden.
2. A change effected by innovating; a change in customs; something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites. Bacon.
 The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness, but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations.

Hooker.
3. (Bot.) A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses.

 In'no*va"tion*ist, n. One who favors innovation.

 In"no*va*tive (?), a. Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Fitzed. Hall.
 In"no*va'tor (?), n. [Cf. F. innovateur.] One who innovates.
 Shak.
 In*nox"ious (?), a. [L. innoxius. See Innot, and Noxious.]
 1. Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. "Innoxious flames." Sir K. Digby.
2. Free from crime; pure; innocent. Pope.
 -- In*nox'ious*ly, adv. -- In*nox"ious*ness, n. In*nu"bi*lous (?), a. [L. innubilus. See Nubilous.]
 Cloudless. [Obs.] Blount.
 In'nu*en"do (?), n.; pl. Innuedoes(&?;). [L., by intimation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give a nod, to intimate; pref. inin, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod. See Nutation.] 1. An oblique hint; a remote allusion or reference, usually derogatory to a person or thing not named; an insinuation.

 Mercury... owns it a marriage by an innuendo.

Dryden.
 Pursue your trade of scandal picking; Your innu


The Project Gutenberg eBook of Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, by Mary Wollstonecraft This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at _URL_. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark Author: Mary Wollstonecraft Editor: Henry Morley Release Date: December 30, 2007 [eBook #3529] [Most recently updated: June 5, 2022] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 Transcribed from the 1889 Cassell & Company edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS WRITTEN DURING A SHORT RESIDENCE IN SWEDEN, NORWAY, AND DENMARK *** cassell's national library.
LETTERS written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark by MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT.
CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: london, paris, new york & melbourne.
1889.
INTRODUCTION.
Mary Wollstonecraft was born on the 27th of April, 1759.
Her father—a quick-tempered and unsettled man, capable of beating wife, or child, or dog—was the son of a manufacturer who made money in Spitalfields, when Spitalfields was prosperous. Her mother was a rigorous Irishwoman, of the Dixons of Ballyshannon. Edward John Wollstonecraft—of whose children, besides Mary, the second child, three sons and two daughters lived to be men and women—in course of time got rid of about ten thousand pounds, which had been left him by his father. He began to get rid of it by farming. Mary Wollstonecraft's first-remembered home was in a farm at Epping. When she was five years old the family moved to another farm, by the Chelmsford Road. When she was between six and seven years old they moved again, to the neighbourhood of Barking.
There they remained three years before the next move, which was to a farm near Beverley, in Yorkshire. In Yorkshire they remained six years, and Mary Wollstonecraft had there what education fell to her lot between the ages of ten and sixteen. Edward John Wollstonecraft then gave up farming to venture upon a commercial speculation. This caused him to live for a year and a half at Queen's Row, Hoxton.
His daughter Mary was then sixteen; and while at Hoxton she had her education advanced by the friendly care of a deformed clergyman—a Mr. Clare—who lived next door, and stayed so much at home that his one pair of shoes had lasted him for fourteen years.
But Mary Wollstonecraft's chief friend at this time was an accomplished girl only two years older than herself, who maintained her father, mother, and family by skill in drawing. Her name was Frances Blood, and she especially, by her example and direct instruction, drew out her young friend's powers. In 1776, Mary Wollstonecraft's father, a rolling stone, rolled into Wales. Again he was a farmer. Next year again he was a Londoner; and Mary had influence enough to persuade him to choose a house at Walworth, where she would be near to her friend Fanny. Then, however, the conditions of her home life caused her to be often on the point of going away to earn a living for herself. In 1778, when she was nineteen, Mary Wollstonecraft did leave home, to take a situation as companion with a rich tradesman's widow at Bath, of whom it was said that none of her companions could stay with her. Mary Wollstonecraft, nevertheless, stayed two years with the difficult widow, and made herself respected. Her mother's failing health then caused Mary to return to her. The father was then living at Enfield, and trying to save the small remainder of his means by not venturing upon any business at all. The mother died after long suffering, wholly dependent on her daughter Mary's constant care. The mother's last words were often quoted by Mary Wollstonecraft in her own last years of distress—"A little patience, and all will be over." After the mother's death, Mary Wollstonecraft left home again, to live with her friend, Fanny Blood, who was at Walham Green. In 1782 she went to nurse a married sister through a dangerous illness. The father's need of support next pressed upon her. He had spent not only his own money, but also the little that had been specially reserved for his children. It is said to be the privilege of a passionate man that he always gets what he wants; he gets to be avoided, and they never find a convenient corner of their own who shut themselves out from the kindly fellowship of life.
In 1783 Mary Wollstonecraft—aged twenty-four—with two of her sisters, joined Fanny Blood in setting up a day school at Islington, which was removed in a few months to Newington Green. Early in 1785 Fanny Blood, far gone in consumption, sailed for Lisbon to marry an Irish surgeon who was settled there. After her marriage it was evident that she had but a few months to live; Mary Wollstonecraft, deaf to all opposing counsel, then left her school, and, with help of money from a friendly woman, she went out to nurse her, and was by her when she died. Mary Wollstonecraft remembered her loss ten years afterwards in these "Letters from Sweden and Norway," when she wrote: "The grave has closed over a dear friend, the friend of my youth; still she is present with me, and I hear her soft voice warbling as I stray over the heath." Mary Wollstonecraft left Lisbon for England late in December, 1785. When she came back she found Fanny's poor parents anxious to go back to Ireland; and as she had been often told that she could earn by writing, she wrote a pamphlet of 162 small pages—"Thoughts on the Education of Daughters"—and got ten pounds for it. This she gave to her friend's parents to enable them to go back to their kindred. In all she did there is clear evidence of an ardent, generous, impulsive nature. One day her friend Fanny Blood had repined at the unhappy surroundings in the home she was maintaining for her father and mother, and longed for a little home of her own to do her work in. Her friend quietly found rooms, got furniture together, and told her that her little home was ready; she had only to walk into it.
Then it seemed strange to Mary Wollstonecraft that Fanny Blood was withheld by thoughts that had not been uppermost in the mood of complaint. She thought her friend irresolute, where she had herself been generously rash. Her end would have been happier had she been helped, as many are, by that calm influence of home in which some knowledge of the world passes from father and mother to son and daughter, without visible teaching and preaching, in easiest companionship of young and old from day to day.
The little payment for her pamphlet on the "Education of Daughters" caused Mary Wollstonecraft to think more seriously of earning by her pen. The pamphlet seems also to have advanced her credit as a teacher. After giving up her day school, she spent some weeks at Eton with the Rev. Mr. Prior, one of the masters there, who recommended her as governess to the daughters of Lord Kingsborough, an Irish viscount, eldest son of the Earl of Kingston. Her way of teaching was by winning love, and she obtained the warm affection of the eldest of her pupils, who became afterwards


perpendicularly, or an angle of 90° (measured by a quarter circle). -- Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. -- Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. -- Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. -- For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc.

 An"gle (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Angling (&?;).] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line.

2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as, to angle for praise.

 The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shak.
 An"gle, v. t. To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] "He angled the people's hearts." Sir P. Sidney.
 An"gled (&?;), a. Having an angle or angles; -- used in compounds; as, right-angled, many-angled, etc.

 The thrice three-angled beechnut shell. Bp. Hall.
 An"gle*me'ter (&?;), n. [Angle + - meter.] An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata.

 An"gler (&?;), n. 1. One who angles.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc.

 An"gles (&?;), n. pl. [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.)
 An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc.

 An"gle*site (&?;), n. [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.)
 A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals.

 An"gle*wise' (&?;), adv. [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] In an angular manner; angularly.

 An"gle*worm' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm.

 An"gli*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Angles. -- n. One of the Angles.

 An"glic (&?;), a. Anglian.

 An"gli*can (&?;), a. [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as, the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc.

2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England.

 An"gli*can (&?;), n. 1. A member of the Church of England.

 Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists. Burke.
2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England.

 An"gli*can*ism (&?;), n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England.

2. The principles of the established church of England; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high-church party.

3. Attachment to England or English institutions.

 ||An"gli*ce (&?;), adv. [NL.] In English; in the English manner; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn.

 An*glic"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [NL. Anglicus English + -fly.]
 To anglicize. [R.]

 An"gli*cism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden.
2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method.

 An*glic"i*ty (&?;), n. The state or quality of being English.

 An'gli*ci*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of anglicizing, or making English in character.

 An"gli*cize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies.

 An"gli*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] [L. Angli + -fly.]
 To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin.
 An"gling (&?;), n. The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton.
 An"glo- (&?;) [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as, Anglo-Turkish treaty, Anglo-German, Anglo-Irish.

Anglo-American,. Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. -- n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States.

Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England.

Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. -- n. One of the AngloIndian race born or resident in the East Indies.

Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. -- n. One of the English Normans, or the Normans who conquered England.

Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary.

 An"glo-Cath"o*lic, a., Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; -- sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England.

 An"glo-Cath"o*lic, n. A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman.

 An"glo*ma"ni*a (&?;), n. [Anglo'cf + mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

 An'glo*ma"ni*ac, n. One affected with Anglomania.

 An'glo*pho"bi*a (&?;), n. [Anglo- + Gr. &?; fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. -- An"glo*phobe (&?;), n. An"glo-Sax"on (&?;), n. [L. AngliSaxones English Sax


altic salts. -- Roseo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex red compounds of cobalt and ammonia. Modifications of these are the purpureo-cobaltic compounds.

 Co'balt*if"er*ous (?), a. [Cobalt + -ferous.] (Min.)
 Containing cobalt.

 { Co"balt*ine (?), Co"balt*ite (?) } n. (Min.) A mineral of a nearly silver-white color, composed of arsenic, sulphur, and cobalt.

 Co*balt"ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said esp. of cobalt compounds in which the metal has its lower valence.

Cobaltous chloride, a crystalline compound, CoCl2, of a pale rose color when hydrous, blue when dehydrated. Its solution is used for a sympathetic ink, the writing being nearly colorless when dried in the air, owing to absorbed moisture, and becoming bright blue when warmed.

 Cob"bing (?), a. Haughty; purse-proud. See Cob, n., 2.
 [Obs.] Withals (1608).
 Cob"ble (?), n. A fishing boat. See Coble.

 Cob"ble, n. [From Cob a lump. See Cob, n., 9, and cf. Copple, Copplestone.] 1. A cobblestone. "Their slings held cobbles round." Fairfax.
2. pl. Cob coal. See under Cob.

 Cob"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cobbling (?).] [OF. cobler, copler, to join or knit together, couple, F. coupler, L. copulare to couple, join. Cf. Couple, n. & v. t.] 1. To make or mend coarsely; to patch; to botch; as, to cobble shoes. Shak. "A cobbled saddle." Thackeray.
2. To make clumsily. "Cobbled rhymes." Dryden.
3. To pave with cobblestones.

 Cob"bler (?), n. 1. A mender of shoes. Addison.
2. A clumsy workman. Shak.
3. A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry.

Cobbler fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish (Blepharis crinitus) of the Atlantic. The name alludes to its threadlike fin rays.

 Cob"ble*stone' (?), n. A large pebble; a rounded stone not too large to be handled; a small boulder; -- used for paving streets and for other purposes.

 Cob"by (?), a. [From Cob, n.] 1. Headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Brockett.
2. Stout; hearty; lively. [Obs.]

 Co'bel*lig"er*ent (?), a. Carrying on war in conjunction with another power.

 Co'bel*lig"er*ent, n. A nation or state that carries on war in connection with another.

 Co"bi*a (?), n. (Zoöl.) An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; -- called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

 Cob"i'ron (?), n. [From Cob the top.] An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon.
 Co'bish"op (?), n. A joint or coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe.
 Co"ble (?), n. [AS. cuopel; cf. W. ceubal skiff, ferryboat.] A flat-floored fishing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder extending from two to four feet below the keel. It was originally used on the stormy coast of Yorkshire, England.

 Cob"nut' (?), n. 1. (Com.) A large roundish variety of the cultivated hazelnut.

2. A game played by children with nuts.

 Co*boose" (?), n. See Caboose.

 Co"bourg (?), n. [Named from the town of Coburg in Germany.]
 A thin worsted fabric for women's dresses.

 Co"bra (?), n. See Copra.

 Co"bra, n. The cobra de capello.

 ||Co"bra de ca*pel"lo (?). [Pg., serpent of the hood.] (Zoöl.)
 The hooded snake (Naia tripudians), a highly venomous serpent inhabiting India.

 Cob"stone' (?), n. Cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.]

 Cob"swan' (?), n. A large swan. B. Jonson.
 Cob"wall' (?), n. [Cob clay mixed with straw + wall.]
 A wall made of clay mixed with straw.

 Cob"web' (?), n. [Cob a spider + web.] 1. The network spread by a spider to catch its prey.

2. A snare of insidious meshes designed to catch the ignorant and unwary.

 I can not but lament thy splendid wit Entangled in the cobwebs of the schools. Cowper.
3. That which is thin and unsubstantial, or flimsy and worthless; rubbish.

 The dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age. Sir P. Sidney.
4. (Zoöl.) The European spotted flycatcher.

Cobweb lawn, a fine linen, mentioned in 1640 as being in pieces of fifteen yards. Beck. Draper's Dict.
 Such a proud piece of cobweb lawn. Beau. & Fl.
 -- Cobweb micrometer, a micrometer in which threads of cobweb are substituted for wires.

 Cob"webbed' (?), a. Abounding in cobwebs. "The cobwebbed cottage." Young.
 Cob"web'by (?), a. Abounding in cobwebs, or any fine web; resembling a cobweb.

 Cob"work' (?), a. Built of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with the ends dovetailed together at the corners, as in a log house; in marine work, often surrounding a central space filled with stones; as, a cobwork dock or breakwater.

 Co"ca (?), n. [Sp., fr. native name.] The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon.

 Coca leaves resemble tea leaves in size, shape, and odor, and are chewed (with an alkali) by natives of Peru and Bolivia to impart vigor in prolonged exertion, or to sustain strength in absence of food.

Mexican coca, an American herb (Richardsonia scabra), yielding a nutritious fodder. Its roots are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha.

 Coc*agne" (?), n. [F. cocagne, pays de cocagne; of uncertian origin, cf. Prov. F. couque cake, Catal. coca, L. coquere to cook; as if the houses in this country were covered with cakes. Cf. Cook, Cockney.] 1. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury.

2. The land of cockneys; cockneydom; -- a term applied to London and its suburbs. Smart.
 Co"ca*ine (?), n. (Chem.) A powerful alkaloid, C17H21NO4, obtained from the leaves of coca. It is a bitter, white, crystalline substance, and is remarkable for producing local insensibility to pain.

 Coc*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. coccum a berry + -ferous.
 See Coccus.] Bearing or producing berries; bacciferous; as, cocciferous trees or plants.

 ||Coc'ci*nel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. c


bad so fast that when you buy it in the store it usually is the rye equivalent of white wheat flour. The germ has been removed. The bag may not say so. But it probably has. If you are going to make rye breads, even more reason to grind your own. Corn meal from the grocery store has usually been degerminated too. If it hasn't been, the oil in the seed's germ has probably gone rancid.
 Grinding flour at home is easy these days. There is an abundance of at-home milling products and no shortage of hype about them. You'll find staunch advocates of stone mills. These produce the finest-textured flour, but are costly.
The sales pitch is that stones grind at low temperature and do not damage the oils (remember the development of rancidity is a function of temperature) or the vitamins, which are also destroyed at high temperature. This assertion is half true. If you are going to store your flour it is far better to grind it cool. However, if you are, as we do, going to immediately bake your flour, what difference does it make if it gets a little warm before baking. That only accelerates the action of the yeast.
 On the negative side, stone mills grind slowly and are very fussy about which grains they will grind. If the cereal is a bit moist or if the seed being ground is a little bit oily, the mill becomes instantly blocked.
 Steel burr mills grind fast and coarsely and are inexpensive.
Coarse flour makes heavy bread. The metal grinding faces tend to wear out and have to be replaced occasionally--if they can be replaced. Breads on the heavy side are still delicious; for many years I made bread with an inexpensive steel burr mill attachment that came with my juicer.
 Some steel burr mills will also grind oily seed like sesame and sunflower. However, oily seeds can be ground far more easily half-a-cup at a time in a little inexpensive electric spice/coffee mill, the sort with a single fast-spinning propeller.
 I currently think the best compromise are hammermills. The grain dribbles into a chamber full of fast-spinning teeth that literally pound the grain into powder. Since air flows through with the grain the flour is not heated very much. This type of mill is small, very fast, intermediate in price between steel mills and stone mill, lasts a long time, but when grinding, sounds like a Boeing 747 about to take off. It is essential to wear hearing protectors when using it.
 Awareness of bread quality is growing. One excellent new U.S. business, called Great Harvest Bakery is a fast-growing national franchise chain.
They bake and sell only whole grain breads; all their wheat flour is freshly ground daily on the premises in the back. Unfortunately, as of the writing of this book, they do not grind their rye flour but bring it in sacks. I can't recommend their rye breads. The founder of Great Harvest is a knowledgeable buyer who fully understands my next topic, which is that wheat is not wheat.
 There are great differences between hard bread wheats; being organically grown is no cure all for making good or nutritious bread. Great Harvest understands this and uses top quality grain that is also Organic.
 When I first stated making my own bread from my own at-home-ground flour I was puzzled by variations in the dough. Sometimes the bread rose well and was spongy after baking like I wanted it to be. Sometimes it kneaded stickily and ended up flat and crumbly like a cake. Since I had done everything the same way except that I may have bought my wheat berries from different healthfood stores, I began to investigate the subject of wheat quality.
 The element in the cereal that forms the rubbery sponge in risen bread so it doesn't crumble and rises high without collapsing, is gluten. The word glue derives from gluten. The gluten content of various wheats varies. Bread bakers use "hard wheat" because of its high gluten content. Gluten is a protein and gluten comprises most of the protein in bread wheat; the protein content and the gluten content are almost identical.
 Try this. Ask your healthfood store buyer or owner what the protein content is of the hard red wheat seeds they're selling. You'll almost certainly get a puzzled look and your answer will almost certainly be, "we have Organic and conventional." Demand that the store buyer ask this question of their distributor/wholesaler and then report back to you. If the distributor deigns to answer, the answer will be the same--I sell Organic or conventional hard red wheat. Period. When I got these non-answers I looked further and discovered that hard bread wheats run from about 12 percent protein to about 19 percent and this difference has everything to do with the soil fertility (and to an extent the amount of rainfall during the season), and almost nothing to do with Organic or conventional.
 This difference also has everything to do with how your dough behaves and how your bread comes out. And how well your bread nourishes you. Thirteen percent wheat will not make a decent loaf--fourteen percent is generally considered #2 quality and comprises the bulk of cheap bread grain. When you hear in the financial news that a bushel of wheat is selling for a certain price, they mean #2. Bakers compete for higher protein lots and pay far higher prices for more protein.
 We prefer our bread about 25% rye, but rye contains no gluten at all. Mix any rye flour into fourteen percent wheat flour and the dough becomes very heavy, won't rise, and after baking, crumbles. So I kept looking for better grain and finally discovered a knowledgeable lady that sold flour mills and who also was a serious baker herself. She had located a source of quality wheat with an assayed protein content and sold it by the 50 pound sack. When I asked her if her wheat was Organic she said it was either sixteen or seventeen percent protein depending on whether you wanted hard red spring wheat or hard white spring wheat. Organic or conventional?
I persisted. No, she said. High protein!
 So, I said to myself, since protein content is a function of soil fertility and since my body needs protein, I figured I am better off eating the best quality wheat, pesticide/herbicide residues (if there are any) be damned.
Think about it! The difference between seventeen percent and fourteen percent protein is about 25 percent. That percentage difference is the key threshold of nutritional deficiency that makes teeth fall out. We can't afford to accept 25% degradations in our nutritional quality in something that we eat every day and that forms the very basis of our dietary.
 Please understand here that I am not saying that high protein wheats can't be grown organically. They certainly can. The founder of Great Harvest Bakery performs a valuable service locating and securing high-protein lots of organically grown wheats for his outlets. But often as not Organic products are no more nourishing than those grown with chemicals. Until the buyers at Organic whole food wholesalers get better educated about grain, obtaining one's personal milling stock from them will be a dicey proposition.
 Sometimes Organic cereal can be far worse than conventional.
To make a cereal Organic is a negative definition; if it hasn't had chemicals, then its Organic. Grain is one of the few foods that will still produce economic yields of low quality seed on extremely infertile soil or when half-smothered in weeds because herbicides weren't used for reasons of ideological purity. Vegetables will hardly produce anything under those conditions; carelessly grown fruits and vegetables are inevitably small, misshapen, unmarketable. But seed cleaning equipment can remove the contamination of weed seeds in cereal grains (at a cost.)
 The price the farmer receives for Organic cereal grain is much higher, so it is possible to accept rather low yields or expend more money for cleaning out high levels of weed seeds from the field-run harvest, and still make a good profit. A lousy Organic cereal crop like this might even make a higher profit because the farmer has been spared the expense of fertilization, of rotation, of weed control. I remember once I bought a sack of Organic whole oats that were the smallest, most shriveled, bitterest oats I've ever tried to eat. We ended up throwing out that tiny, light (lacking density) seed in favor of using the "conventional" whole oats that were plump, heavy and sweet.
 Wheat is not the only cereal that is damaged by industrial milling. So are oats. Most consumers have never seen whole oats; they look very much like wheat berries.


surface of the sphere. "The gnomonic projection derives its name from the connection between the methods of describing it and those for the construction of a gnomon or dial." Cyc.
 of Arts & Sciences.
 Gno*mon"ic*al*ly (?), adv. According to the principles of the gnomonic projection.

 Gno*mon"ics (?), n. [See Gnomonic.] The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon.

 Gno"mon*ist (?), n. One skilled in gnomonics. Boyle.
 Gno'mon*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gnomon + -logy. Cf.
 Gnomonology.] A treatise on gnomonics.

 Gnos"co*pine (?), n. [Gr. gignw'skein to know + E. opium?]
 (Chem.) An alkaloid existing in small quantities in opium.

 ||Gno"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. gnw^sis.] (Metaph.) The deeper wisdom; knowledge of spiritual truth, such as was claimed by the Gnostics.

 Gnos"tic (?), a. 1. Knowing; wise; shrewd. [Old Slang] I said you were a gnostic fellow.

Sir W. Scott.
2. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Gnosticism or its adherents; as, the Gnostic heresy.

 Gnos"tic, n. [L. gnosticus, Gr. &?; good at knowing, sagacious; as a n., man that claims to have a deeper wisdom, fr.
 gignw'skein to know: cf. F. gnostique. See Know.] (Eccl. Hist.)
 One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion.
 Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived from the Deity by successive emanations, which they called Eons.

 Gnos"ti*cism (?), n. The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics.

 Gnow (?), obs. imp. of Gnaw. Gnawed. Chaucer.
 Gnu (?), n. [Hottentot gnu, or nju: cf. F. gnou.]
 (Zoöl.) One of two species of large South African antelopes of the genus Catoblephas, having a mane and bushy tail, and curved horns in both sexes. [Written also gnoo.]

 The common gnu or wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu) is plain brown; the brindled gnu or blue wildebeest (C. gorgon) is larger, with transverse stripes of black on the neck and shoulders.

 Go (g), obs. p. p. of Go. Gone. Chaucer.
 Go, v. i. [imp. Went (wnt); p. p. Gone (gn; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the AS, wendan.
 See Wend, v. i.] [OE. gan, gon, AS. gn, akin to D. gaan, G. gehn, gehen, OHG. gn, gn, SW. gå, Dan. gaae; cf. Gr. kicha'nai to reach, overtake, Skr. h to go, AS. gangan, and E. gang. The past tense in AS., eode, is from the root i to go, as is also Goth. iddja went. √47a. Cf. Gang, v. i., Wend.] 1. To pass from one place to another; to be in motion; to be in a state not motionless or at rest; to proceed; to advance; to make progress; -- used, in various applications, of the movement of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever means, and also of the movements of the mind; also figuratively applied.

2. To move upon the feet, or step by step; to walk; also, to walk step by step, or leisurely.

 In old writers go is much used as opposed to run, or ride.
 "Whereso I go or ride." Chaucer.
 You know that love Will creep in service where it can not go.

Shak.
 Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn.

Shak.
 He fell from running to going, and from going to clambering upon his hands and his knees.

Bunyan.
 In Chaucer go is used frequently with the pronoun in the objective used reflexively; as, he goeth him home.

3. To be passed on fron one to another; to pass; to circulate; hence, with for, to have currency; to be taken, accepted, or regarded.

 The man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul.

1 Sa. xvii. 12.
 [The money] should go according to its true value.

Locke.
4. To proceed or happen in a given manner; to fare; to move on or be carried on; to have course; to come to an issue or result; to succeed; to turn out.

 How goes the night, boy?

Shak.
 I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough.

Arbuthnot.
 Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward.

I Watts.
5. To proceed or tend toward a result, consequence, or product; to tend; to conduce; to be an ingredient; to avail; to apply; to contribute; -- often with the infinitive; as, this goes to show.

 Against right reason all your counsels go.

Dryden.
 To master the foul flend there goeth some complement knowledge of theology.

Sir W. Scott.
6. To apply one's self; to set one's self; to undertake.

 Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.

Sir P. Sidney.
Go, in this sense, is often used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb to be, before an infinitive, to express a future of intention, or to denote design; as, I was going to say; I am going to begin harvest.

 7. To proceed by a mental operation; to pass in mind or by an act of the memory or imagination; -- generally with over or through.

 By going over all these particulars, you may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject.

South.
8. To be with young; to be pregnant; to gestate.

 The fruit she goes with, I pray for heartily, that it may find Good time, and live.

Shak.
9. To move from the person speaking, or from the point whence the action is contemplated; to pass away; to leave; to depart; -- in opposition to stay and come.

 I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God;.
 .. only ye shall not go very far away.

Ex. viii. 28.
10. To pass away; to depart forever; to be lost or ruined; to perish; to decline; to decease; to die.

 By Saint George, he's gone! That spear wound hath our master sped.

Sir W. Scott.
11. To reach; to extend; to lead; as, a line goes across the street; his land goes to the river; this road goes to New York.

 His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow.

Dryden.
12. To have recourse; to resort; as, to go to law.


SONGS FOR PARENTS By John Farrar Dedication CONTENTS Dedication SONGS OF DESIRE Summer Explorer Spring Wish Ambition Dreams Water-Lily Humor Independence SONGS FOR OUT OF DOORS A Comparison Speculation Parade Flower Preferences Parental Advice Song for a Child Watching Clouds Problem Garden Musings My Garden Tracks Chanticleer Rainbow Windmill Cat-Fish Visiting Castles Parenthood SONGS OF CIRCUMSTANCE Moral Song Serious Omission Choice Natural Fireworks Conspiracy Cuckoo Clock The Sentinel Royalty Crackers The Drum Theatricals Sally SONGS FOR A CHRISTMAS TREE Bundles The Candy Santa Claus The Tinsel Star The Ambitious Mouse Prayer About the author: SONGS OF DESIRE Summer Explorer Spring Wish Ambition Dreams Water-Lily Humor Independence SONGS FOR OUT OF DOORS A Comparison Speculation Parade Flower Preferences Parental Advice Song for a Child Watching Clouds Problem Garden Musings My Garden Tracks Chanticleer Rainbow Windmill Cat-Fish Visiting Castles Parenthood SONGS OF CIRCUMSTANCE Moral Song Serious Omission Choice Natural Fireworks Conspiracy Cuckoo Clock The Sentinel Royalty Crackers The Drum Theatricals Sally SONGS FOR A CHRISTMAS TREE Bundles The Candy Santa Claus The Tinsel Star The Ambitious Mouse Prayer About the author: John Chipman Farrar (_PHONE_), late of the New York publishing firm of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, attended Yale University where his poem "Portraits" was the Yale University Prize Poem in 1916. After serving during the First World War as an intelligence officer with the U.S. Air Service, Farrar returned to Yale and graduated in 1919. His first book "Forgotten Shrines" was published late that same year as the second volume of the Yale Series of Younger Poets, reprinted in 1971, over half a century later.

 After graduation, Farrar turned to publishing and literary criticism, editing George H. Doran Company's periodical "The Bookman". Between 1927 and 1929, Farrar was editor at Doubleday, Doran and Company. In mid- 1929, he and two sons of the famous mystery writer Mary Robert Rinehart started the publishing firm if Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. His connection with that firm lasted until 1945, although he was absent during the war years assisting in U.S. government psychological war efforts. Farrar and Rinehart was later absorbed by Henry Holt.

 As a young editor in New York, Farrar volunteered in 1922 for the organizing committee of an American chapter of PEN (originally Poets, Essayists and Novelists) founded in England the year before by Sappho (Amy Dawson Scott) to foster support of visiting foreign writers. PEN grew quickly to become an international advocate for freedom of expression and continues its activism to this day. (See _URL_) After the Second World War, the American chapter of PEN foundered for lack of direction. Farrar, co-principal of the newly formed publishing house of Farrar, Straus and Company, now Farrar, Straus and Giroux, stepped in to refocus its energies and recruit dozens of new members. He served as president twice, once from _PHONE_ and again from _PHONE_.

 In his roles as both and editor and a publisher, Farrar had a lasting impact on literature through the years. Farrar, Straus & Giroux has published many Nobel Laureates (20 as of 1995) and dozens of distinguished poets and authors. It is my privilege to reprint this etext of some of his own work for posterity.

 —Stewart A. Levin


f. Gist a resting place.]

1. A stage in traveling; a stop for rest or lodging in a journey or progress; a rest. [Obs.] Kersey.
2. A roll recting the several stages arranged for a royal progress.
 Many of them are extant in the herald's office. [Obs.] Hanmer.
 Ges"tant (?), a. [L. gestans, p. pr. of gestare.]
 Bearing within; laden; burdened; pregnant. [R.] "Clouds gestant with heat." Mrs. Browning.
 Ges*ta"tion (?), n. [L. gestatio a bearing, carrying, fr. gestare to bear, carry, intens. fr. gerere, gestum, to bear: cf. F. gestation. See Gest deed, Jest.]

1. The act of wearing (clothes or ornaments). [Obs.]

2. The act of carrying young in the womb from conception to delivery; pregnancy.

3. Exercise in which one is borne or carried, as on horseback, or in a carriage, without the exertion of his own powers; passive exercise.
 Dunglison.
 Ges"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. gestatorius that serves for carrying: cf. F. gestatoire.]

1. Pertaining to gestation or pregnancy.

2. Capable of being carried or worn. [Obs. or R.]

 Geste (?), v. i. To tell stories or gests. [Obs.]

 Ges"tic (?), a. [See Gest a deed, Gesture.]

1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms; legendary.

 And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore.

Goldsmith.
2. Relating to bodily motion; consisting of gestures; -- said especially with reference to dancing.

 Carried away by the enthusiasm of the gestic art.

Sir W. Scott.
 Ges*tic"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gesticulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gesticulating.] [L. gesticulatus, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesticulus a mimic gesture, gesticulation, dim. of gestus gesture, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear, carry, peform. See Gestic.] To make gestures or motions, as in speaking; to use postures. Sir T. Herbert.
 Ges*tic"u*late, v. t. To represent by gesture; to act. [R.] B. Jonson.
 Ges*tic'u*la"tion (?), n. [L. gesticulatio: cf. F. gesticulation.]
 1. The act of gesticulating, or making gestures to express passion or enforce sentiments.

2. A gesture; a motion of the body or limbs in speaking, or in representing action or passion, and enforcing arguments and sentiments. Macaulay.
3. Antic tricks or motions. B. Jonson.
 Ges*tic"u*la'tor (?), n. [L.] One who gesticulates.

 Ges*tic"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Representing by, or belonging to, gestures. T. Warton.
 Ges"tour (?), n. [See Gest a deed.] A reciter of gests or legendary tales; a storyteller. [Obs.]

 Minstrels and gestours for to tell tales.

Chaucer.
 Ges"tur*al (?), a. Relating to gesture.

 Ges"ture (?), n. [LL. gestura mode of action, fr. L. gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act. See Gest a deed.] 1.
 Manner of carrying the body; position of the body or limbs; posture. [Obs.]

 Accubation, or lying down at meals, was a gesture used by many nations.

Sir T. Browne.
2. A motion of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion; any action or posture intended to express an idea or a passion, or to enforce or emphasize an argument, assertion, or opinion.

 Humble and reverent gestures.

Hooker.
 Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye, In every gesture dignity and love.

Milton.
 Ges"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gestured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gesturing.] To accompany or illustrate with gesture or action; to gesticulate.

 It is not orderly read, nor gestured as beseemeth.

Hooker.
 Ges"ture, v. i. To make gestures; to gesticulate.

 The players... gestured not undecently withal.

Holland.
 Ges"ture*less, a. Free from gestures.

 Ges"ture*ment (?), n. Act of making gestures; gesturing. [Obs.] Bp.
 Hall.
 Get (?), n. Jet, the mineral. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Get (?), n. [OF. get.] 1. Fashion; manner; custom.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. Artifice; contrivance. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Get (gt), v. t. [imp. Got (gt) (Obs. Gat (gt)); p. p. Got (Obsolescent Gotten (gt"t'n)); p. pr. & vb. n. Getting.]
 [OE. geten, AS. gitan, gietan (in comp.); akin to Icel. geta, Goth. bigitan to find, L. prehendere to seize, take, Gr. chanda'nein to hold, contain. Cf. Comprehend, Enterprise, Forget, Impregnable, Prehensile.] 1. To procure; to obtain; to gain possession of; to acquire; to earn; to obtain as a price or reward; to come by; to win, by almost any means; as, to get favor by kindness; to get wealth by industry and economy; to get land by purchase, etc.

2. Hence, with have and had, to come into or be in possession of; to have. Johnson.
 Thou hast got the face of man.

Herbert.
3. To beget; to procreate; to generate.

 I had rather to adopt a child than get it.

Shak.
4. To obtain mental possession of; to learn; to commit to memory; to memorize; as to get a lesson; also with out; as, to get out one's Greek lesson.

 It being harder with him to get one sermon by heart, than to pen twenty.

Bp. Fell.
5. To prevail on; to induce; to persuade.

Get him to say his prayers.

Shak.
6. To procure to be, or to cause to be in any state or condition; -- with a following participle.

 Those things I bid you do; get them dispatched.

Shak.
7. To betake; to remove; -- in a reflexive use.

Get thee out from this land.

Gen. xxxi. 13.
 He... got himself... to the strong town of Mega.

Knolles.
Get, as a transitive verb, is combined with adverbs implying motion, to express the causing to, or the effecting in, the object of the verb, of the kind of motion indicated by the preposition; thus, to get in, to cause to enter, to bring under shelter; as, to get in the hay; to get out, to make come forth, to extract; to get off, to take off, to remove; to get together, to cause to come together, to collect.

To get by heart, to commit to memory. - - To get the better of, To get the best of, to obtain an advantage over; to surpass; to subdue. -- To get up, to cause to be established or to exit; to prepare; to arrange; to construct; to invent; as, to get up a celebration,