to Iberia.

 I"bex ("bks), n.; pl. E. Ibexes (-z), L. Ibices (b"*sz). [L., a kind of goat, the chamois.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of wild goats having very large, recurved horns, transversely ridged in front; -- called also steinbok.

 The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is the best known. The Spanish, or Pyrenean, ibex (C. Hispanica) has smoother and more spreading horns.

 ||I*bi"dem (?), adv. [L.] In the same place; -- abbreviated ibid.
 or ib.
 I"bis (?), n. [L. ibis, Gr. &?;; of Egyptian origin.] (Zoöl.)
 Any bird of the genus Ibis and several allied genera, of the family Ibidæ, inhabiting both the Old World and the New. Numerous species are known. They are large, wading birds, having a long, curved beak, and feed largely on reptiles.

 The sacred ibis of the ancient Egyptians (Ibis Æthiopica) has the head and neck black, without feathers. The plumage of the body and wings is white, except the tertiaries, which are lengthened and form a dark purple plume. In ancient times this bird was extensively domesticated in Egypt, but it is now seldom seen so far north. The glossy ibis (Plegadis autumnalis), which is widely distributed both in the Old World and the New, has the head and neck feathered, except between the eyes and bill; the scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) and the white ibis (G. alba) inhabit the West Indies and South America, and are rarely found in the United States. The wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) of America belongs to the Stork family (Ciconidæ). See Wood ibis.

 -i*ble (?). See -able.

 -ic (?). [L. -icus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. -ique.] 1. A suffix signifying, in general, relating to, or characteristic of; as, historic, hygienic, telegraphic, etc.

2. (Chem.) A suffix, denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds where the name of the element ends in -ous; as, ferric, sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of pertaining to; as, hydric, sodic, calcic.

 I*ca"ri*an (?), a. [L. Icarius, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, the mythic son of Dædalus, who, when flying from Crete on wings cemented with wax, mounted so high that the sun melted the wax, and he fell into the sea.] Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight.

 Ice (s), n. [OE. is, iis, AS. s; aksin to D. ijs, G. eis, OHG. s, Icel. ss, Sw. is, Dan. iis, and perh. to E. iron.] 1. Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4° C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats.

 Water freezes at 32° F. or 0° Cent., and ice melts at the same temperature. Ice owes its cooling properties to the large amount of heat required to melt it.

2. Concreted sugar. Johnson.
3. Water, cream, custard, etc., sweetened, flavored, and artificially frozen.

4. Any substance having the appearance of ice; as, camphor ice.

Anchor ice, ice which sometimes forms about stones and other objects at the bottom of running or other water, and is thus attached or anchored to the ground. -- Bay ice, ice formed in bays, fiords, etc., often in extensive fields which drift out to sea. -- Ground ice, anchor ice. -- Ice age (Geol.), the glacial epoch or period. See under Glacial. -- Ice anchor (Naut.), a grapnel for mooring a vessel to a field of ice. Kane. -- Ice blink [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness of the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. -- Ice boat. (a) A boat fitted with skates or runners, and propelled on ice by sails; an ice yacht. (b) A strong steamboat for breaking a channel through ice. -- Ice box or chest, a box for holding ice; a box in which things are kept cool by means of ice; a refrigerator. -- Ice brook, a brook or stream as cold as ice.
 [Poetic] Shak. -- Ice cream [for iced cream], cream, milk, or custard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. -- Ice field, an extensive sheet of ice. -- Ice float, Ice floe, a sheet of floating ice similar to an ice field, but smaller. -- Ice foot, shore ice in Arctic regions; an ice belt. Kane. -- Ice house, a close-covered pit or building for storing ice. -- Ice machine (Physics), a machine for making ice artificially, as by the production of a low temperature through the sudden expansion of a gas or vapor, or the rapid evaporation of a volatile liquid. -- Ice master. See Ice pilot (below). -- Ice pack, an irregular mass of broken and drifting ice.
 -- Ice paper, a transparent film of gelatin for copying or reproducing; papier glacé. -- Ice petrel (Zoöl.), a shearwater (Puffinus gelidus) of the Antarctic seas, abundant among floating ice. -- Ice pick, a sharp instrument for breaking ice into small pieces. -- Ice pilot, a pilot who has charge of a vessel where the course is obstructed by ice, as in polar seas; -- called also ice master. -- Ice pitcher, a pitcher adapted for ice water. -- Ice plow, a large tool for grooving and cutting ice. -- Ice sludge, bay ice broken small by the wind or waves; sludge. -- Ice spar (Min.), a variety of feldspar, the crystals of which are very clear like ice; rhyacolite. -- Ice tongs, large iron nippers for handling ice. -- Ice water. (a) Water cooled by ice. (b) Water formed by the melting of ice. -- Ice yacht.
 See Ice boat (above). -- To break the ice. See under Break.
 -- Water ice, a confection consisting of water sweetened, flavored, and frozen.

 Ice (s), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iced (st); p. pr. & vb. n. Icing ("sng).] 1. To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice.

2. To cover with icing, or frosting made of sugar and milk or white of egg; to frost, as cakes, tarts, etc.

3. To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze.

 Ice"berg' (?), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. iisbierg, Sw. isberg, properly, a mountain of ice. See Ice, and Berg.] A large mass of ice, generally floating in the ocean.

 Icebergs are large detached portions of glaciers, which in cold regions often project into the sea.

 Ice"bird' (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Arctic sea bird, as the Arctic fulmar.

 Ice"bound' (?), a. Totally surrounded with ice, so as to be


SHINY BROOK HILLS ADVENTURE FAIRIES HUMMING-BIRD BLUE GRASS ENVOY


A BOOK OF STRIFE IN THE FORM OF THE DIARY OF AN OLD SOUL by George MacDonald Published in 1880.

 Contents DEDICATION THE DIARY OF AN OLD SOUL.
 JANUARY.
 FEBRUARY.
 MARCH.
 APRIL.
 MAY.
 JUNE.
 JULY.
 AUGUST.
 SEPTEMBER.
 OCTOBER.
 NOVEMBER DECEMBER.

 DEDICATION THE DIARY OF AN OLD SOUL.

 JANUARY.

 FEBRUARY.

 MARCH.

 APRIL.

 MAY.

 JUNE.

 JULY.

 AUGUST.

 SEPTEMBER.

 OCTOBER.

 NOVEMBER DECEMBER.


that...", it is a good bet he is about to handwave (alternatively, use of these constructions in a sarcastic tone before a paraphrase of someone else's argument suggests that it is a handwave). The theory behind this term is that if you wave your hands at the right moment, the listener may be sufficiently distracted to not notice that what you have said is bogus. Failing that, if a listener does object, you might try to dismiss the objection with a wave of your hand.
The use of this word is often accompanied by gestures: both hands up, palms forward, swinging the hands in a vertical plane pivoting at the elbows and/or shoulders (depending on the magnitude of the handwave); alternatively, holding the forearms in one position while rotating the hands at the wrist to make them flutter. In context, the gestures alone can suffice as a remark; if a speaker makes an outrageously unsupported assumption, you might simply wave your hands in this way, as an accusation, far more eloquent than words could express, that his logic is faulty.
Node:hang, Next:Hanlon's Razor, Previous:handwave, Up:= H = hang v.
1. [very common] To wait for an event that will never occur.
"The system is hanging because it can't read from the crashed drive". See wedged, hung. 2. To wait for some event to occur; to hang around until something happens. "The program displays a menu and then hangs until you type a character." Compare block. 3. To attach a peripheral device, esp. in the construction 'hang off': "We're going to hang another tape drive off the file server." Implies a device attached with cables, rather than something that is strictly inside the machine's chassis.
Node:Hanlon's Razor, Next:happily, Previous:hang, Up:= H = Hanlon's Razor prov.
A corollary of Finagle's Law, similar to Occam's Razor, that reads "Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity." The derivation of the Hanlon eponym is not definitely known, but a very similar remark ("You have attributed conditions to villainy that simply result from stupidity.") appears in "Logic of Empire", a classic 1941 SF story by Robert A. Heinlein, who calls it the 'devil theory' of sociology. Heinlein's popularity in the hacker culture makes plausible the supposition that 'Hanlon' is derived from 'Heinlein' by phonetic corruption.
A similar epigram has been attributed to William James, but Heinlein more probably got the idea from Alfred Korzybski and other practitioners of General Semantics. Quoted here because it seems to be a particular favorite of hackers, often showing up in sig blocks, fortune cookie files and the login banners of BBS systems and commercial networks. This probably reflects the hacker's daily experience of environments created by well-intentioned but short-sighted people. Compare Sturgeon's Law, Ninety-Ninety Rule.
Node:happily, Next:haque, Previous:Hanlon's Razor, Up:= H = happily adv.
Of software, used to emphasize that a program is unaware of some important fact about its environment, either because it has been fooled into believing a lie, or because it doesn't care. The sense of 'happy' here is not that of elation, but rather that of blissful ignorance. "The program continues to run, happily unaware that its output is going to /dev/null." Also used to suggest that a program or device would really rather be doing something destructive, and is being given an opportunity to do so. "If you enter an O here instead of a zero, the program will happily erase all your data." Neverheless, use of this term implies a basically benign attitude towards the program: It didn't mean any harm, it was just eager to do its job. We'd like to be angry at it but we shouldn't, we should try to understand it instead. The adjective "cheerfully" is often used in exactly the same way.
Node:haque, Next:hard boot, Previous:happily, Up:= H = haque /hak/ n.
[Usenet] Variant spelling of hack, used only for the noun form and connoting an elegant hack. that is a hack in sense 2.
Node:hard boot, Next:hardcoded, Previous:haque, Up:= H = hard boot n. See boot.
Node:hardcoded, Next:hardwarily, Previous:hard boot, Up:= H = hardcoded adj.
1. [common] Said of data inserted directly into a program, where it cannot be easily modified, as opposed to data in some profile, resource (see de-rezz sense 2), or environment variable that a user or hacker can easily modify. 2.
In C, this is esp. applied to use of a literal instead of a _TAG_ macro (see magic number).
Node:hardwarily, Next:hardwired, Previous:hardcoded, Up:= H = hardwarily /hard-weir'*-lee/ adv.
In a way pertaining to hardware. "The system is hardwarily unreliable." The adjective 'hardwary' is not traditionally used, though it has recently been reported from the U.K. See softwarily.
Node:hardwired, Next:has the X nature, Previous:hardwarily, Up:= H = hardwired adj.
1. In software, syn. for hardcoded. 2. By extension, anything that is not modifiable, especially in the sense of customizable to one's particular needs or tastes.
Node:has the X nature, Next:hash bucket, Previous:hardwired, Up:= H = has the X nature [seems to derive from Zen Buddhist koans of the form "Does an X have the Buddha-nature?"] adj. Common hacker construction for 'is an X', used for humorous emphasis. "Anyone who can't even use a program with on-screen help embedded in it truly has the loser nature!" See also the X that can be Y is not the true X. See also mu.
Node:hash bucket, Next:hash collision, Previous:has the X nature, Up:= H = hash bucket n. A notional receptacle, a set of which might be used to apportion data items for sorting or lookup purposes. When you look up a name in the phone book (for example), you typically hash it by extracting its first letter; the hash buckets are the alphabetically ordered letter sections. This term is used as techspeak with respect to code that uses actual hash functions; in jargon, it is used for human associative memory as well. Thus, two things 'in the same hash bucket' are more difficult to discriminate, and may be confused. "If you hash English words only by length, you get too many common grammar words in the first couple of hash buckets." Compare hash collision.
Node:hash collision, Next:hat, Previous:hash bucket, Up:= H = hash collision n.
[from the techspeak] (var. 'hash clash') When used of people, signifies a confusion in associative memory or imagination, especially a persistent one (see thinko). True story: One of us [ESR] was once on the phone with a friend about to move out to Berkeley. When asked what he expected Berkeley to be like, the friend replied: "Well, I have this mental picture of naked women throwing Molotov cocktails, but I think that's just a collision in my hash tables." Compare hash bucket.
Node:hat, Next:HCF, Previous:hash collision, Up:= H = hat n. Common (spoken) name for the circumflex ('^', ASCII _PHONE_) character. See ASCII for other synonyms.
Node:HCF, Next:heads down, Previous:hat, Up:= H = HCF /H-C-F/ n. Mnemonic for 'Halt and Catch Fire', any of several undocumented and semi-mythical machine instructions with destructive side-effects, supposedly included for test purposes on several well-known architectures going as far back as the IBM 360. The MC6800 microprocessor was the first for which an HCF opcode became widely known. This instruction caused the processor to toggle a subset of the bus lines as rapidly as it could; in some configurations this could actually cause lines to burn up. Compare killer poke.
Node:heads down, Next:heartbeat, Previous:HCF, Up:= H


is it fantasy that plays upon our eyesight.

Shak.
(b) To use in a droll manner; to give a droll expression or application to; as, to play upon words.

 Play, v. t. 1. To put in action or motion; as, to play cannon upon a fortification; to play a trump.

 First Peace and Silence all disputes control, Then Order plays the soul.

Herbert.
2. To perform music upon; as, to play the flute or the organ.

3. To perform, as a piece of music, on an instrument; as, to play a waltz on the violin.

4. To bring into sportive or wanton action; to exhibit in action; to execute; as, to play tricks.

 Nature here Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will Her virgin fancies.

Milton.
5. To act or perform (a play); to represent in music action; as, to play a comedy; also, to act in the character of; to represent by acting; to simulate; to behave like; as, to play King Lear; to play the woman.

 Thou canst play the rational if thou wilt.

Sir W. Scott.
6. To engage in, or go together with, as a contest for amusement or for a wager or prize; as, to play a game at baseball.

7. To keep in play, as a hooked fish, in order to land it.

To play off, to display; to show; to put in exercise; as, to play off tricks. -- To play one's cards, to manage one's means or opportunities; to contrive. -- Played out, tired out; exhausted; at the end of one's resources. [Colloq.]

 Play, n. 1. Amusement; sport; frolic; gambols.

2. Any exercise, or series of actions, intended for amusement or diversion; a game.

 John naturally loved rough play.

Arbuthnot.
3. The act or practice of contending for victory, amusement, or a prize, as at dice, cards, or billiards; gaming; as, to lose a fortune in play.

4. Action; use; employment; exercise; practice; as, fair play; sword play; a play of wit. "The next who comes in play."
 Dryden.
5. A dramatic composition; a comedy or tragedy; a composition in which characters are represented by dialogue and action.

 A play ought to be a just image of human nature.

Dryden.
6. The representation or exhibition of a comedy or tragedy; as, he attends ever play.

7. Performance on an instrument of music.

8. Motion; movement, regular or irregular; as, the play of a wheel or piston; hence, also, room for motion; free and easy action. "To give them play, front and rear." Milton.
 The joints are let exactly into one another, that they have no play between them.

Moxon.
9. Hence, liberty of acting; room for enlargement or display; scope; as, to give full play to mirth.

Play actor, an actor of dramas. Prynne. -- Play debt, a gambling debt. Arbuthnot. -- Play pleasure, idle amusement. [Obs.] Bacon. -- A play upon words, the use of a word in such a way as to be capable of double meaning; punning. -- Play of colors, prismatic variation of colors. -- To bring into play, To come into play, to bring or come into use or exercise. -- To hold in play, to keep occupied or employed.

 I, with two more to help me, Will hold the foe in play.

Macaulay.
 ||Pla"ya (?), n. [Sp.] A beach; a strand; in the plains and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which subsequently becomes dry by evaporation. Bartlett.
 Play"bill' (?), n. A printed programme of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors.

 Play"book' (?), n. A book of dramatic compositions; a book of the play. Swift.
 Play"day' (?), n. A day given to play or diversion; a holiday. Swift.
 Play"er (?), n. 1. One who plays, or amuses himself; one without serious aims; an idler; a trifler. Shak.
2. One who plays any game.

3. A dramatic actor. Shak.
4. One who plays on an instrument of music. "A cunning player on a harp." 1 Sam. xvi. 16.
5. A gamester; a gambler.

 Play"fel'low (?), n. A companion in amusements or sports; a playmate. Shak.
 Play"fere' (?), n. [Play + 1st fere.] A playfellow.
 [Obs.] [Also, playfeer, playphere.] Holinsheld.
 Play"ful (?), a. Sportive; gamboling; frolicsome; indulging a sportive fancy; humorous; merry; as, a playful child; a playful writer. -- Play"ful*ly, adv. -- Play"ful*ness, n. Play"game' (?), n. Play of children. Locke.
 Play"go'er (?), n. One who frequents playhouses, or attends dramatic performances.

 Play"go'ing, a. Frequenting playhouses; as, the playgoing public. -- n. The practice of going to plays.

 Play"ground' (?), n. A piece of ground used for recreation; as, the playground of a school.

 Play"house' (?), n. [AS. pleghs.] 1. A building used for dramatic exhibitions; a theater. Shak.
2. A house for children to play in; a toyhouse.

 Play"ing, a. & vb. n. of Play.

Playing cards. See under Card.

 Play"mak'er (?), n. A playwright. [R.]

 Play"mate' (?), n. A companion in diversions; a playfellow.

 Play"some (?), a. Playful; wanton; sportive. [R.] R. Browning.
 -- Play"some*ness, n. [R.]

 Playte (?), n. (Naut.) See Pleyt.

 Play"thing' (?), n. A thing to play with; a toy; anything that serves to amuse.

 A child knows his nurse, and by degrees the playthings of a little more advanced age.

Locke.
 Play"time' (?), n. Time for play or diversion.

 Play"wright' (?), n. A maker or adapter of plays.

 Play"writ'er (?), n. A writer of plays; a dramatist; a playwright.
 Lecky.
 ||Pla"za (?), n. [Sp. See Place.] A public square in a city or town.

 Plea (?), n. [OE. plee, plai, plait, fr. OF.
 plait, plaid, plet, LL. placitum judgment, decision, assembly, court, fr. L. placitum that which is pleasing, an opinion, sentiment, from placere to please. See Please, and cf.
 Placit, Plead.] 1. (Law) That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause; in a stricter sense, an allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer; in a still more limited sense, and in modern practice, the defendant's answer to the plaintiff's declaration and demand. That which the plaintiff alleges in his declaration is answered and repelled or justified by the defendant's plea.
 In chancery practice, a plea is a special answer showing or relying upon one or more things as a cause why the suit should be either dismissed, delayed, or barred. In criminal practice, the plea is the defendant's formal


VI LETTER CCLVII LETTER CCLVIII LETTER CCLIX LETTER CCLX LETTER CCLXI LETTER CCLXII LETTER CCLXIII LETTER CCLXIV LETTER CCLXV LETTER CCLXVI LETTER CCLXVII LETTER CCLXVIII LETTER CCLXIX LETTER CCLXX LETTER CCLXXI LETTER CCLXXII LETTER CCLXXIII LETTER CCLXXIV LETTER CCLXXV LETTER CCLXXVI LETTER CCLXXVII LETTER CCLXXVIII LETTER CCLXXIX LETTER CCLXXX LETTER CCLXXXI LETTER CCLXXXII LETTER CCLXXXIII _PHONE_ LETTER CCLXXXV LETTER CCLXXXVI LETTER CCLXXXVII LETTER CCLXXXVIII LETTER CCLXXXIX LETTER CCXC LETTER CCXCI LETTER CCXCII LETTER CCXCIII LETTER CCXCIV LETTER CCXCV LETTER CCXCVI LETTER CCXCVII LETTER CCXCVIII LETTER CCXCIX LETTER CCC LETTER CCCI LETTER CCCII LETTER CCCIII LETTER CCCIV LETTER CC LETTER CCCVI LETTER CCCVII LETTER CCCVIII LETTER CCCIX LETTER CCCX LETTER CCCXI LETTER CCCXII LETTER CCCXIII LETTER CCCXIV LETTER CCCXV LETTER CCCXVI LETTER CCCXVII LETTER CCCXVIII LETTER CCCXIX LETTER CCCXX PG Editor's Notes: O. S. and N. S.: On consultation with several specialists I have learned that the abbreviations O. S. and N. S. relate to the difference between the old Julian calender used in England and the Gregorian calender which was the standard in Europe. In the mid 18th century it is said that this once amounted to a difference of eleven days. To keep track of the chronology of letters back and forth from England to France or other countries in mainland Europe, Chesterfield inserted in dates the designation O. S. (old style) and N. S. (new style).

 Chesterfield demonstrates his classical education by frequent words and sometimes entire paragraphs in various languages. In the 1901 text these were in italics; in this etext edition I have substituted single quotation marks around these, as in 'bon mot', and not attempted to include the various accent marks of all the languages.

 Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected. The original and occasionally variable spelling is retained throughout. D.W.

 SPECIAL INTRODUCTION The proud Lord Chesterfield would have turned in his grave had he known that he was to go down to posterity as a teacher and preacher of the gospel of not grace, but—"the graces, the graces, the graces." Natural gifts, social status, open opportunities, and his ambition, all conspired to destine him for high statesmanship. If anything was lacking in his qualifications, he had the pluck and good sense to work hard and persistently until the deficiency was made up. Something remained lacking, and not all his consummate mastery of arts could conceal that conspicuous want,—the want of heart.

 Teacher and preacher he assuredly is, and long will be, yet no thanks are his due from a posterity of the common people whom he so sublimely despised. His pious mission was not to raise the level of the multitude, but to lift a single individual upon a pedestal so high that his lowly origin should not betray itself. That individual was his, Lord Chesterfield's, illegitimate son, whose inferior blood should be given the true blue hue by concentrating upon him all the externals of aristocratic education.

 Never had pupil so devoted, persistent, lavish, and brilliant a guide, philosopher, and friend, for the parental relation was shrewdly merged in these. Never were devotion and uphill struggle against doubts of success more bitterly repaid. Philip Stanhope was born in 1732, when his father was thirty-eight. He absorbed readily enough the solids of the ideal education supplied him, but, by perversity of fate, he cared not a fig for "the graces, the graces, the graces," which his father so wisely deemed by far the superior qualities to be cultivated by the budding courtier and statesman. A few years of minor services to his country were rendered, though Chesterfield was breaking his substitute for a heart because his son could not or would not play the superfine gentleman—on the paternal model, and then came the news of his death, when only thirty-six.
 What was a still greater shock to the lordly father, now deaf, gouty, fretful, and at outs with the world, his informant reported that she had been secretly married for several years to Young Hopeful, and was left penniless with two boys. Lord Chesterfield was above all things a practical philosopher, as hard and as exquisitely rounded and polished as a granite column. He accepted the vanishing of his lifelong dream with the admirable stolidity of a fatalist, and in those last days of his radically artificial life he disclosed a welcome tenderness, a touch of the divine, none the less so for being common duty, shown in the few brief letters to his son's widow and to "our boys." This, and his enviable gift of being able to view the downs as well as the ups of life in the consoling humorous light, must modify the sterner judgment so easily passed upon his characteristic inculcation, if not practice, of heartlessness.

 The thirteenth-century mother church in the town from which Lord Chesterfield's title came has a peculiar steeple, graceful in its lines, but it points askew, from whatever quarter it is seen. The writer of these Letters, which he never dreamed would be published, is the best self-portrayed Gentleman in literature. In everything he was naturally a stylist, perfected by assiduous art, yet the graceful steeple is somehow warped out of the beauty of the perpendicular. His ideal Gentleman is the frigid product of a rigid mechanical drill, with the mien of a posture master, the skin-deep graciousness of a French Marechal, the calculating adventurer who cuts unpretentious worthies to toady to society magnates, who affects the supercilious air of a shallow dandy and cherishes the heart of a frog. True, he repeatedly insists on the obligation of truthfulness in all things, and of, honor in dealing with the world. His Gentleman may; nay, he must, sail with the stream, gamble in moderation if it is the fashion, must stoop to wear ridiculous clothes and ornaments if they are the mode, though despising his weakness all to himself, and no true Gentleman could afford to keep out of the little gallantries which so effectively advertised him as a man of spirit sad charm. Those repeated injunctions of honor are to be the rule, subject to these exceptions, which transcend the common proprieties when the subject is the rising young gentleman of the period and his goal social success. If an undercurrent of shady morality is traceable in this Chesterfieldian philosophy it must, of course, be explained away by the less perfect moral standard of his period as compared with that of our day.


related this story as it actually occurred.
Patterson Sahib has left me, and I shall miss him as long as I live, and now Roshan must roam about in Africa, sad and regretful.
[1] Foreman-mason.
Composed by Roshan mistari, son of Kadur mistari Bakhsh, native of the village of Chajanlat, Dakhli, Post Office Domli, district of Jhelum.
Dated 29th January, 1899.


and drop them into the hole made. (b) A light furrow or channel made to put seed into sowing. (c) A row of seed sown in a furrow.

 Drill is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, drill barrow or drill-barrow; drill husbandry; drill plow or drill-plow.

Drill barrow, a wheeled implement for planting seed in drills. -- Drill bow, a small bow used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drill around which the bowstring takes a turn. -- Drill harrow, a harrow used for stirring the ground between rows, or drills. -- Drill plow, or Drill plough, a sort plow for sowing grain in drills.

 Drill (?), n. [Cf. Mandrill.] (Zoöl.) A large African baboon (Cynocephalus leucophæus).

 Drill, n. [Usually in pl.] (Manuf.) Same as Drilling.

Imperial drill, a linen fabric having two threads in the warp and three in the filling.

 Drill"er (?), n. One who, or that which, drills.

 Drill"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing with a drill.

2. A training by repeated exercises.

 Drill"ing, n. The act of using a drill in sowing seeds.

 Drill"ing, n. [G. drillich, fr. L. trilix having three threads, fr. the of tres three + licium a thread of the warm. See Three, and cf. Twill.] (Manuf.) A heavy, twilled fabric of linen or cotton.

 Drill"mas'ter (?), n. One who teaches drill, especially in the way of gymnastics. Macaulay.
 Drill" press'. A machine for drilling holes in metal, the drill being pressed to the metal by the action of a screw.

 Drill"stock' (?), n. (Mech.) A contrivance for holding and turning a drill. Knight.
 Dri"ly (?), adv. See Dryly. Thackeray.
 ||Dri"mys (dr"ms), n. [NL., fr. Gr. drimy's sharp, acrid.] (Bot.)
 A genus of magnoliaceous trees. Drimys aromatica furnishes Winter's bark.

 Drink (drk), v. i. [imp. Drank (drk), formerly Drunk (drk); & p. p. Drunk, Drunken (-'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Drinking. Drunken is now rarely used, except as a verbal adj. in sense of habitually intoxicated; the form drank, not infrequently used as a p. p., is not so analogical.] [AS. drincan; akin to OS. drinkan, D. drinken, G. trinken, Icel. drekka, Sw. dricka, Dan. drikke, Goth. drigkan. Cf. Drench, Drunken, Drown.] 1. To swallow anything liquid, for quenching thirst or other purpose; to imbibe; to receive or partake of, as if in satisfaction of thirst; as, to drink from a spring.

 Gird thyself, and serve me, till have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink.

Luke xvii. 8.
 He shall drink of the wrath the Almighty.

Job xxi. 20.
Drink of the cup that can not cloy.

Keble.
2. To quaff exhilarating or intoxicating liquors, in merriment or feasting; to carouse; to revel; hence, to lake alcoholic liquors to excess; to be intemperate in the &?;se of intoxicating or spirituous liquors; to tipple. Pope.
 And they drank, and were merry with him.

Gem. xliii. 34.
 Bolingbroke always spoke freely when he had drunk freely.

Thackeray.
To drink to, to salute in drinking; to wish well to, in the act of taking the cup; to pledge in drinking.

 I drink to the general joy of the whole table, And to our dear friend Banquo.

Shak.
 Drink, v. t. 1. To swallow (a liquid); to receive, as a fluid, into the stomach; to imbibe; as, to drink milk or water.

 There lies she with the blessed gods in bliss, There drinks the nectar with ambrosia mixed.

Spenser.
 The bowl of punch which was brewed and drunk in Mrs. Betty's room.

Thackeray.
2. To take in (a liquid), in any manner; to suck up; to absorb; to imbibe.

 And let the purple violets drink the stream.

Dryden.
3. To take in; to receive within one, through the senses; to inhale; to hear; to see.

 To drink the cooler air, Tennyson.
 My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words Of that tongue's utterance.

Shak.
 Let me... drink delicious poison from thy eye.

Pope.
4. To smoke, as tobacco. [Obs.]

 And some men now live ninety years and past, Who never drank to tobacco first nor last.

Taylor (1630.)
To drink down, to act on by drinking; to reduce or subdue; as, to drink down unkindness. Shak. -- To drink in, to take into one's self by drinking, or as by drinking; to receive and appropriate as in satisfaction of thirst. "Song was the form of literature which he [Burns] had drunk in from his cradle." J. C. Shairp. -- To drink off or up, to drink the whole at a draught; as, to drink off a cup of cordial. -- To drink the health of, or To drink to the health of, to drink while expressing good wishes for the health or welfare of.

 Drink, n. 1. Liquid to be swallowed; any fluid to be taken into the stomach for quenching thirst or for other purposes, as water, coffee, or decoctions.

 Give me some drink, Titinius.

Shak.
2. Specifically, intoxicating liquor; as, when drink is on, wit is out.

Drink money, or Drink penny, an allowance, or perquisite, given to buy drink; a gratuity. -- Drink offering (Script.), an offering of wine, etc., in the Jewish religious service. -- In drink, drunk. "The poor monster's in drink." Shak. -- Strong drink, intoxicating liquor; esp., liquor containing a large proportion of alcohol. " Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging." Prov.
 xx. 1.
 Drink"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being drunk; suitable for drink; potable. Macaulay. Also used substantively, esp. in the plural. Steele.
 Drink"a*ble*ness, n. State of being drinkable.

 Drink"er (?), n. One who drinks; as, the effects of tea on the drinker; also, one who drinks spirituous liquors to excess; a drunkard.

Drinker moth (Zoöl.), a large British moth (Odonestis potatoria).

 Drink"ing, n. 1. The act of one who drinks; the act of imbibing.

2. The practice of partaking to excess of intoxicating liquors.

3. An entertainment with liquors; a carousal.

Drinking is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, a drinking song, drinking cup, drinking glass, drinking house, etc.

Drinking horn, a drinking vessel made of a horn.

 Drink"less, a. Destitute of drink. Chaucer.
 Drip (?), v. i. [imp. & p.


. civis citizen. See City.]
 Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs.

Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

 Civ"i*cism (?), n. The principle of civil government.

 Civ"ics (?), n. The science of civil government.

 Civ"il (?), a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.] 1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state.

2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; -- said of the community.

 England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil. Spenser.
3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; -- said of an individual.

Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven. Preston 4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable.

 "A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a 'civis' and his relations to the other members of that 'civitas.'" Trench 5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state.

6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings.

Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. -- Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. -- Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. - - Civil engineering.
 See under Engineering. -- Civil law. See under Law. -- Civil list. See under List. -- Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. -- Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. -- Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. -- Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. -- Civil suit. Same as Civil action.
 -- Civil war. See under War. -- Civil year. See under Year.

 Ci*vil"ian (?), n. [From Civil] 1. One skilled in the civil law.

 Ancient civilians and writers upon government. Swift.
2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves.
3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

 Civ"il*ist (?), n. A civilian. [R.] Warburton.
 Ci*vil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Civilities (#). [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilité. See Civil.] 1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.]

 Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin. Sir J. Davies.
 The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word -- civilization. Trench.
2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.]

 To serve in a civility. Latimer.
3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression.

 The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be. Chesterfield.
 The sweet civilities of life. Dryden.
Syn. -- Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

 Civ"i*li'za*ble (?), a. Capable of being civilized.

 Civ'i*li*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. civilisation.] 1.
 The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement.

 Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles --... the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion. Burke 2. (Law) Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

 Civ"i*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.] 1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine.

 Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose Her land to civilize, as to subdue. Dryden 2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] "Civilizing adultery." Milton.
Syn. -- To polish; refine; humanize.

 Civ"i*lized (?), a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated.

 Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society. J. Quincy.
 Civ"i*li*zer (?), n. One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

 Civ"i*ly (?), adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

 Civ"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.
 Ciz"ar (?), v. i. [From Cizars.] To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau.
 & Fl.
 Ciz"ars (?), n. pl. Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.
 Cize (?), n. Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size.

 Clab"ber (?), n. [See Bonnyclabber] Milk curdled so as to become thick.

 Clab"ber, v. i. To become clabber; to lopper.

 Clach"an (?), n. [Scot., fr. Gael.] A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott Sitting at the clachon alehouse. R. L. Stevenson.
 Clack (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clacking.] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F. claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.] 1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click.

 We heard Mr.Hodson's whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches. Thackeray.
 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run.

 Clack (?), v. t.


THE LEGACY OF CAIN By Wilkie Collins To MRS. HENRY POWELL BARTLEY: Permit me to add your name to my name, in publishing this novel. The pen which has written my books cannot be more agreeably employed than in acknowledging what I owe to the pen which has skillfully and patiently helped me, by copying my manuscripts for the printer.

 WILKIE COLLINS.

 Wimpole Street, 6th December, 1888.

CONTENTS THE LEGACY OF CAIN.
 First Period: _PHONE_. EVENTS IN THE PRISON, RELATED BY THE GOVERNOR.
 CHAPTER I. THE GOVERNOR EXPLAINS.
 CHAPTER II. THE MURDERESS ASKS QUESTIONS.
 CHAPTER III. THE CHILD APPEARS.
 CHAPTER IV. THE MINISTER SAYS YES.
 CHAPTER V. MISS CHANCE ASSERTS HERSELF.
 CHAPTER VI. THE DOCTOR DOUBTS.
 CHAPTER VII. THE MURDERESS CONSULTS THE AUTHORITIES.
 CHAPTER VIII. THE MINISTER SAYS GOOD-BY.
 CHAPTER IX. THE GOVERNOR RECEIVES A VISIT.
 CHAPTER X. MISS CHANCE REAPPEARS.
 Second Period: 1875. THE GIRLS AND THE JOURNALS.
 CHAPTER XI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XIII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XIV. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XV. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XVI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XVII. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XVIII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XIX. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XX. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXIII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXIV. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXV. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXVI. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXVII. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXVIII. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXIX. HELENA'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXX. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXXI. EUNICE'S DIARY.
 CHAPTER XXXII. THE MIDDLE-AGED LADY.
 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE MINISTER'S MISFORTUNE.
 CHAPTER XXXIV. THE LIVELY OLD MAID.
 CHAPTER XXXV. THE FUTURE LOOKS GLOOMY.
 CHAPTER XXXVI. THE WANDERING MIND.
 CHAPTER XXXVII. THE SHAMELESS SISTER.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE GIRLS' AGES.
 CHAPTER XXXIX. THE ADOPTED CHILD CHAPTER XL. THE BRUISED HEART.
 CHAPTER XLI. THE WHISPERING VOICE.
 CHAPTER XLII. THE QUAINT PHILOSOPHER.
 CHAPTER XLIII. THE MASTERFUL MASSEUSE.
 CHAPTER XLIV. THE RESURRECTION OF THE PAST.

 CHAPTER XLV. THE FATAL PORTRAIT.
 CHAPTER XLVI. THE CUMBERSOME LADIES.
 CHAPTER XLVII. THE JOURNEY TO THE FARM.
 CHAPTER XLVIII. THE DECISION OF EUNICE.
 CHAPTER XLIX. THE GOVERNOR ON HIS GUARD.
 CHAPTER L. THE NEWS FROM THE FARM.
 CHAPTER LI. THE TRIUMPH OF MRS. TENBRUGGEN.

 Third period: 1876. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LII. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LIII. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LIV. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LV. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LVI. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LVII. HELENA'S DIARY RESUMED.
 CHAPTER LVIII. DANGER.
 CHAPTER LIX. DEFENSE.
 CHAPTER LX. DISCOVERY.
 CHAPTER LXI. ATROCITY.
 CHAPTER LXII. THE SENTENCE PRONOUNCED.
 CHAPTER LXIII. THE OBSTACLE REMOVED.
 CHAPTER LXIV. THE TRUTH TRIUMPHANT.
 POSTSCRIPT.

 THE LEGACY OF CAIN.

 First Period: _PHONE_. EVENTS IN THE PRISON, RELATED BY THE GOVERNOR.

 CHAPTER I. THE GOVERNOR EXPLAINS.

 At the request of a person who has claims on me that I must not disown, I consent to look back through a long interval of years and to describe events which took place within the walls of an English prison during the earlier period of my appointment as Governor.

 Viewing my task by the light which later experience casts on it, I think I shall act wisely by exercising some control over the freedom of my pen.

 I propose to pass over in silence the name of the town in which is situated the prison once confided to my care. I shall observe a similar discretion in alluding to individuals—some dead, some living, at the present time.

 Being obliged to write of a woman who deservedly suffered the extreme penalty of the law, I think she will be sufficiently identified if I call her The Prisoner. Of the four persons present on the evening before her execution three may be distinguished one from the other by allusion to their vocations in life. I here introduce them as The Chaplain, The Minister, and The Doctor. The fourth was a young woman. She has no claim on my consideration; and, when she is mentioned, her name may appear. If these reserves excite suspicion, I declare beforehand that they influence in no way the sense of responsibility which commands an honest man to speak the truth.

 CHAPTER II. THE MURDERESS ASKS QUESTIONS.

 The first of the events which I must now relate was the conviction of The Prisoner for the murder of her husband.

 They had lived together in matrimony for little more than two years. The husband, a gentleman by birth and education, had mortally offended his relations in marrying a woman of an inferior rank of life. He was fast declining into a state of poverty, through his own reckless extravagance, at the time when he met with his death at his wife's hand.

 Without attempting to excuse him, he deserved, to my mind, some tribute of regret. It is not to be denied that he was profligate in his habits and violent in his temper. But it is equally true that he was affectionate in the domestic circle, and, when moved by wisely applied remonstrance, sincerely penitent for sins committed under temptation that overpowered him. If his wife had killed him in a fit of jealous rage—under provocation, be it remembered, which the witnesses proved—she might have been convicted of manslaughter, and might have received a light sentence. But the evidence so undeniably revealed deliberate and merciless premeditation, that the only defense attempted by her counsel was madness, and the only alternative left to a righteous jury was a verdict which condemned the woman to death. Those mischievous members of the community, whose topsy-turvy sympathies feel for the living criminal and forget the dead victim, attempted to save her by means of high-flown petitions and contemptible correspondence in the newspapers. But the Judge held firm; and the Home Secretary held firm. They were entirely right; and the public were scandalously wrong.

 Our Chaplain endeavored to offer the consolations of religion to the condemned wretch. She refused to accept his ministrations in language which filled him with grief and horror.

 On the evening before the execution, the reverend gentleman laid on my table his own written report of a conversation which had passed between the Prisoner and himself.


) was one of our most enterprising, generous and far-seeing citizens. His first venture was in the banking business. It was while engaged in this pursuit that he gained the name "Honest Harry Meiggs." His banking business was good for a year or so and then he conceived the idea of building a wharf at North Beach. It commenced at Francisco street between Powell and Mason streets. It extended north several hundred feet and was used for a landing place for lumber in the rough, to be conveyed to his mill on the South side of Francisco street near Powell. In order to accommodate the demands of trade an "L" was extended eastward from the end of his wharf. About this time he got into financial troubles. In October, 1854, he departed with his family for Chili between two days and passed out through the Golden Gate, and no more was heard of him for a long time. It finally became known that he was in Peru, engaged in building bridges for that government. He took contracts and was very successful and became well off in a few years. He sent an agent to San Francisco to hunt up all his creditors and pay them, dollar for dollar with interest. I knew a widow in San Francisco in the late '60s by the name of Rogers who was a creditor, who married a man by the name of Allen; I think that was in 1867. They went to Peru and saw Mr. Meiggs.
He paid all she demanded, about $300. Allen returned and reported to the children that their mother died while in Peru of fever, but they never got a cent of the money.
Mr. Meiggs was born in New York in 1811 and died in Peru in 1877.
San Francisco's First Town Clock.
The first public clock ever erected in San Francisco was placed on the frontage of the upper story of a four-story building at Nos. 425-427 Montgomery street, that was being built by Alexander Austin. This was in 1852. The clock was ordered by him and brought via the "Panama Route" from New York, arriving in San Francisco on the steamer Panama.
Mr. Austin occupied the ground floor as a retail dry goods establishment and it was one of the first, if not the first, of any prominence in the city. He afterwards moved to the southeast corner of Sutter and Montgomery streets and continued there until 1869 when he was elected city and county tax collector.
The clock remained on the building until January 20th, 1886, when the then owner of the building, Mr. D. F. Walker, had it removed so as to arrange for the remodeling of the interior.
Mr. W. H. Wharff, the architect in charge of the remodeling, purchased the clock and retained it in his possession until November 24, 1911, when he presented it to the Memorial Museum of the Golden Gate Park, where the curator, Mr. G. H. Barron, placed it in the "Pioneer Room." It is to be seen there now.
Admission Day Flag.
Here is an interesting fact that has never been given publicity before, and I simply relate it as told me by Sarah Connell, the daughter of the man that carried it.
"Mr. D. S. Haskell, manager of the express and banking business of Adams & Co., conceiving the patriotic idea of having an American flag carried in the division of which his firm was to be a part, endeavored to procure an American flag, but found that nothing but flags of the size for ships or poles were to be had. He then started to find material from which to have one made, but in this he was unsuccessful also. So, undaunted, he at last found a dressmaker who lived somewhere in the neighborhood of Washington and Dupont streets, who found in her 'piece-bag' that she had brought from New York, enough pieces of silk and satin (they were not all alike) to make a flag three feet by two feet. He was so delighted with her handiwork that he gave her a $50 slug for her work[6].
"Thus it was that Adams & Co. were able to parade under the stars and stripes in that memorable parade of October 28, 1850, in celebration of the admission of California as a state into the union. After the parade Mr. Haskell presented the flag to their chief messenger, my father, Mr.
Thomas Connell, and it has been in our possession since."
Mr. Thomas Connell.
Mr. Connell was one of the few of the early comers who never went to the mines, though of course, that was his intention. He started, but somewhere on the Contra Costa side—it was all Contra Costa then—he fell ill of malaria fever. There was no one with time to bother with a sick man and he was unable to proceed or return so he expected to end his life there. When the disease abated he concluded that he had no desire to penetrate further into the wilderness, so he turned his face towards San Francisco again. He was a shipwright by trade and though there was nothing doing in his line, he saw the possibilities of a boating business when there were no wharves, piers or other accommodations for freight or passengers. One of the curious uses to which his boats were put was the carrying of a water supply. They were chartered by a company and fitted with copper tanks which were filled from springs near Sausalito. On this side of the bay the water was transferred to wagons like those now used for street sprinkling and the precious fluid was supplied to householders at a remunerative rate of twenty-five cents a pail, every family having one or two hogsheads fitted with a spigot to hold the supply.
Mr. Connell also carried the first presidential message received in the State, rowing up the Sacramento River day and night in his own boat to deliver the document at the capitol, and for sake of the sentiment he also carried the last one received by steamer as far as Oakland, whence the delivery was completed by train.
Uncle Phil Roach, Happy Valley.
Uncle Phil Roach, editor and founder of the "San Francisco Examiner," lived on Clementina street near First. He was one of those good natured, genial old men that everybody liked, was at one time president of the Society of California Pioneers (1860-1), and later elected to the State Legislature. He afterwards acted as administrator of the Blythe estate, but died before its final settlement.
The place where he lived was called Happy Valley and the only entrance to it was at the intersection of Market, Bush and First streets, this crossing being at the east end of a sand dune about 30 feet high, extending westerly about half a mile. At this time the waters of the bay came up to the corner of Market and First streets, but it was not long before this, and many other sand dunes, disappeared, being scraped and carted off to fill the nearby mud flats.
There was at this time a little wharf 50 feet wide extending out into the cove from the foot of Clay street at Davis 1550 feet to a depth of 35 feet. It was called "Long Wharf." To the north of this wharf the water lapped what is now Sansome street for a block (to Washington street) and followed the shore line to the corner of Jackson and Montgomery streets.
Early Water Supply.
My mind drifts back to the days when our water system was dependent in part upon a well near the corner of Market and First streets. This was in 1855 when the population of San Francisco was between 40,000 and 50,000. I was then living on Third street near Mission and got my supply of water from a man named Somers who conveyed water about the city to his various customers in a cart. I took water from him for about three years at the rate of $1.50 per week.
Many's the time I have gone out to the Mission hunting rabbits. All that part of the city was as wild as it ever was, sand dunes and low grounds.
About three years later a company built a plank toll road on Mission street from some point near the water front to the Mission, a distance of about three miles. This made an opening through the sand dunes and that section filled up rapidly.
Postoffice.
The postoffice was situated on the lot at the northwest corner of Washington and Battery streets. It was built in 1855. Previous to the erection of this building the pioneers obtained


of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. -- Chain bond. See Chain timber. -- Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. -- Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. -- Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. -- Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. -- Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. -- Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. -- Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. -- Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. - - Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. -- Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. -- Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel's side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. -- Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. -- Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. -- Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship's rigging. -- Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain timber. (Arch.)
 See Bond timber, under Bond. -- Chain wales. (Naut.)
 Same as Channels. -- Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulæ are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. -- Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

 Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chnd); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog.

Chained behind the hostile car. Prior.
2. To keep in slavery; to enslave.

 And which more blest? who chained his country, say Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day? Pope.
3. To unite closely and strongly.

 And in this vow do chain my soul to thine. Shak.
4. (Surveying) To measure with the chain.

5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

 Chain"less (?), a. Having no chain; not restrained or fettered.
 "The chainless mind." Byron.
 Chain"let (?), n. A small chain. Sir W. Scott.
 Chain" pump' (?). A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge.

 Chain" stitch' (?). 1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; -- used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery.

2. (Machine Sewing) A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

 Chain" wheel' (?). 1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel.

2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

 Chain"work' (?), n. Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

 Chair (?), n. [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher's or professor's chair, Gr. &?; down + &?; seat, &?; to sit, akin to E. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.]

1. A movable single seat with a back.

2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp.
 that of a professor; hence, the office itself.

 The chair of a philosophical school. Whewell.
 A chair of philology. M. Arnold.
3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair.

4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak.
 Think what an equipage thou hast in air, And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope.
5. An iron block used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers.

Chair days, days of repose and age. -- To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. -- To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

 Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair.

2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

 Chair"man (?), n.; pl. Chairmen (&?;). 1.
 The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body.

2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan.

 Breaks watchmen's heads and chairmen's glasses. Prior.
 Chair"man*ship, n. The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

 Chaise (shz), n. [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] 1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thorough-braces. It is usually drawn by one horse.

2. Loosely, a carriage in general. Cowper.
 ||Cha"ja (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

 ||Cha*la"za (?), n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

2. (Biol.) A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

 Cha*la"zal (?), a. Of or pertaining to


that perjured her.

J. Fletcher.
Syn. -- To Perjure, Forswear. These words have been used interchangeably; but there is a tendency to restrict perjure to that species of forswearing which constitutes the crime of perjury at law, namely, the willful violation of an oath administered by a magistrate or according to law.

 Per"jure, n. [L. perjurus: cf. OF. parjur, F. parjure.]
 A perjured person. [Obs.] Shak.
 Per"jured (?), a. Guilty of perjury; having sworn falsely; forsworn. Shak. "Perjured persons." 1 Tim. i. 10.
 "Their perjured oath." Spenser.
 Per"jur*er (?), n. One who is guilty of perjury; one who perjures or forswears, in any sense.

 { Per*ju"ri*ous (?), Per"ju*rous (?), } a. [L. perjuriosus, perjurus.] Guilty of perjury; containing perjury. [Obs.] Quarles.
 B. Johnson.
 Per"ju*ry (?), n.; pl. Perjuries (#). [L. perjurium.
 See Perjure, v.] 1. False swearing.

2. (Law) At common law, a willfully false statement in a fact material to the issue, made by a witness under oath in a competent judicial proceeding. By statute the penalties of perjury are imposed on the making of willfully false affirmations.

 If a man swear falsely in nonjudicial affidavits, it is made perjury by statute in some jurisdictions in the United States.

 Perk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Perking.] [Cf. W. percu to trim, to make smart.]
 To make trim or smart; to straighten up; to erect; to make a jaunty or saucy display of; as, to perk the ears; to perk up one's head. Cowper. Sherburne.
 Perk, v. i. To exalt one's self; to bear one's self loftily. "To perk over them." Barrow.
To perk it, to carry one's self proudly or saucily. Pope.
 Perk, a. Smart; trim; spruce; jaunty; vain. "Perk as a peacock." Spenser.
 Perk, v. i. To peer; to look inquisitively. Dickens.
 Per"kin (?), n. A kind of weak perry.

 Per"kin*ism (?), n. (Med.) A remedial treatment, by drawing the pointed extremities of two rods, each of a different metal, over the affected part; tractoration, -- first employed by Dr. Elisha Perkins of Norwich, Conn. See Metallotherapy.

 Perk"y (?), a. Perk; pert; jaunty; trim.

 There amid perky larches and pines.

Tennyson.
 Per*la"ceous (?), a. [See Pearl.] Pearly; resembling pearl.

 Per"lid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any insect of the genus Perla, or family Perlidæ. See Stone fly, under Stone.

 Per"lite (?), n. (Min.) Same as Pearlite.

 Per*lit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Relating to or resembling perlite, or pearlstone; as, the perlitic structure of certain rocks. See Pearlite.

 Per"lous (?), a. Perilous. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Per'lus*tra"tion (?), n. [L. perlustrare to wander all through, to survey. See 3d Luster.] The act of viewing all over. [Archaic] Howell.
 Per"ma*na*ble (?), a. Permanent; durable. [Obs.] Lydgate.
 { Per"ma*nence (?), Per"ma*nen*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. permanence.]
 The quality or state of being permanent; continuance in the same state or place; duration; fixedness; as, the permanence of institutions; the permanence of nature.

 Per"ma*nent (?), a. [L. permanens, -entis, p. pr. of permanere to stay or remain to the end, to last; per + manere to remain: cf. F. permanent. See Per-, and Mansion.] Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; remaining unaltered or unremoved; abiding; durable; fixed; stable; lasting; as, a permanent impression.

 Eternity stands permanent and fixed.

Dryden.
Permanent gases (Chem. & Physics), hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide; -- also called incondensible or incoercible gases, before their liquefaction in 1877. -- Permanent way, the roadbed and superstructure of a finished railway; -- so called in distinction from the contractor's temporary way. -- Permanent white (Chem.), barium sulphate (heavy spar), used as a white pigment or paint, in distinction from white lead, which tarnishes and darkens from the formation of the sulphide.

Syn. -- Lasting; durable; constant. See Lasting.

 Per"ma*nent*ly, adv. In a permanent manner.

 Per*man"ga*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of permanganic acid.

Potassium permanganate. (Chem.) See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

 Per'man*gan"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, one of the higher acids of manganese, HMnO4, which forms salts called permanganates.

 Per*man"sion (?), n. [L. permansio. See Permanent.]
 Continuance. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Per'me*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. perméabilité.]
 The quality or state of being permeable.

Magnetic permeability (Physics), the specific capacity of a body for magnetic induction, or its conducting power for lines of magnetic force. Sir W. Thomson.
 Per"me*a*ble (?), a. [L. permeabilis: cf. F. perméable.
 See Permeate.] Capable of being permeated, or passed through; yielding passage; passable; penetrable; -- used especially of substances which allow the passage of fluids; as, wood is permeable to oil; glass is permeable to light. I. Taylor.
 Per"me*a*bly, adv. In a permeable manner.

 Per"me*ant (?), a. [L. permeans, p. pr.] Passing through; permeating. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Per"me*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permeated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Permeating.] [L. permeatus, p. p. of permeare to permeate; per + meare to go, pass.] 1. To pass through the pores or interstices of; to penetrate and pass through without causing rupture or displacement; -- applied especially to fluids which pass through substances of loose texture; as, water permeates sand. Woodward.
2. To enter and spread through; to pervade.

 God was conceived to be diffused throughout the whole world, to permeate and pervade all things.

Cudworth.
 Per'me*a"tion (?), n. The act of permeating, passing through, or spreading throughout, the pores or interstices of any substance.

 Here is not a mere involution only, but a spiritual permeation and inexistence.

Bp. Hall.
 Per"mi*an (?), a. [From the ancient kingdom of Permia, where the Permian formation exists.] (Geol.) Belonging or relating


p.
Syn. -- Estimate, Estimation, Esteem. The noun estimate, like its verb, supposes chiefly an exercise of judgment in determining the amount, importance, or magnitude of things, with their other exterior relations; as, an estimate of expenses incurred; a true estimate of life, etc. Esteem is a moral sentiment made up of respect and attachment, -- the valuation of a person as possessing useful qualities or real worth. Thus we speak of the esteem of the wise and good as a thing greatly to be desired. Estimation seems to waver between the two. In our version of the Scriptures it is used simply for estimate; as, "If he be poorer than thy estimation." Lev. xxvii. 8. In other cases, it verges toward esteem; as, "I know him to be of worth and worthy estimation." Shak. It will probably settle down at last on this latter sense. "Esteem is the value we place upon some degree of worth. It is higher than simple approbation, which is a decision of judgment. It is the commencement of affection." Gogan.
 No; dear as freedom is, and in my heart's Just estimation prized above all price.

Cowper.
 Es'ti*ma"tion (?), n. [L. aestimatio, fr. aestimare: cf. F. estimation. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. The act of estimating. Shak.
2. An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as, estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities.

 If he be poorer that thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest, and the priest shall value him.

Lev. xxvii. 8.
3. Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor.

 I shall have estimation among multitude, and honor with the elders.

Wisdom viii. 10.
4. Supposition; conjecture.

 I speak not this in estimation, As what I think might be, but what I know.

Shak.
Syn. -- Estimate; calculation; computation; appraisement; esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate, n. Es"ti*ma*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. estimatif.] 1.
 Inclined, or able, to estimate; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating.

 We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty.

Sir M. Hale.
2. Pertaining to an estimate. [R.]

 Es"ti*ma'tor (?), n. [L. aestimator.] One who estimates or values; a valuer. Jer. Taylor.
 Es"ti*val (?), a., Es"ti*vate (&?;), v. i., Es'ti*va"tion (&?;), n. Same as Æstival, Æstivate, etc.

 ||Es'toile" (?), n. [OF.] (Her.) A six-pointed star whose rays are wavy, instead of straight like those of a mullet. [Written also étoile.]

Estoile of eight points, a star which has four straight and four wavy rays. -- Estoile of four points. Same as Cross estoilé, under Cross.

 Es*top" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estophed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Estopping.] [OF. estoper to stop, plug, close, F. étouper, LL. stuppare to close with tow, obstruct, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum, cf. Gr. sty'pph. Cf. Stop.] (Law) To impede or bar by estoppel.

 A party will be estopped by his admissions, where his intent is to influence another, or derive an advantage to himself.

Abbott.
 Es*top"pel (?), n. [From Estop.] (Law) (a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to one's alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an admission, by words or conduct, which induces another to purchase rights, against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission. (b) The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions, which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. Wharton.
Stephen. Burrill.
 Es*to"vers (s*t"vrz), n. pl. [OF. estoveir, estovoir, necessary, necessity, need, prop. an infin. meaning to suit, be fit, be necessary. See Stover.] (Law) Necessaries or supplies; an allowance to a person out of an estate or other thing for support; as of wood to a tenant for life, etc., of sustenance to a man confined for felony out of his estate, or alimony to a woman divorced out of her husband's estate. Blackstone.
Common of estovers. See under Common, n. Es'trade" (s'trd"), n. [F., fr. Sp. estrado, orig., a carpet on the floor of a room, also, a carpeted platform, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stratum.] (Arch.) A portion of the floor of a room raised above the general level, as a place for a bed or a throne; a platform; a dais.

 He [the teacher] himself should have his desk on a mounted estrade or platform.

J. G. Fitch.
 ||Es'tra'ma'con" (?), n. [F.] 1. A straight, heavy sword with two edges, used in the 16th and 17th centuries.

2. A blow with edge of a sword. Farrow.
 Es*trange" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging.] [OF. estrangier to remove, F. étranger, L. extraneare to treat as a stranger, from extraneus strange. See Strange.] 1. To withdraw; to withhold; hence, reflexively, to keep at a distance; to cease to be familiar and friendly with.

 We must estrange our belief from everything which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced.

Glanvill.
 Had we... estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent.

Hooker.
2. To divert from its original use or purpose, or from its former possessor; to alienate.

 They... have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods.

Jer. xix. 4.
3. To alienate the affections or confidence of; to turn from attachment to enmity or indifference.

 I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged him from me.

Pope.
 He... had pretended to be estranged from the Whigs, and had promised to act as a spy upon them.

Macaulay.
 Es*tran"ged*ness (?), n. State of being estranged; estrangement. Prynne.
 Es*trange"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. estrangement.] The act of estranging, or the state of being estranged; alienation.

 An estrangement from God.

J. C. Shairp.
 A long estrangement from better things.

South.
 Es*tran"ger (?), n. One who estranges.

 Es*tran"gle (?), v. t. To strangle. [Obs.]

 Es'tra*pade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) The action of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, plunges, and kicks furiously.

 Es*tray"


as 9 + x and x + 9 are said to be equivalent because they mean the same thing, but the second one is in 'canonical form' because it is written in the usual way, with the highest power of x first. Usually there are fixed rules you can use to decide whether something is in canonical form. The jargon meaning, a relaxation of the technical meaning, acquired its present loading in computer-science culture largely through its prominence in Alonzo Church's work in computation theory and mathematical logic (see Knights of the Lambda Calculus). Compare vanilla.
Non-technical academics do not use the adjective 'canonical' in any of the senses defined above with any regularity; they do however use the nouns 'canon' and 'canonicity' (not **canonicalness or **canonicality). The 'canon' of a given author is the complete body of authentic works by that author (this usage is familiar to Sherlock Holmes fans as well as to literary scholars). 'The canon' is the body of works in a given field (e.g., works of literature, or of art, or of music) deemed worthwhile for students to study and for scholars to investigate.
The word 'canon' has an interesting history. It derives ultimately from the Greek 'kanon' (akin to the English 'cane') referring to a reed. Reeds were used for measurement, and in Latin and later Greek the word 'canon' meant a rule or a standard. The establishment of a canon of scriptures within Christianity was meant to define a standard or a rule for the religion. The above non-techspeak academic usages stem from this instance of a defined and accepted body of work. Alongside this usage was the promulgation of 'canons' ('rules') for the government of the Catholic Church. The techspeak usages ("according to religious law") derive from this use of the Latin 'canon'.
Hackers invest this term with a playfulness that makes an ironic contrast with its historical meaning. A true story: One Bob Sjoberg, new at the MIT AI Lab, expressed some annoyance at the incessant use of jargon. Over his loud objections, GLS and RMS made a point of using as much of it as possible in his presence, and eventually it began to sink in. Finally, in one conversation, he used the word 'canonical' in jargon-like fashion without thinking. Steele: "Aha! We've finally got you talking jargon too!" Stallman: "What did he say?" Steele: "Bob just used 'canonical' in the canonical way."
Of course, canonicality depends on context, but it is implicitly defined as the way hackers normally expect things to be. Thus, a hacker may claim with a straight face that 'according to religious law' is not the canonical meaning of 'canonical'.
Node:card walloper, Next:careware, Previous:canonical, Up:= C = card walloper n. An EDP programmer who grinds out batch programs that do stupid things like print people's paychecks. Compare code grinder. See also punched card, eighty-column mind.
Node:careware, Next:cargo cult programming, Previous:card walloper, Up:= C = careware /keir'weir/ n. A variety of shareware for which either the author suggests that some payment be made to a nominated charity or a levy directed to charity is included on top of the distribution charge. Syn. charityware; compare crippleware, sense 2.
Node:cargo cult programming, Next:cascade, Previous:careware, Up:= C = cargo cult programming n. A style of (incompetent) programming dominated by ritual inclusion of code or program structures that serve no real purpose. A cargo cult programmer will usually explain the extra code as a way of working around some bug encountered in the past, but usually neither the bug nor the reason the code apparently avoided the bug was ever fully understood (compare shotgun debugging, voodoo programming).
The term 'cargo cult' is a reference to aboriginal religions that grew up in the South Pacific after World War II. The practices of these cults center on building elaborate mockups of airplanes and military style landing strips in the hope of bringing the return of the god-like airplanes that brought such marvelous cargo during the war. Hackish usage probably derives from Richard Feynman's characterization of certain practices as "cargo cult science" in his book "Surely You're Joking, Mr.
Feynman!" (W. W. Norton & Co, New York 1985, ISBN 0-393-01921-7).
Node:cascade, Next:case and paste, Previous:cargo cult programming, Up:= C = cascade n.
1. A huge volume of spurious error-message output produced by a compiler with poor error recovery. Too frequently, one trivial syntax error (such as a missing ')' or '}') throws the parser out of synch so that much of the remaining program text is interpreted as garbaged or ill-formed. 2. A chain of Usenet followups, each adding some trivial variation or riposte to the text of the previous one, all of which is reproduced in the new message; an include war in which the object is to create a sort of communal graffito.
Node:case and paste, Next:casters-up mode, Previous:cascade, Up:= C = case and paste n.
[from 'cut and paste'] 1. The addition of a new feature to an existing system by selecting the code from an existing feature and pasting it in with minor changes. Common in telephony circles because most operations in a telephone switch are selected using case statements.
Leads to software bloat.
In some circles of EMACS users this is called 'programming by Meta-W', because Meta-W is the EMACS command for copying a block of text to a kill buffer in preparation to pasting it in elsewhere. The term is condescending, implying that the programmer is acting mindlessly rather than thinking carefully about what is required to integrate the code for two similar cases.
At DEC (now Compaq), this is sometimes called 'clone-and-hack' coding.
Node:casters-up mode, Next:casting the runes, Previous:case and paste, Up:= C = casters-up mode n.
[IBM, prob. fr. slang belly up] Yet another synonym for 'broken' or 'down'. Usually connotes a major failure. A system (hardware or software) which is 'down' may be already being restarted before the failure is noticed, whereas one which is 'casters up' is usually a good excuse to take the rest of the day off (as long as you're not responsible for fixing it).
Node:casting the runes, Next:cat, Previous:casters-up mode, Up:= C = casting the runes n. What a guru does when you ask him or her to run a particular program and type at it because it never works for anyone else; esp. used when nobody can ever see what the guru is doing different from what J. Random Luser does.
Compare incantation, runes, examining the entrails; also see the AI koan about Tom Knight in "Some AI Koans" (Appendix A).
A correspondent from England tells us that one of ICL's most talented systems designers used to be called out occasionally to service machines which the field circus had given up on. Since he knew the design inside out, he could often find faults simply by listening to a quick outline of the symptoms. He used to play on this by going to some site where the field circus had just spent the last two weeks solid trying to find a fault, and spreading a diagram of the system out on a table top. He'd then shake some chicken bones and cast them over the diagram, peer at the bones intently for a minute, and then tell them that a certain module needed replacing. The system would start working again immediately upon the replacement.
Node:cat, Next:catatonic, Previous:casting the runes, Up:= C = cat [from 'catenate' via Unix cat(1)] vt.
1. [techspeak] To spew an entire file to the screen or some other output sink without pause (syn. blast). 2. By extension, to dump large amounts of data at an unprepared target or with no intention of browsing it carefully. Usage: considered silly. Rare outside Unix sites.
See also dd, BLT.
Among Unix


engage in making public addresses for electioneering purposes; -- a phrase derived from the practice of using a stump for a speaker's platform in newly-settled districts. Hence also the phrases stump orator, stump speaker, stump speech, stump oratory, etc. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumping.] 1. To cut off a part of; to reduce to a stump; to lop.

 Around the stumped top soft moss did grow.

Dr. H. More.
2. To strike, as the toes, against a stone or something fixed; to stub. [Colloq.]

3. To challenge; also, to nonplus. [Colloq.]

4. To travel over, delivering speeches for electioneering purposes; as, to stump a State, or a district. See To go on the stump, under Stump, n. [Colloq. U.S.]

5. (Cricket) (a) To put (a batsman) out of play by knocking off the bail, or knocking down the stumps of the wicket he is defending while he is off his allotted ground; -- sometimes with out.
 T. Hughes. (b) To bowl down the stumps of, as, of a wicket.

 A herd of boys with clamor bowled, And stumped the wicket.

Tennyson.
To stump it. (a) To go afoot; hence, to run away; to escape.
 [Slang] Ld. Lytton. (b) To make electioneering speeches.
 [Colloq. U.S.]

 Stump, v. i. To walk clumsily, as if on stumps.

To stump up, to pay cash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 Stump"age (?), n. 1. Timber in standing trees, -- often sold without the land at a fixed price per tree or per stump, the stumps being counted when the land is cleared. [Local, U.S.]

 Only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land.

C. S. Sargent.
2. A tax on the amount of timber cut, regulated by the price of lumber. [Local, U.S.] The Nation.
 Stump"er (?), n. 1. One who stumps.

2. A boastful person. [Slang] 3. A puzzling or incredible story. [Slang, U.S.]

 Stump"i*ness (?), n. The state of being stumpy.

 Stump"-tailed' (?), a. Having a short, thick tail.

Stump-tailed lizard (Zoöl.), a singular Australian scincoid lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus) having a short, thick tail resembling its head in form; -- called also sleeping lizard.

 Stump"y (?), a. 1. Full of stumps; hard; strong.

2. Short and thick; stubby. [Colloq.] "A stumpy little man."
 J. C. Harris.
 Stun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stunning.] [OE. stonien, stownien; either fr. AS. stunian to resound (cf. D. stenen to groan, G. stöhnen, Icel. stynja, Gr. &?;, Skr. stan to thunder, and E. thunder), or from the same source as E. astonish. √168.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by violence; to render senseless by a blow, as on the head.

 One hung a poleax at his saddlebow, And one a heavy mace to stun the foe.

Dryden.
2. To dull or deaden the sensibility of; to overcome; especially, to overpower one's sense of hearing.

 And stunned him with the music of the spheres.

Pope.
3. To astonish; to overpower; to bewilder.

 William was quite stunned at my discourse.

De Foe.
 Stun, n. The condition of being stunned.

 Stung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sting.

 Stunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Stink.

 Stun"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stuns.

2. Something striking or amazing in quality; something of extraordinary excellence. [Slang] Thackeray.
 Stun"ning (?), a. 1. Overpowering consciousness; overpowering the senses; especially, overpowering the sense of hearing; confounding with noise.

2. Striking or overpowering with astonishment, especially on account of excellence; as, stunning poetry. [Slang] C. Kingsley.
 -- Stun"ning*ly, adv. [Slang] Stun"sail (?), n. (Naut.) A contraction of Studding sail.

 With every rag set, stunsails, sky scrapers and all.

Lowell.
 Stunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunted (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Stunting.] [See Stint.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to prevent the growth of; to stint, to dwarf; as, to stunt a child; to stunt a plant.

 When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, and stunt the growth of its active energies, the ill or may do is beyond all calculation.

Burke.
 Stunt (?), n. 1. A check in growth; also, that which has been checked in growth; a stunted animal or thing.

2. Specifically: A whale two years old, which, having been weaned, is lean, and yields but little blubber.

 Stunt"ed, a. Dwarfed. -- Stunt"ed*ness, n. Stunt"ness, n. Stuntedness; brevity. [R.] Earle.
 ||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [Skr. stpa.] A mound or monument commemorative of Buddha.

 ||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [L.] (Med.) See 1st Stupe.

 Stupe (?), n. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf.
 Stop, v. t.] (Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm water or medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore.

 Stupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuping.] To foment with a stupe. Wiseman.
 Stupe, n. [See Stupid.] A stupid person. [Obs.]

 Stu'pe*fa"cient (?), a. [L. stupefaciens, p. pr. of stupefacere to stupefy; stupere to be stupefied + facere to make. Cf.
 Stupefy.] [Written also stupifacient.] Producing stupefaction; stupefactive. -- n. (Med.) Anything promoting stupefaction; a narcotic.

 Stu'pe*fac"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stupéfaction. See Stupefacient.] The act of stupefying, or the state of being stupefied.
 [Written also stupifaction.]

 Resistance of the dictates of conscience brings a hardness and stupefaction upon it.

South.
 Stu'pe*fac"tive (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. stupéfactif, LL. stupefactivus.] Same as Stupefacient. [Written also stupifactive.]

 Stu"pe*fied (?), a. Having been made stupid.

 Stu"pe*fied'ness, n. Quality of being stupid.

 Stu"pe*fi'er (?), n. One who, or that which, stupefies; a stupefying agent.

 Stu"pe*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stupefied (?); p. pr.


required is a formal expression of the fact that a proposition is true when it points towards its objective, and false when it points away from it, In very simple cases we can give a very simple account of this: we can say that true propositions actually resemble their objectives in a way in which false propositions do not. But for this purpose it is necessary to revert to image-propositions instead of word-propositions. Let us take again the illustration of a memory-image of a familiar room, and let us suppose that in the image the window is to the left of the door. If in fact the window is to the left of the door, there is a correspondence between the image and the objective; there is the same relation between the window and the door as between the images of them.
 The image-memory consists of the image of the window to the left of the image of the door. When this is true, the very same relation relates the terms of the objective (namely the window and the door) as relates the images which mean them. In this case the correspondence which constitutes truth is very simple.

 In the case we have just been considering the objective consists of two parts with a certain relation (that of left-to-right), and the proposition consists of images of these parts with the very same relation. The same proposition, if it were false, would have a less simple formal relation to its objective. If the image-proposition consists of an image of the window to the left of an image of the door, while in fact the window is not to the left of the door, the proposition does not result from the objective by the mere substitution of images for their prototypes. Thus in this unusually simple case we can say that a true proposition "corresponds" to its objective in a formal sense in which a false proposition does not.
 Perhaps it may be possible to modify this notion of formal correspondence in such a way as to be more widely applicable, but if so, the modifications required will be by no means slight. The reasons for this must now be considered.

 To begin with, the simple type of correspondence we have been exhibiting can hardly occur when words are substituted for images, because, in word-propositions, relations are usually expressed by words, which are not themselves relations. Take such a proposition as "Socrates precedes Plato." Here the word "precedes" is just as solid as the words "Socrates" and "Plato"; it MEANS a relation, but is not a relation. Thus the objective which makes our proposition true consists of TWO terms with a relation between them, whereas our proposition consists of THREE terms with a relation of order between them. Of course, it would be perfectly possible, theoretically, to indicate a few chosen relations, not by words, but by relations between the other words. "Socrates-Plato" might be used to mean "Socrates precedes Plato"; "Plato-Socrates" might be used to mean "Plato was born before Socrates and died after him"; and so on. But the possibilities of such a method would be very limited. For aught I know, there may be languages that use it, but they are not among the languages with which I am acquainted. And in any case, in view of the multiplicity of relations that we wish to express, no language could advance far without words for relations. But as soon as we have words for relations, word-propositions have necessarily more terms than the facts to which they refer, and cannot therefore correspond so simply with their objectives as some image-propositions can.

 The consideration of negative propositions and negative facts introduces further complications. An image-proposition is necessarily positive: we can image the window to the left of the door, or to the right of the door, but we can form no image of the bare negative "the window not to the left of the door." We can DISBELIEVE the image-proposition expressed by "the window to the left of the door," and our disbelief will be true if the window is not to the left of the door. But we can form no image of the fact that the window is not to the left of the door. Attempts have often been made to deny such negative facts, but, for reasons which I have given elsewhere,* I believe these attempts to be mistaken, and I shall assume that there are negative facts.

 Word-propositions, like image-propositions, are always positive facts. The fact that Socrates precedes Plato is symbolized in English by the fact that the word "precedes" occurs between the words "Socrates" and "Plato."
 But we cannot symbolize the fact that Plato does not precede Socrates by not putting the word "precedes" between "Plato" and "Socrates." A negative fact is not sensible, and language, being intended for communication, has to be sensible. Therefore we symbolize the fact that Plato does not precede Socrates by putting the words "does not precede" between "Plato" and "Socrates." We thus obtain a series of words which is just as positive a fact as the series "Socrates precedes Plato." The propositions asserting negative facts are themselves positive facts; they are merely different positive facts from those asserting positive facts.

 We have thus, as regards the opposition of positive and negative, three different sorts of duality, according as we are dealing with facts, image-propositions, or word-propositions. We have, namely: (1) Positive and negative facts; (2) Image-propositions, which may be believed or disbelieved, but do not allow any duality of content corresponding to positive and negative facts; (3) Word-propositions, which are always positive facts, but are of two kinds: one verified by a positive objective, the other by a negative objective.

 Owing to these complications, the simplest type of correspondence is impossible when either negative facts or negative propositions are involved.

 Even when we confine ourselves to relations between two terms which are both imaged, it may be impossible to form an image-proposition in which the relation of the terms is represented by the same relation of the images. Suppose we say "Caesar was 2,000 years before Foch," we express a certain temporal relation between Caesar and Foch; but we cannot allow 2,000 years to elapse between our image of Caesar and our image of Foch.
 This is perhaps not a fair example, since "2,000 years before" is not a direct relation. But take a case where the relation is direct, say, "the sun is brighter than the moon." We can form visual images of sunshine and moonshine, and it may happen that our image of the sunshine is the brighter of the two, but this is by no means either necessary or sufficient. The act of comparison, implied in our judgment, is something more than the mere coexistence of two images, one of which is in fact brighter than the other. It would take us too far from our main topic if we were to go into the question what actually occurs when we make this judgment. Enough has been said to show that the correspondence between the belief and its objective is more complicated in this case than in that of the window to the left of the door, and this was all that had to be proved.

 In spite of these complications, the general nature of the formal correspondence which makes truth is clear from our instances. In the case of the simpler kind of propositions, namely those that I call "atomic" propositions, where there is only one word expressing a relation, the objective which would verify our proposition, assuming that the word "not" is absent, is obtained by replacing each word by what it means, the word meaning a relation being replaced by this relation among the meanings of the other words. For example, if the proposition is "Socrates precedes Plato," the objective which verifies it results from replacing the word "Socrates" by Socrates, the word "Plato" by Plato, and the word "precedes" by the relation of preceding between Socrates and Plato. If the result of this process is a fact, the proposition is true; if not, it is false. When our proposition is "Socrates does not precede Plato," the conditions of truth and falsehood are exactly reversed. More complicated propositions can be dealt with on the same lines. In fact, the purely formal question, which has occupied us in this last section, offers no very formidable difficulties.

 I do not believe that the above formal theory is untrue, but I do believe that it is inadequate. It


of dark's capture of Post Vincennes. When the bride shall be brought to her new home on the banks of the Wabash, the flag will come with her; but Oncle Jazon will not be on hand with his falsetto shout: "VIVE LA BANNIERE D'ALICE ROUSSILLON! VIVE ZHORZZH VASINTON!"