1. To exercise or play at boxing; to strike; to smite; to strive; to contend.

 If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors, I could lay on like a butcher. Shak.
2. To make one's way by blows or struggling.

 Strove to buffet to land in vain. Tennyson.
 Buf"fet*er (&?;), n. One who buffets; a boxer. Jonson.
 Buf"fet*ing, n. 1. A striking with the hand.

2. A succession of blows; continued violence, as of winds or waves; afflictions; adversity.

 He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but... fitted to endure the buffeting on the rudest storm. Wirt.
 Buf"fin (&?;), n. [So called from resembling buff &?;eather.]
 A sort of coarse stuff; as, buffin gowns. [Obs.]

 Buff"ing ap'pa*ra"tus (&?;). See Buffer, 1.

 Buf"fle (&?;), n. [OE., from F. buffle. See Buffalo.]
 The buffalo. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.
 Buf"fle, v. i. To puzzle; to be at a loss. [Obs.] Swift.
 Buf"fle*head' (&?;), n. [Buffle + head.] 1.
 One who has a large head; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Obs.]

 What makes you stare so, bufflehead? Plautus (trans.
 1694).
2. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck. See Buffel duck.

 Buf"fle-head'ed, a. Having a large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; blundering. [Obs.]

 So fell this buffle-headed giant. Gayton.
 ||Buf"fo (&?;), n.masc. [It. See Buffoon.] (Mus.) The comic actor in an opera.

 Buf*foon" (&?;), n. [F. bouffon (cf. It. buffone, buffo, buffa, puff of wind, vanity, nonsense, trick), fr. bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buffet a blow.] A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a droll; a mimic; a harlequin; a clown; a merry-andrew.

 Buf*foon" (&?;), a. Characteristic of, or like, a buffoon. "Buffoon stories." Macaulay.
 To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic dances.
Melmoth.
 Buf*foon", v. i. To act the part of a buffoon. [R.]

 Buf*foon", v. t. To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill.
 Buf*foon"er*y (&?;), n.; pl. Buffooneries (&?;).
 [F. bouffonnerie.] The arts and practices of a buffoon, as low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures.

 Nor that it will ever constitute a wit to conclude a tart piece of buffoonery with a "What makes you blush?" Spectator.
 Buf*foon"ish, a. Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. Blair.
 Buf*foon"ism (&?;), n. The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery.

 Buf*foon"ly, a. Low; vulgar. [R.]

 Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse. Goodman.
 Buff"y (&?;), a. (Med.) Resembling, or characterized by, buff.

Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in denser masses than usual. Huxley.
 ||Bu"fo (&?;), n. [L. bufo a toad.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of Amphibia including various species of toads.

 Bu"fon*ite (&?;), n. [L. bufo toad: cf. F. bufonite.]
 (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur in the oölite and chalk formations; toadstone; -- so named from a notion that it was originally formed in the head of a toad.

 Bug (&?;), n. [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.] 1. A bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Obs.]

 Sir, spare your threats: The bug which you would fright me with I seek. Shak.
2. (Zoöl.) A general name applied to various insects belonging to the Hemiptera; as, the squash bug; the chinch bug, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Cimex, especially the bedbug (C. lectularius). See Bedbug.

4. (Zoöl.) One of various species of Coleoptera; as, the ladybug; potato bug, etc.; loosely, any beetle.

5. (Zoöl.) One of certain kinds of Crustacea; as, the sow bug; pill bug; bait bug; salve bug, etc.

 According to present popular usage in England, and among housekeepers in America, bug, when not joined with some qualifying word, is used specifically for bedbug. As a general term it is used very loosely in America, and was formerly used still more loosely in England. "God's rare workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps." Rogers (Naaman). "This bug with gilded wings." Pope.
Bait bug. See under Bait. -- Bug word, swaggering or threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 { Bug'a*boo" (&?;), Bug"bear' } (&?;), n. [See Bug.]
 Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary that causes needless fright; something used to excite needless fear; also, something really dangerous, used to frighten children, etc. "Bugaboos to fright ye."
 Lloyd.
 But, to the world no bugbear is so great As want of figure and a small estate. Pope.
 The bugaboo of the liberals is the church pray. S. B. Griffin.
 The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl. J. Burroughs.
Syn. -- Hobgoblin; goblin; specter; ogre; scarecrow.

 Bug"bane' (&?;), n. (Bot.) A perennial white-flowered herb of the order Ranunculaceæ and genus Cimiciguga; bugwort. There are several species.

 Bug"bear' (&?;), n. Same as Bugaboo. -- a. Causing needless fright. Locke.
 Bug"bear', v. t. To alarm with idle phantoms.

 Bug"fish' (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden. [U.S.]

 Bug"ger (&?;), n. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, and also a heretic; because the inhabitants of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.] 1. One guilty of buggery or unnatural vice; a sodomite.

2. A wretch; -- sometimes used humorously or in playful disparagement. [Low] Bug"ger*y (&?;), n. [OF. bougrerie


, posthumous works; a posthumous edition.

3. Being or continuing after one's death; as, a posthumous reputation. Addison. Sir T. Browne.
 Post"hu*mous*ly, adv. In a posthumous manner; after one's decease.

 Pos"tic (?), a. [L. posticus, fr. post after, behind.]
 Backward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Pos"ti*cous (?), a. [L. posticus.] (Bot.) (a) Posterior. (b) Situated on the outer side of a filament; -- said of an extrorse anther.

 Pos"til (?), n. [F. postille, apostille, LL. postilla, probably from L. post illa (sc. verba) after those (words).
 Cf. Apostil.] 1. Originally, an explanatory note in the margin of the Bible, so called because written after the text; hence, a marginal note; a comment.

 Langton also made postils upon the whole Bible.

Foxe.
2. (R. C. Ch. & Luth. Ch.) A short homily or commentary on a passage of Scripture; as, the first postils were composed by order of Charlemagne.

 Pos"til, v. t. [Cf. LL. postillare.] To write marginal or explanatory notes on; to gloss. Bacon.
 Pos"til, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Postiled (&?;) or Postilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Postiling or Postilling.] To write postils, or marginal notes; to comment; to postillate.

Postiling and allegorizing on Scripture.

J. H. Newman.
 Pos"til*er (?), n. [Written also postiller.] One who writers marginal notes; one who illustrates the text of a book by notes in the margin. Sir T. Browne.
 Pos*til"ion (?), n. [F. postillon, It. postiglione, fr. posta post. See Post a postman.] One who rides and guides the first pair of horses of a coach or post chaise; also, one who rides one of the horses when one pair only is used. [Written also postillion.]

 Pos"til*late (?), v. t. [LL. postillatus, p. p. of postillare.]
 To explain by marginal notes; to postil.

 Tracts... postillated by his own hand.

C. Knight.
 Pos"til*late, v. i. 1. To write postils; to comment.

2. To preach by expounding Scripture verse by verse, in regular order.

 Pos'til*la"tion (?), n. [LL. postillatio.] The act of postillating; exposition of Scripture in preaching.

 Pos"til*la'tor (?), n. [LL.] One who postillates; one who expounds the Scriptures verse by verse.

 Pos"til*ler (?), n. See Postiler.

 Post"ing (?), n. 1. The act of traveling post.

2. (Bookkeeping) The act of transferring an account, as from the journal to the ledger.

Posting house, a post house.

 Post'li*min"i*ar (?), a. [See Postliminium.] Contrived, done, or existing subsequently. "Postliminious after applications of them to their purposes." South.
 Post'li*min"i*a*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or involving, the right of postliminium.

 { ||Post'li*min"i*um (?), Post*lim"i*ny (?), } n. [L. postliminium, post after + limen, liminis, a threshold.] 1.
(Rom. Antiq.) The return to his own country, and his former privileges, of a person who had gone to sojourn in a foreign country, or had been banished, or taken by an enemy. Burrill.
2. (Internat. Law) The right by virtue of which persons and things taken by an enemy in war are restored to their former state when coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged. Kent.
 Post"lude (?), n. [Pref. post- + -lude, as in prelude.]
 (Med.) A voluntary at the end of a service.

 Post"man (?), n.; pl. Postmen (&?;). 1. A post or courier; a letter carrier.

2. (Eng. Law) One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer, who have precedence in motions; -- so called from the place where he sits. The other of the two is called the tubman.
 Whishaw.
 Post"mark' (?), n. The mark, or stamp, of a post office on a letter, giving the place and date of mailing or of arrival.

 Post"mark', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postmarked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Postmarking.] To mark with a post-office stamp; as, to postmark a letter or parcel.

 Post"mas'ter (?), n. 1. One who has charge of a station for the accommodation of travelers; one who supplies post horses.

2. One who has charge of a post office, and the distribution and forwarding of mails.

 Post"mas'ter-gen"er*al (?), n.; pl. Postmasters-general.
 The chief officer of the post-office department of a government. In the United States the postmaster-general is a member of the cabinet.

 Post"mas'ter*ship, n. The office of postmaster.

 Post'me*rid"i*an (?), a. [L. postmeridianus; post after + meridianus. See Meridian.] 1. Coming after the sun has passed the meridian; being in, or belonging to, the afternoon.
 (Abbrev. P. M.)

2. Fig., belonging to the after portion of life; late. [R.]

 ||Post-mor"tem (?), a. [L., after death.] After death; as, post-mortem rigidity.

Post-mortem examination (Med.), an examination of the body made after the death of the patient; an autopsy.

 ||Post*na"res (?), n. pl. [NL. See Post-, and Nares.] (Anat.)
 The posterior nares. See Nares.

 Post*na"tal (?), a. [Pref. post- + natal.] After birth; subsequent to birth; as, postnatal infanticide; postnatal diseases.

 Post"nate (?), a. [LL. postnatus second or subsequently born; L. post after + natus born.] Subsequent. "The graces and gifts of the spirit are postnate." [Archaic] Jer. Taylor.
 Post" note' (?). (Com.) A note issued by a bank, payable at some future specified time, as distinguished from a note payable on demand. Burrill.
 Post*nup"tial (?), a. [Pref. post- + nuptial.] Being or happening after marriage; as, a postnuptial settlement on a wife. Kent.
 { Post-o"bit (?), n., or Post-o"bit bond' }. [Pref. post- + obit.] (Law) A bond in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified individual from whom he has expectations. Bouvier.
 ||Post*ob'lon*ga"ta (?), n. [NL. See Post-, and Oblongata.] (Anat.)
 The posterior part of the medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder.
 Post*oc"u*lar (?), a. & n. [Pref. post- + ocular.]
 (Zoöl.) Same as Postorbital.


horizontal dotted line AA, projecting a root upwards.) The root is oblique to the axis of rotation, and the extreme tip projects beyond that axis. Line AA represents the axis of rotation, T is the tip of the root just above the line AA, and B is the region just below line AA in which curvature takes place. If the motile region B is directly sensitive to gravitation (and is the only part which is sensitive) the root will curve (down and away from the vertical) away from the axis of rotation, just as in Knight's experiment. But if the tip T is alone sensitive to gravitation the result will be exactly reversed, the stimulus originating in T and conveyed to B will produce curvature (up towards the vertical). We may think of the line AA as a plane dividing two worlds. In the lower one gravity is of the earthly type and is shown by bodies falling and roots curving downwards: in the upper world bodies fall upwards and roots curve in the same direction. The seedling is in the lower world, but its tip containing the supposed sense-organ is in the strange world where roots curve upwards. By observing whether the root bends up or down we can decide whether the impulse to bend originates in the tip or in the motile region.

 Piccard's results showed that both curvatures occurred and he concluded that the sensitive region is not confined to the tip. (Czapek (Pringsheim's "Jahrb." XXXV. 1900, page 362) had previously given reasons for believing that, in the root, there is no sharp line of separation between the regions of perception and movement.)

 Haberlandt (Pringsheim's "Jahrb." XLV. 1908, page 575.) has recently repeated the experiment with the advantage of better apparatus and more experience in dealing with plants, and has found as Piccard did that both the tip and the curving region are sensitive to gravity, but with the important addition that the sensitiveness of the tip is much greater than that of the motile region. The case is in fact similar to that of the oat and canary-grass. In both instances my father and I were wrong in assuming that the sensitiveness is confined to the tip, yet there is a concentration of irritability in that region and transmission of stimulus is as true for geotropism as it is for heliotropism. Thus after nearly thirty years the controversy of the root-tip has apparently ended somewhat after the fashion of the quarrels at the "Rainbow" in "Silas Marner"—"you're both right and you're both wrong." But the "brain-function" of the root-tip at which eminent people laughed in early days turns out to be an important part of the truth. (By using Piccard's method I have succeeded in showing that the gravitational sensitiveness of the cotyledon of Sorghum is certainly much greater than the sensitiveness of the hypocotyl—if indeed any such sensitiveness exists. See Wiesner's "Festschrift", Vienna, 1908.)

 Another observation of Darwin's has given rise to much controversy.
 ("Power of Movement", page 133.) If a minute piece of card is fixed obliquely to the tip of a root some influence is transmitted to the region of curvature and the root bends away from the side to which the card was attached. It was thought at the time that this proved the root-tip to be sensitive to contact, but this is not necessarily the case. It seems possible that the curvature is a reaction to the injury caused by the alcoholic solution of shellac with which the cards were cemented to the tip. This agrees with the fact given in the "Power of Movement" that injuring the root-tip on one side, by cutting or burning it, induced a similar curvature. On the other hand it was shown that curvature could be produced in roots by cementing cards, not to the naked surface of the root-tip, but to pieces of gold-beaters skin applied to the root; gold-beaters skin being by itself almost without effect. But it must be allowed that, as regards touch, it is not clear how the addition of shellac and card can increase the degree of contact. There is however some evidence that very close contact from a solid body, such as a curved fragment of glass, produces curvature: and this may conceivably be the explanation of the effect of gold-beaters skin covered with shellac. But on the whole it is perhaps safer to classify the shellac experiments with the results of undoubted injury rather than with those of contact.

 Another subject on which a good deal of labour was expended is the sleep of leaves, or as Darwin called it their NYCTITROPIC movement. He showed for the first time how widely spread this phenomenon is, and attempted to give an explanation of the use to the plant of the power of sleeping. His theory was that by becoming more or less vertical at night the leaves escape the chilling effect of radiation. Our method of testing this view was to fix some of the leaves of a sleeping plant so that they remained horizontal at night and therefore fully exposed to radiation, while their fellows were partly protected by assuming the nocturnal position. The experiments showed clearly that the horizontal leaves were more injured than the sleeping, i.e. more or less vertical, ones. It may be objected that the danger from cold is very slight in warm countries where sleeping plants abound. But it is quite possible that a lowering of the temperature which produces no visible injury may nevertheless be hurtful by checking the nutritive processes (e.g. translocation of carbohydrates), which go on at night. Stahl ("Bot. Zeitung", 1897, page 81.) however has ingeniously suggested that the exposure of the leaves to radiation is not DIRECTLY hurtful because it lowers the temperature of the leaf, but INDIRECTLY because it leads to the deposition of dew on the leaf-surface. He gives reasons for believing that dew-covered leaves are unable to transpire efficiently, and that the absorption of mineral food-material is correspondingly checked. Stahl's theory is in no way destructive of Darwin's, and it is possible that nyctitropic leaves are adapted to avoid the indirect as well as the direct results of cooling by radiation.

 In what has been said I have attempted to give an idea of some of the discoveries brought before the world in the "Power of Movement" (In 1881 Professor Wiesner published his "Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen", a book devoted to the criticism of "The Power of Movement in Plants". A letter to Wiesner, published in "Life and Letters", III. page 336, shows Darwin's warm appreciation of his critic's work, and of the spirit in which it is written.) and of the subsequent history of the problems. We must now pass on to a consideration of the central thesis of the book,—the relation of circumnutation to the adaptive curvatures of plants.

 Darwin's view is plainly stated on pages 3-4 of the "Power of Movement".
 Speaking of circumnutation he says, "In this universally present movement we have the basis or groundwork for the acquirement, according to the requirements of the plant, of the most diversified movements." He then points out that curvatures such as those towards the light or towards the centre of the earth can be shown to be exaggerations of circumnutation in the given directions. He finally points out that the difficulty of conceiving how the capacities of bending in definite directions were acquired is diminished by his conception. "We know that there is always movement in progress, and its amplitude, or direction, or both, have only to be modified for the good of the plant in relation with internal or external stimuli."

 It may at once be allowed that the view here given has not been accepted by physiologists. The bare fact that circumnutation is a general property of plants (other than climbing species) is not generally rejected. But the botanical world is no nearer to believing in the theory of reaction built on it.

 If we compare the movements of plants with those of the lower animals we find a certain resemblance between the two. According to Jennings (H.S.
 Jennings, "The Behavior of the Lower Animals". Columbia U. Press, N.Y.
 1906.) a Paramoecium constantly tends to swerve towards the aboral side of its body owing to certain peculiarities in the set and power of its cilia.
 But the tendency to swim in a circle, thus produced, is neutralised by the rotation of the creature about its longitudinal axis


WHAT IS MAN?
AND OTHER ESSAYS By Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens, _PHONE_) CONTENTS WHAT IS MAN?
 THE DEATH OF JEAN THE TURNING-POINT OF MY LIFE HOW TO MAKE HISTORY DATES STICK THE MEMORABLE ASSASSINATION A SCRAP OF CURIOUS HISTORY SWITZERLAND, THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY AT THE SHRINE OF ST. WAGNER WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS ENGLISH AS SHE IS TAUGHT A SIMPLIFIED ALPHABET AS CONCERNS INTERPRETING THE DEITY CONCERNING TOBACCO THE BEE TAMING THE BICYCLE IS SHAKESPEARE DEAD?
WHAT IS MAN?
I a. Man the Machine. b. Personal Merit [The Old Man and the Young Man had been conversing. The Old Man had asserted that the human being is merely a machine, and nothing more. The Young Man objected, and asked him to go into particulars and furnish his reasons for his position.]
Old Man. What are the materials of which a steam-engine is made?
Young Man. Iron, steel, brass, white-metal, and so on.
O.M. Where are these found?
Y.M. In the rocks.
O.M. In a pure state?
Y.M. No—in ores.
O.M. Are the metals suddenly deposited in the ores?
Y.M. No—it is the patient work of countless ages.
O.M. You could make the engine out of the rocks themselves?
Y.M. Yes, a brittle one and not valuable.
O.M. You would not require much, of such an engine as that?
Y.M. No—substantially nothing.
O.M. To make a fine and capable engine, how would you proceed?
Y.M. Drive tunnels and shafts into the hills; blast out the iron ore; crush it, smelt it, reduce it to pig-iron; put some of it through the Bessemer process and make steel of it. Mine and treat and combine several metals of which brass is made.
O.M. Then?
Y.M. Out of the perfected result, build the fine engine.
O.M. You would require much of this one?
Y.M. Oh, indeed yes.
O.M. It could drive lathes, drills, planers, punches, polishers, in a word all the cunning machines of a great factory?
Y.M. It could.
O.M. What could the stone engine do?
Y.M. Drive a sewing-machine, possibly—nothing more, perhaps.
O.M. Men would admire the other engine and rapturously praise it?
Y.M. Yes.
O.M. But not the stone one?
Y.M. No.
O.M. The merits of the metal machine would be far above those of the stone one?
Y.M. Of course.
O.M. Personal merits?
Y.M. Personal merits? How do you mean?
O.M. It would be personally entitled to the credit of its own performance?
Y.M. The engine? Certainly not.
O.M. Why not?
Y.M. Because its performance is not personal. It is the result of the law of construction. It is not a merit that it does the things which it is set to do—it can't help doing them.
O.M. And it is not a personal demerit in the stone machine that it does so little?
Y.M. Certainly not. It does no more and no less than the law of its make permits and compels it to do. There is nothing personal about it; it cannot choose. In this process of "working up to the matter" is it your idea to work up to the proposition that man and a machine are about the same thing, and that there is no personal merit in the performance of either?
O.M. Yes—but do not be offended; I am meaning no offense. What makes the grand difference between the stone engine and the steel one? Shall we call it training, education? Shall we call the stone engine a savage and the steel one a civilized man? The original rock contained the stuff of which the steel one was built—but along with a lot of sulphur and stone and other obstructing inborn heredities, brought down from the old geologic ages—prejudices, let us call them. Prejudices which nothing within the rock itself had either power to remove or any desire to remove. Will you take note of that phrase?
Y.M. Yes. I have written it down; "Prejudices which nothing within the rock itself had either power to remove or any desire to remove." Go on.
O.M. Prejudices must be removed by outside influences or not at all. Put that down.
Y.M. Very well; "Must be removed by outside influences or not at all." Go on.
O.M. The iron's prejudice against ridding itself of the cumbering rock.
To make it more exact, the iron's absolute indifference as to whether the rock be removed or not. Then comes the outside influence and grinds the rock to powder and sets the ore free. The iron in the ore is still captive. An outside influence smelts it free of the clogging ore.
The iron is emancipated iron, now, but indifferent to further progress. An outside influence beguiles it into the Bessemer furnace and refines it into steel of the first quality. It is educated, now—its training is complete. And it has reached its limit. By no possible process can it be educated into gold. Will you set that down?
Y.M. Yes. "Everything has its limit—iron ore cannot be educated into gold." O.M. There are gold men, and tin men, and copper men, and leaden men, and steel men, and so on—and each has the limitations of his nature, his heredities, his training, and his environment. You can build engines out of each of these metals, and they will all perform, but you must not require the weak ones to do equal work with the strong ones. In each case, to get the best results, you must free the metal from its obstructing prejudicial ones by education—smelting, refining, and so forth.
Y.M. You have arrived at man, now?
O.M. Yes. Man the machine—man the impersonal engine. Whatsoever a man is, is due to his make, and to the influences brought to bear upon it by his heredities, his habitat, his associations. He is moved, directed, commanded, by exterior influences—solely. He originates nothing, not even a thought.
Y.M. Oh, come! Where did I get my opinion that this which you are talking is all foolishness?
O.M. It is a quite natural opinion—indeed an inevitable opinion—but you did not create the materials out of which it is formed. They are odds and ends of thoughts, impressions, feelings, gathered unconsciously from a thousand books, a thousand conversations, and from streams of thought and feeling which have flowed down into your heart and brain out of the hearts and brains of centuries of ancestors. Personally you did not create even the smallest microscopic fragment of the materials out of which your opinion is made; and personally you cannot claim even the slender merit of putting the borrowed materials together. That was done automatically—by your mental machinery, in strict accordance with the law of that machinery's construction. And you not only did not make that machinery yourself, but you have not even any command over it.
Y.M. This is too much. You think I could have formed no opinion but that one?
O.M. Spontaneously? No. And you did not form that one; your machinery did it for you—automatically and instantly, without reflection or the need of it.
Y.M. Suppose I had reflected? How then?
O.M. Suppose you try?
Y.M. (After a quarter of an hour.) I have reflected.
O.M. You mean you have tried to change your opinion—as an experiment?
Y.M. Yes.
O.M. With success?
Y.M. No. It remains the same; it is impossible to change it.
O.M. I am sorry, but you see, yourself, that your mind is merely a machine, nothing more. You have no command over it, it has no command over itself—it is worked solely from the outside. That is the law of its make; it is the


Aërial perspective is the expression of space by any means whatsoever, sharpness of edge, vividness of color, etc.

Ruskin.
4. The art and the science of so delineating objects that they shall seem to grow smaller as they recede from the eye; -- called also linear perspective.

5. A drawing in linear perspective.

Isometrical perspective, an inaccurate term for a mechanical way of representing objects in the direction of the diagonal of a cube. -- Perspective glass, a telescope which shows objects in the right position.

 Per*spec"tive*ly (?), adv. 1. Optically; as through a glass.
 [R.]

 You see them perspectively.

Shak.
2. According to the rules of perspective.

 Per*spec"to*graph (?), n. [L. perspectus (p. p. of perspicere to look through) + - graph.] An instrument for obtaining, and transferring to a picture, the points and outlines of objects, so as to represent them in their proper geometrical relations as viewed from some one point.

 Per'spec*tog"ra*phy (?), n. The science or art of delineating objects according to the laws of perspective; the theory of perspective.

 Per"spi*ca*ble (?), a. [L. perspicabilis, fr. perspicere.]
 Discernible. [Obs.] Herbert.
 Per'spi*ca"cious (?), a. [L. perspicax, -acis, fr. perspicere to look through: cf. F. perspicace. See Perspective.] 1.
 Having the power of seeing clearly; quick-sighted; sharp of sight.

2. Fig.: Of acute discernment; keen.

 -- Per'spi*ca"cious*ly, adv. -- Per'spi*ca"cious*ness, n. Per'spi*cac"i*ty (?), n. [L. perspicacitas: cf. F. perspicacité.
 See Perspicacious.] The state of being perspicacious; acuteness of sight or of intelligence; acute discernment. Sir T. Browne.
 Per"spi*ca*cy (?), n. Perspicacity. [Obs.]

 Per*spi"cience (?), n. [L. perspicientia, fr. perspiciens, p. p. of perspicere. See Perspective.] The act of looking sharply.
 [Obs.] Bailey.
 Per"spi*cil (?), n. [LL. perspicilla, fr. L. perspicere to look through.] An optical glass; a telescope. [Obs.] Crashaw.
 Per'spi*cu"i*ty (?), n. [L. perspicuitas: cf. F. perspicuité.]
 1. The quality or state of being transparent or translucent. [Obs.]
 Sir T. Browne.
2. The quality of being perspicuous to the understanding; clearness of expression or thought.

3. Sagacity; perspicacity.

Syn. -- Clearness; perspicuousness; plainness; distinctness; lucidity; transparency. See Clearness.

 Per*spic"u*ous (?), a. [L. perspicuus, from perspicere to look through. See Perspective.] 1. Capable of being through; transparent; translucent; not opaque. [Obs.] Peacham.
2. Clear to the understanding; capable of being clearly understood; clear in thought or in expression; not obscure or ambiguous; as, a perspicuous writer; perspicuous statements. "The purpose is perspicuous."
 Shak.
 -- Per*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Per*spic"u*ous*ness, n. Per*spir'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being perspirable.

 Per*spir"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. perspirable.] 1.
 Capable of being perspired. Sir T. Browne.
2. Emitting perspiration; perspiring. [R.] Bacon.
 Per'spi*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. perspiration.] 1. The act or process of perspiring.

2. That which is excreted through the skin; sweat.

 A man of average weight throws off through the skin during 24 hours about 18 ounces of water, 300 grains of solid matter, and 400 grains of carbonic acid gas. Ordinarily, this constant exhalation is not apparent, and the excretion is then termed insensible perspiration.

 Per*spir"a*tive (?), a. Performing the act of perspiration; perspiratory.

 Per*spir"a*to*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or producing, perspiration; as, the perspiratory ducts.

 Per*spire" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perspired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perspiring.] [L. perspirare to breathe through; per + spirare. See Per-, and Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.)
 To excrete matter through the skin; esp., to excrete fluids through the pores of the skin; to sweat.

2. To be evacuated or excreted, or to exude, through the pores of the skin; as, a fluid perspires.

 Per*spire", v. t. To emit or evacuate through the pores of the skin; to sweat; to excrete through pores.

 Firs... perspire a fine balsam of turpentine.

Smollett.
 Per*strep"er*ous (?), a. [L. perstrepere to make a great noise.] Noisy; obstreperous. [Obs.] Ford.
 Per*stringe" (?), v. t. [L. perstringere; per + stringere to bind up, to touch upon.] 1. To touch; to graze; to glance on.
 [Obs.]

2. To criticise; to touch upon. [R.] Evelyn.
 Per*suad"a*ble (?), a. That may be persuaded. -- Per*suad"a*ble*ness, n. -- Per*suad"a*bly, adv.
 Per*suade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persuaded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Persuading.] [L. persuadere, persuasum; per + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. persuader. See Per-, and Suasion.] 1. To influence or gain over by argument, advice, entreaty, expostulation, etc.; to draw or incline to a determination by presenting sufficient motives.

 Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.

Acts xxvi. 28.
 We will persuade him, be it possible.

Shak.
2. To try to influence. [Obsolescent] Hearken not unto Hezekiah, when he persuadeth you.

2 Kings xviii. 32.
3. To convince by argument, or by reasons offered or suggested from reflection, etc.; to cause to believe.

 Beloved, we are persuaded better things of you.

Heb. vi. 9.
4. To inculcate by argument or expostulation; to advise; to recommend. Jer. Taylor.
Syn. -- To convince; induce; prevail on; win over; allure; entice.
 See Convince.

 Per*suade" (?), v. i. To use persuasion; to plead; to prevail by persuasion. Shak.
 Per*suade", n. Persuasion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Per*suad"ed, p. p. & a. Prevailed upon; influenced by argument or entreaty; convinced. -- Per*suad"ed*ly, adv. -- Per*suad"ed*ness, n. Per*suad"er (?), n. One who, or


title, or dignity. [French usage].

2. (Mil.) A commission giving an officer higher rank than that for which he receives pay; an honorary promotion of an officer.

 In the United States army, rank by brevet is conferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for "gallant actions or meritorious services." A brevet rank gives no right of command in the particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be exercised only by special assignment of the President, or on court martial, and detachments composed of different corps, with pay of the brevet rank when on such duty.

 Bre*vet" (br*vt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.) To confer rank upon by brevet.

 Bre*vet", a. (Mil.) Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as, a brevet colonel; a brevet commission.

 Bre*vet"cy (br*vt"s), n.; pl. Brevetcies (- sz). (Mil.)
 The rank or condition of a brevet officer.

 Bre"vi*a*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Breviaries (&?;).
 [F. bréviarie, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier.] 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary.

 A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered. Holland.
2. A book containing the daily public or canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds, the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and compline; -- distinguished from the missal.

 Bre"vi*ate (&?;), n. [L. breviatus, p. p. of breviare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. A short compend; a summary; a brief statement.

 I omit in this breviate to rehearse. Hakluyt.
 The same little breviates of infidelity have... been published and dispersed with great activity. Bp. Porteus.
2. A lawyer's brief. [R.] Hudibras.
 Bre"vi*ate (&?;), v. t. To abbreviate. [Obs.]

 Bre"vi*a*ture (&?;), n. An abbreviature; an abbreviation.
 [Obs.] Johnson.
 Bre*vier" (br*vr"), n. [Prob. from being originally used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.) A size of type between bourgeois and minion.

 This line is printed in brevier type.

 Bre*vil"o*quence (&?;), n. [L. breviloquentia.] A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. [R.]

 Brev"i*ped (&?;), a. [L. brevis short + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. brévipède.] (Zoöl.) Having short legs. -- n. A breviped bird.

 Brev"i*pen (&?;), n. [L. brevis short + penna wing: cf. F. brévipenne.] (Zoöl.) A brevipennate bird.

 Brev'i*pen"nate (&?;), a. [L. brevis short + E. pennate.]
 (Zoöl.) Short-winged; -- applied to birds which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu.

 { Brev'i*ros"tral (&?;), Brev'i*ros"trate (&?;), } a. [L. brevis short + E. rostral, rostrate.] (Zoöl.)
 Short-billed; having a short beak.

 Brev"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Brevities (&?;). [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short: cf. F. brièvité.
 See Brief.] 1. Shortness of duration; briefness of time; as, the brevity of human life.

2. Contraction into few words; conciseness.

Brevity is the soul of wit. Shak.
 This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant brevity and simplicity. Bp. Porteus.
Syn. -- Shortness; conciseness; succinctness; terseness.

 Brew (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brewing.] [OE. brewen, AS. breówan; akin to D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, br&?;wen, G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. &?; (for &?;?)
 a kind of beer. The original meaning seems to have been to prepare by heat. √93. Cf. Broth, Bread.] 1. To boil or seethe; to cook. [Obs.]

2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. "She brews good ale." Shak.
3. To prepare by steeping and mingling; to concoct.

 Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely. Shak.
4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing; to contrive; to plot; to concoct; to hatch; as, to brew mischief.

 Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver! Milton.
 Brew (&?;), v. i. 1. To attend to the business, or go through the processes, of brewing or making beer.

 I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour. Shak.
2. To be in a state of preparation; to be mixing, forming, or gathering; as, a storm brews in the west.

 There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest. Shak.
 Brew (&?;), n. The mixture formed by brewing; that which is brewed. Bacon.
 Brew"age (&?;), n. Malt liquor; drink brewed. "Some well-spiced brewage." Milton.
 A rich brewage, made of the best Spanish wine. Macaulay.
 Brew"er (&?;), n. One who brews; one whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors.

 Brew"er*y (&?;), n. A brewhouse; the building and apparatus where brewing is carried on.

 Brew"house' (&?;), n. A house or building appropriated to brewing; a brewery.

 Brew"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale.

2. The quantity brewed at once.

 A brewing of new beer, set by old beer. Bacon.
3. A mixing together.

 I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make. Holland.
4. (Naut.) A gathering or forming of a storm or squall, indicated by thick, dark clouds.

 Brew"is (&?;), n. [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse, brewet, OF. brouet, - s being the OF. ending of the nom. sing. and acc. pl.; dim. of OHG. brod. √93. See Broth, and cf. Brose.] 1. Broth or pottage. [


;.

2. The process of fining or refining; clarification; also (Metal.), the conversion of cast iron into suitable for puddling, in a hearth or charcoal fire.

3. That which is used to refine; especially, a preparation of isinglass, gelatin, etc., for clarifying beer.

Fining pot, a vessel in which metals are refined. Prov. xvii. 3.
 ||Fi"nis (?), n. [L.] An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book.

 Fin"ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finished (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Finishing.] [F. finir (with a stem finissin several forms, whence E. -ish: see -ish.),fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, end; perh. for fidnis, and akin findere to cleave, E. fissure.] 1. To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate.

 And heroically hath finished A life heroic.

Milton.
2. To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish.

Syn. -- To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; accomplish; perfect.

 Fin"ish, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to terminate.

 His days may finish ere that hapless time.

Shak.
2. To end; to die. [R.] Shak.
 Fin"ish, n. 1. That which finishes, puts an end to&?; or perfects.

2. (Arch.) The joiner work and other finer work required for the completion of a building, especially of the interior. See Inside finish, and Outside finish.

3. (Fine Arts) (a) The labor required to give final completion to any work; hence, minute detail, careful elaboration, or the like. (b) See Finishing coat, under Finishing.

4. The result of completed labor, as on the surface of an object; manner or style of finishing; as, a rough, dead, or glossy finish given to cloth, stone, metal, etc.

5. Completion; -- opposed to start, or beginning.

 Fin"ished (?), a. Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect; as, a finished poem; a finished education.

Finished work (Mach.), work that is made smooth or polished, though not necessarily completed.

 Fin"ish*er (?), n. 1. One who finishes, puts an end to, completes, or perfects; esp. used in the trades, as in hatting, weaving, etc., for the workman who gives a finishing touch to the work, or any part of it, and brings it to perfection.

 O prophet of glad tidings, finisher Of utmost hope!

Milton.
2. Something that gives the finishing touch to, or settles, anything. [Colloq.]

 Fin"ish*ing, n. The act or process of completing or perfecting; the final work upon or ornamentation of a thing.

 Fin"ish*ing, a. Tending to complete or to render fit for the market or for use.

Finishing coat. (a) (Plastering) the final coat of plastering applied to walls and ceilings, usually white and rubbed smooth.
 (b) (Painting) The final coat of paint, usually differently mixed applied from the others. -- Finishing press, a machine for pressing fabrics. -- Finishing rolls (Iron Working), the rolls of a train which receive the bar from roughing rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Raymond.
 Fi"nite (?), a. [L. finitus, p. p. of finire. See Finish, and cf. Fine, a.] Having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded; -- opposed to infinite; as, finite number; finite existence; a finite being; a finite mind; finite duration.

 Fi"nite*less, a. Infinite. [Obs.] Sir T. browne.
 Fi"nite*ly, adv. In a finite manner or degree.

 Fi"nite*ness, n. The state of being finite.

 Fin"i*tude (?), n. [L. finire. See Finish.] Limitation. Cheyne.
 Fin"land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Finland.

 Fin"less, a. (Zoöl.) destitute of fins.

 Fin"let (?), n. [Fin + - let.] A little fin; one of the parts of a divided fin.

 Fin"like' (?), a. Resembling a fin.

 Finn (?), a. A native of Finland; one of the Finn&?; in the ethnological sense. See Finns.

 Fin"nan had"die (?). [See Haddock.] Haddock cured in peat smoke, originally at Findon (pron. fn"an), Scotland. the name is also applied to other kinds of smoked haddock. [Written also finnan haddock.]

 Finned (?), a. Having a fin, or fins, or anything resembling a fin.
 Mortimer.
 Fin"ner (?), n. (Zoöl.) A finback whale.

 Finn"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Finns.

 Fin"ni*kin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. [Written also finikin.]

 Finn"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Finland, to the Finns, or to their language. -- n. A Northern Turanian group of languages; the language of the Finns.

 Finns (?), n. pl.; sing. Finn. (Ethnol.) (a) Natives of Finland; Finlanders. (b) A branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting Northern and Eastern Europe, including the Magyars, Bulgarians, Permians, Lapps, and Finlanders. [Written also Fins.]

 Fin"ny (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having, or abounding in, fins, as fishes; pertaining to fishes.

2. Abounding in fishes.

 With patient angle trolls the finny deep.

Goldsmoth.
 ||Fi*no"chi*o (?; 277), n. [It. finocchio fennel, LL. fenuclum.
 See Fennel.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Fœniculum dulce) having a somewhat tuberous stem; sweet fennel. The blanched stems are used in France and Italy as a culinary vegetable.

 ||Fi"nos (?), n. pl. [Sp., pl., fr. fino fine.] Second best wool from Merino sheep. Gardner.
 Fin"pike' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bichir. See Crossopterygii.

 Fint (?), 3d pers. sing. pr. of Find, for findeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fin"-toed' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having toes connected by a membrane; palmiped; palmated; also, lobate.

 ||Fiord (fy&?;rd; i or y consonant, § 272), n.
 [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.] A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Written also fjord.]

 Fi"o*rin (?), n. [Cf. Ir. fiothran a sort of grass.] (Bot.)
 A species of creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba); -- called also fiorin grass.

 Fi"o*rite (?), n. (


See Cook to decoct.] 1. To prepare by boiling; to digest in hot or boiling water; to extract the strength or flavor of by boiling; to make an infusion of.

2. To prepare by the heat of the stomach for assimilation; to digest; to concoct.

3. To warm, strengthen, or invigorate, as if by boiling. [R.] "Decoct their cold blood." Shak.
 De*coct"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being boiled or digested.

 De*coc"tion (?), n. [F. décoction, L. decoctio.]
 1. The act or process of boiling anything in a watery fluid to extract its virtues.

 In decoction... it either purgeth at the top or settleth at the bottom.

Bacon.
2. An extract got from a body by boiling it in water.

 If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor is called the decoction of the plant.

Arbuthnot.
 In pharmacy decoction is opposed to infusion, where there is merely steeping.

Latham.
 De*coc"ture (?; 135), n. A decoction. [R.]

 De*col"late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decollated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decollating.] [L. decollatus, p. p. of decollare to behead; de- + collum neck.] To sever from the neck; to behead; to decapitate.

 The decollated head of St. John the Baptist.

Burke.
 De*col"la*ted (?), a. (Zoöl.) Decapitated; worn or cast off in the process of growth, as the apex of certain univalve shells.

 De'col*la"tion (?), n. [L. decollatio: cf. F. décollation.]
 1. The act of beheading or state of one beheaded; -- especially used of the execution of St. John the Baptist.

2. A painting representing the beheading of a saint or martyr, esp.
 of St. John the Baptist.

 ||Dé'col'le*té" (?), a. [F., p. p. of décolleter to bare the neck and shoulders; dé- + collet collar, fr. L. collum neck.] Leaving the neck and shoulders uncovered; cut low in the neck, or low-necked, as a dress.

 De*col"ling (?), n. Beheading. [R.]

 By a speedy dethroning and decolling of the king.

Parliamentary History (1648).
 De*col"or (?), v. t. [Cf. F. décolorer, L. decolorare.
 Cf. Discolor.] To deprive of color; to bleach.

 De*col"or*ant (?), n. [Cf. F. décolorant, p. pr.] A substance which removes color, or bleaches.

 De*col"or*ate (?), a. [L. decoloratus, p. p. of decolorare.]
 Deprived of color.

 De*col"or*ate (?), v. t. To decolor.

 De*col'or*a"tion (?), n. [L. decoloratio: cf. F. décoloration.]
 The removal or absence of color. Ferrand.
 De*col"or*ize (?), v. t. To deprive of color; to whiten. Turner.
 -- De*col'or*i*za"tion (#), n. De"com*plex' (?), a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + complex.]
 Repeatedly compound; made up of complex constituents.

 De'com*pos"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being resolved into constituent elements.

 De'com*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decomposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Decomposing.] [Cf. F. décomposer. Cf.
 Discompose.] To separate the constituent parts of; to resolve into original elements; to set free from previously existing forms of chemical combination; to bring to dissolution; to rot or decay.

 De'com*pose", v. i. To become resolved or returned from existing combinations; to undergo dissolution; to decay; to rot.

 De'com*posed" (?), a. (Zoöl.) Separated or broken up; -- said of the crest of birds when the feathers are divergent.

 De'com*pos"ite (?), a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + composite.]
 1. Compounded more than once; compounded with things already composite.

2. (Bot.) See Decompound, a., 2.

 De'com*pos"ite, n. Anything decompounded.

Decomposites of three metals or more.

Bacon.
 De*com'po*si"tion (?), n. [Pref. de- (in sense 3 intensive) + composition: cf. F. décomposition. Cf.
 Decomposition.] 1. The act or process of resolving the constituent parts of a compound body or substance into its elementary parts; separation into constituent part; analysis; the decay or dissolution consequent on the removal or alteration of some of the ingredients of a compound; disintegration; as, the decomposition of wood, rocks, etc.

2. The state of being reduced into original elements.

3. Repeated composition; a combination of compounds. [Obs.]

Decomposition of forces. Same as Resolution of forces, under Resolution. -- Decomposition of light, the division of light into the prismatic colors.

 De'com*pound" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decompounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Decompounding.] [Pref. de- (intens. in sense 1) + compound, v. t.] 1. To compound or mix with that is already compound; to compound a second time.

2. To reduce to constituent parts; to decompose.

 It divides and decompounds objects into... parts.

Hazlitt.
 De'com*pound", a. [Pref. de- (intens.) + compound, a.]
 1. Compound of what is already compounded; compounded a second time.

2. (Bot.) Several times compounded or divided, as a leaf or stem; decomposite.

 De'com*pound", n. A decomposite.

 De'com*pound"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being decompounded.

 De'con*cen"trate (?), v. t. To withdraw from concentration; to decentralize. [R.]

 De*con'cen*tra"tion (?), n. Act of deconcentrating. [R.]

 De'con*coct" (?), v. t. To decompose. [R.] Fuller.
 De*con"se*crate (?), v. t. To deprive of sacredness; to secularize.
 -- De*con'se*cra"tion (#), n. Dec"o*ra*ment (?), n. [L. decoramentum. See Decorate, v.
 t.] Ornament. [Obs.] Bailey.
 Dec"o*rate (dk"*rt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorated (dk"*r'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Decorating (-r'tng).] [L. decoratus, p. p. of decorare, fr. decus ornament; akin to decere to be becoming. See Decent.] To deck with that which is becoming, ornamental, or honorary; to adorn; to beautify; to embellish; as, to decorate the person; to decorate an edifice; to decorate a lawn with flowers; to decorate the mind with moral beauties; to decorate a hero with honors.


by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis.

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis.

 Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other.

Sir W. Hamilton.
 Syn"the*sist (?), n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods.

 Syn"the*size (?), v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite.

2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin.

 { Syn*thet"ic (?), Syn*thet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synthétique.]
 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical.

 Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments.

Bolingbroke.
2. (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2.

3. (Zoöl.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3.

Synthetic, or Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris.
 Syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synthetic manner.

 Syn"the*tize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.]

 Syn"to*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cut short; sy'n with + &?; to cut.] Brevity; conciseness. [R.]

 Syn"to*nin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; stretched tight, intense.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin.
 See Acid albumin, under Albumin.

 Sy"pher*ing (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead.

 Syph"i*lide (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis.

 Syph"i*lis (?), n. [NL., fr. Syphilus, the name of a shepherd in the Latin poem of Fracastoro, "Syphilus, sive Morbus Gallicus," which was published in 1530; Gr. &?; hog, swine + &?; dear, loving. The term was introduced into nosology by Sauvages.] (Med.)
 The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

 Syph'i*lit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. syphilitique.] (Med.)
 Of or pertaining to syphilis; of the nature of syphilis; affected with syphilis. -- n. A syphilitic patient.

 Syph'i*lit"ic*al*ly (?), adv. (Med.) In a syphilitic manner; with venereal disease.

 Syph'i*li*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) Inoculation with the syphilitic virus, especially when employed as a preventive measure, like vaccination.

 Syph"i*lize (?), v. t. (Med.) To inoculate with syphilis.

 Syph"i*lo*derm (?), n. [See Syphilis, and Derm.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection due to syphilis.

 Syph'i*lo*der"ma*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis.

 Syph"i*loid (?), a. [Syphilis + -oid.] (Med.)
 Resembling syphilis.

 Syph'i*lol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in syphilology.

 Syph'i*lol"o*gy (?), n. [Syphilis + -logy.] That branch of medicine which treats of syphilis.

 Sy"phon (?), n. See Syphon.

 Syr"a*cuse (?), n. A red wine of Italy.

 Sy"ren (?), n. See Siren. [R.]

 Syr"i*ac (?), a. [L. Syriacus, from Syria: cf. F. syriaque.]
 Of or pertaining to Syria, or its language; as, the Syriac version of the Pentateuch. -- n. The language of Syria; especially, the ancient language of that country.

 Syr"i*a*cism (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism.

 Syr"i*an (?), a. [L. Syrius: cf. F. Syrien.] Of or pertaining to Syria; Syriac. -- n. A native of Syria.

 Syr"i*an*ism (?), n. A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity of the Syrian language; a Syriacism. Paley.
 Syr"i*asm (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism; a Syriacism. M. Stuart.
 The Scripture Greek is observed to be full of Syriasms and Hebraisms.

Bp. Warburton.
 Sy*rin"ga (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a shepherd's pipe, tube. Cf. Syringe.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants; the lilac. (b) The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.

 Syr"inge (?), n. [F. seringue (cf. Pr. siringua, Sp.
 jeringa, It. sciringa, scilinga), fg. Gr. &?;, &?;, a pipe or tube; cf. Skr. svar to sound, and E. swarum.
 Cf. Syringa.] A kind of small hand-pump for throwing a stream of liquid, or for purposes of aspiration. It consists of a small cylindrical barrel and piston, or a bulb of soft elastic material, with or without valves, and with a nozzle which is sometimes at the end of a flexible tube; -- used for injecting animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc.

Garden syringe. See Garden.

 Syr"inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syringed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Syringing (?).] 1. To inject by means of a syringe; as, to syringe warm water into a vein.

2. To wash and clean by injection from a syringe.

 Sy*rin"ge*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the syrinx; as, the syringeal muscle.

 Sy*rin"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark of the lilac (Syringa) and extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called also lilacin.

 ||Sy*rin"go*cœle (?), n. [Syrinx + Gr. &?; hollow.] (Anat.) The central canal of the spinal cord. B. G.


of a pipe when fastened to the pipe.

Blind flange, a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. -- Flange joint, a joint, as that of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Knight.
 - - Flange rail, a rail with a flange on one side, to keep wheels, etc. from running off. -- Flange turning, the process of forming a flange on a wrought iron plate by bending and hammering it when hot.

 Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanged (flnjd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flanging (fln"jng).] (Mach.) To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange.

 Flange, v. i. To be bent into a flange.

 Flanged (flnjd), a. Having a flange or flanges; as, a flanged wheel.

 Flank (flk), n. [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, with n inserted. Cf. Flaccid, Flanch, Flange.] 1.
 The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip. See Illust. of Beef.

2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion; the extreme right or left; as, to attack an enemy in flank is to attack him on the side.

 When to right and left the front Divided, and to either flank retired.

Milton.
(b) (Fort.) That part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the curtain, the flank and face of the opposite bastion; any part of a work defending another by a fire along the outside of its parapet. See Illust. of Bastion.

3. (Arch.) The side of any building. Brands.
4. That part of the acting surface of a gear wheel tooth that lies within the pitch line.

Flank attack (Mil.), an attack upon the side of an army or body of troops, distinguished from one upon its front or rear. -- Flank company (Mil.), a certain number of troops drawn up on the right or left of a battalion; usually grenadiers, light infantry, or riflemen. -- Flank defense (Fort.), protection of a work against undue exposure to an enemy's direct fire, by means of the fire from other works, sweeping the ground in its front. -- Flank en potence (Mil.), any part of the right or left wing formed at a projecting angle with the line. -- Flank files, the first men on the right, and the last on the left, of a company, battalion, etc. -- Flank march, a march made parallel or obliquely to an enemy's position, in order to turn it or to attack him on the flank. -- Flank movement, a change of march by an army, or portion of one, in order to turn one or both wings of the enemy, or to take up a new position. -- Flanks of a frontier, salient points in a national boundary, strengthened to protect the frontier against hostile incursion. -- Flank patrol, detachments acting independently of the column of an army, but patrolling along its flanks, to secure it against surprise and to observe the movements of the enemy.

 Flank (flk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanked (flkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Flanking.] [Cf. F. flanquer. See Flank, n., and cf. Flanker, v. t.] 1. To stand at the flank or side of; to border upon.

 Stately colonnades are flanked with trees.

Pitt.
2. To overlook or command the flank of; to secure or guard the flank of; to pass around or turn the flank of; to attack, or threaten to attack; the flank of.

 Flank, v. i. 1. To border; to touch. Bp. Butler.
2. To be posted on the side.

 Flank"er (?), n. One who, or that which, flanks, as a skirmisher or a body of troops sent out upon the flanks of an army toguard a line of march, or a fort projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body.

 They threw out flankers, and endeavored to dislodge their assailants.

W. Irwing.
 Flank"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flankered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Flankering.] [See Flank, v. t.] 1. To defend by lateral fortifications. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.
2. To attack sideways. [Obs.] Evelyn.
 Flan"nel (fln"nl), n. [F. flanelle, cf. OF. flaine a pillowcase, a mattress (?); fr. W. gwlanen flannel, fr. gwlan wool; prob. akin to E. wool. Cf. Wool.] A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. Shak.
Adam's flannel. (Bot.) See under Adam. -- Canton flannel, Cotton flannel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

 Flan"neled (?), a. Covered or wrapped in flannel.

 Flan"nen (?), a. Made or consisting of flannel. [Obs.] "Flannen robes." Dryden.
 Flap (?), n. [OE. flappe, flap, blow, bly-flap; cf.
 D. flap, and E. flap, v.] Anything broad and limber that hangs loose, or that is attached by one side or end and is easily moved; as, the flap of a garment.

 A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx.

Sir T. Browne.
2. A hinged leaf, as of a table or shutter.

3. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke or sound made with it; as, the flap of a sail or of a wing.

4. pl. (Far.) A disease in the lips of horses.

Flap tile, a tile with a bent up portion, to turn a corner or catch a drip. -- Flap valve (Mech.), a valve which opens and shuts upon one hinged side; a clack valve.

 Flap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flapping (?).] [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.] 1. To beat with a flap; to strike.

 Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.

Pope.
2. To move, as something broad and flaplike; as, to flap the wings; to let fall, as the brim of a hat.

To flap in the mouth, to taunt. [Obs.] W. Cartwright.
 Flap, v. i. 1. To move as do wings, or as something broad or loose; to fly with wings beating the air.

 The crows flapped over by twos and threes.

Lowell.
2. To fall and hang like a flap, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. Gay.
 Flap"drag'on (?), n. 1. A game in which the players catch raisins out burning brandy, and swallow them blazing. Johnson.
2. The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson.
 Cakes and ale, and flapdragons and mummer's plays, and all the happy sports of Christians night.

C. Kingsley.
 Flap"drag'on, v. t. To swallow whole, as a flapdragon; to devour.
 [


importune. "Entreat my wife to come." "I do entreat your patience." Shak.
 I must entreat of you some of that money.

Shak.
 Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door.

Poe.
 Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife.

Gen. xxv. 21.
3. To beseech or supplicate successfully; to prevail upon by prayer or solicitation; to persuade.

 It were a fruitless attempt to appease a power whom no prayers could entreat.

Rogers.
4. To invite; to entertain. [Obs.] "Pleasures to entreat."
 Spenser.
Syn. -- To beseech; beg; solicit; crave; implore; supplicate. See Beseech.

 En*treat", v. i. 1. To treat or discourse; hence, to enter into negotiations, as for a treaty. [Obs.]

 Of which I shall have further occasion to entreat.

Hakewill.
 Alexander... was first that entreated of true peace with them.

1 Mac. x. 47.
2. To make an earnest petition or request.

 The Janizaries entreated for them as valiant men.

Knolles.
 En*treat", n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Ford.
 En*treat"a*ble (?), a. That may be entreated.

 En*treat"ance (?), n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Fairfax.
 En*treat"er (?), n. One who entreats; one who asks earnestly; a beseecher.

 En*treat"ful (?), a. Full of entreaty. [R.] See Intreatful.

 En*treat"ing*ly, adv. In an entreating manner.

 En*treat"ive (?), a. Used in entreaty; pleading. [R.] "Entreative phrase." A. Brewer.
 En*treat"ment (?), n. Entreaty; invitation. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*treat"y, n.; pl. Entreaties (&?;). 1.
 Treatment; reception; entertainment. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
2. The act of entreating or beseeching; urgent prayer; earnest petition; pressing solicitation.

 Fair entreaty, and sweet blandishment.

Spenser.
Syn. -- Solicitation; request; suit; supplication; importunity.

 ||En'trée" (?), n. [F. See Entry.] 1. A coming in, or entrance; hence, freedom of access; permission or right to enter; as, to have the entrée of a house.

2. (Cookery) In French usage, a dish served at the beginning of dinner to give zest to the appetite; in English usage, a side dish, served with a joint, or between the courses, as a cutlet, scalloped oysters, etc.

 ||En'tre*mets" (?), n. sing. & pl. [F., fr. entre between + mets a dish, mess.] 1. (Cookery) A side dish; a dainty or relishing dish usually eaten after the joints or principal dish; also, a sweetmeat, served with a dinner.

2. Any small entertainment between two greater ones. [R.]

 En*trench" (?), v. t. See Intrench.

 ||En'tre*pôt" (?), n. [F.] A warehouse; a magazine for depositing goods, stores, etc.; a mart or place where merchandise is deposited; as, an entrepôt for shipping goods in transit.

 ||En'tre*pre*neur" (?), n. [F. See Enterprise.] (Polit. Econ.)
 One who creates a product on his own account; whoever undertakes on his own account an industrial enterprise in which workmen are employed. F. A. Walker.
 ||En'tre*sol" (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) A low story between two higher ones, usually between the ground floor and the first story; mezzanine. Parker.
 En*trick" (?), v. t. [Cf. OE. entriken to perplex, OF. entriquer.
 Cf. Trick, Intrigue.] To trick, to perplex. [Obs.] Rom. of R. En"tro*chal (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, entrochites, or the joints of encrinites; -- used of a kind of stone or marble.

 En"tro*chite (?), n. [Pref. en- + Gr. &?; wheel.] (Paleon.)
 A fossil joint of a crinoid stem.

 ||En*tro"pi*on (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Entropium.

 ||En*tro"pi*um (?), n. [NL. See Entropy.] (Med.) The inversion or turning in of the border of the eyelids.

 En"tro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; a turning in; &?; in + &?; a turn, fr. &?; to turn.] (Thermodynamics) A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h &?; t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function.

 The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum.

Clausius.
 En*trust" (?), v. t. See Intrust.

 En"try (?), n.; pl. Entries (#). [OE. entree, entre, F. entrée, fr. entrer to enter. See Enter, and cf. Entrée.] 1. The act of entering or passing into or upon; entrance; ingress; hence, beginnings or first attempts; as, the entry of a person into a house or city; the entry of a river into the sea; the entry of air into the blood; an entry upon an undertaking.

2. The act of making or entering a record; a setting down in writing the particulars, as of a transaction; as, an entry of a sale; also, that which is entered; an item.

 A notary made an entry of this act.

Bacon.
3. That by which entrance is made; a passage leading into a house or other building, or to a room; a vestibule; an adit, as of a mine.

 A straight, long entry to the temple led.

Dryden.
4. (Com.) The exhibition or depositing of a ship's papers at the customhouse, to procure license to land goods; or the giving an account of a ship's cargo to the officer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to land the goods. See Enter, v. t., 8, and Entrance, n., 5.

5. (Law) (a) The actual taking possession of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on them. (b) A putting upon record in proper form and order. (c) The act in addition to breaking essential to constitute the offense or burglary. Burrill.
Bill of entry. See under Bill. - - Double entry, Single entry. See Bookkeeping. -- Entry clerk (Com.), a clerk who makes the original entries of transactions in a business. -- Writ of entry (Law), a writ issued for the purpose of obtaining possession of land from one who has unlawfully entered and continues in possession. Bouvier.
 En"tryng (?), n. Am entrance. [Obs.]

 So great an entryng and so large.

Chaucer.
 En*tune" (?), v. t. To tune; to intone. Chaucer.
 En*twine" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + twine. Cf.
 Intwine


my eye struck a strange word; they soon struck the trail.

18. To borrow money of; to make a demand upon; as, he struck a friend for five dollars. [Slang] 19. To lade into a cooler, as a liquor. B. Edwards.
20. To stroke or pass lightly; to wave.

 Behold, I thought, He will... strike his hand over the place, and recover the leper.

2 Kings v. 11.
21. To advance; to cause to go forward; -- used only in past participle. "Well struck in years." Shak.
To strike an attitude, To strike a balance. See under Attitude, and Balance. -- To strike a jury (Law), to constitute a special jury ordered by a court, by each party striking out a certain number of names from a prepared list of jurors, so as to reduce it to the number of persons required by law. Burrill. -- To strike a lead. (a) (Mining) To find a vein of ore. (b) Fig.: To find a way to fortune. [Colloq.] -- To strike a ledger, or an account, to balance it. -- To strike hands with. (a) To shake hands with. Halliwell. (b) To make a compact or agreement with; to agree with. -- To strike off. (a) To erase from an account; to deduct; as, to strike off the interest of a debt. (b) (Print.) To impress; to print; as, to strike off a thousand copies of a book. (c) To separate by a blow or any sudden action; as, to strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. -- To strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it; figuratively, to make a lucky hit financially. [Slang, U.S.] -- To strike one luck, to shake hands with one and wish good luck. [Obs.] Beau.
 & Fl. -- To strike out. (a) To produce by collision; to force out, as, to strike out sparks with steel. (b) To blot out; to efface; to erase. "To methodize is as necessary as to strike out." Pope. (c) To form by a quick effort; to devise; to invent; to contrive, as, to strike out a new plan of finance. (d) (Baseball) To cause a player to strike out; -- said of the pitcher. See To strike out, under Strike, v. i.
 -- To strike sail. See under Sail. -- To strike up. (a) To cause to sound; to begin to beat. "Strike up the drums." Shak.
(b) To begin to sing or play; as, to strike up a tune. (c) To raise (as sheet metal), in making diahes, pans, etc., by blows or pressure in a die. -- To strike work, to quit work; to go on a strike.

 Strike (?), v. i. To move; to advance; to proceed; to take a course; as, to strike into the fields.

 A mouse... struck forth sternly [bodily].

Piers Plowman.
2. To deliver a quick blow or thrust; to give blows.

 And fiercely took his trenchant blade in hand, With which he stroke so furious and so fell.

Spenser.
Strike now, or else the iron cools.

Shak.
3. To hit; to collide; to dush; to clash; as, a hammer strikes against the bell of a clock.

4. To sound by percussion, with blows, or as with blows; to be struck; as, the clock strikes.

 A deep sound strikes like a rising knell.

Byron.
5. To make an attack; to aim a blow.

 A puny subject strikes At thy great glory.

Shak.
Struck for throne, and striking found his doom.

Tennyson.
6. To touch; to act by appulse.

 Hinder light but from striking on it [porphyry], and its colors vanish.

Locke.
7. To run upon a rock or bank; to be stranded; as, the ship struck in the night.

8. To pass with a quick or strong effect; to dart; to penetrate.

 Till a dart strike through his liver.

Prov. vii. 23.
 Now and then a glittering beam of wit or passion strikes through the obscurity of the poem.

Dryden.
9. To break forth; to commence suddenly; -- with into; as, to strike into reputation; to strike into a run.

10. To lower a flag, or colors, in token of respect, or to signify a surrender of a ship to an enemy.

 That the English ships of war should not strike in the Danish seas.

Bp. Burnet.
11. To quit work in order to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages.

12. To become attached to something; -- said of the spat of oysters.

13. To steal money. [Old Slang, Eng.] Nares.
To strike at, to aim a blow at. -- To strike for, to start suddenly on a course for. -- To strike home, to give a blow which reaches its object, to strike with effect. -- To strike in. (a) To enter suddenly. (b) To disappear from the surface, with internal effects, as an eruptive disease. (c) To come in suddenly; to interpose; to interrupt. "I proposed the embassy of Constantinople for Mr.
 Henshaw, but my Lord Winchelsea struck in." Evelyn. (d) To join in after another has begun,as in singing. -- To strike in with, to conform to; to suit itself to; to side with, to join with at once. "To assert this is to strike in with the known enemies of God's grace."
 South. -- To strike out. (a) To start; to wander; to make a sudden excursion; as, to strike out into an irregular course of life. (b) To strike with full force. (c) (Baseball) To be put out for not hitting the ball during one's turn at the bat. -- To strike up, to commence to play as a musician; to begin to sound, as an instrument. "Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up." Shak.
 Strike (?), n. 1. The act of striking.

2. An instrument with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, scraping off what is above the level of the top; a strickle.

3. A bushel; four pecks. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.
4. An old measure of four bushels. [Prov. Eng.]

5. Fullness of measure; hence, excellence of quality.

 Three hogsheads of ale of the first strike.

Sir W. Scott.
6. An iron pale or standard in a gate or fence. [Obs.]

7. The act of quitting work; specifically, such an act by a body of workmen, done as a means of enforcing compliance with demands made on their employer.

Strikes are the insurrections of labor.

F. A. Walker.
8. (Iron Working) A puddler's stirrer.

9. (Geol.) The horizontal direction of the outcropping edges of tilted rocks; or, the direction of a horizontal line supposed to be drawn on the surface of a tilted stratum. It is at right angles to the dip.

10. The extortion of money, or the attempt to extort money, by threat of injury; blackmailing.

Strike block (Carp.), a plane shorter than a jointer, used for fitting a short joint. Moxon. -- Strike of flax, a handful that may be hackled at once. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.
 -- Strike of sugar. (Sugar Making) (a) The act of emptying the teache, or last boiler, in which the cane juice is exposed to heat, into the coolers. (b) The quantity of the sirup thus emptied at once.

 Strik"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, strikes; specifically, a blacksmith's helper who wields the sledge.

2. A harpoon; also, a harpooner.


if no word exists by which a correlation can adequately be explained. If we define a rudder as necessarily having reference to a boat, our definition will not be appropriate, for the rudder does not have this reference to a boat qua boat, as there are boats which have no rudders. Thus we cannot use the terms reciprocally, for the word 'boat' cannot be said to find its explanation in the word 'rudder'. As there is no existing word, our definition would perhaps be more accurate if we coined some word like 'ruddered' as the correlative of 'rudder'. If we express ourselves thus accurately, at any rate the terms are reciprocally connected, for the 'ruddered' thing is 'ruddered' in virtue of its rudder. So it is in all other cases. A head will be more accurately defined as the correlative of that which is 'headed', than as that of an animal, for the animal does not have a head qua animal, since many animals have no head.
Thus we may perhaps most easily comprehend that to which a thing is related, when a name does not exist, if, from that which has a name, we derive a new name, and apply it to that with which the first is reciprocally connected, as in the aforesaid instances, when we derived the word 'winged' from 'wing' and from 'rudder'.
All relatives, then, if properly defined, have a correlative. I add this condition because, if that to which they are related is stated as haphazard and not accurately, the two are not found to be interdependent. Let me state what I mean more clearly. Even in the case of acknowledged correlatives, and where names exist for each, there will be no interdependence if one of the two is denoted, not by that name which expresses the correlative notion, but by one of irrelevant significance. The term'slave', if defined as related, not to a master, but to a man, or a biped, or anything of that sort, is not reciprocally connected with that in relation to which it is defined, for the statement is not exact. Further, if one thing is said to be correlative with another, and the terminology used is correct, then, though all irrelevant attributes should be removed, and only that one attribute left in virtue of which it was correctly stated to be correlative with that other, the stated correlation will still exist. If the correlative of 'the slave' is said to be 'the master', then, though all irrelevant attributes of the said'master', such as 'biped','receptive of knowledge', 'human', should be removed, and the attribute'master' alone left, the stated correlation existing between him and the slave will remain the same, for it is of a master that a slave is said to be the slave. On the other hand, if, of two correlatives, one is not correctly termed, then, when all other attributes are removed and that alone is left in virtue of which it was stated to be correlative, the stated correlation will be found to have disappeared.
For suppose the correlative of 'the slave' should be said to be 'the man', or the correlative of 'the wing' is 'the bird'; if the attribute 'master' be withdrawn from 'the man', the correlation between 'the man' and 'the slave' will cease to exist, for if the man is not a master, the slave is not a slave. Similarly, if the attribute 'winged' be withdrawn from 'the bird', 'the wing' will no longer be relative; for if the so-called correlative is not winged, it follows that 'the wing' has no correlative.
Thus it is essential that the correlated terms should be exactly designated; if there is a name existing, the statement will be easy; if not, it is doubtless our duty to construct names. When the terminology is thus correct, it is evident that all correlatives are interdependent.
Correlatives are thought to come into existence simultaneously. This is for the most part true, as in the case of the double and the half. The existence of the half necessitates the existence of that of which it is a half. Similarly the existence of a master necessitates the existence of a slave, and that of a slave implies that of a master; these are merely instances of a general rule. Moreover, they cancel one another; for if there is no double it follows that there is no half, and vice versa; this rule also applies to all such correlatives. Yet it does not appear to be true in all cases that correlatives come into existence simultaneously. The object of knowledge would appear to exist before knowledge itself, for it is usually the case that we acquire knowledge of objects already existing; it would be difficult, if not impossible, to find a branch of knowledge the beginning of the existence of which was contemporaneous with that of its object.
Again, while the object of knowledge, if it ceases to exist, cancels at the same time the knowledge which was its correlative, the converse of this is not true. It is true that if the object of knowledge does not exist there can be no knowledge: for there will no longer be anything to know. Yet it is equally true that, if knowledge of a certain object does not exist, the object may nevertheless quite well exist. Thus, in the case of the squaring of the circle, if indeed that process is an object of knowledge, though it itself exists as an object of knowledge, yet the knowledge of it has not yet come into existence. Again, if all animals ceased to exist, there would be no knowledge, but there might yet be many objects of knowledge.
This is likewise the case with regard to perception: for the object of perception is, it appears, prior to the act of perception. If the perceptible is annihilated, perception also will cease to exist; but the annihilation of perception does not cancel the existence of the perceptible. For perception implies a body perceived and a body in which perception takes place. Now if that which is perceptible is annihilated, it follows that the body is annihilated, for the body is a perceptible thing; and if the body does not exist, it follows that perception also ceases to exist. Thus the annihilation of the perceptible involves that of perception.
But the annihilation of perception does not involve that of the perceptible. For if the animal is annihilated, it follows that perception also is annihilated, but perceptibles such as body, heat, sweetness, bitterness, and so on, will remain.
Again, perception is generated at the same time as the perceiving subject, for it comes into existence at the same time as the animal.
But the perceptible surely exists before perception; for fire and water and such elements, out of which the animal is itself composed, exist before the animal is an animal at all, and before perception. Thus it would seem that the perceptible exists before perception.
It may be questioned whether it is true that no substance is relative, as seems to be the case, or whether exception is to be made in the case of certain secondary substances. With regard to primary substances, it is quite true that there is no such possibility, for neither wholes nor parts of primary substances are relative. The individual man or ox is not defined with reference to something external. Similarly with the parts: a particular hand or head is not defined as a particular hand or head of a particular person, but as the hand or head of a particular person. It is true also, for the most part at least, in the case of secondary substances; the species'man' and the species 'ox' are not defined with reference to anything outside themselves. Wood, again, is only relative in so far as it is some one's property, not in so far as it is wood. It is plain, then, that in the cases mentioned substance is not relative. But with regard to some secondary substances there is a difference of opinion; thus, such terms as 'head' and 'hand' are defined with reference to that of which the things indicated are a part, and so it comes about that these appear to have a relative character. Indeed, if our definition of that which is relative was complete, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to prove that no substance is relative. If, however, our definition was not complete, if those things only are properly called relative in the case of which relation to an external object


EN ON A LOOKING-GLASS WRONG NOT, SWEET EMPRESS OF MY HEART WYNKEN, BLYNKEN, AND NOD YEARS YELLOW JESSAMINE YES YES?
 YOUNG AND OLD YOUTH AND AGE YOUTH AND AGE YOUTH AND ART


meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, held on Thursday, the 14th of June, 1877, after the reading of the records of the preceding meeting, the president, the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, spoke as follows: After a most interesting and cordial tribute to his friend, Mr. Quincy, Mr. Winthrop continued: The President now called on Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, who said:— The President appointed Professor Lowell to write the Memoir of Mr.
 Quincy, and Dr. Holmes that of Mr. Motley, for the Society's "Proceedings." Professor William Everett then spoke as follows: G. POEM BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.

 I cannot close this Memoir more appropriately than by appending the following poetical tribute:—


ring in the preacher's ear.

Latimer.
 Huz*za" (?), interj. [Cf. G. hussa, husa, interj., hurrah, huzza. √43. Cf. Hurrah.] A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement.

 Huz"za, n. A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah.

 They made a great huzza or shout.

Evelyn.
 Huz*za", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huzzaed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Huzzaing.] To shout huzza; to cheer.

 Huz*za", v. t. To receive or attend with huzzas.

 He was huzzaed into the court.

Addison.
 Hy (?), a. High. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hy"a*cine (?), n. A hyacinth. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Hy"a*cinth (?), n. [L. hyacinthus a kind of flower, prob.
 the iris, gladiolus, or larkspur, also a kind of gem, perh. the sapphire; as, a proper name, Hyacinthus, a beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. hyacinthe. Cf. Jacinth.
 The hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyacinthus, who was accidentally slain by Apollo.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A bulbous plant of the genus Hyacinthus, bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. H. orientalis is a common variety. (b) A plant of the genus Camassia (C. Farseri), called also Eastern camass; wild hyacinth. (c) The name also given to Scilla Peruviana, a Mediterranean plant, one variety of which produces white, and another blue, flowers; -- called also, from a mistake as to its origin, Hyacinth of Peru.

2. (Min.) A red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem.
 See Zircon.

Hyacinth bean (Bot.), a climbing leguminous plant (Dolichos Lablab), related to the true bean. It has dark purple flowers and fruit.

 Hy'a*cin"thi*an (?), a. Hyacinthine. [R.]

 Hy'a*cin"thine (?), a. [L. hyacinthinus, Gr. &?;.]
 Belonging to the hyacinth; resembling the hyacinth; in color like the hyacinth. Milton.
 His curling locks like hyacinthine flowers.

Cowper.
 The hyacinthine boy, for whom Morn well might break and April bloom.

Emerson.
 { Hy"a*des (?), Hy"ads (?), } n. pl. [L. Hyades, Gr. &?;.]
 (Astron.) A cluster of five stars in the face of the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the coming of rainy weather when they rose with the sun.

 Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades Vext the dim sea.

Tennyson.
 Hy*æ"na (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Hyena.

 ||Hy*a"le*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; glassy, fr. "y'alos glass.] (Zoöl.) A pteropod of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

 Hy'a*les"cence (?), n. [See Hyaline.] The process of becoming, or the state of being, transparent like glass.

 Hy"a*line (?), a. [L. hyalinus, Gr. &?;, fr. "y'alos glass: cf. F. hyalin.] Glassy; resembling glass; consisting of glass; transparent, like crystal. "Hyaline spaces." Carpenter.
 Hy"a*line, n. 1. A poetic term for the sea or the atmosphere. "The clear hyaline, the glassy sea." Milton.
 Our blood runs amazed 'neath the calm hyaline.

Mrs. Browning.
2. (Biol.) The pellucid substance, present in cells in process of development, from which, according to some embryologists, the cell nucleus originates.

3. (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible of alcoholic fermentation. Gamgee.
 Hy"a*lite (?), n. [Gr. "y'alos glass: cf. F. hyalite.] (Min.)
 A pellucid variety of opal in globules looking like colorless gum or resin; -- called also Müller's glass.

 Hy*al"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. "y'alos glass + graph.] An instrument for tracing designs on glass.

 Hy'a*log"ra*phy (?), n. Art of writing or engraving on glass.

 Hy"a*loid (?), a. [Gr. &?; glassy, transparent; "y'alos glass + &?; appearance: cf. F. hyaloïde.] (Anat.)
 Resembling glass; vitriform; transparent; hyaline; as, the hyaloid membrane, a very delicate membrane inclosing the vitreous humor of the eye.

 ||Hy'a*lo*ne"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. "y'alos glass + &?; a thread.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope.

 Hy*al"o*phane (?), n. [Gr. "y'alos glass + &?; to appear.] (Min.)
 A species of the feldspar group containing barium. See Feldspar.

 ||Hy'a*lo*spon"gi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. "y'alos glass + &?; a sponge.] (Zoöl.) An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; -- called also Hexactinellinæ.

 Hy*al"o*type (?), n. [Gr. "y'alos glass + -type.] A photographic picture copied from the negative on glass; a photographic transparency. R. Hunt.
 { Hy*ber"na*cle (?), Hy"ber*nate (?), Hy'ber*na"tion (?). } See Hibernacle, Hibernate, Hibernation.

 Hy*blæ"an (?), a. [L. Hyblaeus.] Pertaining to Hybla, an ancient town of Sicily, famous for its bees.

 Hyb"o*dont (?), a. [Gr. &?; hump + &?;, &?;, a tooth.]
 (Paleon.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an extinct genus of sharks (Hybodus), especially in the form of the teeth, which consist of a principal median cone with smaller lateral ones.

 ||Hyb"o*dus (?), n. [NL. See Hybodont.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of sharks having conical, compressed teeth.

 Hy"brid (?), n. [L. hybrida, hibrida, prob. allied to Gr. &?; wantonness (as if unbridled, lawless, unnatural), perh. akin to Gr. "ype'r over, E. over: cf. F. hybride.] (Biol.)
 The offspring of the union of two distinct species; an


merely an act of departure; quit implies a going without intention of return, a final and absolute abandonment.

 Quit, v. i. To go away; to depart; to stop doing a thing; to cease.

 Quitch (kwch), n. 1. (Bot.) Same as Quitch grass.

2. Figuratively: A vice; a taint; an evil.

 To pick the vicious quitch Of blood and custom wholly out of him.

Tennyson.
 Quitch" grass' (kwch" grs'). [Properly quick grass, being probably so called from its vigorous growth, or from its tenacity of life. See Quick, and cf. Couch grass.] (Bot.) A perennial grass (Agropyrum repens) having long running rootstalks, by which it spreads rapidly and pertinaciously, and so becomes a troublesome weed. Also called couch grass, quack grass, quick grass, twitch grass.
 See Illustration in Appendix.

 Quit"claim' (kwt"klm'), n. [Quit, a. + claim.] (Law) A release or relinquishment of a claim; a deed of release; an instrument by which some right, title, interest, or claim, which one person has, or is supposed to have, in or to an estate held by himself or another, is released or relinquished, the grantor generally covenanting only against persons who claim under himself.

 Quit"claim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quitclaimed (-klmd'); p. pr. & vb. n. Quitclaiming.] (Law) To release or relinquish a claim to; to release a claim to by deed, without covenants of warranty against adverse and paramount titles.

 Quite (kwt), v. t. & i. See Quit. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Quite (kwt), adv. [F. quitte discharged, free, clear; cf.
 OF. quitement freely, frankly, entirely. See Quit, a.]

1. Completely; wholly; entirely; totally; perfectly; as, the work is not quite done; the object is quite accomplished; to be quite mistaken.

 Man shall not quite be lost, but saved who will.

Milton.
 The same actions may be aimed at different ends, and arise from quite contrary principles.

Spectator.
2. To a great extent or degree; very; very much; considerably. "Quite amusing." Macaulay.
 He really looks quite concerned.

Landor.
 The island stretches along the land and is quite close to it.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
 Quit"ly (kwt"l), adv. Quite. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Quit"rent' (kwt"rnt'), n. [Quit, a. + rent.] (Law) A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit from other service. Blackstone.
 In some of the United States a fee-farm rent is so termed. Burrill.
 Quits (kwts), interj. See the Note under Quit, a. Quit"ta*ble (kwt"t*b'l), a. Capable of being quitted.

 Quit"tal (-tal), n. Return; requital; quittance. [Obs.]

 Quit"tance (-tans), n. [OE. quitaunce, OF. quitance, F. quittance. See Quit, v. t.] 1. Discharge from a debt or an obligation; acquittance.

 Omittance is no quittance.

Shak.
2. Recompense; return; repayment. [Obs.] Shak.
 Quit"tance, v. t. To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Shak.
 Quit"ter (-tr), n. 1. One who quits.

2. A deliverer. [Obs.] Ainsworth.
 Quit"tor (-tr), n. [Perhaps for quitture.] (Far.) A chronic abscess, or fistula of the coronet, in a horse's foot, resulting from inflammation of the tissues investing the coffin bone.

 Quit"ture (-tr; 135), n. A discharge; an issue. [Obs.]

 To cleanse the quitture from thy wound.

Chapman.
 Quiv"er (kwv"r), a. [Akin to AS. cwiferlice anxiously; cf.
 OD. kuiven, kuiveren. Cf. Quaver.] Nimble; active. [Obs.] " A little quiver fellow." Shak.
 Quiv"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quivered (-rd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Quivering.] [Cf. Quaver.] To shake or move with slight and tremulous motion; to tremble; to quake; to shudder; to shiver.

 The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind.

Shak.
 And left the limbs still quivering on the ground.

Addison.
 Quiv"er, n. The act or state of quivering; a tremor.

 Quiv"er, n. [OF. cuivre, cuevre, coivre, LL.
 cucurum, fr. OHG. chohhri quiver, receptacle, G. köcher quiver; akin to AS. cocor, cocur, cocer, D. koker.
 Cf. Cocker a high shoe.] A case or sheath for arrows to be carried on the person.

 Beside him hung his bow And quiver, with three-bolted thunder stored.

Milton.
 Quiv"ered (-rd), a. 1. Furnished with, or carrying, a quiver. "Like a quivered nymph with arrows keen." Milton.
2. Sheathed, as in a quiver. "Whose quills stand quivered at his ear." Pope.
 Quiv"er*ing*ly (-r*ng*l), adv. With quivering motion.

 ||Qui' vive" (k' vv"). [F., fr. qui who + vive, pres. subj.
 of vivre to live.] The challenge of a French sentinel, or patrol; -- used like the English challenge: "Who comes there?"

To be on the qui vive, to be on guard; to be watchful and alert, like a sentinel.

 Quix*ot"ic (kwks*t"k), a. Like Don Quixote; romantic to extravagance; absurdly chivalric; apt to be deluded. "Feats of quixotic gallantry." Prescott.
 Quix*ot"ic*al*ly (-*kal*l), adv. In a quixotic way.

 Quix"ot*ism (kwks"t*z'm), n. That form of delusion which leads to extravagant and absurd undertakings or sacrifices in obedience to a morbidly romantic ideal of duty or honor, as illustrated by the exploits of Don Quixote in knight-errantry.

 Quix"ot*ry (-r), n. Quixotism; visionary schemes.

 Quiz (kwz), n. [It is said that Daly, the manager of a Dublin playhouse, laid a wager that a new word of no meaning should be the common talk and puzzle of the city in twenty-four hours. In consequence of this the letters q u i z were chalked by him on all the walls of Dublin, with an effect that won the wager. Perhaps, however, originally a variant of whiz, and formerly the name of a popular game.] 1. A riddle or obscure question; an enigma; a ridiculous hoax.

2. One who quizzes others; as, he is a great quiz.

3. An odd or absurd fellow. Smart. Thackeray.
4. An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination. [Cant, U.S.]

 Quiz (kwz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quizzed (kwzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Quizzing (-zng).] 1. To puzzle; to banter; to chaff or mock