certainly the liveliest, but at the same time one of the most ineffective batteries I have seen.

 In a stamp mill the foundations are usually made of hard wood logs about 5 to 6 feet long, set on end, the bottom end resting on rock and set round with cement concrete. These are bolted together, and the "box" or mortar is bolted to them. The horizontal logs to carry the "horses" or supports for the battery frame should also be of good size, and solidly and securely bolted. The same applies to your engine-bed, but whether it be of timber, or mason work, above all things provide that the whole of your work is set out square and true to save after-wear and friction.

 Considerable difference of opinion exists as to the most effective weight for stamps. My experience has been that this largely depends on the nature of your rock, as does also the height for the drop. I have usually found that with medium stamps, say 7 to 7 1/2 cwt. with fair drop and lively action, about 80 falls per minute, the best results were obtained, but the tendency of modern mill men is towards the heavier stamps, 9 cwt. and even heavier.

 To find the horse-power required to drive a battery, multiply the weight of one stamp by the number of stamps in the battery; the height of lift in feet by the number of lifts per minute; add one-third of the product for friction, and the result will be the number of feet-lbs. per minute; divide this by 33,000 which is the number of feet-lbs. per minute equal to 1 h.-p. and the result will be the h.-p. required. Thus if a stamp weighs 800 lb. and you have five in the box, and each stamp has a lift of 9 in. = 0.75 ft. and strikes 80 blows per minute, then 800 x 5 x 0.75 x 80 = 240,000; one-third of 240,000 = 80,000 which added to 240,000 = 320,000; and 320,000 divided by 33,000 = 9.7 h.-p. or 1.9 h.-p. each stamp.

 The total weight of a battery, including stamper box, stampers, etc., may be roughly estimated at about 1 ton per stamp. Medium weight stampers, including shank cam, disc, head, and shoe, weigh from 600 to 700 lb., and need about 3/4 h.-p. to work them.

 The quantity of water required for the effective treatment of gold-bearing rock in a stamper battery varies according to the composition of the material to be operated upon, but generally it is more than the inexperienced believe. For instance, "mullocky" lode stuff, containing much clayey matter or material carrying a large percentage of heavy metal, such as titanic iron or metallic sulphides, will need a larger quantity of water per stamp than clean quartz. A fair average quantity would be 750 to 1000 gallons per hour for each box of five stamps. In general practice I have seldom found 1000 gallons per hour more than sufficient.

 As to the most effective mesh for the screen or grating no definite rule can be given, as that depends so largely on the size of the gold particles contained in the gangue. The finer the particles the closer must be the mesh, and nothing but careful experiment will enable the battery manager to decide this most important point. The American slotted screens are best; they wear better than the punched gratings and can be used of finer gauge. Woven steel wire gauze is employed with good effect in some mills where especially fine trituration is required. This class of screen requires special care as it is somewhat fragile, but with intelligent treatment does good work.

 The fall or inclination of the tables, both copper and blanket strakes, is also regulated by the class of ore. If it should be heavy then the fall must be steeper. A fair average drop is 3/4 inch to the foot. Be careful that your copper tables are thoroughly water-tight, for remember you are dealing with a very volatile metal, quicksilver; and where water will percolate mercury will penetrate.

 The blanket tables are simply a continuation of the mercury tables, but covered with strips of coarse blanket, green baize, or other flocculent material, intended to arrest the heavier metallic particles which, owing to their refractory nature, have not been amalgamated.

 The blanket table is, however, a very unsatisfactory concentrator at best, and is giving place to mechanical concentrators of various descriptions.

 An ancient Egyptian gold washing table was used by the Egyptians in treating the gold ores of Lower Egypt. The ore was first ground, it is likely by means of some description of stone arrasts and then passed over the sloping table with water, the gold being retained in the riffles. In these the material would probably be mechanically agitated. Although for its era ingenious it will be plain to practical men that if the gold were fine the process would be very ineffective. Possibly, but of this I have no evidence, mercury was used to retain the gold on the riffles, as previously stated. This method of saving the precious metal was known to the ancients.

 At a mine of which I was managing director the lode was almost entirely composed of sulphide of iron, carbonate of lime or calcspar, with a little silica. In this case it has been found best to crush without mercury, then run the pulp into pans, where it is concentrated. The concentrates are calcined in a common reverberatory furnace, and afterwards amalgamated with mercury in a special pan, the results as to the proportion of gold extracted being very satisfactory; but it does not therefore follow that this process would be the most suitable in another mine where the lode stuff, though in some respects similar, yet had points of difference.

 I was lately consulted with respect to the treatment of a pyritic ore in a very promising mine, but could not recommend the above treatment, because though the pyrites in the gangue was similar, the bulk of the lode consisted of silica, consequently there would be a great waste of power in triturating the whole of the stuff to what, with regard to much of it, would be an unnecessary degree of fineness. I am of opinion that in cases such as this, where it is not intended to adopt the chlorination or cyanogen process, it will be found most economical to crush to a coarse gauge, concentrate, calcine the concentrates, and finally amalgamate in some suitable amalgamator.

 Probably for this mode of treatment Krom rolls would be found more effective reducing agents than stampers, as with them the bulk of the ore can be broken to any required gauge and there would consequently be less loss in "slimes."

 The great art in effective battery work is to crush your stuff to the required fineness only, and then to provide that each particle is brought into contact with the mercury either in box, trough, plate, or pan. To do this the flow of water must be carefully regulated; neither so much must be used as to carry the stuff off too quickly nor so little as to cause the troughs and plates to choke. In cold weather the water may be warmed by passing the feed-pipe through a tank into which the steam from the engine exhausts, and this will be found to keep the mercury bright and lively. But be careful no engine oil or grease mingles with the water, as grease on the copper tables will absolutely prevent amalgamation.

 The first point, then, is to crush the gangue effectively, the degree of fineness being regulated by the fineness of the gold itself. This being done, then comes the question of saving the gold. If the quartz be clean, and the gold unmixed with base metal, the difficulty is small. All that is required is to ensure that each particle of the Royal metal shall be brought into contact with the mercury. The main object is to arrest the gold at the earliest possible stage; therefore, if you are treating clean stone containing free gold, either coarse or fine, I advise the use of mercury in the boxes, for the reason that a considerable proportion of the gold will be caught thereby, and settling to the bottom, or adhering to amalgamated plates in the boxes, where such are used, will not be afterwards affected by the crushing action,


GARGANTUA AND HIS SON PANTAGRUEL MASTER FRANCIS RABELAIS FIVE BOOKS OF THE LIVES, HEROIC DEEDS AND SAYINGS OF GARGANTUA AND HIS SON PANTAGRUEL BOOK I. He Did Cry Like a Cow--frontispiece He Did Cry Like a Cow--frontispiece Titlepage Translated into English by Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty and Peter Antony Motteux The text of the first Two Books of Rabelais has been reprinted from the first edition (1653) of Urquhart's translation. Footnotes initialled 'M.' are drawn from the Maitland Club edition (1838); other footnotes are by the translator. Urquhart's translation of Book III. appeared posthumously in 1693, with a new edition of Books I. and II., under Motteux's editorship. Motteux's rendering of Books IV. and V. followed in 1708. Occasionally (as the footnotes indicate) passages omitted by Motteux have been restored from the 1738 copy edited by Ozell.

Rabelais Dissecting Society--portrait2 CONTENTS.

 Introduction.
 FRANCIS RABELAIS.
 Chapter 1.I.—Of the Genealogy and Antiquity of Gargantua.
 Chapter 1.II.—-The Antidoted Fanfreluches: or, a Galimatia of extravagant Conceits found in an ancient Monument.
 Chapter 1.III.—How Gargantua was carried eleven months in his mother's belly.
 Chapter 1.IV.—-How Gargamelle, being great with Gargantua, did eat a huge deal of tripes.
 Chapter 1.V.—The Discourse of the Drinkers.

 Chapter 1.VI.—How Gargantua was born in a strange manner.
 Chapter 1.VII.—After what manner Gargantua had his name given him, and how he tippled, bibbed, and curried the can.

 Chapter 1.VIII.—How they apparelled Gargantua.
 Chapter 1.IX.—The colours and liveries of Gargantua.
 Chapter 1.X.—Of that which is signified by the colours white and blue.
 Chapter 1.XI.—Of the youthful age of Gargantua.
 Chapter 1.XII.—Of Gargantua's wooden horses.
 Chapter 1.XIII.—How Gargantua's wonderful understanding became known to his father Grangousier, by the invention of a torchecul or wipebreech.
 Chapter 1.XIV.—How Gargantua was taught Latin by a Sophister.
 Chapter 1.XV.—How Gargantua was put under other schoolmasters.
 Chapter 1.XVI.—How Gargantua was sent to Paris, and of the huge great mare that he rode on; how she destroyed the oxflies of the Beauce.
 Chapter 1.XVII.—How Gargantua paid his welcome to the Parisians, and how he took away the great bells of Our Lady's Church.
 Chapter 1.XVIII.—How Janotus de Bragmardo was sent to Gargantua to recover the great bells.
 Chapter 1.XIX.—The oration of Master Janotus de Bragmardo for recovery of the bells.
 Chapter 1.XX.—How the Sophister carried away his cloth, and how he had a suit in law against the other masters.

 Chapter 1.XXI.—The study of Gargantua, according to the discipline of his schoolmasters the Sophisters.
 Chapter 1.XXII.—The games of Gargantua.

 Chapter 1.XXIII.—How Gargantua was instructed by Ponocrates, and in such sort disciplinated, that he lost not one hour of the day.
 Chapter 1.XXIV.—How Gargantua spent his time in rainy weather.
 Chapter 1.XXV.—How there was great strife and debate raised betwixt the cake-bakers of Lerne, and those of Gargantua's country, whereupon were waged great wars.
 Chapter 1.XXVI.—How the inhabitants of Lerne, by the commandment of Picrochole their king, assaulted the shepherds of Gargantua unexpectedly and on a sudden.
 Chapter 1.XXVII.—How a monk of Seville saved the close of the abbey from being ransacked by the enemy.
 Chapter 1.XXVIII.—How Picrochole stormed and took by assault the rock Clermond, and of Grangousier's unwillingness and aversion from the undertaking of war.
 Chapter 1.XXIX.—The tenour of the letter which Grangousier wrote to his son Gargantua.
 Chapter 1.XXX.—How Ulric Gallet was sent unto Picrochole.
 Chapter 1.XXXI.—The speech made by Gallet to Picrochole.
 Chapter 1.XXXII.—How Grangousier, to buy peace, caused the cakes to be restored.
 Chapter 1.XXXIII.—How some statesmen of Picrochole, by hairbrained counsel, put him in extreme danger.
 Chapter 1.XXXIV.—How Gargantua left the city of Paris to succour his country, and how Gymnast encountered with the enemy.
 Chapter 1.XXXV.—How Gymnast very souply and cunningly killed Captain Tripet and others of Picrochole's men.
 Chapter 1.XXXVI.—How Gargantua demolished the castle at the ford of Vede, and how they passed the ford.
 Chapter 1.XXXVII.—How Gargantua, in combing his head, made the great cannon-balls fall out of his hair.
 Chapter 1.XXXVIII.—How Gargantua did eat up six pilgrims in a salad.
 Chapter 1.XXXIX.—How the Monk was feasted by Gargantua, and of the jovial discourse they had at supper.
 Chapter 1.XL.—Why monks are the outcasts of the world; and wherefore some have bigger noses than others.
 Chapter 1.XLI.—How the Monk made Gargantua sleep, and of his hours and breviaries.
 Chapter 1.XLII.—How the Monk encouraged his fellow-champions, and how he hanged upon a tree.
 Chapter 1.XLIII.—How the scouts and fore-party of Picrochole were met with by Gargantua, and how the Monk slew Captain Drawforth (Tirevant.), and then was taken prisoner by his enemies.

 Chapter 1.XLIV.—How the Monk rid himself of his keepers, and how Picrochole's forlorn hope was defeated.
 Chapter 1.XLV.—How the Monk carried along with him the Pilgrims, and of the good words that Grangousier gave them.

 Chapter 1.XLVI.—How Grangousier did very kindly entertain Touchfaucet his prisoner.
 Chapter 1.XLVII.—How Grangousier sent for his legions, and how Touchfaucet slew Rashcalf, and was afterwards executed by the command of Picrochole.
 Chapter 1.XLVIII.—How Gargantua set upon Picrochole within the rock Clermond, and utterly defeated the army of the said Picrochole.
 Chapter 1.XLIX.—How Picrochole in his flight fell into great misfortunes, and what Gargantua did after the battle.
 Chapter 1.L.—Garg


it; to stain or dye a thing is to impart color to its substance. To stain is said chiefly of solids, as wood, glass, paper; to dye, of fibrous substances, textile fabrics, etc.; the one, commonly, a simple process, as applying a wash; the other more complex, as fixing colors by mordants.

 Stain, v. i. To give or receive a stain; to grow dim.

 Stain, n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter; a spot; as, a stain on a garment or cloth. Shak.
2. A natural spot of a color different from the gound.

 Swift trouts, diversified with crimson stains.

Pope.
3. Taint of guilt; tarnish; disgrace; reproach.

 Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains.

Dryden.
 Our opinion... is, I trust, without any blemish or stain of heresy.

Hooker.
4. Cause of reproach; shame. Sir P. Sidney.
5. A tincture; a tinge. [R.]

 You have some stain of soldier in you.

Shak.
Syn. -- Blot; spot; taint; pollution; blemish; tarnish; color; disgrace; infamy; shame.

 Stain"er (?), n. 1. One who stains or tarnishes.

2. A workman who stains; as, a stainer of wood.

 Stain"less, a. Free from stain; immaculate. Shak.
 The veery care he took to keep his name Stainless, with some was evidence of shame.

Crabbe.
Syn. -- Blameless; spotless; faultless. See Blameless.

 Stain"less*ly, adv. In a stainless manner.

 Stair (?), n. [OE. steir, steyer, AS. st&?;ger, from &?;igan to ascend, rise. √164. See Sty to ascend.]
 1. One step of a series for ascending or descending to a different level; -- commonly applied to those within a building.

2. A series of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to another; -- commonly used in the plural; but originally used in the singular only. "I a winding stair found." Chaucer's Dream.
Below stairs, in the basement or lower part of a house, where the servants are. -- Flight of stairs, the stairs which make the whole ascent of a story. -- Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs. -- pair, in this phrase, having its old meaning of a set. See Pair, n., 1. -- Run of stars (Arch.), a single set of stairs, or section of a stairway, from one platform to the next. -- Stair rod, a rod, usually of metal, for holding a stair carpet to its place.
 -- Up stairs. See Upstairs in the Vocabulary.

 Stair"case' (?), n. A flight of stairs with their supporting framework, casing, balusters, etc.

 To make a complete staircase is a curious piece of architecture.

Sir H. Wotton.
Staircase shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any scalaria, or wentletrap. (b) Any species of Solarium, or perspective shell.

 Stair"head' (?), n. The head or top of a staircase.

 Stair"way' (?), n. A flight of stairs or steps; a staircase. "A rude and narrow stairway." Moore.
 Staith (?), n. [AS. stæ&?; a bank, shore, from the root of E. stead.] A landing place; an elevated staging upon a wharf for discharging coal, etc., as from railway cars, into vessels.

 Staith"man (?), n. A man employed in weighing and shipping at a staith. [Eng.]

 Stake (?), n. [AS. staca, from the root of E. stick; akin to OFries. & LG. stake, D. staak, Sw. stake, Dan.
 stage. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stockade.] 1.
 A piece of wood, usually long and slender, pointed at one end so as to be easily driven into the ground as a support or stay; as, a stake to support vines, fences, hedges, etc.

 A sharpened stake strong Dryas found.

Dryden.
2. A stick inserted upright in a lop, eye, or mortise, at the side or end of a cart, a flat car, or the like, to prevent goods from falling off.

3. The piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed to be burned; hence, martyrdom by fire.

4. A small anvil usually furnished with a tang to enter a hole in a bench top, -- used by tinsmiths, blacksmiths, etc., for light work, punching upon, etc.

5. That which is laid down as a wager; that which is staked or hazarded; a pledge.

At stake, in danger; hazarded; pledged. "I see my reputation is at stake." Shak.
 Stake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Staking.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; as, to stake vines or plants.

2. To mark the limits of by stakes; -- with out; as, to stake out land; to stake out a new road.

3. To put at hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future contingency; to wager; to pledge.

 I'll stake yon lamb, that near the fountain plays.

Pope.
4. To pierce or wound with a stake. Spectator.
 Stake"-driv'er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); -- so called because one of its notes resembles the sound made in driving a stake into the mud. Called also meadow hen, and Indian hen.

 Stake"head' (?), n. (Rope making) A horizontal bar on a stake, used for supporting the yarns which are kept apart by pins in the bar.

 Stake"hold'er (?), n. The holder of a stake; one with whom the bets are deposited when a wager is laid.

 Stak*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; falling by drops + -meter.]
 A drop measurer; a glass tube tapering to a small orifice at the point, and having a bulb in the middle, used for finding the number of drops in equal quantities of different liquids. See Pipette. Sir D. Brewster.
 Stal (?), obs. imp. of Steal. Stole.

 { Sta*lac"tic (?), Sta*lac"tic*al (?) }, a. (Geol.)
 Stalactitic.

 Sta*lac"ti*form (?), a. Like a stalactite; resembling a stalactite.

 Sta*lac"tite (?), n.; pl. Stalactites (#). [Gr. &?; oozing out in drops, dropping, fr. &?; to drop: cf. F. stalactite.]
 (Geol.) (a) A pendent cone or cylinder of calcium carbonate resembling an icicle in form and mode of attachment. Stalactites are found depending from the roof or sides of caverns, and are produced by deposition from waters which have percolated through, and partially dissolved, the overlying limestone rocks. (b) In an extended sense, any mineral or rock of similar form and origin; as, a stalactite of lava.

 ||Stal'ac*ti"tes (?), n. [NL.] A stalactite. [Obs.] Woodward.
 { Stal'ac*tit"ic (?), Stal'ac*tit"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. stalactitique.]
 (Geol.) Of or pertaining to a stalactite; having the form or characters of a stalactite; stalactic.

 Stal'ac*tit"i*form (?), a. Having the form of a stalactite; stalactiform.

 Sta*lag"mite (?), n. [Gr. &?; that which drops, a drop, fr.
 &?;


high estate.

Milton.
3. To charge, attribute, or adjudge to one, as having a certain quality or value.

 Faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.

Rom. iv. 9.
 Without her eccentricities being reckoned to her for a crime.

Hawthorne.
4. To conclude, as by an enumeration and balancing of chances; hence, to think; to suppose; -- followed by an objective clause; as, I reckon he won't try that again. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Syn. -- To number; enumerate; compute; calculate; estimate; value; esteem; account; repute. See Calculate, Guess.

 Reck"on, v. i. 1. To make an enumeration or computation; to engage in numbering or computing. Shak.
2. To come to an accounting; to make up accounts; to settle; to examine and strike the balance of debt and credit; to adjust relations of desert or penalty.

 "Parfay," sayst thou, "sometime he reckon shall."

Chaucer.
To reckon for, to answer for; to pay the account for. "If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it one day." Bp.
 Sanderson. -- To reckon on or upon, to count or depend on. -- To reckon with, to settle accounts or claims with; -- used literally or figuratively.

 After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them.

Matt. xxv. 19.
 -- To reckon without one's host, to ignore in a calculation or arrangement the person whose assent is essential; hence, to reckon erroneously.

 Reck"on*er (-r), n. One who reckons or computes; also, a book of calculations, tables, etc., to assist in reckoning.

Reckoners without their host must reckon twice.

Camden.
 Reck"on*ing, n. 1. The act of one who reckons, counts, or computes; the result of reckoning or counting; calculation. Specifically: (a) An account of time. Sandys. (b) Adjustment of claims and accounts; settlement of obligations, liabilities, etc.

 Even reckoning makes lasting friends, and the way to make reckonings even is to make them often.

South.
 He quitted London, never to return till the day of a terrible and memorable reckoning had arrived.

Macaulay.
2. The charge or account made by a host at an inn.

 A coin would have a nobler use than to pay a reckoning.

Addison.
3. Esteem; account; estimation.

 You make no further reckoning of it [beauty] than of an outward fading benefit nature bestowed.

Sir P. Sidney.
4. (Navigation) (a) The calculation of a ship's position, either from astronomical observations, or from the record of the courses steered and distances sailed as shown by compass and log, -- in the latter case called dead reckoning (see under Dead); -- also used for dead reckoning in contradistinction to observation.
 (b) The position of a ship as determined by calculation.

To be out of her reckoning, to be at a distance from the place indicated by the reckoning; -- said of a ship.

 Re*claim" (r*klm"), v. t. To claim back; to demand the return of as a right; to attempt to recover possession of.

 A tract of land [Holland] snatched from an element perpetually reclaiming its prior occupancy.

W. Coxe.
 Re*claim" (r*klm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclaimed (-klmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reclaiming.] [F. réclamer, L. reclamare, reclamatum, to cry out against; pref. rere- + clamare to call or cry aloud. See Claim.] 1. To call back, as a hawk to the wrist in falconry, by a certain customary call. Chaucer.
2. To call back from flight or disorderly action; to call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting.

 The headstrong horses hurried Octavius... along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them.

Dryden.
3. To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under discipline; -- said especially of birds trained for the chase, but also of other animals. "An eagle well reclaimed." Dryden.
4. Hence: To reduce to a desired state by discipline, labor, cultivation, or the like; to rescue from being wild, desert, waste, submerged, or the like; as, to reclaim wild land, overflowed land, etc.

5. To call back to rectitude from moral wandering or transgression; to draw back to correct deportment or course of life; to reform.

 It is the intention of Providence, in all the various expressions of his goodness, to reclaim mankind.

Rogers.
6. To correct; to reform; -- said of things. [Obs.]

 Your error, in time reclaimed, will be venial.

Sir E. Hoby.
7. To exclaim against; to gainsay. [Obs.] Fuller.
Syn. -- To reform; recover; restore; amend; correct.

 Re*claim" (r*klm"), v. i. 1. To cry out in opposition or contradiction; to exclaim against anything; to contradict; to take exceptions.

 Scripture reclaims, and the whole Catholic church reclaims, and Christian ears would not hear it.

Waterland.
 At a later period Grote reclaimed strongly against Mill's setting Whately above Hamilton.

Bain.
2. To bring anyone back from evil courses; to reform.

 They, hardened more by what might most reclaim, Grieving to see his glory,... took envy.

Milton.
3. To draw back; to give way. [R. & Obs.] Spenser.
 Re*claim", n. The act of reclaiming, or the state of being reclaimed; reclamation; recovery. [Obs.]

 Re*claim"a*ble (-*b'l), a. That may be reclaimed.

 Re*claim"ant (-ant), n. [Cf. F. réclamant, p.
 pr.] One who reclaims; one who cries out against or contradicts. Waterland.
 Re*claim"er (-r), n. One who reclaims.

 Re*claim"less, a. That can not be reclaimed.

 Rec'la*ma"tion (rk'l*m"shn), n. [F. réclamation, L. reclamatio. See Reclaim.] 1. The act or process of reclaiming.

2. Representation made in opposition; remonstrance.

 I would now, on the reclamation both of generosity and of justice, try clemency.

Landor.
 Re*clasp" (r*klsp"), v. i. To clasp or unite again.

 Re*clin"ant (r*kln"ant), a. [L. reclinans, p. pr. See Recline.] Bending or leaning backward.

 Rec"li*nate (rk"l*nt), a. [L. reclinatus, p. p.] (Bot.)
 Reclined, as a leaf; bent downward, so that the point, as of a stem or leaf, is lower than the base.

 Rec'li*na"tion (rk'l*n"shn), n. [Cf. F. réclinaison.]
 1. The act of leaning or reclining, or the state of being reclined.

2. (Dialing) The angle which the plane of the dial makes with a vertical plane which it intersects in a horizontal line. Brande & C.
3. (Surg.) The act or process of removing a cataract, by applying the needle to its anterior surface,


lyphics.

 Sym*bol"ics (?), n. The study of ancient symbols; esp. (Theol.), that branch of historic theology which treats of creeds and confessions of faith; symbolism; -- called also symbolic.

 Sym"bol*ism (?), n. 1. The act of symbolizing, or the state of being symbolized; as, symbolism in Christian art is the representation of truth, virtues, vices, etc., by emblematic colors, signs, and forms.

2. A system of symbols or representations.

3. (Chem.) (a) The practice of using symbols, or the system of notation developed thereby. (b) A combining together of parts or ingredients. [Obs.]

4. (Theol.) The science of creeds; symbolics.

 Sym"bol*ist, n. One who employs symbols.

 { Sym'bol*is"tic (?), Sym'bol*is"tic*al (?), } a. Characterized by the use of symbols; as, symbolistic poetry.

 Sym'bol*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. symbolisation.] The act of symbolizing; symbolical representation. Sir T. Browne.
 Sym"bol*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symbolized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symbolizing (?).] [Cf. F. symboliser.] 1.
 To have a resemblance of qualities or properties; to correspond; to harmonize.

 The pleasing of color symbolizeth with the pleasing of any single tone to the ear; but the pleasing of order doth symbolize with harmony.

Bacon.
 They both symbolize in this, that they love to look upon themselves through multiplying glasses.

Howell.
2. To hold the same faith; to agree. [R.]

 The believers in pretended miracles have always previously symbolized with the performers of them.

G. S. Faber.
3. To use symbols; to represent ideas symbolically.

 Sym"bol*ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or qualities.

2. To make representative of something; to regard or treat as symbolic. "Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colors."
 Sir T. Browne.
3. To represent by a symbol or symbols.

 Sym"bol*i'zer (?), n. One who symbolizes.

 Sym'bo*log"i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to a symbology; versed in, or characterized by, symbology.

 Sym*bol"o*gist (?), n. One who practices, or who is versed in, symbology.

 Sym*bol"o*gy (?), n. [Symbol + -logy.] The art of expressing by symbols.

 ||Sym*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy'n with + &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of slender eel-like fishes having the gill openings confluent beneath the neck. The pectoral arch is generally attached to the skull, and the entire margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillary. Called also Symbranchia.

 Sym"me*tral (?), a. Commensurable; symmetrical. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.
 Sym*me"tri*an (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts.
 [R.] Sir P. Sidney.
 Sym*met"ric (?), a. Symmetrical.

 Sym*met"ric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. symétrique. See Symmetry.] 1. Involving or exhibiting symmetry; proportional in parts; having its parts in due proportion as to dimensions; as, a symmetrical body or building.

2. (Biol.) Having the organs or parts of one side corresponding with those of the other; having the parts in two or more series of organs the same in number; exhibiting a symmetry. See Symmetry, 2.

3. (Bot.) (a) Having an equal number of parts in the successive circles of floral organs; -- said of flowers. (b) Having a likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regular.

4. (Math.) Having a common measure; commensurable. (b) Having corresponding parts or relations.

 A curve or a plane figure is symmetrical with respect to a given line, and a line, surface, or solid with respect to a plane, when for each point on one side of the line or plane there is a corresponding point on the other side, so situated that the line joining the two corresponding points is perpendicular to the line or plane and is bisected by it. Two solids are symmetrical when they are so situated with respect to an intervening plane that the several points of their surfaces thus correspond to each other in position and distance. In analysis, an expression is symmetrical with respect to several letters when any two of them may change places without affecting the expression; as, the expression a2b + ab2 + a2c + ac2 + b2c + bc2, is symmetrical with respect to the letters a, b, c.

 -- Sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*met"ric*al*ness, n. Sym'me*tri"cian (?), n. Same as Symmetrian. [R.] Holinshed.
 Sym"me*trist (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts.
 Sir H. Wotton.
 Sym"me*trize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Symmetrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symmetrizing (?).] [Cf. F. symétriser.]
 To make proportional in its parts; to reduce to symmetry. Burke.
 Sym"me*try (?), n. [L. symmetria, Gr. &?;; sy'n with, together + &?; a measure: cf. F. symétrie. See Syn-, and Meter rhythm.] 1. A due proportion of the several parts of a body to each other; adaptation of the form or dimensions of the several parts of a thing to each other; the union and conformity of the members of a work to the whole.

2. (Biol.) The law of likeness; similarity of structure; regularity in form and arrangement; orderly and similar distribution of parts, such that an animal may be divided into parts which are structurally symmetrical.

Bilateral symmetry, or two-sidedness, in vertebrates, etc., is that in which the body can be divided into symmetrical halves by a vertical plane passing through the middle; radial symmetry, as in echinoderms, is that in which the individual parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis; serial symmetry, or zonal symmetry, as in earthworms, is that in which the segments or metameres of the body are disposed in a zonal manner one after the other in a longitudinal axis. This last is sometimes called metamerism.

3. (Bot.) (a) Equality in the number of parts of the successive circles in a flower. (b) Likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regularity.

Axis of symmetry. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Respective symmetry, that disposition of parts in which only the opposite sides are equal to each other.

 Sym'pa*thet"ic (?), a. [See Sympathy, and cf. Pathetic.] 1.
 Inclined to sympathy; sympathizing.

 Far wiser he, whose sympathetic mind Exults in all the good of all mankind.

Goldsmith.
2. Produced by, or expressive of, sympathy.

 Ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears.

Gray.
3. (Physiol.) (a) Produced by sympathy; -- applied particularly to symptoms or affections. See Sympathy. (b) Of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system or some of its branches; produced by stimulation on the sympathetic nervious system or some part of it; as, the sympathetic saliva, a modified form of saliva, produced from some of the salivary glands by stimulation of a sympathetic nerve fiber.

Sympathetic ink. (Chem.) See under Ink.


'ta*to"ri*an (?), n. The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, -- an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.]

 Sa*lu"ta*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of salutation.

 Sa*lu"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. salutatorius. See Salute.]
 Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; -- applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges.

 Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton.
2. (American Colleges) The salutatory oration.

 Sa*lute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To address, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail.

 I salute you with this kingly title.

Shak.
2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc.

 You have the prettiest tip of a finger... I must take the freedom to salute it.

Addison.
3. (Mil. & Naval) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc.

4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify.
 [Obs.] "If this salute my blood a jot." Shak.
 Sa*lute" (?), n. [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1.
 The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting.

2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson.
3. (Mil. & Naval) A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc.

 Sa*lut"er (?), n. One who salutes.

 Sal'u*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as, salutiferous air. [R.]

 Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous.

Cudworth.
Syn. -- Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious.

 Sal'u*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Salutarily. [R.]

 Sal'va*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.]

 In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization.

A. V. G. Allen.
 Sal"va*ble (?), a. [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr.
 H. More.
 -- Sal"va*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"va*bly, adv.
 Sal"vage (?; 48), n. [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, from perils of the sea.

Salvage of life from a British ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods.

Encyc. Brit.
2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril.
 (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved.
 Kent. Abbot.
 Sal"vage, a. & n. Savage. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Sal*va"tion (?), n. [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1.
 The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity.

2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness.

 To earn salvation for the sons of men.

Milton.
 Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation.

2. Cor. vii. 10.
3. Saving power; that which saves.

 Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day.

Ex. xiv. 13.
Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being "General." They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style.

 Sal*va"tion*ist, n. An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army.

 Sal"va*to*ry (?), n. [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale.
 ||Sal"ve (?), interj. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Hail!

 Sal"ve (? or?), v. t. To say "Salve" to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.]

 By this that stranger knight in presence came, And goodly salved them.

Spenser.
 Salve (?; 277), n. [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salfva, Goth. salbn to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) &?; oil, &?; butter, Skr. sarpis clarified butter. √155, 291.] 1.
 An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer.
2. A soothing remedy or antidote.

 Counsel or consolation we may bring. Salve to thy sores.

Milton.
Salve bug (Zoöl.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (Æga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, -- used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length.

 Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.]
 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial treatment; to apply salve to; as, to salve a wound. Shak.
2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over.

 But Ebranck salved both their infamies With noble deeds.

Spenser.
 What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence?

Milton.
 Salve (?), v. t. & i. [See Salvage] To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent] Salv"er (?), n. One who salves, or uses


trades union. [Cant, Eng.]

 Knock (nk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked (nkt); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Knocking.] [OE. knoken, AS. cnocian, cnucian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. Sw. knacka. Cf. Knack.] 1. To drive or be driven against something; to strike against something; to clash; as, one heavy body knocks against another. Bacon.
2. To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to rap; as, to knock with a club; to knock on the door.

 For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.

Dryden.
 Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.

Matt. vii. 7.
To knock about, to go about, taking knocks or rough usage; to wander about; to saunter. [Colloq.] "Knocking about town." W. Irving. -- To knock up, to fail of strength; to become wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out. "The horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service." De Quincey. -- To knock off, to cease, as from work; to desist. -- To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one's self conquered; -- an expression probably borrowed from the practice of knocking under the table with the knuckles, when conquered. "Colonel Esmond knocked under to his fate." Thackeray.
 Knock (nk), v. t. 1. To strike with something hard or heavy; to move by striking; to drive (a thing) against something; as, to knock a ball with a bat; to knock the head against a post; to knock a lamp off the table.

 When heroes knock their knotty heads together.

Rowe.
2. To strike for admittance; to rap upon, as a door.

 Master, knock the door hard.

Shak.
To knock down. (a) To strike down; to fell; to prostrate by a blow or by blows; as, to knock down an assailant. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow or knock; to knock off. -- To knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon the head; hence, to put am end to; to defeat, as a scheme or project; to frustrate; to quash. [Colloq.] -- To knock off. (a) To force off by a blow or by beating. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow on the counter. (c) To leave off (work, etc.).
 [Colloq.] -- To knock out, to force out by a blow or by blows; as, to knock out the brains. - - To knock up. (a) To arouse by knocking. (b) To beat or tire out; to fatigue till unable to do more; as, the men were entirely knocked up. [Colloq.] "The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers." Petherick. (c) (Bookbinding) To make even at the edges, or to shape into book form, as printed sheets.

 Knock, n. 1. A blow; a stroke with something hard or heavy; a jar.

2. A stroke, as on a door for admittance; a rap. " A knock at the door." Longfellow.
 A loud cry or some great knock.

Holland.
Knock off, a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

 Knock"down' (?), n. A felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal.

 Knock"down', a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument.
 [Colloq.]

 Knock"er (?), n. One who, or that which, knocks; specifically, an instrument, or kind of hammer, fastened to a door, to be used in seeking for admittance.

 Shut, shut the door, good John! fatigued, I said; Tie up the knocker; say I'm sick, I'm dead.

Pope.
 Knock"ing, n. A beating; a rap; a series of raps.

 The... repeated knockings of the head upon the ground by the Chinese worshiper.

H. Spencer.
 Knock"ings (?), n. pl. (Mining) Large lumps picked out of the sieve, in dressing ore.

 Knock"-knee' (?), n. (Med.) A condition in which the knees are bent in so as to touch each other in walking; inknee.

 Knock"-kneed' (?), a. Having the legs bent inward so that the knees touch in walking. [Written also knack-kneed.]

 Knock"stone' (?), n. (Mining) A block upon which ore is broken up.

 Knoll (?), n. [AS. cnoll; akin to G. knolle, knollen, clod, lump, knob, bunch, OD. knolle ball, bunch, Sw. knöl, Dan. knold.] A little round hill; a mound; a small elevation of earth; the top or crown of a hill.

 On knoll or hillock rears his crest, Lonely and huge, the giant oak.

Sir W. Scott.
 Knoll (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knolled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Knolling.] [OE. knollen, AS. cnyllan. See Knell.] To ring, as a bell; to strike a knell upon; to toll; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. "Knolled to church." Shak.
 Heavy clocks knolling the drowsy hours.

Tennyson.
 Knoll, v. i. To sound, as a bell; to knell. Shak.
 For a departed being's soul The death hymn peals, and the hollow bells knoll.

Byron.
 Knoll, n. The tolling of a bell; a knell. [R.] Byron.
 Knoll"er, n. One who tolls a bell. [Obs.] Sherwood.
 Knop (?), n. [OE. knop, knoppe; cf. D. knop, knoop, G. knopf, Dan. knap, knop, Sw. knapp, knopp, button, bud, Icel. knappr, and E. knap, n. Cf. Knap, Knob.] 1. A knob; a bud; a bunch; a button.

 Four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.

Ex. xxv. 21.
2. (Arch.) Any boldly projecting sculptured ornament; esp., the ornamental termination of a pinnacle, and then synonymous with finial; -- called also knob, and knosp.

Knop sedge (Bot.), the bur reed (Sparganium); -- so called from its globular clusters of seed vessels. Prior.
 Knopped (?), a. Having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons.
 [Obs.] Rom. of R. Knop"pern (?), n. [Cf. G. knopper. See Knop.] (Zoöl.)
 A kind of gall produced by a gallfly on the cup of an acorn, -- used in tanning and dyeing.

 Knop"weed' (?), n. Same as Knapweed.

 Knor (?), n. See Knur. [Obs.]

 Knosp (?), n. [Cf. G. knospe bud, E. knop, knar.]
 (Arch.) Same as Knop,2. Milman.
 Knot (?), n. [OE. knot, knotte, AS. cnotta


pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc.

4. To open (a lock) as by a wire.

5. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc.

6. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as, to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket.

 Did you pick Master Slender's purse?

Shak.
 He picks clean teeth, and, busy as he seems With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet.

Cowper.
7. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as, to pick one's company; to pick one's way; -- often with out. "One man picked out of ten thousand." Shak.
8. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as, to pick rags; -- often with up; as, to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information.

9. To trim. [Obs.] Chaucer.
To pick at, to tease or vex by pertinacious annoyance. -- To pick a bone with. See under Bone. -- To pick a thank, to curry favor. [Obs.] Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To pick off. (a) To pluck; to remove by picking. (b) To shoot or bring down, one by one; as, sharpshooters pick off the enemy. -- To pick out.
 (a) To mark out; to variegate; as, to pick out any dark stuff with lines or spots of bright colors. (b) To select from a number or quantity. -- To pick to pieces, to pull apart piece by piece; hence [Colloq.], to analyze; esp., to criticize in detail. -- To pick a quarrel, to give occasion of quarrel intentionally. -- To pick up. (a) To take up, as with the fingers. (b) To get by repeated efforts; to gather here and there; as, to pick up a livelihood; to pick up news.

 Pick (?), v. i. 1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble.

 Why stand'st thou picking? Is thy palate sore?

Dryden.
2. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care.

3. To steal; to pilfer. "To keep my hands from picking and stealing." Book of Com. Prayer.
To pick up, to improve by degrees; as, he is picking up in health or business. [Colloq. U.S.]

 Pick, n. [F. pic a pickax, a pick. See Pick, and cf. Pike.]
 1. A sharp-pointed tool for picking; -- often used in composition; as, a toothpick; a picklock.

2. (Mining & Mech.) A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, -- used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also, a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones.

3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. [Obs.] "Take down my buckler... and grind the pick on 't." Beau. & Fl.
4. Choice; right of selection; as, to have one's pick.

 France and Russia have the pick of our stables.

Ld. Lytton.
5. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as, the pick of the flock.

6. (Print.) A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. MacKellar.
7. (Painting) That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture.

8. (Weawing) The blow which drives the shuttle, -- the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as, so many picks to an inch.

Pick dressing (Arch.), in cut stonework, a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface in little pits or depressions. -- Pick hammer, a pick with one end sharp and the other blunt, used by miners.

 Pick"a*back' (?), adv. On the back or shoulders; as, to ride pickback.
 [Written also pickapack, pickback, and pickpack.]

 A woman stooping to take a child pickaback.

R,Jefferies.
 Pick"a*nin'ny (?), n.; pl. Pickaninnies (#). [Cf. Sp.
 pequeño little, young.] A small child; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. [U.S. & West Indies] Pick"a*pack' (?), adv. Pickaback.

 { Pick"ax', Pick"axe' } (?), n. [A corruption of OE. pikois, pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.] A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle inserted at the middle; a hammer with a flattened end for driving wedges and a pointed end for piercing as it strikes. Shak.
 Pick"back' (?), adv. On the back.

 Pick"ed (?), a. 1. Pointed; sharp. "Picked and polished." Chapman.
 Let the stake be made picked at the top.

Mortimer.
2. (Zoöl.) Having a pike or spine on the back; -- said of certain fishes.

3. Carefully selected; chosen; as, picked men.

4. Fine; spruce; smart; precise; dianty. [Obs.] Shak.
Picked dogfish. (Zoöl.) See under Dogfish. -- Picked out, ornamented or relieved with lines, or the like, of a different, usually a lighter, color; as, a carriage body dark green, picked out with red.

 Pick"ed*ness (?), n. 1. The state of being sharpened; pointedness.

2. Fineness; spruceness; smartness. [Obs.]

 Too much pickedness is not manly.

B. Jonson.
 Pick*eer" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pickeered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pickeering.] [F. picorer to go marauding, orig., to go to steal cattle, ultimately fr. L. pecus, pecoris, cattle; cf. F. picorée, Sp. pecorea robbery committed by straggling soldiers.] To make a raid for booty; to maraud; also, to skirmish in advance of an army. See Picaroon. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.
 Pick*eer"er (?), n. One who pickeers. [Obs.]

 Pick"er (?), n. [From Pick.] 1. One who, or that which, picks, in any sense, - - as, one who uses a pick; one who gathers; a thief; a pick; a pickax; as, a cotton picker. "Pickers and stealers." Shak.
2. (Mach.) A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces so as to loosen and separate the fiber.

3. (Weaving) The piece in a loom which strikes the end of the shuttle, and impels it through the warp.

4. (Ordnance) A priming wire for cleaning the vent.

 Pick"er*el (?), n. [Dim. of Pike.] [Written also pickerell.]
 1. A


. Dering.
2. (Gram.) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds to the objective case in English.

 Ac*cu"sa*tive, n. (Gram.) The accusative case.

 Ac*cu"sa*tive*ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner.

2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar.

 Ac*cu'sa*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Accusatory.

 Ac*cu'sa*to"ri*al*ly, adv. By way accusation.

 Ac*cu"sa*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. accusatorius, fr. accusare.]
 Pertaining to, or containing, an accusation; as, an accusatory libel. Grote.
 Ac*cuse" (&?;), n. Accusation. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ac*cuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. accusare, to call to account, accuse; ad + causa cause, lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime or offense; (Law) to charge with an offense, judicially or by a public process; -- with of; as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor.

 Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me.
Acts xxiv. 13.
 We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms. Macaulay.
2. To charge with a fault; to blame; to censure.

 Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another. Rom. ii. 15.
3. To betray; to show. [L.] Sir P. Sidney.
Syn. -- To charge; blame; censure; reproach; criminate; indict; impeach; arraign. -- To Accuse, Charge, Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though not exclusively) to crimes; as, to accuse of treason. Charge is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a dereliction of duty, a fault, etc.; more commonly it refers to moral delinquencies; as, to charge with dishonesty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before a tribunal for trial; as, to arraign one before a court or at the bar public opinion. To impeach is officially to charge with misbehavior in office; as, to impeach a minister of high crimes. Both impeach and arraign convey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness.

 Ac*cused" (&?;), a. Charged with offense; as, an accused person.

 Commonly used substantively; as, the accused, one charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.

 Ac*cuse"ment (-kz"ment), n. [OF. acusement. See Accuse.] Accusation. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ac*cus"er (&?;), n. [OE. acuser, accusour; cf.
 OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] One who accuses; one who brings a charge of crime or fault.

 Ac*cus"ing*ly, adv. In an accusing manner.

 Ac*cus"tom (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accustomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] [OF. acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutumer; à (L. ad) + OF. costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] To make familiar by use; to habituate, familiarize, or inure; -- with to.

 I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater. Adventurer.
Syn. -- To habituate; inure; exercise; train.

 Ac*cus"tom, v. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew.
2. To cohabit. [Obs.]

 We with the best men accustom openly; you with the basest commit private adulteries. Milton.
 Ac*cus"tom, n. Custom. [Obs.] Milton.
 Ac*cus"tom*a*ble (&?;), a. Habitual; customary; wonted. "Accustomable goodness." Latimer.
 Ac*cus"tom*a*bly, adv. According to custom; ordinarily; customarily. Latimer.
 Ac*cus"tom*ance (&?;), n. [OF. accoustumance, F. accoutumance.]
 Custom; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle.
 Ac*cus"tom*a*ri*ly (&?;), adv. Customarily. [Obs.]

 Ac*cus"tom*a*ry (&?;), a. Usual; customary. [Archaic] Featley.
 Ac*cus"tomed (&?;), a. 1. Familiar through use; usual; customary. "An accustomed action." Shak.
2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] "A well accustomed shop."
 Smollett.
 Ac*cus"tomed*ness, n. Habituation.

Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart. Bp. Pearce.
 Ace (&?;), n.; pl. Aces (&?;). [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.]

1. A unit; a single point or spot on a card or die; the card or die so marked; as, the ace of diamonds.

2. Hence: A very small quantity or degree; a particle; an atom; a jot.

 I 'll not wag an ace further. Dryden.
To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.] -- Within an ace of, very near; on the point of. W. Irving.
 A*cel"da*ma (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. Syr. kl dam the field of blood.] The potter's field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed.

 The system of warfare... which had already converted immense tracts into one universal aceldama. De Quincey.
 A*cen"tric (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; a point, a center.] Not centered; without a center.

 Ac"e*phal (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; head: cf.
 F. acéphale, LL. acephalus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acephala.

 ||A*ceph"a*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, adj. neut.
 pl., headless. See Acephal.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; -- so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.

 A*ceph"a*lan (&?;), n. Same as Acephal.

 A*ceph"a*lan, a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Acephala.

 ||A*ceph"a*li (&?;), n. pl. [LL., pl. of acephalus. See


furnish one with arms for defense; to furnish a Cable; to furnish the mind with ideas; to furnish one with knowledge or principles; to furnish an expedition or enterprise, a room or a house.

 That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works.

2 Tim. iii. 17, 2. To offer for use; to provide (something); to give (something); to afford; as, to furnish food to the hungry: to furnish arms for defense.

 Ye are they... that furnish the drink offering unto that number.

Is. lxv. 11.
 His writings and his life furnish abundant proofs that he was not a man of strong sense.

Macaulay.
 Fur"nish, n. That which is furnished as a specimen; a sample; a supply. [Obs.] Greene.
 Fur"nish*er (?), n. One who supplies or fits out.

 Fur"nish*ment (?), n. The act of furnishing, or of supplying furniture; also, furniture. [Obs.] Daniel.
 Fur"ni*ture (?), n. [F. fourniture. See Furnish, v. t.]
 1. That with which anything is furnished or supplied; supplies; outfit; equipment.

 The form and all the furniture of the earth.

Tillotson.
 The thoughts which make the furniture of their minds.

M. Arnold.
2. Articles used for convenience or decoration in a house or apartment, as tables, chairs, bedsteads, sofas, carpets, curtains, pictures, vases, etc.

3. The necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, a carriage, a ship, etc. (a) (Naut.) The masts and rigging of a ship. (b) (Mil.) The mountings of a gun. (c) Builders' hardware such as locks, door and window trimmings. (d) (Print) Pieces of wood or metal of a lesser height than the type, placed around the pages or other matter in a form, and, with the quoins, serving to secure the form in its place in the chase.

4. (Mus.) A mixed or compound stop in an organ; -- sometimes called mixture.

 Fu"ro*in (?), n. [See Furfurol.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline substance, C10H8O4, from furfurol.

 Fu*ro"re (?), n. [It.] Excitement; commotion; enthusiasm.

 Fur"ri*er (?), n. [Cf. F. fourreur.] A dealer in furs; one who makes or sells fur goods.

 Fur"ri*er*y (?), n. 1. Furs, in general. Tooke.
2. The business of a furrier; trade in furs.

 Fur"ring (?), n. 1. (Carp.) (a) The leveling of a surface, or the preparing of an air space, by means of strips of board or of larger pieces. See Fur, v. t., 3. (b) The strips thus laid on.

2. (Shipbuilding) Double planking of a ship's side.

3. A deposit from water, as on the inside of a boiler; also, the operation of cleaning away this deposit.

 Fur"row (?), n. [OE. forow, forgh, furgh, AS.
 furh; akin to D. voor, OHG. furuh, G. furche, Dan. fure, Sw. f&?;ra, Icel. for drain, L. porca ridge between two furrows.] 1. A trench in the earth made by, or as by, a plow.

2. Any trench, channel, or groove, as in wood or metal; a wrinkle on the face; as, the furrows of age.

Farrow weed a weed which grows on plowed land. Shak. -- To draw a straight furrow, to live correctly; not to deviate from the right line of duty. Lowell.
 Fur"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furrowed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Furrowing.] [From Furrow, n.; cf. AS. fyrian.]
 1. To cut a furrow in; to make furrows in; to plow; as, to furrow the ground or sea. Shak.
2. To mark with channels or with wrinkles.

 Thou canst help time to furrow me with age.

Shak.
 Fair cheeks were furrowed with hot tears.

Byron.
 Fur"row*y (?), a. Furrowed. [R.] Tennyson.
 Fur"ry (?), a. [From Fur.] 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur. "Furry nations." Thomson.
2. Consisting of fur; as, furry spoils. Dryden.
3. Resembling fur.

 Fur"ther (?), adv. [A comparative of forth; OE. further, forther, AS. fur&?;or, far&?;ur; akin to G. fürder.
 See Forth, adv.] To a greater distance; in addition; moreover. See Farther.

 Carries us, I know not how much further, into familiar company.

M. Arnold.
 They sdvanced us far as Eleusis and Thria; but no further.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
Further off, not so near; apart by a greater distance.

 Fur"ther, a. compar. [Positive wanting; superl.
 Furthest.] 1. More remote; at a greater distance; more in advance; farther; as, the further end of the field. See Farther.

2. Beyond; additional; as, a further reason for this opinion; nothing further to suggest.

 The forms further and farther are in general not differentiated by writers, but further is preferred by many when application to quantity or degree is implied.

 Fur"ther", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furthered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Furthering.] [OE. furthren, forthren, AS.
 fyrðran, fyrðrian. See Further, adv.] To help forward; to promote; to advance; to forward; to help or assist.

 This binds thee, then, to further my design.

Dryden.
 I should nothing further the weal public.

Robynsom (More's Utopia).
 Fur"ther*ance (?), n. The act of furthering or helping forward; promotion; advancement; progress.

 I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your furthersnce and joy of faith.

Phil. i. 25.
 Built of furtherance and pursuing, Not of spent deeds, but of doing.

Emerson.
 Fur"ther*er (?), n. One who furthers. or helps to advance; a promoter. Shak.
 Fur"ther*more" (?), adv. or conj. Moreover; besides; in addition to what has been said.

 Fur"ther*most" (?), a. Most remote; furthest.

 Fur"ther*some (?), a. Tending to further, advance, or promote; helpful; advantageous. [R.]

 You will not find it furthersome.

Carlyle.
 Fur"thest (?), a. superl. Most remote; most in advance; farthest.
 See Further, a. Fur"thest, adv. At the greatest distance; farthest.

 Fur"tive (?), a. [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr.
 fur thief, akin to ferre to bear: cf. F. furtif. See Fertile.] Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy; as, a furtive look. Prior.
 A hasty and furtive ceremony.

Hallam.
 Fur"tive*ly, adv. Stealthily by theft


widely known.
 Q-10 is essential to the functioning of the mitochondria, that part of the cell that produces energy. With less Q-10 in heart cells, for example, the heart has less energy and pumps less. The same is true of the immune system cells, the liver cells, every cell. As we age the body is able to make less and less Q-10, contributing to the loss of energy frequently experienced with age, as well as the diminished effectiveness of the immune system, and a shortened life span.
 Q-10 was first used for its ability to revitalize heart cells.
It was a prescription medicine in Japan. But unlike other drugs used to stimulate the heart, at any reasonable dose Q-10 has no harmful side effects. It also tends to give people the extra pick up they are trying to get out of a cup of coffee. But Q-10 does so by improving the function of every cell in the body, not by whipping exhausted adrenals like caffeine does. Q-10 is becoming very popular with athletes who measure their overall cellular output against known standards.
 Besides acting as a general tonic, when fed to lab animals, Co-Enzyme Q-10 makes them live 33 to 45 percent longer!
 DMAE is another extremely valuable vitamin-like substance that is not widely known. It is a basic building material that the body uses to make acetylcholine, the most generalized neurotransmitter in the body. Small quantities of DMAE are found in fish, but the body usually makes it in a multi-stage synthesis that starts with the amino acid choline, arrives at DMAE at about step number three and ends up finally with acetylcholine.
 The body's nerves are wrapped in fatty tissue that should be saturated with acetylcholine. Every time a nerve impulse is transmitted from one nerve cell to the next, a molecule of acetylcholine is consumed. Thus acetylcholine has to be constantly replaced. As the body ages, levels of acetylcholine surrounding the nerves drop and in consequence, the nerves begin to deteriorate. DMAE is rapidly and easily converted into acetylcholine and helps maintain acetylcholine levels in older people at a youthful level.
 When laboratory rats are fed DMAE they solve mazes more rapidly, remember better, live about 40 percent longer than rats not fed DMAE and most interestingly, when autopsied, their nervous systems resemble those of a young rat, without any evidence of the usual deterioration of aging. Human nervous systems also deteriorate with age, especially those of people suffering from senility. It is highly probable that DMAE will do the same thing to us. DMAE also smoothes out mood swings in humans and seems to help my husband, Steve, when he has a big writing project. He can keep working without getting 'writers block', fogged out, or rollercoastering.
 DMAE is a little hard to find. Prolongevity and VRP sell it in powder form. Since the FDA doesn't know any MDR and since the product is not capped up, the bottle of powder sagely states that one-quarter teaspoonful contains 333 milligrams. Get the hint? DMAE tastes a little like sour salt and one-quarter teaspoonful dissolves readily in water every morning before breakfast, or anytime for that matter. DMAE is also very inexpensive considering what it does. A year's supply costs about $20.
 Lecithin is a highly tonic and inexpensive food supplement that is underutilized by many people even though it is easily obtainable in healthfood stores. It is an emulsifier, breaking fats down into small separate particles, keeping blood cholesterol emulsified to prevent arterial deposits. Taken persistently, lecithin partially and slowly eliminates existing cholesterol deposits from the circulatory system.
 In our cholesterol-frightened society lecithin should be a far more popular supplement than it currently is. It is easy to take either as a food in the granular form or when encapsulated. Lecithin granules have very little flavor and can be added to a home-made vinegar and oil salad dressing, where they emulsify the oil and make it blend with the vinegar, thickening the mixture and causing it to stick to the salad better. Lecithin can also be put in a fruits smoothie. A scant tablespoon a day is sufficient. Try to buy the kind of lecithin that has the highest phosphatidyl choline content because this substance is the second benefit of taking lecithin. Phosphatidyl choline is another precursor used by the body to build acetylcholine and helps maintain the nervous system.
 Algae. Spirulina or sun dried chlorella are also great food supplements. Both make many people feel energized, pepped-up. It is possible to fast on either product and still maintain sufficient energy levels to take of minimal work responsibilities. Algae reduces appetite and as a dietary supplement can assist in weight loss. It contains large amounts of highly-assimilable protein due to it's high chlorophyll content, as well as a large amount of beta carotene.
It also assists in detoxification of the lymphatic system. It can be purchased as tablets or powder. Take a heaping teaspoon daily, or at least six tablets.
Chapter Seven The Analysis of Disease States: Helping the Body Recover From the Hygienic Dictionary Diagnosis. [1] In the United States, making a diagnosis implies that you are a doctor duly licensed to engage in diagnostic function...
. The making of a diagnosis is reserved only for doctors.... The term "analysis" does not have such an explicit legal definition. Thus, it is the term of choice of iridologists and the one most often used by them. It is essential for the survival and promotion of iridology that those who choose to engage in its practice avoid naming any disease condition. As we have seen, to do so is to infringe on rights reserved exclusively for doctors and can land the iridologist, sooner or later, in a snarl of legal troubles.
 It is better for the iridologist to refrain from suggesting to a person that he has any particular disease, letting such diagnostics remain the province of licensed doctors. In so doing, the iridologist will avoid transgressing the law and stepping on the toes of those who are legally qualified to diagnose.
 It is indeed unfortunate that one of the greatest pitfalls awaiting the iridologist is the temptation to name diseases.
The feelings of satisfaction and power resulting from conferring a name are deeply rooted in the human psyche. For example, the Bible tells us that man's first task on Earth was to name the animals, thus giving him power and dominion over them.
 Strong is the temptation to name diseases because nearly everyone has come to expect that his malady has a name. Patients have come to expect, and doctors have been trained to make, a diagnosis.... "After all," the patient may reason, "how can you hope to deal with my condition if you aren't knowledgeable enough to call it by name?"
 It is not necessary to name diseases in order to exercise dominion over them. Dr. Bernard Jensen, Visions of Health.
 In self defense, I must make it very clear from the first word that hygienists and most other naturopaths of various persuasions, and especially I myself, have never in the past, never!, and do not now, diagnose, treat or offer to cure, disease or illness. Diagnosis and curing are sole, exclusive privileges of certified, duly-licensed medical doctors and may only be done with a grant of Authority to do so from the State. Should an unlicensed person diagnose, offer to treat or attempt to cure disease or illness, they will have committed a felonious act. With big penalties. Therefore, I do not do it.
 When one of my clients comes to me and says that a medical doctor says they have some disease or other, I agree that the medical doctor says they have some disease or other, and I never dare say that they don't. Or even confirm on my own authority that I think they do have some disease or other.
 What I can legally do for a client is to analyze the state of their body and its organs, looking for weaknesses and apparent allergies. I can lawfully state that I think their liver tests weak, the pancreas appears not to be functioning well in terms of handling meat digestion, that the kidney is having a hard time of it. I can say I see a lump sticking out of their body when one is obviously sticking


BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY THE AGE OF FABLE THE AGE OF CHIVALRY LEGENDS OF CHARLEMAGNE BY THOMAS BULFINCH COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME [Editor's Note: The etext contains only LEGENDS OF CHARLEMAGNE] PUBLISHERS' PREFACE No new edition of Bulfinch's classic work can be considered complete without some notice of the American scholar to whose wide erudition and painstaking care it stands as a perpetual monument. "The Age of Fable" has come to be ranked with older books like "Pilgrim's Progress," "Gulliver's Travels," "The Arabian Nights," "Robinson Crusoe," and five or six other productions of world-wide renown as a work with which every one must claim some acquaintance before his education can be called really complete. Many readers of the present edition will probably recall coming in contact with the work as children, and, it may be added, will no doubt discover from a fresh perusal the source of numerous bits of knowledge that have remained stored in their minds since those early years. Yet to the majority of this great circle of readers and students the name Bulfinch in itself has no significance.
Thomas Bulfinch was a native of Boston, Mass., where he was born in 1796. His boyhood was spent in that city, and he prepared for college in the Boston schools. He finished his scholastic training at Harvard College, and after taking his degree was for a period a teacher in his home city. For a long time later in life he was employed as an accountant in the Boston Merchants' Bank. His leisure time he used for further pursuit of the classical studies which he had begun at Harvard, and his chief pleasure in life lay in writing out the results of his reading, in simple, condensed form for young or busy readers. The plan he followed in this work, to give it the greatest possible usefulness, is set forth in the Author's Preface.
"Age of Fable," First Edition, 1855; "The Age of Chivalry," 1858; "The Boy Inventor," 1860; "Legends of Charlemagne, or Romance of the Middle Ages," 1863; "Poetry of the Age of Fable," 1863; "Oregon and Eldorado, or Romance of the Rivers," 1860.
In this complete edition of his mythological and legendary lore "The Age of Fable," "The Age of Chivalry," and "Legends of Charlemagne" are included. Scrupulous care has been taken to follow the original text of Bulfinch, but attention should be called to some additional sections which have been inserted to add to the rounded completeness of the work, and which the publishers believe would meet with the sanction of the author himself, as in no way intruding upon his original plan but simply carrying it out in more complete detail. The section on Northern Mythology has been enlarged by a retelling of the epic of the "Nibelungen Lied," together with a summary of Wagner's version of the legend in his series of music-dramas. Under the head of "Hero Myths of the British Race" have been included outlines of the stories of Beowulf, Cuchulain, Hereward the Wake, and Robin Hood. Of the verse extracts which occur throughout the text, thirty or more have been added from literature which has appeared since Bulfinch's time, extracts that he would have been likely to quote had he personally supervised the new edition.
Finally, the index has been thoroughly overhauled and, indeed, remade.
All the proper names in the work have been entered, with references to the pages where they occur, and a concise explanation or definition of each has been given. Thus what was a mere list of names in the original has been enlarged into a small classical and mythological dictionary, which it is hoped will prove valuable for reference purposes not necessarily connected with "The Age of Fable."
Acknowledgments are due the writings of Dr. Oliver Huckel for information on the point of Wagner's rendering of the Nibelungen legend, and M. I. Ebbutt's authoritative volume on "Hero Myths and Legends of the British Race," from which much of the information concerning the British heroes has been obtained.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE If no other knowledge deserves to be called useful but that which helps to enlarge our possessions or to raise our station in society, then Mythology has no claim to the appellation. But if that which tends to make us happier and better can be called useful, then we claim that epithet for our subject. For Mythology is the handmaid of literature; and literature is one of the best allies of virtue and promoters of happiness.
Without a knowledge of mythology much of the elegant literature of our own language cannot be understood and appreciated. When Byron calls Rome "the Niobe of nations," or says of Venice, "She looks a Sea-Cybele fresh from ocean," he calls up to the mind of one familiar with our subject, illustrations more vivid and striking than the pencil could furnish, but which are lost to the reader ignorant of mythology. Milton abounds in similar allusions. The short poem "Comus" contains more than thirty such, and the ode "On the Morning of the Nativity" half as many.
Through "Paradise Lost" they are scattered profusely. This is one reason why we often hear persons by no means illiterate say that they cannot enjoy Milton. But were these persons to add to their more solid acquirements the easy learning of this little volume, much of the poetry of Milton which has appeared to them "harsh and crabbed" would be found "musical as is Apollo's lute." Our citations, taken from more than twenty-five poets, from Spenser to Longfellow, will show how general has been the practice of borrowing illustrations from mythology.
The prose writers also avail themselves of the same source of elegant and suggestive illustration. One can hardly take up a number of the "Edinburgh" or "Quarterly Review" without meeting with instances. In Macaulay's article on Milton there are twenty such.
But how is mythology to be taught to one who does not learn it through the medium of the languages of Greece and Rome? To devote study to a species of learning which relates wholly to false marvels and obsolete faiths is not to be expected of the general reader in a practical age like this. The time even of the young is claimed by so many sciences of facts and things that little can be spared for set treatises on a science of mere fancy.
But may not the requisite knowledge of the subject be acquired by reading the ancient poets in translations? We reply, the field is too extensive for a preparatory course; and these very translations require some previous knowledge of the subject to make them intelligible. Let any one who doubts it read the first page of the "Aeneid," and see what he can make of "the hatred of Juno," the "decree of the Parcae," the "judgment of Paris," and the "honors of Ganymede," without this knowledge.
Shall we be told that answers to such queries may be found in notes, or by a reference to the Classical Dictionary? We reply, the interruption of one's reading by either process is so annoying that most readers prefer to let an allusion pass unapprehended rather than submit to it.
Moreover, such sources give us only the dry facts without any of the charm of the original narrative; and what is a poetical myth when stripped of its poetry? The story of Ceyx and Halcyone, which fills a chapter in our book, occupies but eight lines in the best (Smith's) Classical Dictionary; and so of others.
Our work is an attempt to solve this problem, by telling the stories of mythology in such a manner as to make them a source of amusement. We have endeavored to tell them correctly, according to the ancient authorities, so that when the reader finds them referred to he may not be at a loss to recognize the reference. Thus we hope to teach mythology not as a study, but as a relaxation from study; to give our work the charm of a story-book, yet by means of it to impart a knowledge of an important branch of education. The index at the end will adapt it to the purposes of reference, and make it a Classical Dictionary for the parlor.
Most of the classical legends


to mean "facing south," and Ch'en Hao "facing east."
Cf. infra, §§ 11, 13.
Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
["In order to tempt the enemy to cross after you," according to Ts'ao Kung, and also, says Chang Yu, "in order not to be impeded in your evolutions."
The T'ung Tien reads, "If the enemy crosses a river," etc. But in view of the next sentence, this is almost certainly an interpolation.]
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.
[Li Ch'uan alludes to the great victory won by Han Hsin over Lung Chu at the Wei River. Turning to the Ch'ien Han Shu, ch. 34, fol. 6 verso, we find the battle described as follows: "The two armies were drawn up on opposite sides of the river. In the night, Han Hsin ordered his men to take some ten thousand sacks filled with sand and construct a dam higher up. Then, leading half his army across, he attacked Lung Chu; but after a time, pretending to have failed in his attempt, he hastily withdrew to the other bank. Lung Chu was much elated by this unlooked-for success, and exclaiming: "I felt sure that Han Hsin was really a coward!" he pursued him and began crossing the river in his turn. Han Hsin now sent a party to cut open the sandbags, thus releasing a great volume of water, which swept down and prevented the greater portion of Lung Chu's army from getting across. He then turned upon the force which had been cut off, and annihilated it, Lung Chu himself being amongst the slain. The rest of the army, on the further bank, also scattered and fled in all directions.]
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
[For fear of preventing his crossing.]
6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun.
[See supra, § 2. The repetition of these words in connection with water is very awkward. Chang Yu has the note: "Said either of troops marshalled on the river-bank, or of boats anchored in the stream itself; in either case it is essential to be higher than the enemy and facing the sun." The other commentators are not at all explicit.]
Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.
[Tu Mu says: "As water flows downwards, we must not pitch our camp on the lower reaches of a river, for fear the enemy should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood. Chu-ko Wu-hou has remarked that 'in river warfare we must not advance against the stream,' which is as much as to say that our fleet must not be anchored below that of the enemy, for then they would be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of us." There is also the danger, noted by other commentators, that the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to us.]
So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
[Because of the lack of fresh water, the poor quality of the herbage, and last but not least, because they are low, flat, and exposed to attack.]
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees.
[Li Ch'uan remarks that the ground is less likely to be treacherous where there are trees, while Tu Mu says that they will serve to protect the rear.]
So much for operations in salt-marshes.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, [Tu Mu quotes T'ai Kung as saying: "An army should have a stream or a marsh on its left, and a hill or tumulus on its right."]
so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge [Those, namely, concerned with (1) mountains, (2) rivers, (3) marshes, and (4) plains. Compare Napoleon's "Military Maxims," no. 1.]
which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
[Regarding the "Yellow Emperor": Mei Yao-ch'en asks, with some plausibility, whether there is an error in the text as nothing is known of Huang Ti having conquered four other Emperors. The Shih Chi (ch. 1 ad init.)
speaks only of his victories over Yen Ti and Ch'ih Yu. In the Liu T'ao it is mentioned that he "fought seventy battles and pacified the Empire." Ts'ao Kung's explanation is, that the Yellow Emperor was the first to institute the feudal system of vassals princes, each of whom (to the number of four) originally bore the title of Emperor. Li Ch'uan tells us that the art of war originated under Huang Ti, who received it from his Minister Feng Hou.]
11. All armies prefer high ground to low, ["High Ground," says Mei Yao-ch'en, "is not only more agreeable and salubrious, but more convenient from a military point of view; low ground is not only damp and unhealthy, but also disadvantageous for fighting."]
and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, [Ts'ao Kung says: "Make for fresh water and pasture, where you can turn out your animals to graze."]
and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, [Chang Yu says: "The dryness of the climate will prevent the outbreak of illness."]
and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, The latter defined as "places enclosed on every side by steep banks, with pools of water at the bottom."]
confined places, [Defined as "natural pens or prisons" or "places surrounded by precipices on three sides—easy to get into, but hard to get out of."]
tangled thickets, [Defined as "places covered with such dense undergrowth that spears cannot be used."]
quagmires [Defined as "low-lying places, so heavy with mud as to be impassable for chariots and horsemen."]
and crevasses, [Defined by Mei Yao-ch'en as "a narrow difficult way between beetling cliffs." Tu Mu's note is "ground covered with trees and rocks, and intersected by numerous ravines and pitfalls." This is very vague, but Chia Lin explains it clearly enough as a defile or narrow pass, and Chang Yu takes much the same view. On the whole, the weight of the commentators certainly inclines to the rendering "defile." But the ordinary meaning of the Chinese in one place is "a crack or fissure" and the fact that the meaning of the Chinese elsewhere in the sentence indicates something in the nature of a defile, make me think that Sun Tzŭ is here speaking of crevasses.]
should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
[Chang Yu has the note: "We must also be on our guard against traitors who may


(Front Cover) Nature Series No. 23. | How To Tell The Birds From The Flowers.
 How To Tell The Birds From The Flowers.
A Manual of Flornithology for Beginners.
(bird and flower) Verses and Illustrations By Robert Williams Wood.
Published by Paul Elder and Company San Francisco and New York.
[pg i] Copyright 1907 By Paul Elder and Company Copyright 1907 By Paul Elder and Company [pg ii] Contents.
Page.
 The Bird. The Burdock. 1.
 The Clover. The Plover. 2.
 The Crow. The Crocus. 3.
 The Rue. The Rooster. 4.
 The Parrot. The Carrot. 5.
 The Pea. The Pewee. 6.
 The Pelican. The Panicle. 7.
 The Hen. The Lichen. 8.
 The Hawk. The Hollyhock. 9.
 The Cow Bird. The Cowslip. 10.
 A Sparrer. Asparagus. 11.
 The Tern. The Turnip. 12.
 The Ole Gander. The Oleander. 14.
 [pg iii] The Blue Mountain Lory.
 The Blue Morning Glory. 15.
 The Quail. The Kale. 16.
 The Pecan. The Toucan. 17.
 The Auk. The Orchid. 18.
 The Cat-bird. The Catnip. 20.
 The Ibis. The 'Ibiscus. 21.
 The Butter-ball. The Buttercup. 22.
 The Bay. The Jay. 23.
 The Pipe. The Snipe. 24.
 The Roc. The Shamrock. 25.
 The Lark. The Larkspur. 26.
 The Puffin. Nuffin. 27.
 Author's Apology. 28.
[pg iv] Burr. Bird.
Burr. Bird.
 The Bird and the Burdock.
 Who is there who has never heard, About the Burdock and the Bird?
 And yet how very very few, Discriminate between the two, While even Mr. Burbank can't Transform a Bird into a Plant!
Burbank.
[pg 1] The Clover. The Plover.
The Clover. The Plover.
 The Plover and the Clover can be told apart with ease, By paying close attention to the habits of the Bees, For en-to-molo-gists aver, the Bee can be in Clover, While ety-molo-gists concur, there is no B in Plover.
[pg 2] The Crow. The Crocus.
The Crow. The Crocus.
 Some are unable, as you know, To tell the Crocus from the Crow; The reason why is just because They are not versed in Nature's laws.
 The noisy, cawing Crows all come, Obedient to the Cro'custom, A large Crow Caw-cus to convoke.
 You never hear the Crocus croak!
[pg 3] The Rue. The Rooster.
The Rue. The Rooster.
 Of Rooster the rudiment clearly is "Roo", And the bird from the plant very probably grew.
 You can easily tell them apart without fail, By merely observing the Rue lacks de-tail.
[pg 4] The Parrot. The Carrot.
The Parrot. The Carrot.
 The Parrot and the Carrot we may easily confound, They're very much alike in looks and similar in sound, We recognize the Parrot by his clear articulation, For Carrots are unable to engage in conversation.
[pg 5] The Pea. The Pewee.
The Pea. The Pewee.
 To tell the Pewee from the Pea, Requires great per-spi-ca-city.
 Here in the pod we see the Pea, While perched close by is the Pewee; The Pea he hears the Pewee peep, While Pewee sees the wee Pea weep, There'll be but little time to see, How Pewee differs from the Pea.
[pg 6] The Pelican. The Panicle.
The Pelican. The Panicle.
 The Panicle and Pelican Have often been confused; The letters which spell Pelican In Panicle are used.
 You never need confound the two, There are many ways of telling: The simplest thing that one can do, Is to observe the spelling.
[pg 7] The Hen. The Lichen.
The Hen. The Lichen.
 The Lichens lie on rocks and bark, They look somewhat like Hens: Hens lay, they lie, we may remark, A difference of tense.
[pg 8] The Hawk. The Hollyhock.
The Hawk. The Hollyhock.
 To recognize this Bird-of-Prey, The broody Hen you should survey: She takes her Chicks on daily walks, Among the neighboring Hollyhocks, While with the Hawk association, Is quite beyond her toleration.
[pg 9] The Cow Bird. The Cowslip.
The Cow Bird. The Cowslip.
 Growing in mires, in gold attired, The Cowslip has been much admired, Altho' its proper name, we're told, Is really the Marsh Marigold: The Cow Bird picture, I suspect, Is absolutely incorrect, We make such errors now and then, A sort of cow slip of the pen.
[pg 10] A Sparrer. Asparagus.
A Sparrer. Asparagus.
 The Sparrow, from flying, is quite out of breath, In fact he has worked himself almost to death, While the lazy Asparagus,—so it is said,— Spends all of his time in the'sparagus bed.
[pg 11] The Tern. The Turnip.
The Tern. The Turnip.
 To tell the Turnip from the Tern, A thing which everyone should learn, Observe the Tern up in the air, See how he turns,—and now compare Him with this inert vegetable, Who thus to turn is quite unable, For he is rooted to the spot, [pg 12] While as we see the Tern is not: He is not always doomed to be Thus bound to earth e-tern-ally, For "Cooked to a turn" may be inferred, To change the Turnip to the Bird.
(tern looking at turnips in a pot) Observe the Turnip in the pot.
 The Tern is glad that he is not!
[pg 13] The Ole Gander. The Oleander.
The Ole Gander. The Oleander.
 The Gander loves to promenade, Around the farmer's poultry-yard, While, as we see, the Oleander Is quite unable to meander.
[pg 14] The Blue Mountain Lory. The Blue Morning Glory.
The Blue Mountain Lory. The Blue Morning Glory.
 The Blue Mountain Lory spends most of his time In climbing about in a tropical clime; We therefore our efforts need only confine, To minutely observing the climb of the Vine.
[pg 15] The Quail. The Kale.
The Quail. The Kale.
 The California Quail is said To have a tail upon his head, While contrary-wise we style the Kale, A cabbage head upon a tail.
 It is not hard to tell the two, The Quail commences with a queue.
[pg 16] The Pecan. The Toucan.
The Pecan. The Toucan.
 Very few can Tell the Toucan From the Pecan— Here's a new plan: To take the Toucan from the tree,


LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS The Life Story of William F. Cody ["Buffalo Bill" Cody] by Helen Cody Wetmore CONTENTS GENEALOGY OF BUFFALO BILL.
 PREFACE.
 LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS.
 CHAPTER I. THE OLD HOMESTEAD IN IOWA. CHAPTER II.
 WILL'S FIRST INDIAN. CHAPTER III.
 THE SHADOW OF PARTISAN STRIFE. CHAPTER IV. PERSECUTION CONTINUES. CHAPTER V. THE "BOY EXTRA." CHAPTER VI.
 FAMILY DEFENDER AND HOUSEHOLD TEASE.
 CHAPTER VII. INDIAN ENCOUNTER AND SCHOOL-DAY INCIDENTS.
 CHAPTER VIII. DEATH AND BURIAL OF TURK. CHAPTER IX.
 WILL AS PONY EXPRESS RIDER. CHAPTER X. ECHOES FROM SUMTER. CHAPTER XI. A SHORT BUT DASHING INDIAN CAMPAIGN. CHAPTER XII.
 THE MOTHER'S LAST ILLNESS. CHAPTER XIII. IN THE SECRET-SERVICE. CHAPTER XV. WILL AS A BENEDICT.
 CHAPTER XVI. HOW THE SOBRIQUET OF "BUFFALO BILL" WAS WON. CHAPTER XVII. SATANTA, CHIEF OF THE KIOWAS. CHAPTER XVIII.
 WILL MADE CHIEF OF SCOUTS. CHAPTER XIX. ARMY LIFE AT FORT M'PHERSON. CHAPTER XX. PA-HAS-KA, THE LONG-HAIRED CHIEF. CHAPTER XXI.
 THE HUNT OF THE GRAND DUKE ALEXIS.
 CHAPTER XXII. THEATRICAL EXPERIENCES. CHAPTER XXIII. THE GOVERNMENT'S INDIAN POLICY. CHAPTER XXIV.
 LITERARY WORK. CHAPTER XXV.
 FIRST VISIT TO THE VALLEY OF THE BIG HORN. CHAPTER XXVI. TOUR OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAPTER XXVII.
 RETURN OF THE "WILD WEST" TO AMERICA.
 CHAPTER XXVIII. A TRIBUTE TO GENERAL MILES. CHAPTER XXIX.
 THE "WILD WEST" AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
 CHAPTER XXX. CODY DAY AT THE OMAHA EXPOSITION.
 CHAPTER XXXI. THE LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS.

 GENEALOGY OF BUFFALO BILL.

 The following genealogical sketch was compiled in 1897. The crest is copied from John Rooney's "Genealogical History of Irish Families."

 It is not generally known that genuine royal blood courses in Colonel Cody's veins. He is a lineal descendant of Milesius, king of Spain, that famous monarch whose three sons, Heber, Heremon, and Ir, founded the first dynasty in Ireland, about the beginning of the Christian era. The Cody family comes through the line of Heremon. The original name was Tireach, which signifies "The Rocks." Muiredach Tireach, one of the first of this line, and son of Fiacha Straivetine, was crowned king of Ireland, Anno Domini 320. Another of the line became king of Connaught, Anno Domini 701.
 The possessions of the Sept were located in the present counties of Clare, Galway, and Mayo. The names Connaught-Gallway, after centuries, gradually contracted to Connallway, Connellway, Connelly, Conly, Cory, Coddy, Coidy, and Cody, and is clearly shown by ancient indentures still traceable among existing records. On the maternal side, Colonel Cody can, without difficulty, follow his lineage to the best blood of England. Several of the Cody family emigrated to America in 1747, settling in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The name is frequently mentioned in Revolutionary history. Colonel Cody is a member of the Cody family of Revolutionary fame. Like the other Spanish-Irish families, the Codys have their proof of ancestry in the form of a crest, the one which Colonel Cody is entitled to use being printed herewith. The lion signifies Spanish origin. It is the same figure that forms a part of the royal coat-of-arms of Spain to this day—Castile and Leon. The arm and cross denote that the descent is through the line of Heremon, whose posterity were among the first to follow the cross, as a symbol of their adherence to the Christian faith.

 PREFACE.

 In presenting this volume to the public the writer has a twofold purpose.
 For a number of years there has been an increasing demand for an authentic biography of "Buffalo Bill," and in response, many books of varying value have been submitted; yet no one of them has borne the hall-mark of veracious history. Naturally, there were incidents in Colonel Cody's life—more especially in the earlier years—that could be given only by those with whom he had grown up from childhood. For many incidents of his later life I am indebted to his own and others' accounts. I desire to acknowledge obligation to General P. H. Sheridan, Colonel Inman, Colonel Ingraham, and my brother for valuable assistance furnished by Sheridan's Memoirs, "The Santa Fe Trail," "The Great Salt Lake Trail," "Buffalo Bill's Autobiography," and "Stories from the Life of Buffalo Bill."

 A second reason that prompted the writing of my brother's life-story is purely personal. The sobriquet of "Buffalo Bill" has conveyed to many people an impression of his personality that is far removed from the facts. They have pictured in fancy a rough frontier character, without tenderness and true nobility. But in very truth has the poet sung: The public knows my brother as boy Indian-slayer, a champion buffalo-hunter, a brave soldier, a daring scout, an intrepid frontiersman, and a famous exhibitor. It is only fair to him that a glimpse be given of the parts he played behind the scenes—devotion to a widowed mother, that pushed the boy so early upon a stage of ceaseless action, continued care and tenderness displayed in later years, and the generous thoughtfulness of manhood's prime.

 Thus a part of my pleasant task has been to enable the public to see my brother through his sister's eyes—eyes that have seen truly if kindly. If I have been tempted into praise where simple narrative might to the reader seem all that was required, if I have seemed to exaggerate in any of my history's details, I may say that I am not conscious of having set down more than "a plain, unvarnished tale." Embarrassed with riches of fact, I have had no thought of fiction. H. C. W. CODYVIEW, DULUTH, MINNESOTA, February 26, 1899.

 LAST OF THE GREAT SCOUTS.

 CHAPTER I. — THE OLD HOMESTEAD IN IOWA.

 A PLEASANT, roomy farm-house, set in the sunlight against a background of cool, green wood and mottled meadow—this is the picture that my earliest memories frame for me. To this home my parents, Isaac and Mary Cody, had moved soon after their marriage.

 The place was known as the Scott farm, and was situated in Scott County, Iowa, near the historic little town of Le Clair, where, but a few years before, a village of the Fox Indians had been located; where Black Hawk and his thousand warriors had assembled for their last war-dance; where the marquee of General Scott was erected, and the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes drawn up; and where, in obedience to the Sac chief's terms, Antoine Le Clair, the famous half-breed Indian scholar and interpreter, had built his cabin, and given to the place his name. Here, in this atmosphere of pioneer struggle and Indian warfare—in the farm-house in the dancing sunshine, with the background of wood and meadow—my brother, William Frederick Cody, was born, on the 26th day of February, 1846.

 Of the good, old-fashioned sort was our family, numbering five daughters and two sons—Martha, Samuel, Julia, William, Eliza, Helen, and May.