. 1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as, to jar the earth; to jar one's faith.

2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.]

 My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar Their watches on unto mine eyes.

Shak.
 Jar, n. 1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as, the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds.

2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement.

 And yet his peace is but continual jar.

Spenser.
 Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace.

Shak.
3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum.

 I love thee not a jar of the clock.

Shak.
4. pl. In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.

 ||Jar'a*ra"ca (?), n. [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.)
 A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

 Jar"ble (?), v. t. To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 ||Jar'di'nière" (?), n. [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.] An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.

 Jards (?), n. [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.) A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock.

 Jar"gle (?), v. i. [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.] To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp.
 Hall.
 Jar"gon (?), n. [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh.
 akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.] Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. "A barbarous jargon." Macaulay. "All jargon of the schools." Prior.
 The jargon which serves the traffickers.

Johnson.
 Jar"gon (jär"gn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargoned (-gnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.] To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner.

 The noisy jay, Jargoning like a foreigner at his food.

Longfellow.
 Jar"gon, n. [E. jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers.
 zarg&?;n gold-colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.)
 A variety of zircon. See Zircon.

 Jar'go*nelle" (?), n. [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.] A variety of pear which ripens early.

 Jar*gon"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon.

 Jar"gon*ist (?), n. One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay.
 ||Jarl (?), n. [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow.
 Jar"nut' (?), n. [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.]
 (Bot.) An earthnut. Dr. Prior.
 Ja*ro"site (?), n. [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.)
 An ocher-yellow mineral occurring in minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash.

 Jar"-owl' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The goatsucker.

 Jar"rah (?), n. The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus.

 Jar"ring (?), a. [See Jar.] Shaking; disturbing; discordant. "A jarring sound." Dryden.
 Jar"ring n. 1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines.

2. Discord; a clashing of interests. "Endless jarrings and immortal hate." Dryden.
 Jar"ring*ly, adv. In a jarring or discordant manner.

 { Jar"vey, Jar"vy } (?), n. 1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle.
2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.]

 The litter at the bottom of the jarvy.

T. Hook.
 Ja"sey (?), n. A wig; -- so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray.
 Jas"hawk' (?), n. [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.)
 A young hawk. Booth.
 Jas"mine (?), n. [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. ysmn, Pers. ysmn; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.]
 (Bot.) A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies.
 The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.]

Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States.

 Jasp (?), n. Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Jas"pa*chate (?), n. [L. iaspachates, Gr. &?;.] (Min.)
 Agate jasper. [Obs.]

 Jas"per (?), n. [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. &?;; cf. Per. yashp, yashf, Ar. yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yshpheh.
 Cf. Diaper.] (Min.) An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper.
 The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper.

Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. -- Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color.

 Jas"per*a'ted (?), a. mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as, jasperated agate.

 Jas"per*ize (?), v. t. [Usually p. p. Jasperized (&?;).] To convert into


Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as, economic purposes; economical truths.

 These matters economical and political.

J. C. Shairp.
 There was no economical distress in England to prompt the enterprises of colonization.

Palfrey.
Economic questions, such as money, usury, taxes, lands, and the employment of the people.

H. C. Baird.
6. Regulative; relating to the adaptation of means to an end. Grew.
Economical is the usual form when meaning frugal, saving; economic is the form commonly used when meaning pertaining to the management of a household, or of public affairs.

 E'co*nom"ic*al*ly (?), adv. With economy; with careful management; with prudence in expenditure.

 E'co*nom"ics ('k&ocr*;nm"ks), n. [Gr. ta' o'ikonomika', equiv.
 to "h o'ikonomi'a. See Economic.] 1. The science of household affairs, or of domestic management.

2. Political economy; the science of the utilities or the useful application of wealth or material resources. See Political economy, under Political. "In politics and economics." V. Knox.
 E*con"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. économiste.] 1.
 One who economizes, or manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. "Economists even to parsimony." Burke.
2. One who is conversant with political economy; a student of economics.

 E*con'o*mi*za"tion (?), n. The act or practice of using to the best effect. [R.] H. Spenser.
 E*con"o*mize (*kn"*mz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Economized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] [Cf. F. économiser.]
 To manage with economy; to use with prudence; to expend with frugality; as, to economize one's income. [Written also economise.]

 Expenses in the city were to be economized.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
 Calculating how to economize time.

W. Irving.
 E*con"o*mize, v. i. To be prudently sparing in expenditure; to be frugal and saving; as, to economize in order to grow rich. [Written also economise.] Milton.
 E*con"o*mi'zer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, economizes.

2. Specifically: (Steam Boilers) An arrangement of pipes for heating feed water by waste heat in the gases passing to the chimney.

 E*con"o*my (-m), n.; pl. Economies (#). [F. économie, L. oeconomia household management, fr. Gr. o'ikonomi'a, fr.
 o'ikono'mos one managing a household; o'i^kos house (akin to L. vicus village, E. vicinity) + no'mos usage, law, rule, fr. ne'mein to distribute, manage. See Vicinity, Nomad.] 1. The management of domestic affairs; the regulation and government of household matters; especially as they concern expense or disbursement; as, a careful economy.

 Himself busy in charge of the household economies.

Froude.
2. Orderly arrangement and management of the internal affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by production and consumption; esp., such management as directly concerns wealth; as, political economy.

3. The system of rules and regulations by which anything is managed; orderly system of regulating the distribution and uses of parts, conceived as the result of wise and economical adaptation in the author, whether human or divine; as, the animal or vegetable economy; the economy of a poem; the Jewish economy.

 The position which they [the verb and adjective] hold in the general economy of language.

Earle.
 In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the economy ... of poems better observed than in Terence.

B. Jonson.
 The Jews already had a Sabbath, which, as citizens and subjects of that economy, they were obliged to keep.

Paley.
4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping; management without loss or waste; frugality in expenditure; prudence and disposition to save; as, a housekeeper accustomed to economy but not to parsimony.

Political economy. See under Political.

Syn. -- Economy, Frugality, Parsimony. Economy avoids all waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds on a system of saving. The latter conveys the idea of not using or spending superfluously, and is opposed to lavishness or profusion. Frugality is usually applied to matters of consumption, and commonly points to simplicity of manners; parsimony is frugality carried to an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice.

 I have no other notion of economy than that it is the parent to liberty and ease.

Swift.
 The father was more given to frugality, and the son to riotousness [luxuriousness].

Golding.
 ||É'cor'ché" (?), n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A manikin, or image, representing an animal, especially man, with the skin removed so that the muscles are exposed for purposes of study.

 ||É'cos'saise" (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A dancing tune in the Scotch style.

 E*cos"tate (?), a. [Pref. e- + costate.] (Bot.)
 Having no ribs or nerves; -- said of a leaf.

 ||É'coute" (?), n. [F., a listening place.] (Mil.)
 One of the small galleries run out in front of the glacis. They serve to annoy the enemy's miners.

 ||Ec"pha*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to speak out.] (Rhet.) An explicit declaration.

 ||Ec'pho*ne"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a thing called out, fr. &?; to cry out; 'ek out + &?; voice.] (Rhet.) A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

 Ec"pho*neme (?), n. [See Ecphonema.] A mark (!) used to indicate an exclamation. G. Brown.
 ||Ec'pho*ne"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Ecphonema.] (Rhet.)
 An animated or passionate exclamation.

 The feelings by the ecphonesis are very various.

Gibbs.
 Ec*phrac"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to open; 'ek out + &?; to block up: cf. F. ecphractique.] (Med.) Serving to dissolve or attenuate viscid matter, and so to remove obstructions; deobstruent. -- n. An ecphractic medicine. Harvey.
 ||É'crase'ment" (?), n. [F.] (Surg.) The operation performed with an écraseur.

 É'cra'seur" (?), n. [F., fr. écraser to crush.] (Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in many operations, the parts operated on being severed by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tightening of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows.

 ||É'cru" (?), a. [F., fr


field or place, or of a grand edifice, etc.; also, the movable structure of timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed.

2. An opening for passage in any inclosing wall, fence, or barrier; or the suspended framework which closes or opens a passage. Also, figuratively, a means or way of entrance or of exit.

 Knowest thou the way to Dover? Both stile and gate, horse way and footpath.

Shak.
 Opening a gate for a long war.

Knolles.
3. A door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc.

4. (Script.) The places which command the entrances or access; hence, place of vantage; power; might.

 The gates of hell shall not prevail against it.

Matt. xvi. 18.
5. In a lock tumbler, the opening for the stump of the bolt to pass through or into.

6. (Founding) (a) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mold; the ingate. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening; a sprue or sullage piece. [Written also geat and git.]

Gate chamber, a recess in the side wall of a canal lock, which receives the opened gate. -- Gate channel. See Gate, 5. -- Gate hook, the hook-formed piece of a gate hinge. -- Gate money, entrance money for admission to an inclosure. -- Gate tender, one in charge of a gate, as at a railroad crossing. -- Gate valva, a stop valve for a pipe, having a sliding gate which affords a straight passageway when open. -- Gate vein (Anat.), the portal vein.
 -- To break gates (Eng. Univ.), to enter a college inclosure after the hour to which a student has been restricted. -- To stand in the gate, or gates, to occupy places or advantage, power, or defense.

 Gate, v. t. 1. To supply with a gate.

2. (Eng. Univ.) To punish by requiring to be within the gates at an earlier hour than usual.

 Gate, n. [Icel. gata; akin to SW. gata street, lane, Dan. gade, Goth. gatwö, G. gasse. Cf. Gate a door, Gait.] 1. A way; a path; a road; a street (as in Highgate).
 [O. Eng. & Scot.]

 I was going to be an honest man; but the devil has this very day flung first a lawyer, and then a woman, in my gate.

Sir W. Scott.
2. Manner; gait. [O. Eng. & Scot.]

 Gat"ed (?), a. Having gates. Young.
 Gate"house' (?), n. A house connected or associated with a gate.

 Gate"less, a. Having no gate.

 Gate"man (?), n. A gate keeper; a gate tender.

 Gate"post' (?), n. 1. A post to which a gate is hung; -- called also swinging or hinging post.

2. A post against which a gate closes; -- called also shutting post.

 Gate"way' (?), n. A passage through a fence or wall; a gate; also, a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate in hung, or a structure at an entrance or gate designed for ornament or defense.

 Gate"wise' (?), adv. In the manner of a gate.

 Three circles of stones set up gatewise.

Fuller.
 Gath"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gathered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gathering.] [OE. gaderen, AS. gaderian, gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gæd fellowship; akin to E. good, D. gaderen to collect, G. gatte husband, MHG. gate, also companion, Goth. gadiliggs a sister's son. √29. See Good, and cf. Together.]

1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate.

 And Belgium's capital had gathered them Her beauty and her chivalry.

Byron.
 When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together.

Matt. ii. 4.
2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck.

 A rose just gathered from the stalk.

Dryden.
 Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?

Matt. vii. 16.
Gather us from among the heathen.

Ps. cvi. 47.
3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up.

 He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.

Prov. xxviii. 8.
 To pay the creditor... he must gather up money by degrees.

Locke.
4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as, to gather a ruffle.

Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand.

Pope.
5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude.

 Let me say no more! Gather the sequel by that went before.

Shak.
6. To gain; to win. [Obs.]

 He gathers ground upon her in the chase.

Dryden.
7. (Arch.) To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like.

8. (Naut.) To haul in; to take up; as, to gather the slack of a rope.

To be gathered to one's people, or to one's fathers to die.
 Gen. xxv. 8. -- To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. Spenser.
 -- To gather one's self together, to collect and dispose one's powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. -- To gather way (Naut.), to begin to move; to move with increasing speed.

 Gath"er (?), v. i. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate.

 When small humors gather to a gout.

Pope.
 Tears from the depth of some divine despair Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes.

Tennyson.
2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase.

 Their snowball did not gather as it went.

Bacon.
3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as, a boil has gathered.

4. To collect or bring things together.

 Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed.

Matt. xxv. 26.
 Gath"er, n. 1. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker.

2. (Carriage Making) The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward.

3. (Arch.) The soffit or under surface of the masonry


surfaces, or cleaning away dust, dirt, or litter, as a broom does; moving with swiftness and force; carrying everything before it; including in its scope many persons or things; as, a sweeping flood; a sweeping majority; a sweeping accusation. -- Sweep"ing*ly, adv. - Sweep"ing*ness, n. Sweep"ings (?), n. pl. Things collected by sweeping; rubbish; as, the sweepings of a street.

 Sweep"-saw' (?), n. A bowsaw.

 Sweep"stake' (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes. Heylin.
2. A complete removal or carrying away; a clean sweep. [Obs.] Bp.
 Hacket.
 Sweep"stakes' (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes; a sweepstake.

2. sing. or pl. The whole money or other things staked at a horse race, a given sum being put up for each horse, all of which goes to the winner, or is divided among several, as may be previously agreed.

3. A race for all the sums staked or prizes offered.

 Sweep"wash'er (?), n. One who extracts the residuum of precious metals from the sweepings, potsherds, etc., of refineries of gold and silver, or places where these metals are used.

 Sweep"y (?), a. Moving with a sweeping motion.

 The branches bend before their sweepy away.

Dryden.
 Sweet (?), a. [Compar. Sweeter (?); superl. Sweetest.]
 [OE. swete, swote, sote, AS. swte; akin to OFries. swte, OS. swti, D. zoet, G. süss, OHG. suozi, Icel. sætr, sœtr, Sw. söt, Dan. söd, Goth. suts, L. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. &?;, Skr. svdu sweet, svad, svd, to sweeten.
 √175. Cf. Assuage, Suave, Suasion.] 1. Having an agreeable taste or flavor such as that of sugar; saccharine; -- opposed to sour and bitter; as, a sweet beverage; sweet fruits; sweet oranges.

2. Pleasing to the smell; fragrant; redolent; balmy; as, a sweet rose; sweet odor; sweet incense.

 The breath of these flowers is sweet to me.

Longfellow.
3. Pleasing to the ear; soft; melodious; harmonious; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ; sweet music; a sweet voice; a sweet singer.

 To make his English sweet upon his tongue.

Chaucer.
 A voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful.

Hawthorne.
4. Pleasing to the eye; beautiful; mild and attractive; fair; as, a sweet face; a sweet color or complexion.

Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.
5. Fresh; not salt or brackish; as, sweet water. Bacon.
6. Not changed from a sound or wholesome state. Specifically: (a) Not sour; as, sweet milk or bread. (b) Not state; not putrescent or putrid; not rancid; as, sweet butter; sweet meat or fish.

7. Plaesing to the mind; mild; gentle; calm; amiable; winning; presuasive; as, sweet manners.

 Canst thou bind the sweet influence of Pleiades?

Job xxxviii. 31.
 Mildness and sweet reasonableness is the one established rule of Christian working.

M. Arnold.
Sweet is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, sweet-blossomed, sweetfeatured, sweet-smelling, sweet-tempered, sweettoned, etc.

Sweet alyssum. (Bot.) See Alyssum. -- Sweet apple. (Bot.)
(a) Any apple of sweet flavor. (b) See Sweet-top. -- Sweet bay. (Bot.) (a) The laurel (laurus nobilis). (b) Swamp sassafras. -- Sweet calabash (Bot.), a plant of the genus Passiflora (P. maliformis) growing in the West Indies, and producing a roundish, edible fruit, the size of an apple. -- Sweet cicely. (Bot.) (a) Either of the North American plants of the umbelliferous genus Osmorrhiza having aromatic roots and seeds, and white flowers. Gray. (b) A plant of the genus Myrrhis (M. odorata) growing in England. -- Sweet calamus, or Sweet cane. (Bot.) Same as Sweet flag, below. -- Sweet Cistus (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Cistus Ladanum) from which the gum ladanum is obtained. -- Sweet clover. (Bot.)
 See Melilot. -- Sweet coltsfoot (Bot.), a kind of butterbur (Petasites sagittata) found in Western North America. -- Sweet corn (Bot.), a variety of the maize of a sweet taste. See the Note under Corn. -- Sweet fern (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Comptonia, or Myrica, asplenifolia) having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern leaves. -- Sweet flag (Bot.), an endogenous plant (Acorus Calamus) having long flaglike leaves and a rootstock of a pungent aromatic taste. It is found in wet places in Europe and America. See Calamus, 2. -- Sweet gale (Bot.), a shrub (Myrica Gale) having bitter fragrant leaves; -- also called sweet willow, and Dutch myrtle. See 5th Gale.
 -- Sweet grass (Bot.), holy, or Seneca, grass. -- Sweet gum (Bot.), an American tree (Liquidambar styraciflua).
 See Liquidambar. -- Sweet herbs, fragrant herbs cultivated for culinary purposes. -- Sweet John (Bot.), a variety of the sweet William. -- Sweet leaf (Bot.), horse sugar. See under Horse. -- Sweet marjoram. (Bot.) See Marjoram. -- Sweet marten (Zoöl.), the pine marten. -- Sweet maudlin (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea Ageratum) allied to milfoil. -- Sweet oil, olive oil. -- Sweet pea. (Bot.)
 See under Pea. -- Sweet potato. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- Sweet rush (Bot.), sweet flag. -- Sweet spirits of niter (Med. Chem.) See Spirit of nitrous ether, under Spirit. -- Sweet sultan (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea moschata), also, the yellow-flowered (C. odorata); -- called also sultan flower. -- Sweet tooth, an especial fondness for sweet things or for sweetmeats. [Colloq.] -- Sweet William. (a) (Bot.) A species of pink (Dianthus barbatus) of many varieties. (b) (Zoöl.) The willow warbler. (c) (Zoöl.) The European goldfinch; -- called also sweet Billy.
 [Prov. Eng.] -- Sweet willow (Bot.), sweet gale. -- Sweet wine. See Dry wine, under Dry. -- To be sweet on, to have a particular fondness for, or special interest in, as a young man for a young woman. [Colloq.] Thackeray.
Syn. -- Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious.

 Sweet (?), n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste; -- used chiefly in the plural. Specifically: (a) Confectionery, sweetmeats, preserves, etc. (b) Home-made wines, cordials, metheglin, etc.

2. That which is sweet or pleasant in odor; a perfume. "A wilderness of sweets." Milton.
3. That which is pleasing or grateful to the mind; as, the sweets of domestic life.

 A little bitter mingled in our cup leaves no relish of the sweet.

Locke.
4. One who is dear to another; a darling; --


modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle.

 Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions.

2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott.
 ||Sex'a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

 Sex'a*ges"i*mal (?), a. [Cf. F. sexagésimal.]
 Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty.

Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as,,, ; -- called also astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. -- Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. -- Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.

 Sex'a*ges"i*mal, n. A sexagesimal fraction.

 Sex"an'gle (?), n. [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.)
 A hexagon. [R.] Hutton.
 { Sex"an'gled (?), Sex*an"gu*lar (?) } a. [Cf. F. sexangulaire.]
 Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden.
 Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Hexagonally. [R.]

 Sex*av"a*lent (?), a. See Sexivalent. [R.]

 Sex*dig"it*ism (?), n. [Sex- + digit.] The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

 Sex*dig"it*ist, n. One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

 Sexed (?), a. Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition.

 Sex"e*na*ry (?), a. Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; -- applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six.

 Sex*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.]
 Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. -- n. A sexennial event.

 Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in six years.

 { Sex"fid (?), Sex"i*fid (?), } a. [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary.

 Sex'i*syl*lab"ic (?), a. [Sex- + syllabic.] Having six syllables. Emerson.
 Sex"i*syl'la*ble (?), n. [Sex- + syllable.] A word of six syllables.

 Sex*iv"a*lent (?), a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.]

 Sex"less (?), a. Having no sex.

 Sex'loc"u*lar (?), a. [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.]
 (Bot.) Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp.

 Sex"ly (?), a. Pertaining to sex. [R.]

 Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live.

Queen Elizabeth.
 Sex*ra"di*ate (?), a. [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.)
 Having six rays; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule.

 Sext (?), n. [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII.

 Sex"tain, n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It.
 sestina.] (Pros.) A stanza of six lines; a sestine.

 ||Sex"tans (?), n. [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.)
 A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as.

2. (Astron.) A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant.

 Sex"tant (?), n. [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.)
 The sixth part of a circle.

2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, -- used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant.

3. (Astron.) The constellation Sextans.

Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable.

 Sex"ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Sextaries (#). [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint.

 Sex"ta*ry (?), n. [For sextonry.] A sacristy. [Obs.]

 { Sex*tet" (?), Sex*tet"to (?), } n. (Mus.) See Sestet.

 Sex"teyn (?), n. A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Sex"tic (?), a. [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Of the sixth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the sixth degree.

 Sex"tile (?), a. [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill.
 Sex"tile, n. [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: &8star;. Hutton.
 Sex*til"lion (?), n. [Formed (in imitation of million) fr.
 L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.]
 According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed.
 See Numeration.

 Sex"to (?), n.; pl. Sextos (#). [L. sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves.

 Sex'to*dec"i*mo (?), a. [L. sextusdecimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.] Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume.

 Sex'to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (&?;). A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 16mo, or 16°.

 Sex


I re-refine the court, and civilize Their barbarous natures.

Massinger.
2. (Math.) A statement of a principle to be demonstrated.

 A theorem is something to be proved, and is thus distinguished from a problem, which is something to be solved. In analysis, the term is sometimes applied to a rule, especially a rule or statement of relations expressed in a formula or by symbols; as, the binomial theorem; Taylor's theorem. See the Note under Proposition, n., 5.

Binomial theorem. (Math.) See under Binomial. — Negative theorem, a theorem which expresses the impossibility of any assertion.
 — Particular theorem (Math.), a theorem which extends only to a particular quantity. — Theorem of Pappus. (Math.) See Centrobaric method, under Centrobaric. — Universal theorem (Math.), a theorem which extends to any quantity without restriction.

 The"o*rem, v. t. To formulate into a theorem.

 { The'o*re*mat"ic (?), The'o*re*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. Gr. &?;.]
 Of or pertaining to a theorem or theorems; comprised in a theorem; consisting of theorems.

 The'o*rem"a*tist (?), n. One who constructs theorems.

 The'o*rem"ic (?), a. Theorematic. Grew.
 { The'o*ret"ic (?), The'o*ret"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. L. theoreticus, F. théorétique.] Pertaining to theory; depending on, or confined to, theory or speculation; speculative; terminating in theory or speculation: not practical; as, theoretical learning; theoretic sciences. — The'o*ret"ic*al*ly, adv.
 The'o*ret"ics (?), n. The speculative part of a science; speculation.

 At the very first, with our Lord himself, and his apostles, as represented to us in the New Testament, morals come before contemplation, ethics before theoretics.

H. B. Wilson.
 The*or"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. théorique. See Theory.] 1.
 Of or pertaining to the theorica.

2. (pron. &?;) Relating to, or skilled in, theory; theoretically skilled. [Obs.]

 A man but young, Yet old in judgment, theoric and practic In all humanity.

Massinger.
 The"o*ric (?), n. [OF. theorique; cf. L. theorice.]
 Speculation; theory. [Obs.] Shak.
 ||The*or"i*ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr.
 &?; belonging to &?; a public spectacle. See Theory.] (Gr.
 Antiq.) Public moneys expended at Athens on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertainments (especially theatrical performances), and in gifts to the people; — also called theoric fund.

 The*or"ic*al (?), a. Theoretic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 The*or"ic*al*ly, adv. In a theoretic manner. [Obs.]

 The"o*rist (?), n. [Cf. F. théoriste.] One who forms theories; one given to theory and speculation; a speculatist. Cowper.
 The greatest theoretists have given the preference to such a government as that which obtains in this kingdom.

Addison.
 The'o*ri*za"tion (?), n. The act or product of theorizing; the formation of a theory or theories; speculation.

 The"o*rize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theorized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Theorizing (?).] [Cf. F. théoriser.] To form a theory or theories; to form opinions solely by theory; to speculate.

 The"o*ri'zer (?), n. One who theorizes or speculates; a theorist.

 The"o*ry (?), n.; pl. Theories (#). [F. théorie, L. theoria, Gr. &?; a beholding, spectacle, contemplation, speculation, fr. &?; a spectator, &?; to see, view. See Theater.]
 1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which terminates in speculation or contemplation, without a view to practice; hypothesis; speculation.

 "This word is employed by English writers in a very loose and improper sense. It is with them usually convertible into hypothesis, and hypothesis is commonly used as another term for conjecture. The terms theory and theoretical are properly used in opposition to the terms practice and practical. In this sense, they were exclusively employed by the ancients; and in this sense, they are almost exclusively employed by the Continental philosophers." Sir W. Hamilton.
2. An exposition of the general or abstract principles of any science; as, the theory of music.

3. The science, as distinguished from the art; as, the theory and practice of medicine.

4. The philosophical explanation of phenomena, either physical or moral; as, Lavoisier's theory of combustion; Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments.

Atomic theory, Binary theory, etc. See under Atomic, Binary, etc.

Syn. — Hypothesis, speculation. — Theory, Hypothesis. A theory is a scheme of the relations subsisting between the parts of a systematic whole; an hypothesis is a tentative conjecture respecting a cause of phenomena.

 { The"o*soph (?), The*os"o*pher (?), } n. A theosophist.

 { The'o*soph"ic (?), The'o*soph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. théosophique.]
 Of or pertaining to theosophy. — The'o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv.
 The*os"o*phism (?), n. [Cf. F. théosophisme.] Belief in theosophy. Murdock.
 The*os"o*phist (?), n. One addicted to theosophy.

 The theosophist is one who gives you a theory of God, or of the works of God, which has not reason, but an inspiration of his own, for its basis.

R. A. Vaughan.
 The*os'o*phis"tic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to theosophy; theosophical.

 The*os"o*phize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theosophized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Theosophizing.] To practice theosophy. [R.]

 The*os"o*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; knowledge of things divine, fr.
 &?; wise in the things of God; &?; God + &?; wise: cf. F. théosophie.]
 Any system of philosophy or mysticism which proposes to attain intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent superhuman knowledge, by physical processes, as by the theurgic operations of some ancient Platonists, or by the chemical processes of the German fire philosophers; also, a direct, as distinguished from a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by extraordinary illumination; especially, a direct insight into the processes of the divine mind, and the interior relations of the divine nature.

 ||Ther'a*peu"tæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (pl. &?;) an attendant, servant, physician. See Therapeutic.] (Eccl. Hist.) A name given to certain ascetics said to have anciently dwelt in the neighborhood of Alexandria. They are described in a work attributed to Philo, the genuineness and credibility of which are now much discredited.

 { Ther'a*peu


or purport; as, the parts of a mechanism harmonize.

2. To be in peace and friendship, as individuals, families, or public organizations.

3. To agree in vocal or musical effect; to form a concord; as, the tones harmonize perfectly.

 Har"mo*nize, v. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions; to cause to agree; to show the agreement of; to reconcile the apparent contradiction of.

2. (Mus.) To accompany with harmony; to provide with parts, as an air, or melody.

 Har"mo*ni'zer (-n'zr), n. One who harmonizes.

 Har'mo*nom"e*ter (-nm"*tr), n. [Gr. "armoni'a harmony + meter: cf. F. harmonomètre.] An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. It is often a monochord furnished with movable bridges.

 Har"mo*ny (här"m*n), n.; pl. Harmonies (- nz). [ F. harmonie, L. harmonia, Gr. "armoni'a joint, proportion, concord, fr. "armo's a fitting or joining. See Article.] 1. The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things intended to form a connected whole; such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect; as, the harmony of the universe.

2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc.; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as, good citizens live in harmony.

3. A literary work which brings together or arranges systematically parallel passages of historians respecting the same events, and shows their agreement or consistency; as, a harmony of the Gospels.

4. (Mus.) (a) A succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation. (b) The science which treats of their construction and progression.

 Ten thousand harps, that tuned Angelic harmonies.

Milton.
5. (Anat.) See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic.

Close harmony, Dispersed harmony, etc. See under Close, Dispersed, etc. -- Harmony of the spheres. See Music of the spheres, under Music.

Syn. -- Harmony, Melody. Harmony results from the concord of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain.

 Har"most (här"mst), n. [Gr. "armosth's, fr. "armo'zein to join, arrange, command: cf. F. harmoste. See Harmony.] (Gr.
 Antiq.) A city governor or prefect appointed by the Spartans in the cities subjugated by them.

 Har"mo*tome (-m*tm), n. [Gr. "armo's a joint + te'mnein to cut: cf.
 F. harmotome.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta, occurring usually in white cruciform crystals; crossstone.

 A related mineral, called lime harmotome, and Phillipsite, contains lime in place of baryta. Dana.
 Har"ness (-ns), n. [OE. harneis, harnes, OF. harneis, F. harnais, harnois; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. harnez old iron, armor, W. haiarn iron, Armor. houarn, Ir. iarann, Gael. iarunn. Cf. Iron.] 1. Originally, the complete dress, especially in a military sense, of a man or a horse; hence, in general, armor.

 At least we'll die with harness on our back.

Shak.
2. The equipment of a draught or carriage horse, for drawing a wagon, coach, chaise, etc.; gear; tackling.

3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles, with their means of support and motion, by which the threads of the warp are alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the shuttle.

To die in harness, to die with armor on; hence, colloquially, to die while actively engaged in work or duty.

 Har"ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed (-nst); p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] [OE. harneisen; cf. F. harnacher, OF. harneschier.] 1. To dress in armor; to equip with armor for war, as a horseman; to array.

Harnessed in rugged steel.

Rowe.
 A gay dagger, Harnessed well and sharp as point of spear.

Chaucer.
2. Fig.: To equip or furnish for defense. Dr. H. More.
3. To make ready for draught; to equip with harness, as a horse.
 Also used figuratively.

Harnessed to some regular profession.

J. C. Shairp.
Harnessed antelope. (Zoöl.) See Guib. -- Harnessed moth (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Arctia phalerata of Harris), having, on the fore wings, stripes and bands of buff on a black ground.

 Har"ness cask' (ksk'). (Naut.) A tub lashed to a vessel's deck and containing salted provisions for daily use; -- called also harness tub.
 W. C. Russell.
 Har"ness*er (-r), n. One who harnesses.

 Harns (härnz), n. pl. [Akin to Icel. hjarni, Dan. hierne.]
 The brains. [Scot.]

 Harp (härp), n. [OE. harpe, AS. hearpe; akin to D. harp, G. harfe, OHG. harpha, Dan. harpe, Icel. & Sw. harpa.] 1. A musical instrument consisting of a triangular frame furnished with strings and sometimes with pedals, held upright, and played with the fingers.

2. (Astron.) A constellation; Lyra, or the Lyre.

3. A grain sieve. [Scot.]

Æolian harp. See under Æolian.

Harp seal (Zoöl.), an arctic seal (Phoca Grœnlandica).
 The adult males have a lightcolored body, with a harp-shaped mark of black on each side, and the face and throat black. Called also saddler, and saddleback. The immature ones are called bluesides. -- Harp shell (Zoöl.), a beautiful marine gastropod shell of the genus Harpa, of several species, found in tropical seas. See Harpa.

 Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped (härpt) p. pr.
 & vb. n. Harping.] [AS. hearpian. See Harp, n.] 1.
 To play on the harp.

 I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps.

Rev. xiv. 2.
2. To dwell on or recur to a subject tediously or monotonously in speaking or in writing; to refer to something repeatedly or continually; -- usually with on or upon. "Harpings upon old themes." W. Irving.
Harping on what I am, Not what he knew I was.

Shak.
To harp on one string, to dwell upon one subject with disagreeable or wearisome persistence. [Colloq.]

 Harp, v. t. To play on, as a harp; to play (a tune) on the harp; to develop or give expression to by skill and art; to sound forth as from a harp; to hit upon.

 Thou'st harped my fear aright.

Shak


, Bridle, etc. -- Port bar (Naut.), a bar to secure the ports of a ship in a gale. -- Port lid (Naut.), a lid or hanging for closing the portholes of a vessel. -- Steam port, ∧ Exhaust port (Steam Engine), the ports of the cylinder communicating with the valve or valves, for the entrance or exit of the steam, respectively.

 Port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ported; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Porting.] [F. porter, L. portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To carry; to bear; to transport. [Obs.]

 They are easily ported by boat into other shires.

Fuller.
2. (Mil.) To throw, as a musket, diagonally across the body, with the lock in front, the right hand grasping the small of the stock, and the barrel sloping upward and crossing the point of the left shoulder; as, to port arms.

 Began to hem him round with ported spears.

Milton.
Port arms, a position in the manual of arms, executed as above.

 Port, n. [F. port, fr. porter to carry, L. portare, prob. akin to E. fare, v. See Port harbor, and cf. Comport, Export, Sport.] The manner in which a person bears himself; deportment; carriage; bearing; demeanor; hence, manner or style of living; as, a proud port.
 Spenser.
 And of his port as meek as is a maid.

Chaucer.
 The necessities of pomp, grandeur, and a suitable port in the world.

South.
 Port, n. [Etymology uncertain.] (Naut.) The larboard or left side of a ship (looking from the stern toward the bow); as, a vessel heels to port. See Note under Larboard. Also used adjectively.

 Port, v. t. (Naut.) To turn or put to the left or larboard side of a ship; -- said of the helm, and used chiefly in the imperative, as a command; as, port your helm.

 ||Por"ta (?), n.; pl. Portæ (#). [L., a gate.
 See Port a hole.] (Anat.) (a) The part of the liver or other organ where its vessels and nerves enter; the hilus. (b) The foramen of Monro. B. G. Wilder.
 Port'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being portable; fitness to be carried.

 Port"a*ble (?), a. [L. portabilis, fr. portare to carry: cf. F. portable. See Port demeanor.] 1. Capable of being borne or carried; easily transported; conveyed without difficulty; as, a portable bed, desk, engine. South.
2. Possible to be endured; supportable. [Obs.]

 How light and portable my pain seems now!

Shak.
Portable forge. See under Forge. -- Portable steam engine.
 See under Steam engine.

 Port"a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being portable; portability.

 Por"tace (?; 48), n. See Portass. [Obs.]

 Port"age (?; 48), n. [From 2d Port.] (Naut.) (a) A sailor's wages when in port. (b) The amount of a sailor's wages for a voyage.

 Port"age, n. [3d Port.] A porthole. [Obs.] Shak.
 Por"tage (?), n. [F., from porter to carry. See Port to carry.] 1. The act of carrying or transporting.

2. The price of carriage; porterage. Bp. Fell.
3. Capacity for carrying; tonnage. [Obs.] Hakluyt.
4. A carry between navigable waters. See 3d Carry.

 Por"tage (?), v. t. & i. To carry (goods, boats, etc.) overland between navigable waters.

 Por"tage group' (?). [So called from the township of Portage in New York.] (Geol.) A subdivision of the Chemung period in American geology. See Chart of Geology.

 Por"ta*gue (?), n. [See Portuguese.] A Portuguese gold coin formerly current, and variously estimated to be worth from three and one half to four and one half pounds sterling. [Obs.] [Written also portegue and portigue.]

 Ten thousand portagues, besides great pearls.

Marlowe.
 Por"tal (?), n. [OF. portal, F. portail, LL. portale, fr. L. porta a gate. See Port a gate.] 1. A door or gate; hence, a way of entrance or exit, especially one that is grand and imposing.

 Thick with sparkling orient gems The portal shone.

Milton.
 From out the fiery portal of the east.

Shak.
2. (Arch.) (a) The lesser gate, where there are two of different dimensions. (b) Formerly, a small square corner in a room separated from the rest of the apartment by wainscoting, forming a short passage to another apartment. (c) By analogy with the French portail, used by recent writers for the whole architectural composition which surrounds and includes the doorways and porches of a church.

3. (Bridge Building) The space, at one end, between opposite trusses when these are terminated by inclined braces.

4. A prayer book or breviary; a portass. [Obs.]

Portal bracing (Bridge Building), a combination of struts and ties which lie in the plane of the inclined braces at a portal, serving to transfer wind pressure from the upper parts of the trusses to an abutment or pier of the bridge.

 Por"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a porta, especially the porta of the liver; as, the portal vein, which enters the liver at the porta, and divides into capillaries after the manner of an artery.

Portal is applied to other veins which break up into capillaries; as, the renal portal veins in the frog.

 ||Por'ta*men"to (?), n. [It., fr. portare to carry.] (Mus.)
 In singing, or in the use of the bow, a gradual carrying or lifting of the voice or sound very smoothly from one note to another; a gliding from tone to tone.

 Por"tance (?), n. See Port, carriage, demeanor. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Shak.
 Por"tass (?), n. [OF. porte-hors a kind of prayer book, so called from being portable; cf. LL. portiforium.] A breviary; a prayer book. [Written variously portace, portasse, portesse, portise, porthose, portos, portus, portuse, etc.] [Obs.] Spenser. Camden.
 By God and by this porthors I you swear.

Chaucer.
 Por"tate (?), a. [L. portatus, p. p. of portare to carry.] (Her.) Borne not erect, but diagonally athwart an escutcheon; as, a cross portate.

 Por"ta*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. portatif.] 1. Portable.
 [Obs.]

2. (Physics) Capable of holding up or carrying; as, the portative force of a magnet, of atmospheric pressure, or of capillarity.

 Port"cluse (?), n. A portcullis. [Obs.]

 Port'cray"on (?), n. [F. portecrayon; porter to carry + crayon a crayon.] A metallic handle with a clasp for holding a crayon.

 Port*cul"lis (?), n. [OF


cf. F. pénétrant.] Having power to enter or pierce; penetrating; sharp; subtile; as, penetrant cold. "Penetrant and powerful arguments." Boyle.
 Pen"e*trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penetrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating.] [L. penetratus, p. p. of penetrare to penetrate; akin to penitus inward, inwardly, and perh. to pens with, in the power of, penus store of food, innermost part of a temple.] 1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to effect an entrance into; to pierce; as, light penetrates darkness.

2. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to touch with feeling; to make sensible; to move deeply; as, to penetrate one's heart with pity. Shak.
 The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer's style.

M. Arnold.
3. To pierce into by the mind; to arrive at the inner contents or meaning of, as of a mysterious or difficult subject; to comprehend; to understand.

 Things which here were too subtile for us to penetrate.

Ray.
 Pen"e*trate, v. i. To pass; to make way; to pierce. Also used figuratively.

 Preparing to penetrate to the north and west.

J. R. Green.
 Born where Heaven's influence scarce can penetrate.

Pope.
 The sweet of life that penetrates so near.

Daniel.
 Pen"e*tra'ting (?), a. 1. Having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading; sharp; subtile; penetrative; as, a penetrating odor.

2. Acute; discerning; sagacious; quick to discover; as, a penetrating mind.

 Pen"e*tra'ting*ly, adv. In a penetrating manner.

 Pen"e*tra'tion (?), n. [L. penetratio: cf. F. pénétration.]
 1. The act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering; also, the act of mentally penetrating into, or comprehending, anything difficult.

 And to each in ward part, With gentle penetration, though unseen, Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep.

Milton.
 A penetration into the difficulties of algebra.

Watts.
2. Acuteness; insight; sharp discoverment; sagacity; as, a person of singular penetration. Walpole.
Syn. -- Discernment; sagacity; acuteness; sharpness; discrimination. See Discernment, and Sagacity.

 Pen"e*tra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. pénétratif.] 1.
 Tending to penetrate; of a penetrating quality; piercing; as, the penetrative sun.

 His look became keen and penetrative.

Hawthorne.
2. Having the power to affect or impress the mind or heart; impressive; as, penetrative shame. Shak.
3. Acute; discerning; sagacious; as, penetrative wisdom.
 "The penetrative eye." Wordsworth.
 Led on by skill of penetrative soul.

Grainger.
 Pen"e*tra*tive*ness, n. The quality of being penetrative.

 Pen"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A squid.

 Pen"fold' (?), n. See Pinfold.

 Pen"go*lin (?), n. (Zoöl.)The pangolin.

 Pen"guin (?), n. [Perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. W. pen head + gwyn white; or perh. from a native South American name.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin, under Jackass.

 Penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. The king penguins (Aptenodytes Patachonica, and A. longirostris) are the largest; the jackass penguins (Spheniscus) and the rock hoppers (Catarractes) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds.

2. (Bot.) The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant (Bromelia Pinguin) of the Pineapple family; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spinytoothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [Written also pinguin.]

Arctic penguin (Zoöl.), the great auk. See Auk.

 Pen"guin*er*y (?), n. (Zoöl.) A breeding place, or rookery, of penguins.

 Pen"hold'er (?), n. A handle for a pen.

 Pen"house' (?), n. A penthouse. [Obs.]

 Pen*i"ble (?), a. [OF. penible. Cf. Painable.] Painstaking; assidous. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pen"i*cil (?), n. [L. penicillum, penicillus, a painter's brush, a roil of lint, a tent for wounds.] (mented.) A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers.

 Pen'i*cil"late (?), a. [Cf. F. pénicillé. See Penicil.] (Biol.) Having the form of a pencil; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs; ending in a tuft of hairs like a camel's-hair brush, as the stigmas of some grasses.

 Pen'i*cil"li*form (?), a. (Bot.) Penicillate.

 Pen*in"su*la (?), n. [L. peninsula or paeninsula; paene almost + insula an island. See Isle.] A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus.

 Pen*in"su*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. péninsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a peninsula; as, a peninsular form; peninsular people; the peninsular war.

 Pen*in"su*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peninsulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Peninsulating.] To form into a peninsula.

 South River... peninsulates Castle Hill farm.

W. Bentley.
 Pe"nis (p"ns), n. [L.] (Anat.) The male member, or organ of generation.

 Pen"i*tence (?), n. [F. pénitence, L. paenitentia.
 See Penitent, and cf. Penance.] The quality or condition of being penitent; the disposition of a penitent; sorrow for sins or faults; repentance; contrition. "Penitence of his old guilt." Chaucer.
 Death is deferred, and penitenance has room To mitigate, if not reverse, the doom.

Dryden.
Syn. -- Repentance; contrition; compunction.

 Pen"i*ten*cer (?), n. [F. pénitencier.] A priest who heard confession and enjoined penance in extraordinary cases. [Written also penitenser.] [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Pen"i*ten*cy (?), n. Penitence. [Obs.]

 Pen"i*tent (?), a. [F. pénitent, L. paenitens, -entis, poenitens, p. pr. of paenitere, poenitere, to cause to repent, to repent; prob


or Aqua marina (&?;). Same as Aquamarine. -- Aqua regia (&?;). [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the "royal" metal. -- Aqua Tofana (&?;), a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. -- Aqua vitæ (&?;) [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak.
 ||A'qua for"tis (&?;). [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid.
 [Archaic] A'qua*ma*rine" (&?;), n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl.

 A'qua*punc"ture (&?;), n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain.

 ||Aq'ua*relle" (&?;), n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr.
 acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also, the mode of painting in such colors.

 Aq'ua*rel"list (&?;), n. A painter in thin transparent water colors.

 { A*qua"ri*al (&?;), A*qua"ri*an (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to an aquarium.

 A*qua"ri*an, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper.

 A*qua"ri*um (&?;), n.; pl. E. Aquariums (&?;), L. Aquaria (&?;). [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept.

 ||A*qua"ri*us (&?;), n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.)
(a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; -- so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus.

 A*quat"ic (&?;), a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique.
 See Aqua.] Pertaining to water; growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as, aquatic plants and fowls.

 A*quat'ic, n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant.

2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water.

 A*quat"ic*al (&?;), a. Aquatic. [R.]

 Aq"ua*tile (&?;), a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.]
 Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 { A"qua*tint (&?;), A'qua*tin"ta (&?;), } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method.

 Aq"ue*duct (&?;), n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.]
 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water.

 The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge.

2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as, the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

 A*que"i*ty (&?;), n. Wateriness. [Obs.]

 A"que*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery.

 The aqueous vapor of the air. Tyndall.
2. Made from, or by means of, water.

 An aqueous deposit. Dana.
Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. -- Aqueous humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) -- Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; -- called also sedimentary rocks.

 A'que*ous*ness, n. Wateriness.

 A*quif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + -ferous.]
 Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as, aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system.

 A"qui*form (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + -form.]
 Having the form of water.

 ||Aq"ui*la (&?;), n.; pl. Aquilæ (&?;).
 [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of eagles.

2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle.

Aquila alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel.
 Brande & C. Aq"ui*la'ted (&?;), a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles' heads.

 Aq"ui*line (?; 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle.

2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; -- applied particularly to the nose Terribly arched and aquiline his nose. Cowper.
 Aq"ui*lon (&?;), n. [L. aquilo, - lonis: cf. F.
 aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak.
 A*quip"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; -- applied to certain glands. Dunglison.
 Aq'ui*ta"ni*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony.

 A*quose" (&?;), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua.
 See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey.
 A*quos"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of


less than unity, in the parabola equal to unity, and in the hyperbola greater than unity. The ellipse and hyperbola have each two foci, and two corresponding directrixes, and the parabola has one focus and one directrix. In the ellipse the sum of the two lines from any point of the curve to the two foci is constant; that is: AG+GB=AH+HB; and in the hyperbola the difference of the corresponding lines is constant.
 The diameter which passes through the foci of the ellipse is the major axis. The diameter which being produced passes through the foci of the hyperbola is the transverse axis. The middle point of the major or the transverse axis is the center of the curve. Certain other curves, as the lemniscate and the Cartesian ovals, have points called foci, possessing properties similar to those of the foci of conic sections. In an ellipse, rays of light coming from one focus, and reflected from the curve, proceed in lines directed toward the other; in an hyperbola, in lines directed from the other; in a parabola, rays from the focus, after reflection at the curve, proceed in lines parallel to the axis. Thus rays from A in the ellipse are reflected to B; rays from A in the hyperbola are reflected toward L and M away from B.

3. A central point; a point of concentration.

Aplanatic focus. (Opt.) See under Aplanatic. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.), the focus for rays which have a sensible divergence, as from a near object; -- so called because the positions of the object and its image are interchangeable. -- Focus tube (Phys.), a vacuum tube for Rœntgen rays in which the cathode rays are focused upon the anticathode, for intensifying the effect. -- Principal, or Solar, focus (Opt.), the focus for parallel rays.

 Fo"cus (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Focusing.] To bring to a focus; to focalize; as, to focus a camera. R. Hunt.
 Fod"der (fd"dr), n. [See 1st Fother.] A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold, in England, varying from 19½ to 24 cwt.; a fother. [Obs.]

 Fod"der, n. [AS. fdder, fddor, fodder (also sheath case), fr. fda food; akin to D. voeder, OHG. fuotar, G. futter, Icel. fðr, Sw. & Dan. foder. √75. See Food and cf. Forage, Fur.] That which is fed out to cattle horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc.

 Fod"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foddered (-drd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Foddering.] To feed, as cattle, with dry food or cut grass, etc.; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, etc.

 Fod"der*er (?), n. One who fodders cattle.

 Fo"di*ent (?), a. [L. fodiens, p. pr. of fodere to dig.] Fitted for, or pertaining to, digging.

 Fo"di*ent (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Fodientia.

 Fo'di*en"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. fodiens p. pr., digging.] (Zoöl.) A group of African edentates including the aard-vark.

 Foe (f), n. [OE. fo, fa, AS. fh hostile; prob.
 akin to E. fiend. √81. See Fiend, and cf. Feud a quarrel.]

1. One who entertains personal enmity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another; an enemy.

 A man's foes shall be they of his own household.

Matt. x. 36 2. An enemy in war; a hostile army.

3. One who opposes on principle; an opponent; an adversary; an ill-wisher; as, a foe to religion.

 A foe to received doctrines.

I. Watts Foe (?), v. t. To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Foe"hood (?), n. Enmity. Bp. Bedell.
 Foe"man (f"man), n.; pl. Foemen (-men).
 [AS. fhman.] An enemy in war.

 And the stern joy which warriors feel In foemen worthy of their steel.

Sir W. Scott Fœ"tal (?), a. Same as Fetal.

 Fœ*ta"tion (?), n. Same as Fetation.

 Fœ"ti*cide (?), n. Same as Feticide.

 Fœ"tor (?), n. Same as Fetor.

 Fœ"tus (?), n. Same as Fetus.

 Fog (fg), n. [Cf. Scot. fog, fouge, moss, foggage rank grass, LL. fogagium, W. ffwg dry grass.] (Agric.)
(a) A second growth of grass; aftergrass. (b) Dead or decaying grass remaining on land through the winter; -- called also foggage.
 [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. Sometimes called, in New England, old tore. In Scotland, fog is a general name for moss.

 Fog v. t. (Agric.) To pasture cattle on the fog, or aftergrass, of; to eat off the fog from.

 Fog v. i. [Etymol. uncertain.] To practice in a small or mean way; to pettifog. [Obs.]

 Where wouldst thou fog to get a fee?

Dryden.
 Fog n. [Dan. sneefog snow falling thick, drift of snow, driving snow, cf. Icel. fok spray, snowdrift, fjk snowstorm, fjka to drift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud.

2. A state of mental confusion.

Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm, often automatically, near places of danger where visible signals would be hidden in thick weather. - - Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, and resembling distant land. -- Fog ring, a bank of fog arranged in a circular form, -- often seen on the coast of Newfoundland.

 Fog (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Fogging (#).] To envelop, as with fog; to befog; to overcast; to darken; to obscure.

 Fog (?), v. i. (Photog.) To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the picture on a negative sometimes does in the process of development.

 Foge (?), n. The Cornish name for a forge used for smelting tin. Raymond Fo'gey (?), n. See Fogy.

 Fog'gage (?; 48), n. (Agric.) See 1st Fog.

 Fog'ger (?), n. One who fogs; a pettifogger. [Obs.]

 A beggarly fogger.

Terence in English(1614) Fog"gi*ly (?), adv. In a foggy manner; obscurely. Johnson.
 Fog"gi*ness (?), n. The state of being foggy. Johnson.
 Fog"gy (?), a. [Compar. Foggier (?); superl. Foggiest.]
 [From


a point termed the principal focus.
[Illustration: Fig. 8] The lines A B C represent parallel rays which pass through the lens, D D, and meet at F; this point being the principal focus, its distance from the lens is called the focal length. Those rays of light which are traversing a parallel course, when they enter the lens are brought to a focus nearer the lens than others. Hence the difficulty the operator sometimes experiences by not being able to "obtain a focus," when he wishes to secure a picture of some very distant objects; he does not get his ground glass near enough to the lenses. Again, the rays from an object near by may be termed diverging rays. This will be better comprehended by reference to Fig. 9, where it will be seen that the dotted lines, representing parallel rays, meet nearer the lenses than those from the point A. The closer the object is to the lenses, the greater will be the divergence. This rule is applicable to copying. Did we wish to copy a 1/6 size Daguerreotype on a 1/16 size plate, we should place it in such a position to the lenses at A that the focus would be at F, where the image would be represented at about the proper size. Now, if we should wish to copy the 1/6 size picture, and produce another of exactly the same dimensions, we have only to bring it nearer to the lenses, so that the lens D E shall be equi-distant from the picture and the focus, i. e. from A to B. The reason of this is, that the distance of the picture from the lens, in the last copy, is less than the other, and the divergence has increased, throwing, the focus further from the lens." [Illustration: Fig. 9] These remarks have been introduced here as being important for those who may not understand the principles of enlarging or reducing pictures in copying.
I would remark that the points F and A, in Fig. 9, are termed "conjugate foci." If we hold a double-convex lens opposite any object, we find that an inverted image of that object will be formed on a paper held behind it. To illustrate this more clearly, I will refer to the following woodcut: [Illustration: Fig. 10] "If A B C is an object placed before a convex lens, L L, every point of it will send forth rays in all directions; but, for the sake of simplicity, suppose only three points to give out rays, one at the top, one at the middle, and one at the bottom; the whole of the rays then that proceed from the point A, and fall on the lens L L, will be refracted and form an image somewhere on the line A G E, which is drawn direct through the centre of the lens; consequently the focus E, produced by the convergence of the rays proceding from A, must form an image of A, only in a different relative position; the middle point of C being in a direct line with the axis of the lens, will have its image formed on the axis F, and the rays proceeding from the point B will form an image at D; so that by imagining luminous objects to be made up of all infinite number of radiating points and the rays from each individual point, although falling on the whole surface of the lens, to converge again and form a focus or representation of that point from which the rays first emerged, it will be very easy to comprehend how images are formed, and the cause of those images being reversed.
"It must also be evident, that in the two triangles A G B and D G E, that E D, the length of the image, must be to A B, the length of the object, as G D, the distance of the image, is to G B, the distance of the object from the lens.
It will be observed that in the last cut the image produced by the lens is curved. Now, it would be impossible to produce a well-defined image from the centre to the edge upon a plain surface; the outer edges would be misty, indistinct, or crayon-like. The centre of the image might be represented clear and sharp on the ground glass, yet this would be far from the case in regard to the outer portions. This is called spherical aberration, and to it is due the want of distinctness which is frequently noticed around the edges of pictures taken in the camera. To secure a camera with a flat, sharp, field, should be the object of every operator; and, in a measure, this constitutes the great difference in cameras manufactured in this country.
Spherical aberration is overcome by proper care in the formation of the lens: "It can be shown upon mathematical data that a lens similar to that given in the following diagram—one surface of which is a section of an ellipse, and the other of a circle struck from the furthest of the two foci of that ellipse—produces no aberration.
"At the earliest period of the employment of the camera obscura, a double-convex lens was used to produce the image; but this form was soon abandoned, on account of the spherical aberration so caused. Lenses for the photographic camera are now always ground of a concavo-convex form, or meniscus, which corresponds more nearly to the accompanying diagram." [Illustration: Fig. 11] Chromatic Aberration is another difficulty that opticians have to contend with in the manufacturing of lenses. It will be remembered, that in a former page (133) a beam of light is decomposed by passing through a glass prism giving seven distinct colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
Now, as has been said before, the dissimilar rays having an unequal degree of refrangibility, it will be impossible to obtain a focus by the light passing through a double-convex lens without its being fringed with color.
Its effect will be readily understood by reference to the accompanying cut.
[Illustration: Fig. 8] If L L be a double convex-lens, and R R R parallel rays of white light, composed of the seven colored rays, each having a different index of refraction, they cannot be refracted to one and the same point; the red rays, being the least refrangible, will be bent to r, and the violet rays, being the most refrangible, to v: the distance v r constitutes the chromatic aberration, and the circle, of which the diameter is a l, the place or point of mean refraction, and is called the circle of least aberration. If the rays of the sun are refracted by means of a lens, and the image received on a screen placed between C and o, so as to cut the cone L a l L, a luminous circle will be formed on the paper, only surrounded by a red border, because it is produced by a section of the cone L a l L, of which the external rays L a L l, are red; if the screen be moved to the other side of o, the luminous circle will be bordered with violet, because it will be a section of the cone M a M l, of which the exterior rays are violet. To avoid the influence of spherical aberration, and to render the phenomena of coloration more evident, let an opaque disc be placed over the central portion of the lens, so as to allow the rays only to pass which are at the edge of the glass; a violet image of the sun will then be seen at v, red at r, and, finally, images of all the colors of the spectrum in the intermediate space; consequently, the general image will not only be confused, but clothed with prismatic colors." To overcome the difficulty arising from the chromatic aberration, the optician has only to employ a combination of lenses of opposite focal length, and cut from glass possessing different refrangible powers, so that the rays of light passing through the one are strongly refracted, and in the other are bent asunder again, reproducing white light.
To the photographer one of the most important features, requiring his particular attention, is, that he be provided with a good lens. By the remarks given in the preceding pages, he will be enabled, in a measure, to judge of some of the difficulties to which he is occasionally subjected.
We have in this country but two or three individuals who are giving their attention to the manufacture of lenses,


Prose, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose; not in verse; as, prose composition.

2. Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics; plain; dull; prosaic; as, the prose duties of life.

 Prose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prosing.] 1. To write in prose.

2. To write or repeat in a dull, tedious, or prosy way.

 Prose, v. i. 1. To write prose.

Prosing or versing, but chiefly this latter.

Milton.
 Pro*sec"tor (?), n. [L., an anatomist, from prosecare to cut up; pro before + secare to cut.] One who makes dissections for anatomical illustration; usually, the assistant of a professional anatomist.

 Pros"e*cu'ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being prosecuted; liable to prosecution.

 Pros"e*cute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosecuted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Prosecuting.] [L. prosecutus, p. p. of prosequi to follow, pursue. See Pursue.]

1. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to endeavor to obtain or complete; to carry on; to continue; as, to prosecute a scheme, hope, or claim.

 I am beloved Hermia; Why should not I, then, prosecute my right?

Shak.
2. To seek to obtain by legal process; as, to prosecute a right or a claim in a court of law.

3. (Law) To pursue with the intention of punishing; to accuse of some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or punishment, before a legal tribunal; to proceed against judicially; as, to prosecute a man for trespass, or for a riot.

 To acquit themselves and prosecute their foes.

Milton.
 Pros"e*cute, v. i. 1. To follow after. [Obs.] Latimer.
2. (Law) To institute and carry on a legal prosecution; as, to prosecute for public offenses. Blackstone.
 Pros'e*cu"tion (?), n. [L. prosecutio a following.] 1.
 The act or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something; pursuit by efforts of body or mind; as, the prosecution of a scheme, plan, design, or undertaking; the prosecution of war.

 Keeping a sharp eye on her domestics... in prosecution of their various duties.

Sir W. Scott.
2. (Law) (a) The institution and carrying on of a suit in a court of law or equity, to obtain some right, or to redress and punish some wrong; the carrying on of a judicial proceeding in behalf of a complaining party, as distinguished from defense. (b) The institution, or commencement, and continuance of a criminal suit; the process of exhibiting formal charges against an offender before a legal tribunal, and pursuing them to final judgment on behalf of the state or government, as by indictment or information. (c) The party by whom criminal proceedings are instituted. Blackstone. Burrill. Mozley & W. Pros"e*cu'tor (?), n. [Cf. L. prosecutor an attendant.] 1.
 One who prosecutes or carries on any purpose, plan, or business.

2. (Law) The person who institutes and carries on a criminal suit against another in the name of the government. Blackstone.
 Pros"e*cu'trix (?), n. [NL.] A female prosecutor.

 Pros"e*lyte (?), n. [OE. proselite, OF. proselite, F. proselytus, Gr. &?;, adj., that has come, n., a new comer, especially, one who has come over from heathenism to the Jewish religion; &?; toward, to + (prob.) the root of &?; to come.] A new convert especially a convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, or party; thus, a Gentile converted to Judaism, or a pagan converted to Christianity, is a proselyte.

 Ye [Scribes and Pharisees] compass sea and land to make one proselyte.

Matt. xxiii. 15.
 Fresh confidence the speculatist takes From every harebrained proselyte he makes.

Cowper.
Syn. -- See Convert.

 Pros"e*lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proselyted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proselyting.] To convert to some religion, opinion, or system; to bring over. Dr. H. More.
 Pros"e*ly*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. prosélytisme.] 1.
 The act or practice of proselyting; the making of converts to a religion or a religious sect, or to any opinion, system, or party.

 They were possessed of a spirit of proselytism in the most fanatical degree.

Burke.
2. Conversion to a religion, system, or party.

 Pros"e*ly*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. proselytized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proselytizing (?).] To convert to some religion, system, opinion, or the like; to bring, or cause to come, over; to proselyte.

 One of those whom they endeavor to proselytize.

Burke.
 Pros"e*ly*tize, v. i. To make converts or proselytes.

 Pros"e*ly*ti'zer, n. One who proselytes.

 Prose"man (?), n. A writer of prose. [R.]

 Pro*sem"i*na*ry (?), n. A seminary which prepares pupils for a higher institution. T. Warton.
 Pro*sem'i*na"tion (?), n. [L. proseminare, proseminatum, to disseminate.] Propagation by seed. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.
 Pros*en'ce*phal"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prosencephalon.

 Pros'en*ceph"a*lon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; toward, near to + E. encephalon.] [Sometimes abbreviated to proen.] (Anat.) (a) The anterior segment of the brain, including the cerebrum and olfactory lobes; the forebrain. (b) The cerebrum. Huxley.
 Pros*en"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; near + -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) A general term applied to the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

 Pros"er (?), n. 1. A writer of prose. [Obs.]

2. One who talks or writes tediously. Sir W. Scott.
 Pro*sil"i*en*cy (?), n. [L. prosilere to leap forth.] The act of leaping forth or forward; projection. "Such prosiliency of relief." Coleridge.
 Pros"i*ly (?), adv. In a prosy manner.

 Pros'i*met"ric*al (?), a. [Prose + metrical.]
 Consisting both of prose and verse. Clarke.
 ||Pro*sim"i*æ (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pro-. and Simia.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Lemuroidea.

 Pros"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being prosy; tediousness; tiresomeness.


ization (Chem.), a process of gradual and approximate purification and separation, by means of repeated solution and crystallization therefrom. -- Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit. -- Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their boiling points, can be separated into its constituents.

 Frac"tion*al*ly, adv. By fractions or separate portions; as, to distill a liquid fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions.

 Frac"tion*a*ry (?), a. Fractional. [Obs.]

 Frac"tion*ate (?), v. t. To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids.

 Frac"tious (?), a. [Cf. Prov. E. frack forward, eager, E. freak, fridge; or Prov. E. fratch to squabble, quarrel.] Apt to break out into a passion; apt to scold; cross; snappish; ugly; unruly; as, a fractious man; a fractious horse.

Syn. -- Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; perverse; pettish.

 -- Frac"tious*ly, v. -- Frac"tious*ness, n. Frac"tur*al (?; 135), a. Pertaining to, or consequent on, a fracture. [R.]

 Frac"ture (?; 135), n. [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to break: cf. F. fracture. See Fraction.] 1. The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach.

2. (Surg.) The breaking of a bone.

3. (Min.) The texture of a freshly broken surface; as, a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture.

Comminuted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone is broken into several parts. -- Complicated fracture (Surg.), a fracture of the bone combined with the lesion of some artery, nervous trunk, or joint. -- Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. -- Simple fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone only is ruptured. It does not communicate with the surface by an open wound.

Syn. -- Fracture, Rupture. These words denote different kinds of breaking, according to the objects to which they are applied. Fracture is applied to hard substances; as, the fracture of a bone. Rupture is oftener applied to soft substances; as, the rupture of a blood vessel. It is also used figuratively. "To be an enemy and once to have been a friend, does it not embitter the rupture?" South.
 Frac"ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fractured (#; 135); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fracturing.] [Cf. F. fracturer.]
 To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as, to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull.

 ||Fræn"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Frænula (#).
 [NL., dim. of L. fraenum a bridle.] (Anat.) A frænum.

 { Fræ"num (?), or Fre"num }, n.; pl. E. Frænums (#), L. Fræna (#). [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) A connecting fold of membrane serving to support or restrain any part; as, the frænum of the tongue.

 Frag"ile (?), a. [L. fragilis, from frangere to break; cf. F. fragile. See Break, v. t., and cf. Frail, a.]
 Easily broken; brittle; frail; delicate; easily destroyed.

 The state of ivy is tough, and not fragile.

Bacon.
Syn. -- Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible; slight.

 -- Frag"ile*ly, adv.
 Fra*gil"i*ty (?), n. [L. fragilitas: cf. F. fragilité.
 Cf. Frailty.] 1. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; frangibility. Bacon.
2. Weakness; feebleness.

 An appearance of delicacy, and even of fragility, is almost essential to it [beauty].

Burke.
3. Liability to error and sin; frailty. [Obs.]

 The fragility and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius.

Holland.
 Frag"ment (?), n. [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to break: cf.
 F. fragment. See Break, v. t.] A part broken off; a small, detached portion; an imperfect part; as, a fragment of an ancient writing.

 Gather up the fragments that remain.

John vi. 12.
 Frag*men"tal (?), a. 1. Fragmentary.

2. (Geol.) Consisting of the pulverized or fragmentary material of rock, as conglomerate, shale, etc.

 Frag*men"tal, n. (Geol.) A fragmentary rock.

 Frag"men*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a fragmentary manner; piecemeal.

 Frag"men*ta*ri*ness, n. The quality or property of being in fragments, or broken pieces; incompleteness; want of continuity. G. Eliot.
 Frag"men*ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. fragmentaire.] 1.
 Composed of fragments, or broken pieces; disconnected; not complete or entire. Donne.
2. (Geol.) Composed of the fragments of other rocks.

 Frag"ment*ed (?), a. Broken into fragments.

 Frag"ment*ist, n. A writer of fragments; as, the fragmentist of Wolfenbüttel. [R.]

 ||Fra"gor (&?;), n. [L., a breaking to pieces, fr. frangere to break.] 1. A loud and sudden sound; the report of anything bursting; a crash. I. Watts.
2. [Due to confusion with fragrant.] A strong or sweet scent. [Obs. & Illegitimate.] Sir T. Herbert.
 { Fra"grance (?), Fra"gran*cy (?) }, n. [L. fragrantia: cf.
 OF. fragrance.] The quality of being fragrant; sweetness of smell; a sweet smell; a pleasing odor; perfume.

 Eve separate he spies, Veiled in a cloud of fragrance.

Milton.
 The goblet crowned, Breathed aromatic fragrancies around.

Pope.
 Fra"grant (?), a. [L. fragrans. -antis, p. pr. of fragrare to emit a smell of fragrance: cf. OF. fragrant.] Affecting the olfactory nerves agreeably; sweet of smell; odorous; having or emitting an agreeable perfume.

Fragrant the fertile earth After soft showers.

Milton.
Syn. -- Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; sweetscented; redolent; ambrosial; balmy; spicy; aromatic.

 -- Fra"grant*ly, adv.
 Fraight (?), a. Same as Fraught. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Frail (?), n. [OE. fraiel, fraile, OF. fraiel, freel, frael, fr. LL. fraellum.] A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs and raisins.

2. The quantity of raisins -- about thirtytwo, fifty-six, or seventy-five pounds, -- contained in a frail.

3.


some very fine specimens of pottery which are as symmetrical and well finished as if they had been turned on a potter's wheel, and covered with an opaque enamel of stanniferous glaze composed of lead and tin that originated with the Phoenicians, and is as old as history. Can it be possible that the cliff dwellers are a lost fragment of Egyptian civilization?
The cliff ruins in Arizona are not only found in the canons of the Colorado river, but also in many other places. The finest of them are Montezuma's Castle on Beaver creek, and the Casa Blanca in Canon de Chelly. Numerous other ruins are found on the Rio Verde, Gila river, Walnut Canon and elsewhere.
The largest and finest group of cliff dwellings are those on the Mesa Verde in Colorado. They are fully described in the great work[1] of Nordenskiold, who spent much time among them. The different houses are named after some peculiarity of appearance or construction, like the Cliff Palace, which contains more than one hundred rooms, Long House, Balcony House, Spruce Tree House, etc.
He obtained a large quantity of relics, which are also fully described, consisting of stone implements, pottery, cotton and feather cloth, osier and palmillo mats, yucca sandals, weaving sticks, bone awls, corn and beans.
Many well-preserved mummies were found buried in graves that were carefully closed and sealed. The bodies were wrapped in a fine cotton cloth of drawn work, which was covered by a coarser cloth resembling burlap, and all inclosed in a wrapping of palmillo matting tied with a cord made of the fiber of cedar bark. The hair is fine and of a brown color, and not coarse and black like the hair of the wild Indians.
Mummies have been exhumed that have red or light colored hair such as usually goes with a fair skin. This fact has led some to believe that the cliff dwellers belonged to the white race, but not necessarily so, as this quality of hair also belongs to albinos, who doubtless lived among the cliff dwellers as they do among the Moquis and Zunis at the present day, and explains the peculiarity of hair just mentioned.
These remains may be very modern, as some choose to believe, but, in all probability, they are more ancient than modern. Mummies encased in wood and cloth have been taken from the tombs of Egypt in an almost perfect state of preservation which cannot be less than two thousand years old, and are, perhaps, more than double that age. As there is no positive knowledge as to when the cliff dwellers flourished, one man's guess on the subject is as good as another's.
An important discovery was recently made near Mancos, Colorado, where a party of explorers found in some old cliff dwellings graves beneath graves that were entirely different from anything yet discovered. They were egg-shaped, built of stone and plastered smoothly with clay. They contained mummies, cloth, sandals, beads and various other trinkets.
There was no pottery, but many well-made baskets, and their owners have been called the basket makers. There was also a difference in the skulls found. The cliff dwellers' skull is short and flattened behind, while the skulls that were found in these old graves were long, narrow and round on the back.[2] Rev. H. M. Baum, who has traveled all over the southwest and visited every large ruin in the country, considers that Canon de Chelly and its branch, del Muerto, is the most interesting prehistoric locality in the United States. The Navajos, who now live in the canon, have a tradition that the people who occupied the old cliff houses were all destroyed in one day by a wind of fire.[3] The occurrence, evidently, was similar to what happened recently on the island of Martinique, when all the inhabitants of the village of St. Pierre perished in an hour by the eruption of Mont Pelee.
Contemporaneous with the cliff dwellers there seems to have lived a race of people in the adjoining valleys who built cities and tilled the soil. Judged by their works they must have been an industrious, intelligent and numerous people. All over the ground are strewn broken pieces of pottery that are painted in bright colors and artistic designs which, after ages of exposure to the weather, look as fresh as if newly made, The relics that have been taken from the ruins are similar to those found in the cliff houses, and consist mostly of stone implements and pottery.
In the Gila valley, near the town of Florence, stands the now famous Casa Grande ruin, which is the best preserved of all these ancient cities. It was a ruin when the Spaniards first discovered it, and is a type of the ancient communal house. Its thick walls are composed of a concrete adobe that is as hard as rock, and its base lines conform to the cardinal points of, the compass. It is an interesting relic of a past age and an extinct race and, if it cannot yield up its secrets to science, it at least appeals to the spirit of romance and mystery.
Irrigating ditches which were fed from reservoirs supplied their fields and houses with water. Portions of these old canals are yet in existence and furnish proof of the diligence and skill of their builders. The ditches were located on levels that could not be improved upon for utilizing the land and water to the best advantage.
Modern engineers have not been able to better them and in many places the old levels are used in new ditches at the present time.
Whatever may have been the fate of this ancient people their destruction must be sought in natural causes rather than by human warfare. An adverse fate probably cut off their water supply and laid waste their productive fields. With their crops a failure and all supplies gone what else could the people do but either starve or move, but as to the nature of the exodus history is silent.
Just how ancient these works are might be difficult to prove, but they are certainly not modern. The evidence denotes that they have existed a long time. Where the water in a canal flowed over solid rock the rock has been much worn. Portions of the old ditches are filled with lava and houses lie buried in the vitreous flood. It is certain that the country was inhabited prior to the last lava flow whether that event occurred hundreds or thousands of years ago.
It is claimed that the Pueblo Indians and cliff dwellers are identical and that the latter were driven from their peaceful valley homes by a hostile foe to find temporary shelter among the rocks, but such a conclusion seems to be erroneous in view of certain facts.
The cliff dwellings were not temporary camps, as such a migration would imply, but places of permanent abode. The houses are too numerous and well constructed to be accounted for on any other hypothesis. A people fleeing periodically to the cliffs to escape from an enemy could not have built such houses. Indeed, they are simply marvelous when considered as to location and construction. The time that must necessarily have been consumed in doing the work and the amount of danger and labor involved--labor in preparing and getting the material into place and danger in scaling the dizzy heights over an almost impassible trail, it seems the boldest assumption to assert that the work was done by a fleeing and demoralized mob.
Again, it would be a physical impossibility for a people who were only accustomed to agricultural pursuits to suddenly and completely change their habits of life such as living among the rocks would necessitate.
Only by native instinct and daily practice from childhood would it be possible for any people to follow the narrow and difficult paths which were habitually traveled by the cliff dwellers. It requires a clear head and steady nerves to perform the daring feat in safety--to the truth of which statement modern explorers can testify who have made the attempt in recent years at the peril of life and limb while engaged in searching for archaeological treasures.
Judged by the everyday life that is familiar to us it seems incredible that houses should ever have been built or homes established in such hazardous places, or that any people should have ever lived there. But that they did is an established fact as there stand the houses which were built and occupied by human beings in the midst of surroundings that might appall the stoutest heart. Children played and men and women wrought on the brink of frightful precipices in a space so


A WOODLAND QUEEN ('Reine des Bois') By Andre Theuriet With a Preface by MELCHIOR DE VOGUE, of the French academy CONTENTS ANDRE THEURIET A WOODLAND QUEEN BOOK 1. CHAPTER I. THE UNFINISHED WILL CHAPTER II. THE HEIR TO VIVEY CHAPTER III. CONSCIENCE HIGHER THAN THE LAW BOOK 2. CHAPTER IV. THE DAWN OF LOVE CHAPTER V. LOVE'S INDISCRETION CHAPTER VI. LOVE BY PROXY BOOK 3. CHAPTER VII. THE STRANGE, DARK SECRET CHAPTER VIII. LOVE'S SAD ENDING CHAPTER IX. LOVE HEALS THE BROKEN HEART ANDRE THEURIET CLAUDE-ADHEMAR-ANDRE THEURIET was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise), October 8,1833. His ancestors came from Lorraine. He was educated at Bar-le-Duc and went to Paris in 1854 to study jurisprudence. After finishing his courses he entered the Department of the Treasury, and after an honorable career there, resigned as chef-de-bureau. He is a poet, a dramatist, but, above all, a writer of great fiction.

 As early as 1857 the poems of Theuriet were printed in the 'Revue de Paris' and the 'Revue des Deux Mondes'. His greatest novel, 'Reine des Bois' (Woodland Queen), was crowned by the Academie Francaise in 1890. To the public in general he became first known in 1870 by his 'Nouvelles Intimes'. Since that time he has published a great many volumes of poems, drama, and fiction. A great writer, he perhaps meets the wishes of that large class of readers who seek in literature agreeable rest and distraction, rather than excitement or aesthetic gratification. He is one of the greatest spirits that survived the bankruptcy of Romanticism. He excels in the description of country nooks and corners; of that polite rusticity which knows nothing of the delving laborers of 'La Terre', but only of graceful and learned leisure, of solitude nursed in revery, and of passion that seems the springtide of germinating nature. He possesses great originality and the passionate spirit of a 'paysagiste': pictures of provincial life and family-interiors seem to appeal to his most pronounced sympathies. His taste is delicate, his style healthy and frank, and at the same time limpid and animated.

 After receiving, in 1890, the Prix Vitet for the ensemble of his literary productions, he was elected to the Academy in 1896. To the stage Theuriet has given 'Jean-Marie', drama in verses (Odeon, February 11, 1871). It is yet kept on the repertoire together with his 'Maison de deux Barbeaux (1865), Raymonde (1887), and Les Maugars (1901).' His novels, tales, and poems comprise a long list. 'Le Bleu et le Noir' (1873) was also crowned by the Academy. Then followed, at short intervals: 'Mademoiselle Guignon (1874.); Le Mariage de Gerard (1875); La Fortune d'Angele (1876); Raymonde (1877),' a romance of modern life, vastly esteemed by the reading public; 'Le Don Juan de Vireloup (1877); Sous Bois, Impressions d'un Forestier (1878); Le Filleul d'un Marquis (1878); Les Nids (1879); Le fils Maugars (1879); La Maison de deux Barbeaux (1879); Toute seule (1880); Sauvageonne (1880), his most realistic work; Les Enchantements de la Foret (1881); Le Livre de la Payse (poetry, 1882); Madame Heurteloup (1882); Peche de Jeunesse (1883); Le Journal de Tristan, mostly autobiographical; Bigarreau (1885); Eusebe Lombard (1885); Les OEillets de Kerlatz (1885); Helene (1886); Nos Oiseaux (beautiful verses, 1886); La Vie Rustique (1887); Amour d'Automne (1888); Josette (1888); Deux Soeurs (1889); Contes pour les Soirs d'Hiver (1890); Charme Dangereux (1891); La Ronde des Saisons et des Mois (1889); La Charmeresse (1891); Fleur de Nice (1896); Bois Fleury (1897); Refuge (1898); Villa Tranquille (1899); Claudette (1900); La Petite Derniere (1901); Le Manuscrit du Chanoine (1902), etc.

 Besides this abundant production Andre Theuriet has also contributed to various journals and magazines: 'Le Moniteur, Le Musee Universal, L'Illustration, Le Figaro, Le Gaulois, La Republique Francaise, etc.; he has lectured in Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland, and has even found leisure to fill the post as Mayor of Bourg-la-Reine (Seine et Oise), perhaps no onerous office (_PHONE_). He has also been an 'Officier de la Legion d'Honneur' since 1895.

 A WOODLAND QUEEN BOOK 1.

 CHAPTER I. THE UNFINISHED WILL Toward the middle of October, about the time of the beechnut harvest, M. Eustache Destourbet, justice of the Peace of Auberive, accompanied by his clerk, Etienne Seurrot, left his home at Abbatiale, in order to repair to the Chateau of Vivey, where he was to take part in removing the seals on some property whose owner had deceased.

 At that period, 1857, the canton of Auberive, which stretches its massive forests like a thick wall between the level plain of Langres and the ancient Chatillonais, had but one main road of communication: that from Langres to Bar-sur-Aube. The almost parallel adjacent route, from Auberive to Vivey, was not then in existence; and in order to reach this last commune, or hamlet, the traveller had to follow a narrow grass-bordered path, leading through the forest up the hill of Charboniere, from the summit of which was seen that intermingling of narrow gorges and wooded heights which is so characteristic of this mountainous region. On all sides were indented horizons of trees, among which a few, of more dominant height, projected their sharp outlines against the sky; in the distance were rocky steeps, with here and there a clump of brambles, down which trickled slender rivulets; still farther, like little islands, half submerged in a sea of foliage, were pastures of tender green dotted with juniper bushes, almost black in their density, and fields of rye struggling painfully through the stony soil—the entire scene presenting a picture of mingled wildness and cultivation, aridity and luxuriant freshness.

 Justice Destourbet, having strong, wiry limbs, ascended cheerily the steep mountain-path. His tall, spare figure, always in advance of his companion, was visible through the tender green of the young oaks, clothed in a brown coat, a black cravat, and a very high hat, which the justice, who loved correctness in details, thought it his duty to don whenever called upon to perform his judicial functions. The clerk, Seurrot, more obese, and of maturer