is aurita). The Bengal floriken is Sypheotides Bengalensis.
 [Written also florikan, florikin, florican.]

 Flo"ri*lege (?), n. [L. florilegus flower-culling; flos, floris, flower + legere to gather: cf. F. florilège.]
 The act of gathering flowers.

 Flo"ri*mer (?), n. (Bot.) See Floramour. [Obs.]

 Flor"in (?), n. [F. florin, It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin, with a lily on it, fr. flore a flower, fr. L. flos.
 See Flower, and cf. Floren.] A silver coin of Florence, first struck in the twelfth century, and noted for its beauty. The name is given to different coins in different countries. The florin of England, first minted in 1849, is worth two shillings, or about 48 cents; the florin of the Netherlands, about 40 cents; of Austria, about 36 cents.

 Flo"rist (? or?; 277), n. [Cf. F. fleuriste, floriste, fr. F. fleur flower. See Flower.] 1. A cultivator of, or dealer in, flowers.

2. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants.

 Flo*roon" (?), n. [F. fleuron. See Flower.] A border worked with flowers. Wright.
 Flor"u*lent (?), a. [L. florulentus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] Flowery; blossoming. [Obs.] Blount.
 Flos"cu*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Flosculous.

 Flos'cu*la"ri*an (?), n. [From L. flosculus a floweret.] (Zoöl.)
 One of a group of stalked rotifers, having ciliated tentacles around the lobed disk.

 Flos*cule (?), n. [L. flosculus, dim. of flos flower: cf. F. floscule.] (Bot.) A floret.

 Flos"cu*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Consisting of many gamopetalous florets.

 ||Flos'-fer"ri (?), n.[L., flower of iron.] (Min.) A variety of aragonite, occuring in delicate white coralloidal forms; -- common in beds of iron ore.

 Flosh (?), n. [Cf. G. flösse a trough in which tin ore is washed.] (Metallurgy) A hopper-shaped box or &?;nortar in which ore is placed for the action of the stamps. Knight.
 Floss (?; 195), n. [It. floscio flabby, soft, fr. L. fluxus flowing, loose, slack. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) The slender styles of the pistillate flowers of maize; also called silk.

2. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering.

Floss silk, silk that has been twisted, and which retains its loose and downy character. It is much used in embroidery. Called also floxed silk. -- Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, used for embroidery; -- called also linen floss, and floss yarn.
 McElrath.
 Floss, n. [Cf. G. floss a float.] 1. A small stream of water. [Eng.]

2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths which are present.

Floss hole. (a) A hole at the back of a puddling furnace, at which the slags pass out. (b) The tap hole of a melting furnace. Knight.
 Flos'si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. Florification.] A flowering; florification. [R.] Craig.
 Floss"y (?; 115), a. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss; hence, light; downy.

 ||Flo"ta (?), n. [Sp. See Flotilla.] A fleet; especially, a &?;eet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mexico, to transport to Spain the production of Spanish America.

 Flo"tage (?), n. [OF. flotage, F. flottage, fr. flotter to float.] 1. The state of floating.

2. That which floats on the sea or in rivers. [Written also floatage.]

 Flo"tant (?), a. [OF. flotant, F. flottant, p. pr. of flotter to float.] (Her.) Represented as flying or streaming in the air; as, a banner flotant.

 Flo*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. flottation a floating, flottaison water line, fr. flotter to float. See Flotilla.] 1. The act, process, or state of floating.

2. The science of floating bodies.

Center of flotation. (Shipbuilding) (a) The center of any given plane of flotation. (b) More commonly, the middle of the length of the load water line. Rankine. -- Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. See Bearing, n., 9 (c).
 -- Surface of flotation (Shipbuilding), the imaginary surface which all the planes of flotation touch when a vessel rolls or pitches; the envelope of all such planes.

 Flote (?), v. t. To fleet; to skim. [Obs.] Tusser.
 Flote, n. [Cf. F. flot, L. fluctus; also cf. Float, n.] A wave. [Obs.] "The Mediterranean flote." Shak.
 Flot"er*y (?), a. Wavy; flowing. [Obs.]

 With flotery beard.

Chaucer.
 Flo*til"la (?), n. [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota fleet; akin to F. flotte, It. flotta, and F. flot wave, fr. L. fluctus, but prob. influenced by words akin to E. float.
 See Fluctuate, and cf. Float, n.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels.

 { Flot"sam (?), Flot"son (?) }, n. [F. flotter to float. See FFlotilla, and cf. Jetsam.] (Law) Goods lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea; -- in distinction from jetsam or jetson.
 Blackstone.
 Flot"ten (?), p. p. of Flote, v. t. Skimmed. [Obs.]

 Flounce (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flounced (flounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing (?).] [Cf. OSw. flunsa to immerge.]
 To throw the limbs and body one way and the other; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence; to struggle, as a horse in mire; to flounder; to throw one's self with a jerk or spasm, often as in displeasure.

 To flutter and flounce will do nothing but batter and bruise us.

Barrow.
 With his broad fins and forky tail he laves The rising sirge, and flounces in the waves.

Addison.
 Flounce (?), n. The act of floucing; a sudden, jerking motion of the body.

 Flounce, n. [Cf. G. flaus, flausch, a tuft of wool or hair; akin to vliess, E. fleece; or perh. corrupted fr. rounce.]
 An ornamental appendage to the skirt of a woman's


UNCLE REMUS: HIS SONGS AND HIS SAYINGS By Joel Chandler Harris CONTENTS PREFACE AND DEDICATION INTRODUCTION LEGENDS OF THE OLD PLANTATION I. UNCLE REMUS INITIATES THE LITTLE BOY II. THE WONDERFUL TAR BABY STORY III. WHY MR. POSSUM LOVES PEACE IV. HOW MR. RABBIT WAS TOO SHARP FOR MR. FOX V. THE STORY OF THE DELUGE AND HOW IT CAME ABOUT VI. MR. RABBIT GROSSLY DECEIVES MR. FOX VII. MR. FOX IS AGAIN VICTIMIZED VIII. MR. FOX IS "OUTDONE" BY MR. BUZZARD IX. MISS COW FALLS A VICTIM TO MR. RABBIT X. MR. TERRAPIN APPEARS UPON THE SCENE XI. MR. WOLF MAKES A FAILURE XII. MR. FOX TACKLES OLD MAN TARRYPIN XIII. THE AWFUL FATE OF MR. WOLF XIV. MR. FOX AND THE DECEITFUL FROGS XV. MR. FOX GOES A-HUNTING, BUT MR. RABBIT BAGS THE GAME XVI. OLD MR. RABBIT, HE'S A GOOD FISHERMAN XVII. MR. RABBIT NIBBLES UP THE BUTTER XVIII. MR. RABBIT FINDS HIS MATCH AT LAST XIX. THE FATE OF MR. JACK SPARROW XX. HOW MR. RABBIT SAVED HIS MEAT XXI. MR. RABBIT MEETS HIS MATCH AGAIN XXII. A STORY ABOUT THE LITTLE RABBITS XXIII. MR. RABBIT AND MR. BEAR XXIV. MR. BEAR CATCHES OLD MR. BULL-FROG XXV. HOW MR. RABBIT LOST HIS FINE BUSHY TAIL XXVI. MR. TERRAPIN SHOWS HIS STRENGTH XXVII. WHY MR. POSSUM HAS NO HAIR ON HIS TAIL XXVIII. THE END OF MR. BEAR XXIX. MR. FOX GETS INTO SERIOUS BUSINESS XXX. HOW MR. RABBIT SUCCEEDED IN RAISING A DUST XXXI. A PLANTATION WITCH XXXII. "JACKY-MY-LANTERN" *1 XXXIII. WHY THE NEGRO IS BLACK XXXIV. THE SAD FATE OF MR. FOX PLANTATION PROVERBS HIS SONGS I. REVIVAL HYMN II. CAMP-MEETING SONG * III. CORN-SHUCKING SONG IV. THE PLOUGH-HANDS' SONG (JASPER COUNTY—1860.)

 V. CHRISTMAS PLAY-SONG (MYRICK PLACE, PUTNAM COUNTY 1858.)
 VI. PLANTATION PLAY-SONG (PUTNAM COUNTY—1856.)

 VII. TRANSCRIPTIONS *1 1. A PLANTATION CHANT 2.A PLANTATION SERENADE VIII. THE BIG BETHEL CHURCH IX. TIME GOES BY TURNS A STORY OF THE WAR HIS SAYINGS I. JEEMS ROBER'SON'S LAST ILLNESS II. UNCLE REMUS'S CHURCH EXPERIENCE III. UNCLE REMUS AND THE SAVANNAH DARKEY IV. TURNIP SALAD AS A TEXT V. A CONFESSION VI. UNCLE REMUS WITH THE TOOTHACHE VII. THE PHONOGRAPH VIII. RACE IMPROVEMENT IX. IN THE ROLE OF A TARTAR X. A CASE OF MEASLES XI. THE EMIGRANTS XII. AS A MURDERER XIII. HIS PRACTICAL VIEW OF THINGS XIV. THAT DECEITFUL JUG XV. THE FLORIDA WATERMELON XVI. UNCLE REMUS PREACHES TO A CONVERT XVII. AS TO EDUCATION XVIII. A TEMPERANCE REFORMER XIX. AS A WEATHER PROPHET XX. THE OLD MAN'S TROUBLES XXI. THE FOURTH OF JULY PREFACE AND DEDICATION TO THE NEW EDITION To Arthur Barbette Frost: DEAR FROST: I am expected to supply a preface for this new edition of my first book—to advance from behind the curtain, as it were, and make a fresh bow to the public that has dealt with Uncle Remus in so gentle and generous a fashion. For this event the lights are to be rekindled, and I am expected to respond in some formal way to an encore that marks the fifteenth anniversary of the book. There have been other editions—how many I do not remember—but this is to be an entirely new one, except as to the matter: new type, new pictures, and new binding.

 But, as frequently happens on such occasions, I am at a loss for a word. I seem to see before me the smiling faces of thousands of children—some young and fresh, and some wearing the friendly marks of age, but all children at heart—and not an unfriendly face among them. And out of the confusion, and while I am trying hard to speak the right word, I seem to hear a voice lifted above the rest, saying "You have made some of us happy." And so I feel my heart fluttering and my lips trembling, and I have to how silently and him away, and hurry back into the obscurity that fits me best.

 Phantoms! Children of dreams! True, my dear Frost; but if you could see the thousands of letters that have come to me from far and near, and all fresh from the hearts and hands of children, and from men and women who have not forgotten how to be children, you would not wonder at the dream.
 And such a dream can do no harm. Insubstantial though it may be, I would not at this hour exchange it for all the fame won by my mightier brethren of the pen—whom I most humbly salute.

 Measured by the material developments that have compressed years of experience into the space of a day, thus increasing the possibilities of life, if not its beauty, fifteen years constitute the old age of a book.
 Such a survival might almost be said to be due to a tiny sluice of green sap under the gray bark. where it lies in the matter of this book, or what its source if, indeed, it be really there—is more of a mystery to my middle age than it was to my prime.

 But it would be no mystery at all if this new edition were to be more popular than the old one. Do you know why? Because you have taken it under your hand and made it yours. Because you have breathed the breath of life into these amiable brethren of wood and field. Because, by a stroke here and a touch there, you have conveyed into their quaint antics the illumination of your own inimitable humor, which is as true to our sun and soil as it is to the spirit and essence of the matter set forth.

 The book was mine, but now you have made it yours, both sap and pith. Take it, therefore, my dear Frost, and believe me, faithfully yours, Joel Chandler Harris INTRODUCTION I am advised by my publishers that this book is to be included in their catalogue of humorous publications, and this friendly warning gives me an opportunity to say that however humorous it may be in effect, its intention is perfectly serious; and, even if it


player has contributed a snare; also, the receptacle for the stakes.

2. A game at billiards, in which each of the players stakes a certain sum, the winner taking the whole; also, in public billiard rooms, a game in which the loser pays the entrance fee for all who engage in the game; a game of skill in pocketing the balls on a pool table.

 This game is played variously, but commonly with fifteen balls, besides one cue ball, the contest being to drive the most balls into the pockets.

 He plays pool at the billiard houses.

Thackeray.
3. In rifle shooting, a contest in which each competitor pays a certain sum for every shot he makes, the net proceeds being divided among the winners.

4. Any gambling or commercial venture in which several persons join.

5. A combination of persons contributing money to be used for the purpose of increasing or depressing the market price of stocks, grain, or other commodities; also, the aggregate of the sums so contributed; as, the pool took all the wheat offered below the limit; he put $10,000 into the pool.

6. (Railroads) A mutual arrangement between competing lines, by which the receipts of all are aggregated, and then distributed pro rata according to agreement.

7. (Law) An aggregation of properties or rights, belonging to different people in a community, in a common fund, to be charged with common liabilities.

Pin pool, a variety of the game of billiards in which small wooden pins are set up to be knocked down by the balls. -- Pool ball, one of the colored ivory balls used in playing the game at billiards called pool.
 -- Pool snipe (Zoöl.), the European redshank. [Prov.
 Eng.] -- Pool table, a billiard table with pockets.

 Pool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pooling.] To put together; to contribute to a common fund, on the basis of a mutual division of profits or losses; to make a common interest of; as, the companies pooled their traffic.

 Finally, it favors the poolingof all issues.

U. S. Grant.
 Pool, v. i. To combine or contribute with others, as for a commercial, speculative, or gambling transaction.

 Pool"er (?), n. A stick for stirring a tan vat.

 Pool"ing, n. (Law) The act of uniting, or an agreement to unite, an aggregation of properties belonging to different persons, with a view to common liabilities or profits.

 Poon (?), n. [Canarese ponne.] A name for several East Indian, or their wood, used for the masts and spars of vessels, as Calophyllum angustifolium, C. inophullum, and Sterculia fœtida; -- called also peon.

 Poo"nac (?), n. A kind of oil cake prepared from the cocoanut. See Oil cake, under Cake.

 Poon"ga oil' (?). A kind of oil used in India for lamps, and for boiling with dammar for pitching vessels. It is pressed from the seeds of a leguminous tree (Pongamia glabra).

 Poop (?), n. (Arch.) See 2d Poppy.

 Poop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pooping.] [Cf. D. poepen. See Pop.] To make a noise; to pop; also, to break wind.

 Poop, n. [F. poupe; cf. Sp. & Pg. popa, It. poppa; all fr. L. puppis.] (Naut.) A deck raised above the after part of a vessel; the hindmost or after part of a vessel's hull; also, a cabin covered by such a deck. See Poop deck, under Deck. See also Roundhouse.

 With wind in poop, the vessel plows the sea.

Dryden.
 The poop was beaten gold.

Shak.
 Poop, v. t. (Naut.) (a) To break over the poop or stern, as a wave. "A sea which he thought was going to poop her."
 Lord Dufferin. (b) To strike in the stern, as by collision.

 Pooped (?), p. p. & a. (Naut.) (a) Having a poop; furnished with a poop. (b) Struck on the poop.

 Poop"ing (?), n. (Naut.) The act or shock of striking a vessel's stern by a following wave or vessel.

 Poor (?), a. [Compar. Poorer (?; 254); superl.
 Poorest.] [OE. poure or povre, OF. povre, F. pauvre, L. pauper; the first syllable of which is probably akin to paucus few (see Paucity, Few), and the second to parare to prepare, procure. See Few, and cf. Parade, Pauper, Poverty.] 1. Destitute of property; wanting in material riches or goods; needy; indigent.

 It is often synonymous with indigent and with necessitous denoting extreme want. It is also applied to persons who are not entirely destitute of property, but who are not rich; as, a poor man or woman; poor people.

2. (Law) So completely destitute of property as to be entitled to maintenance from the public.

3. Hence, in very various applications: Destitute of such qualities as are desirable, or might naturally be expected; as: (a) Wanting in fat, plumpness, or fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; as, a poor horse, ox, dog, etc. "Seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill-favored and lean-fleshed." Gen. xli. 19. (b) Wanting in strength or vigor; feeble; dejected; as, poor health; poor spirits. "His genius... poor and cowardly." Bacon. (c) Of little value or worth; not good; inferior; shabby; mean; as, poor clothes; poor lodgings. "A poor vessel." Clarendon.
(d) Destitute of fertility; exhausted; barren; sterile; -- said of land; as, poor soil. (e) Destitute of beauty, fitness, or merit; as, a poor discourse; a poor picture. (f) Without prosperous conditions or good results; unfavorable; unfortunate; unconformable; as, a poor business; the sick man had a poor night. (g) Inadequate; insufficient; insignificant; as, a poor excuse.

 That I have wronged no man will be a poor plea or apology at the last day.

Calamy.
4. Worthy of pity or sympathy; -- used also sometimes as a term of endearment, or as an expression of modesty, and sometimes as a word of contempt.

 And for mine own poor part, Look you, I'll go pray.

Shak.
Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing.

Prior.
5. Free from self-assertion; not proud or arrogant; meek. "Blessed are the poor in spirit." Matt. v. 3.
Poor law, a law providing for, or regulating, the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor man's treacle (Bot.), garlic; -- so called because it was thought to be an antidote to animal poison. [Eng] Dr.
 Prior. -- Poor man's weatherglass (Bot.), the red-flowered pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), which opens its blossoms only in fair weather. -- Poor rate, an assessment or tax, as in an English parish, for the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor soldier (Zoöl.), the fri


compose; to dictate; to indite. [Obs.]

2. To appoint publicly or by authority; to proclaim or announce.
 [Obs.]

 I am told shall have no Lent indicted this year.

Evelyn.
3. (Law) To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the finding or presentment of a grand jury; to find an indictment against; as, to indict a man for arson. It is the peculiar province of a grand jury to indict, as it is of a house of representatives to impeach.

 In*dict"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being, or liable to be, indicted; subject to indictment; as, an indictable offender or offense.

 In'dict*ee" (?), n. (Law) A person indicted.

 In*dict"er (?), n. One who indicts.

 In*dic"tion (?), n. [L. indictio: cf. F. indiction.
 See Indict, Indite.]

1. Declaration; proclamation; public notice or appointment. [Obs.]
 "Indiction of a war." Bacon.
 Secular princes did use to indict, or permit the indiction of, synods of bishops.

Jer. Taylor.
2. A cycle of fifteen years.

 This mode of reckoning time is said to have been introduced by Constantine the Great, in connection with the payment of tribute. It was adopted at various times by the Greek emperors of Constantinople, the popes, and the parliaments of France. Through the influence of the popes, it was extensively used in the ecclesiastical chronology of the Middle Ages. The number of indictions was reckoned at first from 312 a. d., but since the twelfth century it has been reckoned from the birth of Christ. The papal indiction is the only one ever used at the present day. To find the indiction and year of the indiction by the first method, subtract 312 from the given year a. d., and divide by 15; by the second method, add 3 to the given year a. d., and the divide by 15. In either case, the quotient is the number of the current indiction, and the remainder the year of the indiction. See Cycle of indiction, under Cycle.

 In*dic"tive (?), a. [L. indictivus. See Indict.] Proclaimed; declared; public. Kennet.
 In*dict"ment (?), n. [Cf. Inditement.]

1. The act of indicting, or the state of being indicted.

2. (Law) The formal statement of an offense, as framed by the prosecuting authority of the State, and found by the grand jury.

 To the validity of an indictment a finding by the grand jury is essential, while an information rests only on presentation by the prosecuting authority.

3. An accusation in general; a formal accusation.

Bill of indictment. See under Bill.

 In*dict"or (?), n. (Law) One who indicts. Bacon.
 In"dies (?), n. pl. A name designating the East Indies, also the West Indies.

 Our king has all the Indies in his arms.

Shak.
 In*dif"fer*ence (?), n. [L. indifferentia similarity, want of difference: cf. F. indifférence.]

1. The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance.

2. Passableness; mediocrity.

3. Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias.

 He... is far from such indifference and equity as ought and must be in judges which he saith I assign.

Sir T. More.
4. Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs.

Indifference can not but be criminal, when it is conversant about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent nature, that they are highest importance.

Addison.
Syn. -- Carelessness; negligence; unconcern; apathy; insensibility; coldness; lukewarmness.

 In*dif"fer*en*cy (?), n. Absence of interest in, or influence from, anything; unconcernedness; equilibrium; indifferentism; indifference. Gladstone.
 To give ourselves to a detestable indifferency or neutrality in this cause.

Fuller.
 Moral liberty... does not, after all, consist in a power of indifferency, or in a power of choosing without regard to motives.

Hazlitt.
 In*dif"fer*ent (?), a. [F. indifférent, L. indifferens.
 See Innot, and Different.]

1. Not making a difference; having no influence or preponderating weight; involving no preference, concern, or attention; of no account; without significance or importance.

 Dangers are to me indifferent.

Shak.
 Everything in the world is indifferent but sin.

Jer. Taylor.
 His slightest and most indifferent acts... were odious in the clergyman's sight.

Hawthorne.
2. Neither particularly good, not very bad; of a middle state or quality; passable; mediocre.

 The staterooms are in indifferent order.

Sir W. Scott.
3. Not inclined to one side, party, or choice more than to another; neutral; impartial.

Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die.

Addison.
4. Feeling no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything; unconcerned; inattentive; apathetic; heedless; as, to be indifferent to the welfare of one's family.

 It was a law of Solon, that any person who, in the civil commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an indifferent spectator of the contending parties, should be condemned to perpetual banishment.

Addison.
5. (Law) Free from bias or prejudice; impartial; unbiased; disinterested.

 In choice of committees for ripening business for the counsel, it is better to choose indifferent persons than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are strong on both sides.

Bacon.
Indifferent tissue (Anat.), the primitive, embryonic, undifferentiated tissue, before conversion into connective, muscular, nervous, or other definite tissue.

 In*dif"fer*ent, adv. To a moderate degree; passably; tolerably.
 [Obs.] "News indifferent good." Shak.
 In*dif"fer*ent*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. indifférentisme.]

1. State of indifference; want of interest or earnestness; especially, a systematic apathy regarding what is true or false in religion or philosophy; agnosticism.

 The indifferentism which equalizes all religions and gives equal rights to truth and error.

Cardinal Manning.
2. (Metaph.) Same as Identism.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A heresy consisting in an unconcern for any particular creed, provided the morals be right and good. Gregory XVI.
 In*dif"fer*ent*ist, n. One governed by indifferentism.

 In*dif"fer*ent*ly, adv. In an indifferent manner; without distinction or preference; impartially; without concern, wish, affection, or aversion; tolerably; passably.

 That they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy true religion, and virtue.

Book of Com. Prayer [Eng. Ed. ]
 Set honor in one eye and death i' the other, And I will look on both indifferently.

Shak.
 I hope it may indifferently entertain your lordship at an unbending hour.

Rowe.
 In'di*ful"vin (?), n. [Indican


1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak.
4. (Civil Law) The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill.
5. (Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.) The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metathesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis.

 Sub'sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub'sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.
 Sub'sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

 Sub"sti*tu'tive (?), a. [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.] Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins.
 Sub*stract" (?), v. t. [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.] To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Sub*strac"tion (?), n. [OF. substraction, F. soustraction.
 See Subtract.] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law) See Subtraction, 3.

 Sub*stract"or (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sub"strate (?), n. A substratum. [R.]

 Sub"strate, a. Having very slight furrows. [R.]

 Sub*strate" (?), v. t. [L. substratus, p. p. of substrahere.
 See Substratum.] To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.]

 The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand.

Boyle.
 Sub*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Substrata (#). [L. substratus, p. p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

 Sub*struct" (?), v. t. [See Substruction.] To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.]

 He substructs the religion of Asia as the base.

Emerson.
 Sub*struc"tion (?), n. [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground.

 It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable.

Evelyn.
 Sub*struc"ture (?), n. [Pref. sub- + structure.] 1.
(Arch.) Same as Substruction.

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

 Sub*sty"lar (?), a. Pertaining to the substyle.

 Sub"style' (?), n. (Dialing) A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton.
 Sub*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphate with an excess of the base.

 Sub*sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

 Sub*sul"tive (?), a. Subsultory. [R.] Berkley.
 Sub*sul"to*ry (?), a. [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv.
 [R.]

 Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men.

De Quincey.
 ||Sub*sul"tus (?), n. [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.) A starting, twitching, or convulsive motion.

 Sub*sum"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo.
 Sub*sume" (?), v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else.

 To subsume one proposition under another.

De Quincey.
 A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness.

W. Pater.
 Sub*sump"tion (?), n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another.

 The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion.

Sir W. Hamilton.
2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.

 But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule.

De Quincey.
 Sub*sump"tive (?), a. Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge.
 Sub*tan"gent (?), n. (Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

 Sub'tar*ta"re*an (?), a. Being or living under Tartarus; infernal.
 "Subtartarean powers." Pope.
 Sub*tec"ta*cle (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).
 Sub*teg'u*la"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

 Sub*ten"ant (?), n. (Law) One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

 Sub*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Subtending.] [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.] To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc.

 Sub*tense" (?), n. [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc.

 Sub*tep"id (?), a. Slightly tepid.

 Sub'te*rete" (?), a. Somewhat terete.

 { Sub*ter"flu*ent (?), Sub*ter"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. subterfluens


which originally meant the sun.

 Max Muller says that Surya was the sun as shining in the sky. Savitri was the sun as bringing light and life. Vishnu was the sun as striding with three steps across the sky, etc.

 Inman, whose etymological researches have given him considerable prominence as a Sanskrit and Hebrew scholar, says that Ra, Ilos, Helos, Bil, Baal, Al, Allah, and Elohim were names given to the sun as representative of the Creator.

 We are assured by Godfrey Higgins that Brahme is the sun the same as Surya. Brahma sprang from the navel of Brahme. Faber in his Pagan Idolatry says that all the gods of the ancients "melt insensibly into one, they are all equally the sun." The word Apollo signifies the author or generator of Light. In the Rig Veda, Surya, the sun, is called Aditya. "Truly, Surya, thou art great; truly Aditya, thou art great."

 Selden observes that whether the gods be called Osiris, or Omphis, or Nilus, or any other name, they all center in the sun.

 According to Diodorus Siculus, it was the belief of the ancients that Dionysos, Osiris, Serapis, Pan, Jupiter and Pluto were all one. They were, the sun.

 Max Muller says that a very low race in India named the Santhals call the sun Chandro, which means "bright." These people declared to the missionaries who settled among them, that Chandro had created the world; and when told that it would be absurd to say that the sun had created the world, they replied: "We do not mean the visible Chandro, but an invisible one."

 Not only did Dionysos, and all the rest of the gods who in later ages came to be regarded as men, represent the sun, but after the separation of the male and female elements in the originally indivisible God, Maut or Minerva, Demeter, Ceres, Isis, Juno, and others less important in the pagan world were also the sun, or, in other words, they represented the female power throughout the universe which was supposed to reside in the sun.

 In most groups of Babylonian and Assyrian divine emblems, there occur two distinct representations of the sun, "one being figured with four rays or divisions within the orb, and the other, with eight." According to George Rawlinson, these figures represent a distinction between the male and female powers residing within the sun, the quartered disk signifying the male energy, and the eight-rayed orb appearing as the emblem of the female!(26) During an earlier age of human history, prior to the dissensions which arose over the relative importance of the sexes in reproduction, and at a time when a mother and her child represented the Deity, the sun was worshiped as the female Jove. Everything in the universe was a part of this great God. At that time there had been no division in the god-idea.
 The Creator constituted a dual but indivisible unity. Dionysos formerly represented this God, as did also Om, Jove, Mithras, and others. Jove was the "Great Virgin" whence everything proceeds.

 In a former work the fact has been mentioned that the first clue obtained by Herr Bachofen, author of Das Mutterrecht, to a former condition of society under which gynaecocracy, or the social and political pre-eminence of women, prevailed, was the importance attached to the female principle in the Deity in all ancient mythologies.

 According to the testimony of various writers, Om, although comprehending both elements of the Deity, was nevertheless female in signification. Sir William Jones observes that Om means oracle—matrix or womb.(27) Upon this subject Godfrey Higgins, quoting from Drummond, remarks: "The word Om or Am in the Hebrew not only signifies might, strength, power, firmness, solidity, truth, but it means also Mother, as in Genesis ii., 24, and Love, whence the Latin Amo, Mamma. If the word be taken to mean strength, then Amon will mean (the first syllable being in regimine) the temple of the strength of the generative or creative power, or the temple of the mighty procreative power. If the word Am means Mother, then a still more recondite idea will be implied, viz.: the mother generative power, or the maternal generative power: perhaps the Urania of Persia or the Venus Aphrodite of Crete and Greece, or the Jupiter Genetrix of the masculine and feminine gender, or the Brahme Mai of India, or the Alma Venus of Lucretius. And the City of On or Heliopolis will be the City of the sun, or City of the procreative powers of nature of which the sun was always an emblem."

 According to Prof. W. R. Smith, Om means uniting or binding, a fact which is explained by the early significance of the mother element in early society. The name of the great Deity Om or Aum scarcely passes the lips of its worshippers, and when it is pronounced is always reverently whispered.
 Regarding the mystic word Om, we are told that it is the name given to Delphi, and that "Delphi has the meaning of the female organs of generation called in India the Os Minxoe."

 Although the great God of India was female and male, yet we are assured by Forlong that the female energy Maya, Queen of Heaven, even at the present time is more heard of than the male principle.

 According to Bryant, the worship of Ham is the most ancient as well as the most universal of any in the world. This writer remarks that Ham, instead of representing an individual, is but a Greek corruption of Om or Aum, the great androgynous God of India, a God which is identical in significance with Aleim, Vesta, and all the other representatives of the early dual, universal power. "In the old language God was called Al, Ale, Alue, and Aleim, more frequently Aleim than any other name." According to the testimony of Higgins, Aleim denotes the feminine plural. The heathen divinities Ashtaroth and Beelzebub were both called Aleim, Ashtaroth being simply Astarte adorned with the horns of a ram. Ishtar not unfrequently appears with the horns of a cow. We are informed by Inman that whenever a goddess is observed with horns—emblems which by the way always indicate masculine power—it is to denote the fact that she is androgynous, or that within her is embodied the complete Deity—the dual reproductive energy throughout Nature. The "figure becomes the emblem of divinity and power."(28) Mithras—the Savior, the great Persian Deity which was worshipped as the "Preserver," was both female and male. Among the representations of this divinity which appear in the Townley collection in the British Museum, is one in which it is figured in its female character, in the act of killing the bull. The Divinity Baal was both female and male. The God of the Jews in an early stage of their career was called Baal. The oriental Ormuzd was also dual or androgynous.

 Orpheus teaches that the divine nature is both female and male. According to Proclus, Jupiter was an immortal maid, "the Queen of Heaven, and Mother of the Gods." All things were contained within the womb of Jupiter. This Virgin within whom was embodied the male principle "gave light and life to Eve." She was the life-giving, energizing power in Nature, and was identical with Aleim, Om, Astarte, and others. The Goddess Esta, or Vesta, or Hestia, whom Plato calls the "soul of the body of the universe," is believed by Beverly and others to be the Self-Existent, the Great "She that Is" of the Hindoos, whose significance is identical with the Cushite or Phoenician Deity, Aleim.

 According to Marco Polo, the Chinese had but one supreme God of whom they had no image, and to whom they prayed for only two things—"a sound mind in a sound body." They had, however, a lesser god—probably the


. &?;. See Hemp.] 1. A strong cloth made of hemp, flax, or cotton; -- used for tents, sails, etc.

 By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led. Tennyson.
2. (a) A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry, or worsted work. (b) A piece of strong cloth of which the surface has been prepared to receive painting, commonly painting in oil.

 History... does not bring out clearly upon the canvas the details which were familiar. J. H. Newman.
3. Something for which canvas is used: (a) A sail, or a collection of sails. (b) A tent, or a collection of tents. (c) A painting, or a picture on canvas.

 To suit his canvas to the roughness of the see. Goldsmith.
 Light, rich as that which glows on the canvas of Claude. Macaulay.
4. A rough draft or model of a song, air, or other literary or musical composition; esp. one to show a poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Grabb.
 Can"vas, a. Made of, pertaining to, or resembling, canvas or coarse cloth; as, a canvas tent.

 Can"vas*back' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A Species of duck (Aythya vallisneria), esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It visits the United States in autumn; particularly Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters; -- so named from the markings of the plumage on its back.

 Can"vass (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. canvassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Canvassing.] [OF. Canabasser to examine curiously, to search or sift out; properly, to sift through canvas. See Canvas, n.] 1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly; to scrutinize; as, to canvass the votes cast at an election; to canvass a district with reference to its probable vote.

 I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence. Woodward.
2. To examine by discussion; to debate.

 An opinion that we are likely soon to canvass. Sir W. Hamilton.
3. To go through, with personal solicitation or public addresses; as, to canvass a district for votes; to canvass a city for subscriptions.

 Can"vass, v. i. To search thoroughly; to engage in solicitation by traversing a district; as, to canvass for subscriptions or for votes; to canvass for a book, a publisher, or in behalf of a charity; -- commonly followed by for.

 Can"vass, n. 1. Close inspection; careful review for verification; as, a canvass of votes. Bacon.
2. Examination in the way of discussion or debate.

3. Search; exploration; solicitation; systematic effort to obtain votes, subscribers, etc.

 No previous canvass was made for me. Burke.
 Can"vass*er (?), n. One who canvasses.

 Can"y (?), a. [From Cane.] Of or pertaining to cane or canes; abounding with canes. Milton.
 Can"yon (?), n. The English form of the Spanish word Cañon.

 ||Can*zo"ne (?), n. [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing. Cf. Chanson, Chant.] (Mus.) (a) A song or air for one or more voices, of Provençal origin, resembling, though not strictly, the madrigal. (b) An instrumental piece in the madrigal style.

 Can'zo*net" (?), n. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone.]
 (Mus.) A short song, in one or more parts.

 Caout"chin (?), n. (Chem.) An inflammable, volatile, oily, liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by the destructive distillation of caoutchouc.

 Caout"chouc (?), n. [F. caoutchouc, from the South American name.] A tenacious, elastic, gummy substance obtained from the milky sap of several plants of tropical South America (esp. the euphorbiaceous tree Siphonia elastica or Hevea caoutchouc), Asia, and Africa.
 Being impermeable to liquids and gases, and not readly affected by exposure to air, acids, and alkalies, it is used, especially when vulcanized, for many purposes in the arts and in manufactures. Also called India rubber (because it was first brought from India, and was formerly used chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic.
 See Vulcanization.

Mineral caoutchouc. See under Mineral.

 Caout"chou*cin (?), n. See Caoutchin.

 Cap (kp), n. [OE. cappe, AS. cæppe, cap, cape, hood, fr. LL, cappa, capa; perhaps of Iberian origin, as Isidorus of Seville mentions it first: "Capa, quia quasi totum capiat hominem; it. capitis ornamentum." See 3d Cape, and cf. 1st Cope.]
 1. A covering for the head; esp. (a) One usually with a visor but without a brim, for men and boys; (b) One of lace, muslin, etc., for women, or infants; (c) One used as the mark or ensign of some rank, office, or dignity, as that of a cardinal.

2. The top, or uppermost part; the chief.

 Thou art the cap of all the fools alive. Shak.
3. A respectful uncovering of the head.

 He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks. Fuller.
4. (Zoöl.) The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck.

5. Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use; as: (a) (Arch.) The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as, the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate. (b) Something covering the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament.
 (c) (Naut.) A collar of iron or wood used in joining spars, as the mast and the topmast, the bowsprit and the jib boom; also, a covering of tarred canvas at the end of a rope. (d) A percussion cap. See under Percussion. (e) (Mech.) The removable cover of a journal box. (f) (Geom.) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface.

6. A large size of writing paper; as, flat cap; foolscap; legal cap.

Cap of a cannon, a piece of lead laid over the vent to keep the priming dry; -- now called an apron. -- Cap in hand, obsequiously; submissively. -- Cap of liberty. See Liberty cap, under Liberty. -- Cap of maintenance, a cap of state carried before the kings of England at the coronation. It is also carried before the mayors of some cities. -- Cap money, money collected in a cap for the huntsman at the death of the fox. -- Cap paper. (a) A kind of writing paper including flat cap, foolscap, and legal cap. (b) A coarse wrapping paper used for making caps to hold commodities. -- Cap rock (Mining), The layer of rock next overlying ore, generally of barren vein material. -- Flat cap, cap See Foolscap. -- Forage cap, the cloth undress head covering of an officer of soldier. -- Legal cap, a kind of folio writing paper, made for the use of lawyers, in long narrow sheets which have the fold at the top or "narrow edge


al laughter.

Thackeray.
2. Influenced or produced by a demon or evil spirit; as, demoniac or demoniacal power. "Demoniac frenzy." Milton.
 De*mo"ni*ac (?), n. 1. A human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit; one whose faculties are directly controlled by a demon.

 The demoniac in the gospel was sometimes cast into the fire.

Bates.
2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists who maintain that the demons or devils will finally be saved.

 Dem'o*ni"a*cal*ly (?), adv. In a demoniacal manner.

 Dem'o*ni"a*cism (?), n. The state of being demoniac, or the practices of demoniacs.

 De*mo"ni*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a demon. [Obs.] Cudworth.
 De*mo"ni*an (?), a. Relating to, or having the nature of, a demon.
 "Demonian spirits." Milton.
 De*mo"ni*an*ism (?), n. The state of being possessed by a demon or by demons.

 De*mo"ni*asm (?), n. See Demonianism. [R.]

 De*mo"nic (?), a. [L. daemonicus, Gr. daimoniko's.] Of or pertaining to a demon or to demons; demoniac. "Demonic ambushes."
 Lowell.
 De"mon*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. démonisme.] The belief in demons or false gods.

 The established theology of the heathen world... rested upon the basis of demonism.

Farmer.
 De"mon*ist, n. A believer in, or worshiper of, demons.

 De"mon*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Demonizing.] [Cf. LL. daemonizare to be possessed by a demon, Gr. &?;.] 1. To convert into a demon; to infuse the principles or fury of a demon into.

2. To control or possess by a demon.

 De'mon*oc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + kra'tos strength: cf.
 F. démonocratie.] The power or government of demons.

 A demonocracy of unclean spirits.

H. Taylor.
 De'mon*og"ra*pher (?), n. [Demon + -graph + -er.]
 A demonologist. [R.] Am. Cyc.
 De'mon*ol"a*try (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + latrei'a worship, &?; to serve, worship: cf. F. démonolâtrie.] The worship of demons.

 De'mon*ol"o*ger (?), n. One versed in demonology. R. North.
 { De'mon*o*log"ic (?), De'mon*o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. démonologique.]
 Of or pertaining to demonology.

 De'mon*ol"o*gist (?), n. One who writes on, or is versed in, demonology.

 De'mon*ol"o*gy (?; 277), n. [Demon + -logy: cf. F. démonologie.]
 A treatise on demons; a supposititious science which treats of demons and their manifestations. Sir W. Scott.
 De'mon*om"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + magei'a magic.] Magic in which the aid of demons is invoked; black or infernal magic. Bp.
 Hurd.
 De*mon'o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Demon + mania.] A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils.

 De*mon"o*mist (?) n. One in subjection to a demon, or to demons.
 [R.] Sir T. Herbert.
 De*mon"o*my (?), n. [Gr. dai'mwn demon + no'mos law.] The dominion of demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.
 De"mon*ry (?), n. Demoniacal influence or possession. J. Baillie.
 De"mon*ship, n. The state of a demon. Mede.
 De*mon'stra*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrableness.

 De*mon"stra*ble (?), a. [L. demonstrabilis: cf. OF. demonstrable, F. démontrable.] 1. Capable of being demonstrated; that can be proved beyond doubt or question.

 The grand articles of our belief are as demonstrable as geometry.

Glanvill.
2. Proved; apparent. [Obs.] Shak.
 De*mon"stra*ble*ness, n. The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrability.

 De*mon"stra*bly, adv. In a demonstrable manner; incontrovertibly; clearly.

 Cases that demonstrably concerned the public cause.

Clarendon.
 De*mon"strance (?), n. [OF. demonstrance.] Demonstration; proof. [Obs.] Holland.
 Dem"on*strate (?; 277), v. t. [L. demonstratus, p. p. of demonstrare to demonstrate; de- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1.
 To point out; to show; to exhibit; to make evident. Shak.
2. To show, or make evident, by reasoning or proof; to prove by deduction; to establish so as to exclude the possibility of doubt or denial.

 We can not demonstrate these things so as to show that the contrary often involves a contradiction.

Tillotson.
3. (Anat.) To exhibit and explain (a dissection or other anatomical preparation).

 Dem"on*stra'ter, n. See Demonstrator.

 Dem'on*stra"tion (?), n. [L. demonstratio: cf. F. démonstration.]
 1. The act of demonstrating; an exhibition; proof; especially, proof beyond the possibility of doubt; indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason.

 Those intervening ideas which serve to show the agreement of any two others are called "proofs;" and where agreement or disagreement is by this means plainly and clearly perceived, it is called demonstration.

Locke.
2. An expression, as of the feelings, by outward signs; a manifestation; a show.

 Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief?

Shak.
 Loyal demonstrations toward the prince.

Prescott.
3. (Anat.) The exhibition and explanation of a dissection or other anatomical preparation.

4. (Mil.) a decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an attack.

5. (Logic) The act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the proof itself.

6. (Math.) A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary consequence of assumed premises; -- these premises being definitions, axioms, and previously established propositions.

Direct, or Positive, demonstration (Logic & Math.), one in which the correct conclusion is the immediate sequence of reasoning from axiomatic or established premises; -- opposed to Indirect, or Negative, demonstration (called also reductio ad absurdum), in which the correct conclusion is an inference from the demonstration that any other hypothesis must be incorrect.

 De*mon"stra*tive (?), a. [F. démonstratif, L. demonstrativus.]
 1. Having the nature of demonstration; tending to demonstrate; making evident; exhibiting clearly or conclusively. "Demonstrative figures." Dryden.
 An argument necessary and demonstrative.

Hooker.
2. Expressing, or apt to express, much; displaying feeling or sentiment; as, her nature was demonstrative.

3


money; a small sum, or a large sum. "The sum of forty pound." Chaucer.
 With a great sum obtained I this freedom.

Acts xxii. 28.
3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections.

4. Height; completion; utmost degree.

 Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the sum of earthly bliss.

Milton.
5. (Arith.) A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. Macaulay.
 A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point is ipso facto fatal to the whole.

Gladstone.
 A large sheet of paper... covered with long sums.

Dickens.
Algebraic sum, as distinguished from arithmetical sum, the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of - 2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum, in short; in brief. [Obs.] "In sum, the gospel... prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers.
 Sum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summed (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Summing.] [Cf. F. sommer, LL. summare.] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up.

 The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day.

Bacon.
2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up.

 "Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of this fable.

L'Estrange.
 He sums their virtues in himself alone.

Dryden.
3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage.

 But feathered soon and fledge They summed their pens [wings].

Milton.
Summing up, a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a résumé; a summary.

Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute.

 { Su"mac, Su"mach } (?), n. [F. sumac, formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque), fr. Ar. summq.] [Written also shumac.]
 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers.
 Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera, yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer.

2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing.

Poison sumac. (Bot.) See under Poison.

 Su*ma"tran (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants.
 -- n. A native of Sumatra.

 Sum"bul (?), n. [Pers.] The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul. It is used in medicine as a stimulant.
 [Written also sumbal.] - - Sum*bul"ic, a. Sum"less (?), a. Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure." Pope.
 Sum"ma*ri*ly (?), adv. In a summary manner.

 Sum"ma*rist (?), n. One who summarized.

 Sum"ma*rize (?), v. t. To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly. Chambers.
 Sum"ma*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sommaire. See Sum.] 1.
 Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.

2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct.

 Sum"ma*ry, n.; pl. Summaries (#). [F. sommaire, or L. summarium. See Summary, a.] A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.

 Sum*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sommation. See Sum, v. t.]
 The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate.

 Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect.

De Quincey.
 Sum"mer (?), n. [From Sum, v.] One who sums; one who casts up an account.

 Sum"mer, n. [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree.

 Sum"mer, n. [OE. sumer, somer, AS. sumor, sumer; akin to OFries. sumur, D. zomer, OS. sumar, G. sommer, OHG. & Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Sw. sommar, W. haf, Zend hama, Skr. sam year. √292.] The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year.

 North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d.

Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer. See under Saint. -- Summer bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt, the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.), a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zoöl.), the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.), an annual plant (Kochia Scoparia) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck. (Zoöl.)
(a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust.
 of Wood duck, under Wood. -- Summer fallow, land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.), prickly heat. See under Prickly. -- Summer sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b)


is often used with specific reference to feebleness of mind.

 Deb"it (?), n. [L. debitum what is due, debt, from debere to owe: cf. F. débit. See Debt.] A debt; an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; -- mostly used adjectively; as, the debit side of an account.

 Deb"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debited; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Debiting.] 1. To charge with debt; -- the opposite of, and correlative to, credit; as, to debit a purchaser for the goods sold.

2. (Bookkeeping) To enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; as, to debit the amount of goods sold.

 Deb"it*or (?), n. [L. See Debtor.] A debtor. [Obs.] Shak.
 De'bi*tu'mi*ni*za"tion (?), n. The act of depriving of bitumen.

 De'bi*tu"mi*nize (?), v. t. To deprive of bitumen.

 ||Dé'blai" (?), n. [F.] (Fort.) The cavity from which the earth for parapets, etc. (remblai), is taken.

 Deb'o*nair" (?), a. [OE. debonere, OF. de bon aire, debonaire, of good descent or lineage, excellent, debonair, F. débonnaire debonair; de of (L. de) + bon good (L. bonus) + aire. See Air, and Bounty, and cf. Bonair.] Characterized by courteousness, affability, or gentleness; of good appearance and manners; graceful; complaisant.

 Was never prince so meek and debonair.

Spenser.
 Deb'o*nair"i*ty (?), n. [OF. debonaireté, F. débonnaireté.]
 Debonairness. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Deb'o*nair"ly, adv. Courteously; elegantly.

 Deb'o*nair"ness, n. The quality of being debonair; good humor; gentleness; courtesy. Sterne.
 De*bosh" (?), v. t. [Old form of debauch.] To debauch.
 [Obs.] "A deboshed lady." Beau. & Fl.
 De*bosh"ment (?), n. Debauchment. [Obs.]

 De*bouch" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Debouched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Debouching.] [F. déboucher; pref. dé- (L. disor de) + boucher to stop up, fr. bouche mouth, fr. L. bucca the cheek. Cf. Disembogue.] To march out from a wood, defile, or other confined spot, into open ground; to issue.

 Battalions debouching on the plain.

Prescott.
 ||Dé'bou'ché" (?), n. [F.] A place for exit; an outlet; hence, a market for goods.

 The débouchés were ordered widened to afford easy egress.

The Century.
 ||Dé'bou'chure" (?), n. [F.] The outward opening of a river, of a valley, or of a strait.

 ||Dé'bris" (?), n. [F., fr. pref. dé- (L. dis) + briser to break, shatter; perh. of Celtic origin.] 1. (Geol.)
 Broken and detached fragments, taken collectively; especially, fragments detached from a rock or mountain, and piled up at the base.

2. Rubbish, especially such as results from the destruction of anything; remains; ruins.

 De*bruised" (?), a. [Cf. OF. debruisier to shatter, break.
 Cf. Bruise.] (Her.) Surmounted by an ordinary; as, a lion is debruised when a bend or other ordinary is placed over it, as in the cut.

 The lion of England and the lilies of France without the baton sinister, under which, according to the laws of heraldry, they where debruised in token of his illegitimate birth.

Macaulay.
 Debt (?), n. [OE. dette, F. dette, LL. debita, fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop., to have on loan; de- + habere to have. See Habit, and cf. Debit, Due.]
 1. That which is due from one person to another, whether money, goods, or services; that which one person is bound to pay to another, or to perform for his benefit; thing owed; obligation; liability.

 Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt.

Shak.
 When you run in debt, you give to another power over your liberty.

Franklin.
2. A duty neglected or violated; a fault; a sin; a trespass.
 "Forgive us our debts." Matt. vi. 12.
3. (Law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due. Burrill.
Bond debt, Book debt, etc. See under Bond, Book, etc. -- Debt of nature, death.

 Debt"ed, p. a. Indebted; obliged to. [R.]

 I stand debted to this gentleman.

Shak.
 Debt*ee" (?), n. (Law) One to whom a debt is due; creditor; -- correlative to debtor. Blackstone.
 Debt"less (?), a. Free from debt. Chaucer.
 Debt"or (?), n. [OE. dettur, dettour, OF. detor, detur, detour, F. débiteur, fr. L. debitor, fr. debere to owe. See Debt.] One who owes a debt; one who is indebted; -- correlative to creditor.

 [I 'll] bring your latter hazard back again, And thankfully rest debtor for the first.

Shak.
 In Athens an insolvent debtor became slave to his creditor.

Mitford.
Debtors for our lives to you.

Tennyson.
 De*bul"li*ate (?), v. i. [Pref. dé- + L. bullire to boil.] To boil over. [Obs.]

 Deb'ul*li"tion (?), n. [See Debulliate.] A bubbling or boiling over. [Obs.] Bailey.
 De*burse" (?), v. t. & i. [Pref. de + L. bursa purse.] To disburse. [Obs.] Ludlow.
 De"bu*scope (?), n. [From the inventor, Debus, a French optician + -scope.] (Opt.) A modification of the kaleidoscope; -- used to reflect images so as to form beautiful designs.

 ||Dé'but" (?), n. [F. début, prop., the first cast or throw at play, fr. but aim, mark. See Butt an end.] A beginning or first attempt; hence, a first appearance before the public, as of an actor or public speaker.

 ||Dé'bu'tant" (?), n.; fem. Dé'bu'tante" (&?;).
 [F., p. pr. of débuter to have the first throw, to make one's début. See Début.] A person who makes his (or her) first appearance before the public.

 Dec"a- (?). [Cf. Ten.] A prefix, from Gr. de'ka, signifying ten; specifically (Metric System), a prefix signifying the weight or measure that is ten times the principal unit.

 ||De*cac'e*ra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. de'ka ten + ke'ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalop


orate; to urge with energy; as, to enforce arguments or requests.

Enforcing sentiment of the thrust humanity.

Burke.
5. To put in force; to cause to take effect; to give effect to; to execute with vigor; as, to enforce the laws.

6. To urge; to ply hard; to lay much stress upon.

Enforce him with his envy to the people.

Shak.
 En*force (?), v. i. 1. To attempt by force. [Obs.]

2. To prove; to evince. [R.] Hooker.
3. To strengthen; to grow strong. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*force", n. Force; strength; power. [Obs.]

 A petty enterprise of small enforce.

Milton.
 En*force"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being enforced.

 En*forced" (?), a. Compelled; forced; not voluntary. "Enforced wrong." "Enforced smiles." Shak. -- En*for"ced*ly, adv.
Shak.
 En*force"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.] 1. The act of enforcing; compulsion.

 He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.

Sir W. Raleigh.
 Confess 't was hers, and by what rough enforcement You got it from her.

Shak.
2. A giving force to; a putting in execution.

Enforcement of strict military discipline.

Palfrey.
3. That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied.

 The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.

Locke.
 En*for"cer (?), n. One who enforces.

 En*for"ci*ble (?), a. That may be enforced.

 En*for"cive (?), a. Serving to enforce or constrain; compulsive. Marsion.
 -- En*for"cive*ly, adv.
 En*for"est (?), v. t. To turn into a forest.

 En*form" (?), v. t. [F. enformer. See Inform.] To form; to fashion. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*foul"dred (?), a. [Pref. en- + OF. fouldre, foldre, lightning, F. foudre, L. fulgur.] Mixed with, or emitting, lightning. [Obs.] "With foul enfouldred smoke." Spenser.
 En*frame" (?), v. t. To inclose, as in a frame.

 En*fran"chise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfranchised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfranchising (?).] [Pref. en- + franchise: cf. F. enfranchir.] 1. To set free; to liberate from slavery, prison, or any binding power. Bacon.
2. To endow with a franchise; to incorporate into a body politic and thus to invest with civil and political privileges; to admit to the privileges of a freeman.

3. To receive as denizens; to naturalize; as, to enfranchise foreign words. I. Watts.
 En*fran"chise*ment (?), n. 1. Releasing from slavery or custody. Shak.
2. Admission to the freedom of a corporation or body politic; investiture with the privileges of free citizens.

Enfranchisement of copyhold (Eng. Law), the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold. Mozley & W. En*fran"chis*er (?), n. One who enfranchises.

 En*free" (?), v. t. To set free. [Obs.] "The enfreed Antenor." Shak.
 En*free"dom (?), v. t. To set free. [Obs.] Shak.
 En*freeze" (?), v. t. To freeze; to congeal. [Obs.]

 Thou hast enfrozened her disdainful breast.

Spenser.
 En*fro"ward (?), v. t. To make froward, perverse, or ungovernable.
 [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.
 En*gage" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Engaging (?).] [F. engager; pref. en- (L. in) + gage pledge, pawn. See Gage.] 1. To put under pledge; to pledge; to place under obligations to do or forbear doing something, as by a pledge, oath, or promise; to bind by contract or promise. "I to thee engaged a prince's word." Shak.
2. To gain for service; to bring in as associate or aid; to enlist; as, to engage friends to aid in a cause; to engage men for service.

3. To gain over; to win and attach; to attract and hold; to draw.

 Good nature engages everybody to him.

Addison.
4. To employ the attention and efforts of; to occupy; to engross; to draw on.

 Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage.

Pope.
 Taking upon himself the difficult task of engaging him in conversation.

Hawthorne.
5. To enter into contest with; to encounter; to bring to conflict.

 A favorable opportunity of engaging the enemy.

Ludlow.
6. (Mach.) To come into gear with; as, the teeth of one cogwheel engage those of another, or one part of a clutch engages the other part.

 En*gage", v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self; to enter into an obligation; to become bound; to warrant.

 How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not.

Fuller.
2. To embark in a business; to take a part; to employ or involve one's self; to devote attention and effort; to enlist; as, to engage in controversy.

3. To enter into conflict; to join battle; as, the armies engaged in a general battle.

4. (Mach.) To be in gear, as two cogwheels working together.

 En*gaged" (?), a. 1. Occupied; employed; busy.

2. Pledged; promised; especially, having the affections pledged; promised in marriage; affianced; betrothed.

3. Greatly interested; of awakened zeal; earnest.

4. Involved; esp., involved in a hostile encounter; as, the engaged ships continued the fight.

Engaged column. (Arch.) Same as Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. En*ga"ged*ly (?), adv. With attachment; with interest; earnestly.

 En*ga"ged*ness, n. The state of being deeply interested; earnestness; zeal.

 En*gage"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. engagement.] 1. The act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest.

2. The state of being engaged, pledged or occupied; specif., a pledge to take some one as husband or wife.

3. That which engages; engrossing occupation; employment of the attention; obligation by pledge, promise, or contract; an enterprise embarked in; as, his engagements prevented his acceptance of any office.

 Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league.

Milton.
4. (Mil.) An action; a fight; a battle.

 In hot engagement with the Moors.

Dryden.
5. (Mach.) The state of being in gear; as, one part of a clutch is brought into engagement with the other part.

Syn. -- Vocation; business; employment; occupation; promise; stipulation; betrothal; word; battle; combat; fight; contest; conflict.
 See Battle.

 En*ga"ger (?), n. One who enters into an engagement or agreement; a surety.


akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr.
 &?; haste, zeal, &?; to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. étude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.]
 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge.

 Hammond... spent thirteen hours of the day in study.

Bp. Fell.
Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace.

Sir W. Temple.
2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation.

 Just men they seemed, and all their study bent To worship God aright, and know his works.

Milton.
3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.

 The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study.

Law.
 The proper study of mankind is man.

Pope.
4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work.
 "His cheery little study." Hawthorne.
5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture.

6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude.

 Stud"y (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Studied (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Studying (?).] [OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. étudier. See Study, n.] 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. Chaucer.
 I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable.

Swift.
2. To apply the mind to books or learning. Shak.
3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous. 1 Thes. iv. 11.
 Stud"y, v. t. 1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.

2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature.

Study thyself; what rank or what degree The wise Creator has ordained for thee.

Dryden.
3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech.

4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.

 For their heart studieth destruction.

Prov. xxiv. 2.
 ||Stu"fa (?), n. [It. stufa a stove. See Stove.] A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth.

 Stuff (?), n. [OF. estoffe, F. étoffe; of uncertain origin, perhaps of Teutonic origin and akin to E. stop, v.t. Cf. Stuff, v. t.] 1. Material which is to be worked up in any process of manufacture.

 For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much.

Ex. xxxvi. 7.
 Ambitions should be made of sterner stuff.

Shak.
 The workman on his stuff his skill doth show, And yet the stuff gives not the man his skill.

Sir J. Davies.
2. The fundamental material of which anything is made up; elemental part; essence.

 Yet do I hold it very stuff o' the conscience To do no contrived murder.

Shak.
3. Woven material not made into garments; fabric of any kind; specifically, any one of various fabrics of wool or worsted; sometimes, worsted fiber.

 What stuff wilt have a kirtle of?

Shak.
 It [the arras] was of stuff and silk mixed, though, superior kinds were of silk exclusively.

F. G. Lee.
4. Furniture; goods; domestic vessels or utensils.

 He took away locks, and gave away the king's stuff.

Hayward.
5. A medicine or mixture; a potion. Shak.
6. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, also, foolish or irrational language; nonsense; trash.

 Anger would indite Such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write.

Dryden.
7. (Naut.) A melted mass of turpentine, tallow, etc., with which the masts, sides, and bottom of a ship are smeared for lubrication.
 Ham. Nav. Encyc.
8. Paper stock ground ready for use.

 When partly ground, called half stuff. Knight.
Clear stuff. See under Clear. -- Small stuff (Naut.), all kinds of small cordage. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Stuff gown, the distinctive garb of a junior barrister; hence, a junior barrister himself. See Silk gown, under Silk.

 Stuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuffing.] [OE. stoffen; cf. OF. estoffer, F. étoffer, to put stuff in, to stuff, to line, also, OF. estouffer to stifle, F. étouffer; both perhaps of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stop. Cf. Stop, v. t., Stuff, n.] 1. To fill by crowding something into; to cram with something; to load to excess; as, to stuff a bedtick.

 Sometimes this crook drew hazel bought adown, And stuffed her apron wide with nuts so brown.

Gay.
 Lest the gods, for sin, Should with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin.

Dryden.
2. To thrust or crowd; to press; to pack.

 Put roses into a glass with a narrow mouth, stuffing them close together... and they retain smell and color.

Bacon.
3. To fill by being pressed or packed into.

 With inward arms the dire machine they load, And iron bowels stuff the dark abode.

Dryden.
4. (Cookery) To fill with a seasoning composition of bread, meat, condiments, etc.; as, to stuff a turkey.

5. To obstruct, as any of the organs; to affect with some obstruction in the organs of sense or respiration.

 I'm stuffed, cousin; I can not smell.

Shak.
6. To fill the skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen; -- said of birds or other animals.

7. To form or fashion by packing with the necessary material.

 An Eastern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence, and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and placed upon the tribunal.

Swift.
8. To crowd with facts; to cram the mind of; sometimes, to crowd or fill with false or idle tales or fancies.

9. To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). [U. S.]

 Stuff (?), v. i. To feed gluttonously; to cram.

 Taught harmless man to cram and stuff.

Swift.
 Stuff"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stuffs.

 Stuff"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being stuffy.

 Stuff"ing, n. 1. That which is used for filling anything; as, the stuffing of a saddle or cushion.

2. (Cookery) Any seasoning preparation used to stuff meat; especially, a composition of bread, condiments, spices, etc.; forcemeat; dressing.

3. A mixture of oil and tallow used in softening and dressing leather.

Stuffing box, a device for rendering a joint impervious where there is a hole through which a movable cylindrical body, as the paston rod of a steam engine, or the plunger of a pump, slides back and forth, or in which a


a nervous system. Huxley.
 Sen*sig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sensus sense + -genous.]
 Causing or exciting sensation. Huxley.
 Sens"ism (?), n. Same as Sensualism, 2 & 3.

 Sens"ist, n. One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism.

 Sen"si*tive (?), a. [F. sensitif. See Sense.] 1.
 Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as, a sensitive soul.

2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected.

 She was too sensitive to abuse and calumny.

Macaulay.
3. (a) (Mech.) Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as, a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales. (b) (Chem. & Photog.) Readily affected or changed by certain appropriate agents; as, silver chloride or bromide, when in contact with certain organic substances, is extremely sensitive to actinic rays.

4. Serving to affect the sense; sensible. [R.]

 A sensitive love of some sensitive objects.

Hammond.
5. Of or pertaining to sensation; depending on sensation; as, sensitive motions; sensitive muscular motions excited by irritation. E. Darwin.
Sensitive fern (Bot.), an American fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the leaves of which, when plucked, show a slight tendency to fold together. -- Sensitive flame (Physics), a gas flame so arranged that under a suitable adjustment of pressure it is exceedingly sensitive to sounds, being caused to roar, flare, or become suddenly shortened or extinguished, by slight sounds of the proper pitch. -- Sensitive joint vetch (Bot.), an annual leguminous herb (Æschynomene hispida), with sensitive foliage. -- Sensitive paper, paper prepared for photographic purpose by being rendered sensitive to the effect of light. -- Sensitive plant. (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Mimosa pudica, or M. sensitiva, and other allied species), the leaves of which close at the slightest touch. (b) Any plant showing motions after irritation, as the sensitive brier (Schrankia) of the Southern States, two common American species of Cassia (C. nictitans, and C. Chamæcrista), a kind of sorrel (Oxalis sensitiva), etc.

 -- Sen"si*tive*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"si*tive*ness, n. Sen'si*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensitive; -- used chiefly in science and the arts; as, the sensitivity of iodized silver.

Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the scientific term for the capacity of feeling.

Hickok.
 Sen"si*tize (?), v. t. (Photog.) To render sensitive, or susceptible of being easily acted on by the actinic rays of the sun; as, sensitized paper or plate.

 Sen"si*ti'zer (?), n. (Photog.) An agent that sensitizes.

 The sensitizer should be poured on the middle of the sheet.

Wilis & Clements (The Platinotype).
 Sen"si*to*ry (?), n. See Sensory.

 Sens"ive (?), a. Having sense or sensibility; sensitive. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.
 Sen"sor (?), a. Sensory; as, the sensor nerves.

 Sen*so"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sensorial. See Sensorium.] Of or pertaining to the sensorium; as, sensorial faculties, motions, powers. A. Tucker.
 Sen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Sensoriums (#), L. Sensoria (#). [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to discern or perceive by the senses.] (Physiol.) The seat of sensation; the nervous center or centers to which impressions from the external world must be conveyed before they can be perceived; the place where external impressions are localized, and transformed into sensations, prior to being reflected to other parts of the organism; hence, the whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations.

 Sen*so'ri-vo*li"tion*al (?), a. (Physiol.) Concerned both in sensation and volition; -- applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebrospinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition. Dunglison.
 Sen"so*ry (?), n.; pl. Sensories (&?;). (Physiol.)
 Same as Sensorium.

 Sen"so*ry, a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the sensorium or sensation; as, sensory impulses; -- especially applied to those nerves and nerve fibers which convey to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation; also sometimes loosely employed in the sense of afferent, to indicate nerve fibers which convey impressions of any kind to a nerve center.

 Sen"su*al (?), a. [L. sensualis, from sensus sense: cf. F. sensuel.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the sense, or bodily organs of perception; relating to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the spirit.

 Pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies.

Bacon.
 Far as creation's ample range extends, The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends.

Pope.
2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification of the senses, or the indulgence of appetites; wordly.

 These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit.

Jude 19.
 The greatest part of men are such as prefer... that good which is sensual before whatsoever is most divine.

Hooker.
3. Devoted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxurious; voluptuous; lewd; libidinous.

 No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that wherein sensual men place their felicity.

Atterbury.
4. Pertaining or peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism.

 Sen"su*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sensualisme.] 1. The condition or character of one who is sensual; subjection to sensual feelings and appetite; sensuality.

2. (Philos.) The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism; sensism.

3. (Ethics) The regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest good. KrauthFleming.
 Sen"su*al*ist, n. [CF. F. sensualiste.] 1. One who is sensual; one given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses as the means of happiness.

2. One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism.

 Sen'su*al*is"tic (?), a. 1. Sensual.

2. Adopting or teaching the doctrines of sensualism.

 Sen'su*al"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sensualité, L. sensualitas sensibility, capacity for sensation.] The quality or state of being sensual; devotedness to the gratification of the bodily appetites; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures; luxuriousness; voluptuousness; lewdness.

 Those pampered animals That rage in savage sensuality.

Shak.
 They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted by any sensuality.

Addison.
 Sen'su*al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of sensualizing, or the state of being sensualized.

 Sen"su*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensualized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing (?).] To make sensual; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure; to debase by


act which originates or begins.

 The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come.

I. Taylor.
2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as, the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives.

 In*i"ti*a'tor (?), n. [L.] One who initiates.

 In*i"ti*a*to*ry (?), a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as, an initiatory step. Bp.
 Hall.
2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary.

 Some initiatory treatises in the law.

Herbert.
 Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together.

J. M. Mason.
 In*i"ti*a*to*ry, n. An introductory act or rite. [R.]

 In*i"tion (?), n. [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.]
 Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton.
 In*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. inin + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.]

1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as, to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe.

2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill.

 Cæsar also, then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs.

Milton.
3. To cast or throw; -- with on. [R.]

 And mound inject on mound.

Pope.
 4. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as, to inject the blood vessels.

 In*jec"tion (?), n. [L. injectio : cf. F. injection.]
 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; -- applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc.

2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne.
3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection.

4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser.

Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. -- Injection condenser. See under Condenser. -- Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine.

 In*ject"or (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, injects.

2. (Mach.) A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; -- also called Giffard's injector, from the inventor.

 In*jel"ly (?), v. t. To place in jelly. [R.]

 In*join" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin.

 In*joint (?), v. t. [Pref. inin + joint.] To join; to unite. [R.] Shak.
 In*joint, v. t. [Pref. inin + joint.] To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.
 In'ju*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. injucunditas. See Innot, and Jocund.] Unpleasantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram.
 In*ju"di*ca*ble (?), a. Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey.
 In'ju*di"cial (?), a. Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.]

 In'ju*di"cious (?), a. [Pref. innot + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as, an injudicious adviser.

 An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory.

A. Murphy.
2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as, an injudicious measure.

Syn. -- Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent.

 In'ju*di"cious*ly, adv. In an injudicious manner.

 In'ju*di"cious*ness, n. The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock.
 In*junc"tion (?), n. [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting.

2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction.

 For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered, The high injunction, not to taste that fruit.

Milton.
 Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority.

South.
3. (Law) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ.

 It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell.
Story.
 In"jure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also, to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; -- used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind.

 When have I injured thee? when done thee wrong?

Shak.
Syn. -- To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor.

 In"jur*er (?), n. One who injures or wrongs.

 ||In*ju"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Injurie (#). [L.] (Law) Injury; invasion of another's rights.


as a fluid from confinement; to flow copiously.

 He smote the rock that the waters gushed out.

Ps ixxviii 20.
 A sea of blood gushed from the gaping wound.

Spenser.
2. To make a sentimental or untimely exhibition of affection; to display enthusiasm in a silly, demonstrative manner. [Colloq.]

 Gush, v. t. 1. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an inclosed plase; an emission of a liquid in a large quantity, and with force; the fluid thus emitted; a rapid outpouring of anything; as, a gush of song from a bird.

 The gush of springs, An fall of lofty foundains.

Byron.
2. A sentimental exhibition of affection or enthusiasm, etc.; effusive display of sentiment. [Collog.]

 Gush"er (?), n. One who gushes. [Colloq.]

 Gush"ing, a. 1. Rushing forth with violence, as a fluid; flowing copiously; as, gushing waters. "Gushing blood." Milton.
2. Emitting copiously, as tears or words; weakly and unreservedly demonstrative in matters of affection; sentimental. [Colloq.]

 Gush"ing*ly (?), adv. 1. In a gushing manner; copiously. Byron.
2. Weakly; sentimentally; effusively. [Colloq.]

 Gus"set (?), n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, dim.
 of gousse pod, husk; cf. It. guscio shell, or W. cwysed gore, gusset.] 1. A small piece of cloth inserted in a garment, for the purpose of strengthening some part or giving it a tapering enlargement.

 Seam and gusset and band.

Hood.
2. Anything resembling a gusset in a garment; as: (a) (Armor) A small piece of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms. (b) (Mach.) A kind of bracket, or angular piece of iron, fastened in the angles of a structure to give strength or stiffness; esp., the part joining the barrel and the fire box of a locomotive boiler.

3. (Her.) An abatement or mark of dishonor in a coat of arms, resembling a gusset.

 Gust (gst), n. [Icel. gustr a cool breeze. Cf. Gush.] 1.
 A sudden squall; a violent blast of wind; a sudden and brief rushing or driving of the wind.

 Snow, and hail, stormy gust and flaw.

Milton.
2. A sudden violent burst of passion. Bacon.
 Gust, n. [L. gustus; cf. It. & Sp. gusto. √46.]

1. The sense or pleasure of tasting; relish; gusto.

 An ox will relish the tender flesh of kids with as much gust and appetite.

Jer. Taylor.
2. Gratification of any kind, particularly that which is exquisitely relished; enjoyment.

 Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust.
Pope.
3. Intellectual taste; fancy.

 A choice of it may be made according to the gust and manner of the ancients.

Dryden.
 Gust, v. t. [Cf. L. gustare, It. gustare, Sp. gustar.
 See GUST a relish.] To taste; to have a relish for. [Obs.]

 Gust"a*ble (?), a. [See Gust, v.] [Obs.] 1. Capable of being tasted; tastable.

 This position informs us of a vulgar error, terming the gall bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable sweeter.

Harvey.
2. Pleasant to the taste; toothsome; savory.

 A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appetite, and affects the glands and parts of the mouth.

Derham.
 Gust"a*ble, n. Anything that can be tasted. [Obs.]

 Gus"tard (?), n. (Zoöl.) The great bustard.

 Gus*ta"tion (?), n. [L. gustatio: cf. F. gustation.]
 The act of tasting. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 Gust"a*to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or subservient to, the sense of taste; as, the gustatory nerve which supplies the front of the tongue.

 Gust"ful (?), a. Tasteful; welltasted. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.
 -- Gust"ful*ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow.
 Gust"ful, a. Gusty. [R.]

 A gustful April morn.

Tennyson.
 Gust"less, a. Tasteless; insipid. [R.]

 Gus"to (?), n. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus; akin to E. choose.
 Cf. 2d GUST, GOUR.] Nice or keen appreciation or enjoyment; relish; taste; fancy. Dryden.
 ||Gus*to"so (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Tasteful; in a tasteful, agreeable manner.

 Gust"y (?), a. Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous.

 Upon a raw and gusty day.

Shak.
 Gut (?), n. [OE. gut, got, AS. gut, prob.
 orig., a channel, and akin to geótan to pour. See FOUND to cast.]

1. A narrow passage of water; as, the Gut of Canso.

2. An intenstine; a bowel; the whole alimentary canal; the enteron; (pl.) bowels; entrails.

3. One of the prepared entrails of an animal, esp. of a sheep, used for various purposes. See Catgut.

4. The sac of silk taken from a silkworm (when ready to spin its cocoon), for the purpose of drawing it out into a thread. This, when dry, is exceedingly strong, and is used as the snood of a fish line.

Blind gut. See CÆcum, n. (b).

 Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gutted (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Gutting.] 1. To take out the bowels from; to eviscerate.

2. To plunder of contents; to destroy or remove the interior or contents of; as, a mob gutted the house.

 Tom Brown, of facetious memory, having gutted a proper name of its vowels, used it as freely as he pleased.

Addison.
 ||Gut"ta (?), n.; pl. GuttÆ (#). [L.] 1.
 A drop.

2. (Arch.) One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; -- called also campana, and drop.

Gutta serena [L., lit. serene or clear drop] (Med.), amaurosis. -- Guttæ band> (Arch.), the listel or band from which the guttæ hang.

 Gut"ta-per'cha (?), n. [Malay gutah gum + pertja the tree from which is it procured.] A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, or Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this


THE CLOUDS By Aristophanes Translated by William James Hickie * All Greek from the original edition has been transliterated into Roman characters.

 DRAMATIS PERSONAE


'Mid reedy fens wide spread.

Wordsworth.
Fen is used adjectively with the sense of belonging to, or of the nature of, a fen or fens.

Fen boat, a boat of light draught used in marshes. -- Fen duck (Zoöl.), a wild duck inhabiting fens; the shoveler. [Prov.
 Eng.] -- Fen fowl (Zoöl.), any water fowl that frequent fens. -- Fen goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fen land, swamp land.

 Fence (?), n. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. That which fends off attack or danger; a defense; a protection; a cover; security; shield.

 Let us be backed with God and with the seas, Which he hath given for fence impregnable.

Shak.
 A fence betwixt us and the victor's wrath.

Addison.
2. An inclosure about a field or other space, or about any object; especially, an inclosing structure of wood, iron, or other material, intended to prevent intrusion from without or straying from within.

 Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold.

Milton.
 In England a hedge, ditch, or wall, as well as a structure of boards, palings, or rails, is called a fence.

3. (Locks) A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking.

4. Self-defense by the use of the sword; the art and practice of fencing and sword play; hence, skill in debate and repartee. See Fencing.

 Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetoric, That hath so well been taught her dazzing fence.

Milton.
 Of dauntless courage and consummate skill in fence.

Macaulay.
5. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are received.
 [Slang] Mayhew.
Fence month (Forest Law), the month in which female deer are fawning, when hunting is prohibited. Bullokar. -- Fence roof, a covering for defense. "They fitted their shields close to one another in manner of a fence roof." Holland. -- Fence time, the breeding time of fish or game, when they should not be killed. -- Rail fence, a fence made of rails, sometimes supported by posts. -- Ring fence, a fence which encircles a large area, or a whole estate, within one inclosure. -- Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing one another at their ends; -- called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. -- To be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two opposing parties or policies. [Colloq.]