Peg O' My Heart by J. Hartley Manners To "LAURIE" "—in that which no waters can quench, No time forget, nor distance wear away."
PREFACE Up to the time of publication, December 1922, "Peg o' My Heart" has been played as a comedy in English in the United States and Canada in excess of 8000 times, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in excess of 6000 times, in India 65 times, in the Orient 20 times, in Holland 152 times, and in Scandinavia 23 times. Australia and New Zealand have seen 701 performances while South Africa has witnessed 229.
Three companies are playing in France where the total performances exceed 500, the Belgian figures are not yet available, Spain has two companies, and Italy five, the total figures for these three countries last-named running well over a thousand performances. In France and Belgium "Peg de Mon Coeur" is the title for the French language version, in Italy "Peg del Mio Cuore" is the name of the Italian "Peg", while her Spanish admirers and translators have named her "Rirri."
Over 194,000 copies of the novel have been sold in the United States, while the British Empire has bought 51,600 in novel form. In play form 3000 copies have been sold to date. The new film "Peg o' My Heart" in nine reels is being distributed throughout the entire world, and while innumerable companies are playing the comedy throughout the United States, Canada and the British Empire, an internationally-known composer, Dr. Hugo Felix, is at work upon the score of a "Peg" operetta in collaboration with its author, so that the young lady may continue her career in musical form.
The present work is submitted in its original form with the addition of illustrations taken from the film recently made, through the courtesy of the Metro Pictures Corporation, for which acknowledgment is gratefully made.
It is believed that these statistics are unique in theatrical and publishing history for it will now be possible in any large city to read or witness "Peg o' My Heart" in the five phases of her career to date, viz., novel, printed play, acted comedy, photo play and operetta.
J. Hartley Manners.
The Lotes Club, New York City, December, 1922.
CONTENTS BOOK THE FIRST The Romance of an Irish Agitator and an English Lady of Quality I The Irish Agitator Makes His First Appearance II The Panorama of a Lost Youth III St. Kernan's Hill IV Nathaniel Kingsnorth Visits Ireland V Angela VI Angela Speaks Her Mind Freely to Nathaniel VII The Wounded Patriot VIII Angela in Sore Distress IX Two Letters X O'Connell Visits Angela in London XI Kingsnorth's Despair XII Looking Forward BOOK THE SECOND The End of the Romance I Angela's Confession II A Communication from Nathaniel Kingsnorth III The Birth of Peg BOOK THE THIRD Peg I Peg's Childhood II We Meet an Old Friend After Many Years III Peg Leaves Her Father for the First Time BOOK THE FOURTH Peg in England I The Chichester Family II Christian Brent III Peg Arrives in England IV The Chichester Family Receive a Second Shock V Peg Meets Her Aunt VI Jerry VII The Passing of the First Month VIII The Temple of Friendship IX The Dance and its Sequel X Peg Intervenes XI "The Rebellion of Peg" XII A Room in New York XIII The Morning After XIV Alaric to the Rescue XV Montgomery Hawkes XVI The Chief Executor Appears on the Scene XVII Peg Learns of Her Uncle's Legacy XVIII Peg's Farewell to England BOOK THE FIFTH Peg Returns to Her Father I After Many Days II Looking Backward III An Unexpected Visitor Afterword CHAPTER I THE IRISH AGITATOR MAKES HIS FIRST APPEARANCE "Faith, there's no man says more and knows less than yerself, I'm thinkin'."
"About Ireland, yer riverence?"
"And everything else, Mr. O'Connell."
"Is that criticism or just temper, Father?"
"It's both, Mr. O'Connell."
"Sure it's the good judge ye must be of ignorance, Father Cahill."
"And what might that mane?"
"Ye live so much with it, Father."
"I'm lookin' at it and listenin' to it now, Frank O'Connell."
"Then it's a miracle has happened, Father."
"A miracle?"
"To see and hear one's self at the same time is indade a miracle, yer riverence."
Father Cahill tightened his grasp on his blackthorn stick, and shaking it in the other's face, said: "Don't provoke the Man of God!"
"Not for the wurrld," replied the other meekly, "bein' mesef a Child of Satan."
"And that's what ye are. And ye'd have others like yerself. But ye won't while I've a tongue in me head and a sthrong stick in me hand."
O'Connell looked at him with a mischievous twinkle in his blue-grey eyes: "Yer eloquence seems to nade somethin' to back it up, I'm thinkin'."
Father Cahill breathed hard. He was a splendid type of the Irish Parish-Priest of the old school. Gifted with a vivid power of eloquence as a preacher, and a heart as tender as a woman's toward the poor and the wretched, he had been for many years idolised by the whole community of the village of M—in County Clare. But of late there was a growing feeling of discontent among the younger generation. They lacked the respect their elders so willingly gave. They asked questions instead of answering them. They began to throw themselves, against Father Cahill's express wishes and commands, into the fight for Home Rule under the masterly statesmanship of Charles Stuart Parnell.
Already more than one prominent speaker had come into the little village and sown the seeds of temporal and spiritual unrest. Father Cahill opposed these men to the utmost of his power. He saw, as so many far-sighted priests did, the legacy of bloodshed and desolation that would follow any direct action by the Irish against the British Government. Though the blood of the patriot beat in Father Cahill's veins, the well-being of the people who had grown up with him was near to his heart. He was their Priest and he could not bear to think of men he had known as children being beaten and maimed by constabulary, and sent to prison afterwards, in the, apparently, vain fight for self-government.
To his horror that day he met Frank Owen O'Connell, one of the most notorious of all the younger agitators, in the main street of the little village.
O'Connell's back sliding had been one of Father Cahill's bitterest regrets. He had closed O'Connell's father's eyes in death and had taken care of the boy as well as he could. But at the age of fifteen the youth left the village, that had so many wretched memories of hardship and struggle, and worked his way to Dublin. It was many years before Father Cahill heard of him again. He had developed meanwhile into one of the most daring of all the fervid speakers in the sacred Cause of Liberty. Many were the stories told of his narrow escapes from death and imprisonment.


up the heat of life.

Shak.
 Freeze, n. The act of congealing, or the state of being congealed.
 [Colloq.]

 Freez"er (?), n. One who, or that which, cools or freezes, as a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the process of freezing ice cream.

 Freez"ing, a. Tending to freeze; for freezing; hence, cold or distant in manner. -- Frrez"ing*ly, adv.
Freezing machine. See Ice machine, under Ice. -- Freezing mixture, a mixture (of salt and snow or of chemical salts) for producing intense cold. -- Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a fluid begins to freeze; -- applied particularly to water, whose freezing point is at 32° Fahr., and at 0° Centigrade.

 Frei"es*le'ben*ite (?), n. [Named after the German chemist Freiesleben.]
 A sulphide of antimony, lead, and silver, occuring in monoclinic crystals.

 Freight (frt), n. [F. fret, OHG. frht merit, reward.
 See Fraught, n.] 1. That with which anything is fraught or laden for transportation; lading; cargo, especially of a ship, or a car on a railroad, etc.; as, a freight of cotton; a full freight.

 2. (Law) (a) The sum paid by a party hiring a ship or part of a ship for the use of what is thus hired. (b) The price paid a common carrier for the carriage of goods. Wharton.
3. Freight transportation, or freight line.

 Freight (frt), a. Employed in the transportation of freight; having to do with freight; as, a freight car.

Freight agent, a person employed by a transportation company to receive, forward, or deliver goods. -- Freight car. See under Car.
 -- Freight train, a railroad train made up of freight cars; -- called in England goods train.

 Freight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Freighting.] [Cf. F. freter.] To load with goods, as a ship, or vehicle of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another; to furnish with freight; as, to freight a ship; to freight a car.

 Freight"age (-j; 48), n. 1. Charge for transportation; expense of carriage.

2. The transportation of freight.

3. Freight; cargo; lading. Milton.

 Freight"er (?), n. 1. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship.

2. One employed in receiving and forwarding freight.

3. One for whom freight is transported.

4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight.

 Freight"less, a. Destitute of freight.

 Frel"te (?), n. Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 { Fremd (?), Frem"ed (?) } a. [OE., from AS. fremede, fremde; akin to G. fremd.] Strange; foreign. [Old Eng. & Scot.] Chaucer.
 Fren (frn), n. [OE. frenne, contr. fr. forrene foreign. See Foreign, a.] A stranger. [Obs.] Spenser.
 French (frnch), a. [AS. frencisc, LL. franciscus, from L. Francus a Frank: cf. OF. franceis, franchois, françois, F. français. See Frank, a., and cf.
 Frankish.] Of or pertaining to France or its inhabitants.

French bean (Bot.), the common kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). -- French berry (Bot.), the berry of a species of buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), which affords a saffron, green or purple pigment. -- French casement (Arch.)
 See French window, under Window. -- French chalk (Min.), a variety of granular talc; -- used for drawing lines on cloth, etc. See under Chalk. -- French cowslip (Bot.) The Primula Auricula. See Bear's- ear. -- French fake (Naut.), a mode of coiling a rope by running it backward and forward in parallel bends, so that it may run freely. -- French honeysuckle (Bot.)
 a plant of the genus Hedysarum (H. coronarium); -- called also garland honeysuckle. -- French horn, a metallic wind instrument, consisting of a long tube twisted into circular folds and gradually expanding from the mouthpiece to the end at which the sound issues; -- called in France cor de chasse. -- French leave, an informal, hasty, or secret departure; esp., the leaving a place without paying one's debts. -- French pie [French (here used in sense of "foreign") + pie a magpie (in allusion to its black and white color)] (Zoöl.), the European great spotted woodpecker (Dryobstes major); -- called also wood pie. -- French polish. (a) A preparation for the surface of woodwork, consisting of gums dissolved in alcohol, either shellac alone, or shellac with other gums added. (b) The glossy surface produced by the application of the above. -- French purple, a dyestuff obtained from lichens and used for coloring woolen and silken fabrics, without the aid of mordants. Ure. -- French red rouge. -- French rice, amelcorn. -- French roof (Arch.), a modified form of mansard roof having a nearly flat deck for the upper slope. - - French tub, a dyer's mixture of protochloride of tin and logwood; -- called also plum tub. Ure. -- French window.
 See under Window.

 French, n. 1. The language spoken in France.

2. Collectively, the people of France.

 French"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frenchified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frenchifying.] [French + -fy.] To make French; to infect or imbue with the manners or tastes of the French; to Gallicize. Burke.
 French"ism (?), n. A French mode or characteristic; an idiom peculiar to the French language. Earle.
 French"man (?), n.; pl. Frenchmen (&?;). A native or one of the people of France.

 Fre*net"ic (?), a. [See Frantic, a.] Distracted; mad; frantic; phrenetic. Milton.
 Fre*net"ic*al (?), a. Frenetic; frantic; frenzied. -- Frenet"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Fre"num (?), n.; pl. E. Frenums (#), L. Frena (#). [L., a bridle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A cheek stripe of color.

2. (Anat.) Same as Frænum.

 Fren"zi*cal (frn"z*kal), a. Frantic. [Obs.] Orrery.
 Fren"zied (?), p. p. & a. Affected with frenzy; frantic; maddened. -- Fren"zied*ly, adv.
 The people frenzied by centuries of oppression.

Buckle.
 Up starting with a frenzied look.

Sir W. Scott.
 Fren"zy (-z), n.; pl. Frenzies (-zz). [OE. frenesie, fransey, F. frénésie, L. phrenesis, fr.
 Gr. fre'nhsis for freni^tis disease of the mind, phrenitis, fr. frhn mind.
 Cf. Frantic, Phrenitis.] Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to distraction; violent and temporary derangement of the mental faculties; madness;


cannon, a longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, etc., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building.

Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] -- Conic sections.
 (Geom.) See under Conic. -- Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, -- used in representing sections. -- Thin section, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope.

Syn. -- Part; portion; division. -- Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as, a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases "the eastern section of our country," etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional; as, sectional feelings, interests, etc.

 Sec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a section or distinct part of larger body or territory; local.

 All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition.

Story.
2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler.

 Sec"tion*al*ism (?), n. A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.]

 Sec"tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism.

 Sec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To divide according to geographical sections or local interests. [U. S.]

 The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties.

Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln).
 Sec"tion*al*ly, adv. In a sectional manner.

 Sec"tion*ize (?), v. t. To form into sections. [R.]

 Sect"ism (?), n. Devotion to a sect. [R.]

 Sect"ist, n. One devoted to a sect; a sectary. [R.]

 Sect"i*un'cle (?), n. A little or petty sect. [R.] "Some new sect or sectiuncle." J. Martineau.
 Sec"tor (?), n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc.

2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.

3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector.

Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. -- Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex.

 Sec"tor*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sector; as, a sectoral circle.

 Sec*to"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Adapted for cutting. -- n. A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth.

 Sec"u*lar (?), a. [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. séculier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century.

 The secular year was kept but once a century.

Addison.
2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as, secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe.

3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly.

 New foes arise, Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains.

Milton.
4. (Eccl.) Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as, a secular priest.

 He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy.

Prescott.
5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical.

 I speak of folk in secular estate.

Chaucer.
Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet's motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. -- Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. -- Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. -- Secular hymn or poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games.

 Sec"u*lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke.
2. (Eccl.) A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby.
3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman.

 Sec"u*lar*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity.

2. The tenets or principles of the secularists.

 Sec"u*lar*ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also, one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element.

 Sec'u*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf.F. sécularité, LL.
 saecularitas.] Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness.

 A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible.

I. Taylor.
 Sec'u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sécularisation.]
 The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as, the secularization of church property.

 Sec"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing (?).] [Cf. F. séculariser.]
 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as, to secularize a priest or a monk.

2. To convert from spiritual to secular or common use; as, to secularize


[Cf. Quell.] To cause to fail in spirit or power; to quell; to crush; to subdue. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Quail, v. i. [OF. coaillier, F. cailler, from L. coagulare.
 See Coagulate.] To curdle; to coagulate, as milk. [Obs.] Holland.
 Quail, n. [OF. quaille, F. caille, LL. quaquila, qualia, qualea, of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. kwakkel, kwartel, OHG. wahtala, G. wachtel.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any gallinaceous bird belonging to Coturnix and several allied genera of the Old World, especially the common European quail (C. communis), the rain quail (C. Coromandelica) of India, the stubble quail (C. pectoralis), and the Australian swamp quail (Synoicus australis).

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several American partridges belonging to Colinus, Callipepla, and allied genera, especially the bobwhite (called Virginia quail, and Maryland quail), and the California quail (Calipepla Californica).

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Turnix and allied genera, native of the Old World, as the Australian painted quail (Turnix varius). See Turnix.

4. A prostitute; -- so called because the quail was thought to be a very amorous bird.[Obs.] Shak.
Bustard quail (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic quail-like bird of the genus Turnix, as T. taigoor, a black-breasted species, and the hill bustard quail (T. ocellatus). See Turnix. -- Button quail (Zoöl.), one of several small Asiatic species of Turnix, as T. Sykesii, which is said to be the smallest game bird of India. -- Mountain quail. See under Mountain. -- Quail call, a call or pipe for alluring quails into a net or within range. -- Quail dove (Zoöl.), any one of several American ground pigeons belonging to Geotrygon and allied genera. -- Quail hawk (Zoöl.), the New Zealand sparrow hawk (Hieracidea Novæ-Hollandiæ).
 -- Quail pipe. See Quail call, above. -- Quail snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher, or red-breasted snipe; -- called also robin snipe, and brown snipe. -- Sea quail (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Local, U. S.]

 Quail"y (?), n. [Cf. Quail the bird.] (Zoöl.) The upland plover. [Canadian] Quaint (?), a. [OE. queint, queynte, coint, prudent, wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. cointe cultivated, amiable, agreeable, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con + noscere (for gnoscere) to know. See Know, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition.] 1. Prudent; wise; hence, crafty; artful; wily. [Obs.]

 Clerks be full subtle and full quaint.

Chaucer.
2. Characterized by ingenuity or art; finely fashioned; skillfully wrought; elegant; graceful; nice; neat. [Archaic] " The queynte ring." " His queynte spear." Chaucer. " A shepherd young quaint."
 Chapman.
 Every look was coy and wondrous quaint.

Spenser.
 To show bow quaint an orator you are.

Shak.
3. Curious and fanciful; affected; odd; whimsical; antique; archaic; singular; unusual; as, quaint architecture; a quaint expression.

 Some stroke of quaint yet simple pleasantry.

Macaulay.
 An old, long-faced, long-bodied servant in quaint livery.

W. Irving.
Syn. -- Quaint, Odd, Antique. Antique is applied to that which has come down from the ancients, or which is made to imitate some ancient work of art. Odd implies disharmony, incongruity, or unevenness. An odd thing or person is an exception to general rules of calculation and procedure, or expectation and common experience. In the current use of quaint, the two ideas of odd and antique are combined, and the word is commonly applied to that which is pleasing by reason of both these qualities. Thus, we speak of the quaint architecture of many old buildings in London; or a quaint expression, uniting at once the antique and the fanciful.

 Quain"tise (?), n. [OF. cointise.] 1. Craft; subtlety; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer. R. of Glouces.
2. Elegance; beauty. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Quaint"ly (?), adv. In a quaint manner. Shak.
 Quaint"ness, n. The quality of being quaint. Pope.
 Quair (?), n. [See 3d Quire.] A quire; a book. [Obs.] "The king's quhair." James I. (of Scotland).
 Quake (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quaked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Quaking.] [AS. cwacian; cf. G. quackeln.
 Cf. Quagmire.] 1. To be agitated with quick, short motions continually repeated; to shake with fear, cold, etc.; to shudder; to tremble. "Quaking for dread." Chaucer.
 She stood quaking like the partridge on which the hawk is ready to seize.

Sir P. Sidney.
2. To shake, vibrate, or quiver, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; as, the earth quakes; the mountains quake. " Over quaking bogs." Macaulay.
 Quake, v. t. [Cf. AS. cweccan to move, shake. See Quake, v.
 t.] To cause to quake. [Obs.] Shak.
 Quake, n. A tremulous agitation; a quick vibratory movement; a shudder; a quivering.

 Quak"er (?), n. 1. One who quakes.

2. One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, about 1650, -- the members of which call themselves Friends. They were called Quakers, originally, in derision. See Friend, n., 4.

 Fox's teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance... The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body; men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life.

Encyc. Brit.
3. (Zoöl.) (a) The nankeen bird. (b) The sooty albatross. (c) Any grasshopper or locust of the genus (Edipoda; -- so called from the quaking noise made during flight.

Quaker buttons. (Bot.) See Nux vomica. -- Quaker gun, a dummy cannon made of wood or other material; -- so called because the sect of Friends, or Quakers, hold to the doctrine, of nonresistance. -- Quaker ladies (Bot.), a low American biennial plant (Houstonia cærulea), with pretty fourlobed corollas which are pale blue with a yellowish center; -- also called bluets, and little innocents.

 Quak"er*ess, n. A woman who is a member of the Society of Friends.

 Quak"er*ish, a. Like


grains and minute isometric crystals of tin-white color. It is found near Sudbury, Ontario Canada, and is the only known compound of platinum occuring in nature.

 Sperse (?), v. t. To disperse. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Spes"sart*ite (?), n.[From Spessart, in Germany.] (Min.)
 A manganesian variety of garnet.

 Spet (?), v. t. [AS. sp&?;tan. See Spit.] To spit; to throw out. [Obs.]

 Spet, n. Spittle. [Obs.]

 Spetch"es (?), n. pl. Parings and refuse of hides, skins, etc., from which glue is made.

 Spew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spewed (?); p. pr.& vb. n. Spewing.] [OE. spewen, speowen, AS. spwan;n to D. spuwen to spit. OS & OHG. spwan, G. speien, Icel. sp&?;ja to spew, Sw. spy, Dan. spye, Goth.
 spiewan, th. spjauti, L. spuere to split, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. shtiv, shthv. Cf. Pyke, Spit.] [Written also spue.]
 1. To eject from the stomach; to vomit.

2. To cast forth with abhorrence or disgust; to eject.

 Because thou art lukewarm, and neither hot nor cold, I will spew thee out of my mouth.

Rev. ii. 16.
 Spew, v. i. 1. To vomit. Chaucer.
2. To eject seed, as wet land swollen with frost.

 Spew, n. That which is vomited; vomit.

 Spew"er (?), n. One who spews.

 Spew"i*ness (?), n. The state of being spewy.

 Spew"y (?), a. Wet; soggy; inclined to spew.

 Sphac"el (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sphacèle.]
 (Med.) Gangrene.

 Sphac"e*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sphacelated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sphacelating.] [NL. sphacelare, sphacelatum, mortify: cf. F. sphacéler. See Sphacelus.] (Med.) To die, decay, or become gangrenous, as flesh or bone; to mortify.

 Sphac"e*late, v. t. (Med.) To affect with gangrene.

 { Sphac"e*late (?), Sphac"e*la'ted (?), } a. (Med.) Affected with gangrene; mortified.

 Sphac'e*la"tion (?), n. (Med.) The process of becoming or making gangrenous; mortification.

 ||Sphac"e*lus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]
 (Med.) Gangrenous part; gangrene; slough.

 ||Sphæ*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; sphere + -enchyma as in parenchima.] (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of thin-walled rounded cells, -- a modification of parenchyma.

 ||Sphæ*rid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Sphæridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a sphere.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar sense organ found upon the exterior of most kinds of sea urchins, and consisting of an oval or sherical head surmounting a short pedicel. It is generally supposed to be an olfactory organ.

 Sphæ"ro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; sphere + E. spore.] (Bot.) One of the nonsexual spores found in red algæ; a tetraspore.

 Sphær"u*lite (?), n. (Min.) Same as Spherulite.

 Sphag*nic"o*lous (?), a. [Sphagnum + L. colere to inhabit.] (Bot.) Growing in moss of the genus Sphagnum.

 Sphag"nous (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to moss of the genus Sphagnum, or bog moss; abounding in peat or bog moss.

 ||Sphag"num (?), n. [NL., fr/ Gr. &?;&?;&?; a kind of moss.] (Bot.) A genus of mosses having white leaves slightly tinged with red or green and found growing in marshy places; bog moss; peat moss.

 Sphal"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; slippery, uncertain. See Blende.] (Min.) Zinc sulphide; -- called also blende, black-jack, false galena, etc. See Blende (a).

 Sphene (?), n. [F. sphène, fr. Gr. sfh'n a wedge.] (Min.)
 A mineral found usually in thin, wedge-shaped crystals of a yellow or green to black color. It is a silicate of titanium and calcium; titanite.

 Sphe*neth"moid (?), a. [Sphenoid + ethmoid.] (Anat.)
 Of or pertaining to both the sphenoidal and the ethmoidal regions of the skull, or the sphenethmoid bone; sphenethmoidal.

Sphenethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of the skull which surrounds the anterior end of the brain in many amphibia; the girdle bone.

 Sphe*neth"moid, n. (Anat.) The sphenethmoid bone.

 Sphe'neth*moid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Relating to the sphenoethmoid bone; sphenoethmoid.

 Sphe*nis"can (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of penguin.

 Sphe"no- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sphenoid bone; as in sphenomaxillary, sphenopalatine.

 Sphe"no*don (?), n. [Gr. sfh'n a wedge + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hatteria.

 Sphe"no*eth*moid'al (?), a. (Anat.) Sphenethmoid.

 Sphe"no*gram (?), n. [Gr. sfh'n a wedge + -gram.] A cuneiform, or arrowheaded, character.

 Sphe*nog"ra*pher, n. One skilled in sphenography; a sphenographist.

 Sphe'no*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sphenography.

 Sphe*nog"ra*phist (?), n. A sphenographer.

 Sphe*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. sfh'n a wedge + -graphy.] The art of writing in cuneiform characters, or of deciphering inscriptions made in such characters.

 Sphe"noid (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;; sfh'n a wedge + e'i^dos form: cf. F. sphénoïde.] 1.
 Wedge-shaped; as, a sphenoid crystal.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone.

Sphenoid bone (Anat.), an irregularly shaped bone in front of the occipital in the base of the skull of the higher vertebrates. It is composed of several fetal bones which become united the adult. See Alisphenoid, Basisphenoid, Orbitosphenoid, Presphenoid.

 Sphe"noid (?), n. 1. (Crystallog.) A wedge-shaped crystal bounded by four equal isosceles triangles. It is the hemihedral form of a square pyramid.

2. (


Messer Marco Polo by BRIAN OSWALD DONN-BYRNE BRIAN OSWALD DONN-BYRNE (_PHONE_) A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR OF MESSER MARCO POLO So Celtic in feeling and atmosphere are the stories of Donn Byrne that many of his devotees have come to believe that he never lived anywhere but in Ireland. Actually, Donn Byrne was born in New York City.
Shortly after his birth, however, his parents took him back to the land of his forefathers. There he was educated and came to know the people of whom he wrote so magically. At Dublin University his love for the Irish language and for a good fight won him many prizes, first as a writer in Gaelic and second as the University's lightweight boxing champion. After continuing his studies at the Sorbonne and the University of Leipzig, he returned to the United States, where, in 1911, he married and established a home in Brooklyn Heights. He earned his living, while trying to write short stories, as an editor of dictionaries. Soon his tales began to attract attention and he added to his collection of boxing prizes many others won in short-story contests. When MESSER MARCO POLO appeared in 1921 his reputation in the literary world was firmly established. Thereafter, whatever he wrote was hailed enthusiastically by his ever-growing public, until 1928, when his tragic death in an automobile accident cut short the career of one of America's best-loved story-tellers.
CONTENTS CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII MESSER MARCO POLO The message came to me, at the second check of the hunt, that a countryman and a clansman needed me. The ground was heavy, the day raw, and it was a drag, too fast for fun and too tame for sport. So I blessed the countryman and the clansman, and turned my back on the field.
But when they told me his name, I all but fell from the saddle.
"But that man's dead!"
But he wasn't dead. He was in New York. He was traveling from the craigs of Ulster to his grandson, who had an orange-grove on the Indian River, in Florida. He wasn't dead. And I said to myself with impatience, "Must every man born ninety years ago be dead?"
"But this is a damned thing," I thought, "to be saddled with a man over ninety years old. To have to act as GARDE-MALADE at my age! Why couldn't he have stayed and died at home? Sure, one of these days he will die, as we all die, and the ghost of him will never be content on the sluggish river, by the mossy trees, where the blue herons and the white cranes and the great gray pelicans fly. It will be going back, I know, to the booming surf and the red-berried rowan-trees and the barking eagles of Antrim. To die out of Ulster, when one can die in Ulster, there is a gey foolish thing..." But the harsh logic of Ulster left me, and the soft mood of Ulster came on me as I remembered him, and I going into the town on the train. And the late winter grass, of Westchester, spare, scrofulous; the jerry-built bungalows; the lines of uncomely linen; the blatant advertising boards—all the unbeauty of it passed away, and I was again in the Antrim glens. There was the soft purple of the Irish Channel, and there the soft, dim outline of Scotland. There was the herring school silver in the sun, and I could see it from the crags where the surf boomed like a drum. And underfoot was the springy heather, the belled and purple heather... And there came to me again the vision of the old man's thatched farmhouse when the moon was up and the bats were out, and the winds of the County Antrim came bellying down the glens... The turf fire burned on the hearth, now red, now yellow, and there was the golden light of lamps, and Malachi of the Long Glen was reciting some poem of Blind Raftery's, or the lament of Pierre Ronsard for Mary, Queen of Scots: Ta ribin o mo cheadshearc ann mo phocs sios.
 Agas mna Eirip ni leigheasfadaois mo bhron, faraor!
 Ta me reidh leat go ndeantar comhra caol!
 Agas gobhfasfaidh an fear no dhiaidh sin thrid mo lar anios!
 There is a ribbon from my only love in my pocket deep, And the women of Europe they could not cure my grief, alas!
 I am done with you until a narrow coffin be made for me.
 And until the grass shall grow after that up through my heart!
And I suddenly discovered on the rumbling train that apart from the hurling and the foot-ball and the jumping of horses, what life I remembered of Ulster was bound up in Malachi Campbell of the Long Glen... A very strange old man, hardy as a blackthorn, immense, bowed shoulders, the face of some old hawk of the mountains, hair white and plentiful as some old cardinal's. All his kinsfolk were dead except for one granddaughter... And he had become a tradition in the glens... It was said he had been an ecclesiastical student abroad, in Valladolid...and that he had forsaken that life. And in France he had been a tutor in the family of MacMahon, roi d' Irlande...and somewhere he had married, and his wife had died and left him money...and he had come back to Antrim... He had been in the Papal Zouaves, and fought also in the American Civil War... A strange old figure who knew Greek and Latin as well as most professors, and who had never forgotten his Gaelic... Antrim will ever color my own writing. My Fifth Avenue will have something in it of the heather glen. My people will have always a phrase, a thought, a flash of Scots-Irish mysticism, and for that I must either thank or blame Malachi Campbell of the Long Glen. The stories I heard, and I young, were not of Little Rollo and Sir Walter Scott's, but the horrible tale of the Naked Hangman, who goes through the Valleys on Midsummer's Eve; of Dermot, and Granye of the Bright Breasts; of the Cattle Raid of Maeve, Queen of Connacht; of the old age of Cuchulain in the Island of Skye; grisly, homely stories, such as yon of the ghostly foot-ballers of Cushendun, whose ball is a skull, and whose goal is the portals of a ruined graveyard; strange religious poems, like the Dialogue of Death and the Sinner: Do thugainn loistin do gach deoraidh treith-lag— I used to give lodging to every poor wanderer; Food and drink to him I would see in want, His proper payment to the man requesting reckoning, Och! Is not Jesus hard if he condemns me!
All these stories, of all these people he told, had the unreal, shimmering quality of that mirage that is seen from Portrush cliffs, a glittering city in a golden desert, surrounded by a strange sea mist.
All these songs, all these words he spoke, were native, had the same tang as the turf smoke, the Gaelic quality that is in dark lakes on mountains summits, in plovers nests amid the heather... And to remember them now in New York


1887.
4 Chelléen, so called from their having been found at Chelles (Seine-et-Marne), where the remains of the Elephas antiquus, the most ancient of the pachyderms now known in Europe, was associated with these tools.
5 De Mortillet: "Musée Préhistorique," pl. xvi. to xix.
6 M. de Mortillet enumerates 127 polishers found at various points in thirty departments of France. "Le Préhistorique," first edition, p. 534.
7 Piette: Ass. Franç. pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Nantes, 1875, p. 909.
8 De Mortillet: "Le Préhistorique," p. 544; "Musée Préhistorique," figs. 431 to 434.
9 "Musée Préhistorique," fig. 410.
10 Lagneau: "De l'Uusage des Flèches empoisonnées chez les Anciens Peuples l'Europe," Ac. des Insc., 2d November, 1877.
11 "Les Temps Préhistoriques en Belgique," p. 151.
12 "Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ," p. 127.
13 Nature, 1876, second week, p. 5.
14 In this cave, in the second ossiferous deposit, were found four fragments of pottery. De Puydt and Lohest: "L'Homme Contemporain du mammouth." 15 "La poterie en Belgique à l' age du mammouth," Revue d'Anthropologie, 1887.
16 Ac. des Sciences, Nov. 9, 1885. We must add that at a later séance M. Cartailhac contested, if not the facts, the conclusions deducted from them.
17 But what is the value of categorical assertions of this kind in presence of the fragments of pottery found at different levels in Kent's Hole? One of these fragments was so rotten that when placed in water it formed a black liquid mud as it decomposed.
18 I have not space to speak here of the curious pottery found in America. The most ancient specimens, moreover, are of much later date than the Quaternary epoch. I can only refer those interested in the subject to my book on "Prehistoric America," published in French by M. Masson of Paris, and in English in America by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
19 "De Architectura," book ii., c. i.
20 On the subject of tatooing an excellent work may be consulted by Dr Magitot ("Ass. Franç. pour l'Avancement des Sciences," Alger, 1881).
21 Cypræa rufa, Cypræa lurida (Comptes rendus Acad. des Sciences, vol. lxxxiv., p. 1060).
22 On this point an excellent work may be consulted by S. Reinach: "Le Musée de Saint Germain," p. 232.
23 Vaudry: Acad. des Sciences, August 25, 1890.
24 A. Bertrand: Acad. des Inscriptions, April 29 and May 6, 1887.
25 Reinach in his "Catalogue of the Saint-Germain museum" gives the best description I know of this now celebrated reindeer.
26 A. Milne Edwards: Acad. des Sciences, May 8, 1888.
27 "De Natura Rerum," book v., v. 951, etc.
CHAPTER IV.
Caves, Kitchen-Middings, Lake Stations, "Terremares," Crannoges, Burghs, "Nurhags," "Talayoti," and "Truddhi." The earliest races of men lived in a climate less rigorous than ours, on the shores of wide rivers, in the midst of fertile districts, where fishing and the chase easily supplied all their needs. These races were numerous and prolific, and we find traces of them all over Western Europe, from Norfolk to the middle of Spain. What were the homes of these men and their families?
Did they crouch in dens, as Tacitus says the German tribes did in his day? In his "Ancient Wiltshire," Sir R. Coalt Hoare says that the earliest human habitations were holes dug in the earth and covered over with the branches of trees. Near Joigny there still remain some circular holes in the ground, about fifty feet in diameter by sixteen to twenty deep, known in the country under the name of buvards. The trunk of a tree was fixed at the bottom and rose above the ground, and the branches plastered with clay formed the roof.
The floor of these buvards consists of a greasy black earth mixed with bones, cinders, charcoal, and worked flints. Amongst the last named, polished hatchets predominate, which proves that these refuges were inhabited in Neolithic times, but there is nothing to prevent our supposing that they were also occupied in the Palæolithic period. Ameghino gives a still more striking example of an earth-dwelling. Near Mercedes, about twenty leagues from Buenos Ayres, he picked up numerous human bones, together with arrow-heads, chisels, flint knives, bone stilettos and polishers, and bones of animals scratched and cut by man. Later, Ameghino discovered the actual dwelling of this primeval man, and his strange home was beneath the carapace of a gigantic armadillo, the now extinct glyptodon seen in Fig. 48.
Figure 48.
The glyptodon.
"All around the carapace," says Ameghino, "in the reddish agglomerate of the original soil lay charcoal cinders, burnt and split bones, and flints. Digging beneath this, a flint implement was found, with some long split llama and stag bones, which had evidently been handled by man, with some toxodon and mylodon teeth." Fig. 49 represents the now extinct mylodon. Some time afterwards, the discovery of another carapace under similar conditions added weight to Ameghino's supposition.1 In the midst of the pampas, those vast treeless plains, where no rock or accident of conformation affords shelter from heat or cold or a hiding-place from wild beasts, man was not at a loss; he hollowed out for himself a hole in the earth, roofing it over with the shell of a glyptodon, and securing a retreat where he could be safe at least for a time.
Figure 49.
Mylodon robustus.
It was not until later, driven to do so by the cold, that man learnt to use the natural caves hollowed out in limestone rocks, either in geological convulsions or by the quieter action of water. The absence in the caves which have been excavated in America of implements of the Chelléen type, the most ancient known as yet, would point to this conclusion, though it is impossible to fix the earliest date of their occupation. This date, moreover, varies very much in different localities. The earth was but gradually peopled, and our ancestors penetrated into different countries in successive migrations. Some caves have recently been discovered in Wales, in the midst of Glacial deposits.2 The Boulder Clay and marine drift on neighboring heights are incontrovertible proofs of the submergence of this region, when Great Britain was almost completely covered with ice. Excavations made in 1886 have brought to light a series of deposits, one above the other, the gravel and red earth containing Quaternary bones and worked flints, whilst the stalagmite and ooze are evidently of more recent origin. This is the usual state of things in all the English eaves; but in those of the Clyde, the bone beds had been disturbed and mixed with striated pebbles and Glacial drift. From this Hicks, who superintended the excavations, concluded that man and the Quaternary animals had lived in those caves before the Glacial epoch, and before the great submergence, which in some places was no less than some 1,300 feet below the present level of the sea. If this were so, it would be one of the most ancient proofs not only of the presence of man, but also of the kind of habitation he first dwelt in. These conclusions have, however, been hotly disputed. M. Arcelin3 remarks that there are in England two exceptional geological landmarks, the Forest Bed representing the last Pliocene formations, and the River Gravels, which are the most ancient Quaternary deposits. Between the two, we find the Boulder Clay of Glacial origin. Now the fauna of the caves of the Clyde, far from resembling that of the Forest Bed, appears to be more recent than that of the ancient deposits of the River Gravels. Among


Idylls of the King Flos Regum Arthurus (Joseph of Exeter) In Twelve Books By Alfred, Lord Tennyson Contents Dedication The Coming of Arthur Gareth and Lynette The Marriage of Geraint Geraint and Enid Balin and Balan Merlin and Vivien Lancelot and Elaine The Holy Grail Pelleas and Ettarre The Last Tournament Guinevere The Passing of Arthur To the Queen Dedication The Coming of Arthur Gareth and Lynette The Marriage of Geraint Geraint and Enid Balin and Balan Merlin and Vivien Lancelot and Elaine The Holy Grail Pelleas and Ettarre The Last Tournament Guinevere The Passing of Arthur To the Queen


p. Dripped (?) or Dript; p. pr. & vb. n. Dripping.] [Akin to LG. drippen, Dan. dryppe, from a noun. See Drop.] 1. To fall in drops; as, water drips from the eaves.

2. To let fall drops of moisture or liquid; as, a wet garment drips.

 The dark round of the dripping wheel.

Tennyson.
 Drip, v. t. To let fall in drops.

 Which from the thatch drips fast a shower of rain.

Swift.
 Drip, n. 1. A falling or letting fall in drops; a dripping; that which drips, or falls in drops.

 The light drip of the suspended oar.

Byron.
2. (Arch.) That part of a cornice, sill course, or other horizontal member, which projects beyond the rest, and is of such section as to throw off the rain water.

Right of drip (Law), an easement or servitude by which a man has the right to have the water flowing from his house fall on the land of his neighbor.

 Drip"ping, n. 1. A falling in drops, or the sound so made.

2. That which falls in drops, as fat from meat in roasting.

Dripping pan, a pan for receiving the fat which drips from meat in roasting.

 Drip"ple (?), a. [From Drip, cf. Dribble.] Weak or rare. [Obs.]

 Drip"stone' (?), n. (Arch.) A drip, when made of stone. See Drip, 2.

 Drive (drv), v. t. [imp. Drove (drv), formerly Drave (drv); p. p. Driven (drv'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Driving.] [AS. drfan; akin to OS. drban, D. drijven, OHG. trban, G. treiben, Icel. drfa, Goth. dreiban. Cf. Drift, Drove.] 1. To impel or urge onward by force in a direction away from one, or along before one; to push forward; to compel to move on; to communicate motion to; as, to drive cattle; to drive a nail; smoke drives persons from a room.

 A storm came on and drove them into Pylos.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).
 Shield pressed on shield, and man drove man along.

Pope.
 Go drive the deer and drag the finny prey.

Pope.
2. To urge on and direct the motions of, as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle borne by them; hence, also, to take in a carriage; to convey in a vehicle drawn by beasts; as, to drive a pair of horses or a stage; to drive a person to his own door.

 How... proud he was to drive such a brother!

Thackeray.
3. To urge, impel, or hurry forward; to force; to constrain; to urge, press, or bring to a point or state; as, to drive a person by necessity, by persuasion, by force of circumstances, by argument, and the like. " Enough to drive one mad." Tennyson.
 He, driven to dismount, threatened, if I did not do the like, to do as much for my horse as fortune had done for his.

Sir P. Sidney.
4. To carry or; to keep in motion; to conduct; to prosecute. [Now used only colloquially.] Bacon.
 The trade of life can not be driven without partners.

Collier.
5. To clear, by forcing away what is contained.

 To drive the country, force the swains away.

Dryden.
6. (Mining) To dig Horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel. Tomlinson.
7. To pass away; -- said of time. [Obs.] Chaucer.
Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent action. It is the reverse of to lead. To drive a body is to move it by applying a force behind; to lead is to cause to move by applying the force before, or in front. It takes a variety of meanings, according to the objects by which it is followed; as, to drive an engine, to direct and regulate its motions; to drive logs, to keep them in the current of a river and direct them in their course; to drive feathers or down, to place them in a machine, which, by a current of air, drives off the lightest to one end, and collects them by themselves. "My thrice-driven bed of down." Shak.
 Drive, v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence; to move furiously.

 Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails.

Dryden.
 Under cover of the night and a driving tempest.

Prescott.
 Time driveth onward fast, And in a little while our lips are dumb.

Tennyson.
2. To be forced along; to be impelled; to be moved by any physical force or agent; to be driven.

 The hull drives on, though mast and sail be torn.

Byron.
 The chaise drives to Mr. Draper's chambers.

Thackeray.
3. To go by carriage; to pass in a carriage; to proceed by directing or urging on a vehicle or the animals that draw it; as, the coachman drove to my door.

4. To press forward; to aim, or tend, to a point; to make an effort; to strive; -- usually with at.

 Let them therefore declare what carnal or secular interest he drove at.

South.
5. To distrain for rent. [Obs.]

To let drive, to aim a blow; to strike with force; to attack. "Four rogues in buckram let drive at me." Shak.
 Drive (drv), p. p. Driven. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Drive (drv), n. 1. The act of driving; a trip or an excursion in a carriage, as for exercise or pleasure; -- distinguished from a ride taken on horseback.

2. A place suitable or agreeable for driving; a road prepared for driving.

3. Violent or rapid motion; a rushing onward or away; esp., a forced or hurried dispatch of business.

 The Murdstonian drive in business.

M. Arnold.
4. In type founding and forging, an impression or matrix, formed by a punch drift.

5. A collection of objects that are driven; a mass of logs to be floated down a river. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- See Ride.

 Drive"bolt' (?), n. A drift; a tool for setting bolts home.

 Driv"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Driveled (?) or Drivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Driveling or Drivelling.] [Cf. OE.
 dravelen, drabelen, drevelen, drivelen, to slaver, and E. drabble. Cf. Drool.] 1. To slaver; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard.

2. [Perh. a different word: cf. Icel. drafa to talk thick.]
 To be weak or foolish; to dote; as, a driveling hero; driveling love. Shak. Dryden.
 Driv"el, n. 1. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth.

2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance; foolish talk; babble.

3. A driveler; a fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
4. A servant; a drudge. [Obs.] Huloet.
 Driv"el*er (?), n. A slaverer; a slabberer; an idiot; a fool.
 [Written also driveller.]

 Driv"en (?), p. p. of Drive. Also adj.


uncle.
Galen mentions death from joy, and in comment upon it he says that the emotion of joy is much more dangerous than that of anger. In discussing this subject, Haller says that the blood is probably sent with such violence to the brain as to cause apoplexy. There is one case on record in which after a death from sudden joy the pericardium was found full of blood. The Ephemerides, Marcellus Donatus, Martini, and Struthius all mention death from joy.
Death from violent laughter has been recorded, but in this instance it is very probable that death was not due to the emotion itself, but to the extreme convulsion and exertion used in the laughter. The Ephemerides mentions a death from laughter, and also describes the death of a pregnant woman from violent mirth. Roy, Swinger, and Camerarius have recorded instances of death from laughter. Strange as it may seem, Saint-Foix says that the Moravian brothers, a sect of Anabaptists having great horror of bloodshed, executed their condemned brethren by tickling them to death.
Powerfully depressing emotions, which are called by Kant "asthenic," such as great and sudden sorrow, grief, or fright, have a pronounced effect on the vital functions, at times even causing death. Throughout literature and history we have examples of this anomaly. In Shakespeare's "Pericles," Thaisa, the daughter to Simonides and wife of Pericles, frightened when pregnant by a threatened shipwreck, dies in premature childbirth.
In Scott's "Guy Mannering," Mrs. Bertram, on suddenly learning of the death of her little boy, is thrown into premature labor, followed by death. Various theories are advanced in explanation of this anomaly. A very plausible one is, that the cardiac palsy is caused by energetic and persistent excitement of the inhibitory cardiac nerves. Strand is accredited with saying that agony of the mind produces rupture of the heart. It is quite common to hear the expression, "Died of a broken heart;" and, strange to say, in some cases postmortem examination has proved the actual truth of the saying. Bartholinus, Fabricius Hildanus, Pliny, Rhodius, Schenck, Marcellus Donatus, Riedlin, and Garengeot speak of death from fright and fear, and the Ephemerides describes a death the direct cause of which was intense shame. Deleau, a celebrated doctor of Paris, while embracing his favorite daughter, who was in the last throes of consumption, was so overcome by intense grief that he fell over her corpse and died, and both were buried together.
The fear of child-birth has been frequently cited as a cause of death McClintock quotes a case from Travers of a young lady, happily married; who entertained a fear of death in child-birth; although she had been safely delivered, she suddenly and without apparent cause died in six hours. Every region of the body was examined with minutest care by an eminent physician, but no signs indicative of the cause of death were found. Mordret cites a similar instance of death from fear of labor.
Morgagni mentions a woman who died from the disappointment of bearing a girl baby when she was extremely desirous of a boy.
The following case, quoted from Lauder Brunton, shows the extent of shock which may be produced by fear: Many years ago a janitor of a college had rendered himself obnoxious to the students, and they determined to punish him. Accordingly they prepared a block and an axe, which they conveyed to a lonely place, and having appropriately dressed themselves, some of them prepared to act as judges, and sent others of their company to bring him before them. He first affected to treat the whole affair as a joke, but was solemnly assured by the students that they meant it in real earnest. He was told to prepare for immediate death. The trembling janitor looked all around in the vain hope of seeing some indication that nothing was really meant, but stern looks met him everywhere. He was blindfolded, and made to kneel before the block. The executioner's axe was raised, but, instead of the sharp edge, a wet towel was brought sharply down on the back of the neck. The bandage was now removed from the culprit's eyes, but to the horror and astonishment of the students they found that he was dead. Such a case may be due to heart-failure from fear or excitement.
It is not uncommon that death ensues from the shock alone following blows that cause no visible injury, but administered to vital parts.
This is particularly true of blows about the external genital region, or epigastrium, where the solar plexus is an active factor in inhibition. Ivanhoff of Bulgaria in 1886 speaks of a man of forty-five who was dealt a blow on the testicle in a violent street fight, and staggering, he fell insensible. Despite vigorous medical efforts he never regained consciousness and died in forty-five minutes. Postmortem examination revealed everything normal, and death must have been caused by syncope following violent pain. Watkins cites an instance occurring in South Africa. A native shearing sheep for a farmer provoked his master's ire by calling him by some nickname. While the man was in a squatting posture the farmer struck him in the epigastrium. He followed this up by a kick in the side and a blow on the head, neither of which, however, was as severe as the first blow. The man fell unconscious and died. At the autopsy there were no signs indicative of death, which must have been due to the shock following the blow on the epigastrium.
As illustrative of the sensitiveness of the epigastric region, Vincent relates the following case: "A man received a blow by a stick upon the epigastrium. He had an anxious expression and suffered from oppression.
Irregular heart-action and shivering were symptoms that gradually disappeared during the day. In the evening his appetite returned and he felt well; during the night he died without a struggle, and at the autopsy there was absolutely nothing abnormal to be found." Blows upon the neck often produce sudden collapse. Prize-fighters are well aware of the effects of a blow on the jugular vein. Maschka, quoted by Warren, reports the case of a boy of twelve, who was struck on the anterior portion of the larynx by a stone. He fell lifeless to the ground, and at autopsy no local lesion was found nor any lesion elsewhere. The sudden death may be attributed in this case partly to shock and partly to cerebral anemia.
Soldiers have been seen to drop lifeless on the battle-field without apparent injury or organic derangement; in the olden times this death was attributed to fear and fright, and later was supposed to be caused by what is called "the wind of a cannon-ball." Tolifree has written an article on this cause of sudden death and others have discussed it. By some it is maintained that the momentum acquired by a cannon-ball generates enough force in the neighboring air to prostrate a person in the immediate vicinity of its path of flight.
CHAPTER X. SURGICAL ANOMALIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
Injuries of such a delicate organ as the eye, in which the slightest accident can produce such disastrous consequences, naturally elicit the interest of all. Examples of exophthalmos, or protrusion of the eye from the orbit from bizarre causes, are of particular interest. Among the older writers we find Ficker and the Ephemerides giving instances of exophthalmos from vomiting. Fabricius Hildanus mentions a similar instance. Salmuth, Verduc, and others mention extrusion of the eyeball from the socket, due to excessive coughing. Ab Heers and Sennert mention instances in which after replacement the sight was uninjured.
Tyler relates the case of a man who, after arising in the morning, blew his nose violently, and to his horror his left eye extruded from the orbit. With the assistance of his wife it was immediately replaced and a bandage placed over it. When Tyler saw him the upper lid was slightly swollen and discolored, but there was no hemorrhage.
Hutchinson describes extrusion of the eyeball from the orbit caused by a thrust with a stick. There was paraphymotic strangulation of the globe, entirely preventing replacement and necessitating excision.
Reyssie speaks of a patient who, during a fire, was struck in the right eye by a stream of water from a


. quiddité.] 1. The essence, nature, or distinctive peculiarity, of a thing; that which answers the question, Quid est? or, What is it? " The degree of nullity and quiddity." Bacon.
 The quiddity or characteristic difference of poetry as distinguished from prose.

De Quincey.
2. A trifling nicety; a cavil; a quibble.

 We laugh at the quiddities of those writers now.

Coleridge.
 Quid"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Quiddling (?).] [L. quid what.] To spend time in trifling employments, or to attend to useful subjects in an indifferent or superficial manner; to dawdle.

 { Quid"dle (?), Quid"dler (?), } n. One who wastes his energy about trifles. Emerson.
 Quid"nunc (?), n. [L., what now?] One who is curious to know everything that passes; one who knows, or pretends to know, all that is going on. "The idle stories of quidnuncs." Motley.
 Qui*esce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Quiescing (?).] [L. quiescere, akin to quies rest, quiet. See Quiet, a. & n.] To be silent, as a letter; to have no sound. M. Stuart.
 { Qui*es"cence (?), Qui*es"cen*cy (?), } n. [L. quiescentia, fr. quiescens, p. pr.; cf. F. quiestence. See Quiesce.] The state or quality of being quiescent. "Quiescence, bodily and mental." H. Spencer.
 Deeds will be done; -- while be boasts his quiescence.

R. Browning.
 Qui*es"cent (?), a. [L. quiescens, -entis, p. pr. of quiescere: cf. F. quiescent. See Quiesce.] 1. Being in a state of repose; at rest; still; not moving; as, a quiescent body or fluid.

2. Not ruffed with passion; unagitated; not in action; not excited; quiet; dormant; resting.

 In times of national security, the feeling of patriotism... is so quiescent that it seems hardly to exist.

Prof. Wilson.
3. (Gram.) Not sounded; silent; as, y is quiescent in "day" and "say."

 Qui*es"cent, n. (Gram.) A silent letter. M. Stuart.
 Qui*es"cent*ly, adv. In a quiescent manner.

 Qui"et (?), a. [Compar. Quieter (?); superl. Quietest.]
 [L. quietus, p. p. pf quiescere to rest, keep quiet; akin to quies rest, and prob. to E. while, n. See While, and cf. Coy, a., Quiesce, Quietus, Quit, a., Quite, Requiem.] 1.
 In a state of rest or calm; without stir, motion, or agitation; still; as, a quiet sea; quiet air.

 They... were quiet all the night, saying, In the morning, when it is day, we shall kill him.

Judg. xvi. 2.
2. Free from noise or disturbance; hushed; still.

3. Not excited or anxious; calm; peaceful; placid; settled; as, a quiet life; a quiet conscience. " So quiet and so sweet a style." Shak.
 That son, who on the quiet state of man Such trouble brought.

Milton.
4. Not giving offense; not exciting disorder or trouble; not turbulent; gentle; mild; meek; contented.

 The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.

1 Pet. iii. 4.
 I will sit as quiet as a lamb.

Shak.
5. Not showy; not such as to attract attention; undemonstrative; as, a quiet dress; quiet colors; a quiet movement.

Syn. -- Still; tranquil; calm; unruffled; smooth; unmolested; undisturbed; placid; peaceful; mild; peaceable; meek; contented.

 Qui"et (?), n. [L. quies, - etis. See Quiet, a.]

1. The quality or state of being quiet, or in repose; as an hour or a time of quiet.

2. Freedom from disturbance, noise, or alarm; stillness; tranquillity; peace; security.

 And join with thee, calm Peace and Quiet.

Milton.
At quiet, still; peaceful. -- In quiet, quietly. " I will depart in quiet." Shak. -- Out of quiet, disturbed; restless. [Obs.] "She is much out of quiet." Shak.
 Qui"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quieted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Quieting.] 1. To stop motion in; to still; to reduce to a state of rest, or of silence.

2. To calm; to appease; to pacify; to lull; to allay; to tranquillize; as, to quiet the passions; to quiet clamors or disorders; to quiet pain or grief.

Quiet yourselves, I pray, and be at peace.

Shak.
 Qui"et, v. i. To become still, silent, or calm; -- often with down; as, be soon quieted down.

 Qui"et*age (?), n. Quietness. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Qui"et*er (?), n. One who, or that which, quiets.

 Qui"et*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. quiétisme.] 1.
 Peace or tranquillity of mind; calmness; indifference; apathy; dispassion; indisturbance; inaction.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) The system of the Quietists, who maintained that religion consists in the withdrawal of the mind from worldly interests and anxieties and its constant employment in the passive contemplation of God and his attributes.

 Qui"et*ist, n. [Cf. F. quiétiste.] (Eccl. Hist.)
 One of a sect of mystics originated in the seventeenth century by Molinos, a Spanish priest living in Rome. See Quietism.

 Qui'et*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Quietists, or to Quietism.

 Qui"et*ly, adv. 1. In a quiet state or manner; without motion; in a state of rest; as, to lie or sit quietly.

2. Without tumult, alarm, dispute, or disturbance; peaceably; as, to live quietly; to sleep quietly.

3. Calmly, without agitation or violent emotion; patiently; as, to submit quietly to unavoidable evils.

4. Noiselessly; silently; without remark or violent movement; in a manner to attract little or no observation; as, he quietly left the room.

 Qui"et*ness, n. The quality or state of being quiet; freedom from noise, agitation, disturbance, or excitement; stillness; tranquillity; calmness.

 I would have peace and quietness.

Shak.
 Qui"et*some (?), a. Calm; still. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Qui"e*tude, n. [L. quietudo: cf. F. quiétude.]
 Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity. Shelley.
 Qui*e"tus (?), n. [LL. quietus quit, discharged, L., at rest, quiet, dead. See Quiet, a., and cf. Quit, a.] Final discharge or acquittance, as from debt or obligation; that


salamanders. The common European species are Hemisalamandra cristata, Molge palmata, and M. alpestris, a red-bellied species common in Switzerland. The most common species of the United States is Diemyctylus viridescens. See Illust. under Salamander.

 Tri"tone' (?), n. [Gr. tri'tonos of three tones; tritri- + to'nos a tone.] (Mus.) A superfluous or augmented fourth. [R.]

 Tri*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL.] Same as Triturium.

 ||Tri*to"vum (?), n.; pl. Tritova (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; third + L. ovum egg.] (Zoöl.) An embryonic insect which has twice cast its skin previous to hatching from the egg.

 Tri'to*zo"oid (?), n. [Gr. &?; third + &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.)
 A zooid of the third generation in asexual reproduction.

 Trit"u*ra*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. triturable.] Capable of being triturated. Sir T. Browne.
 Trit"u*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Triturated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Triturating.] [L. trituratus, p. p. of triturate to thrash (grain), fr. terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces. See Trite.] 1. To rub, grind, bruise, or thrash.

2. To rub or grind to a very fine or impalpable powder; to pulverize and comminute thoroughly.

 Trit'u*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. trituration, L. trituratio a thrashing of grain.] The act of triturating, or reducing to a fine or impalpable powder by grinding, rubbing, bruising, etc. Paley.
 Trit"ure (?), n. [L. tritura, from terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces.] A rubbing or grinding; trituration. [Obs.] Cheyne.
 Tri*tu"ri*um (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. terere, tritum to rub.] A vessel for separating liquids of different densities. [Written also tritorium.]

 Tri"tyl (?), n. [Gr. &?; third + -yl.] (Chem.)
 Propyl. [R.]

 Tri"tyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) Propylene. [R.]

 Tri"umph (?), n. [L. triumphus, OL. triumpus; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. &?; a procession in honor of Bacchus: cf. F. triomphe. Cf. Trump at cards.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A magnificent and imposing ceremonial performed in honor of a general who had gained a decisive victory over a foreign enemy.

 The general was allowed to enter the city crowned with a wreath of laurel, bearing a scepter in one hand, and a branch of laurel in the other, riding in a circular chariot, of a peculiar form, drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the senate and magistrates, musicians, the spoils, the captives in fetters, etc., and followed by his army on foot in marching order. The procession advanced in this manner to the Capitoline Hill, where sacrifices were offered, and victorious commander entertained with a public feast.

2. Hence, any triumphal procession; a pompous exhibition; a stately show or pageant. [Obs.]

 Our daughter, In honor of whose birth these triumphs are, Sits here, like beauty's child.

Shak.
3. A state of joy or exultation for success.

 Great triumph and rejoicing was in heaven.

Milton.
 Hercules from Spain Arrived in triumph, from Geryon slain.

Dryden.
4. Success causing exultation; victory; conquest; as, the triumph of knowledge.

5. A trump card; also, an old game at cards. [Obs.]

 Tri"umph, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Triumphed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Triumphing.] [L. triumphare: cf. F. triompher.
 See Triumph, n.] 1. To celebrate victory with pomp; to rejoice over success; to exult in an advantage gained; to exhibit exultation.

 How long shall the wicked triumph?

Ps. xciv. 3.
 Sorrow on thee and all the pack of you That triumph thus upon my misery!

Shak.
2. To obtain victory; to be successful; to prevail.

Triumphing over death, and chance, and thee, O Time.

Milton.
 On this occasion, however, genius triumphed.

Macaulay.
3. To be prosperous; to flourish.

 Where commerce triumphed on the favoring gales.

Trumbull.
4. To play a trump card. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Tri"umph, v. t. To obtain a victory over; to prevail over; to conquer. Also, to cause to triumph. [Obs.]

 Two and thirty legions that awe All nations of the triumphed word.

Massinger.
 Tri*um"phal (?), a. [L. triumphalis: cf. F. triomphal.]
 Of or pertaining to triumph; used in a triumph; indicating, or in honor of, a triumph or victory; as, a triumphal crown; a triumphal arch.

 Messiah his triumphal chariot turned.

Milton.
 Tri*um"phal, n. A token of victory. [Obs.]

 Joyless triumphals of his hoped success.

Milton.
 Tri*um"phant (?), a. [L. triumphans, p. pr. of triumphare: cf. F. triomphant. See Triumph, v. i.]

1. Rejoicing for victory; triumphing; exultant.

 Successful beyond hope to lead ye forth Triumphant out of this infernal pit.

Milton.
2. Celebrating victory; expressive of joy for success; as, a triumphant song or ode.

3. Graced with conquest; victorious.

 Athena, war's triumphant maid.

Pope.
 So shall it be in the church triumphant.

Perkins.
4. Of or pertaining to triumph; triumphal. [Obs.]

 Captives bound to a triumphant car.

Shak.
Church triumphant, the church in heaven, enjoying a state of triumph, her warfare with evil being over; — distinguished from church militant. See under Militant.

 Tri*um"phant*ly, adv. In a triumphant manner.

 Tri"umph*er (?), n. 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One who was honored with a triumph; a victor.

2. One who triumphs or rejoices for victory.

 Tri"umph*ing, a. Having or celebrating a triumph; victorious; triumphant. — Tri"umph*ing*ly, adv.
 ||Tri*um"vir (?), n.; pl. L. Triumviri (#), E. Triumvirs (#). [L., fr. res, gen. trium, three + vir a man. See Three, and Virile.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of tree men united in public office or authority.

 In later times the triumvirs of Rome were three men who jointly exercised sovereign power. Julius Cæsar, Crassus, and Pompey were the first triumvirs; Octavianus (Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus were the second and last.

 Tri*um"vi*rate (?), n. [L. triumviratus: cf. F. triumvirat.]
 1. Government


The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in Europe. Shak.
 Cheap, a. [Abbrev. fr. "good cheap": a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marché, à bon marché.
 See Cheap, n., Cheapen.] 1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value.

 Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap. Locke.
2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean.

 You grow cheap in every subject's eye. Dryden.
Dog cheap, very cheap, -- a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.]

 Cheap, adv. Cheaply. Milton.
 Cheap, v. i. To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cheap"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupn to trade.
 Cf. Chap to bargain.] 1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.]

 Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift.
2. [Cf. Cheap, a.] To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope.
 My proffered love has cheapened me. Dryden.
 Cheap"en*er (?), n. One who cheapens.

 { Cheap"-jack' (?), Cheap"-john' (?), } n. A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker.

 Cheap"ly (?), adv. At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

 Cheap"ness (?), n. Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

 Chear (?), n. & v. [Obs.] See Cheer.

Syn. -- Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem.

 Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Cheating.] [See Cheat, n., Escheat.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle.

 I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island. Shak.
2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott.
 To cheat winter of its dreariness. W. Irving.
Syn. -- To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle.

 Cheat, v. i. To practice fraud or trickery; as, to cheat at cards.

 Cheat, n. [Perh. from OF. cheté goods, chattels.]
 Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Their purest cheat, Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste. Chapman.
 Cheat"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being cheated.

 Cheat"a*ble*ness, n. Capability of being cheated.

 Cheat"er (?), n. 1. One who cheats.

2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.
 Che*bac"co (?), n. [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; -- called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.
 Che"bec (?), n. (Naut.) See Chebacco.

 Che*bec" (?), n. [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

 Check (?), n. [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. échec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. échecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shh king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.] 1. (Chess) A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player's king by an adversary's move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture.
 A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move.

2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as, to hold an enemy in check.

 Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity. Addison.
 No check, no stay, this streamlet fears. Wordsworth.
3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff.

 Useful check upon the administration of government. Washington.
 A man whom no check could abash. Macaulay.
4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as, checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad.

5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below.

6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also, cloth having such a figure.

7. (Falconry) The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds.

8. Small chick or crack.

Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. -- Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. -- Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. -- Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. -- Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. -- Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. -- To take check, to take offense.
 [Obs.] Dryden.
Syn. -- Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

 Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. checking.] 1. (Chess) To make a move which puts an adversary's piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check.

2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb.

 So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression. Burke.
3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as, to check an account; to check baggage.

4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove.

 The good king, his master, will check him for it. Shak.
5. (Naut.) To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended.

6. To make checks or chinks in


accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name.

 The calumniation of her principal counselors. Bacon.
 Ca*lum'ni*a"tor (?), n. [L.] One who calumniates.

Syn. -- Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer.

 Ca*lum"ni*a*to*ry (?), a. Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu.
 Ca*lum"ni*ous (?), a. [L. calumniosus.] Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as, calumnious reports.

 Virtue itself'scapes not calumnious strokes. Shak.
 . Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive.

 -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ness, n. Cal"um*ny (?), n.; pl. Calumnies (#). [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf.
 Challenge, n.] False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. "Infamous calumnies." Motley.
 Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny.
Shak.
 ||Cal*va"ri*a (kl*v"r*), n. [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.) The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

 Cal"va*ry (kl"v*r), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.]
 1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33.
 The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek krani'on of the Evangelists, which is an interpretation of the Hebrew Golgotha. Dr.
 W. Smith.
2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion.

3. (Her.) A cross, set upon three steps; -- more properly called cross calvary.

 Calve (käv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] [AS. cealfian. See Calf.] 1.
 To bring forth a calf. "Their cow calveth." Job xxi. 10.
2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring.

 Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? Job xxxix. 1.
 The grassy clods now calved. Molton.
 Cal"ver (kl"vr), v. i. 1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.]

 For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats. Massinger.
2. To crimp; as, calvered salmon. Nares.
 Cal"ver, v. i. To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as, grayling's flesh will calver. Catton.
 Calves"*snout (?), n. (Bot.) Snapdragon.

 Cal"vin*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. Calvinisme.] The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches.

 The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times.

 Cal"vin*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. Calviniste.] A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism.

 { Cal'vin*is"tic (?), Cal'vin*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. "Calvinistic training." Lowell.
 Cal"vin*ize (?), v. t. To convert to Calvinism.

 Calv"ish (?), a. Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon.
 Calx (?), n.; pl. E. Calxes (#), L. Calces (#). [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. &?; gravel.
 &?;, &?;, pebble, Skr. &?; gravel, Ir. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.]

1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder.

 Metallic calxes are now called oxides.

2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post.

 { Ca*lyc'i*flo"ral (?), cal*lyc'i*flo"rous (?), } a. [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.)
 Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; -- applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle.

 Ca*lyc"i*form (?), a. [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.]
 (Bot.) Having the form or appearance of a calyx.

 { Ca*lyc"i*nal (?), Cal"y*cine (?), } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx.

 Cal"y*cle (?), n. [L. calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.) A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside.

 Cal"y*cled (?), a. (Bot.) Calyculate.

 ||Cal'y*co*zo"a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, cup or calyx a flower + &?; animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

 Ca*lyc"u*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle.

 { Ca*lyc"u*late (?), Ca*lyc"u*la'ted (?) }, a. (Bot.) Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx.

 Ca*lym"e*ne (?), n. [Gr. (&?;) concealed, p. p. of &?; to conceal.] (Zoöl.) A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age.

 Cal"yon (?), n. Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc.
 Haliwell.
 Ca*lyp"so (k*lp"s), n. [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.) A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso


Chesterfield's Letters to His Son LETTERS TO HIS SON By the EARL OF CHESTERFIELD on the Fine Art of becoming a MAN OF THE WORLD and a GENTLEMAN CONTENTS SPECIAL INTRODUCTION _PHONE_ LETTER II LETTER III LETTER IV LETTER V LETTER VI LETTER VII LETTER VIII LETTER IX LETTER X LETTER XI LETTER XII LETTER XIII LETTER XIV LETTER XV LETTER XVI LETTER XVII LETTER XVIII LETTER XIX LETTER XX LETTER XXI LETTER XXII LETTER XXIII 1748 LETTER XXV LETTER XXVI LETTER XXVII LETTER XXVIII LETTER XXIX LETTER XXX LETTER XXXI LETTER XXXII LETTER XXXIII LETTER XXXIV LETTER XXXV LETTER XXXVI LETTER XXXVII LETTER XXXVIII LETTER XXXIX LETTER XL LETTER XLI LETTER XLII LETTER XLIII LETTER XLIV.
 LETTER XLV LETTER XLVI LETTER XLVII LETTER XLVIII LETTER XLIX LETTER L LETTER LI LETTER LII LETTER LIII LETTER LIV LETTER LV LETTER LVI LETTER LVII LETTER LVIII LETTER LIX LETTER LX LETTER LXI 1749 LETTER LXIII LETTER LXIV LETTER LXV LETTER LXVI LETTER LXVII LETTER LXVIII LETTER LXIX LETTER LXX LETTER LXXI LETTER LXXII LETTER LXXIII LETTER LXXIV LETTER LXXV LETTER LXXVI LETTER LXXVII LETTER LXXVIII LETTER LXXIX LETTER LXXX LETTER LXXXI LETTER LXXXII LETTER LXXXIII LETTER LXXXIV LETTER LXXXV LETTER LXXXVI LETTER LXXXVII LETTER LXXXVIII LETTER LXXXIX LETTER XC LETTER XCI LETTER XCII LETTER XCIII LETTER XCIV LETTER XCV LETTER XCVI LETTER XCVII LETTER XCVIII LETTER XCIX 1750 LETTER CI LETTER CII LETTER CIII LETTER CIV LETTER CV LETTER CVI LETTER CVII LETTER CVIII LETTER CIX LETTER CX LETTER CXI LETTER CXII LETTER CXIII LETTER CXIV LETTER CXV LETTER CXVI LETTER CXVII LETTER CXVIII.
 LETTER CXIX LETTER CXX LETTER CXXI LETTER CXXII LETTER CXXIII LETTER CXXIV LETTER CXXV 1751 LETTER CXXVII LETTER CXXVIII LETTER CXXIX LETTER CXXX LETTER CXXXI LETTER CXXXII LETTER CXXXIII LETTER CXXXIV LETTER CXXXV LETTER CXXXVI LETTER CXXXVII LETTER CXXXVIII LETTER CXXXIX LETTER CXL LETTER CXLI LETTER CXLII LETTER CXLIII LETTER CXLIV LETTER CXLV LETTER CXLVI LETTER CXLVII LETTER CXLVIII LETTER CXLIX LETTER CL LETTER CLI LETTER CLII LETTER CLIII LETTER CLIV 1752 LETTER CLVI LETTER CLVII LETTER CLVIII LETTER CLIX LETTER CLX LETTER CLXI LETTER CLXII LETTER CLXIII LETTER CLXIV LETTER CLXV LETTER CLXVI LETTER CLXVII LETTER CLXVIII LETTER CLXIX LETTER CLXX LETTER CLXXI LETTER CLXXII LETTER CLXXIII LETTER CLXXIV LETTER CLXXV LETTER CLXXVI LETTER CLXXVII LETTER CLXXVIII LETTER CLXXIX LETTER CLXXX LETTER CLXXXI LETTER CLXXXII LETTER CLXXXIII LETTER CLXXXIV _PHONE_ LETTER CLXXXVI LETTER CLXXXVII LETTER CLXXXVIII LETTER CLXXXIX LETTER CXC LETTER CXCI LETTER CXCII LETTER CXCIII LETTER CXCIV LETTER CXCV LETTER CXCVI LETTER CXCVII LETTER CXCVIII LETTER CXCIX LETTER CC LETTER CCI LETTER CCII _PHONE_ LETTER CCIV LETTER CCV LETTER CCVI LETTER CCVII LETTER CCVIII LETTER CCIX LETTER CCX LETTER CCXI LETTER CCXII LETTER CCXIII LETTER CCXIV LETTER CCXV LETTER CCXVI LETTER CCXVII LETTER CCXVIII LETTER CCXIX LETTER CCXX LETTER CCXXI LETTER CCXXII LETTER CCXXIII LETTER CCXXIV LETTER CCXXV LETTER CCXXVI LETTER CCXXVII LETTER CCXXVIII LETTER CCXXIX LETTER CCXXX LETTER CCXXXI LETTER CCXXXII LETTER CCXXXIII LETTER CCXXXIV LETTER CCXXXV LETTER CCXXXVI _PHONE_ LETTER CCXXXVIII LETTER CCXXXIX LETTER CCXL LETTER CCXLI LETTER CCXLII LETTER CCXLIII LETTER CCXLIV LETTER CCXLV LETTER CCXLVI LETTER CCXLVIII LETTER CCXLIX LETTER CCL LETTER CCLI LETTER CCLII LETTER CCLIII LETTER CCLIV LETTER CCLV LETTER CCL


An obsolete Latinism.]

Committing short and long [quantities]. Milton.
To commit a bill (Legislation), to refer or intrust it to a committee or others, to be considered and reported. -- To commit to memory, or To commit, to learn by heart; to memorize.

Syn. -- To Commit, Intrust, Consign. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one's self to the care and custody of another.
 Commit is the widest term, and may express only the general idea of delivering into the charge of another; as, to commit a lawsuit to the care of an attorney; or it may have the special sense of intrusting with or without limitations, as to a superior power, or to a careful servant, or of consigning, as to writing or paper, to the flames, or to prison. To intrust denotes the act of committing to the exercise of confidence or trust; as, to intrust a friend with the care of a child, or with a secret. To consign is a more formal act, and regards the thing transferred as placed chiefly or wholly out of one's immediate control; as, to consign a pupil to the charge of his instructor; to consign goods to an agent for sale; to consign a work to the press.

 Com"mit, v. i. To sin; esp., to be incontinent. [Obs.]

Commit not with man's sworn spouse. Shak.
 Com*mit"ment (?), n. 1. The act of committing, or putting in charge, keeping, or trust; consignment; esp., the act of committing to prison.

 They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged. Clarendon.
2. A warrant or order for the imprisonment of a person; -- more frequently termed a mittimus.

3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration and report; as, the commitment of a petition or a bill.

4. A doing, or perpetration, in a bad sense, as of a crime or blunder; commission.

5. The act of pledging or engaging; the act of exposing, endangering, or compromising; also, the state of being pledged or engaged.
 Hamilton.
 Com*mit"ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being committed.

 Com*mit"tal (?), n. The act of committing, or the state of being committed; commitment.

 Com*mit"tee (?), n. [Cf. OF. comité company, and LL.
 comitatus jurisdiction or territory of a count, county, assize, army. The word was apparently influenced by the verb commit, but not directly formed from it. Cf. County.] One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or business is referred, either by a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together.

Committee of the whole [house], a committee, embracing all the members present, into which a legislative or deliberative body sometimes resolves itself, for the purpose of considering a particular measure under the operation of different rules from those governing the general legislative proceedings. The committee of the whole has its own chairman, and reports its action in the form of recommendations. -- Standing committee. See under Standing.

 Com'mit*tee" (?), n. [From Commit, v. t.] (Law) One to whom the charge of the person or estate of another, as of a lunatic, is committed by suitable authority; a guardian.

 Com*mit"tee*man (?), n. A member of a committee.

 Com*mit"ter (?), n. 1. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. South.
2. A fornicator. [Obs.] T. Decker.
 Com*mit"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being committed; liable to be committed. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Com*mix" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Commixing.] [Pref. com- + mix: cf. L. commixtus, p. p. of commiscere. See Mix.] To mix or mingle together; to blend.

 The commixed impressions of all the colors do stir up and beget a sensation of white. Sir I. Newton.
 To commix With winds that sailors rail at. Shak.
 Com*mix"ion (?), n. [See Commix.] Commixture. Shak.
 Com*mix"tion (?; 106), n. [L. commixtio.] Commixture; mingling. [R.]

 An exact commixtion of the ingredients. Boyle.
 Com*mix"ture (?; 135), n. [L. commixtura.] 1. The act or process of mixing; the state of being mingled; the blending of ingredients in one mass or compound.

 In the commixture of anything that is more oily or sweet, such bodies are least apt to putrefy. Bacon.
2. The mass formed by mingling different things; a compound; a mixture. Bacon.
 Com"mo*date (?), n. [L. commodatum thing lent, loan.] (Scots Law) A gratuitous loan.

 Com*mode" (?), n. [F. commode, fr. commode convenient, L. commodus; com- + modus measure, mode.
 See Mode.] 1. A kind of headdress formerly worn by ladies, raising the hair and fore part of the cap to a great height.

 Or under high commodes, with looks erect. Granville.
2. A piece of furniture, so named according to temporary fashion; as: (a) A chest of drawers or a bureau. (b) A night stand with a compartment for holding a chamber vessel. (c) A kind of close stool. (d) A movable sink or stand for a wash bowl, with closet.

 Com*mo"di*ous (?), a. [LL. commodiosus, fr. L. commodum convenience, fr. commodus. See Commode.] Adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; serviceable; spacious and convenient; roomy and comfortable; as, a commodious house. "A commodious drab." Shak. "Commodious gold." Pope.
 The haven was not commodious to winter in. Acts xxvii.
 12.
Syn. -- Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; advantageous; serviceable; useful; spacious; comfortable.

 Com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv. In a commodious manner.

 To pass commodiously this life. Milton.
 Com*mo"di*ous*ness, n. State of being commodious; suitableness for its purpose; convenience; roominess.

 Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the commodiousness of their situation. Sir W. Temple.
 The commodiousness of the harbor. Johnson.
 Com*mod"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Commodities (#). [F. commodité, fr. L. commoditas. See Commode.] 1. Convenience; accommodation; profit; benefit; advantage; interest; commodiousness. [Obs.]

 Drawn by the commodity of a footpath. B. Jonson.
 Men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury to others, it was not to be suffered. Hooker.
2. That which affords convenience, advantage, or profit, especially in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (except animals), -- goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures, etc.

3. A parcel or quantity of goods. [Obs.]

 A commodity of brown paper and old ginger. Shak.
 Com"mo*dore' (?), n. [Prob. a corruption of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military order who holds


take in gree; to accept in gree; that is, to take favorably. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Accept in gree, my lord, the words I spoke.

Fairfax.
2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.
 He is a shepherd great in gree.

Spenser.
3. The prize; the honor of the day; as, to bear the gree, i. e., to carry off the prize. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.
 Gree, v. i. [From Agree.] To agree. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Gree, n.; pl. Grees (grz); obs. plurals Greece (grs) Grice (grs or grs), Grise, Grize (grz or grz), etc. [OF. gré, F. grade. See Grade.] A step.

 Greece (?), n. pl. See Gree a step. [Obs.]

 Greed (grd"), n. [Akin to Goth. grdus hunger, Icel. grðr.
 √34. See Greedy.] An eager desire or longing; greediness; as, a greed of gain.

 Greed"i*ly (?), adv. In a greedy manner.

 Greed"i*ness, n. [AS grdignes.] The quality of being greedy; vehement and selfish desire.

 Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness.
Shak.
Syn. -- Ravenousness; voracity; eagerness; avidity.

 Greed"y (-), a. [Compar. Greedier (-*r); superl.
 Greediest.] [OE. gredi, AS. grdig, grdig; akin to D. gretig, OS. grdag, OHG. grtag, Dan. graadig, OSw. gradig, grådig, Icel. grðugr, Goth. grdags greedy, grdn to be hungry; cf. Skr. gdh to be greedy. Cf.
 Greed.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; very hungry; -- followed by of; as, a lion that is greedy of his prey.

2. Having a keen desire for anything; vehemently desirous; eager to obtain; avaricious; as, greedy of gain.

 Greed"y-gut' (?), n. A glutton. [Low] Todd.
 Gree"gree', Gri"gri' (?), n. An African talisman or charm.

A greegree man, an African magician or fetich priest.

 Greek (?), a. [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr.?: cf. F. grec.
 Cf. Grecian.] Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian.

Greek calends. See under Calends. -- Greek Church (Eccl.
 Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the Byzantine Church. -- Greek cross. See Illust. (10) Of Cross. -- Greek Empire.
 See Byzantine Empire. -- Greek fire, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. Ure. -- Greek rose, the flower campion.

 Greek, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also, the language of Greece.

2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang] Without a confederate the... game of baccarat does not... offer many chances for the Greek.
Sat. Rev.
3. Something unintelligible; as, it was all Greek to me.
 [Colloq.]

 Greek"ess (?), n. A female Greek. [R.]

 Greek"ish, a. [Cf. AS. Grcisc.] Peculiar to Greece.

 Greek"ling (?), n. A little Greek, or one of small esteem or pretensions. B. Jonson.
 Green (?), a. [Compar. Greener (&?;); superl.
 Greenest.] [OE. grene, AS. gr?ne; akin to D. groen, OS. gr?ni, OHG. gruoni, G. gr?n, Dan. & Sw. gr?n, Icel. gr?nn; fr. the root of E. grow. See Grow.] 1.
 Having the color of grass when fresh and growing; resembling that color of the solar spectrum which is between the yellow and the blue; verdant; emerald.

2. Having a sickly color; wan.

 To look so green and pale.

Shak.
3. Full of life and vigor; fresh and vigorous; new; recent; as, a green manhood; a green wound.

 As valid against such an old and beneficent government as against...
 the greenest usurpation.

Burke.
4. Not ripe; immature; not fully grown or ripened; as, green fruit, corn, vegetables, etc.

5. Not roasted; half raw. [R.]

 We say the meat is green when half roasted.

L. Watts.
6. Immature in age or experience; young; raw; not trained; awkward; as, green in years or judgment.

 I might be angry with the officious zeal which supposes that its green conceptions can instruct my gray hairs.

Sir W. Scott.
7. Not seasoned; not dry; containing its natural juices; as, green wood, timber, etc. Shak.
Green brier (Bot.), a thorny climbing shrub (Emilaz rotundifolia) having a yellowish green stem and thick leaves, with small clusters of flowers, common in the United States; -- called also cat brier. -- Green con (Zoöl.), the pollock. -- Green crab (Zoöl.), an edible, shore crab (Carcinus menas) of Europe and America; -- in New England locally named joe-rocker.
 -- Green crop, a crop used for food while in a growing or unripe state, as distingushed from a grain crop, root crop, etc. -- Green diallage. (Min.) (a) Diallage, a variety of pyroxene. (b) Smaragdite. -- Green dragon (Bot.), a North American herbaceous plant (Arisæma Dracontium), resembling the Indian turnip; -- called also dragon root. -- Green earth (Min.), a variety of glauconite, found in cavities in amygdaloid and other eruptive rock, and used as a pigment by artists; -- called also mountain green. -- Green ebony. (a) A south American tree (Jacaranda ovalifolia), having a greenish wood, used for rulers, turned and inlaid work, and in dyeing. (b) The West Indian green ebony. See Ebony. -- Green fire (Pyrotech.), a composition which burns with a green flame. It consists of sulphur and potassium chlorate, with some salt of barium (usually the nitrate), to which the color of the flame is due. -- Green fly (Zoöl.), any green species of plant lice or aphids, esp. those that infest greenhouse plants. -- Green gage, (Bot.) See Greengage, in the Vocabulary. -- Green gland (Zoöl.), one of a pair of large green glands in Crustacea, supposed to serve as kidneys. They have their outlets at the bases of the larger antennæ. -- Green hand, a novice.
 [Colloq.] -- Green heart (Bot.), the wood of a lauraceous tree found in the West Indies and in South America, used for shipbuilding or turnery. The green heart of Jamaica and Guiana is the Nectandra Rod