1. The arctic circle.

2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]

 ||Arc*tis"ca (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bear.] (Zoöl.)
 A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

 Arc'to*ge"al (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; the north + &?;, &?;, country.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna.

 ||Arc*toid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bear + -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

 Arc*tu"rus (&?;), n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. &?; bearward, equiv. to &?;; &?; bear + &?; ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.)
 A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Boötes.

Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major.

 Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: "the Bear with her train"]. Job xxxviii. 32.
 Arc"u*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an arc.

Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle.

 { Arc"u*ate (&?;), Arc"u*a'ted (&?;)(#), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.]
 Bent or curved in the form of a bow. "Arcuate stalks." Gray.
 Arc"u*ate*ly (&?;), adv. In the form of a bow.

 Arc'u*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness.
 Coxe.
2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers.
 Ar"cu*ba*list (&?;), n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke.
 Ar'cu*bal"ist*er (&?;), n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf.
 Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden.
 Ar"cu*bus (&?;), n. See Arquebus. [Obs.]

 -ard, -art. The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard.

 ||Ar*das"sine (&?;), n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk.

 Ar"den*cy (&?;), n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.
2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal.

 Ar"dent (&?;), a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr.
 of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever.

2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes. Dryden.
3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper.

 An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay.
Syn. -- Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate.

 Ar"dent*ly (&?;), adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.

 Ar"dent*ness, n. Ardency. [R.]

 Ar"dor (&?;), n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.]
 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays.

2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor.

3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.]

Syn. -- Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor.

 Ar"du*ous (?; 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir.
 ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb.

 Those arduous paths they trod. Pope.
2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise.

Syn. -- Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. -- Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult.
 We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty. "It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others."

 Ar"du*ous*ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.

 Ar"du*ous*ness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.

 Ar"du*rous (&?;), a. Burning; ardent. [R.]

 Lo! further on, Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.
Cary.
 Are (&?;). [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl.
 forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. &?;, Skr. smas; all from a root as. &?; See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as.

 Are (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.

 A"re*a ("r*; 277), n.; pl. Areas (-z). [L. area a broad piece of level ground. Cf. Are, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a


inch wide by 3 inches long, and having a maximum thickness of a little more than 1/8 inch. The positive or nickel plate (Fig. 6) is seen to consist of two rows of round rods or pencils, thirty in number, held in a vertical position by a steel support-frame.
 The pencils have flat flanges at the ends (formed by closing in the metal case), by which they are supported and electrical connection is made. The frame is slit at the inner horizontal edges, and then folded in such a way as to make individual clamping-jaws for each end-flange. The clamping-in is done at great pressure, and the resultant plate has great rigidity and strength.

 "The perforated tubes into which the nickel active material is loaded are made of nickel-plated steel of high quality. They are put together with a double-lapped spiral seam to give expansion-resisting qualities, and as an additional precaution small metal rings are slipped on the outside. Each tube is 1/4 inch in diameter by 4 1/8 inches long, add has eight of the reinforcing rings.

 "It will be seen that the 'A' positive plate has been given the theoretically best design to prevent expansion and overcome trouble from that cause. Actual tests, long continued under very severe conditions, have shown that the construction is right, and fulfils the most sanguine expectations."

 Mr. Holland in his article then goes on to explain the development of the nickel flakes as the conducting factor in the positive element, but as this has already been described in Chapter XXII, we shall pass on to a later point, where he says: "An idea of the conditions inside a loaded tube can best be had by microscopic examination. Fig. 7 shows a magnified section of a regularly loaded tube which has been sawed lengthwise. The vertical bounding walls are edges of the perforated metal containing tube; the dark horizontal lines are layers of nickel flake, while the light-colored thicker layers represent the nickel hydrate. It should be noted that the layers of flake nickel extend practically unbroken across the tube and make contact with the metal wall at both sides. These metal layers conduct current to or from the active nickel hydrate in all parts of the tube very efficiently.
 There are about three hundred and fifty layers of each kind of material in a 4 1/8-inch tube, each layer of nickel hydrate being about 0.01 inch thick; so it will be seen that the current does not have to penetrate very far into the nickel hydrate—one-half a layer's thickness being the maximum distance. The perforations of the containing tube, through which the electrolyte reaches the active material, are also shown in Fig. 7."

 In conclusion, the article enumerates the chief characteristics of the Edison storage battery which fit it preeminently for transportation service, as follows: 1. No loss of active material, hence no sediment short-circuits. 2. No jar breakage. 3. Possibility of quick disconnection or replacement of any cell without employment of skilled labor. 4.
 Impossibility of "buckling" and harmlessness of a dead short-circuit. 5.
 Simplicity of care required. 6. Durability of materials and construction.
 7. Impossibility of "sulphation." 8. Entire absence of corrosive fumes. 9.
 Commercial advantages of light weight. 10. Duration on account of its dependability. 11. Its high practical efficiency.

 XIX. EDISON'S POURED CEMENT HOUSE THE inventions that have been thus far described fall into two classes—first, those that were fundamental in the great arts and industries which have been founded and established upon them, and, second, those that have entered into and enlarged other arts that were previously in existence. On coming to consider the subject now under discussion, however, we find ourselves, at this writing, on the threshold of an entirely new and undeveloped art of such boundless possibilities that its ultimate extent can only be a matter of conjecture.

 Edison's concrete house, however, involves two main considerations, first of which was the conception or creation of the IDEA—vast and comprehensive—of providing imperishable and sanitary homes for the wage-earner by molding an entire house in one piece in a single operation, so to speak, and so simply that extensive groups of such dwellings could be constructed rapidly and at very reasonable cost. With this idea suggested, one might suppose that it would be a simple matter to make molds and pour in a concrete mixture. Not so, however. And here the second consideration presents itself. An ordinary cement mixture is composed of crushed stone, sand, cement, and water. If such a mixture be poured into deep molds the heavy stone and sand settle to the bottom. Should the mixture be poured into a horizontal mold, like the floor of a house, the stone and sand settle, forming an ununiform mass. It was at this point that invention commenced, in order to produce a concrete mixture which would overcome this crucial difficulty. Edison, with characteristic thoroughness, took up a line of investigation, and after a prolonged series of experiments succeeded in inventing a mixture that upon hardening remained uniform throughout its mass. In the beginning of his experimentation he had made the conditions of test very severe by the construction of forms similar to that shown in the sketch below.

 This consisted of a hollow wooden form of the dimensions indicated. The mixture was to be poured into the hopper until the entire form was filled, such mixture flowing down and along the horizontal legs and up the vertical members. It was to be left until the mixture was hard, and the requirement of the test was that there should be absolute uniformity of mixture and mass throughout. This was finally accomplished, and further invention then proceeded along engineering lines looking toward the devising of a system of molds with which practicable dwellings might be cast.

 Edison's boldness and breadth of conception are well illustrated in his idea of a poured house, in which he displays his accustomed tendency to reverse accepted methods. In fact, it is this very reversal of usual procedure that renders it difficult for the average mind to instantly grasp the full significance of the principles involved and the results attained.

 Up to this time we have been accustomed to see the erection of a house begun at the foundation and built up slowly, piece by piece, of solid materials: first the outer frame, then the floors and inner walls, followed by the stairways, and so on up to the putting on of the roof.
 Hence, it requires a complete rearrangement of mental conceptions to appreciate Edison's proposal to build a house FROM THE TOP DOWNWARD, in a few hours, with a freely flowing material poured into molds, and in a few days to take away the molds and find a complete indestructible sanitary house, including foundation, frame, floors, walls, stairways, chimneys, sanitary arrangements, and roof, with artistic ornamentation inside and out, all in one solid piece, as if it were graven or bored out of a rock.

 To bring about the accomplishment of a project so extraordinarily broad involves engineering and mechanical conceptions of a high order, and, as we have seen, these have been brought to bear on the subject by Edison, together with an intimate knowledge of compounded materials.

 The main features of this invention are easily comprehensible with the aid of the following diagrammatic sectional sketch: It should be first understood that the above sketch is in broad outline, without elaboration, merely to illustrate the working principle; and while the upright structure on the right is intended to represent a set of molds in position to form a three-story house, with cellar, no regular details of such a building (such as windows, doors, stairways, etc.) are here shown, as they would only tend to complicate an explanation.

 It will be noted that there are really two sets of molds, an inside and an outside set, leaving a space between them throughout. Although not shown in the sketch, there is in practice a number of bolts passing through these two sets of molds at various places to hold them together in their relative positions. In the open space between the molds there are placed steel rods for the purpose of reinforcement; while all through the entire structure provision is made for water and steam pipes, gas-pipes and electric-light wires being placed in appropriate positions as the molds are assembled.

 At the centre of the roof there will be noted a funnel-shaped opening


THERE IS AN IMPROVED ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THIS TITLE WITH LINKED TOC AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS WHICH MAY VIEWED AT EBOOK [# 17460 ] LORNA DOONE, A ROMANCE OF EXMOOR by R. D. Blackmore Preface This work is called a 'romance,' because the incidents, characters, time, and scenery, are alike romantic. And in shaping this old tale, the Writer neither dares, nor desires, to claim for it the dignity or cumber it with the difficulty of an historic novel.

 And yet he thinks that the outlines are filled in more carefully, and the situations (however simple) more warmly coloured and quickened, than a reader would expect to find in what is called a 'legend.'

 And he knows that any son of Exmoor, chancing on this volume, cannot fail to bring to mind the nurse-tales of his childhood—the savage deeds of the outlaw Doones in the depth of Bagworthy Forest, the beauty of the hapless maid brought up in the midst of them, the plain John Ridd's Herculean power, and (memory's too congenial food) the exploits of Tom Faggus.

 March, 1869.

CONTENTS Preface CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX CHAPTER XXXI CHAPTER XXXII CHAPTER XXXIII CHAPTER XXXIV CHAPTER XXXV CHAPTER XXXVI CHAPTER XXXVII CHAPTER XXXVIII CHAPTER XXXIX CHAPTER XL CHAPTER XLI CHAPTER XLII CHAPTER XLIII CHAPTER XLIV CHAPTER XLV CHAPTER XLVI CHAPTER XLVII CHAPTER XLVIII CHAPTER XLIX CHAPTER L CHAPTER LI CHAPTER LII CHAPTER LIII CHAPTER LIV CHAPTER LV CHAPTER LVI CHAPTER LVII CHAPTER LVIII CHAPTER LIX CHAPTER LX CHAPTER LXI CHAPTER LXII CHAPTER LXIII CHAPTER LXIV CHAPTER LXV CHAPTER LXVI CHAPTER LXVII CHAPTER LXVIII CHAPTER LXIX CHAPTER LXX CHAPTER LXXI CHAPTER LXXII CHAPTER LXXIII CHAPTER LXXIV CHAPTER LXXV CHAPTER I ELEMENTS OF EDUCATION If anybody cares to read a simple tale told simply, I, John Ridd, of the parish of Oare, in the county of Somerset, yeoman and churchwarden, have seen and had a share in some doings of this neighborhood, which I will try to set down in order, God sparing my life and memory. And they who light upon this book should bear in mind not only that I write for the clearing of our parish from ill fame and calumny, but also a thing which will, I trow, appear too often in it, to wit—that I am nothing more than a plain unlettered man, not read in foreign languages, as a gentleman might be, nor gifted with long words (even in mine own tongue), save what I may have won from the Bible or Master William Shakespeare, whom, in the face of common opinion, I do value highly. In short, I am an ignoramus, but pretty well for a yeoman.

 My father being of good substance, at least as we reckon in Exmoor, and seized in his own right, from many generations, of one, and that the best and largest, of the three farms into which our parish is divided (or rather the cultured part thereof), he John Ridd, the elder, churchwarden, and overseer, being a great admirer of learning, and well able to write his name, sent me his only son to be schooled at Tiverton, in the county of Devon. For the chief boast of that ancient town (next to its woollen staple) is a worthy grammar-school, the largest in the west of England, founded and handsomely endowed in the year 1604 by Master Peter Blundell, of that same place, clothier.

 Here, by the time I was twelve years old, I had risen into the upper school, and could make bold with Eutropius and Caesar—by aid of an English version—and as much as six lines of Ovid. Some even said that I might, before manhood, rise almost to the third form, being of a perservering nature; albeit, by full consent of all (except my mother), thick-headed. But that would have been, as I now perceive, an ambition beyond a farmer's son; for there is but one form above it, and that made of masterful scholars, entitled rightly'monitors'. So it came to pass, by the grace of God, that I was called away from learning, whilst sitting at the desk of the junior first in the upper school, and beginning the Greek verb [Greek word].

 My eldest grandson makes bold to say that I never could have learned [Greek word], ten pages further on, being all he himself could manage, with plenty of stripes to help him. I know that he hath more head than I—though never will he have such body; and am thankful to have stopped betimes, with a meek and wholesome head-piece.

 But if you doubt of my having been there, because now I know so little, go and see my name, 'John Ridd,' graven on that very form. Forsooth, from the time I was strong enough to open a knife and to spell my name, I began to grave it in the oak, first of the block whereon I sate, and then of the desk in front of it, according as I was promoted from one to other of them: and there my grandson reads it now, at this present time of writing, and hath fought a boy for scoffing at it—'John Ridd his name'—and done again in 'winkeys,' a mischievous but cheerful device, in which we took great pleasure.

 This is the manner of a 'winkey,' which I here set down, lest child of mine, or grandchild, dare to make one on my premises; if he does, I shall know the mark at once, and score it well upon him. The scholar obtains, by prayer or price, a handful of saltpetre, and then with the knife wherewith he should rather be trying to mend his pens, what does he do but scoop a hole where the desk is some three inches thick. This hole should be left with the middle exalted, and the circumfere dug more deeply. Then let him fill it with saltpetre, all save a little space in the midst, where the boss of the wood is. Upon that boss (and it will be the better if a splinter of timber rise upward) he sticks the end of his candle of tallow, or 'rat's tail,' as we called it, kindled and burning smoothly. Anon, as he reads by that light his lesson, lifting his eyes now and then it may be, the fire of candle lays hold of the petre with a spluttering noise and a leaping. Then should the pupil seize his pen, and, regardless of the nib, stir bravely, and he will see a glow as of burning mountains, and a rich smoke, and sparks going merrily; nor will it cease, if he stir wisely, and there be a good store of petre, until the wood is devoured


POEMS by T. S. ELIOT New York Alfred A. Knopf 1920 To Jean Verdenal _PHONE_ Certain of these poems first appeared in Poetry, Blast, Others, The Little Review, and Art and Letters.

CONTENTS POEMS Gerontion Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar Sweeney Erect A Cooking Egg Le Directeur Mélange adultère de tout Lune de Miel The Hippopotamus Dans le Restaurant Whispers of Immortality Mr. Eliot's Sunday Morning Service Sweeney Among the Nightingales The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Portrait of a Lady Preludes Rhapsody on a Windy Night Morning at the Window The Boston Evening Transcript Aunt Helen Cousin Nancy Mr. Apollinax Hysteria Conversation Galante La Figlia Che Piange POEMS Gerontion Burbank with a Baedeker: Bleistein with a Cigar Sweeney Erect A Cooking Egg Le Directeur Mélange adultère de tout Lune de Miel The Hippopotamus Dans le Restaurant Whispers of Immortality Mr. Eliot's Sunday Morning Service Sweeney Among the Nightingales The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Portrait of a Lady Preludes Rhapsody on a Windy Night Morning at the Window The Boston Evening Transcript Aunt Helen Cousin Nancy Mr. Apollinax Hysteria Conversation Galante La Figlia Che Piange


the hour; but we say a ship was removed from one place in a harbor to another. Move is a generic term, including the sense of remove, which is more generally applied to a change from one station or permanent position, stand, or seat, to another station.

 Re*move", n. 1. The act of removing; a removal.

 This place should be at once both school and university, not needing a remove to any other house of scholarship.

Milton.
 And drags at each remove a lengthening chain.

Goldsmith.
2. The transfer of one's business, or of one's domestic belongings, from one location or dwelling house to another; - - in the United States usually called a move.

 It is an English proverb that three removes are as bad as a fire.

J. H. Newman.
3. The state of being removed. Locke.
4. That which is removed, as a dish removed from table to make room for something else.

5. The distance or space through which anything is removed; interval; distance; stage; hence, a step or degree in any scale of gradation; specifically, a division in an English public school; as, the boy went up two removes last year.

 A freeholder is but one remove from a legislator.

Addison.
6. (Far.) The act of resetting a horse's shoe. Swift.
 Re*moved" (r?-m??vd"), a. 1. Changed in place.

2. Dismissed from office.

3. Distant in location; remote. "Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling." Shak.
4. Distant by degrees in relationship; as, a cousin once removed.

 -- Re*mov"ed*ness (r&?;-m&?;&?;v"&?;d-n&?;s), n. Shak.
 Re*mov"er (-?r), n. One who removes; as, a remover of landmarks. Bacon.
 Re*mu"a*ble (r?-m?"?-b'l), a. [F.] That may be removed; removable.
 [Obs.] Gower.
 Re*mue" (r?-m?"), v. t. [F. remuer. See Mew to molt.] To remove. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Re*mu"gi*ent (r?-m?"j?-ent), a. [L. remugiens, p. pr.
 of remugire. See Mugient.] Rebellowing. Dr. H. More.
 Re**mu"ner*a*ble (r?-m?"n?r-?-b'l), a. [See Remunerate.] Admitting, or worthy, of remuneration. -- Re*mu'ner*a*bil"i*ty (r&?;-m&?;"n&?;r- &?;-b&?;l"i-t&?;), n. Re*mu"ner*ate (-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remunerated (-?"t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Remunerating.] [L. remuneratus, p. p. of remunerare, remunerari; pref. rere- + munerare, munerari, to give, present, from munus, muneris, a gift, present. Cf. Munificent.] To pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sacrifice; to recompense; to requite; as, to remunerate men for labor.

Syn. -- To reward; recompense; compensate; satisfy; requite; repay; pay; reimburse.

 Re*mu'ner*a"tion (-?"sh?n), n. [L. remuneratio: cf. F. rémunération.]
 1. The act of remunerating.

2. That which is given to remunerate; an equivalent given, as for services, loss, or sufferings. Shak.
Syn. -- Reward; recompense; compensation; pay; payment; repayment; satisfaction; requital.

 Re*mu"ner*a*tive (r?-m?"n?r-?-t?v), a. [Cf.F. rémun&?;ratif.]
 Affording remuneration; as, a remunerative payment for services; a remunerative business. -Re*mu"ner*a*tive*ly, adv. -- Re*mu"ner*a*tive*ness, n. Re*mu"ner*a*to*ry (-t?-r?), a. [Cf. F. rémun&?;ratoire.]
 Remunerative. Johnson.
 Re*mur"mur (r?-m?r"m?r), v. t. & i. [Pref. re- + murmur: cf. F. remurmurare.] To murmur again; to utter back, or reply, in murmurs.

 The trembling trees, in every plain and wood, Her fate remurmur to the silver flood.

Pope.
 Ren (r?n), v. t. & i. See Renne. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ren, n. A run. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ren"a*ble (r?n"?-b'l), a. [OF. resnable.] Reasonable; also, loquacious. [Obs.] "Most renable of tongue." Piers Plowman.
 -- Ren"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Re*nais'sance" (F. re-n'säNs"; E. r-ns"sans), n.
 [F., fr. renaître to be born again. Cf. Renascence.] A new birth, or revival. Specifically: (a) The transitional movement in Europe, marked by the revival of classical learning and art in Italy in the 15th century, and the similar revival following in other countries. (b) The style of art which prevailed at this epoch.

 The Renaissance was rather the last stage of the Middle Ages, emerging from ecclesiastical and feudal despotism, developing what was original in mediæval ideas by the light of classic arts and letters.

J. A. Symonds (Encyc. Brit.).
 Re*nais"sant (r?-n?s"sant), a. Of or pertaining to the Renaissance.

 Re"nal (r?"nal), a. [L. renalis, fr. renes the kidneys or reins: cf. F. rénal. See Reins.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to the kidneys; in the region of the kidneys.

Renal calculus (Med.), a concretion formed in the excretory passages of the kidney. -- Renal capsules or glands, the suprarenal capsules. See under Capsule. -- Renal casts, Renal colic. (Med.) See under Cast, and Colic.

 Re"nal-por'tal (r?"nal-p?r"tal), a. (Anat.)
 Both renal and portal. See Portal.

 Re*name" (r?*n?m"), v. t. To give a new name to.

 Ren"ard (r?n"?rd), n. [F. renard the fox, the name of the fox in a celebrated epic poem, and of German origin, G. Reinhard, OHG. Reginhard, properly, strong in counsel; regin counsel (akin to Goth. ragin) + hart hard. See Hard.] A fox; -- so called in fables or familiar tales, and in poetry. [Written also reynard.]

 Ren"ard*ine (-?n), a. Of or pertaining to Renard, the fox, or the tales in which Renard is mentioned.

 Re*nas"cence (r?-n?s"sens), n. [See Renascent, and cf.
 Renaissance.] 1. The state of being renascent.

 Read the Ph&?;nix, and see how the single image of renascence is varied.

Coleridge.
2. Same as Renaissance.

 The Renascence... which in art, in literature, and in physics,


.) A kind of spider. See Hunting spider, under Hunting.

6. A hunting watch, or one of which the crystal is protected by a metallic cover.

Hunter's room, the lunation after the harvest moon. -- Hunter's screw (Mech.), a differential screw, so named from the inventor. See under Differential.

 Hun*te"ri*an (?), a. Discovered or described by John Hunter, an English surgeon; as, the Hunterian chancre. See Chancre.

 Hunt"ing (?), n. The pursuit of game or of wild animals. A. Smith.
Happy hunting grounds, the region to which, according to the belief of American Indians, the souls of warriors and hunters pass after death, to be happy in hunting and feasting. Tylor. -- Hunting box.
 Same As Hunting lodge (below). -- Hunting cat (Zoöl.), the cheetah. -- Hunting cog (Mach.), a tooth in the larger of two geared wheels which makes its number of teeth prime to the number in the smaller wheel, thus preventing the frequent meeting of the same pairs of teeth. -- Hunting dog (Zoöl.), the hyena dog.
 -- Hunting ground, a region or district abounding in game; esp. (pl.), the regions roamed over by the North American Indians in search of game.
 -- Hunting horn, a bulge; a horn used in the chase. See Horn, and Bulge. -- Hunting leopard (Zoöl.), the cheetah. -- Hunting lodge, a temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. -- Hunting seat, a hunting lodge. Gray. -- Hunting shirt, a coarse shirt for hunting, often of leather. -- Hunting spider (Zoöl.), a spider which hunts its prey, instead of catching it in a web; a wolf spider. -- Hunting watch. See Hunter, 6.

 Hunt"ress (?), n. A woman who hunts or follows the chase; as, the huntress Diana. Shak.
 Hunts"man (?), n.; pl. Huntsmen (&?;). 1.
 One who hunts, or who practices hunting.

2. The person whose office it is to manage the chase or to look after the hounds. L'Estrange.
Huntsman's cup (Bot.), the sidesaddle flower, or common American pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea).

 Hunts"man*ship (?), n. The art or practice of hunting, or the qualification of a hunter. Donne.
 Hunt's"-up' (?), n. A tune played on the horn very early in the morning to call out the hunters; hence, any arousing sound or call. [Obs.]
 Shak.
 Time plays the hunt's-up to thy sleepy head.

Drayton.
 Hur"den (?), n. [From Hurds.] A coarse kind of linen; -- called also harden. [Prov. Eng.]

 Hur"dle (?), n. [OE. hurdel, hirdel, AS. hyrdel; akin to D. horde, OHG. hurt, G. hürde a hurdle, fold, pen, Icel. hur&?; door, Goth. haúrds, L. cratis wickerwork, hurdle, Gr. &?;, Skr. k&?;t to spin, c&?;t to bind, connect. √16. Cf. Crate, Grate, n.] 1. A movable frame of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, or sometimes of iron, used for inclosing land, for folding sheep and cattle, for gates, etc.; also, in fortification, used as revetments, and for other purposes.

2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execution. Bacon.
3. An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which men or horses leap in a race.

Hurdle race, a race in which artificial barriers in the form of hurdles, fences, etc., must be leaped.

 Hur"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurdleed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hurdleing (?).] To hedge, cover, make, or inclose with hurdles. Milton.
 Hur"dle*work' (?), n. Work after manner of a hurdle.

 Hurds (?), n. [See Hards.] The coarse part of flax or hemp; hards.

 Hur"dy-gur'dy (?), n. [Prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A stringled instrument, lutelike in shape, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned by a crank at the end, instead of by a bow, two of the strings being tuned as drones, while two or more, tuned in unison, are modulated by keys.

2. In California, a water wheel with radial buckets, driven by the impact of a jet.

 Hur*ka"ru (?), n. [Hind. harkra] In India, a running footman; a messenger. [Written also hurkaroo.]

 Hurl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Hurling.] [OE. hurlen, hourlen; prob.
 contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle, or probably akin to E. whirl.
 √16. See Hurtle.] 1. To send whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw with violence; to drive with great force; as, to hurl a stone or lance.

 And hurl'd them headlong to their fleet and main.

Pope.
2. To emit or utter with vehemence or impetuosity; as, to hurl charges or invective. Spenser.
3. [Cf. Whirl.] To twist or turn. "Hurled or crooked feet."
 [Obs.] Fuller.
 Hurl, v. i. 1. To hurl one's self; to go quickly. [R.]

2. To perform the act of hurling something; to throw something (at another).

 God shall hurl at him and not spare.

Job xxvii. 22 (Rev. Ver. ).
3. To play the game of hurling. See Hurling.

 Hurl, n. 1. The act of hurling or throwing with violence; a cast; a fling. Congreve.
2. Tumult; riot; hurly-burly. [Obs.] Knolles.
3. (Hat Manuf.) A table on which fiber is stirred and mixed by beating with a bowspring.

 Hurl"bat' (?), n. See Whirlbat. [Obs.] Holland.
 Hurl"bone' (?), n. 1. See Whirlbone.

2. (Far.) A bone near the middle of the buttock of a horse.
 Crabb.
 Hurl"er (?), n. One who hurls, or plays at hurling.

 Hurl"ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force.

2. A kind of game at ball, formerly played.

Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing the ball.

Carew.
 Hurl"wind' (?), n. A whirlwind. [Obs.] Sandys.
 Hur"ly (?), n. [Cf. F. hurler to howl.] Noise; confusion; uproar.

 That, with the hurly, death itself awakes.

Shak.
 Hur"ly-bur'ly (?), n. [Reduplicated fr. OE. hurly confusion: cf. F. hurler to howl, yell, L. ululare; or cf. E. hurry.]
 Tumult; bustle; confusion. Shak.
 All places were filled with tumult and hurlyburly.

Knolles.
 Hu*ro"ni*an (?), a. [Named from Lake Huron.] (Geol.)
 Of or pertaining to certain nonfossiliferous rocks on the borders of Lake Huron, which are supposed to correspond in time to the latter part of the Archæan


adverted to what was said.

 I may again advert to the distinction. Owen.
Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer.

 { Ad*vert"ence (&?;), Ad*vert"en*cy (&?;), } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness.

 To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation. J. S. Mill.
 Ad*vert"ent (&?;), a. [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. -- Ad*vert"ent*ly, adv.
 Ad'ver*tise" (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising (&?;).] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement.
 See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; -- often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num.
 xxiv. 14.
4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting.

Syn. -- To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish.

 Ad*ver"tise*ment (d*vr"tz*ment or d'vr*tz"ment; 277), n. [F. avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet.
2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.]

 Therefore give me no counsel: My griefs cry louder than advertisement.
Shak.
3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisements.

 Ad'ver*tis"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, advertises.

 Ad*vice" (&?;), n. [OE. avis, F. avis; &?; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel.

 We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin.
2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.]

 How shall I dote on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her? Shak.
3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; -- commonly in the plural.

 In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; -- used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath.
4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act.
 Wharton.
Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. -- To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others.

Syn. -- Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice.

 Ad*vis'a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness.

 Ad*vis"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent.

 Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day. South.
2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South.
Syn. -- Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.

 Ad*vis"a*ble-ness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability.

 Ad*vis"a*bly, adv. With advice; wisely.

 Ad*vise" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advising (&?;).] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. "I shall no more advise thee." Milton.
2. To give information or notice to; to inform; -- with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk.

To advise one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.]

 Bid thy master well advise himself. Shak.
Syn. -- To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.

 Ad*vise", v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.]

Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton.
2. To take counsel; to consult; -- followed by with; as, to advise with friends.

 Ad*vis"ed*ly (&?;), adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak.
2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. "Advisedly undertaken." Suckling.
 Ad*vis"ed*ness n. Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution.

 Ad*vise"ment (d*vz"ment), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advice; information. [Archaic] And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep. Daniel.
2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation.

 Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser.
 Ad*vis"er (&?;), n. One who advises.

 Ad*vis"er*ship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.]

 Ad*vi"so (&?;), n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Ad*vi"so*ry (&?;), a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory.

 The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull.
 Ad"vo*ca*cy (&?;), n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia.
 See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession.

 Ad"vo*cate (&?;), n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who


hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other.
 -- Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. -- Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. -- Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. -- Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

 Con'ju*gate (?), n. [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification.

 We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. Abp. Bramhall.
2. (Chem.) A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

 Con"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.
2. (Gram.) To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

 Con"ju*gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

 Con'ju*ga"tion (?), n. [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage.
 [Obs.]

 Mixtures and conjugations of atoms. Bentley.
2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.]

 The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves. Sir T. Browne.
3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner.

4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union; -- applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

 Con'ju*ga"tion*al (?), a. relating to conjugation. Ellis.
 Con*ju"gi*al (?), a. [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium.
 Cf. Conjugal.] Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.
 ||Con*ju"gi*um (?), n. [L.] (Rom. Law) The marriage tie.

 Con*junct" (?), a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See Conjoin.] 1.
 United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic] 2. (Her.) Same as Conjoined.

 Con*junc"tion (?), n. [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction.
 See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league.

 He will unite the white rose and the red: Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction. Shak.
 Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others. South.
2. (Astron.) The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6.

 Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth.

3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if.

 Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive. Harris.
 Con*junc"tion*al (?), a. Relating to a conjunction.

 ||Con'junc*ti"va (?), n. [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

 Con'junc*ti"val (?), a. 1. Joining; connecting.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

 Con*junc"tive (?), a. [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together.

2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak.
Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. -- Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; -- called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

 Con*junc"tive*ly, adv. In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.
 Con*junc"tive*ness, n. The state or quality of being conjunctive.
 Johnson.
 Con*junc'ti*vi"tis (? or &?;), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

 Con*junct"ly (?), adv. In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.
 Con*junc"ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.]
 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination.

 The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity. Hobbes.
 A fit conjuncture or circumstances. Addison.
2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions.

 He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity. Macaulay.
 Con'ju*ra"tion (?), n. [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.]
 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration.

 We charge you, in the name of God, take heed;... Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shak.
2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment.

 Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event. Hallam.
3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] "The conjuration of Catiline." Sir T. Elyot.
 Con"ju*ra'tor (?), n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.
 Con*jure" (kn*jr"), v. t


IAM DEAN HOWELLS With an Introduction by Mildred Howells Chapter I II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV.
 MY YEAR IN A LOG CABIN BY W. D. HOWELLS A BIT OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATED I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII.

 THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM by William Dean Howells CONTENTS CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII ITALIAN JOURNEYS By W.D. Howells 1867 and 1895 CONTENTS THE ROAD TO ROME FROM VENICE.
 I.—LEAVING VENICE.
 II.—FROM PADUA TO FERRARA.
 III.—THE PICTURESQUE, THE IMPROBABLE, AND THE PATHETIC IN FERRARA.
 I. II.
 III.
 IV.
 V. VI.
 VII.
 IV.—THROUGH BOLOGNA TO GENOA.
 V.—UP AND DOWN GENOA.
 VI.—BY SEA FROM GENOA TO NAPLES.
 VII.—CERTAIN THINGS IN NAPLES.
 VIII.—A DAY IN POMPEII.
 IX.—A HALF-HOUR AT HERCULANEUM.
 X.—CAPRI AND CAPRIOTES.
 XI.—THE PROTESTANT RAGGED SCHOOLS AT NAPLES.
 XII.—BETWEEN ROME AND NAPLES.
 XIII.—ROMAN PEARLS.
 FORZA MAGGIORE.
 AT PADUA A PILGRIMAGE TO PETRARCH'S HOUSE AT ARQUÀ.
 A VISIT TO THE CIMBRI.
MINOR TRAVELS.
 I.—PISA.
 II.—THE FERRARA ROAD.
 III.—TRIESTE.
 IV.—BASSANO.
 V.—POSSAGNO, CANOVA'S BIRTHPLACE.
 VI.—COMO.
 STOPPING AT VICENZA, VERONA, AND PARMA.
 DUCAL MANTUA.


legacies.

3. (Chem.) That which remains of a molecule after the removal of a portion of its constituents; hence, an atom or group regarded as a portion of a molecule; -- used as nearly equivalent to radical, but in a more general sense.

 The term radical is sometimes restricted to groups containing carbon, the term residue being applied to the others.

4. (Theory of Numbers) Any positive or negative number that differs from a given number by a multiple of a given modulus; thus, if 7 is the modulus, and 9 the given number, the numbers -5, 2, 16, 23, etc., are residues.

Syn. -- Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum; remains; leavings; relics.

 Re*sid"u*ous (r?-z?d"?-?s), a. [L. residuus.] Remaining; residual. Landor.
 Re*sid"u*um (-?m), n. [L. See Residue.] That which is left after any process of separation or purification; that which remains after certain specified deductions are made; residue.

 "I think so," is the whole residuum... after evaporating the prodigious pretensions of the zealot demagogue.

L. Taylor.
 Re*siege" (r?-s?j"), v. t. [Pref. re- + siege a seat.] To seat again; to reinstate. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Re-sign" (r?-s?n"), v. t. [Pref. re- + sign.] To affix one's signature to, a second time; to sign again.

 Re*sign" (r?-z?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resigned (-z?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resigning.] [F. résigner, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. rere- + signare to seal, stamp. See Sign, and cf. Resignation.]

1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively.

 I here resign my government to thee.

Shak.
 Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost.

Milton.
 What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God?

Tiilotson.
2. To relinquish; to abandon.

 He soon resigned his former suit.

Spenser.
3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.]

 Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors.

Evelyn.
Syn. -- To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. -- Resign, Relinquish. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. "Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it." Steele.
 See Abdicate.

 Re sign", n. Resignation. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Res'ig*na"tion (r?z'?g-n?"sh?n), n. [F. résignation.
 See Resign.] 1. The act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession, office, or the like; surrender; as, the resignation of a crown or comission.

2. The state of being resigned or submissive; quiet or patient submission; unresisting acquiescence; as, resignation to the will and providence of God.

Syn. -- Patience; surrender; relinquisment; forsaking; abandonment; abdication; renunciation; submission; acquiescence; endurance. See Patience.

 Re*signed" (r?-z?nd"), a. Submissive; yielding; not disposed to resist or murmur.

 A firm, yet cautious mind; Sincere, thought prudent; constant, yet resigned.

Pope.
 Re*sign"ed*ly (r?-z?n"?d-l?), adv. With submission.

 Res'ign*ee" (r?z'?-n?"), n. One to whom anything is resigned, or in whose favor a resignation is made.

 Re*sign"er (r?-z?n"?r), n. One who resigns.

 Re*sign"ment (-ment), n. The act of resigning.

 Re*sile" (r?-z?l"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resiled (-z?ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resiling.] [L. resilire to leap or spring back; pref. rere- + salire to leap, spring.
 See Salient.] To start back; to recoil; to recede from a purpose. J. Ellis.
 { Re*sil"i*ence (r?-z?l"?-ens), Re*sil"i*en*cy (-en-s?), } n. 1. The act of resiling, springing back, or rebounding; as, the resilience of a ball or of sound.

2. (Mech. & Engyn.) The mechanical work required to strain an elastic body, as a deflected beam, stretched spring, etc., to the elastic limit; also, the work performed by the body in recovering from such strain.

 Re*sil"i*ent (-ent), a. [L. resiliens, p. pr.]
 Leaping back; rebounding; recoiling.

 Res'i*li"tion (r?z'?-l?sh"?n), n. Resilience. [R.]

 Res"in (r?z"?n), n. [F. résine, L. resina; cf.
 Gr. "rhti'nh Cf. Rosin.] Any one of a class of yellowish brown solid inflammable substances, of vegetable origin, which are nonconductors of electricity, have a vitreous fracture, and are soluble in ether, alcohol, and essential oils, but not in water; specif., pine resin (see Rosin).

Resins exude from trees in combination with essential oils, gums, etc., and in a liquid or semiliquid state. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are supposed to be formed by the oxidation of the essential oils. Copal, mastic, guaiacum, and colophony or pine resin, are some of them. When mixed with gum, they form the gum resins, like asafetida and gamboge; mixed with essential oils, they form balsams, or oleoresins.

Highgate resin (Min.), a fossil resin resembling copal, occuring in blue clay at Highgate, near London. -- Resin bush (Bot.), a low composite shrub (Euryops speciosissimus) of South Africa, having smooth pinnately parted leaves and abounding in resin.

 Res'in*a"ceous (-?"sh?s), a. Having the quality of resin; resinous.

 Res"in*ate (r?z"?n-?t), n. (Chem.) Any one of the salts the resinic acids.


MISS CIVILIZATION A Comedy In One Act By Richard Harding Davis "Miss Civilization" is founded on a story by the late James Harvey Smith.
 All professional rights in this play belong to Richard Harding Davis.
 Amateurs who desire to produce "Miss Civilization" may do so, providing they apply for permission to the editor of Collier's Weekly, in which publication this play was first printed.

 PEOPLE IN THE PLAY ALICE GARDNER: Daughter of James K. Gardner, President of the L.I. & W. Railroad "UNCLE" JOSEPH HATCH: Alias "Gentleman Joe" "BRICK" MEAKIN: Alias "Reddy, the Kid" HARRY HAYES: Alias "Grand Stand" Harry CAPTAIN LUCAS: Chief of Police Policemen, Brakemen, Engineers Scene—The dining room in the country house of James K. Gardner on Long Island. In the back wall is a double doorway opening into a hall. A curtain divided in the middle hangs across the entrance. On the wall on either side of the doorway are two electric lights, and to the left is a telephone. Further to the left is a sideboard. On it are set silver salvers, candlesticks, and Christmas presents of silver. They still are in the red flannel bags in which they arrived. In the left wall is a recessed window hung with curtains. Against the right wall is a buffet on which is set a tea-caddy, toast-rack, and tea kettle. Below the buffet a door opens into the butler's pantry. A dinner table stands well down the stage with a chair at each end and on either side. Two chairs are set against the back wall to the right of the door. The walls and windows are decorated with holly and mistletoe and Christmas wreaths tied with bows of scarlet ribbon. When the window is opened there is a view of falling snow. At first the room is in complete darkness.

 The time is the day after Christmas, near midnight.

 After the curtain rises, one hears the noise of a file scraping on iron.
 It comes apparently from outside the house at a point distant from the dining room. The filing is repeated cautiously, with a wait between each stroke, as though the person using the file had paused to listen.

 Alice Gardner enters at centre, carrying a lighted candle in a silver candlestick. She wears a dressing gown, with swan's down around her throat and at the edges of her sleeves. Her feet are in bedroom slippers topped with fur. Her hair hangs down in a braid. After listening intently to the sound of the file, she places candle on sideboard and goes to telephone.
 She speaks in a whisper.


p. Delignated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Delignating.] [Pref. de- + L. lignum wood.] 1. To clear or strip of wood (by cutting down trees). [R.]
 Fuller.
2. To strip or remove the wood from; as, to delignate ramie, in the preparation of ribbons of the fiber for further working.

 Del*sarte" (?), n., or Delsarte system. A system of calisthenics patterned on the theories of François Delsarte (1811 -- 71), a French teacher of dramatic and musical expression.

 Del"ta, n. 1. The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet ( δ), answering to D. Hence, an object having the shape of the capital .

2. (Elec.) The closed figure produced by connecting three coils or circuits successively, end for end, esp. in a three-phase system; -- often used attributively, as delta winding, delta connection (which see), etc.

 Delta connection. (Elec.) One of the usual forms or methods for connecting apparatus to a three-phase circuit, the three corners of the delta or triangle, as diagrammatically represented, being connected to the three wires of the supply circuit.

 Delta current. (Elec.) The current flowing through a delta connection.

 De*mit" (?), v. i. [F. démettre to remove, se démettre to resign; dé- (L. dis-) + mettre to put, fr.
 L. mittere to send. Cf. Dismiss.] To lay down or relinquish an office, membership, authority, or the like; to resign, as from a Masonic lodge; -- generally used with an implication that the act is voluntary.

 De*mit", n. The act of demitting; also, a letter, certificate, or the like, certifying that a person has (honorably) demitted, as from a Masonic lodge.

 ||De*mi"-tasse" (?), n. [F., half cup.] A small cup for, or of, black coffee.

 Dem"o*crat, n. A large light uncovered wagon with two or more seats. [U. S.]

 De*mote" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demoted (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Demoting (?).] [Pref. de- + mote, as in promote; cf. L. demovere to remove.] To reduce to a lower grade, as in school.

 De*mot"ics (?), n. The department of knowledge relative to the care and culture of the people; sociology in its broadest sense; -- in library cataloguing.

 De*mount"a*ble (?), [See De-; Mount.] Capable of being dismounted; -- said of a form of rim, for an automobile wheel, which can be removed with its tire from the wheel.

 De*na"ture (?), v. t. [De- + nature.] To deprive of its natural qualities; change the nature of.

 De*part"ment store. A store keeping a great variety of goods which are arranged in several departments, esp. one with dry goods as the principal stock.

 De*phase" (?), v. t. (Elec.) To put out of phase, as two parts of a single alternating current.

 Depth, n. (Aëronautics) The perpendicular distance from the chord to the farthest point of an arched surface.

 De*queen" (?), v. t. (Apiculture) To remove the queen from (a hive of bees).

 De*re"cho (?), n. [Sp. derecho straight.] A straight wind without apparent cyclonic tendency, usually accompanied with rain and often destructive, common in the prairie regions of the United States.

 ||De ri'gueur" (?). [F. See 2d Rigor.] According to strictness (of etiquette, rule, or the like); obligatory; strictly required.

 Der'iva"tion, n. The formation of a word from its more original or radical elements; also, a statement of the origin and history of a word.

 Der"rick, n. (Mining) The pyramidal structure or tower over a deep drill hole, such as that of an oil well.

 Der"vish, n. One of the fanatical followers of the Mahdi, in the Sudan.

 Des"ic*ca'tor (?), n. One that desiccates; specif.: (a) (Chem., etc.) A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover, and containing some desiccating agent, as calcium chloride, above which is placed the material to be dried or preserved from moisture. (b) A machine or apparatus for drying fruit, milk, etc., usually by the aid of heat; an evaporator.

 De*stroy"er, n. = Torpedo-boat destroyer.

 De*struct"or, n. A furnace or oven for the burning or carbonizing of refuse; specif. (Sewage Disposal), a furnace (called in full refuse destructor) in which the more solid constituents of sewage are burnt.
 Destructors are often so constructed as to utilize refuse as fuel.

 De*tail", n. (Arch. & Mach.) (a) A minor part, as, in a building, the cornice, caps of the buttresses, capitals of the columns, etc., or (called larger details) a porch, a gable with its windows, a pavilion, or an attached tower. (b) A detail drawing.

In detail, in subdivisions; part by part; item by item; circumstantially; with particularity.

 De*tect"or, n. Specifically: (a) An indicator showing the depth of the water in a boiler. (b) (Elec.) A galvanometer, usually portable, for indicating the direction of a current. (c) (Elec.)
 Any of various devices for detecting the presence of electric waves.

 De*tect"or bar. (Railroads) A bar, connected with a switch, longer than the distance between any two consecutive wheels of a train (45 to 50 feet), laid inside a rail and operated by the wheels so that the switch cannot be thrown until all the train is past the switch.

 Det"o*na'tor (?), n. One that detonates; specif.: (a) An explosive whose action is practically instantaneous. (b) Something used to detonate a charge, as a detonating fuse. (c) A case containing detonating powder, the explosion of which serves as a signal, as on railroads. (d) A gun fired by a percussion cap. [Obs.]

 De*vel"op*er, n. One that develops; specif.: (a) (Photog.)
 A chemical bath or reagent used in developing photographs. (b) (Dyeing) A reagent used to produce an ingrain color by its action upon some substance on the fiber.

 Dew"ar ves'sel (d"r). [After Sir James Dewar, British physicist.] A double-walled glass vessel for holding liquid air, etc., having the space between the walls exhausted so as to prevent conduction of heat, and sometimes having the glass silvered to prevent absorption of radiant heat; -- called also, according to the particular shape, Dewar bulb, Dewar tube, etc.

 Dex"ter, n. [Prob. so named after the original breeder.] One of a breed of small hardy cattle originating from the Kerry breed of Ireland, valuable both for beef and milk. They are usually chiefly black, sometimes red, and somewhat resemble a small shorthorn in build. Called also Dexter Kerry.

 Di*ab"o*lo (d*b"*l), n. An old game or sport (revived under this name) consisting in whirling on a


maintain the point of view that the marble slab is a "Euclidean continuum." This can be done in a satisfactory manner by making a more subtle stipulation about the measurement or the comparison of lengths.
But if rods of every kind (i.e. of every material) were to behave in the same way as regards the influence of temperature when they are on the variably heated marble slab, and if we had no other means of detecting the effect of temperature than the geometrical behaviour of our rods in experiments analogous to the one described above, then our best plan would be to assign the distance one to two points on the slab, provided that the ends of one of our rods could be made to coincide with these two points; for how else should we define the distance without our proceeding being in the highest measure grossly arbitrary? The method of Cartesian coordinates must then be discarded, and replaced by another which does not assume the validity of Euclidean geometry for rigid bodies.1 The reader will notice that the situation depicted here corresponds to the one brought about by the general postulate of relativity (Section XXIII).
1 Mathematicians have been confronted with our problem in the following form. If we are given a surface (e.g. an ellipsoid) in Euclidean three-dimensional space, then there exists for this surface a two-dimensional geometry, just as much as for a plane surface. Gauss undertook the task of treating this two-dimensional geometry from first principles, without making use of the fact that the surface belongs to a Euclidean continuum of three dimensions.
If we imagine constructions to be made with rigid rods in the surface (similar to that above with the marble slab), we should find that different laws hold for these from those resulting on the basis of Euclidean plane geometry. The surface is not a Euclidean continuum with respect to the rods, and we cannot define Cartesian co-ordinates in the surface. Gauss indicated the principles according to which we can treat the geometrical relationships in the surface, and thus pointed out the way to the method of Riemann of treating multi-dimensional, non-Euclidean continuum. Thus it is that mathematicians long ago solved the formal problems to which we are led by the general postulate of relativity. ↑ [Contents] XXV Gaussian Co-Ordinates Fig. 4.Fig. 4.
According to Gauss, this combined analytical and geometrical mode of handling the problem can be arrived at in the following way. We imagine a system of arbitrary curves (see Fig. 4) drawn on the surface of the table. These we designate as u-curves, and we indicate each of them by means of a number. The curves, and are drawn in the diagram. Between the curves and we must imagine an infinitely large number to be drawn, all of which correspond to real numbers lying between 1 and 2. We have then a system of u-curves, and this "infinitely dense" system covers the whole surface of the table.
These u-curves must not intersect each other, and through each point of the surface one and only one curve must pass. Thus a perfectly definite value of u belongs to every point on the surface of the marble slab. In like manner we imagine a system of v-curves drawn on the surface. These satisfy the same conditions as the u-curves, they are provided with numbers in a corresponding manner, and they may likewise be of arbitrary shape. It follows that a value of u and a value of v belong to every point on the surface of the table. We call these two numbers the co-ordinates of the surface of the table (Gaussian co-ordinates). For example, the point P in the diagram has the Gaussian co-ordinates,. Two neighbouring points P and on the surface then correspond to the co-ordinates where du and dv signify very small numbers. In a similar manner we may indicate the distance (line-interval) between P and P′, as measured with a little rod, by means of the very small number ds. Then according to Gauss we have where, are magnitudes which depend in a perfectly definite way on u and v. The magnitudes, and, determine the behaviour of the rods relative to the u-curves and v-curves, and thus also relative to the surface of the table. For the case in which the points of the surface considered form a Euclidean continuum with reference to the measuring-rods, but only in this case, it is possible to draw the u-curves and v-curves and to attach numbers to them, in such a manner, that we simply have: Under these conditions, the u-curves and v-curves are straight lines in the sense of Euclidean geometry, and they are perpendicular to each other. Here the Gaussian coordinates are simply Cartesian ones. It is clear that Gauss co-ordinates are nothing more than an association of two sets of numbers with the points of the surface considered, of such a nature that numerical values differing very slightly from each other are associated with neighbouring points "in space." So far, these considerations hold for a continuum of two dimensions. But the Gaussian method can be applied also to a continuum of three, four or more dimensions. If, for instance, a continuum of four dimensions be supposed available, we may represent it in the following way. With every point of the continuum, we associate arbitrarily four numbers,, which are known as "co-ordinates." Adjacent points correspond to adjacent values of the coordinates. If a distance ds is associated with the adjacent points P and, this distance being measurable and well-defined from a physical point of view, then the following formula holds: where the magnitudes, etc., have values which vary with the position in the continuum. Only when the continuum is a Euclidean one is it possible to associate the co-ordinates. with the points of the continuum so that we have simply In this case relations hold in the four-dimensional continuum which are analogous to those holding in our three-dimensional measurements.
However, the Gauss treatment for which we have given above is not always possible. It is only possible when sufficiently small regions of the continuum under consideration may be regarded as Euclidean continua.
For example, this obviously holds in the case of the marble slab of the table and local variation of temperature. The temperature is practically constant for a small part of the slab, and thus the geometrical behaviour of the rods is almost as it ought to be according to the rules of Euclidean geometry. Hence the imperfections of the construction of squares in the previous section do not show themselves clearly until this construction is extended over a considerable portion of the surface of the table.
We can sum this up as follows: Gauss invented a method for the mathematical treatment of continua in general, in which "size-relations" ("distances" between neighbouring points) are defined. To every point of a continuum are assigned as many numbers (Gaussian coordinates) as the continuum has dimensions. This is done in such a way, that only one meaning can be attached to the assignment, and that numbers (Gaussian coordinates) which differ by an indefinitely small amount are assigned to adjacent points. The Gaussian coordinate system is a logical generalisation of the Cartesian co-ordinate system. It is also applicable to non-Euclidean continua, but only when, with respect to the defined "size" or "distance," small parts of the continuum under consideration behave more nearly like a Euclidean system, the smaller the part of the continuum under our notice.
[Contents] XXVI The Space-Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum We are now in a position to formulate more exactly the idea of Minkowski, which was only vaguely indicated in Section XVII. In accordance with the special theory of relativity, certain co-ordinate systems are given preference for the description of the four-dimensional, space-time continuum.
We called these "Galileian co-ordinate systems." For these systems, the four co-ordinates , which determine an event or—in other words, a point of the four-dimensional continuum—are defined physically in a simple manner, as set forth in detail in the first part of this book. For the transition from one Galileian system to another, which is moving uniformly with reference to the first, the equations of the Lorentz transformation are valid. These last form the basis for the derivation of deductions from the special theory of relativity, and in themselves they are nothing more than the expression of the universal validity of the law of transmission of light for all Galileian systems of reference.
Minkowski found that the Lorentz transformations satisfy the following simple conditions.
Let us consider two neighbouring events, the relative position of which in the four-dimensional continuum is given with respect to a Galileian reference-body K by the space co-ordinate differences and the time-difference dt. With reference to a second Galileian system we


See Pit of the stomach (below). (c) The indentation or mark left by a pustule, as in smallpox.

5. Formerly, that part of a theater, on the floor of the house, below the level of the stage and behind the orchestra; now, in England, commonly the part behind the stalls; in the United States, the parquet; also, the occupants of such a part of a theater.

6. An inclosed area into which gamecocks, dogs, and other animals are brought to fight, or where dogs are trained to kill rats. "As fiercely as two gamecocks in the pit." Locke.
7. [Cf. D. pit, akin to E. pith.] (Bot.) (a) The endocarp of a drupe, and its contained seed or seeds; a stone; as, a peach pit; a cherry pit, etc. (b) A depression or thin spot in the wall of a duct.

Cold pit (Hort.), an excavation in the earth, lined with masonry or boards, and covered with glass, but not artificially heated, -- used in winter for the storing and protection of half-hardly plants, and sometimes in the spring as a forcing bed. -- Pit coal, coal dug from the earth; mineral coal. -- Pit frame, the framework over the shaft of a coal mine. -- Pit head, the surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit or mine. -- Pit kiln, an oven for coking coal. -- Pit martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pit of the stomach (Anat.), the depression on the middle line of the epigastric region of the abdomen at the lower end of the sternum; the infrasternal depression. -- Pit saw (Mech.), a saw worked by two men, one of whom stands on the log and the other beneath it. The place of the latter is often in a pit, whence the name. -- Pit viper (Zoöl.), any viperine snake having a deep pit on each side of the snout. The rattlesnake and copperhead are examples. - - Working pit (Min.), a shaft in which the ore is hoisted and the workmen carried; -- in distinction from a shaft used for the pumps.

 Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitted (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Pitting.] 1. To place or put into a pit or hole.

 They lived like beasts, and were pitted like beasts, tumbled into the grave.

T. Grander.
2. To mark with little hollows, as by various pustules; as, a face pitted by smallpox.

3. To introduce as an antagonist; to set forward for or in a contest; as, to pit one dog against another.

 ||Pi"ta (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A fiber obtained from the Agave Americana and other related species, -- used for making cordage and paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread. (b) The plant which yields the fiber.

 Pit'a*ha"ya (?), n. [Sp., prob. from the native name.] (Bot.)
 A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit.

 Pit"a*pat' (?), adv. [An onomatopoetic reduplication of pat a light, quick blow.] In a flutter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. Lowell. "The fox's heart went pitapat." L'Estrange.
 Pit"a*pat', n. A light, repeated sound; a pattering, as of the rain. "The pitapat of a pretty foot." Dryden.
 Pitch (?), n. [OE. pich, AS. pic, L. pix; akin to Gr. &?;.] 1. A thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. It is used in calking the seams of ships; also in coating rope, canvas, wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them.

 He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith.

Ecclus. xiii. 1.
2. (Geol.) See Pitchstone.

Amboyna pitch, the resin of Dammara australis. See Kauri. -- Burgundy pitch. See under Burgundy. -- Canada pitch, the resinous exudation of the hemlock tree (Abies Canadensis); hemlock gum. -- Jew's pitch, bitumen. -- Mineral pitch. See Bitumen and Asphalt. -- Pitch coal (Min.), bituminous coal. -- Pitch peat (Min.), a black homogeneous peat, with a waxy luster. -- Pitch pine (Bot.), any one of several species of pine, yielding pitch, esp. the Pinus rigida of North America.

 Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pitching.] [See Pitch, n.] 1. To cover over or smear with pitch. Gen. vi. 14.
2. Fig.: To darken; to blacken; to obscure.

 The welkin pitched with sullen could.

Addison.
 Pitch (?), v. t. [OE. picchen; akin to E. pick, pike.]
 1. To throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose; to cast; to hurl; to toss; as, to pitch quoits; to pitch hay; to pitch a ball.

2. To thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles; to establish; to arrange; as, to pitch a tent; to pitch a camp.

3. To set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. Knight.
4. To fix or set the tone of; as, to pitch a tune.

5. To set or fix, as a price or value. [Obs.] Shak.
Pitched battle, a general battle; a battle in which the hostile forces have fixed positions; -- in distinction from a skirmish. -- To pitch into, to attack; to assault; to abuse. [Slang] Pitch, v. i. 1. To fix or place a tent or temporary habitation; to encamp. "Laban with his brethren pitched in the Mount of Gilead." Gen. xxxi. 25.
2. To light; to settle; to come to rest from flight.

 The tree whereon they [the bees] pitch.

Mortimer.
3. To fix one's choise; -- with on or upon.

Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render it the more easy.

Tillotson.
4. To plunge or fall; esp., to fall forward; to decline or slope; as, to pitch from a precipice; the vessel pitches in a heavy sea; the field pitches toward the east.

Pitch and pay, an old aphorism which inculcates ready-money payment, or payment on delivery of goods. Shak.
 Pitch, n. 1. A throw; a toss; a cast, as of something from the hand; as, a good pitch in quoits.

Pitch and toss, a game played by tossing up a coin, and calling "Heads or tails;" hence: To play pitch and toss with (anything), to be careless or trust to luck about it. "To play pitch and toss with the property of the country." G. Eliot. -- Pitch farthing.
 See Chuck farthing, under 5th Chuck.

2. (Cricket) That point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled.

3. A point or peak; the extreme point or degree of elevation or depression; hence, a limit or bound.

 Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down Into this deep.

Milton.
 Enterprises of great pitch and moment.

Shak.
 To lowest pitch of abject fortune.


the lines of a survey on paper in the field.
 -- Plane trigonometry, the branch of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to plane triangles.

 Plane, n. [F. plane, L. plana. See Plane, v.
 & a.] 1. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, in which, if any two points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies wholly in that surface; or a surface, any section of which by a like surface is a straight line; a surface without curvature.

2. (Astron.) An ideal surface, conceived as coinciding with, or containing, some designated astronomical line, circle, or other curve; as, the plane of an orbit; the plane of the ecliptic, or of the equator.

3. (Mech.) A block or plate having a perfectly flat surface, used as a standard of flatness; a surface plate.

4. (Joinery) A tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of wood, for forming moldings, etc. It consists of a smooth-soled stock, usually of wood, from the under side or face of which projects slightly the steel cutting edge of a chisel, called the iron, which inclines backward, with an apperture in front for the escape of shavings; as, the jack plane; the smoothing plane; the molding plane, etc.

Objective plane (Surv.), the horizontal plane upon which the object which is to be delineated, or whose place is to be determined, is supposed to stand. -- Perspective plane. See Perspective. -- Plane at infinity (Geom.), a plane in which points infinitely distant are conceived as situated. -- Plane iron, the cutting chisel of a joiner's plane. -- Plane of polarization. (Opt.) See Polarization. -- Plane of projection. (a) The plane on which the projection is made, corresponding to the perspective plane in perspective; -- called also principal plane. (b) (Descriptive Geom.) One of the planes to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position in space. -- Plane of refraction or reflection (Opt.), the plane in which lie both the incident ray and the refracted or reflected ray.

 Plane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Planing.] [Cf. F. planer, L. planare, fr. planus.
 See Plane, a., Plain, a., and cf. Planish.] 1. To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as, to plane a plank.

2. To efface or remove.

 He planed away the names... written on his tables.

Chaucer.
3. Figuratively, to make plain or smooth. [R.]

 What student came but that you planed her path.

Tennyson.
 Plane'-par"al*lel (?), a. (Optics) Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass.

 Plan"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, planes; a planing machine; esp., a machine for planing wood or metals.

2. (Print.) A wooden block used for forcing down the type in a form, and making the surface even. Hansard.
Planer centers. See under Center.

 Plan"er tree' (?). [From J. S. Planer, a German botanist.] (Bot.)
 A small-leaved North American tree (Planera aquatica) related to the elm, but having a wingless, nutlike fruit.

 Plan"et (?), n. [OE. planete, F. planète, L. planeta, fr. Gr. &?;, and &?; a planet; prop. wandering, fr. &?; to wander, fr. &?; a wandering.] 1. (Astron.)
 A celestial body which revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity. It is distinguished from a comet by the absence of a coma, and by having a less eccentric orbit. See Solar system.

 The term planet was first used to distinguish those stars which have an apparent motion through the constellations from the fixed stars, which retain their relative places unchanged. The inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, which are nearer to the sun than is the earth; the superior planets are Mars, the asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are farther from the sun than is the earth. Primary planets are those which revolve about the sun; secondary planets, or moons, are those which revolve around the primary planets as satellites, and at the same time revolve with them about the sun.

2. A star, as influencing the fate of a men.

 There's some ill planet reigns.

Shak.
Planet gear. (Mach.) See Epicyclic train, under Epicyclic. -- Planet wheel, a gear wheel which revolves around the wheel with which it meshes, in an epicyclic train.

 Plane" ta'ble (?). See under Plane, a. Plan'e*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. planétaire. See Planetary.] An orrery. See Orrery.

 Plan"et*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. L. planetarius an astrologer, F. planétaire planetary. See Planet.] 1. Of or pertaining to the planets; as, planetary inhabitants; planetary motions; planetary year.

2. Consisting of planets; as, a planetary system.

3. (Astrol.) Under the dominion or influence of a planet.
 "Skilled in the planetary hours." Drayton.
4. Caused by planets. "A planetary plague." Shak.
5. Having the nature of a planet; erratic; revolving; wandering.
 "Erratical and planetary life." Fuller.
Planetary days, the days of the week as shared among the planets known to the ancients, each having its day. Hutton. -- Planetary nebula, a nebula exhibiting a uniform disk, like that of a planet.

 Plan"et*ed, a. Belonging to planets. [R.] Young.
 { Pla*net"ic (?), Pla*net"ic*al (?), } a. [L. planeticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to planets. Sir T. Browne.
 Plan"et*oid (?), n. [Planet + -oid.] (Astron.)
 A body resembling a planet; an asteroid.

 Plan"et*oid*al (?), a. Pertaining to a planetoid.

 Plane" tree' (?). (Bot.) Same as 1st Plane.

 { Plan"et-strick'en (?), Plan"et-struck' (?), } a. Affected by the influence of planets; blasted. Milton.
 Like planet-stricken men of yore He trembles, smitten to the core By strong compunction and remorse.

Wordsworth.
 Plan"et*ule (?), n. A little planet. [R.] Conybeare.
 Plan"gen*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being plangent; a beating sound. [R.]

 Plan"gent (?), a. [L. plangens, -entis, fr. plangere to beat. See Plaint.] Beating; dashing, as a wave. [R.] "The plangent wave." H. Taylor.
 { Plan"i- (?), Plan"o- (?) }. [L. planus. See Plane, a.]
 Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, planoconcave.

 Plan'i*fo"li*ous (?), a. [Plani- + L. folium leaf.]
 (Bot.) Flat-leaved.

 Plan"i*form (?), a. (Anat.) Having a plane surface; as, a planiform, gl


to believe he would be very heavy and developed great strength. He could lift 500 pounds with ease and could kick seven feet high while standing on one leg. In 1793 he weighed 448 pounds; at this time he became sensitive as to his appearance. In June, 1809, he weighed 52 stone 11 pounds (739 pounds), and measured over 3 yards around the body and over 1 yard around the leg. He had many visitors, and it is said that once, when the dwarf Borwilaski came to see him, he asked the little man how much cloth he needed for a suit. When told about 3/4 of a yard, he replied that one of his sleeves would be ample. Another famous fat man was Edward Bright, sometimes called "the fat man of Essex." He weighed 616 pounds. In the same journal that records Bright's weight is an account of a man exhibited in Holland who weighed 503 pounds.
Wadd, a physician, himself an enormous man, wrote a treatise on obesity and used his own portrait for a frontispiece. He speaks of Doctor Beddoes, who was so uncomfortably fat that a lady of Clifton called him a "walking feather bed." He mentions Doctor Stafford, who was so enormous that this epitaph was ascribed to him:— "Take heed, O good traveler! and do not tread hard, For here lies Dr.
Stafford, in all this churchyard."
Wadd has gathered some instances, a few of which will be cited. At Staunton, January 2, 1816, there died Samuel Sugars, Gent., who weighed with a single wood coffin 50 stone (700 pounds). Jacob Powell died in 1764, weighing 660 pounds. It took 16 men to carry him to his grave.
Mr. Baker of Worcester, supposed to be larger than Bright, was interred in a coffin that was larger than an ordinary hearse. In 1797 there was buried Philip Hayes, a professor of music, who was as heavy as Bright (616 pounds).
Mr. Spooner, an eminent farmer of Warwickshire, who died in 1775, aged fifty-seven, weighed 569 pounds and measured over 4 feet across the shoulders. The two brothers Stoneclift of Halifax, Yorkshire, together weighed 980 pounds.
Keysler in his travels speaks of a corpulent Englishman who in passing through Savoy had to use 12 chairmen; he says that the man weighed 550 pounds. It is recorded on the tombstone of James Parsons, a fat man of Teddington, who died March 7, 1743, that he had often eaten a whole shoulder of mutton and a peck of hasty pudding. Keysler mentions a young Englishman living in Lincoln who was accustomed to eat 18 pounds of meat daily. He died in 1724 at the age of twenty-eight, weighing 530 pounds. In 1815 there died in Trenaw, in Cornwall, a person known as "Giant Chillcot." He measured at the breast 6 feet 9 inches and weighed 460 pounds. One of his stockings held 6 gallons of wheat. In 1822 there was reported to be a Cambridge student who could not go out in the daytime without exciting astonishment. The fat of his legs overhung his shoes like the fat in the legs of Lambert and Bright. Dr. Short mentions a lady who died of corpulency in her twenty-fifth year weighing over 50 stone (700 pounds). Catesby speaks of a man who weighed 500 pounds, and Coe mentions another who weighed 584 pounds.
Fabricius and Godart speak of obesity so excessive as to cause death.
There is a case reported from the French of a person who weighed 800 pounds. Smetius speaks of George Fredericus, an office-holder in Brandenburgh, who weighed 427 pounds.
Dupuytren gives the history of Marie Francoise-Clay, who attained such celebrity for her obesity. She was born in poverty, reached puberty at thirteen, and married at twenty-five, at which age she was already the stoutest woman of her neighborhood notwithstanding her infirmity. She followed her husband, who was an old-clothes dealer, afoot from town to town. She bore six children, in whom nothing extraordinary was noticed.
The last one was born when she was thirty-five years old. Neither the births, her travels, nor her poverty, which sometimes forced her to beg at church doors, arrested the progress of the obesity. At the age of forty she was 5 feet 1 inch high and one inch greater about the waist.
Her head was small and her neck was entirely obliterated. Her breasts were over a yard in circumference and hung as low as the umbilicus. Her arms were elevated and kept from her body by the fat in her axillae.
Her belly was enormous and was augmented by six pregnancies. Her thighs and haunches were in proportion to her general contour. At forty she ceased to menstruate and soon became afflicted with organic heart diseases.
Fournier quotes an instance of a woman in Paris who at twenty-four, the time of her death, weighed 486 pounds. Not being able to mount any conveyance or carriage in the city, she walked from place to place, finding difficulty not in progression, but in keeping her equilibrium.
Roger Byrne, who lived in Rosenalis, Queen's County, Ireland, died of excessive fatness at the age of fifty-four, weighing 52 stone. Percy and Laurent speak of a young German of twenty who weighed 450 pounds.
At birth he weighed 13 pounds, at six months 42, and at four years 150 pounds. He was 5 feet 5 inches tall and the same in circumference.
William Campbell, the landlord of the Duke of Wellington in Newcastle-on-Tyne, was 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighed 728 pounds. He measured 96 inches around the shoulders, 85 inches around the waist, and 35 inches around the calf. He was born at Glasgow in 1856, and was not quite twenty-two when last measured. To illustrate the rate of augmentation, he weighed 4 stone at nine months and at ten years 18 stone. He was one of a family of seven children. His appetite was not more than the average, and he was moderate as regards the use of liquors, but a great smoker Notwithstanding his corpulency, he was intelligent and affable.
Miss Conley, a member of an American traveling circus, who weighed 479 pounds, was smothered in bed by rolling over on her face; she was unable to turn on her back without assistance.
There was a girl who died at Plaisance near Paris in 1890 who weighed 470 pounds or more. In 1889 an impresario undertook to exhibit her; but eight men could not move her from her room, and as she could not pass through the door the idea was abandoned.
There was a colored woman who died near Baltimore who weighed 850 pounds, exceeding the great Daniel Lambert by 120 pounds. The journal reporting this case quotes the Medical Record as saying that there was a man in North Carolina, who was born in 1798, who was 7 feet 8 inches tall and weighed over 1000 pounds, probably the largest man that ever lived. Hutchison says that he Saw in the Infirmary at Kensington, under Porter's care, a remarkable example of obesity. The woman was only just able to walk about and presented a close resemblance to Daniel Lambert.
Obesity forced her to leave her occupation. The accumulation of fat on the abdomen, back, and thighs was enormous.
According to a recent number of La Liberte, a young woman of Pennsylvania, although only sixteen years old, weighs 450 pounds. Her waist measures 61 inches in circumference and her neck 22 inches. The same paper says that on one of the quays of Paris may be seen a wine-shop keeper with whom this Pennsylvania girl could not compare. It is said that this curiosity of the Notre-Dame quarter uses three large chairs while sitting behind her specially constructed bar. There is another Paris report of a man living in Switzerland who weighs more than 40 stone (560 pounds) and eats five times as much as an ordinary person. When traveling he finds the greatest difficulty in entering an ordinary railway carriage, and as a rule contents himself in the luggage van. Figure 171 represents an extremely fat woman with a well-developed beard. To end this list of obese individuals, we mention an old gentleman living in San Francisco who, having previously been thin, gained


jaws so guided as to remain parallel in all positions.

 Par"al*lel (?), n. 1. A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc.

 Who made the spider parallels design, Sure as De Moivre, without rule or line?

Pope.
2. Direction conformable to that of another line, Lines that from their parallel decline.

Garth.
3. Conformity continued through many particulars or in all essential points; resemblance; similarity.

 Twixt earthly females and the moon All parallels exactly run.

Swift.
4. A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as, Johnson's parallel between Dryden and Pope.

5. Anything equal to, or resembling, another in all essential particulars; a counterpart.

 None but thyself can be thy parallel.

Pope.
6. (Geog.) One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also, the corresponding line on a globe or map.

7. (Mil.) One of a series of long trenches constructed before a besieged fortress, by the besieging force, as a cover for troops supporting the attacking batteries. They are roughly parallel to the line of outer defenses of the fortress.

8. (Print.) A character consisting of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ||) used in the text to direct attention to a similarly marked note in the margin or at the foot of a page.

Limiting parallels. See under Limit, v. t. -- Parallel of altitude (Astron.), one of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the horizon; an almucantar. -- Parallel of declination (Astron.), one of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the equator. -- Parallel of latitude. (a) (Geog.) See def. 6. above. (b) (Astron.) One of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the ecliptic.

 Par"al*lel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paralleled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Paralleling (?).] 1. To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else.

 The needle... doth parallel and place itself upon the true meridian.

Sir T. Browne.
2. Fig.: To make to conform to something else in character, motive, aim, or the like.

 His life is paralleled Even with the stroke and line of his great justice.

Shak.
3. To equal; to match; to correspond to. Shak.
4. To produce or adduce as a parallel. [R.] Locke.
 My young remembrance can not parallel A fellow to it.

Shak.
 Par"al*lel, v. i. To be parallel; to correspond; to be like. [Obs.]
 Bacon.
 Par"al*lel'a*ble (?), a. Capable of being paralleled, or equaled.
 [R.] Bp. Hall.
 Par"al*lel*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place side by side, or parallel: cf. F. parallélisme.]

1. The quality or state of being parallel.

2. Resemblance; correspondence; similarity.

 A close parallelism of thought and incident.

T. Warton.
3. Similarity of construction or meaning of clauses placed side by side, especially clauses expressing the same sentiment with slight modifications, as is common in Hebrew poetry; e. g.: -- At her feet he bowed, he fell: Where he bowed, there he fell down dead.

Judg. v. 27.
 Par'al*lel*is"tic (?), a. Of the nature of a parallelism; involving parallelism.

 The antithetic or parallelistic form of Hebrew poetry is entirely lost.

Milman.
 Par"al*lel*ize (?), v. t. To render parallel. [R.]

 Par"al*lel*less, a. Matchless. [R.]

 Par"al*lel*ly, adv. In a parallel manner; with parallelism. [R.] Dr.
 H. More.
 Par'al*lel"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; parallel + &?; to write: cf. F. parallélogramme. See Parallel, and -gram.]
 (Geom.) A right-lined quadrilateral figure, whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently equal; -- sometimes restricted in popular usage to a rectangle, or quadrilateral figure which is longer than it is broad, and with right angles.

Parallelogram of velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc. (Mech.), a parallelogram the diagonal of which represents the resultant of two velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc., both in quantity and direction, when the velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc., are represented in quantity and direction by the two adjacent sides of the parallelogram.

 Par'al*lel'o*gram*mat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a parallelogram; parallelogrammic.

 { Par'al*lel'o*gram"mic (?), Par'al*lel'o*gram"mic*al (?), } a. Having the properties of a parallelogram. [R.]

 Par'al*lel'o*pi"ped (?), n. [Gr. &?; a body with parallel surfaces; &?; parallel + &?; a plane surface, &?; on the ground, or level with it, level, flat; &?; on + &?; the ground: cf. F. parallélopipède.] (Geom.) A solid, the faces of which are six parallelograms, the opposite pairs being parallel, and equal to each other; a prism whose base is a parallelogram.

 Par'al*lel'o*pip"e*don (?), n. [NL.] A parallelopiped. Hutton.
 Par'a*log"ic*al (?), a. Containing paralogism; illogical. "Paralogical doubt." Sir T. Browne.
 Pa*ral"o*gism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to reason falsely; para' beside + &?; to reason, &?; discourse, reason: cf. F. paralogisme.]
 (Logic) A reasoning which is false in point of form, that is, which is contrary to logical rules or formulæ; a formal fallacy, or pseudosyllogism, in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises.

 Pa*ral"o*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paralogized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Paralogizing (?).] [Gr. &?;.] To reason falsely; to draw conclusions not warranted by the premises. [R.]

 Pa*ral"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; para' beside, beyond + &?; reason.] False reasoning; paralogism.

 Par"a*lyse (?), v. t. Same as Paralyze.

 Pa*ral"y*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to loosen, dissolve, or disable at the side; para' beside + &?; to loosen. See Para-, and Loose, and cf. Palsy.] (Med.) Abolition of function, whether complete or partial; esp., the loss of the power of voluntary motion, with or without that of sensation, in any part of the body; palsy.
 See Hemiplegia, and Par