a white flag. "A great and a good man has departed." The verb has implies that only one man has departed, hence the sentence should be, "A great and good man has departed." "They sang the first and second verse," should be, "They sang the first and the second verse." "The literal and figurative meaning of words" should be, "The literal and the figurative meaning of words." "In framing of his sentences he was very exact," should be, "In the framing," etc., or, "In framing his sentences he was very exact." "The masculine and feminine gender," should be, "The masculine and the feminine gender." "After singing a hymn, Miss Willard made a stirring address." If Miss Willard alone sang the hymn the sentence is correct. If the congregation sang the hymn the sentence should be, "After the singing of a hymn, Miss Willard made a stirring address." "He is but a poor writer at best." Say, "at the best." "He received but a thousand votes at most." Say, "at the most." "John came day before yesterday." Say, "the day before yesterday." Article redundant "Shakespeare was a greater writer than an actor," should be, "Shakespeare was a greater writer than actor." "This is the kind of a tree of which he was speaking," should be, "This is the kind of tree," etc.
"What kind of a bird is this?" should be, "What kind of bird." "The one styled the Provost is the head of the University," should be, "The one styled Provost." "The nominative and the objective cases," should be "The nominative and objective cases." "He made a mistake in the giving out the text." Say "in giving out the text," or, "in the giving out of the text." In the latter instance, the participle becomes a noun and may take the article before it.
Articles interchanged "An elephant is the emblem of Siam," should be, "The elephant is the emblem," etc. "A digraph is the union of two letters to represent one sound." Should be, "A digraph is a union," etc.
CHAPTER XIV Redundancy We are all creatures of habit. Our sayings, as well as our doings, are largely a series of habits. In some instances we are unconscious of our peculiarities and find it almost impossible to shake them off.
The following are verbatim expressions as they dropped from the lips of a young clergyman in the pulpit. They show a deeply-seated habit of repetition of thought. As he was a graduate of one of the first colleges in the land, we are the more surprised that the habit was not checked before he passed through his college and seminary courses. The expressions are here given as a caution to others to be on their guard: "Supremest and highest," "separate and sever us," "derision, sarcasm, and contempt," "disobedient and disloyal and sinful," "hold aloof from iniquity, from sin," "necessity of being reclaimed and brought back," "their beautiful and their elegant city," "so abandoned and given up to evil and iniquity," "soaked and stained with human gore and blood," "beautiful and resplendent," "hardened and solidified into stone and adamant," "this arctic splendor and brilliancy," "were being slaughtered and cut down," "in the rapidity and the swiftness of the train," "with all the mightiness and the splendor of his genius," "the force and the pressure it brings to bear," "has and possesses the power," "lights flashed and gleamed." The above were all taken from a single discourse. Another peculiarity of the same speaker was his use of the preposition between. Instead of saying, "Between him and his father there was a perfect understanding of the matter," he would say, "Between him and between his father there was a perfect understanding of the matter." Young writers will find it a valuable exercise to go through a letter, essay, or other composition which they have written, with the view of ascertaining how many words they can eliminate without diminishing the force of what has been written. An article or two from the daily paper, and an occasional page from some recent work of fiction will afford further opportunity for profitable practice in pruning.
Widow woman "And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephrathite of Zereda, Solomon's servant, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman, even he lifted up his hand against the king."—I Kings xi, 26.
The expression is now regarded as an archaism, and not to be used in modern speech or writing. Omit woman.
Why Many persons have a foolish habit of beginning their answer to a question with the word why. In some cases it doubtless has its origin in the desire to gain time while the mind is preparing the answer, but in most instances it is merely a habit.
Some persons prefix the word why to the statement of a fact or to the asking of a question. This is even worse than to employ it to introduce the answer. Restrict it to its legitimate use.
Look at here This is one of the numerous expressions designed to call the attention of the person addressed to the speaker. It is both ungrammatical and vulgar. The omission of at will render it grammatical. "See here" is still better.
Look and see "Look and see if the teacher is coming." The words "look and" are superfluous. "See whether the teacher is coming" is a better expression.
Recollect of The word of is superfluous in such expressions; as, "I recollect of crossing Lake Champlain on the ice," "Do you recollect of his paying you a compliment?" Settle up, down "He has settled up his father's affairs." "He has settled down upon the old farm." Up and down may be omitted.
"He has settled down to business" is a colloquial expression which may be improved by recasting the sentence.
In so far "He is not to blame in so far as I understand the circumstances." "In so far as I know he is a thoroughly honest man." "In so far as I have influence it shall be exerted in your favor." Omit in.
Pocket-handkerchief The word handkerchief conveys the full meaning. Pocket is therefore superfluous and should be omitted. If a cloth or tie for the neck is meant, call it a neck tie or a neckerchief, but not a neck-handkerchief.
Have got "I have got a fine farm." "He has got four sons and three daughters." "James has got a rare collection of butterflies." In such expressions got is superfluous. But, if the idea of gaining or acquiring is to be conveyed, the word got may be retained; as, "I have got my license," "I have got my degree," "I have got my reward." Off of "Can I borrow a pencil off of you?" "I bought a knife off of him yesterday." Such faulty expressions are very common among school children, and should be promptly checked by the teacher. The off is superfluous.
"He jumped off of the boat." Say, "He jumped off the boat." The young lady appointed to sell articles at a church fair entreated her friends to "buy something off of me." She should say, "Please buy something from me," or "Make your purchases at my table." For to see "But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment?" Matt. xi, 8. "I will try for to do what you wish." This form of expression, once very common, is now obsolete. Omit for.
Appreciate highly To appreciate is to set a full value upon a thing. We may value highly, or prize highly, or esteem highly, but the word highly when used with appreciate is superfluous.
Ascend up "With


. pr.
 & vb. n. Cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner.

2. To drive into a position of great difficulty or hopeless embarrassment; as, to corner a person in argument.

3. To get command of (a stock, commodity, etc.), so as to be able to put one's own price on it; as, to corner the shares of a railroad stock; to corner petroleum.

 Cor"ner*cap' (-k?p'), n. The chief ornament. [Obs.]

 Thou makest the triumviry the cornercap of society. Shak.
 Cor"nered (-n?rd), p. a. 1 Having corners or angles.

2. In a possition of great difficulty; brought to bay.

 Cor"ner*wise' (-w?z'), adv. With the corner in front; diagonally; not square.

 Cor"net (k?r"n?t), n. [F. cornet, m. (for senses 1 & 2), cornette, f. & m. (for senses 3 & 4), dim. of corne horn, L. cornu. See Horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a) An obsolete rude reed instrument (Ger. Zinken), of the oboe family. (b) A brass instrument, with cupped mouthpiece, and furnished with valves or pistons, now used in bands, and, in place of the trumpet, in orchestras.
 See Cornet-à-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register.

2. A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to inclose small wares. Cotgrave.
3. (Mil.) (a) A troop of cavalry; -- so called from its being accompanied by a cornet player. [Obs.] "A body of five cornets of horse." Clarendon. (b) The standard of such a troop.
 [Obs.] (c) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, who carried the standard. The office was abolished in 1871.

4. A headdress: (a) A square cap anciently worn as a mark of certain professions. (b) A part of a woman's headdress, in the 16th century.

5. [Cf. Coronet.] (Far.) See Coronet, 2.

 ||Cor"net-à-pis'ton (k?r"n?t-?-p?s"t?n; F. k?r'n?'?p?s't?n"), n.; pl. Cornets-à-piston. [F.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like the trumpet, furnished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods; a cornopean; a cornet.

 Cor"net*cy (k?r"n?t-s?), n. The commission or rank of a cornet.

 Cor"net*er (k?r"n?t-?r), n. One who blows a cornet.

 Cor"neule (k?r"n?l), n. [F., dim. of cornée the cornea.] (Zoöl.) One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. Carpenter.
 Corn"field' (k?rn"f?ld'), n. A field where corn is or has been growing; -- in England, a field of wheat, rye, barley, or oats; in America, a field of Indian corn.

 Corn"floor' (-fl?r'), n. A thrashing floor. Hos. ix. 1.
 Corn"flow'er (-flou'?r), n. (Bot.) A conspicuous wild flower (Centaurea Cyanus), growing in grainfields.

 Cor"nic (k?r"n?k), a. Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, the dogwood (Cornus florida).

 Cor"nice (k?r"n?s), n. [F. corniche, It. cornice, LL.
 coronix, cornix, fr. L. coronis a curved line, a flourish with the pen at the end of a book or chapter, Gr. &?;&?;&?;; akin to L. corona crown. sEE Crown, and cf. Coronis.] (Arch.)
 Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; as, the cornice of an order, pedestal, door, window, or house. Gwilt.
Cornice ring, the ring on a cannon next behind the muzzle ring.

 Cor"niced (k?r"n?st), a. Having a cornice.

 Cor"ni*cle (k?r"n?-k'l), n. [L. corniculum, dim. of cornu horn.] A little horn. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Cor*nic"u*lar (-l?r), n. [L. cornicularius.] A secretary or clerk. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Cor*nic"u*late (k?r-n?k"?-l?t), a. [L. corniculatus.]

1. Horned; having horns. Dr. H. More.
2. (Bot.) Having processes resembling small horns.

 ||Cor*nic"u*lum (k?r-n?k"?-l?m), n.; pl. Cornicula (- l&?;). [L. corniculum little horn.] (Anat.) A small hornlike part or process.

 Cor*nif"er*ous (k?r-n?f"?r-?s), a. [L. cornu horn + -ferous.]
 (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest period of the Devonian age.
 (See the Diagram, under Geology.) The Corniferous period has been so called from the numerous seams of hornstone which characterize the later part of the period, as developed in the State of New York.

 Cor*nif"ic (k?r-n?f"?k), a. [L. cornu horn + facere to make.] Producing horns; forming horn.

 Cor'ni*fi*ca"tion (k?r'n?-f?-k?"sh?n), n. Conversion into, or formation of, horn; a becoming like horn.

 Cor"ni*fied (k?r"n?-f?d), a. [L. cornu horn + -fy.]
 (Anat.) Converted into horn; horny.

 Cor"ni*form (-f?rm), a. [L. cornu horn + -form.]
 Having the shape of a horn; horn-shaped.

 Cor*nig"er*ous (k?r-n?j"?r-?s), a. [L. corniger; cornu horn + gerere to bear.] Horned; having horns; as, cornigerous animals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Cor"nin (k?r"n?n), n. (Chem.) (a) A bitter principle obtained from dogwood (Cornus florida), as a white crystalline substance; -- called also cornic acid. (b) An extract from dogwood used as a febrifuge.

 Cor"ni*plume (k?r"n?-pl?m), n. [L. cornu horn + pluma feather.] (Zoöl.) A hornlike tuft of feathers on the head of some birds.

 Cor"nish (k?r"n?sh), a. Of or pertaining to Cornwall, in England.

Cornish chough. See Chough. -- Cornish engine, a single-acting pumping engine, used in mines, in Cornwall and elsewhere, and for water works. A heavy pump rod or plunger, raised by the steam, forces up the water by its weight, in descending.

 Cor"nish, n. The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall.

 Cor"nist, n. A performer on the cornet or horn.

 Corn"loft' (k?rn"l?ft'), n. A loft for corn; a granary.

 Corn"muse (-m?z), n. A cornemuse.

 ||Cor"no di bas*


wooden spoon, then take the saucepan off the fire, and when it is cooled a little, add the yolks of six and the whites of two eggs well beaten up, a little grated lemon peel, three-quarters of an ounce of sultanas and two small glasses of rum. Mix well, so as to get it very smooth, pour it into a buttered mould and serve either hot or cold. If cold, put whipped cream flavoured with stick vanilla round the dish; if hot, a Zabajone (No. 222).

 No. 212. Crema rappresa (Coffee Cream) Ingredients: Coffee, cream, eggs, sugar, butter.

 Bruise five ounces of freshly roasted Mocha coffee, and add it to three-quarters of a pint of boiling cream; cover the saucepan, let it simmer for twenty minutes, then pass through a bit of fine muslin. In the meantime mix the yolks of ten eggs and two whole eggs with eight ounces of castor sugar and a glass of cream; add the coffee cream to this and pass the whole through a fine sieve into a buttered mould. Steam in a bain-marie for rather more than an hour, but do not let the water boil; then put the cream on ice for about an hour, and before serving turn it out on a dish and pour some cream flavoured with stick vanilla round it.

 No. 213. Crema Montata alle Fragole (Strawberry Cream) Ingredients: Cream, castor sugar, Maraschino, strawberries or strawberry jam.

 Put a pint of cream on ice, and after two hours whip it up. Pass three tablespoonsful of strawberry jam through a sieve and add two tablespoonsful of Maraschino; mix this with the cream and build it up into a pyramid. Garnish with meringue biscuits and serve quickly. You may use fresh strawberries when in season, but then add castor sugar to taste.

 No. 214. Croccante di Mandorle (Cream Nougat) Ingredients: Almonds, sugar, lemon juice, butter, castor sugar, pistachios, preserved fruits.

 Blanch half a pound of almonds, cut them into shreds and dry them in a slow oven until they are a light brown colour; then put a quarter pound of lump sugar into a saucepan and caramel it lightly; stir well with a wooden spoon. When the sugar is dissolved, throw the hot almonds into it and also a little lemon juice. Take the saucepan off the fire and mix the almonds with the sugar, pour it into a buttered mould and press it against the sides of the mould with a lemon, but remember that the casing of sugar must be very thin. (You may, if you like, spread out the mixture on a flat dish and line the mould with your hands, but the sugar must be kept hot.)
 Then take it out of the mould and decorate it with castor sugar, pistacchio nuts, and preserved fruits. Fill this case with whipped cream and preserved fruits or fresh strawberries.

 No. 215. Crema tartara alla Caramella (Caramel Cream) Ingredients: Cream, eggs, caramel sugar, vanilla or lemon flavouring.

 Boil a pint of cream and give it any flavour you like. When cold, add the yolks of eight eggs and two tablespoonsful of castor sugar, mix well and pass it through a sieve; then burn some sugar to a caramel, line a smooth mould with it and pour the cream into it. Boil in a bain-marie for an hour and serve hot or cold.

 No. 216. Cremona Cake Ingredients: Ground rice, ground maize, sugar, one orange, eggs, salt, cream, Maraschino, almonds, preserved cherries.

 Weigh three eggs, and take equal quantities of castor sugar, butter, ground rice and maize (the last two together); make a light paste with them, but only use one whole egg and the yolks of the two others, add the scraped peel of an orange and a pinch of salt. Roll this paste out to the thickness of a five-shilling piece, colour it with the yolk of an egg and bake it in a cake tin in a hot oven until it is a good colour, then take it out and cut it into four equal circular pieces. Have ready some well-whipped cream and flavour it with Maraschino, put a thick layer of this on one of the rounds of pastry, then cover it with: the next round, on which also put a layer of cream, and so on until you come to the last round, which forms the top of the cake. Then split some almonds and colour them in the oven, cover the top of the cake with icing sugar flavoured with orange, and decorate the top with the almonds and preserved cherries.

 No. 217. Cake alla Tolentina Ingredients: Sponge-cake, jam, brandy or Maraschino, cream, pine-apple.

 Make a medium-sized sponge-cake; when cold cut off the top and scoop out all the middle and leave only the brown case; cover the outside with a good coating of jam or red currant jelly, and decorate it with some of the white of the cake cut into fancy shapes. Soak the rest of the crumb in brandy or Maraschino and mix it with quarter of a pint of whipped cream and bits of pineapple cut into small dice; fill the cake with this; pile it up high in the centre and decorate the top with the brown top cut into fancy shapes.

 No. 218. Riso all'Imperatrice Ingredients: Rice, sugar, milk, ice, preserved fruits, blanc-mange, Maraschino, cream.

 Boil two dessert-spoonsful of rice and one of sugar in milk. When sufficiently boiled, drain the rice and let it get cold. In the meantime place a mould on ice, and decorate it with slices of preserved fruit, and fix them to the mould with just enough nearly cold dissolved isinglass to keep them in place. Also put half a pint of blanc-mange on the ice, and stir it till it is the right consistency, gradually add the boiled rice, half a glass of Maraschino, some bits of pineapple cut in dice, and last of all half a pint of whipped cream. Fill the mould with this, and when it is sufficiently cold, turn it out and serve with a garnish of glace fruits or a few brandy cherries.

 No. 219. Amaretti leggieri (Almond Cakes) Ingredients: Almonds (sweet and bitter), eggs, castor sugar.

 Blanch equal quantities of sweet and bitter almonds, and dry them a little in the oven, then pound them in a mortar, and add nearly double their quantity of castor sugar. Mix with the white of an egg well beaten up into a snow, and shape into little balls about the size of a pigeon's egg. Put them on a piece of stout white paper, and bake them in a very slow oven.
 They should be very light and delicate in flavour.

 No. 220. Cakes alla Livornese Ingredients: Almonds, eggs, sugar, salt, potato flour, butter.

 Pound two ounces of almonds, and mix them with the yolks of two eggs and a spoonful of castor sugar flavoured with orange juice. Then mix two ounces of sugar with an egg, and to this add the almonds, a pinch of salt, and gradually strew in one and a half ounces of potato flour. When it is all well mixed, add one ounce of melted butter, shape the cakes and bake them in a slow oven.

 No. 221. Genoese Pastry Ingredients: Eggs, sugar, butter, flour, almonds, orange or lemon, brandy.

 Weigh four eggs, and take equal weights of castor sugar, butter, and flour. Pound three ounces of almonds, and mix them with an egg, melt the butter, and mix all the ingredients with a wooden spoon in a pudding basin for ten minutes, then add a little scraped orange or lemon peel, and a dessert-spoonful of brandy. Spread out the paste in thin layers on a copper baking sheet, cover them with buttered paper, and bake in a moderately hot oven.

 These cakes


-hole in Intermittent Water Course, Glen Canyon.
Pot-hole in Intermittent Water Course, Glen Canyon.
Homogeneous sandstone. These holes are often 10 to 15 feet deep, with the stones which ground them lying in the bottom.
Photograph by J. FENNEMORE, U.S. Colo. Riv. Exp.
Brown's Park, originally called Brown's Hole, after one of the early trappers, is a fine valley about 35 miles long and 5 or 6 miles wide. It is, like the few other valleys, an expansion of the canyon walls. There is considerable arable land, and the place possesses a remarkable climate. Though its general level is so high, around 5500 feet, it receives hardly any snow, and for this reason was long a favourite place for wintering cattle on the drive from Texas to California. It was a great rendezvous, also, for the early trappers and traders, and here stood Fort Davy Crockett, in those days famous.
It was one of those necessary places of refuge and meeting, established when the trappers were pursuing their extermination of the beaver, which once were so numerous in all the Western country. The river enters this park from the solitudes of Red Canyon, a splendid chasm, 25 miles long, 2500 feet deep, and abounding in plunging waters. The name is from the colour of the sandstone walls. Above it are three short canyons, Kingfisher, Horseshoe, and Flaming Gorge, aggregating about 10 miles. There are there no rapids worth mentioning, but the scenic beauty is entrancing. The walls are from 1200 to 1600 feet, in places extremely precipitous. Flaming Gorge, with walls 1300 feet, is particularly distinguished by being the beginning of the long series of close canyons. The river enters suddenly from Green River Valley, repeating on a smaller scale the conditions at the entrance to Lodore. From here on up to the Wind River Range the stream is flanked by occasional cliffs and buttes, but the country is comparatively open, and the many tributaries often have fine grassy bottoms. This was the locality of the great rendezvous of the period from 1825 to 1835, and even later.
Looking up Green River Valley from below Union Pacific Railway Bridge.
Looking up Green River Valley from below Union Pacific Railway Bridge.
Photograph by C.R. SAVAGE.
Specimen of a Navajo.
Specimen of a Navajo.
Photograph by J.K. HILLERS, U.S. Geol. Survey.
Young Warriors of the North.
Young Warriors of the North.
Photograph by C.R. SAVAGE.
Green River Valley is an elevated region, from six thousand to seven thousand feet above sea. It stretches from the Wind River Mountains on the north to the Uintas on the south, and is bounded westwardly by the Wyoming Range, and on the east merges into the Laramie Plains. The drainage exit is through the Uintas, as noted, by means of the canyons heading at Flaming Gorge. There are here opportunities for extensive farming by irrigation. The only other chance for agriculture on the river, except Wonsits Valley, Brown's Park, and a few minor places, is below Black Canyon, in the stretches I have called the alluvial and the canyon-valley divisions. In the latter short canyons separate extensive valleys with wide alluvial bottoms capable of high cultivation, though often subject to overflow. Almost anything will grow there. Vast groves of cottonwood and mesquite exist. In the alluvial division, the last stretch of the river, from the Gila down, cotton and sugar cane would probably grow. This is the only division where the water of the river can be extensively diverted.
At the mouth of the Gila an old emigrant road to California crossed, and another here in this Green River Valley. A third route of travel was by way of Gunnison's Crossing; and a fourth, though this was seldom traversed, was by the Crossing of the Fathers, some thirty-five miles above the present Lee's Ferry. In Green River Valley, Bonneville built his Fort Nonsense, and the region was for many years the best known of any place beyond the mountains. The routes of trappers and prospectors frequently followed aid native trails, which crossed and recrossed the country in every direction, except where the canyons of the Green and Colorado were approached, when few lines of traverse were open across, and none along the course of the water.
The Joshua Tree.
The Joshua Tree.
Clistoyucca Arborescens. Southern Nevada.
Photograph by C.R. SAVAGE.
On the headwaters of Green River lived the Crows, who called it the Seedskedee Agie or Prairie Hen River. The Snakes and Utes living farther down called it the Bitter-root. Frémont called it the Rio Verde of the Spaniards, but apparently without good authority. It was also spoken of as Spanish River, from the report that Spaniards occupied its lower valleys. Colorado was also one of its names, and this is what it should have remained. The commonest appellation was Green, supposed to have been derived from a trapper of that name. Just when the term "Colorado" was first applied to the lower river is not now known. It bore several names, but finally Colorado took first place because of its appropriateness. Both the walls and the water are usually red, though the name is undoubtedly derived from the colour of the water. Green River is frequently as red as any river could be. After a storm in the headwaters of Vermilion Creek I have seen the Green a positively bright vermilion.
A Pai Ute Family at Home.
A Pai Ute Family at Home.
Photograph by J.K. HILLERS, U.S. Colo. Riv. Exp.
The Arapahos were said to range into Brown's Park; the Utes were all along the Wonsits Valley and below it on both sides of the river. Then came the Navajos, ranging up to the San Juan and above.[10] On the north side, below the San Juan, were the various bands of Pai Utes, while on the south were the Puebloan tribes, with the Apaches, Suppais, Wallapais, etc., while still below came the Mohaves, Cocopas, and Yumas, with, on the Gila, the Pimas, Papagos, and Maricopas. The 250,000 square miles of the basin were variously apportioned amongst these tribes, but their territorial claims were usually well defined.
 [10] For notes on the distribution of tribes see the Seventh Ann. Rep, Bu.
Ethnology; Wheeler's Report, vol. i.; Report of Lieut. Ives, Works of H. H. Bancroft, and Garces, by Elliott Coues.
The Barrel Cactus.
The Barrel Cactus.
Pencil sketch by F.S. DELLENBAUGH.
The vegetation of the area, especially that of the lower half, possesses singular characteristics quite in keeping with the extraordinary topography.
Here flourishes the cactus, that rose of the desert, its lovely blossoms red, yellow, and white, illuminating in spring the arid wastes. The soft green of its stems and the multiplicity of its forms and species, are a constant delight. It writhes and struggles across the hot earth, or spreads out silver-spined branches into a tree-like bush, or, in the great pitahaya, rises in fierce dignity like a monitor against the deep blue sky. And the yuccas are quite as beautiful, with their tall central rods so richly crowned with bell-like blossoms, the fantastic Clistoyucca arborescens, or Joshua tree, being more in harmony with the archaic landscape than any other plant there. As the traveller crosses one of the open forests of this tree, which is often twenty-five feet high, the more distant ones appear to beckon like some uncanny desert octopus yearning to draw him within reach of those scrawny arms.
The blossom of this monstrous growth is a revelation, so unexpected is it. A group as large as one's head, pure white, on the extremity of a dagger-covered bough, it is like an angel amidst bayonets. The pitahaya, often more than thirty feet high and twelve to twenty-four inches diameter, is a fit companion for the Joshua, with an equally startling blossom.
Vegetation of the Southwest.
Vegetation of the Southwest.
Photograph by E.O. BE


father with the mother of another, or of one's mother with the father of another.

 Step"child' (?), n. [AS. steópcild.] 1. A bereaved child; one who has lost father or mother. [Obs.]

2. A son or daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage.

 Step"dame' (?), n. A stepmother. Spenser.
 Step"daugh'ter (?), n. [AS. steópdohtor.] A daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage.

 Step"fa'ther (?), n. [AS. steópfæder.] The husband of one's mother by a subsequent marriage.

 Ste*pha"ni*on (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a crown.] (Anat.)
 The point on the side of the skull where the temporal line, or upper edge of the temporal fossa, crosses the coronal suture.

 Steph"an*ite (?), n. [So named after the Archduke Stephan, mining director of Austria.] (Min.) A sulphide of antimony and silver of an iron-black color and metallic luster; called also black silver, and brittle silver ore.

 ||Steph'a*no"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fit for a crown, fr.
 &?; crown.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing asclepiadaceous shrubs, of Madagascar, Malaya, etc. They have fleshy or coriaceous opposite leaves, and large white waxy flowers in cymes.

2. A perfume said to be prepared from the flowers of Stephanotis floribunda.

 Step"lad'der (?), n. A portable set of steps.

 Step"moth'er (?), n. [AS. steópmder.] The wife of one's father by a subsequent marriage.

 Step"par'ent (?), n. Stepfather or stepmother.

 Steppe (?), n. [From Russ. stepe, through G. or F. steppe.]
 One of the vast plains in Southeastern Europe and in Asia, generally elevated, and free from wood, analogous to many of the prairies in Western North America. See Savanna.

Steppe murrain. (Far.) See Rinderpest.

 Stepped (?), a. Provided with a step or steps; having a series of offsets or parts resembling the steps of stairs; as, a stepped key.

Stepped gear, a cogwheel of which the teeth cross the face in a series of steps.

 Step"per (?), n. One who, or that which, steps; as, a quick stepper.

 Step"ping-stone' (?), n. 1. A stone to raise the feet above the surface of water or mud in walking.

2. Fig.: A means of progress or advancement.

 These obstacles his genius had turned into steppingstones.

Macaulay.
 That men may rise on stepping-stones Of their dead selves to higher things.

Tennyson.
 Step"sis'ter (?), n. A daughter of one's stepfather or stepmother by a former marriage.

 Step"son' (?), n. [AS. steópsunu.] A son of one's husband or wife by a former marriage.

 Step"stone' (?), n. A stone laid before a door as a stair to rise on in entering the house.

 -ster (?). [OE. & AS. -estre, -istre.] A suffix denoting the agent (originally a woman), especially a person who does something with skill or as an occupation; as in spinster (originally, a woman who spins), songster, baxter (= bakester), youngster.

 Brewing, baking, and weaving were formerly feminine labors, and consequently brewster, baxter, and webster meant, originally, the woman (not the man) who brews, bakes, or weaves. When men began to perform these duties the feminine appellations were retained.

 Ster'co*bi"lin (?), n. [L. stercus dung + E. bilin.]
 (Physiol. Chem.) A coloring matter found in the fæces, a product of the alteration of the bile pigments in the intestinal canal, -- identical with hydrobilirubin.

 Ster"co*lin (?), n. [L. stercus dung + oleum oil.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Same as Serolin (b).

 Ster'co*ra"ceous (?), a. [L. stercus, -oris, dung.]
 Of or pertaining to dung; partaking of the nature of, or containing, dung.

 Ster"co*ra*nism (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists.

 Ster"co*ra*nist (?), n. [LL. stercoranista, fr. L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Eccl. Hist.) A nickname formerly given to those who held, or were alleged to hold, that the consecrated elements in the eucharist undergo the process of digestion in the body of the recipient.

 Ster'co*ra"ri*an (?), n. A Stercoranist.

 Ster"co*ra*ry (?), n. [LL. stercorarium, from L. stercorarius belonging to dung.] A place, properly secured from the weather, for containing dung.

 Ster"co*rate (?), n. Excrement; dung. [Obs.]

 Ster'co*ra"tion (?), n. [L. stercoratio, from stercorare to dung.] Manuring with dung. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ster*co"ri*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists.

 Ster"co*rin (?), n. [L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Physiol.
 Chem.) Same as Serolin (b).

 Ster"co*ry (?), n. Excrement; dung. [Obs.]

 Ster*cu'li*a"ceous (?), a. [NL. Sterculia, the typical genus, fr. L. Sterculius the deity that presided over manuring, from stercus dung. So called because one of the original species is fetid.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sterculiaceæ) of polypetalous exogenous plants, mostly tropical. The cacao (Theobroma Cacao) is the most useful plant of the order.

 Stere (?), n. [F. stère, fr. Gr. &?; solid.] A unit of cubic measure in the metric system, being a cubic meter, or kiloliter, and equal to 35.3 cubic feet, or nearly 1 cubic yards.

 Stere (?), v. t. & i. To stir. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stere, n. A rudder. See 5th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Stere, n. Helmsman. See 6th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Ster'el*min"tha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. stereo's solid + &?; a worm.] (Zoöl.) Same as Platyelminthes.

 Ste"re*o- (?). [Gr. stereo's solid. See Stare to gaze.] A combining form meaning solid, hard, firm, as in stereo-chemistry, stereography.

 Ste"re*o*bate (?), n. [Gr. stereo's solid + &?; that treads or covers, akin to &?; base; cf. F. stéréobate.] (Arch.)
 The lower part or basement of a building or pedestal; -- used loosely for several different forms of basement.

 { Ste're*o-chem"ic (?), Ste're*o-chem"ic*al (?), } a. (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or illustrating, the hypothetical space relations of atoms in the molecule; as, a stereo-chemic formula.

 Ste're*o-chem"is*try (?), n. [Stereo- + chemistry.]
 (Chem.) Chemistry considered with reference to the space relations of atoms.

 Ste"re*o*chrome (?), n. Stereochromic picture.

 Ste


purpose of obtaining sugar from them; -- called also, sometimes, sugar bush. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Sugar pine (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree (Pinus Lambertiana) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a substitute for sugar. -- Sugar squirrel (Zoöl.), an Australian flying phalanger (Belideus sciureus), having a long bushy tail and a large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See Illust.
 under Phlanger. -- Sugar tongs, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl. -- Sugar tree.
 (Bot.) See Sugar maple, above.

 Sug"ar (?), v. i. In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off.
 [Local, U.S.]

 Sug"ar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sugared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with. "When I sugar my liquor." G. Eliot.
2. To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof.

 With devotion's visage And pious action we do sugar o'er The devil himself.

Shak.
 Sug"ared (?), a. Sweetened. "The sugared liquor." Spenser.
 Also used figuratively; as, sugared kisses.

 Sug"ar-house' (?), n. A building in which sugar is made or refined; a sugar manufactory.

 Sug"ar*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sugary, or sweet.

 Sug"ar*ing, n. 1. The act of covering or sweetening with sugar; also, the sugar thus used.

2. The act or process of making sugar.

 Sug"ar*less, a. Without sugar; free from sugar.

 Sug"ar*plum' (?), n. A kind of candy or sweetneat made up in small balls or disks.

 Sug"ar*y (?), a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar; tasting of sugar; sweet. Spenser.
2. Fond of sugar or sweet things; as, a sugary palate.

 Su*ges"cent (?), a. [L. sugere to suck.] Of or pertaining to sucking. [R.] Paley.
 Sug*gest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suggested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] [L. suggestus, p. p. of suggerere to put under, furnish, suggest; sub under + gerere to carry, to bring. See Jest.] 1. To introduce indirectly to the thoughts; to cause to be thought of, usually by the agency of other objects.

 Some ideas... are suggested to the mind by all the ways of sensation and reflection.

Locke.
2. To propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate; as, to suggest a difficulty.

3. To seduce; to prompt to evil; to tempt. [Obs.]

 Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested.

Shak.
4. To inform secretly. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To hint; allude to; refer to; insinuate.

 Sug*gest", v. i. To make suggestions; to tempt. [Obs.]

 And ever weaker grows through acted crime, Or seeming-genial, venial fault, Recurring and suggesting still.

Tennyson.
 Sug*gest"er (?), n. One who suggests. Beau. & Fl.
 Sug*ges"tion (?), n. [F. suggestion, L. suggestio.]
 1. The act of suggesting; presentation of an idea.

2. That which is suggested; an intimation; an insinuation; a hint; a different proposal or mention; also, formerly, a secret incitement; temptation.

 Why do I yield to that suggestion?

Shak.
3. Charge; complaint; accusation. [Obs.] "A false suggestion."
 Chaucer.
4. (Law) Information without oath; an entry of a material fact or circumstance on the record for the information of the court, at the death or insolvency of a party.

5. (Physiol. & Metaph.) The act or power of originating or recalling ideas or relations, distinguished as original and relative; -- a term much used by Scottish metaphysicians from Hutcherson to Thomas Brown.

Syn. -- Hint; allusion; intimation; insinuation. -- Suggestion, Hint. A hint is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of something before the mind for consideration, an indirect or guarded mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usually something slight or covert, and may by merely negative in its character. A suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us with some practical assistance or direction. "He gave me a hint of my danger, and added some suggestions as to the means of avoiding it."

 Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.

Pope.
 Arthur, whom they say is killed to-night On your suggestion.

Shak.
 Sug*gest"ive (?), a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation.
 -- Sug*gest"ive*ly, adv. -- Sug*gest"ive*ness, n. Sug*gest"ment (?), n. Suggestion. [R.]

 They fancy that every thought must needs have an immediate outward suggestment.

Hare.
 Sug*gest"ress (?), n. A woman who suggests. "The suggestress of suicides." De Quincey.
 Sug"gil (?), v. t. [L. suggillare, sugillare, suggillatum, sugillatum, literally, to beat black and blue.] To defame. [Obs.]
 Abp. Parker.
 Sug"gil*late (?), v. t. [See Suggil.] To beat livid, or black and blue. Wiseman.
 Sug'gil*la"tion (?), n. [L. suggillatio: cf. F. suggillation.]
 A livid, or black and blue, mark; a blow; a bruise.

 Su"i*ci'dal (?), a. Partaking of, or of the nature of, the crime or suicide. -- Su"i*ci'dal*ly, adv.
 Su"i*cide (?), n. [L. sui of one's self (akin to suus one's own) + caedere to slay, to kill. Cf. So, adv., Homicide.] 1. The act of taking one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind.

2. One guilty of self-murder; a felo-dese.

3. Ruin of one's own interests. "Intestine war, which may be justly called political suicide." V. Knox.
 Su'i*cid"i*cal (?), a. Suicidal. [Obs.]

 Su"i*ci*dism (?), n. The quality or state of being suicidal, or self-murdering. [R.]

 Su"i*cism (?), n. [L. suus one's own.] Selfishness; egoism.
 [R.] Whitlock.
 ||Su"i gen"e*ris (?). [L.] Of his or its own kind.

 Su"il*lage (?), n. [OF. souillage, soillage, fr. souiller, soiller. See Soil to stain, and cf. Sullage.] A drain or collection of filth. [Obs.] [Written also sulliage, and sullage.]


cooked proteins are so delicious, especially cooked red meats and the harder, more flavorful fishes.
 To appreciate this, consider how those enzymes that digest proteins work. A protein molecule is a large, complex string of amino acids, each linked to the next in a specific order. Suppose there are only six amino acids: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. So a particular (imaginary) protein could be structured: 1, 4, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5, 4, 2, 3, 6, 1, 1, 2, 3, etc. Thus you should see that by combining a limited number of amino acids there can be a virtually infinite number of proteins.
 But proteins are rarely water soluble. As I said a few paragraphs back, digestion consists of rendering insoluble foods into water-soluble substances so they can pass into the blood stream and be used by the body's chemistry. To make them soluble, enzymes break down the proteins, separating the individual amino acids one from the other, because amino acids are soluble. Enzymes that digest proteins work as though they are mirror images of a particular amino acid. They fit against a particular amino acid like a key fits into a lock. Then they break the bonds holding that amino acid to others in the protein chain, and then, what I find so miraculous about this process, the enzyme is capable of finding yet another amino acid to free, and then yet another.
 So with sufficient churning in an acid environment, with enough time (a few hours), and enough enzymes, all the recently eaten proteins are decomposed into amino acids and these amino acids pass into the blood where the body recombines them into structures it wants to make. And we have health. But when protein chains are heated, the protein structures are altered into physical shapes that the enzymes can't "latch" on to. The perfect example of this is when an egg is fried. The eggwhite is albumen, a kind of protein. When it is heated, it shrivels up and gets hard. While raw and liquid, it is easily digestable. When cooked, largely indigestable.
 Stress also inhibits the churning action in the stomach so that otherwise digestible foods may not be mixed efficiently with digestive enzymes.
For all these reasons, undigested proteins may pass into the gut.
 Along with undigested starches. When starches convert best to sugars under the alkaline conditions found in the mouth. Once they pass into the acid stomach starch digestion is not as efficient. If starches reach the small intestine they are fermented by yeasts. The products of starch fermentation are only mildly toxic. The gases produced by yeast fermentations usually don't smell particularly bad; bodies that regularly contain starch fermentation usually don't smell particularly bad either. In otherwise healthy people it can take many years of exposure to starch fermentation toxins to produce a life-threatening disease.
 But undigested proteins aren't fermented by yeasts, they putrefy in the gut (are attacked by anaerobic bacteria). Many of the waste products of anaerobic putrefaction are highly toxic and evil smelling; when these toxins are absorbed through the small or large intestines they are very irritating to the mucous membranes, frequently contributing to or causing cancer of the colon. Protein putrefaction may even cause psychotic symptoms in some individuals. Meat eaters often have a very unpleasant body odor even when they are not releasing intestinal gasses.
 Adding a heavy toxic burden from misdigested foods to the normal toxic load a body already has to handle creates a myriad of unpleasant symptoms, and greatly shortens life. But misdigestion also carries with it a double whammy; fermenting and/or putrefying foods immediately interfere with the functioning of another vital organ--the large intestine--and cause constipation.
 Most people don't know what the word constipation really means. Not being able to move one's bowels is only the most elementary type of constipation.
A more accurate definition of constipation is "the retention of waste products in the large intestine beyond the time that is conducive to health." Properly digested food is not sticky and exits the large intestine quickly. But improperly digested food (or indigestible food) gradually coats the large intestine, making an ever-thicker lining that interferes with the intestine's functioning. Far worse, this coating steadily putrefies, creating additional highly-potent toxins. Lining the colon with undigested food can be compared to the mineral deposits filling in the inside of an old water pipe, gradually choking off the flow. In the colon, this deposit can become rock-hard, just like water pipe scale.
 Since the large intestine is also an organ that removes moisture and water-soluble minerals from the food and moves them into the blood stream, when the large intestine is lined with putrefying undigested food waste, the toxins of this putrefaction are also steadily moved into the bloodstream and place an even greater burden on the liver and kidneys, accelerating their breakdown, accelerating the aging process and contributing to a lot of interesting and unpleasant symptoms that keep doctors busy and financially solvent. I'll have quite a bit more to say about colon cleansing later.
The Progress Of Disease: Irritation, Enervation, Toxemia Disease routinely lies at the end of a three-part chain that goes: irritation or sub-clinical malnutrition, enervation, toxemia. Irritations are something the person does to themselves or something that happens around them. Stresses, in other words.
 Mental stressors include strong negative emotional states such as anger, fear, resentment, hopelessness, etc. Behind most diseases it is common to find a problematic mind churning in profound confusion, one generated by a character that avoids responsibility. There may also be job stress or ongoing hostile relationships, often within the family.
 Indigestible foods and misdigestion are also stressful irritations, as are mild recreational poisons such as "soft" drugs, tobacco and alcohol.
Opiates are somewhat more toxifying, primarily because they paralyze the gut and induce profound constipation. Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines are the most damaging recreational drugs ; these are highly toxic and rapidly shorten life.
 Repeated irritations and/or malnutrition eventually produce enervation. The old-time hygienists defined enervation as a lack of or decline in an unmeasurable phenomena, "nerve energy." They viewed the functioning of vital organs as being controlled by or driven by nerve force, sometimes called life force or élan vital. Whatever this vital force actually is, it can be observed and subjectively measured by comparing one person with another. Some people are full of it and literally sparkle with overflowing energy. Beings like this make everyone around them feel good because they somehow momentarily give energy to those endowed with less. Others possess very little and dully plod through life.
 As vital force drops, the overall efficiency of all the body's organs correspondingly decline. The pancreas creates less digestive enzymes; the thymus secretes less of its vital hormones that mobilize the immune system; the pituitary makes less growth hormone so the overall repair and rebuilding of cells and tissues slows correspondingly; and so forth. It does not really matter if there is or is not something called nerve energy that can or cannot be measured in a laboratory.
Vital force is observable to many people. However, it is measurable by laboratory test that after repeated irritation the overall functioning of the essential organs and glands does deteriorate.
 Enervation may develop so gradually that it progresses below the level of awareness of the person, or times of increased enervation can be experienced as a complaint--as a lack of energy, as tiredness, as difficulties digesting, as a new inability to handle a previously-tolerated insult like alcohol.
 Long-term consumption of poor-quality food causes enervation.
The body is a carbon/oxygen engine designed to run efficiently only on highly nutritious food and this aspect of human genetic programming cannot be changed significantly by adaptation. Given enough generations a human gene pool can adapt to extracting its nutrition from a different group of foods. For example, a group of isolated Fijians currently enjoying long healthy lives eating a diet of seafoods and tropical root crops could suddenly be moved to the highlands of Switzerland and forced to eat the local fare or starve. But most of the Fijians would not have systems adept at making those enzymes necessary to digest cows milk. So the transplanted Fijians would experience many generations of poorer health and shorter life spans until their genes had been


gambling. [Slang] Smart.
 He's pigeoned and undone.

Observer.
 Pi"geon-breast'ed (?), a. Having a breast like a pigeon, -- the sternum being so prominent as to constitute a deformity; chicken-breasted.

 Pi"geon*foot' (?), n. (Bot.) The dove's-foot geranium (Geranium molle).

 Pi"geon-heart'ed (?), a. Timid; easily frightened; chicken-hearted.
 Beau. & Fl.
 Pi"geon*hole' (?), n. A small compartment in a desk or case for the keeping of letters, documents, etc.; -- so called from the resemblance of a row of them to the compartments in a dovecote. Burke.
 Pi"geon*hole', v. t. To place in the pigeonhole of a case or cabinet; hence, to put away; to lay aside indefinitely; as, to pigeonhole a letter or a report.

 Pi"geon-liv'ered (?), a. Pigeonhearted.

 Pi"geon*ry (?), n. A place for pigeons; a dovecote.

 Pi"geon*toed' (?), a. Having the toes turned in.

 Pig"-eyed' (?), a. Having small, deep-set eyes.

 Pig"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of salt-water grunts; -- called also hogfish. (b) A sculpin. The name is also applied locally to several other fishes.

 Pig"foot' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marine fish (Scorpæna porcus), native of Europe. It is reddish brown, mottled with dark brown and black.

 Pigg (?), n. A piggin. See 1st Pig. Sir W. Scott.
 Pig"ger*y (?), n.; pl. Piggeries (&?;). A place where swine are kept.

 Pig"gin (?), n. [Scot.; cf. Gael. pigean, dim. of pigeadh, pige, an earthen jar, pitcher, or pot, Ir. pigin, pighead, W. piccyn.] A small wooden pail or tub with an upright stave for a handle, -- often used as a dipper.

 Pig"gish (?), a. Relating to, or like, a pig; greedy.

 Pig"-head'ed (?), a. Having a head like a pig; hence, figuratively: stupidity obstinate; perverse; stubborn. B. Jonson. -- Pig"-head'ed*ness, n. Pight (?), imp. & p. p. of Pitch, to throw; -- used also adjectively. Pitched; fixed; determined. [Obs.]

 [His horse] pight him on the pommel of his head.

Chaucer.
 I found him pight to do it.

Shak.
 Pigh"tel (?), n. [Cf. Pight, Picle.] A small inclosure. [Written also pightle.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Pig"-jawed' (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, with the upper incisors in advance of the lower; -- said of dogs.

 Pig*me"an (?), a. See Pygmean.

 Pig"ment (?), n. [L. pigmentum, fr. the root of pingere to paint: cf. F. pigment. See Paint, and cf. Pimento, Orpiment.] 1.
 Any material from which a dye, a paint, or the like, may be prepared; particularly, the refined and purified coloring matter ready for mixing with an appropriate vehicle.

2. (Physiol.) Any one of the colored substances found in animal and vegetable tissues and fluids, as bilirubin, urobilin, chlorophyll, etc.

3. Wine flavored with species and honey. Sir W. Scott.
Pigment cell (Physiol.), a small cell containing coloring matter, as the pigmented epithelial cells of the choroid and iris, or the pigmented connective tissue cells in the skin of fishes, reptiles, etc.

 { Pig*men"tal (?), Pig"men*ta*ry (?), } a. Of or pertaining to pigments; furnished with pigments. Dunglison.
Pigmentary degeneration (Med.), a morbid condition in which an undue amount of pigment is deposited in the tissues.

 Pig'men*ta"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) A deposition, esp. an excessive deposition, of coloring matter; as, pigmentation of the liver.

 Pig"ment*ed (?), a. Colored; specifically (Biol.), filled or imbued with pigment; as, pigmented epithelial cells; pigmented granules.

 Pig*men"tous (?), a. Pigmental.

 Pig"my (?), n. See Pygmy.

Pigmy falcon. (Zoöl.) Same as Falconet, 2 (a).

 Pig"ner*ate (?), v. t. [L. pigneratus, p. p. of pignerate to pledge.] 1. To pledge or pawn. [Obs.]

2. to receive in pawn, as a pawnbroker does. [Obs.]

 Pig'no*ra"tion (?), n. [LL. pignoratio, L. pigneratio, fr. pignerate to pledge, fr. pignus, gen. -ous and -eris, a pledge, a pawn: cf. F. pignoration.] 1. The act of pledging or pawning.

2. (Civil Law) The taking of cattle doing damage, by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. Burrill.
 Pig"no*ra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. pignoratif.] Pledging, pawning. [R.]

 ||Pig"nus (?), n.; pl. Pignora (#). [L.] (Rom.
 Law) A pledge or pawn.

 Pig"nut (?), n. (Bot.) (a) See Groundnut (d).
 (b) The bitterflavored nut of a species of hickory (Carya glabra, or porcina); also, the tree itself.

 Pig"pen' (?), n. A pen, or sty, for pigs.

 Pig"skin' (?), n. The skin of a pig, -- used chiefly for making saddles; hence, a colloquial or slang term for a saddle.

 Pigs"ney (?), n. [Perh. a dim. of Dan. pige a girl, or Sw.
 piga; or from E. pig's eye.] A word of endearment for a girl or woman. [Obs.] [Written also pigsnie, pigsny, etc.] Chaucer.
 Pig"-stick'ing (?), n. Boar hunting; -- so called by Anglo-Indians.
 [Colloq.] Tackeray.
 Pig"sty' (?), n.; pl. Pigsties (&?;). A pigpen.

 Pig"tail' (?), n. 1. The tail of a pig.

2. (Hair Dressing) A cue, or queue. J. & H. Smith.
3. A kind of twisted chewing tobacco.

 The tobacco he usually cheweth, called pigtail.

Swift.
 Pig"tailed' (?), a. Having a tail like a pig's; as, the pigtailed baboon.

 Pig"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) A name of several annual weeds. See Goosefoot, and Lamb's- quarters.

 Pig"wid'geon (?), n. [Written also pigwidgin and pigwiggen.]
 A cant word for anything petty or small. It is used by Drayton as the name of a fairy.

 Pi"ka (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of rodents of the genus Lagomys, resembling small tailless rabbits.
 They inhabit the


the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. -- Also used as a. Clu'ni*a*cen"sian (?), a. Cluniac.

 Clu"pe*oid (?), a. [L. clupea a kind of fish, NL., generic name of the herring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Herring family.

 Clus"ter (kls"tr), n. [AS. cluster, clyster; cf. LG.
 kluster (also Sw. & Dan. klase a cluster of grapes, D. klissen to be entangled?.)] 1. A number of things of the same kind growing together; a bunch.

 Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes, Which load the bunches of the fruitful vine. Spenser.
2. A number of similar things collected together or lying contiguous; a group; as, a cluster of islands. "Cluster of provinces." Motley.
3. A number of individuals grouped together or collected in one place; a crowd; a mob.

 As bees... Pour forth their populous youth about the hive In clusters. Milton.
 We loved him; but, like beasts And cowardly nobles, gave way unto your clusters, Who did hoot him out o' the city. Shak.
 Clus"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clustered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clustering.] To grow in clusters or assemble in groups; to gather or unite in a cluster or clusters.

 His sunny hair Cluster'd about his temples, like a god's.
Tennyson.
 The princes of the country clustering together. Foxe.
 Clus"ter, v. t. To collect into a cluster or clusters; to gather into a bunch or close body.

 Not less the bee would range her cells,... The foxglove cluster dappled bells. Tennyson.
 Or from the forest falls the clustered snow. Thomson.
Clustered column (Arch.), a column which is composed, or appears to be composed, of several columns collected together.

 Clus"ter*ing*ly, adv. In clusters.

 Clus"ter*y (?), a. [From Cluster, n.] Growing in, or full of, clusters; like clusters. Johnson.
 Clutch (klch; 224), n. [OE. cloche, cloke, claw, Scot. clook, cleuck, also OE. cleche claw, clechen, cleken, to seize; cf. AS. gelæccan (where geis a prefix) to seize. Cf. Latch a catch.] 1. A gripe or clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws; seizure; grasp. "The clutch of poverty." Cowper.
 An expiring clutch at popularity. Carlyle.
 But Age, with his stealing steps, Hath clawed me in his clutch.
Shak.
2. pl. The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasping firmly; -- often figuratively, for power, rapacity, or cruelty; as, to fall into the clutches of an adversary.

 I must have... little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant. Bp. Stillingfleet.
3. (Mach.) A device which is used for coupling shafting, etc., so as to transmit motion, and which may be disengaged at pleasure.

4. Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle.

5. (Zoöl.) The nest complement of eggs of a bird.

Bayonet clutch (Mach.), a clutch in which connection is made by means of bayonets attached to arms sliding on a feathered shaft. The bayonets slide through holes in a crosshead fastened on the shaft.

 Clutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clutched (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Clutching.] [OE. clucchen. See Clutch, n.]
 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws; -- often figuratively; as, to clutch power.

 A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp. Collier.
 Is this a dagger which I see before me...? Come, let me clutch thee. Shak.
2. To close tightly; to clinch.

 Not that I have the power to clutch my hand. Shak.
 Clutch, v. i. To reach (at something) as if to grasp; to catch or snatch; -- often followed by at.

Clutching at the phantoms of the stock market. Bankroft.
 Clut"ter (?), n. [Cf. W. cludair heap, pile, cludeirio to heap.] 1. A confused collection; hence, confusion; disorder; as, the room is in a clutter.

 He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits. L'Estrange.
2. Clatter; confused noise. Swift.
 Clut"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cluttering.] To crowd together in disorder; to fill or cover with things in disorder; to throw into disorder; to disarrange; as, to clutter a room.

 Clut"ter, v. i. To make a confused noise; to bustle.

 It [the goose] cluttered here, it chuckled there. Tennyson.
 Clut"ter, v. t. [From Clod, n.] To clot or coagulate, as blood. [Obs.] Holland.
 Clyp'e*as"troid (?), a. [NL. Clypeaster (L. clupeus shield + aster star) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to the genus Clupeaster; -- applied to a group of flattened sea urchins, with a rosette of pores on the upper side.

 Clyp"e*ate (?), a. [L. clupeatus, p. p. of clupeare to arm with a shield, fr. clupeus, clipeus shield.] 1.
(Bot.) Shaped like a round buckler or shield; scutate.

2. (Zoöl.) Furnished with a shield, or a protective plate or shell.

 Clyp"e*i*form' (?), a. [L. clupeus shield + -form.]
 Shield-shaped; clypeate.

 ||Clyp"e*us (?), n.; pl. Clypei (#). [L., a shield.]
 (Zoöl.) The frontal plate of the head of an insect.

 Clys"mi*an (?), a. [Gr. &?; a place washed by the waves, fr.
 &?;. See Clyster.] Connected with, or related to, the deluge, or to a cataclysm; as, clysmian changes. Smart.
 Clys"mic (?), a. Washing; cleansing.

 Clys"ter (?), n. [L., fr. G. &?;. fr. &?; to wash off or out; akin to Goth. hltrs pure, G. lauter: cf. F. clystère] (Med.) A liquid injected into the lower intestines by means of a syringe; an injection; an enema.

Clyster pipe, a tube or pipe used for injections.

 Cne"mi*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; the tibia.] (Anat.)
 Pertaining to the shin bone.

Cnemial crest, a crestlike prominence on the proximal end of the tibia of birds and some reptiles.

 ||Cni"da (n"d), n.; pl. Cnidæ (n"d). [NL., fr.


ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN By "Elizabeth", AKA Marie Annette Beauchamp Contents INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EDITION ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EDITION Originally published in 1898, "Elizabeth and her German Garden" is the first book by Marie Annette Beauchamp—known all her life as "Elizabeth". The book, anonymously published, was an incredible success, going through printing after printing by several publishers over the next few years. (I myself own three separate early editions of this book by different publishers on both sides of the Atlantic.) The present Gutenberg edition was scanned from the illustrated deluxe MacMillan (London) edition of 1900.

 Elizabeth was a cousin of the better-known writer Katherine Mansfield (whose real name was Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp). Born in Australia, Elizabeth was educated in England. She was reputed to be a fine organist and musician. At a young age, she captured the heart of a German Count, was persuaded to marry him, and went to live in Germany. Over the next years she bore five daughters. After her husband's death and the decline of the estate, she returned to England. She was a friend to many of high social standing, including people such as H. G. Wells (who considered her one of the finest wits of the day). Some time later she married the brother of Bertrand Russell; which marriage was a failure and ended in divorce. Eventually Elizabeth fled to America at the outbreak of the Second World War, and there died in 1941.

 Elizabeth is best known to modern readers by the name "Elizabeth von Arnim", author of "The Enchanted April" which was recently made into a successful film by the same title. Another of her books, "Mr.
 Skeffington" was also once made into a film starring Bette Davis, circa 1940.

 Some of Elizabeth's work is published in modern editions by Virago and other publishers. Among these are: "Love", "The Enchanted April", "Caravaners", "Christopher and Columbus", "The Pastor's Wife", "Mr.
 Skeffington", "The Solitary Summer", and "Elizabeth's Adventures in Rugen". Also published by Virago is her non-autobiography "All the Dogs of My Life"—as the title suggests, it is the story not of her life, but of the lives of the many dogs she owned; though of course it does touch upon her own experiences.

 In the centennial year of this book's first publication, I hope that its availability through Project Gutenberg will stir some renewed interest in Elizabeth and her delightful work. She is, I would venture, my favorite author; and I hope that soon she will be one of your favorites.

 R. McGowan San Jose, April 11 1998.

 The first page of the book contains two musical phrases, marked in the text below between square brackets [ ].

 ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN May 7th.—I love my garden. I am writing in it now in the late afternoon loveliness, much interrupted by the mosquitoes and the temptation to look at all the glories of the new green leaves washed half an hour ago in a cold shower. Two owls are perched near me, and are carrying on a long conversation that I enjoy as much as any warbling of nightingales. The gentleman owl says [[musical notes occur here in the printed text]], and she answers from her tree a little way off, [[musical notes]], beautifully assenting to and completing her lord's remark, as becomes a properly constructed German she-owl. They say the same thing over and over again so emphatically that I think it must be something nasty about me; but I shall not let myself be frightened away by the sarcasm of owls.

 This is less a garden than a wilderness. No one has lived in the house, much less in the garden, for twenty-five years, and it is such a pretty old place that the people who might have lived here and did not, deliberately preferring the horrors of a flat in a town, must have belonged to that vast number of eyeless and earless persons of whom the world seems chiefly composed. Noseless too, though it does not sound pretty; but the greater part of my spring happiness is due to the scent of the wet earth and young leaves.

 I am always happy (out of doors be it understood, for indoors there are servants and furniture) but in quite different ways, and my spring happiness bears no resemblance to my summer or autumn happiness, though it is not more intense, and there were days last winter when I danced for sheer joy out in my frost-bound garden, in spite of my years and children.
 But I did it behind a bush, having a due regard for the decencies.

 There are so many bird-cherries round me, great trees with branches sweeping the grass, and they are so wreathed just now with white blossoms and tenderest green that the garden looks like a wedding. I never saw such masses of them; they seemed to fill the place. Even across a little stream that bounds the garden on the east, and right in the middle of the cornfield beyond, there is an immense one, a picture of grace and glory against the cold blue of the spring sky.

 My garden is surrounded by cornfields and meadows, and beyond are great stretches of sandy heath and pine forests, and where the forests leave off the bare heath begins again; but the forests are beautiful in their lofty, pink-stemmed vastness, far overhead the crowns of softest gray-green, and underfoot a bright green wortleberry carpet, and everywhere the breathless silence; and the bare heaths are beautiful too, for one can see across them into eternity almost, and to go out on to them with one's face towards the setting sun is like going into the very presence of God.

 In the middle of this plain is the oasis of birdcherries and greenery where I spend my happy days, and in the middle of the oasis is the gray stone house with many gables where I pass my reluctant nights. The house is very old, and has been added to at various times. It was a convent before the Thirty Years' War, and the vaulted chapel, with its brick floor worn by pious peasant knees, is now used as a hall. Gustavus Adolphus and his Swedes passed through more than once, as is duly recorded in archives still preserved, for we are on what was then the high-road between Sweden and Brandenburg the unfortunate. The Lion of the North was no doubt an estimable person and acted wholly up to his convictions, but he must have sadly upset the peaceful nuns, who were not without convictions of their own, sending them out on to the wide, empty plain to piteously seek some life to replace the life of silence here.

 From nearly all the windows of the house I can look out across the plain, with no obstacle in the shape of a hill, right away to a blue line of distant forest, and on the west side uninterruptedly to the setting sun—nothing but a green, rolling plain, with a sharp edge against the sunset. I love those west windows better than any others, and have chosen my bedroom on that side of the house so that even times of hair-brushing may not be entirely lost, and the young woman who attends to such matters has been taught to fulfil her duties about a mistress recumbent in an easychair before an open window, and not to profane with chatter that sweet and solemn time. This girl is grieved at my habit of living almost in the garden, and all her ideas as to the sort of life a respectable German lady should lead have got into a sad muddle since she came to


*ly, adv. -- Griev"ous*ness, n. Griff (?), n. [Cf. Gripe.] 1. Grasp; reach. [Obs.]

 A vein of gold ore within one spade's griff.

Holland.
2. [Cf. F. griffe, G. griff, prop., a grasping.] (Weaving) An arrangement of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which raise the warp threads in a loom for weaving figured goods. Knight.
 Griffe (?), n. [F.] The offspring of a mulatto woman and a negro; also, a mulatto. [Local, U. S.]

 Grif"fin (?), n. An Anglo-Indian name for a person just arrived from Europe. H. Kingsley.
 { Grif"fin (?), Grif"fon (?), } n. [OE. griffin, griffon, griffoun, F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, equiv to gryps, Gr. &?;; -- so called because of the hooked beak, and akin to grypo's curved, hook-nosed.]

1. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half lion and half eagle. It is often represented in Grecian and Roman works of art.

2. (Her.) A representation of this creature as an heraldic charge.

3. (Zoöl.) A species of large vulture (Gyps fulvus) found in the mountainous parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; -- called also gripe, and grype. It is supposed to be the "eagle" of the Bible. The bearded griffin is the lammergeir.
 [Written also gryphon.]

4. An English early apple.

 Grig (grg), n. [Cf. Sw. kräk little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zoöl.)
(a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel. See Glut. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] Audrey.
As merry as a grig [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of "As merry as a Greek; " by others, to be an allusion to the cricket.

 Gril (grl), a. [OE. gril harsh; akin to G. grell offending the ear or eye, shrill, dazzling, MHG. grel angry; cf.
 AS. gallan to provoke.] Harsh; hard; severe; stern; rough. [Obs.]
 Rom. of R. Grill, n. [F. gril. See Grill, v. t.] 1. A gridiron.

 [They] make grills of [wood] to broil their meat.

Cotton.
2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, as meat, fish, etc.

 Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grilling.] [F. griller, fr. gril gridiron, OF. graïl, L. craticulum for craticula fine hurdlework, a small gridiron, dim. of crates hurdle. See Grate, n.]

1. To broil on a grill or gridiron. [1913 Webster] Boiling of men in caldrons, grilling them on gridirons.

Marvell.
2. To torment, as if by broiling. Dickens.
 Gril*lade" (&?;), n. [F. See Grill, v. t.] The act of grilling; also, that which is grilled.

 Gril"lage (?), n. [F.] (Hydraulic Eagin.) A framework of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in marshy or treacherous soil.

 ||Grille (?), a. [F. See Grill, v. t.] A lattice or grating.

 The grille which formed part of the gate.

L. Oliphant.
 Gril"ly (?), v. t. [See Grill, v. t.] To broil; to grill; hence, To harass. [Obs.] Hudibras.
 Grilse (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon after its first return from the sea.

 Grim (?), a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer); superl. Grimmest (&?;).]
 [AS. grim; akin to G. grimm, equiv. to G. & D. grimmig, Dan. grim, grum, Sw. grym, Icel. grimmr, G. gram grief, as adj., hostile; cf. Gr. &?;, a crushing sound, &?; to neigh.] Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible.

 Whose grim aspect sets every joint a- shaking.

Shak.
 The ridges of grim war.

Milton.
Syn.-- Fierce; ferocious; furious; horrid; horrible; frightful; ghastly; grisly; hideous; stern; sullen; sour.

 Gri*mace" (gr*ms"), n. [F., prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. grma mask, specter, Icel. grma mask, hood, perh. akin to E. grin.]
 A distortion of the countenance, whether habitual, from affectation, or momentary and occasional, to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, complacency, etc.; a smirk; a made-up face. [1913 Webster] Moving his face into such a hideous grimace, that every feature of it appeared under a different distortion.

Addison. [1913 Webster] "Half the French words used affectedly by Melantha in Dryden's "Marriage a-la-Mode," as innovations in our language, are now in common use: chagrin, double-entendre, éclaircissement, embarras, équivoque, foible, grimace, naïvete, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasionally, are now in common use." I. Disraeli. [1913 Webster] Gri*mace", v. i. To make grimaces; to distort one's face; to make faces. H. Martineau.
 Gri*maced" (?), a. Distorted; crabbed.

 Gri*mal"kin (?), n. [For graymalkin; gray + malkin.]
 An old cat, esp. a she-cat. J. Philips.
 Grime (?), n. [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, lampblack, soot, grime, Icel. grma mask, sort of hood, OD. grijmsel, grimsel, soot, smut, and E. grimace.] Foul matter; dirt, rubbed in; sullying blackness, deeply ingrained.

 Grime, v. t. To sully or soil deeply; to dirt. Shak.
 Grim"i*ly (?), adv. In a grimy manner.

 Grim"i*ness n. The state of being grimy.

 Grim"ly (?), a. Grim; hideous; stern. [R.]

 In glided Margaret's grimly ghost, And stood at William's feet.

D. Mallet.
 Grim"ly, adv. In a grim manner; fiercely. Shak.
 Grimme (?), n. [Cf. F. grimme.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Cephalophus rufilotus) of a deep bay color, with a broad dorsal stripe of black; -- called also conquetoon.

 Grim"ness (?), n. [AS. grimnes


l and r, in bla, bra. M and n also are called liquids.

Liquid measure, a measure, or system of measuring, for liquids, by the gallon, quart, pint, gill, etc.

 Liq"uid*am'bar (lk"wd*m'br), n. [Liquid + amber.] 1.
(Bot.) A genus consisting of two species of tall trees having starshaped leaves, and woody burlike fruit. Liquidambar styraciflua is the North American sweet qum, and L. Orientalis is found in Asia Minor.

2. The balsamic juice which is obtained from these trees by incision. The liquid balsam of the Oriental tree is liquid storax.

 Liq"uid*am'ber, n. See Liquidambar.

 Liq"ui*date (lk"w*dt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidated (- d'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] [LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidare to liquidate, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear.
 See Liquid.] 1. (Law) To determine by agreement or by litigation the precise amount of (indebtedness); or, where there is an indebtedness to more than one person, to determine the precise amount of (each indebtedness); to make the amount of (an indebtedness) clear and certain.

 A debt or demand is liquidated whenever the amount due is agreed on by the parties, or fixed by the operation of law.

15 Ga. Rep. 321.
 If our epistolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe you would be brought in considerable debtor.

Chesterfield.
2. In an extended sense: To ascertain the amount, or the several amounts, of, and apply assets toward the discharge of (an indebtedness).
 Abbott.
3. To discharge; to pay off, as an indebtedness.

 Friburg was ceded to Zurich by Sigismund to liquidate a debt of a thousand florins.

W. Coxe.
4. To make clear and intelligible.

 Time only can liquidate the meaning of all parts of a compound system.

A. Hamilton.
5. To make liquid. [Obs.]

Liquidated damages (Law), damages the amount of which is fixed or ascertained. Abbott.
 Liq'ui*da"tion (lk'w*d"shn), n. [Cf. F. liquidation.] The act or process of liquidating; the state of being liquidated.

To go into liquidation (Law), to turn over to a trustee one's assets and accounts, in order that the several amounts of one's indebtedness may be authoritatively ascertained, and that the assets may be applied toward their discharge.

 Liq"ui*da'tor (lk"w*d'tr), n. [Cf. F. liquidateur.]

1. One who, or that which, liquidates.

2. An officer appointed to conduct the winding up of a company, to bring and defend actions and suits in its name, and to do all necessary acts on behalf of the company. [Eng.] Mozley & W. Li*quid"i*ty (l*kwd"*t), n. [L. liquiditas, fr. liquidus liquid: cf. F. liquidité.] The state or quality of being liquid.

 Liq"uid*ize (lk"wd*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidizing (- 'zng).] To render liquid.

 Liq"uid*ly, adv. In a liquid manner; flowingly.

 Liq"uid*ness, n. The quality or state of being liquid; liquidity; fluency.

 Liq"uor (lk"r), n. [OE. licour, licur, OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid.
 See Liquid, and cf. Liqueur.] 1. Any liquid substance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice, or the like.

2. Specifically, alcoholic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented, as brandy, wine, whisky, beer, etc.

3. (Pharm.) A solution of a medicinal substance in water; -- distinguished from tincture and aqua.

 The U. S. Pharmacopœia includes, in this class of preparations, all aqueous solutions without sugar, in which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquæ or waters. U. S. Disp.
Labarraque's liquor (Old Chem.), a solution of an alkaline hypochlorite, as sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant. -- Liquor of flints, or Liquor silicum (Old Chem.), soluble glass; -- so called because formerly made from powdered flints. See Soluble glass, under Glass. -- Liquor of Libavius. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. -- Liquor sanguinis (sn"gwn*s) (Physiol.), the blood plasma. -- Liquor thief, a tube for taking samples of liquor from a cask through the bung hole. -- To be in liquor, to be intoxicated.

 Liq"uor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquored (-rd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Liquoring.] 1. To supply with liquor. [R.]

2. To grease. [Obs.] Bacon.
Liquor fishermen's boots.

Shak.
 Liq"uor*ice (lk"r*s), n. See Licorice.

 Liq"uor*ish, a. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Shak.
 Liq"uor*ous (-s), a. Eagerly desirous. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Marston.
 ||Li"ra (l"r), n.; pl. Lire (-r). [It., fr. L. libra the Roman pound. Cf. Livre.] An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

 ||Li*rel"la (l*rl"l), n. [NL., dim. of L. lira a furrow.] (Bot.)
 A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

 Li*rel"li*form (-l*fôrm), a. [Lirella + -form.]
 (Bot.) Like a lirella. [Written also lirellæform.]

 ||Lir'i*o*den"dron (lr'**dn"drn), n.; pl. Liriodendra (- dr). [NL., fr. Gr. lei'rion lily + de'ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, tuliplike flowers; tulip tree; whitewood; -- called also canoewood. Liriodendron tulipifera is the only extant species, but there were several others in the Cretaceous epoch.

 Lir"i*pipe (lr"*pp), n. [Obs.] See Liripoop.

 Lir"i*poop (lr"*pp), n. [OF. liripipion, liripion, LL. liripipium. Said to be corrupted from L. cleri ephippium, lit., the clergy's caparison.]

1. A pendent part of the old clerical tippet; afterwards, a tippet; a scarf; -- worn also by doctors, learned men, etc. [Obs.]

2. Acuteness; smartness; also, a smart trick or stratagem. [Obs.]
 Stanihurst.
3. A silly person. [Obs.]

 A liripoop, vel lerripoop, a silly, empty


W.: Self Inflicted Wound.

 Parable of the Old Men and the Young: A retold story from the Bible, but with a different ending. The phrase "Abram bound the youth with belts and straps" refers to the youth who went to war, with all their equipment belted and strapped on. Other versions of this poem have an additional line.

 Dulce et Decorum est: The phrase "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori" is a Latin phrase from Horace, and translates literally something like "Sweet and proper it is for your country (fatherland) to die." The poem was originally intended to be addressed to an author who had written war poems for children. "Dim through the misty panes..." should be understood by anyone who has worn a gas mask.

 Alan R. Light. Monroe, North Carolina, July, 1997.


ontos} means "reckoning Heracles" (who is mentioned by name just below in this connexion) "as the son of Amphitryon and not of Zeus."]

 37 (return) [ i.e. "of heaven."]

 38 (return) [ {medimnon}, the Lacedemonian {medimnos} being equal to rather more than two bushels.]

 39 (return) [ {tetarten Lakomiken}, quantity uncertain.]

 40 (return) [ {proxeinous}.]

 41 (return) [ {khoinikas}. There were 48 {khoinikes} in the {medimnos}.]

 42 (return) [ {kotulen}.]

 4201 (return) [ The loose manner in which this is expressed, leaving it uncertain whether each king was supposed by the writer to have two votes given for him (cp. Thuc. i. 20), or whether the double vote was one for each king, must of course be reproduced in the translation.]

 43 (return) [ {perioikon}.]

 44 (return) [ See ch. 51.]

 45 (return) [ {proergazomenon}: a conjectural emendation of {prosergazomenon}.]

 46 (return) [ {tes apates te paragoge}, "by the misleading of the deception."]

 47 (return) [ i.e. lunar months.]

 48 (return) [ {en thoko katemeno}.]

 49 (return) [ {pandemei}.]

 50 (return) [ {aren}.]

 51 (return) [ i.e. "prayed for by the people."]

 52 (return) [ {di a}: a conjectural emendation of {dia ta}. Some Editors suppose that other words have dropped out.]

 53 (return) [ {promantin}: cp. vii.
 III.]

 54 (return) [ {ton splagkhnon}.]

 55 (return) [ {tou erkeiou}.]

 56 (return) [ {ton mataioteron logon legontes}.]

 57 (return) [ Lit. "on the third night after the first," but the meaning is as given.]

 58 (return) [ Most of the MSS. have "Astrobacos," which may be right.]

 59 (return) [ Or "to the honour of the Lacedemonians."]

 60 (return) [ i.e. any more than his predecessor.]

 61 (return) [ See ch. 50.]

 62 (return) [ {neotera epresse pregmata}.]

 63 (return) [ {up Arkadon}: several good MSS. have {ton Arkadon}, which is adopted by some Editors. The meaning would be "near this city it is said that there is the Styx water of the Arcadians."]

 64 (return) [ {upomargoteron}.]

 65 (return) [ Demeter and Core.]

 66 (return) [ The MSS. give also "Sepeia" and "Sipei01." The place is not elsewhere mentioned.]

 67 (return) [ See ch. 19.]

 68 (return) [ {duo mneai}: cp. v. 77.]

 69 (return) [ {o theos}, i.e. Hera: cp. i. 105.]

 70 (return) [ {kalliereumeno}.]

 71 (return) [ {kat akres}: cp. ch.
 18.]

 72 (return) [ i.e. was acquitted of the charge brought against him.]

 73 (return) [ {episkuthison}.]

 74 (return) [ {bouleuesthe}: some MSS.
 and editions have {boulesthe}, "desiring."]

 75 (return) [ {en khrono ikneumeno}.]

 76 (return) [ i.e. take an oath to that effect.]

 77 (return) [ See v. 80.]

 78 (return) [ {penteteris}. The reading {penteres}, which is given by most of the MSS. and by several Editors, can hardly be defended.]

 79 (return) [ {kai en gar}, "and since there was."]

 80 (return) [ {Knoithou kaleomenos}: cp. vii. 143.]

 81 (return) [ {thesmophorou}.]

 82 (return) [ {pentaethlon epaskesas}.]

 83 (return) [ {mounomakhien epaskeon}, "practising single combat," as if training for the games.]

 84 (return) [ {para te Ikarion}: the use of {para} and the absence of the article may justify the conjecture {para te Ikarion} (or {Ikaron}) "by Icaria" (or "Icaros"), the island from which the Icarian Sea had its name.]

 85 (return) [ This perhaps should be emended, for the event referred to occurred two years before, cp. ch. 46 and 48: The reading {trito proteron etei} has been proposed.]

 86 (return) [ See v. 33 ff.]

 8601 (return) [ i.e. Apollo: or perhaps more generally, "God," as in ch. 27.]

 87 (return) [ This in brackets is probably an interpolation. It is omitted by some of the best MSS. Some Editors suspect the genuineness of the next four lines also, on internal grounds.]

 88 (return) [ {erxies}, perhaps meaning "worker."]

 89 (return) [ {areios}.]

 90 (return) [ {megas areios}.]

 91 (return) [ {ippoboteon}, lit.
 "horse-breeding": see v. 77.]

 9101 (return) [ Or (according to some MSS.), "having come to shore at these places."]

 92 (return) [ {katergontes}: the word is not elsewhere found intransitive, yet it is rather difficult to supply {tous Athenaious}. Some alterations have been proposed, but none probable.]

 93 (return) [ Lit. "and it happened that in winning this victory he won the same victory as his half-brother Miltiades." See ch. 36.]

 94 (return) [ Or, according to some authorities, "Philippides."]

 95 (return) [ Lit. "except the circle were full."]

 96 (return) [ Or "Aigilei01."]

 97 (return) [ Lit. "by violence, having coughed."]

 98 (return) [ "by the bean."]

 99 (return) [ {es se toi}, a conjectural emendation of {es se ti}.]

 100 (return) [ {prutaneie tes emeres}.]

 101 (return) [ Some Editors propose to omit {gar} or alter it. If it be allowed to stand, the meaning must be that the importance of the place is testified by the commemoration mentioned.]

 102 (return) [ {es tas panegurias}, some MSS. have {kai panegurias}, "hold sacrifices and solemn assemblies."]

 103 (return) [ {penteterisi}.]

 104 (return) [ Lit. "the good things."]

 105 (return) [ {stadioi}: the distance would be rather over 1600 yards.]

 106 (


perh. the same word as fetian; or cf. facian to wish to get, OFries. faka to prepare. √ 77. Cf. Fet, v. t.] 1.
 To bear toward the person speaking, or the person or thing from whose point of view the action is contemplated; to go and bring; to get.

 Time will run back and fetch the age of gold.

Milton.
 He called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. And as she was going to fetch it he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bred in thine hand.

1 Kings xvii. 11, 12.
2. To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for.

 Our native horses were held in small esteem, and fetched low prices.

Macaulay.
3. To recall from a swoon; to revive; -- sometimes with to; as, to fetch a man to.

Fetching men again when they swoon.

Bacon.
4. To reduce; to throw.

 The sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground.

South.
5. To bring to accomplishment; to achieve; to make; to perform, with certain objects; as, to fetch a compass; to fetch a leap; to fetch a sigh.

 I'll fetch a turn about the garden.

Shak.
 He fetches his blow quick and sure.

South.
6. To bring or get within reach by going; to reach; to arrive at; to attain; to reach by sailing.

 Meantine flew our ships, and straight we fetched The siren's isle.

Chapman.
7. To cause to come; to bring to a particular state.

 They couldn't fetch the butter in the churn.

W. Barnes.
To fetch a compass (Naut.), to make a sircuit; to take a circuitious route going to a place. -- To fetch a pump, to make it draw water by pouring water into the top and working the handle. -- To fetch headway or sternway (Naut.), to move ahead or astern. -- To fetch out, to develop. "The skill of the polisher fetches out the colors [of marble]" Addison. -- To fetch up. (a) To overtake. [Obs.] "Says [the hare], I can fetch up the tortoise when I please." L'Estrange. (b) To stop suddenly.

 fetch, v. i. To bring one's self; to make headway; to veer; as, to fetch about; to fetch to windward. Totten.
To fetch away (Naut.), to break loose; to roll slide to leeward. -- To fetch and carry, to serve obsequiously, like a trained spaniel.

 Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem by which a thing is indirectly brought to pass, or by which one thing seems intended and another is done; a trick; an artifice.

 Every little fetch of wit and criticism.

South.
2. The apparation of a living person; a wraith.

 The very fetch and ghost of Mrs. Gamp.

Dickens.
Fetch candle, a light seen at night, superstitiously believed to portend a person's death.

 Fetch"er (?), n. One who fetches or brings.

 Fete (ft), n. [See feat.] A feat. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fete, n. pl. [See Foot.] Feet. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 ||Fête (ft), n. [F. See Feast.] A festival.

Fête champêtre (&?;) [F.], a festival or entertainment in the open air; a rural festival.

 Fête (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fêted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fêting.] [Cf. F. fêter.] To feast; to honor with a festival.

 { Fe"tich, Fe"tish (?), n. }[F. fétiche, from Pg. feitiço, adj., n., sorcery, charm, fr. L. facticius made by art, artifical, factitious. See Factitious.] 1. A material object supposed among certain African tribes to represent in such a way, or to be so connected with, a supernatural being, that the possession of it gives to the possessor power to control that being.

2. Any object to which one is excessively devoted.

 { fe"tich*ism, Fe"tish*ism (? or?); 277), n. }[Cf. F. fétichisme.]
 [Written also feticism.] 1. The doctrine or practice of belief in fetiches.

2. Excessive devotion to one object or one idea; abject superstition; blind adoration.

 The real and absolute worship of fire falls into two great divisions, the first belonging rather to fetichism, the second to polytheism proper.

Tylor.
 { Fe"tich*ist, Fe"tish*ist, n. } A believer in fetiches.

 He was by nature a fetichist.

H. Holbeach.
 { Fe'tich*is"tic (?), Fe'tish*is"tic, a.} Pertaining to, or involving, fetichism.

 A man of the fifteenth century, inheriting its strange web of belief and unbelief, of epicurean levity and fetichistic dread.

G. Eliot.
 Fe"ti*cide (? or?), n. [Written also fœticide.] [Fetus + L. caedere to kill.] (Med. & Law) The act of killing the fetus in the womb; the offense of procuring an abortion.

 Fe"ti*cism (?), n. See Fetichism.

 Fet"id (? or?; 277), a. [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr.
 fetere, foetere, to have an ill smell, to stink: cf. F. fétide.]
 Having an offensive smell; stinking.

 Most putrefactions... smell either fetid or moldy.

Bacon.
 Fet*id"i*ty (? or?), n. Fetidness.

 Fet"id*ness, n. The quality or state of being fetid.

 Fe*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Fetus + -ferous.] Producing young, as animals.

 Fe"tis (?), a. [OF. fetis, faitis. Cf. Factitious.]
 Neat; pretty; well made; graceful. [Obs.]

 Full fetis was her cloak, as I was ware.

Chaucer.
 Fe"tise*ly (?), adv. Neatly; gracefully; properly. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Fe"tish (?), n., Fe"tish*ism (&?; or &?;; 277), n., Fe'tish*is"tic (&?;), a. See Fetich, n., Fetichism, n., Fetichistic, a. Fet"lock (?), n. [OE. fetlak, fitlock, cf. Icel. fet pace, step, fit webbed foot of water birds, akin to E. foot.
 √77. See Foot.] The cushionlike projection, bearing a tuft of long hair, on the back side of the leg above the hoof of the horse and similar animals. Also, the joint of the limb at this point (between the great pastern bone and the metacarpus), or the tuft of hair.

 Their wounded steeds Fret fetlock deep in gore.

Shak.
 Fe"tor (?), n. [L. fetor, foetor. See Fetid.] A strong, offensive smell; stench; fetidness. Arbuthnot.
 Fet"te (?


language, Up:= W = write-only memory n. The obvious antonym to 'read-only memory'. Out of frustration with the long and seemingly useless chain of approvals required of component specifications, during which no actual checking seemed to occur, an engineer at Signetics once created a specification for a write-only memory and included it with a bunch of other specifications to be approved. This inclusion came to the attention of Signetics management only when regular customers started calling and asking for pricing information. Signetics published a corrected edition of the data book and requested the return of the 'erroneous' ones. Later, in 1972, Signetics bought a double-page spread in "Electronics" magazine's April issue and used the spec as an April Fools' Day joke. Instead of the more conventional characteristic curves, the 25120 "fully encoded, 9046 x N, Random Access, write-only-memory" data sheet included diagrams of "bit capacity vs. Temp.", "Iff vs. Vff", "Number of pins remaining vs. number of socket insertions", and "AQL vs.
selling price". The 25120 required a 6.3 VAC VFF supply, a +10V VCC, and VDD of 0V, +/- 2%.
Node:Wrong Thing, Next:wugga wugga, Previous:write-only memory, Up:= W = Wrong Thing n. A design, action, or decision that is clearly incorrect or inappropriate. Often capitalized; always emphasized in speech as if capitalized. The opposite of the Right Thing; more generally, anything that is not the Right Thing. In cases where 'the good is the enemy of the best', the merely good -- although good -- is nevertheless the Wrong Thing. "In C, the default is for module-level declarations to be visible everywhere, rather than just within the module. This is clearly the Wrong Thing."
Node:wugga wugga, Next:wumpus, Previous:Wrong Thing, Up:= W = wugga wugga /wuh'g* wuh'g*/ n. Imaginary sound that a computer program makes as it labors with a tedious or difficult task.grind (sense 4).
Node:wumpus, Next:WYSIAYG, Previous:wugga wugga, Up:= W = wumpus /wuhm'p*s/ n. The central monster (and, in many versions, the name) of a famous family of very early computer games called "Hunt The Wumpus'. The original was invented in 1970 (several years before ADVENT) by Gregory Yob. The wumpus lived somewhere in a cave with the topology of an dodecahedron's edge/vertex graph (later versions supported other topologies, including an icosahedron and Möbius strip). The player started somewhere at random in the cave with five 'crooked arrows'; these could be shot through up to three connected rooms, and would kill the wumpus on a hit (later versions introduced the wounded wumpus, which got very angry). Unfortunately for players, the movement necessary to map the maze was made hazardous not merely by the wumpus (which would eat you if you stepped on him) but also by bottomless pits and colonies of super bats that would pick you up and drop you at a random location (later versions added 'anaerobic termites' that ate arrows, bat migrations, and earthquakes that randomly changed pit locations).
This game appears to have been the first to use a non-random graph-structured map (as opposed to a rectangular grid like the even older Star Trek games). In this respect, as in the dungeon-like setting and its terse, amusing messages, it prefigured ADVENT and Zork and was directly ancestral to the latter (Zork acknowledged this heritage by including a super-bat colony). A C emulation of the original Basic game is available at the Retrocomputing Museum, _URL_
Node:WYSIAYG, Next:WYSIWYG, Previous:wumpus, Up:= W = WYSIAYG /wiz'ee-ayg/ adj.
Describes a user interface under which "What You See Is All You Get"; an unhappy variant of WYSIWYG. Visual, 'point-and-shoot'-style interfaces tend to have easy initial learning curves, but also to lack depth; they often frustrate advanced users who would be better served by a command-style interface. When this happens, the frustrated user has a WYSIAYG problem. This term is most often used of editors, word processors, and document formatting programs. WYSIWYG 'desktop publishing' programs, for example, are a clear win for creating small documents with lots of fonts and graphics in them, especially things like newsletters and presentation slides. When typesetting book-length manuscripts, on the other hand, scale changes the nature of the task; one quickly runs into WYSIAYG limitations, and the increased power and flexibility of a command-driven formatter like TeX or Unix's troff becomes not just desirable but a necessity. Compare YAFIYGI.
Node:WYSIWYG, Next:X, Previous:WYSIAYG, Up:= W = WYSIWYG /wiz'ee-wig/ adj.
[Traced to Flip Wilson's "Geraldine" character c.1970] Describes a user interface under which "What You See Is What You Get", as opposed to one that uses more-or-less obscure commands that do not result in immediate visual feedback. True WYSIWYG in environments supporting multiple fonts or graphics is a a rarely-attained ideal; there are variants of this term to express real-world manifestations including WYSIAWYG (What You See Is Almost What You Get) and WYSIMOLWYG (What You See Is More or Less What You Get). All these can be mildly derogatory, as they are often used to refer to dumbed-down user-friendly interfaces targeted at non-programmers; a hacker has no fear of obscure commands (compare WYSIAYG). On the other hand, EMACS was one of the very first WYSIWYG editors, replacing (actually, at first overlaying) the extremely obscure, command-based TECO.
See also WIMP environment. [Oddly enough, WYSIWYG has already made it into the OED, in lower case yet. --ESR] Node:= X =, Next:= Y =, Previous:= W =, Up:The Jargon Lexicon = X = X: XEROX PARC: XOFF: XON: xor: xref: XXX: xyzzy: Node:X, Next:XEROX PARC, Previous:WYSIWYG, Up:= X = X /X/ n.
1. Used in various speech and writing contexts (also in lowercase) in roughly its algebraic sense of 'unknown within a set defined by context' (compare N).
Thus, the abbreviation 680x0 stands for 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, or 68040, and 80x86 stands for 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, 80586 or 80686 (note that a Unix hacker might write these as 680[0-6]0 and 80[1-6]86 or 680?0 and 80?86 respectively; see glob). 2. [after the name of an earlier window system called 'W'] An over-sized, over-featured, over-engineered and incredibly over-complicated window system developed at MIT and widely used on Unix systems.
Node:XEROX PARC, Next:XOFF, Previous:X, Up:= X = XEROX PARC /zee'roks park'/ n. The famed Palo Alto Research Center. For more than a decade, from the early 1970s into the mid-1980s, PARC yielded an astonishing volume of groundbreaking hardware and software innovations. The modern mice, windows, and icons style of software interface was invented there. So was the laser printer and the local-area network; and PARC's series of D machines anticipated the powerful personal computers of the 1980s by a decade. Sadly, the prophets at PARC were without honor in their own company, so much so that it became a standard joke to describe PARC as a place that specialized in developing brilliant ideas for everyone else.
The stunning shortsightedness