; poss. fr. DEC slang for a full software distribution, as opposed to a patch or upgrade] A source software distribution that has been packaged in such a way that it can (theoretically) be unpacked and installed according to a series of steps using only standard Unix tools, and entirely documented by some reasonable chain of references from the top-level README file. The more general term distribution may imply that special tools or more stringent conditions on the host environment are required.
Node:klone, Next:kludge, Previous:kit, Up:= K = klone /klohn/ n. See clone, sense 4.
Node:kludge, Next:kluge, Previous:klone, Up:= K = kludge 1. /klooj/ n. Incorrect (though regrettably common) spelling of kluge (US). These two words have been confused in American usage since the early 1960s, and widely confounded in Great Britain since the end of World War II. 2. [TMRC] A crock that works. (A long-ago "Datamation" article by Jackson Granholme similarly said: "An ill-assorted collection of poorly matching parts, forming a distressing whole.") 3. v. To use a kludge to get around a problem. "I've kludged around it for now, but I'll fix it up properly later."
This word appears to have derived from Scots 'kludge' or 'kludgie' for a common toilet, via British military slang. It apparently became confused with U.S. kluge during or after World War II; some Britons from that era use both words in definably different ways, but kluge is now uncommon in Great Britain. 'Kludge' in Commonwealth hackish differs in meaning from 'kluge' in that it lacks the positive senses; a kludge is something no Commonwealth hacker wants to be associated too closely with. Also, 'kludge' is more widely known in British mainstream slang than 'kluge' is in the U.S.
Node:kluge, Next:kluge around, Previous:kludge, Up:= K = kluge /klooj/ [from the German 'klug', clever; poss. related to Polish 'klucz' (a key, a hint, a main point)] 1. n. A Rube Goldberg (or Heath Robinson) device, whether in hardware or software. 2. n. A clever programming trick intended to solve a particular nasty case in an expedient, if not clear, manner. Often used to repair bugs. Often involves ad-hockery and verges on being a crock. 3. n. Something that works for the wrong reason. 4. vt. To insert a kluge into a program. "I've kluged this routine to get around that weird bug, but there's probably a better way." 5. [WPI] n. A feature that is implemented in a rude manner.
Nowadays this term is often encountered in the variant spelling 'kludge'. Reports from old farts are consistent that 'kluge' was the original spelling, reported around computers as far back as the mid-1950s and, at that time, used exclusively of hardware kluges.
In 1947, the "New York Folklore Quarterly" reported a classic shaggy-dog story 'Murgatroyd the Kluge Maker' then current in the Armed Forces, in which a 'kluge' was a complex and puzzling artifact with a trivial function. Other sources report that 'kluge' was common Navy slang in the WWII era for any piece of electronics that worked well on shore but consistently failed at sea.
However, there is reason to believe this slang use may be a decade older. Several respondents have connected it to the brand name of a device called a "Kluge paper feeder", an adjunct to mechanical printing presses. Legend has it that the Kluge feeder was designed before small, cheap electric motors and control electronics; it relied on a fiendishly complex assortment of cams, belts, and linkages to both power and synchronize all its operations from one motive driveshaft. It was accordingly temperamental, subject to frequent breakdowns, and devilishly difficult to repair -- but oh, so clever! People who tell this story also aver that 'Kluge' was the name of a design engineer.
There is in fact a Brandtjen & Kluge Inc., an old family business that manufactures printing equipment - interestingly, their name is pronounced /kloo'gee/! Henry Brandtjen, president of the firm, told me (ESR, 1994) that his company was co-founded by his father and an engineer named Kluge /kloo'gee/, who built and co-designed the original Kluge automatic feeder in 1919. Mr.
Brandtjen claims, however, that this was a simple device (with only four cams); he says he has no idea how the myth of its complexity took hold.
TMRC and the MIT hacker culture of the early '60s seems to have developed in a milieu that remembered and still used some WWII military slang (see also foobar). It seems likely that 'kluge' came to MIT via alumni of the many military electronics projects that had been located in Cambridge (many in MIT's venerable Building 20, in which TMRC is also located) during the war.
The variant 'kludge' was apparently popularized by the Datamation article mentioned above; it was titled "How to Design a Kludge" (February 1962, pp. 30, 31).
This spelling was probably imported from Great Britain, where kludge has an independent history (though this fact was largely unknown to hackers on either side of the Atlantic before a mid-1993 debate in the Usenet group alt.folklore.computers over the First and Second Edition versions of this entry; everybody used to think kludge was just a mutation of kluge). It now appears that the British, having forgotten the etymology of their own 'kludge' when 'kluge' crossed the Atlantic, repaid the U.S. by lobbing the 'kludge' orthography in the other direction and confusing their American cousins' spelling!
The result of this history is a tangle. Many younger U.S.
hackers pronounce the word as /klooj/ but spell it, incorrectly for its meaning and pronunciation, as 'kludge'. (Phonetically, consider huge, refuge, centrifuge, and deluge as opposed to sludge, judge, budge, and fudge. Whatever its failings in other areas, English spelling is perfectly consistent about this distinction.) British hackers mostly learned /kluhj/ orally, use it in a restricted negative sense and are at least consistent.
European hackers have mostly learned the word from written American sources and tend to pronounce it /kluhj/ but use the wider American meaning!
Some observers consider this mess appropriate in view of the word's meaning.
Node:kluge around, Next:kluge up, Previous:kluge, Up:= K = kluge around vt.
To avoid a bug or difficult condition by inserting a kluge. Compare workaround.
Node:kluge up, Next:Knights of the Lambda Calculus, Previous:kluge around, Up:= K = kluge up vt.
To lash together a quick hack to perform a task; this is milder than cruft together and has some of the connotations of hack up (note, however, that the construction 'kluge on' corresponding to hack on is never used). "I've kluged up this routine to dump the buffer contents to a safe place."
Node:Knights of the Lambda Calculus, Next:knobs, Previous:kluge up, Up:= K = Knights of the Lambda Calculus n. A semi-mythical organization of wizardly LISP and Scheme hackers. The name refers to a mathematical formalism invented by Alonzo Church, with which LISP is intimately connected. There is no enrollment list and the criteria for induction are unclear, but one well-known LISPer has been known to give out buttons and, in general, the members know who they are.... Node:knobs, Next:Knuth, Previous:Knights of the Lambda Calculus, Up:= K = knobs pl.n.
Configurable options, even in software and even those you can't adjust in real time. Anything you can twiddle is a knob


2. To ridicule; to banter; to rally. [Slang] 3. To spoil the effect or success of, as by ridicule; to throw a wet blanket on; to spoil. [Slang] Ques"tion*a*ry (?), n. A set of questions for submission to a group of persons for the purpose of bringing out their resemblances and differences in the matter considered. The questionary method is a recognized form of psychological investigation.

 ||Ques'tion'naire" (?), n.; pl. -naires (F. &?;). [F.] = Questionary, above.

 Qui"chuan (?), a. Designating, or pertaining to, a linguistic stock of South American Indians, including the majority of the civilized tribes of the ancient Peruvian Empire with some wild tribes never subjugated by the Incas. Most of these Indians are short, but heavy and strong. They are brachycephalic and of remarkably low cranial capacity. Nevertheless, they represent one of the highest of native American civilizations, characterized by agricultural, military, and administrative skill rather than by science or literature, although they were adept potters, weavers, and goldsmiths, and preserved by the aid of the mnemonic quipu a body of legendary lore in part written down since the introduction of writing.

 Quid (?), n. [Etym. uncertain.] An English coin, a sovereign.
 [Slang, Eng.]

 They invited him to come to-morrow,... and bring half a quid with him.

Charles Reade.
 Quill, n. (Pharm.) A roll of dried bark; as, a quill of cinnamon or of cinchona.

 Quin*troon" (?), n. [Sp. quinteron the off-spring of a quadroon and a white.] (Ethnol.) The off-spring of an octoroon and a white person.

 Quin"tu*plet (?), n. [From Quintuple.] 1. A collection or combination of five of a kind.

2. pl. Five children born in the same labor.

3. (Mus.) A group of five connected notes; a turn of five notes.

4. A cycle having five crank shafts and adapted for five riders, all of whom can assist in the propulsion.

 Quir"i*nal (?), a. [L. Quirinals, fr. Quirinus, a name of Romulus.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the hill Collis Quirinalis, now Monte Quirinale (one of the seven hills of Rome), or a modern royal place situated upon it. Also used substantively.

 Quod (?), v. t. To put in quod, or prison; to lock up; to jug.
 [Slang] Kipling.
 R.

 ||Ra'bat" (?), n. [F. Cf. Rabato.] (Eccl.) (a) A clerical linen collar. (b) A kind of clerical scarf fitted to a collar; as, a black silk rabat.

 Race"a*bout' (?), n. (Naut.) A small sloop-rigged racing yacht carrying about six hundred square feet of sail, distinguished from a knockabout by having a short bowsprit.

 Race suicide. The voluntary failure of the members of a race or people to have a number of children sufficient to keep the birth rate equal to the death rate.

 Rack"a*rock' (?), n. [Rack to stretch, strain + a + rock.] A Sprengel explosive consisting of potassium chlorate and mono-nitrobenzene.

 Rack"et, n. A scheme, dodge, trick, or the like; something taking place considered as exciting, trying, unusual, or the like; also, such occurrence considered as an ordeal; as, to work a racket; to stand upon the racket. [Slang] Radial engine. (Mach.) An engine, usually an internal-combustion engine of a certain type (the radial type) having several cylinders arranged radially like the spokes of a complete wheel. The semiradial engine has radiating cylinders on only one side of the crank shaft.

 Ra"di*ant (?), a. (Physics) Emitted or transmitted by radiation; as, a radiant energy; radiant heat.

 Radiant engine. (Mach.) A semiradial engine. See Radial engine, above.

 Ra"di*a'tor (?), n. 1. Any of various devices for cooling an internal substance by radiation, as a system og rings on a gun barrel for cooling it, or a nest of tubes with large radiating surface for cooling circulating water, as in an automobile.

2. (Wireless Teleg.) An oscillator.

 Ra"di*o (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or employing, or operated by, radiant energy, specifically that of electric waves; hence, pertaining to, or employed in, radiotelegraphy.

 Ra'di*o-ac"tive (?), a. [Radio- + active.] (Physics) Capable of luminescence under the action of cathode rays, X rays, or any of the allied forms of radiation. -- Ra'di*o-ac*tiv"i*ty, n. Ra'di*o*con*duc"tor (?), n. (Elec.) A substance or device that has its conductivity altered in some way by electric waves, as a coherer.

 Ra"di*o*graph (?), n. [Radio- + -graph.] 1. An instrument for measuring and recording solar radiation.

2. An image or picture produced upon a sensitive surface, as of a photographic plate, by some form of radiation other than light, as the Röntgen rays, radium rays, etc.; esp., a picture of opaque objects traversed by the rays; a skiagraph.

 Ra"di*o*graph, v. t. To make a radiograph of. -- Ra'di*og"ra*pher (#), n. Ra'di*og"ra*phy (?), n. Art or process of making radiographs. -- Ra'di*o*graph"ic (#), *graph"ic*al (#), a. -- Ra'di*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Ra'di*om"e*try (?), n. (Physics) The use of the radiometer, or the measurement of radiation. -- Ra'di*o*met"ric (#), a. Ra"di*o*phare (?), n. [Radio- + phare.] A radiotelegraphic station serving solely for determining the position of ships. The radius of operation of such stations was restricted by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention (1912) to 30 nautical miles.

 Ra'di*op"ti*con (?), n. [Radio- + stereopticon.] See Projector, above.

 Ra'di*os"co*py (?), n. [Radio- + -scopy.] Direct observation of objects opaque to light by means of some other form of radiant energy, as the Röntgen rays. -- Ra'di*o*scop"ic (#), *scop"ic*al (#), a. Ra'di*o*tel"e*gram (?), n. A message transmitted by radiotelegraph.

 Ra'di*o*tel"e*graph (?), n. [Radio- + telegraph.] A wireless telegraph.

 Ra'di*o*tel'e*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to radiotelegraphy; employing, or used or employed in, radiotelegraphy.

 Ra'di*o*te*leg"ra*phy (?), n. [Radio- + telegraphy.]
 Telegraphy using the radiant energy of electrical (Hertz


: Fission, which involves the splitting of heavy elements (e.g. uranium); and fusion, which involves the combining of light elements (e.g.
hydrogen).
Fission requires that a minimum amount of material or "critical mass" be brought together in contact for the nuclear explosion to take place.
The more efficient fission weapons tend to fall in the yield range of tens of kilotons. Higher explosive yields become increasingly complex and impractical.
Nuclear fusion permits the design of weapons of virtually limitless power. In fusion, according to nuclear theory, when the nuclei of light atoms like hydrogen are joined, the mass of the fused nucleus is lighter than the two original nuclei; the loss is expressed as energy.
By the 1930's, physicists had concluded that this was the process which powered the sun and stars; but the nuclear fusion process remained only of theoretical interest until it was discovered that an atomic fission bomb might be used as a "trigger" to produce, within oneor two-millionths of a second, the intense pressure and temperature necessary to set off the fusion reaction.
Fusion permits the design of weapons of almost limitless power, using materials that are far less costly.
Note 3: Radioactivity Most familiar natural elements like hydrogen, oxygen, gold, and lead are stable, and enduring unless acted upon by outside forces. But almost all elements can exist in unstable forms. The nuclei of these unstable "isotopes," as they are called, are "uncomfortable" with the particular mixture of nuclear particles comprising them, and they decrease this internal stress through the process of radioactive decay.
The three basic modes of radioactive decay are the emission of alpha, beta and gamma radiation: Alpha--Unstable nuclei frequently emit alpha particles, actually helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. By far the most massive of the decay particles, it is also the slowest, rarely exceeding one-tenth the velocity of light. As a result, its penetrating power is weak, and it can usually be stopped by a piece of paper. But if alpha emitters like plutonium are incorporated in the body, they pose a serious cancer threat.
Beta--Another form of radioactive decay is the emission of a beta particle, or electron. The beta particle has only about one seven-thousandth the mass of the alpha particle, but its velocity is very much greater, as much as eight-tenths the velocity of light. As a result, beta particles can penetrate far more deeply into bodily tissue and external doses of beta radiation represent a significantly greater threat than the slower, heavier alpha particles. Beta-emitting isotopes are as harmful as alpha emitters if taken up by the body.
Gamma--In some decay processes, the emission is a photon having no mass at all and traveling at the speed of light. Radio waves, visible light, radiant heat, and X-rays are all photons, differing only in the energy level each carries. The gamma ray is similar to the X-ray photon, but far more penetrating (it can traverse several inches of concrete). It is capable of doing great damage in the body.
Common to all three types of nuclear decay radiation is their ability to ionize (i.e., unbalance electrically) the neutral atoms through which they pass, that is, give them a net electrical charge. The alpha particle, carrying a positive electrical charge, pulls electrons from the atoms through which it passes, while negatively charged beta particles can push electrons out of neutral atoms. If energetic betas pass sufficiently close to atomic nuclei, they can produce X-rays which themselves can ionize additional neutral atoms. Massless but energetic gamma rays can knock electrons out of neutral atoms in the same fashion as X-rays, leaving them ionized. A single particle of radiation can ionize hundreds of neutral atoms in the tissue in multiple collisions before all its energy is absorbed. This disrupts the chemical bonds for critically important cell structures like the cytoplasm, which carries the cell's genetic blueprints, and also produces chemical constituents which can cause as much damage as the original ionizing radiation.
For convenience, a unit of radiation dose called the "rad" has been adopted. It measures the amount of ionization produced per unit volume by the particles from radioactive decay.
Note 4: Nuclear Half-Life The concept of "half-life" is basic to an understanding of radioactive decay of unstable nuclei.
Unlike physical "systems"--bacteria, animals, men and stars--unstable isotopes do not individually have a predictable life span. There is no way of forecasting when a single unstable nucleus will decay.
Nevertheless, it is possible to get around the random behavior of an individual nucleus by dealing statistically with large numbers of nuclei of a particular radioactive isotope. In the case of thorium-232, for example, radioactive decay proceeds so slowly that 14 billion years must elapse before one-half of an initial quantity decayed to a more stable configuration. Thus the half-life of this isotope is 14 billion years. After the elapse of second half-life (another 14 billion years), only one-fourth of the original quantity of thorium-232 would remain, one eighth after the third half-life, and so on.
Most manmade radioactive isotopes have much shorter half-lives, ranging from seconds or days up to thousands of years. Plutonium-239 (a manmade isotope) has a half-life of 24,000 years.
For the most common uranium isotope, U-238, the half-life is 4.5 billion years, about the age of the solar system. The much scarcer, fissionable isotope of uranium, U-235, has a half-life of 700 million years, indicating that its present abundance is only about 1 percent of the amount present when the solar system was born.
Note 5: Oxygen, Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Oxygen, vital to breathing creatures, constitutes about one-fifth of the earth's atmosphere. It occasionally occurs as a single atom in the atmosphere at high temperature, but it usually combines with a second oxygen atom to form molecular oxygen (O2). The oxygen in the air we breathe consists primarily of this stable form.
Oxygen has also a third chemical form in which three oxygen atoms are bound together in a single molecule (03), called ozone. Though less stable and far more rare than O2, and principally confined to upper levels of the stratosphere, both molecular oxygen and ozone play a vital role in shielding the earth from harmful components of solar radiation.
Most harmful radiation is in the "ultraviolet" region of the solar spectrum, invisible to the eye at short wavelengths (under 3,000 A).
(An angstrom unit--A--is an exceedingly short unit of length--10 billionths of a centimeter, or about 4 billionths of an inch.) Unlike X-rays, ultraviolet photons are not "hard" enough to ionize atoms, but pack enough energy to break down the chemical bonds of molecules in living cells and produce a variety of biological and genetic abnormalities, including tumors and cancers.
Fortunately, because of the earth's atmosphere, only a trace of this dangerous ultraviolet radiation actually reaches the earth. By the time sunlight reaches the top of the stratosphere, at about 30 miles altitude, almost all the radiation shorter than 1,900 A has been absorbed by molecules of nitrogen and oxygen. Within the stratosphere itself, molecular oxygen (02) absorbs the longer wavelengths of ultraviolet, up to 2,420 A; and ozone (O3) is formed as a result of this absorption process. It is this ozone then which absorbs almost all of the remaining ultraviolet wavelengths up to about 3,000 A, so that almost all of the dangerous solar radiation is cut off before it reaches the earth's surface.


Codex Junius 11 (Author unknown) This file contains translations from the Anglo-Saxon of the following works: "Genesis A", "Genesis B", "Exodus", "Daniel", and "Christ and Satan". All are works found in the manuscript of Anglo-Saxon verse known as "Junius 11."
These works were originally written in Anglo-Saxon, sometime between the 7th and 10th Centuries A.D. Although sometimes ascribed to the poet Caedmon (fl. late 7th Century), it is generally thought that these poems do not represent the work of one single poet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Other Translations— Bradley, S.A.J.: "Anglo-Saxon Poetry" (Everyman Press, London, 1982) Critical Editions— Doane, A.N. (ed.): "Genesis A: A New Critical Edition" (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1978) Doane, A.N. (ed.): "The Saxon Genesis: An Edition of the West Saxon Genesis B and the Old Saxon Vatican Genesis" (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1991) Dobbie, Elliot VanKirk (ed.): "The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, vol. I—The Junius Manuscript" (Columbia University Press, New York, 1937) Farrell, R.T. (ed.): "Daniel and Azarias" (Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1974) Tolkein, J.R.R. (ed.): "The Old English Exodus" (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981) GENESIS (Genesis A & B) NOTE: This work is generally believed to be a composite of two separate poems, usually referred to as "Genesis A" (or "The Earlier Genesis") and "Genesis B" (or "The Later Genesis").
"Genesis A" is the work at lines #1-234 and _TAG_; "Genesis B" is interpolated into "Genesis A" at lines #235-851.
The reason for this interpolation is not known. Perhaps the original compiler preferred the version of the story presented in "Genesis B", or perhaps the text of "Genesis A" from which he was working with was missing this section. Adding to this confusion is evidence that "Genesis B" appears to be a translation from an earlier and separate Old Saxon retelling of the biblical "Book of Genesis", a fragment of which (corresponding to lines #791-817 of "Genesis B") survives.
"Genesis", like the other poems of "Codex Junius 11", is not a direct translation into Anglo-Saxon of the Old Testament "Book of Genesis". Rather, it is an effort to retell the story in the poetry and style of the Germanic Epic, a style still popular with the Anglo-Saxons at the time "Junius 11" was compiled.
—DBK CONTENTS LIBER I Genesis (I-IV) Genesis B (IV-XIV) Exodus (XLII-XLIX) Daniel (L-LV) LIBER II Christ and Satan (I-VII) The Harrowing of Hell (VIII-XII) The Temptation LIBER I I (ll. 1-28) Right is it that we praise the King of heaven, the Lord of hosts, and love Him with all our hearts. For He is great in power, the Source of all created things, the Lord Almighty.
Never hath He known beginning, neither cometh an end of His eternal glory. Ever in majesty He reigneth over celestial thrones; in righteousness and strength He keepeth the courts of heaven which were established, broad and ample, by the might of God, for angel dwellers, wardens of the soul. The angel legions knew the blessedness of God, celestial joy and bliss. Great was their glory! The mighty spirits magnified their Prince and sang His praise with gladness, serving the Lord of life, exceeding blessed in His splendour. They knew no sin nor any evil; but dwelt in peace for ever with their Lord. They wrought no deed in heaven save right and truth, until the angel prince in pride walked in the ways of error. Then no longer would they work their own advantage, but turned away from the love of God. They boasted greatly, in their banded strength, that they could share with God His glorious dwelling, spacious and heavenly bright.
(ll. 28-46) Then sorrow came upon them, envy and insolence and pride of the angel who first began that deed of folly, to plot and hatch it forth, and, thirsting for battle, boasted that in the northern borders of heaven he would establish a throne and a kingdom. Then was God angered and wrathful against that host which He had crowned before with radiance and glory. For the traitors, to reward their work, He shaped a house of pain and grim affliction, and lamentations of hell. Our Lord prepared this torture-house of exiles, deep and joyless, for the coming of the angel hosts. Well He knew it lay enshrouded in eternal night, and filled with woe, wrapped in fire and piercing cold, smoke-veils and ruddy flame. And over that wretched realm He spread the brooding terror of torment. They had wrought grievous wrong together against God. Grim the reward they gained!
(ll. 47-77) Fierce of heart, they boasted they would take the kingdom, and easily. But their hope failed them when the Lord, High King of heaven, lifted His hand against their host. The erring spirits, in their sin, might not prevail against the Lord, but God, the Mighty, in His wrath, smote their insolence and broke their pride, bereft these impious souls of victory and power and dominion and glory; despoiled His foes of bliss and peace and joy and radiant grace, and mightily avenged His wrath upon them to their destruction. His heart was hardened against them; with heavy hand He crushed His foes, subdued them to His will, and, in His wrath, drove out the rebels from their ancient home and seats of glory. Our Lord expelled and banished out of heaven the presumptuous angel host. All-wielding God dismissed the faithless horde, a hostile band of woeful spirits, upon a long, long journey. Crushed was their pride, their boasting humbled, their power broken, their glory dimmed. Thenceforth those dusky spirits dwelt in exile. No cause had they to laugh aloud, but, racked with pangs of hell, they suffered pain and woe and tribulation, cloaked with darkness, knowing bitter anguish, a grim requital, because they sought to strive with God.
(ll. 78-81) Then was there calm as formerly in heaven, the kindly ways of peace. The Lord was dear to all, a Prince among His thanes, and glory was renewed of angel legions knowing blessedness with God.
II (ll. 82-91) The citizens of heaven, the home of glory, dwelt again in concord. Strife was at an end among the angels, discord and dissension, when those warring spirits, shorn of light, were hurled from heaven. Behind them stretching wide their mansions lay, crowned with glory, prospering in grace in God's dominion, a sunny, fruitful land, empty of dwellers, when the accursed spirits reached their place of exile within Hell's prison-walls.
(ll. 92-102) Then our Lord took counsel in the thoughts of His heart how He might people, with a better host, the great creation, the native seats and gleaming mansions, high in heaven, wherefrom these boastful foes had got them forth. Therefore with mighty power Holy God ordained, beneath the arching heavens, that earth and sky and the far-bounded sea should be established, earth-creatures in the stead of those rebellious foes whom He had cast from heaven.
(ll. 103-119) As yet was nought save shadows of darkness; the spacious earth lay hidden, deep


atus, p. p. of defatigare; de- + fatigare to weary. See Fatigue.] To weary or tire out; to fatigue. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.
 De*fat'i*ga"tion (?), n. [L. defatigatio.] Weariness; fatigue. [R.] Bacon.
 De*fault" (?), n. [OE. defaute, OF. defaute, defalte, fem., F. défaut, masc., LL. defalta, fr. a verb meaning, to be deficient, to want, fail, fr. L. de- + fallere to deceive. See Fault.] 1. A failing or failure; omission of that which ought to be done; neglect to do what duty or law requires; as, this evil has happened through the governor's default.

2. Fault; offense; ill deed; wrong act; failure in virtue or wisdom.

 And pardon craved for his so rash default.

Spenser.
 Regardless of our merit or default.

Pope.
3. (Law) A neglect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to secure the benefit of law, as a failure to appear in court at a day assigned, especially of the defendant in a suit when called to make answer; also of jurors, witnesses, etc.

In default of, in case of failure or lack of.

 Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes in default of the real ones.

Arbuthnot.
 -- To suffer a default (Law), to permit an action to be called without appearing to answer.

 De*fault", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defaulted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Defaulting.] 1. To fail in duty; to offend.

 That he gainst courtesy so foully did default.

Spenser.
2. To fail in fulfilling a contract, agreement, or duty.

3. To fail to appear in court; to let a case go by default.

 De*fault", v. t. 1. To fail to perform or pay; to be guilty of neglect of; to omit; as, to default a dividend.

 What they have defaulted towards him as no king.

Milton.
2. (Law) To call a defendant or other party whose duty it is to be present in court, and make entry of his default, if he fails to appear; to enter a default against.

3. To leave out of account; to omit. [Obs.]

Defaulting unnecessary and partial discourses.

Hales.
 De*fault"er (?), n. 1. One who makes default; one who fails to appear in court when court when called.

2. One who fails to perform a duty; a delinquent; particularly, one who fails to account for public money intrusted to his care; a peculator; a defalcator.

 De*fea"sance (?), n. [OF. defesance, fr. defesant, F. défaisant, p. pr. of defaire, F. défaire, to undo. See Defeat.] 1. A defeat; an overthrow. [Obs.]

 After his foes' defeasance.

Spenser.
2. A rendering null or void.

3. (Law) A condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the deed is defeated or rendered void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time with a feoffment, or other conveyance, containing conditions, on the performance of which the estate then created may be defeated.

 Mortgages were usually made in this manner in former times, but the modern practice is to include the conveyance and the defeasance in the same deed.

 De*fea"sanced (?), a. (Law) Liable to defeasance; capable of being made void or forfeited.

 De*fea"si*ble (?), a. [See Defeasance.] Capable of being annulled or made void; as, a defeasible title. -- De*fea"si*ble*ness, n. De*feat" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defeated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Defeating.] [From F. défait, OF. desfait, p. p. ofe défaire, OF. desfaire, to undo; L. dis- + facere to do. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Disfashion.] 1. To undo; to disfigure; to destroy. [Obs.]

 His unkindness may defeat my life.

Shak.
2. To render null and void, as a title; to frustrate, as hope; to deprive, as of an estate.

 He finds himself naturally to dread a superior Being that can defeat all his designs, and disappoint all his hopes.

Tillotson.
 The escheators... defeated the right heir of his succession.

Hallam.
 In one instance he defeated his own purpose.

A. W. Ward.
3. To overcome or vanquish, as an army; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory; to overthrow.

4. To resist with success; as, to defeat an assault.

 Sharp reasons to defeat the law.

Shak.
Syn. -- To baffle; disappoint; frustrate.

 De*feat", n. [Cf. F. défaite, fr. défaire.
 See Defeat, v.] 1. An undoing or annulling; destruction.
 [Obs.]

 Upon whose property and most dear life A damned defeat was made.

Shak.
2. Frustration by rendering null and void, or by prevention of success; as, the defeat of a plan or design.

3. An overthrow, as of an army in battle; loss of a battle; repulse suffered; discomfiture; -- opposed to victory.

 De*fea"ture (?; 135), n. [OF. desfaiture a killing, disguising, prop., an undoing. See Defeat, and cf. Disfeature.] 1.
 Overthrow; defeat. [Obs.] "Nothing but loss in their defeature." Beau.
 & Fl.
2. Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] "Strange defeatures in my face." Shak.
 De*fea"tured (?; 135), p. p. Changed in features; deformed. [R.]

 Features when defeatured in the... way I have described.

De Quincey.
 Def"e*cate (?), a. [L. defaecatus, p. p. of defaecare to defecate; de- + faex, faecis, dregs, lees.] Freed from anything that can pollute, as dregs, lees, etc.; refined; purified.

 Till the soul be defecate from the dregs of sense.

Bates.
 Def"e*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defecated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Defecating.] 1. To clear from impurities, as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify; to purify; to refine.

 To defecate the dark and muddy oil of amber.

Boyle.
2. To free from extraneous or polluting matter; to clear; to purify, as from that which materializes.

 We defecate the notion from materiality.

Glanvill.
Defecated from all the impurities of sense.

Bp. Warburton.
 Def"e*cate (?), v. i. 1. To become clear, pure, or free. Goldsmith.
2. To void excrement.

 Def'e*ca"tion (?), n. [L. defaecatio: cf. F. défécation.]
 1. The act of separating from impurities, as lees or dregs; purification.

2. (Physiol.) The act or process of voiding excrement.

 Def"e


good angels preserve the king.

Shak.
2. To save from decay by the use of some preservative substance, as sugar, salt, etc.; to season and prepare for remaining in a good state, as fruits, meat, etc.; as, to preserve peaches or grapes.

 You can not preserve it from tainting.

Shak.
3. To maintain throughout; to keep intact; as, to preserve appearances; to preserve silence.

To preserve game, to protect it from extermination.

Syn. -- To keep; save; secure; uphold; sustain; defend; spare; protect; guard; shield. See Keep.

 Pre*serve", v. i. 1. To make preserves. Shak.
2. To protect game for purposes of sport.

 Pre*serve", n. 1. That which is preserved; fruit, etc., seasoned and kept by suitable preparation; esp., fruit cooked with sugar; -- commonly in the plural.

2. A place in which game, fish, etc., are preserved for purposes of sport, or for food.

 Pre*serv"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves, saves, or defends, from destruction, injury, or decay; esp., one who saves the life or character of another. Shak.
2. One who makes preserves of fruit.

Game preserver. See under Game.

 Pre*show" (?), v. t. To foreshow.

 Pre*side" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Presided; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Presiding.] [L. praesidere; prae before + sedere to sit: cf. F. présider. See Sit.] 1.
 To be set, or to sit, in the place of authority; to occupy the place of president, chairman, moderator, director, etc.; to direct, control, and regulate, as chief officer; as, to preside at a public meeting; to preside over the senate.

2. To exercise superintendence; to watch over.

 Some o'er the public magazines preside.

Dryden.
 Pres"i*dence (?), n. See Presidency. [Obs.]

 Pres"i*den*cy (?), n.; pl. Presidencies (#). [Cf. F.
 présidence.] 1. The function or condition of one who presides; superintendence; control and care.

2. The office of president; as, Washington was elected to the presidency.

3. The term during which a president holds his office; as, during the presidency of Madison.

4. One of the three great divisions of British India, the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Presidencies, each of which had a council of which its governor was president.

 Pres"i*dent (?), n. Precedent. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Pres"i*dent, a. Occupying the first rank or chief place; having the highest authority; presiding. [R.]

 His angels president In every province.

Milton.
 Pres"i*dent, n. [F. président, L. praesidens, -entis, p. pr. of praesidere. See Preside.] 1. One who is elected or appointed to preside; a presiding officer, as of a legislative body. Specifically: (a) The chief officer of a corporation, company, institution, society, or the like. (b) The chief executive officer of the government in certain republics; as, the president of the United States.

2. A protector; a guardian; a presiding genius. [Obs.]

 Just Apollo, president of verse.

Waller.
 Pres'i*den"tial (?), a. 1. Presiding or watching over. "Presidential angels." Glanvill.
2. Of or pertaining to a president; as, the presidential chair; a presidential election.

 Pres"i*dent*ship (?), n. The office and dignity of president; presidency. Hooker.
 Pre*sid"er (?), n. One who presides.

 { Pre*sid"i*al (?), Pre*sid"i*a*ry (?), } a. [L. praesidialis and praesidiarius, fr. praesidium a presiding over, defense, guard. See Preside.] Of or pertaining to a garrison; having a garrison.

 There are three presidial castles in this city.

Howell.
 Pre*sid"i*a*ry, n. [L. praesidiarium.] A guard. [Obs.]
 "Heavenly presidiaries." Bp. Hall.
 Pre*sid"ing (?), a. & n. from Preside.

Presiding elder. See under 2d Elder.

 ||Pre*si"di*o (?), n. [Sp.] A place of defense; a fortress; a garrison; a fortress; a garrison or guardhouse.

 Pre*sig'ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [&?;. praesignificatio.
 See Presignify.] The act of signifying or showing beforehand.

 Pre*sig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presignified (?); imp. & p. p. Presignifying.] [L. praesignificare; prae before + significare to signify.] To intimate or signify beforehand; to presage.

 Pre*sphe"noid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the sphenoid bone; of or pertaining to the anterior part of the sphenoid bone (i. e., the presphenoid bone).

Presphenoid bone (Anat.), the anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

 Pre*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) The presphenoid bone.

 Pre'sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the presphenoid bone; presphenoid.

 Pre*spi"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Prevertebral.

 Press (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivore (Tupaia ferruginea). It is arboreal in its habits, and has a bushy tail. The fur is soft, and varies from rusty red to maroon and to brownish black.

 Press, v. t. [Corrupt. fr. prest ready money advanced, a loan; hence, earnest money given soldiers on entering service. See Prest, n.] To force into service, particularly into naval service; to impress.

 To peaceful peasant to the wars is pressed.

Dryden.
 Press, n. [For prest, confused with press.] A commission to force men into public service, particularly into the navy.

 I have misused the king's press.

Shak.
Press gang, or Pressgang, a detachment of seamen under the command of an officer empowered to force men into the naval service. See Impress gang, under Impress. -- Press money, money paid to a man enlisted into public service. See Prest money, under Prest, a. Press, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pressing.] [F. presser, fr. L. pressare to press, fr. premere, pressum, to press. Cf. Print, v.] 1.
 To urge, or act upon, with force, as weight; to act upon by pushing or thrusting, in distinction from pulling; to crowd or compel by a gradual and continued exertion; to bear upon; to squeeze; to compress; as, we press the ground with the feet when we walk; we press the couch on which we repose; we press substances with the hands, fingers, or arms; we are pressed in a crowd.

 Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together.

Luke vi


as tiles; ridgewise.

 Ar*riv"al (&?;), n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land.

 Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes, Expect his swift arrival. Dryden.
2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected.

3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival.

 Another arrival still more important was speedily announced.
Macaulay.
4. An approach. [Obs.]

 The house has a corner arrival. H. Walpole.
 Ar*riv"ance (&?;), n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak.
 Ar*rive" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; -- followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. "Arrived in Padua." Shak.
 [Æneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived... and landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland.
 There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich.
Macaulay.
2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment.

To arrive at, or attain to.

 When he arrived at manhood. Rogers.
 We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts. McCosh.
 If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton.
3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived.

4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller.
 Ar*rive", v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.]

 And made the sea-trod ship arrive them. Chapman.
2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton.
 Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak.
Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson.
 Ar*rive", n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 How should I joy of thy arrive to hear! Drayton.
 Ar*riv"er (&?;), n. One who arrives.

 ||Ar*ro"ba (&?;), n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir.

2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

 Ar"ro*gance (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans.
 See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption.

 I hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak.
Syn. -- Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.

 Ar"ro*gan*cy (&?;), n. Arrogance. Shak.
 Ar"ro*gant (&?;), a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; -- applied to persons.

Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak.
2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; -- applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior.

Syn. -- Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.

 Ar"ro*gant*ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.

 Ar"ro*gant*ness, n. Arrogance. [R.]

 Ar"ro*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating (&?;).] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings.

 He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay.
 Ar'ro*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare.
 Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall.
2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.

 Ar"ro*ga*tive (&?;), a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More.
 ||Ar'ron'disse'ment" (&?;), n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France] The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.

 Ar*rose" (&?;), v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.]

 The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins.
 Ar*ro"sion (&?;), n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Ar"row (&?;), n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow.

Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.

 Ar"row grass' (&?;), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.

 Ar"row*head' (&?;), n. 1. The head of an arrow.


keyboard layout lives on.
The QWERTY keyboard has also spawned some unhelpful economic myths about how technical standards get and stay established; see _URL_
Node:= R =, Next:= S =, Previous:= Q =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = R = rabbit job: rain dance: rainbow series: random: Random Number God: random numbers: randomness: rape: rare mode: raster blaster: raster burn: rasterbation: rat belt: rat dance: ratio site: rave: rave on!: ravs: raw mode: RBL: rc file: RE: read-only user: README file: real: real estate: real hack: real operating system: Real Programmer: Real Soon Now: real time: real user: Real World: reality check: reality-distortion field: reaper: recompile the world: rectangle slinger: recursion: recursive acronym: Red Book: red wire: regexp: register dancing: rehi: reincarnation cycle of: reinvent the wheel: relay rape: religion of CHI: religious issues: replicator: reply: restriction: retcon: RETI: retrocomputing: return from the dead: RFC: RFE: rib site: rice box: Right Thing: rip: ripoff: RL: roach: robocanceller: robot: robust: rococo: rogue: room-temperature IQ: root: root mode: rot13: rotary debugger: round tape: RSN: RTBM: RTFAQ: RTFB: RTFM: RTFS: RTI: RTM: RTS: rude: runes: runic: rusty iron: rusty memory: rusty wire: Node:rabbit job, Next:rain dance, Previous:QWERTY, Up:= R = rabbit job n.
[Cambridge] A batch job that does little, if any, real work, but creates one or more copies of itself, breeding like rabbits.
Compare wabbit, fork bomb.
Node:rain dance, Next:rainbow series, Previous:rabbit job, Up:= R = rain dance n.
1. Any ceremonial action taken to correct a hardware problem, with the expectation that nothing will be accomplished. This especially applies to reseating printed circuit boards, reconnecting cables, etc. "I can't boot up the machine. We'll have to wait for Greg to do his rain dance." 2. Any arcane sequence of actions performed with computers or software in order to achieve some goal; the term is usually restricted to rituals that include both an incantation or two and physical activity or motion. Compare magic, voodoo programming, black art, cargo cult programming, wave a dead chicken; see also casting the runes.
Node:rainbow series, Next:random, Previous:rain dance, Up:= R = rainbow series n. Any of several series of technical manuals distinguished by cover color. The original rainbow series was the NCSC security manuals (see Orange Book, crayola books); the term has also been commonly applied to the PostScript reference set (see Red Book, Green Book, Blue Book, White Book). Which books are meant by "'the' rainbow series" unqualified is thus dependent on one's local technical culture.
Node:random, Next:Random Number God, Previous:rainbow series, Up:= R = random adj.
1. Unpredictable (closest to mathematical definition); weird.
"The system's been behaving pretty randomly." 2. Assorted; undistinguished. "Who was at the conference?" "Just a bunch of random business types." 3. (pejorative) Frivolous; unproductive; undirected. "He's just a random loser." 4. Incoherent or inelegant; poorly chosen; not well organized. "The program has a random set of misfeatures." "That's a random name for that function." "Well, all the names were chosen pretty randomly." 5.
In no particular order, though deterministic. "The I/O channels are in a pool, and when a file is opened one is chosen randomly."
6. Arbitrary. "It generates a random name for the scratch file."
7. Gratuitously wrong, i.e., poorly done and for no good apparent reason. For example, a program that handles file name defaulting in a particularly useless way, or an assembler routine that could easily have been coded using only three registers, but redundantly uses seven for values with non-overlapping lifetimes, so that no one else can invoke it without first saving four extra registers. What randomness! 8. n. A random hacker; used particularly of high-school students who soak up computer time and generally get in the way. 9. n. Anyone who is not a hacker (or, sometimes, anyone not known to the hacker speaking); the noun form of sense 2. "I went to the talk, but the audience was full of randoms asking bogus questions". 10. n. (occasional MIT usage) One who lives at Random Hall. See also J. Random, some random X. 11. [UK] Conversationally, a non sequitur or something similarly out-of-the-blue. As in: "Stop being so random!" This sense equates to 'hatstand', taken from the Viz comic character "Roger Irrelevant - He's completely Hatstand."
Node:Random Number God, Next:random numbers, Previous:random, Up:= R = Random Number God [rec.games.roguelike.angband; often abbreviated 'RNG'] The malign force which lurks behind the random number generator in Angband (and by extension elsewhere). A dark god that demands sacrifices and toys with its victims. "I just found a really great item; I suppose the RNG is about to punish me..." Apparently, Angband's random number generator occasionally gets locked in a repetition, so you get something with a 3% chance happening 8 times in a row.
Improbable, but far too common to be pure chance. Compare Shub-Internet.
Node:random numbers, Next:randomness, Previous:Random Number God, Up:= R = random numbers n. When one wishes to specify a large but random number of things, and the context is inappropriate for N, certain numbers are preferred by hacker tradition (that is, easily recognized as placeholders). These include the following: 17 Long described at MIT as 'the least random number'; see 23.
23 Sacred number of Eris, Goddess of Discord (along with 17 and 5).
42 The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything. (Note that this answer is completely fortuitous.
:-)) 69 From the sexual act. This one was favored in MIT's ITS culture.
105 69 hex = 105 decimal, and 69 decimal = 105 octal.
666 The Number of the Beast.
For further enlightenment, study the "Principia Discordia", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", "The Joy of Sex", and the Christian Bible (Revelation 13:18). See also Discordianism or consult your pineal gland. See also for values of.
Node:randomness, Next:rape, Previous:random numbers, Up:= R = randomness n.
1. An inexplicable misfeature; gratuitous inelegance. 2. A hack or crock that depends on a complex combination of coincidences (or, possibly, the combination upon which the crock depends for its accidental failure to malfunction). "This hack can output characters 40-57 by putting the character in the four-bit accumulator field of an XCT and then extracting six bits -- the low 2 bits of the XCT opcode are the right thing." "What randomness!" 3. Of people, synonymous with 'flakiness'. The connotation is that the person so described is behaving weirdly, incompetently, or inappropriately for reasons which are (a) too tiresome to bother inquiring into, (b) are probably as inscrutable as quantum phenomena anyway, and (c) are likely to pass with time. "Maybe he has a real complaint, or maybe it's just randomness. See if he calls back."


and even his regular publications were so varied, including books originally released as one volume being reprinted as two, and vice versa, that the multitude of permutations cannot be listed here. However, the following should give a basic outline of his major works.

 Joe Wilson and His Mates was later published as two separate volumes, "Joe Wilson" and "Joe Wilson's Mates", which correspond to Parts I & II in Joe Wilson and His Mates. This work was first published in England, which may be evident from some of Lawson's comments in the text which are directed at English readers. For example, Lawson writes in 'The Golden Graveyard': "A gold washing-dish is a flat dish—nearer the shape of a bedroom bath-tub than anything else I have seen in England, or the dish we used for setting milk—I don't know whether the same is used here...." Alan Light, Monroe, North Carolina, June 1997.


or to the language of the Hebrews.

 He*bra"ic*al*ly (?), adv. After the manner of the Hebrews or of the Hebrew language.

 He"bra*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. hébraïsme.]

1. A Hebrew idiom or custom; a peculiar expression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. Addison.
2. The type of character of the Hebrews.

 The governing idea of Hebraism is strictness of conscience.

M. Arnold.
 He"bra*ist, n. [Cf. F. hébraïste.] One versed in the Hebrew language and learning.

 He'bra*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hebrew language or idiom.

 He'bra*is"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a Hebraistic sense or form.

 Which is Hebraistically used in the New Testament.

Kitto.
 He"bra*ize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?; to speak Hebrew: cf. F. hébraïser.]
 To convert into the Hebrew idiom; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. J. R. Smith.
 He"bra*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hebraizing.] To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs.

 He"brew (?), n. [F. Hébreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr.
 &?;, fr. Heb. 'ibhr.] 1. An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew.

 There came one that had escaped and told Abram the Hebrew.

Gen. xiv. 13.
2. The language of the Hebrews; -- one of the Semitic family of languages.

 He"brew, a. Of or pertaining to the Hebrews; as, the Hebrew language or rites.

 He"brew*ess, n. An Israelitish woman.

 He*bri"cian (?), n. A Hebraist. [R.]

 { He*brid"e*an (?), He*brid"i*an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the islands called Hebrides, west of Scotland. -- n. A native or inhabitant of the Hebrides.

 Hec"a*tomb (?), n. [L. hecatombe, Gr. &?;; &?; hundred + &?; ox: cf. F. hécatombe.] (Antiq.) A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time; hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number of victims.

 Slaughtered hecatombs around them bleed.

Addison.
 More than a human hecatomb.

Byron.
 Hec'a*tom"pe*don (?), n. [Gr. &?; hundred feet long, &?; &?; the Parthenon; &?; hundred + &?; foot.] (Arch.) A name given to the old Parthenon at Athens, because measuring 100 Greek feet, probably in the width across the stylobate.

 Hec"de*cane (?), n. [Gr. &?; six + &?; ten.] (Chem.)
 A white, semisolid, spermaceti-like hydrocarbon, C16H34, of the paraffin series, found dissolved as an important ingredient of kerosene, and so called because each molecule has sixteen atoms of carbon; -- called also hexadecane.

 Heck (?), n. [See Hatch a half door.] [Written also hack.]
 1. The bolt or latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A rack for cattle to feed at. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A door, especially one partly of latticework; -- called also heck door. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
4. A latticework contrivance for catching fish.

5. (Weaving) An apparatus for separating the threads of warps into sets, as they are wound upon the reel from the bobbins, in a warping machine.

6. A bend or winding of a stream. [Prov. Eng.]

Half heck, the lower half of a door. -- Heck board, the loose board at the bottom or back of a cart. -- Heck box or frame, that which carries the heck in warping.

 Heck"i*mal (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus). [Written also heckimel, hackeymal, hackmall, hagmall, and hickmall.]

 Hec"kle (?), n. & v. t. Same as Hackle.

 Hec"tare' (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. are an are.] A measure of area, or superficies, containing a hundred ares, or 10,000 square meters, and equivalent to 2.471 acres.

 Hec"tic (?), a. [F. hectique, Gr. &?; habitual, consumptive, fr. &?; habit, a habit of body or mind, fr. &?; to have; akin to Skr. sah to overpower, endure; cf. AS. sige, sigor, victory, G. sieg, Goth. sigis. Cf. Scheme.] 1.
 Habitual; constitutional; pertaining especially to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption; as, a hectic type in disease; a hectic flush.

2. In a hectic condition; having hectic fever; consumptive; as, a hectic patient.

Hectic fever (Med.), a fever of irritation and debility, occurring usually at a advanced stage of exhausting disease, as a in pulmonary consumption.

 Hec"tic, n. 1. (Med.) Hectic fever.

2. A hectic flush.

 It is no living hue, but a strange hectic.

Byron.
 Hec'to*cot"y*lized (?), a. (Zoöl.) Changed into a hectocotylus; having a hectocotylis.

 ||Hec'to*cot"y*lus (?), n.; pl. Hectocotyli (#).
 [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hundred + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Zoöl.)
 One of the arms of the male of most kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified in various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. In a special sense, the greatly modified arm of Argonauta and allied genera, which, after receiving the spermatophores, becomes detached from the male, and attaches itself to the female for reproductive purposes.

 Hec"to*gram (?), n. [F. hectogramme, fr. Gr. &?; hundred + F. gramme a gram.] A measure of weight, containing a hundred grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois.

 Hec"to*gramme (?), n. [F.] The same as Hectogram.

 Hec"to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; hundred + -graph.] A contrivance for multiple copying, by means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. [Written also hectograph.]

 { Hec"to*li'ter, Hec"to*li'tre } (?), n. [F. hectolitre, fr.
 Gr. &?; hundred + F. litre a liter.] A measure of liquids, containing a hundred liters; equal to a tenth of a cubic meter, nearly 26½ gallons of wine measure, or 22.0097 imperial gallons. As a dry measure, it contains ten decaliters, or about 2 Winchester bushels.

 { Hec"to*me'ter, Hec"to*me'tre } (?),


asparagus tips, and a few strips of tarragon.

 No. 21. Soup alla Lombarda Ingredients: Clear soup, fowl forcemeat, Bechamel (No. 3), peas, lobster butter, eggs, asparagus.

 Make a firm forcemeat of fowl and divide it into three parts, to the first add two spoonsful of cream Bechamel, to the second four spoonsful of puree of green peas, to the third two spoonsful of lobster butter and the yolk of an egg; thus you will have the Italian colours, red, white, and green.
 Butter a pie dish and make little quenelles of the forcemeat. Just before serving boil them for four minutes in boiling stock, take them out carefully and put them in a warm soup tureen with two spoonsful of cooked green peas and pour a very fresh clear soup over them. Hand little croutons fried in lobster butter separately.

 No. 22. Tuscan Soup Ingredients: Stock, eggs.

 Whip up three or four eggs, gradually add good stock to them, and keep on whisking them up until they begin to curdle. Keep the soup hot in a bain-marie.

 No. 23. Venetian Soup Ingredients: Clear soup, butter, flour, Parmesan, eggs.

 Make a roux by frying two ounces of butter and two ounces of flour, add an ounce of grated cheese and half a cup of good stock. Mix up well so as to form a paste, and then take it off the fire and add the yolks of four eggs, mix again and form the again and form the paste into little quenelles. Boil these in a little soup, strain off, put them into the tureen and pour a good clear soup over them.

 No. 24. Roman Soup Ingredients: Stock, butter, eggs, salt, crumb of bread, parsley, nutmeg, flour, Parmesan.

 Mix three and a half ounces of butter with two eggs and four ounces of crumbs of bread soaked in stock, a little chopped parsley, salt, and a pinch of nutmeg. Reduce this and add two tablespoonsful of flour and one of grated Parmesan. Form this into little quenelles and boil them in stock for a few minutes put them into a tureen and pour a good clear soup over them.

 No. 25. Soup alla Nazionale Ingredients: Clear soup, savoury custard.

 Make a savoury custard and divide it into three parts, one to be left white, another coloured red with tomato, and the third green with spinach.
 Put a layer of each in a buttered saucepan and cook for about ten minutes, cut it into dice, so that you have the three Italian colours (red, white, and green) together, then put the custard into a soup tureen and pour a good clear soup over it.

 No. 26. Soup alla Modanese Ingredients: Stock, spinach, butter, salt, eggs, Parmesan, nutmeg, croutons.

 Wash one pound of spinach in five or six waters, then chop it very fine and mix it with three ounces of butter, salt it and warm it up. Then let it get cold, pass through a hair sieve, and add two eggs, a tablespoonful of grated Parmesan, and very little nutmeg. Add this to some boiling stock in a copper saucepan, put on the lid, and on the top put some hot coals so that the eggs may curdle and help to thicken the soup. Serve with fried croutons.

 No. 27. Crotopo Soup Ingredients: Clear soup, veal, ham, eggs, salt, pepper, nutmeg, rolls.

 Pound half a pound of lean veal in a mortar, then add three ounces of cooked ham with some fat in it, the yolk of an egg, salt, pepper, and very little nutmeg. Pass through a sieve, cut some small French rolls into slices, spread them with the above mixture, and colour them in the oven.
 Then cut them in halves or quarters, put them into a tureen, and just before serving pour a very good clear soup over them.

 No. 28. Soup all'Imperatrice Ingredients: Breast of fowl, eggs, salt, pepper, ground rice, nutmeg, clear stock.

 Pound the breast of a fowl in a mortar, and add to it a teaspoonful of ground rice, the yolk of an egg, salt, pepper, and a pinch of nutmeg. Pass this through a sieve, form quenelles with it, and pour a good clear soup over them.

 No. 29. Neapolitan Soup Ingredients: Fowl, potato flour, eggs, Bechamel sauce, peas, asparagus, spinach, clear soup.

 Mix a quarter pound of forcemeat of fowl with a tablespoonful of potato flour, a tablespoonful of Bechamel sauce (No. 3), and the yolk of an egg; put this into a tube about the size round of an ordinary macaroni; twenty minutes before serving squirt the forcemeat into a saucepan with boiling stock, and nip off the forcemeat as it comes through the pipe into pieces about an inch and a half long. Let it simmer, and add boiled peas and asparagus tips. If you like to have the fowl macaroni white and green, you can colour half the forcemeat with a spoonful of spinach colouring. Serve in a good clear soup.

 No. 30. Soup with Risotto Ingredients: Risotto (No. 189), eggs, bread crumbs, clear or brown soup.

 If you have some good risotto left, you can use it up by making it into little balls the size of small nuts. Egg and bread crumb and fry them in butter; dry them and put them into a soup tureen with hot soup. The soup may be either clear or brown.

 No. 31. Soup alla Canavese Ingredients: White stock, butter, onions, carrot, celery, tomato, cauliflower, fat bacon, parsley, sage, Parmesan, salt, pepper.

 Chop up half an onion, half a carrot, half a stick of celery, a small bit of fat bacon, and fry them in two ounces of butter. Then cover them with good white stock, boil for a few minutes, pass through a sieve, and add two tablespoonsful of tomato puree. Then blanch half a cauliflower in salted water, let it get cold, drain all the water out of it, and break it up into little bunches and put them into a stock pot with the stock, a small leaf of dried sage, crumbled up, and a little chopped parsley, and let it all boil; add a pinch of grated cheese and some pepper. Serve with grated Parmesan handed separately.

 No. 32. Soup alla Maria Pia Ingredients: White stock, eggs, butter, peas, white beans, carrot, onion, leeks, celery, cream croutons.

 Soak one pound of white beans for twelve hours, then put them into a stock pot with a little salt, butter, and water, add a carrot, an onion, two leeks, and a stick of celery, and simmer until the vegetables are well cooked; then take out all the fresh vegetables, drain the beans and pass them through a sieve, but first dilute them with good stock. Put this puree into a stock pot with good white stock, and when it has boiled keep it hot in a bain-marie until you are about to serve; then mix the yolk of three eggs in a cup of cream, and add this to the soup. Pour the soup into a warm tureen, add some boiled green peas, and serve with fried croutons handed separately.

 No. 33. Zuppa d' Erbe (Lettuce Soup) Ingredients: Stock, sorrel, endive, lettuce, chervil, celery, carrot, onion, French roll, Parmesan cheese.

 Boil the following vegetables and herbs in very good stock for an hour: Two small bunches of sorrel, a bunch of endive


to be false or erroneous; to confute; to refute.

 That false supposition I advanced in order to disprove it.

Atterbury.
2. To disallow; to disapprove of. [Obs.] Stirling.
 Dis*prov"er (?), n. One who disproves or confutes.

 Dis'pro*vide" (?), v. t. Not to provide; to fail to provide. [Obs.]
 Boyle.
 Dis*punct" (?), a. Wanting in punctilious respect; discourteous.
 [Obs.]

 That were dispunct to the ladies.

B. Jonson.
 Dis*punct", v. t. [See 1st Dispunge.] To expunge. [Obs.] Foxe.
 Dis*punge" (?), v. t. [L. dispungere to prick apart, i. e., check off the debts and credits of an account; dis- + pungere to prick.] To expunge; to erase. [Obs.]

 Dis*punge", v. t. See Disponge. [Obs.]

 Dis*pun"ish*a*ble (?), a. Without penal restraint; not punishable.
 [R.] Swift.
 Dis*pur"pose (?), v. t. To dissuade; to frustrate; as, to dispurpose plots. [R.] A. Brewer.
 Dis*purse" (?), v. t. To disburse. [Obs.] Shak.
 Dis'pur*vey" (?), v. t. [Pref. dis- + purvey: cf.
 OF. desporveoir, F. dépourvoir.] To disfurnish; to strip. [Obs.] Heywood.
 Dis'pur*vey"ance (?), n. Want of provisions; &?;ack of food.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 Dis'pu*ta*ble (?; 277), a. [L. disputabilis: cf. F. disputable.
 See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Capable of being disputed; liable to be called in question, controverted, or contested; or doubtful certainty or propriety; controvertible; as, disputable opinions, propositions, points, or questions.

 Actions, every one of which is very disputable.

Jer. Taylor.
2. Disputatious; contentious. [Obs.] Shak.
 Dis'pu*ta*ble*ness, n. State of being disputable.

 Dis'pu*tac"i*ty (?), n. [See Dispute, v. i.] Proneness to dispute. [Obs.] Bp. Ward.
 Dis"pu*tant (?), a. [L. disputants, p. pr. of disputare: cf. F. disputant. See Dispute, v. i.] Disputing; engaged in controversy. Milton.
 Dis"pu*tant, n. One who disputes; one who argues in opposition to another; one appointed to dispute; a controvertist; a reasoner in opposition.

 A singularly eager, acute, and pertinacious disputant.

Macaulay.
 Dis'pu*ta"tion (?), n. [OE. desputeson, disputacion, OF. desputeison, F. disputation, fr. L. disputatio.
 See Dispute, v. i.] 1. The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or argument.

2. A rhetorical exercise in which parties reason in opposition to each other on some question proposed.

 Dis'pu*ta"tious (?), a. Inclined to dispute; apt to civil or controvert; characterized by dispute; as, a disputatious person or temper.

 The Christian doctrine of a future life was no recommendation of the new religion to the wits and philosophers of that disputations period.

Buckminster.
 -- Dis'pu*ta"tious*ly, adv. -- Dis'pu*ta"tious*ness, n. Dis*put"a*tive (?), a. [L. disputativus.] Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition; as, a disputative temper. I. Watts.
 Dis*pute" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disputed; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Disputing.] [OE. desputen, disputen, OF. desputer, disputer, F. disputer, from L. disputare, disputatum; dis- + putare to clean; hence, fig., to clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Putative, Pure.] To contend in argument; to argue against something maintained, upheld, or claimed, by another; to discuss; to reason; to debate; to altercate; to wrangle.

 Therefore disputed [reasoned, Rev. Ver.] he in synagogue with the Jews.

Acts xvii. 17.
 Dis*pute", v. t. 1. To make a subject of disputation; to argue pro and con; to discuss.

 The rest I reserve it be disputed how the magistrate is to do herein.

Milton.
2. To oppose by argument or assertion; to attempt to overthrow; to controvert; to express dissent or opposition to; to call in question; to deny the truth or validity of; as, to dispute assertions or arguments.

 To seize goods under the disputed authority of writs of assistance.

Bancroft.
3. To strive or contend about; to contest.

 To dispute the possession of the ground with the Spaniards.

Prescott.
4. To struggle against; to resist. [Obs.]

Dispute it [grief] like a man.

Shak.
Syn. -- To controvert; contest; gainsay; doubt; question; argue; debate; discuss; impugn. See Argue.

 Dis*pute", n. [Cf. F. dispute. See Dispute, v. i.] 1.
 Verbal controversy; contest by opposing argument or expression of opposing views or claims; controversial discussion; altercation; debate.

 Addicted more To contemplation and profound dispute.

Milton.
2. Contest; struggle; quarrel. De Foe.
Beyond dispute, Without dispute, indisputably; incontrovertibly.

Syn. -- Altercation; controversy; argumentation; debate; discussion; quarrel; disagreement; difference; contention; wrangling. See Altercation.

 Dis*pute"less, a. Admitting no dispute; incontrovertible. Bailey.
 Dis*put"er (?), n. One who disputes, or who is given to disputes; a controvertist.

 Where is the disputer of this world?

1 Cor. i. 20.
 Dis*pu"ti*son (?), n. [See Disputation.] Dispute; discussion.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Dis*qual'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The act of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified; want of qualification; incompetency; disability; as, the disqualification of men for holding certain offices.

2. That which disqualifies; that which incapacitates or makes unfit; as, conviction of crime is a disqualification of a person for office; sickness is a disqualification for labor.

 I must still retain the consciousness of those disqualifications which you have been pleased to overlook.

Sir J. Shore.
 Dis*qual"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disqualified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Disqualifying.] 1. To deprive of the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose; to render unfit; to incapacitate; -- with for or from before the purpose, state, or act.

 My common illness disqualifies me for all conversation; I mean my deafness.

Swift.
 Me are not disqualified by their engagements in trade from being received in high


000 files we hope to have online by the end of 2001 should take about 1-2% of a comparably priced drive in 2001.
This file was never copyrighted, Sharewared, etc., and is thus for all to use and copy in any manner they choose. Please feel free to make your own edition using this as a base.
In my research for creating this transcription of our first Etext, I have come across enough discrepancies [even within that official documentation provided by the United States] to conclude that even "facsimiles" of the Declaration of Indendence will NOT going to be all the same as the original, nor of other "facsimiles." There is a plethora of variations in capitalization, punctuation, and, even where names appear on the documents [which names I have left out].
The resulting document has several misspellings removed from those parchment "facsimiles" I used back in 1971, and which I should not be able to easily find at this time, including "Brittain."


Macaulay.
2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as, to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing.

3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare.

 When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands. Addison.
 Con'fron*ta"tion (?), n. [LL. confrontatio.] Act of confronting. H. Swinburne.
 ||Con'fron'té" (&?;), a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.)
 Same as Affronté.

 Con*front"er (?), n. One who confronts.

 A confronter in authority. Speed.
 confronting n. dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns. Syn. -- braving, coping with, grappling, tackling. [WordNet 1.5 +PJC] Con*front"ment (?), n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

 Con*front"ment (?), n. The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

 Con*fu"cian (?), a. Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. -- n. A Confucianist.

 Con*fu"cian*ism (?), n. The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams.
 Con*fu"cian*ist, n. A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams.
 Con*fus (?), a. [F. See Confuse, a.] Confused, disturbed.
 [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Con*fus'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being confused.

 Con*fus"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being confused.

 Con*fuse" (?), a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.] Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret.
 Con*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as, to confuse accounts; to confuse one's vision.

 A universal hubbub wild Of stunning sounds and voices all confused.
Milton.
2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self-possession.

 Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse A life that leads melodious days. Tennyson.
Confused and sadly she at length replied. Pope.
Syn. -- To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash.

 Con*fus"ed*ly (?), adv. In a confused manner.

 Con*fus"ed*ness, n. A state of confusion. Norris.
 Con*fuse"ly (?), adv. Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.]

 Con*fu"sion (?), n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.] 1.
 The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult.

 The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable.
Whewell.
 Moody beggars starving for a time Of pellmell havoc and confusion.
Shak.
2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame.

Confusion dwelt in every face And fear in every heart.
Spectator.
3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin.

 Ruin seize thee, ruthless king, Confusion on thy banners wait. Gray.
4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen.
Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier.
 Con*fu"sive (?), a. Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp.
 Hall.
 Con*fut"a*ble (?), a. That may be confuted.

 A conceit... confutable by daily experience. Sir T.Browne.
 Con*fut"ant (?), n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.]
 One who undertakes to confute. Milton.
 Con'fu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.]
 The act or process of confuting; refutation. "For the edification of some and the confutation of others." Bp. Horne.
 Con*fut"a*tive (?), a. Adapted or designed to confute. Bp.
 Warburton Con*fute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter.
 See Fuse to melt.] To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence.

 Satan stood... confuted and convinced Of his weak arguing fallacious drift. Milton.
 No man's error can be confuted who doth not... grant some true principle that contradicts his error. Chillingworth.
 I confute a good profession with a bad conversation. Fuller.
Syn. -- To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. -- To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as, to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as, "the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him."

 Con*fute"ment (?), n. Confutation. [Obs.] Milton.
 Con*fut"er (?), n. One who confutes or disproves.

 Cong (?), n. (Med.) An abbreviation of Congius.

 ||Con'gé" (kôN'zh"; E. kn"j; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.] 1.
 The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also, dismissal.

 Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her congé?
Thackeray.
2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy.

 The captain salutes you with congé profound. Swift.
3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt.
||Congé d'élire (&?;) [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive.

 Con"ge (?), v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed (&?;); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier


the God of the Hanged, and he is represented sitting under a gallows tree. Indeed he is said to have been sacrificed to himself in the ordinary way, as we learn from the weird verses of the Havamal, in which the god describes how he acquired his divine power by learning the magic runes: "I know that I hung on the windy tree For nine whole nights, Wounded with the spear, dedicated to Odin, Myself to myself." The Bagobos of Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands, used annually to sacrifice human victims for the good of the crops in a similar way. Early in December, when the constellation Orion appeared at seven o'clock in the evening, the people knew that the time had come to clear their fields for sowing and to sacrifice a slave. The sacrifice was presented to certain powerful spirits as payment for the good year which the people had enjoyed, and to ensure the favour of the spirits for the coming season. The victim was led to a great tree in the forest; there he was tied with his back to the tree and his arms stretched high above his head, in the attitude in which ancient artists portrayed Marsyas hanging on the fatal tree. While he thus hung by the arms, he was slain by a spear thrust through his body at the level of the armpits. Afterwards the body was cut clean through the middle at the waist, and the upper part was apparently allowed to dangle for a little from the tree, while the under part wallowed in blood on the ground. The two portions were finally cast into a shallow trench beside the tree. Before this was done, anybody who wished might cut off a piece of flesh or a lock of hair from the corpse and carry it to the grave of some relation whose body was being consumed by a ghoul. Attracted by the fresh corpse, the ghoul would leave the mouldering old body in peace. These sacrifices have been offered by men now living.
In Greece the great goddess Artemis herself appears to have been annually hanged in effigy in her sacred grove of Condylea among the Arcadian hills, and there accordingly she went by the name of the Hanged One. Indeed a trace of a similar rite may perhaps be detected even at Ephesus, the most famous of her sanctuaries, in the legend of a woman who hanged herself and was thereupon dressed by the compassionate goddess in her own divine garb and called by the name of Hecate. Similarly, at Melite in Phthia, a story was told of a girl named Aspalis who hanged herself, but who appears to have been merely a form of Artemis. For after her death her body could not be found, but an image of her was discovered standing beside the image of Artemis, and the people bestowed on it the title of Hecaerge or Far-shooter, one of the regular epithets of the goddess. Every year the virgins sacrificed a young goat to the image by hanging it, because Aspalis was said to have hanged herself. The sacrifice may have been a substitute for hanging an image or a human representative of Artemis. Again, in Rhodes the fair Helen was worshipped under the title of Helen of the Tree, because the queen of the island had caused her handmaids, disguised as Furies, to string her up to a bough. That the Asiatic Greeks sacrificed animals in this fashion is proved by coins of Ilium, which represent an ox or cow hanging on a tree and stabbed with a knife by a man, who sits among the branches or on the animal's back. At Hierapolis also the victims were hung on trees before they were burnt. With these Greek and Scandinavian parallels before us we can hardly dismiss as wholly improbable the conjecture that in Phrygia a man-god may have hung year by year on the sacred but fatal tree.
XXXVII. Oriental Religions in the West THE WORSHIP of the Great Mother of the Gods and her lover or son was very popular under the Roman Empire. Inscriptions prove that the two received divine honours, separately or conjointly, not only in Italy, and especially at Rome, but also in the provinces, particularly in Africa, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, and Bulgaria. Their worship survived the establishment of Christianity by Constantine; for Symmachus records the recurrence of the festival of the Great Mother, and in the days of Augustine her effeminate priests still paraded the streets and squares of Carthage with whitened faces, scented hair, and mincing gait, while, like the mendicant friars of the Middle Ages, they begged alms from the passers-by. In Greece, on the other hand, the bloody orgies of the Asiatic goddess and her consort appear to have found little favour. The barbarous and cruel character of the worship, with its frantic excesses, was doubtless repugnant to the good taste and humanity of the Greeks, who seem to have preferred the kindred but gentler rites of Adonis. Yet the same features which shocked and repelled the Greeks may have positively attracted the less refined Romans and barbarians of the West. The ecstatic frenzies, which were mistaken for divine inspiration, the mangling of the body, the theory of a new birth and the remission of sins through the shedding of blood, have all their origin in savagery, and they naturally appealed to peoples in whom the savage instincts were still strong. Their true character was indeed often disguised under a decent veil of allegorical or philosophical interpretation, which probably sufficed to impose upon the rapt and enthusiastic worshippers, reconciling even the more cultivated of them to things which otherwise must have filled them with horror and disgust.
The religion of the Great Mother, with its curious blending of crude savagery with spiritual aspirations, was only one of a multitude of similar Oriental faiths which in the later days of paganism spread over the Roman Empire, and by saturating the European peoples with alien ideals of life gradually undermined the whole fabric of ancient civilisation. Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the supreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in the world to come.
Trained from infancy in this unselfish ideal, the citizens devoted their lives to the public service and were ready to lay them down for the common good; or if they shrank from the supreme sacrifice, it never occurred to them that they acted otherwise than basely in preferring their personal existence to the interests of their country. All this was changed by the spread of Oriental religions which inculcated the communion of the soul with God and its eternal salvation as the only objects worth living for, objects in comparison with which the prosperity and even the existence of the state sank into insignificance. The inevitable result of this selfish and immoral doctrine was to withdraw the devotee more and more from the public service, to concentrate his thoughts on his own spiritual emotions, and to breed in him a contempt for the present life which he regarded merely as a probation for a better and an eternal. The saint and the recluse, disdainful of earth and rapt in ecstatic contemplation of heaven, became in popular opinion the highest ideal of humanity, displacing the old ideal of the patriot and hero who, forgetful of self, lives and is ready to die for the good of his country. The earthly city seemed poor and contemptible to men whose eyes beheld the City of God coming in the clouds of heaven. Thus the centre of gravity, so to say, was shifted from the present to a future life, and however much the other world may have gained, there can be little doubt that this one lost heavily by the change. A general disintegration of the body politic set in. The ties of the state and the family were loosened: the structure of society tended to resolve itself into its individual elements and thereby to relapse into barbarism; for civilisation is only possible through the active co-operation of the citizens and their willingness to subordinate their private interests to the common good. Men refused to defend their country and even to continue their kind. In their anxiety to save their own souls and the souls of others, they were content to leave the material world, which they identified with the principle of evil, to perish around them. This obsession lasted for a thousand


the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat; to indulge in laughter.

 Queen Hecuba laughed that her eyes ran o'er.

Shak.
 He laugheth that winneth.

Heywood's Prov.
2. Fig.: To be or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or brilliant; to sparkle; to sport.

 Then laughs the childish year, with flowerets crowned.

Dryden.
 In Folly's cup still laughs the bubble Joy.

Pope.
To laugh at, to make an object of laughter or ridicule; to make fun of; to deride.

 No wit to flatter left of all his store, No fool to laugh at, which he valued more.

Pope.
 -- To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at. -- To laugh out, to laugh in spite of some restraining influence; to laugh aloud. -- To laugh out of the other corner (or side) of the mouth, to weep or cry; to feel regret, vexation, or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang] Laugh, v. t. 1. To affect or influence by means of laughter or ridicule.

 Will you laugh me asleep, for I am very heavy?

Shak.
 I shall laugh myself to death.

Shak.
2. To express by, or utter with, laughter; -- with out.

 From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.

Shak.
To laugh away. (a) To drive away by laughter; as, to laugh away regret. (b) To waste in hilarity. "Pompey doth this day laugh away his fortune." Shak. -- To laugh down.
 (a) To cause to cease or desist by laughter; as, to laugh down a speaker. (b) To cause to be given up on account of ridicule; as, to laugh down a reform. -- To laugh one out of, to cause one by laughter or ridicule to abandon or give up; as, to laugh one out of a plan or purpose. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn; to despise.

 Laugh (?), n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species; the sound heard in laughing; laughter. See Laugh, v. i. And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind.

Goldsmith.
 That man is a bad man who has not within him the power of a hearty laugh.

F. W. Robertson.
 Laugh"a*ble (?), a. Fitted to excite laughter; as, a laughable story; a laughable scene.

Syn. -- Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See Droll, and Ludicrous.

 -- Laugh"a*ble*ness, n. -- Laugh"a*bly, adv.
 Laugh"er (?), n. 1. One who laughs.

2. A variety of the domestic pigeon.

 Laugh"ing (?), a. & n. from Laugh, v. i. Laughing falcon (Zoöl.), a South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans); -- so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laugh. -- Laughing gas (Chem.), hyponitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen; -- so called from the exhilaration and laughing which it sometimes produces when inhaled. It is much used as an anæsthetic agent. -- Laughing goose (Zoöl.), the European white-fronted goose. -- Laughing gull. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gull (Xema ridibundus); -- called also pewit, black cap, red-legged gull, and sea crow. (b) An American gull (Larus atricilla). In summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black. -- Laughing hyena (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. See Hyena. -- Laughing jackass (Zoöl.), the great brown kingfisher (Dacelo gigas), of Australia; -- called also giant kingfisher, and gogobera.
 -- Laughing owl (Zoöl.), a peculiar owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, said to be on the verge of extinction. The name alludes to its notes.

 Laugh"ing*ly (?), adv. With laughter or merriment.

 Laugh"ing*stock' (?), n. An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Shak.
 When he talked, he talked nonsense, and made himself the laughingstock of his hearers.

Macaulay.
 Laugh"some (?), a. Exciting laughter; also, addicted to laughter; merry. [R.]

 Laugh"ter (?), n. [AS. hleahtor; akin to OHG. hlahtar, G. gelächter, Icel. hltr, Dan. latter. See Laugh, v. i. ] A movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. See Laugh, v. i. The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal organs, is not merely, or totally within the jurisdiction of ourselves.

Sir T. Browne.
 Archly the maiden smiled, and with eyes overrunning with laughter.

Longfellow.
 Laugh"ter*less, a. Not laughing; without laughter.

 Laugh"wor'thy (?), a. Deserving to be laughed at. [R.] B. Jonson.
 Lau"mont*ite (?), n. [From Dr. Laumont, the discoverer.] (Min.)
 A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles. [Written also laumonite.]

 Launce (?), n. A lance. [Obs.]

 Launce, n. [It. lance, L. lanx, lancis, plate, scale of a balance. Cf. Balance.] A balance. [Obs.]

 Fortune all in equal launce doth sway.

Spenser.
 Launce, n. (Zoöl.) See Lant, the fish.

 Launce"gaye' (?), n. See Lancegaye. [Obs.]

 Launch (länch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Launched (läncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] [OE. launchen to throw as a lance, OF. lanchier, another form of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] [Written also lanch.] 1.
 To throw, as a lance or dart; to hurl; to let fly.

2. To strike with, or as with, a lance; to pierce. [Obs.]

Launch your hearts with lamentable wounds.

Spenser.
3. To cause to move or slide from the land into the water; to set afloat; as, to launch a ship.

 With stays and cordage last he rigged the ship, And rolled on levers, launched her in the deep.

Pope.
4. To send out; to start (one) on a career; to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation; as, to launch a son in the world; to launch a business project or enterprise.

 All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in England.

Eikon Basilike.
 Launch, v. i. To move with