.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as, the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear.

4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome.

Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. -- Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. -- Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5.

 Seg"ment (?), v. i. (Biol.) To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum.

 Seg*men"tal (?), a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as, a segmental duct; segmental papillæ. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs.

Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. -- Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zoöl.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also, as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. -- Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult.

 Seg'men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation.

Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast.
 See Illust. of Invagination. -- Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. -- Segmentation of the ovum, or Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. -- Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula.

 Seg"ment*ed (?), a. Divided into segments or joints; articulated.

 { Seg"ni*tude (?), Seg"ni*ty (?) }, n. [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.]

 ||Se"gno (?), n. [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno.

 Se"go (?), n. (Bot.) A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; -- so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons.

 Seg"re*gate (?), a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. seaside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select.

2. (Bot.) Separated from others of the same kind.

 Seg"re*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To separate from others; to set apart.

 They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations.

I. Taylor.
 Seg"re*gate, v. i. (Geol.) To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification.

 Seg're*ga"tion (?), n. [L. segregatio: cf. F. ségrégation.]
 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting.

2. (Geol.) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process.

 ||Seiches (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geol.) Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva.

 Seid (?), n. [Ar seyid prince.] A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali.

 Seid"litz (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.]

Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of Rochell&?; salt (tartrate of potassium and sodium) and the other contains thirty-five grains of tartaric acid. The powders are mixed in water, and drunk while effervescing, as a mild cathartic; -- so called from the resemblance to the natural water of Seidlitz. Called also Rochelle powders. -- Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient.

 Seigh (?), obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer.
 Seign*eu"ri*al (?), a. [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1.
 Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple.
2. Vested with large powers; independent.

 Seign"ior (?), n. [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It.
 signore, Sp. señor from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor.

2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English.

Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey.

 Seign"ior*age (?), n. [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.]
 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it.

 If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion


3. To settle the relative scale, rank, position, amount, value, or quality of; as, to rate a ship; to rate a seaman; to rate a pension.

4. To ratify. [Obs.] "To rate the truce." Chapman.
To rate a chronometer, to ascertain the exact rate of its gain or loss as compared with true time, so as to make an allowance or computation dependent thereon.

Syn. -- To value; appraise; estimate; reckon.

 Rate, v. i. 1. To be set or considered in a class; to have rank; as, the ship rates as a ship of the line.

2. To make an estimate.

 Rate"a*ble (-*b'l), a. See Ratable.

 Ra"tel (r"tl), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) Any carnivore of the genus Mellivora, allied to the weasels and the skunks; -- called also honey badger.

 Several species are known in Africa and India. The Cape ratel (M. Capensis) and the Indian ratel (M. Indica) are the best known.
 The back is gray; the lower parts, face, and tail are black. They are fond of honey, and rob the nests of wild bees.

 Rate"pay'er (-p'r), n. One who pays rates or taxes.

 Rat"er (rt"r), n. One who rates or estimates.

 Rat"er, n. One who rates or scolds.

 Rat"fish' (rt"fsh'), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Rat-tail.

 Rath (rth), n. [Ir. rath.] 1. A hill or mound.
 [Ireland] Spenser.
2. A kind of ancient fortification found in Ireland.

 { Rath, Rathe } (rth), a. [AS. hræð, hræd, quick, akin to OHG. hrad, Icel. hraðr.] Coming before others, or before the usual time; early. [Obs. or Poetic] Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies.

Milton.
 { Rath, Rathe, } adv. Early; soon; betimes. [Obs. or Poetic] Why rise ye up so rathe?

Chaucer.
 Too rathe cut off by practice criminal.

Spenser.
 Rath"er (r"r), a. [Compar. of Rath, a.] Prior; earlier; former. [Obs.]

 Now no man dwelleth at the rather town.

Sir J. Mandeville.
 Rath"er (r"r; 277), adv. [AS. hraðor, compar. of hraðe, hræðe, quickly, immediately. See Rath, a.]

1. Earlier; sooner; before. [Obs.]

 Thou shalt, quod he, be rather false than I. Chaucer.
 A good mean to come the rather to grace.

Foxe.
2. More readily or willingly; preferably.

 My soul chooseth... death rather than my life.

Job vii. 15.
3. On the other hand; to the contrary of what was said or suggested; instead.

 Was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse.

Mark v. 26.
4. Of two alternatives conceived of, this by preference to, or as more likely than, the other; somewhat.

 He sought throughout the world, but sought in vain, And nowhere finding, rather feared her slain.

Dryden.
5. More properly; more correctly speaking.

 This is an art Which does mend nature, change it rather, but The art itself is nature.

Shak.
6. In some degree; somewhat; as, the day is rather warm; the house is rather damp.

The rather, the more so; especially; for better reason; for particular cause.

 You are come to me in happy time, The rather for I have some sport in hand.

Shak.
 -- Had rather, or Would rather, prefer to; prefers to; as, he had, or would, rather go than stay. "I had rather speak five words with my understanding than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue." 1 Cor. xiv. 19. See Had rather, under Had.

 Rath"ripe' (rth"rp'), a. Rareripe, or early ripe. -- n. A rareripe. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Such who delight in rathripe fruits.

Fuller.
 Rat'i*fi*ca"tion (rt'*f*k"shn), n. [Cf. F. ratification.]
 The act of ratifying; the state of being ratified; confirmation; sanction; as, the ratification of a treaty.

 Rat"i*fi'er (rt"*f'r), n. One who, or that which, ratifies; a confirmer. Shak.
 Rat"i*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ratified (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ratifying (- f'ng).] [F. ratifier, fr. L. ratus fixed by calculation, firm, valid + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Rate, n., and -fy.] To approve and sanction; to make valid; to confirm; to establish; to settle; especially, to give sanction to, as something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty, or contract; to ratify a nomination.

 It is impossible for the divine power to set a seal to a lie by ratifying an imposture with such a miracle.

South.
 Rat'i*ha*bi"tion (-h*bsh"n), n. [L. ratihabitio; ratus fixed, valid + habere to hold.] Confirmation or approbation, as of an act or contract. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.
 Ra"ti*o (r"sh* or r"sh), n. [L., fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think, judge. See Reason.] 1. (Math.) The relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind.
 It is expressed by the quotient of the division of the first by the second; thus, the ratio of 3 to 6 is expressed by or ½; of a to b by a/b; or (less commonly) the second term is made the dividend; as, a:b = b/a.

 Some writers consider ratio as the quotient itself, making ratio equivalent to a number.

 The term ratio is also sometimes applied to the difference of two quantities as well as to their quotient, in which case the former is called arithmetical ratio, the latter, geometrical ratio. The name ratio is sometimes given to the rule of three in arithmetic. See under Rule.

2. Hence, fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; rate; proportion; as, the ratio of representation in Congress.

Compound ratio, Duplicate ratio, Inverse ratio, etc.
 See under Compound, Duplicate, etc. -- Ratio of a geometrical progression, the constant quantity by which each term is multiplied to produce the succeeding one.

 Ra'ti*oc"i*nate (rsh'*s"*nt), v. i. [L. ratiocinatus, p. p. of ratiocinari, fr. ratio reason. See Ratio.] To reason, esp. deductively; to offer reason or argument.

 Ra'ti*oc'i*na"tion (-n"shn), n. [L. ratiocinatio: cf. F. ratiocination.]
 The process of reasoning, or deducing conclusions from premises; deductive reasoning.

 Ra'ti*oc"i*na*tive (- s"*n*tv), a. [L. ratiocinativus.]
 Characterized by, or addicted to, ratioc


Apostle, founded in 1858 by the Rev. I. T. Hecker of New York. The majority of the members were formerly Protestants.

 ||Pau*low"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So named from the Russian princess Anna Pavlovna.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order Scrophulariaceæ, consisting of one species, Paulownia imperialis.

 The tree is native to Japan, and has immense heart-shaped leaves, and large purplish flowers in panicles. The capsules contain many little winged seeds, which are beautiful microscopic objects. The tree is hardy in America as far north as Connecticut.

 Paum (?), v. t. & i. [See Palm to cheat.] To palm off by fraud; to cheat at cards. [Obs.] Swift.
 Paunce (?), n. [See Pansy.] (Bot.) The pansy. "The pretty paunce."
 Spenser.
 Paunch (?), n. [OF. panch, pance, F. panse, L. pantex, panticis.] 1. (Anat.) The belly and its contents; the abdomen; also, the first stomach, or rumen, of ruminants. See Rumen.

2. (Naut.) A paunch mat; -- called also panch.

3. The thickened rim of a bell, struck by the clapper.

Paunch mat (Naut.), a thick mat made of strands of rope, used to prevent the yard or rigging from chafing.

 Paunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paunched (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Paunching.] 1. To pierce or rip the belly of; to eviscerate; to disembowel. Shak.
2. To stuff with food. [Obs.] Udall.
 Paunch"y (?), a. Pot-bellied. [R.] Dickens.
 Paune (?), n. A kind of bread. See Pone.

 Pau"per (?), n. [L. See Poor.] A poor person; especially, one development on private or public charity. Also used adjectively; as, pouper immigrants, pouper labor.

 Pau"per*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. paupérisme.] The state of being a pauper; the state of indigent persons requiring support from the community. Whatly.
Syn. -- Poverty; indigence; penury; want; need; destitution. See Poverty.

 Pau'per*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of reducing to pauperism. C. Kingsley.
 Pau"per*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pauperized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pauperizing (?).] To reduce to pauperism; as, to pauperize the peasantry.

 ||Pau*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; small + -poda.]
 (Zoöl.) An order of small myriapods having only nine pairs of legs and destitute of tracheæ.

 Pause (?), n. [F., fr. L. pausa. See Pose.] 1. A temporary stop or rest; an intermission of action; interruption; suspension; cessation.

2. Temporary inaction or waiting; hesitation; suspence; doubt.

 I stand in pause where I shall first begin.

Shak.
3. In speaking or reading aloud, a brief arrest or suspension of voice, to indicate the limits and relations of sentences and their parts.

4. In writing and printing, a mark indicating the place and nature of an arrest of voice in reading; a punctuation point; as, teach the pupil to mind the pauses.

5. A break or paragraph in writing.

 He writes with warmth, which usually neglects method, and those partitions and pauses which men educated in schools observe.

Locke.
6. (Mus.) A hold. See 4th Hold, 7.

Syn. -- Stop; cessation; suspension.

 Pause, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pausing.] [Cf. F. pauser, L. pausare. See Pause, n., Pose.] 1. To make a short stop; to cease for a time; to intermit speaking or acting; to stop; to wait; to rest. "Tarry, pause a day or two." Shak.
Pausing while, thus to herself she mused.

Milton.
2. To be intermitted; to cease; as, the music pauses.

3. To hesitate; to hold back; to delay. [R.]

 Why doth the Jew pause? Take thy forfeiture.

Shak.
4. To stop in order to consider; hence, to consider; to reflect.
 [R.] "Take time to pause." Shak.
To pause upon, to deliberate concerning. Shak.
Syn. -- To intermit; stop; stay; wait; delay; tarry; hesitate; demur.

 Pause, v. t. To cause to stop or rest; -- used reflexively. [R.] Shak.
 Paus"er (?), n. One who pauses. Shak.
 Paus"ing*ly, adv. With pauses; haltingly. Shak.
 ||Paux"i (?), n. [From the native name: cf. Sp. pauji.] (Zoöl.)
 A curassow (Ourax pauxi), which, in South America, is often domesticated.

 Pav"age (?), n. [Cf. F. pavage.] See Pavage. [R.]

 Pav"an (?), n. [F. pavane; cf. It. & Sp. pavana, and Sp. pavon, pavo, a peacock, L. pavo.] A stately and formal Spanish dance for which full state costume is worn; -- so called from the resemblance of its movements to those of the peacock.
 [Written also pavane, paven, pavian, and pavin.]

 ||Pa'vé" (?), n. [F., from paver to pave. See Pave.]
 The pavement.

||Nymphe du pavé (&?;), a prostitute who solicits in the street. [A low euphemism.]

 Pave (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Paving.] [F. paver to pave, LL. pavare, from L. pavire to beat, ram, or tread down; cf. Gr. &?; to beat, strike.] 1. To lay or cover with stone, brick, or other material, so as to make a firm, level, or convenient surface for horses, carriages, or persons on foot, to travel on; to floor with brick, stone, or other solid material; as, to pave a street; to pave a court.

 With silver paved, and all divine with gold.

Dryden.
 To pave thy realm, and smooth the broken ways.

Gay.
2. Fig.: To make smooth, easy, and safe; to prepare, as a path or way; as, to pave the way to promotion; to pave the way for an enterprise.

 It might open and pave a prepared way to his own title.

Bacon.
 Pave"ment (?), n. [F., fr. LL. pavamentum, L. pavimentum.
 See Pave.] That with which anythingis paved; a floor or covering of solid material, laid so as to make a hard and convenient surface for travel; a paved road or sidewalk; a decorative interior floor of tiles or colored bricks.

 The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold.

Milton.
Pavement teeth (Zoöl.), flattened teeth which in certain fishes, as the skates and cestracionts, are arranged side by side, like tiles in a pavement.

 Pave"ment, v. t. To


p. & vb. n. Collimating.] [See Collimation.] (Physics & Astron.) To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light.

 Collimating eyepiece, an eyepiece with a diagonal reflector for illumination, used to determine the error of collimation in a transit instrument by observing the image of a cross wire reflected from mercury, and comparing its position in the field with that of the same wire seen directly. -- Collimating lens (Optics), a lens used for producing parallel rays of light.

 Col'li*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. collimation, fr. a false reading (collimare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight line; col- + linea line. Cf. Collineation.] The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument.

Error of collimation, the deviation of the line collimation of an astronomical instrument from the position it ought to have with respect to the axis of motion of the instrument. -- Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its focus.

 Col"li*ma'tor (?), n. 1. (Astron.) A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal. Nichol.
2. (Optics) A tube having a convex lens at one end and at the other a small opening or slit which is at the principal focus of the lens, used for producing a beam of parallel rays; also, a lens so used.

 Col"lin (?), n. [Gr. ko'lla glue.] A very pure form of gelatin.

 Col"line (?), n. [F. colline, fr. L. collis a hill.]
 A small hill or mount. [Obs.]

 And watered park, full of fine collines and ponds. Evelyn.
 Col*lin'e*a"tion (?), n. [L. collineare to direct in a straight line. See Collimation.] The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object. [R.] Johnson.
 Coll"ing (?), n. [From Coll, v. t.] An embrace; dalliance.
 [Obs.] Halliwell.
 Coll"ing*ly, adv. With embraces. [Obs.] Gascoigne.
 Col*lin"gual (?), a. Having, or pertaining to, the same language.

 Col*liq"ua*ble (?), a. Liable to melt, grow soft, or become fluid.
 [Obs.] Harvey.
 Col*liq"ua*ment (?), n. The first rudiments of an embryo in generation. Dr. H. More.
 Col"li*quate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Colliquated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colliquating.] [Pref. col- + L. liquare, liquatum, to melt.] To change from solid to fluid; to make or become liquid; to melt. [Obs.]

 The ore of it is colliquated by the violence of the fire. Boyle.
 [Ice] will colliquate in water or warm oil. Sir T. Browne.
 Col'li*qua"tion (?), n. 1. A melting together; the act of melting; fusion.

 When sand and ashes are well melted together and suffered to cool, there is generated, by the colliquation, that sort of concretion we call "glass". Boyle.
2. (Med.) A processive wasting or melting away of the solid parts of the animal system with copious excretions of liquids by one or more passages. [Obs.]

 Col*liq"ua*tive (?), a. Causing rapid waste or exhaustion; melting; as, colliquative sweats.

 Col*liq'ue*fac"tion (?), n. [L. colliquefactus melted; col- + liquefacere; liqure to be liquid + facere to make.]
 A melting together; the reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion.

 The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction. Bacon.
 Col"lish (?), n. (Shoemaking) A tool to polish the edge of a sole. Knight.
 Col*li"sion (?), n. [L. collisio, fr. collidere. See Collide.] 1. The act of striking together; a striking together, as of two hard bodies; a violent meeting, as of railroad trains; a clashing.

2. A state of opposition; antagonism; interference.

 The collision of contrary false principles. Bp.
 Warburton.
 Sensitive to the most trifling collisions. W. Irving.
Syn. -- Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition.

 Col*li"sive (?), a. Colliding; clashing. [Obs.]

 Col*lit"i*gant (?), a. Disputing or wrangling. [Obs.] -- n. One who litigates or wrangles. [Obs.]

 Col"lo*cate (?), a. [L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare.
 See Couch.] Set; placed. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Col"lo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating (?).] To set or place; to set; to station.

 To marshal and collocate in order his battalions. E. Hall.
 Col'lo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. collocatio.] The act of placing; the state of being placed with something else; disposition in place; arrangement.

 The choice and collocation of words. Sir W. Jones.
 Col'lo*cu"tion (?), n. [L. collocutio, fr. colloqui, -locutum, to converse; col- + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] A speaking or conversing together; conference; mutual discourse. Bailey.
 Col"lo*cu'tor (?), n. [L. collocutor] One of the speakers in a dialogue. Derham.
 Col*lo"di*on (?), n. [Gr. &?; like glue; ko'lla glue + &?; form. Cf. Colloid.] (Chem.) A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a coating for wounds; but its chief application is as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography.

Collodion process (Photog.), a process in which a film of sensitized collodion is used in preparing the plate for taking a picture.
 -- Styptic collodion, collodion containing an astringent, as tannin.

 Col*lo"di*on*ize (?), v. t. To prepare or treat with collodion. R. Hunt.
 Col*lo"di*o*type (?), n. A picture obtained by the collodion process; a melanotype or ambrotype.

 Col*lo"di*um (?), n. See Collodion.

 Col*logue" (?), v. i. [Cf. L. colloqui and E. dialogue.
 Cf. Collocution.] To talk or confer secretly and confidentially; to converse, especially with evil intentions; to plot mischief. [Archaic or Colloq.]

 Pray go in; and, sister, salve the matter, Collogue with her again, and all shall be well. Greene.
 He


means or agency; as, the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms.

Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument.

 In'stru*men"tal*ist, n. One who plays upon an instrument of music, as distinguished from a vocalist.

 In'stru*men*tal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Instrumentalities (&?;).
 The quality or condition of being instrumental; that which is instrumental; anything used as a means; medium; agency.

 The instrumentality of faith in justification.

Bp. Burnet.
 The discovery of gunpowder developed the science of attack and defense in a new instrumentality.

J. H. Newman.
 In'stru*men"tal*ly (?), adv. 1. By means of an instrument or agency; as means to an end. South.
 They will argue that the end being essentially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so.

Burke.
2. With instruments of music; as, a song instrumentally accompanied. Mason.
 In'stru*men"tal*ness, n. Usefulness or agency, as means to an end; instrumentality. [R.] Hammond.
 In'stru*men"ta*ry (?), a. Instrumental. [R.]

 In'stru*men*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments; means; agency.

 Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our human use or handling of so great a fact.

H. Bushnell.
2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; orchestration; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band. (b) The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance; as, his instrumentation is perfect.

 In"stru*men'tist (?), n. A performer on a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

 In*style" (?), v. t. To style. [Obs.] Crashaw.
 In*suav"i*ty (?), n. [L. insuavitas: cf. F. insuavité.
 See Innot, and Suavity.] Want of suavity; unpleasantness. [Obs.] Burton.
 In'sub*jec"tion (?), n. Want of subjection or obedience; a state of disobedience, as to government.

 In'sub*mer"gi*ble (?), a. Not capable of being submerged; buoyant.
 [R.]

 In'sub*mis"sion (?), n. Want of submission; disobedience; noncompliance.

 In'sub*or"di*nate (?), a. Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous.

 In'sub*or'di*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. insubordination.] The quality of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority.

 In'sub*stan"tial (?), a. Unsubstantial; not real or strong. "Insubstantial pageant." [R.] Shak.
 In'sub*stan'ti*al"i*ty (?), n. Unsubstantiality; unreality. [R.]

 In'suc*ca"tion (?), n. [L. insucare, insucatum, to soak in; pref. in- + succus, sucus, sap.] The act of soaking or moistening; maceration; solution in the juice of herbs. [Obs.]
 Coxe.
 The medicating and insuccation of seeds.

Evelyn.
 In'suc*cess" (?), n. Want of success. [R.] Feltham.
 In*sue" (?), v. i. See Ensue, v. i. In"sue*tude (?), n. [L. insuetudo, from insuetus unaccustomed; pref. innot + suetus, p. p. of suescere to be accustomed.] The state or quality of being unaccustomed; absence of use or habit.

 Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom or insuetude.

Landor.
 In*suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as, insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Locke.
2. Offensive beyond endurance; detestable.

 A multitude of scribblers who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff.

Dryden.
 In*suf"fer*a*bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree beyond endurance; intolerably; as, a blaze insufferably bright; a person insufferably proud.

 In'suf*fi"cience (?), n. Insufficiency. Shak.
 In'suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. [L. insufficientia: cf. F. insuffisance, whence OE. insuffisance. See Insufficient.]

1. The quality or state of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as, the insufficiency of provisions, of an excuse, etc.

 The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of Scripture,... fully supplied.

Hooker.
2. Want of power or skill; inability; incapacity; incompetency; as, the insufficiency of a man for an office.

 In'suf*fi"cient (?), a. [L. insufficiens, -entis. See Innot, and Sufficient.]

1. Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as, the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. "Insufficient for His praise." Cowper.
2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as, a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office.

Syn. -- Inadequate; scanty; incommensurate; unequal; unfit; incompetent; incapable; inefficient.

 In'suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. In an insufficient manner or degree; unadequately.

 In'suf*fla"tion (?), n. [L. insuffatio: cf. F. insuffation.
 See Inin, and Sufflation.] The act of breathing on or into anything; especially: (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration of a new spiritual life. (b) (Med.) The act of blowing (a gas, powder, or vapor) into any cavity of the body.

 In*suit"a*ble (?), a. Unsuitable. [Obs.] -- In*suit'a*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.]

 In"su*lar (?), a. [L. insularis, fr. insula island: cf. F. insulaire. See Isle.]

1. Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as, an insular climate, fauna, etc.

2. Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as, insular habits, opinions, or prejudices.

 The penury of insular conversation.

Johnson.
 In"su*lar, n. An islander. [R.] Berkeley.
 In'su*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insularité.]

1. The state or quality of being an island or consisting of islands; insulation.

 The insularity of Britain


the tool] An iron cleaver or splitting tool; a frow. [U. S.] Bartlett.
 Frog (frg), n. [AS. froggu, frocga a frog (in sensel); akin to D. vorsch, OHG. frosk, G. frosch, Icel. froskr, fraukr, Sw. & Dan. frö.] 1.
(Zoöl.) An amphibious animal of the genus Rana and related genera, of many species. Frogs swim rapidly, and take long leaps on land. Many of the species utter loud notes in the springtime.

 The edible frog of Europe (Rana esculenta) is extensively used as food; the American bullfrog (R. Catesbiana) is remarkable for its great size and loud voice.

2. [Perh. akin to E. fork, cf. frush frog of a horse.] (Anat.) The triangular prominence of the hoof, in the middle of the sole of the foot of the horse, and other animals; the fourchette.

3. (Railroads) A supporting plate having raised ribs that form continuations of the rails, to guide the wheels where one track branches from another or crosses it.

4. [Cf. fraco of wool or silk, L. floccus, E. frock.]
 An oblong cloak button, covered with netted thread, and fastening into a loop instead of a button hole.

5. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or sword.

Cross frog (Railroads), a frog adapted for tracks that cross at right angles. -- Frog cheese, a popular name for a large puffball. -- Frog eater, one who eats frogs; -- a term of contempt applied to a Frenchman by the vulgar class of English. -- Frog fly.
 (Zoöl.) See Frog hopper. -- Frog hopper (Zoöl.), a small, leaping, hemipterous insect living on plants. The larvæ are inclosed in a frothy liquid called cuckoo spit or frog spit.
 -- Frog lily (Bot.), the yellow water lily (Nuphar).
 -- Frog spit (Zoöl.), the frothy exudation of the frog hopper; -- called also frog spittle. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo.

 Frog (?), v. t. To ornament or fasten (a coat, etc.) with trogs.
 See Frog, n., 4.

 Frog"bit' (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A European plant (Hydrocharis Morsusranæ), floating on still water and propagating itself by runners. It has roundish leaves and small white flowers. (b) An American plant (Limnobium Spongia), with similar habits.

 Frog"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Angler, n., 2. (b) An oceanic fish of the genus Antennarius or Pterophrynoides; -- called also mousefish and toadfish.

 Frogged (?), a. Provided or ornamented with frogs; as, a frogged coat. See Frog, n., 4. Ld. Lytton.
 Frog"gy (?), a. Abounding in frogs. Sherwood.
 Frog"mouth' (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of Asiatic and East Indian birds of the genus Batrachostomus (family Podargidæ); -- so called from their very broad, flat bills.

 Frog"s'-bit" (?), n. (Bot.) Frogbit.

 Frog"shell' (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of marine gastropod shells, belonging to Ranella and allied genera.

 Froise (?), n. [OE. froise cf. F. froisser to bruise, E. frush to bruise,] A kind of pancake. See 1st Fraise. [Written also fraise.]

 Frol"ic (frl"k), a. [D. vroolijk; akin to G. frölich, fr. froh, OHG. fr, Dan. fro, OS. frh, cf.
 Icel. frr swift; all perh. akin to Skr. pru to spring up.]
 Full of levity; dancing, playing, or frisking about; full of pranks; frolicsome; gay; merry.

 The frolic wind that breathes the spring.

Milton.
 The gay, the frolic, and the loud.

Waller.
 Frol"ic, n. 1. A wild prank; a flight of levity, or of gayety and mirth.

 He would be at his frolic once again.

Roscommon.
2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in lively play, or in dancing; a merrymaking.

 Frol"ic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frolicked (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Frolicking.] To play wild pranks; to play tricks of levity, mirth, and gayety; to indulge in frolicsome play; to sport.

 Hither, come hither, and frolic and play.

Tennyson.
 Frol"ic*ful (?), a. Frolicsome. [R.]

 Frol"ick*y (?), a. Frolicsome. [Obs.] Richardson.
 Frol"ic*ly, adv. In a frolicsome manner; with mirth and gayety.
 [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Frol"ic*some (?), a. Full of gayety and mirth; given to pranks; sportive.

 Old England, who takes a frolicsome brain fever once every two or three years, for the benefit of her doctors.

Sir W. Scott.
 -- Frol"ic*some*ly, adv. -- Frol"ic*some*ness, n. From (frm), prep. [AS. fram, from; akin to OS. fram out, OHG. & Icel. fram forward, Sw. fram, Dan. frem, Goth. fram from, prob. akin to E. forth. &?;202. Cf. Fro, Foremost.] Out of the neighborhood of; lessening or losing proximity to; leaving behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; -- used whenever departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, separation, etc., are to be expressed. It is construed with, and indicates, the point of space or time at which the action, state, etc., are regarded as setting out or beginning; also, less frequently, the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything proceeds; -- the antithesis and correlative of to; as, it, is one hundred miles from Boston to Springfield; he took his sword from his side; light proceeds from the sun; separate the coarse wool from the fine; men have all sprung from Adam, and often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse; the merit of an action depends on the principle from which it proceeds; men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from testimony.

 Experience from the time past to the time present.

Bacon.
 The song began from Jove.

Drpden.
From high Mæonia's rocky shores I came.

Addison.
 If the wind blow any way from shore.

Shak.
From sometimes denotes away from, remote from, inconsistent with. "Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing." Shak.
From, when joined with another preposition or an adverb, gives an opportunity for abbreviating the sentence. "There followed him great multitudes of people... from [the land] beyond Jordan."
 Math. iv. 25. In certain constructions, as from forth, from out, etc., the ordinary and more obvious arrangment is inverted, the sense being more distinctly forth from, out from -- from being virtually the


labor wears.

Franklin.
3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of arboreal edentates constituting the family Bradypodidæ, and the suborder Tardigrada. They have long exserted limbs and long prehensile claws. Both jaws are furnished with teeth (see Illust. of Edentata), and the ears and tail are rudimentary. They inhabit South and Central America and Mexico.

 The three-toed sloths belong to the genera Bradypus and Arctopithecus, of which several species have been described. They have three toes on each foot. The best-known species are collared sloth (Bradypus tridactylus), and the ai (Arctopitheus ai). The two-toed sloths, consisting the genus Cholopus, have two toes on each fore foot and three on each hind foot. The best-known is the unau (Cholopus didactylus) of South America. See Unau. Another species (C. Hoffmanni) inhabits Central America. Various large extinct terrestrial edentates, such as Megatherium and Mylodon, are often called sloths.

Australian, or Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala.
 -- Sloth animalcule (Zoöl.), a tardigrade. -- Sloth bear (Zoöl.), a black or brown long-haired bear (Melursus ursinus, or labiatus), native of India and Ceylon; -- called also aswail, labiated bear, and jungle bear. It is easily tamed and can be taught many tricks. -- Sloth monkey (Zoöl.), a loris.

 Sloth, v. i. To be idle. [Obs.] Gower.
 Sloth"ful (?), a. Addicted to sloth; inactive; sluggish; lazy; indolent; idle.

 He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.

Prov. xviii. 9.
 -- Sloth"ful*ly, adv. -- Sloth"ful*ness, n. Sloth"hound' (?), n. [See Slot a track, and cf. Sleuthhound.] (Zoöl.)
 See Sleuthhound.

 Slot"ted (?), a. Having a slot.

 Slot"ting (?), n. The act or process of making slots, or mortises.

 Slouch (?), n. [Cf. Icel. sl&?;kra slouching felloew, and E. slack, slug, a lazy fellow.] 1. A hanging down of the head; a drooping attitude; a limp appearance; an ungainly, clownish gait; a sidewise depression or hanging down, as of a hat brim.

2. An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. [Colloq.]

Slouth hat, a soft, limp hat of unstiffened cloth or felt.

 Slouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slouched (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Slouching.] 1. To droop, as the head.

2. To walk in a clumsy, lazy manner. [Colloq.]

 Slouch, v. t. To cause to hang down; to depress at the side; as, to slouth the hat.

 Slouch"ing, a. Hanging down at the side; limp; drooping; without firmness or shapeliness; moving in an ungainly manner.

 Slouch"y (?), a. Slouching. [Colloq.]

 Slough (?), a. Slow. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Slough (?), n. [OE. slogh, slough, AS. slh a hollow place; cf. MHG. slch an abyss, gullet, G. schlucken to swallow; also Gael. & Ir. sloc a pit, pool. ditch, Ir. slug to swallow. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to hiccough, to sob.]
 1. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. Chaucer.
 He's here stuck in a slough.

Milton.
2. [Pronounced sl.] A wet place; a swale; a side channel or inlet from a river. [In this sense local or provincial; also spelt sloo, and slue.]

Slough grass (Bot.), a name in the Mississippi valley for grasses of the genus Muhlenbergia; -- called also drop seed, and nimble Will.

 Slough, obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.
 Slough (?), n. [OE. slugh, slouh; cf. MHG. sl&?;ch the skin of a serpent, G. schlauch a skin, a leather bag or bottle.] 1. The skin, commonly the cast-off skin, of a serpent or of some similar animal.

2. (Med.) The dead mass separating from a foul sore; the dead part which separates from the living tissue in mortification.

 Slough, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sloughed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sloughing.] (Med.) To form a slough; to separate in the form of dead matter from the living tissues; -- often used with off, or away; as, a sloughing ulcer; the dead tissues slough off slowly.

 Slough, v. t. To cast off; to discard as refuse.

 New tint the plumage of the birds, And slough decay from grazing herds.

Emerson.
 Slough"ing (?), n. (Zoöl.) The act of casting off the skin or shell, as do insects and crustaceans; ecdysis.

 Slough"y (?), a. Full of sloughs, miry.

 Slough"y (?), a. Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from living flesh.

 Slov"en (?), n. [D. slaf careless, negligent, a sloven; akin to LG. sluf slovenly.] A man or boy habitually negligent of neathess and order; -- the correlative term to slattern, or slut.
 Pope.
 He became a confirmed sloven.

Macaulay.
 Slov"en*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being slovenly.

 Slov"en*ly, a. 1. Having the habits of a sloven; negligent of neatness and order, especially in dress.

 A slovenly, lazy fellow, lolling at his ease.

L'Estrange.
2. Characteristic of a sloven; lacking neatness and order; evincing negligence; as, slovenly dress.

 Slov"en*ly, adv. a slovenly manner.

 Slov"en*ness, n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Slov"en*ry (?), n. Slovenliness. [Obs.] Shak.
 Slow (sl), obs. imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer.
 Slow (sl), a. [Compar. Slower (?); superl. Slowest.]
 [OE. slow, slaw, AS. slw; akin to OS. slu blunt, dull, D. sleeuw, slee, sour, OHG. slo blunt, dull, Icel. slr, slær, Dan. slöv, Sw. slö.
 Cf. Sloe, and Sloth.] 1. Moving a short space in a relatively long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; moderate; deliberate; as, a slow stream; a slow motion.

2. Not happening in a short time; gradual; late.

 These changes in the heavens, though slow, produced Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast.

Milton.
3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; dilatory; sluggish; as, slow of speech, and slow of tongue.

 Fixed on defense, the Trojans are not slow To guard their shore from an expected foe.

Dryden.
4. Not hasty; not precipitate; acting with deliberation; tardy; inactive.

 He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding


the etext.

 Footnotes added by myself are always initialed (A. L.), unless they merely note the chapter and paragraph corresponding to a page number given in the text.


of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe.

 In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis.

Center of an army, the body or troops occupying the place in the line between the wings. -- Center of a curve or surface (Geom.)
(a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates.
 -- Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. -- Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. -- Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. -- Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardation. -- Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. -- Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. -- Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. -- Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. -- Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid.

 { Cen"ter, Cen"tre } v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.] 1.
 To be placed in a center; to be central.

2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center.

 Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men's fancies. Dr. H. More.
 Our hopes must center in ourselves alone. Dryden.
 { Cen"ter, Cen"tre } (?), v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton.
2. To collect to a point; to concentrate.

 Thy joys are centered all in me alone. Prior.
3. (Mech.) To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center.

 { Cen"ter*bit', Cen"tre*bit', } n. An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3.

 { Cen"ter*board', Cen"tre*board, } (?), n. (Naut.) A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States Cen"ter*fire' car"tridge. See under Cartridge.

 Cen"ter*ing, n. (Arch.) Same as Center, n., 6.
 [Written also centring.]

 { Cen"ter*piece', Cen"tre*piece' } (?), n. An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure.

 Cen*tes"i*mal (?), a. [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centésimal.] Hundredth. -- n. A hundredth part.

 The neglect of a few centesimals. Arbuthnot.
 Cen*tes'i*ma"tion (?), n. [L. centesimore to take out or select every hundredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.)
 The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny.

 Cen*tes"i*mo (sn"ts"*m), n.; pl. -mi (- m). [It.
 & Sp.] A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime.

 Cen"tesm (sn"tz'm), n. [L. centesima.] Hundredth.

 Cen"ti*are' (?), n. [F. See Centare.] See centare.

 Cen'ti*cip"i*tous (?), a. [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.] Hundred-headed.

 Cen*tif"i*dous (?), a. [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.] Divided into a hundred parts.

 Cen'ti*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.] Having a hundred leaves.

 Cen"ti*grade (?), a. [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the centigrade thermometer; as, 10° centigrade (or 10° C.).

Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale.

 { Cen"ti*gram (?), Cen"ti*gramme (?), } n. [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.] The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to.15432 of a grain. See Gram.

 { Cen"ti*li'ter, Cen"ti*li'tre } (?), n. [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.] The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce.

 Cen*til"o*quy (?), n. [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.] A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton.
 ||Cen'time" (?), n. [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.]
 (F. Coinage) The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account.

 { Cen"ti*me'ter, Cen"ti*me'tre } (?), n. [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.] The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter.

 Cen"ti*nel (?), n. Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville.
 Cen*tin"o*dy (?), n. [L. centum a


pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor.

 In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as "counsel," "counselor," or "barrister." In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as "counsel" at the common law.

2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as, an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth.

3. Christ, considered as an intercessor.

 We have an Advocate with the Father. 1 John ii. 1.
Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh.
 -- Lord advocate (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. -- Judge advocate. See under Judge.

 Ad"vo*cate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating (&?;).] [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly.

 To advocate the cause of thy client. Bp. Sanderson (1624).
 This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated.
Burke.
 Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. Mitford.
 Ad"vo*cate, v. i. To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller.
 Ad"vo*cate*ship, n. Office or duty of an advocate.

 Ad'vo*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation.
 See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] The holy Jesus... sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us. Jer. Taylor.
2. Advowson. [Obs.]

 The donations or advocations of church livings. Sanderson.
3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell.
 Ad"vo*ca*to*ry (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.]

 Ad*voke" (&?;), v. t. [L. advocare. See Advocate.] To summon; to call. [Obs.]

 Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome. Fuller.
 Ad'vo*lu"tion (&?;), n. [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] A rolling toward something. [R.]

 Ad*vou"trer (&?;), n. [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr.
 L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.]

 Ad*vou"tress (&?;), n. An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon.
 { Ad*vou"try, Ad*vow"try } (&?;), n. [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium.
 Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ad*vow*ee" (&?;), n. [OE. avowe, F. avoué, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] One who has an advowson. Cowell.
 Ad*vow"son (?; 277), n. [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avoëson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.]

 The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer.
 Cyc.
 Ad*voy"er (&?;), n. See Avoyer. [Obs.]

 Ad*ward" (&?;), n. Award. [Obs.] Spenser.
 ||Ad'y*na"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. &?; want of strength; &?; priv + &?; power, strength.] (Med.)
 Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison.
 Ad'y*nam"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.]
 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak.

2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power or force.

Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility.

 A*dyn"a*my (&?;), n. Adynamia. [R.] Morin.
 ||Ad"y*tum (&?;), n. Adyta (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, n., fr. &?;, a., not to be entered; 'a priv. + &?; to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum.

 { Adz, Adze } (&?;), n. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A carpenter's or cooper's tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle.
 It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood.

 Adz, v. t. To cut with an adz. [R.] Carlyle.
 Æ or Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Anglo-Saxon short æ was generally replaced by a, the long by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E.

 ||Æ*cid"i*um (&?;), n.; pl. Æcidia (&?;).
 [NL., dim. of Gr. &?; injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants.

 Æ"dile (&?;), n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer.

 Æ"dile*ship, n. The office of an ædile. T. Arnold.
 Æ*ge"an (&?;), a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece.
 See Archipelago.

 ||Æ'gi*cra"ni*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, goat + &?;, n. pl., heads.] (Arch.) Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls.

 Æg"i*lops (&?;), n. [L. aegilopis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, gen. &?;, goat + &?; eye.] 1. (Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye.

2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants,


-- Sympathetic nerve (Anat.), any nerve of the sympathetic system; especially, the axial chain of ganglions and nerves belonging to the sympathetic system. -- Sympathetic powder (Alchemy), a kind of powder long supposed to be able to cure a wound if applied to the weapon that inflicted it, or even to a portion of the bloody clothes. Dunglison.
 -- Sympathetic sounds (Physics), sounds produced from solid bodies by means of vibrations which have been communicated to them from some other sounding body, by means of the air or an intervening solid. -- Sympathetic system (Anat.), a system of nerves and nerve ganglions connected with the alimentary canal, the vascular system, and the glandular organs of most vertebrates, and controlling more or less their actions. The axial part of the system and its principal ganglions and nerves are situated in the body cavity and form a chain of ganglions on each side of the vertebral column connected with numerous other ganglions and nerve plexuses.

 Sym'pa*thet"ic*al (?), a. Sympathetic.

 Sym'pa*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a sympathetic manner.

 Sym"pa*thist (?), n. One who sympathizes; a sympathizer. [R.] Coleridge.
 Sym"pa*thize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sympathized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sympathizing (?).] [F. sympathiser. See Sympathy.] 1. To have a common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain.

 The mind will sympathize so much with the anguish and debility of the body, that it will be too distracted to fix itself in meditation.

Buckminster.
2. To feel in consequence of what another feels; to be affected by feelings similar to those of another, in consequence of knowing the person to be thus affected.

 Their countrymen... sympathized with their heroes in all their adventures.

Addison.
3. To agree; to be in accord; to harmonize. Dryden.
 Sym"pa*thize, v. t. 1. To experience together. [Obs.] "This sympathized... error." Shak.
2. To ansew to; to correspond to. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sym"pa*thi'zer (?), n. One who sympathizes.

 Sym"pa*thy (?), n.; pl. Sympathies (#). [F. sympathie, L. sympathia, Gr. &?;; sy'n with + &?; suffering, passion, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer. See Syn-, and Pathos.] 1. Feeling corresponding to that which another feels; the quality of being affected by the affection of another, with feelings correspondent in kind, if not in degree; fellowfeeling.

 They saw, but other sight instead -- a crowd Of ugly serpents!
 Horror on them fell, And horrid sympathy.

Milton.
2. An agreement of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of natural temperament, which causes persons to be pleased, or in accord, with one another; as, there is perfect sympathy between them.

3. Kindness of feeling toward one who suffers; pity; commiseration; compassion.

 I value myself upon sympathy, I hate and despise myself for envy.

Kames.
4. (Physiol.) (a) The reciprocal influence exercised by the various organs or parts of the body on one another, as manifested in the transmission of a disease by unknown means from one organ to another quite remote, or in the influence exerted by a diseased condition of one part on another part or organ, as in the vomiting produced by a tumor of the brain. (b) That relation which exists between different persons by which one of them produces in the others a state or condition like that of himself. This is shown in the tendency to yawn which a person often feels on seeing another yawn, or the strong inclination to become hysteric experienced by many women on seeing another person suffering with hysteria.

5. A tendency of inanimate things to unite, or to act on each other; as, the sympathy between the loadstone and iron. [R.]

6. Similarity of function, use office, or the like.

 The adverb has most sympathy with the verb.

Earle.
Syn. -- Pity; fellow-feeling; compassion; commiseration; tenderness; condolence; agreement. -- Sympathy, Commiseration. Sympathy is literally a fellow-feeling with others in their varied conditions of joy or of grief. This term, however, is now more commonly applied to a fellow-feeling with others under affliction, and then coincides very nearly with commiseration. In this case it is commonly followed by for; as, to feel sympathy for a friend when we see him distressed. The verb sympathize is followed by with; as, to sympathize with a friend in his distresses or enjoyments. "Every man would be a distinct species to himself, were there no sympathy among individuals." South. See Pity.

 Fault, Acknowledged and deplored, in Adam wrought Commiseration.

Milton.
 Sym*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. sym- + petal.] (Bot.)
 Having the petals united; gamopetalous.

 Sym*phon"ic (?), a. 1. Symphonious.

2. (Mus.) Relating to, or in the manner of, symphony; as, the symphonic form or style of composition.

 Sym*pho"ni*ous (?), a. [From Symphony.] 1. Agreeing in sound; accordant; harmonious.

 Followed with acclamation and the sound Symphonious of ten thousand harps.

Milton.
2. (Mus.) Symphonic.

 Sym"pho*nist (?), n. [Cf. F. symphoniste.] A composer of symphonies.

 Sym"pho*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symphonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symphonizing (?).] To agree; to be in harmony.
 [R.] Boyle.
 Sym"pho*ny (?), n.; pl. Symphonies (#). [F. symphonie (cf. It. sinfonia), L. symphonia, Gr. &?;; sy'n with + &?; a sound, the voice. See Phonetic.] 1. A consonance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear, whether the sounds are vocal or instrumental, or both.

 The trumpets sound, And warlike symphony in heard around.

Dryden.
2. A stringed instrument formerly in use, somewhat resembling the virginal.

 With harp and pipe and symphony.

Chaucer.
3. (Mus.) (a) An elaborate instrumental composition for a full orchestra, consisting usually, like the sonata, of three or four contrasted yet inwardly related movements, as the allegro, the adagio, the minuet and trio, or scherzo, and the finale in quick time. The term has recently been applied to large orchestral works in freer form, with arguments or programmes to explain their meaning, such as the "symphonic poems" of Liszt. The term was formerly applied to any composition for an orchestra, as overtures, etc., and still earlier, to certain compositions partly vocal, partly instrumental. (b) An instrumental passage at the beginning or end, or in the course of, a vocal composition; a prelude, interlude, or postude; a ritornello.

 ||Sym*phy"la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy'n with + &?; a clan.]
 (Zoöl.) An order of small apterous insects having an elongated body, with three pairs of thoracic and about nine pairs of abdominal legs.
 They are, in many respects, intermediate between myriapods and true insects.

 Sym*phys"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to to symphysis.

 Sym'phy*se*ot"o*my (?


a crack.
 [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.]

11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.]

 What is crack in English?... A crack is... a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it. P. P. Alexander.
 Crack, a. Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.]

 One of our crack speakers in the Commons. Dickens.
 Crack"-brained' (-brnd'), a. Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope.
 Cracked (krkt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken; as, cracked wheat.

2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.]

 Crack"er (krk"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks.

2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.]

 What cracker is this same that deafs our ears? Shak.
3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclosed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; -- often called firecracker.

4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as, a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker.

5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett.
6. (Zoöl.) The pintail duck.

7. pl. (Mach.) A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight.
 Crac"kle (krk"k'l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as, burning thorns crackle.

 The unknown ice that crackles underneath them. Dryden.
 Crac"kle, n. 1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling.

 The crackle of fireworks. Carlyle.
2. (Med.) A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as, dry crackle; moist crackle.
 Quain.
3. (Fine Arts) A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as, Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle.

 Crac"kled (-k'ld), a. (Fine Arts) Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; -- said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware.

 Crac"kle*ware' (-w?r'), n. See Crackle, n., 3.

 Crac"kling (kr?k"kl?ng), n. 1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated.

 As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool. Eccl. vii. 6.
2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork.

 For the first time in his life he tested crackling. Lamb.
3. pl. Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting.

 Crack"nel (kr?k"n?l), n. [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.] A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser.
 Cracks"man (kr?ks"man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men).
 A burglar. [Slang] Cra*co"vi*an (kr?-k?"v?-an), a. Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland.

 ||Cra*co'vi*enne" (kr?-k?'v?-?n"), n. [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.) A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time.

 Cra"cowes (kr?"k?z), n. pl. Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; -- so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt.
 Cra"dle (krd'l), n. [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinging on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as, a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty.

 The cradle that received thee at thy birth. Cowper.
 No sooner was I crept out of my cradle But I was made a king, at nine months old. Shak.
2. Infancy, or very early life.

 From their cradles bred together. Shak.
 A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles.
Clarendon.
3. (Agric.) An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it evenly in a swath.

4. (Engraving) A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground.

5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship.

6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb.
 (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from contact with the person.

7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; -- also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts.

8. (Carp.) The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight.
9. (Naut.) The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck.

Cat's cradle. See under Cat. -- Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. -- Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain.

 Cra"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d'ld); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Cradling (-dl?ng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking.

 It cradles their fears to sleep. D. A. Clark.
2. To nurse or train in infancy.

 He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars. Glanvill.
3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain.

4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle.

 In Lombardy... boats are cradled and transported over the grade. Knight.
To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping.

 Cra"dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle.

 Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled. Shak.
 Cra"dling (-dl?ng), n. 1. The act of using a cradle.

2. (Coopering) Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being


, Method of Law, 141 et seq.

 294 (return) 294/1 Ellis v. Clark, 110 Mass. 389.

 294/2 Fitch v. Snedaker, 38 N. Y. 248, criticising Williaws v. Carwardine, 4 Barn. & Ad. 621, where, however, it does not appear that the plaintiff did not know of the offer of a reward, but merely that the jury found that she was in fact actuated by other motives, a finding wholly beside the mark.

 296 (return) 296/1 Y.B. 29 Ed. III. 25, 26.

 296/2 19 R. II., Fitzh. Abr. Dett, pl. 166.

 296/3 Hunt v. Bate, Dyer, 272, A.D. 1568.

 297 (return) 297/1 See Barker v. Halifax, Cro. Eliz. 741; S.C. 3 Dyer, 272 a, n. 32.

 297/2 Sidenham v. Worlington, 2 Leonard, 224; Bosden v. Thinne, Yelv. 40; Lampleigh v. Brathwait, Hobart, 105; Langdell, Cas. on Contr. (2d ed.), ch. 2, Section 11, Summary, Sections 90 et seq. See above, Lecture VII. p.
 286.

 297/3 Pollock, Contr. (lst ed.), p. 6.

 298 (return) 298/1 Canham v. Barry, 15 C.B. 597, 619; Jones v. How, 9 C.B. 1, 9; Com.
 Dig. Condition, D. 2; I Roll. Abr. 420 (D), pl. 1; Y.B. 22 Ed. IV. 26, pl.
 6.

 301 (return) 301/1 Gee v. Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Co., 6 H. & N. 211, 218, Bramwell, B. Cf. Hydraulic Engineering Co. v. McHaffie, 4 Q.B.D. 670, 674, 676.

 301/2 British Columbia Saw-Mill Co. v. Nettleship, L.R. 3 C.P. 499, 509, Willes, J.; Horne v. Midland Railway Co., L.R. 7 C.P. 583, 591; S.C., L.R.
 8 C.P. 131.

 302 (return) 302/1 British Columbia Saw-Mill Co. v. Nettleship, L.R. 3 C.P. 499, 509.

 304 (return) 304/1 Cheale v. Kenward, 3 DeG. & J. 27.

 304/2 Langdell, Contr., Sections 89, 28.

 305 (return) 305/1 Langdell, Contr., Section 57.

 305/2 Ibid., Sections 14, 15.

 306 (return) 306/1 But see Langdell, Contr., Sections 14, 15.

 309 (return) 309/1 Raffles v. Wichelhaus, 2 H. & C. 906. Cf. Kyle v. Kavanagh, 103 Mass. 356, 357.

 309/2 Cf. Cocker v. Crompton, 1 B. & C. 489.

 310 (return) 310/1 Smith v. Hughes, L.R. 6 Q.B.597.

 310/2 See Gardner v. Lane, 12 Allen, 39; S.C. 9 Allen, 492, 98 Mass. 517.

 311 (return) 311/1 Goddard v. Monitor Ins. Co., 108 Mass. 56.

 313 (return) 313/1 See Cundy v. Lindsay, 3 App. Cas. 459, 469. Cf. Reg. v. Middleton, L.R. 2 C.C. 38, 55 et seq., 62 et seq.; Reg. v. Davies, Dearsly, C.C. 640; Rex v. Mucklow, 1 Moody, O.C. 160; Reg. v. Jacobs, 12 Cox, 151.

 313/2 "Praesentia corporis tollit errorem nominis." Cf. Byles, J., in Way v. Hearne, 32 L. J. N.S.C.P. 34, 40. But cf. the conflicting opinions in Reg. v. Middleton, L.R. 2 C.C. 38, 45, 57. It would seem that a proper name or other identification of an object or person as specific may have the same effect as an actual identification by the senses, because it refers to such an identification, although in a less direct way.

 316 (return) 316/1 Brown v. Foster, 113 Mass. 136.

 316/2 Leake, Dig. Contr. 13, 14, 637; Hunt v. Livermore, 5 Pick. 395, 397; Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 36.

 316/3 Leake, Dig. Contr. 638; Braunstein v. Accidental Death Ins. Co., 1 B. & S. 782.

 316/4 But cf. Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 29.

 318 (return) 318/1 Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 29.

 318/2 Bullen & Leake, Prec. of Plead. (3d ed.), 147, "Conditions Precedent."

 319 (return) 319/1 Cf. Cort v. Ambergate, Nottingham & Boston & Eastern Junction Railway Co., 17 Q.B.127.

 320 (return) 320/1 Goodman v. Pocock, 15 Q.B.576 (1850).

 325 (return) 325/1 Fisher v. Mellen, 103 Mass. 503.

 325/2 Supra, p. 136.

 327 (return) 327/1 Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 33.

 328 (return) 328/1 See the explanation of Dimech v. Corlett, 12 Moo. P.C. 199, in Behn v. Burness, 3 B. & S. 751, 760.

 329 (return) 329/1 Behn v. Burness, 3 B. & S. 751.

 329/2 Langd. Contr. (2d ed.), Section 28, p. 1000.

 329/3 See Lecture VIII.

 330 (return) 330/1 Kennedy v. Panama, &c. Mail Co., L.R. 2 Q.B.580, 588; Lyon v. Bertram, 20 How. 149, 153. Cf. Windscheid, Pand., Section 76, nn. 6, 9.

 330/2 Windscheid, Pand., Section 76(4). See, generally, Ibid., nn. 6, 7; Section 78, pp. 206, 207; Section 82, pp. 216 et seq.

 331 (return) 331/1 Cr. Ihering, Geist d. Roem. Rechts, Section 48, III. p. 116 (Fr.
 transl.).

 331/2 See, however, the language of Crompton, J. in S.C., I B. & S.
 877. Cf. Kent, Comm. (12th ed.), 479, n. 1, A (c).

 331/3 Behn v. Burness, 3 B. & S. 751, 755, 756.

 334 (return) 334/1 Cf


iate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. "Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;" and another remarks, "It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using." So, also, we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, "It requires a peculiar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;" "He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;" "The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright." Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an "ominous silence" which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, "If you knew how to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition." In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, "I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request." Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man's faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence.

 Ap*pre"ci*ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v.
 i.] J. Morse.
 Ap*pre"ci*a'ting*ly (&?;), adv. In an appreciating manner; with appreciation.

 Ap*pre'ci*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. appréciation.]
 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence.

2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as, an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors.

 His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character.
J. R. Green.
3. A rise in value; -- opposed to depreciation.

 Ap*pre"ci*a*tive (&?;), a. Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as, an appreciative audience. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ly, adv.
 Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ness, n. The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence.

 Ap*pre"ci*a'tor (&?;), n. One who appreciates.

 Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Showing appreciation; appreciative; as, appreciatory commendation. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ri*ly (&?;), adv.
 Ap'pre*hend" (p'pr*hnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + -hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. chanda'nein to hold, contain, and E. get: cf. F. appréhender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic] We have two hands to apprehend it. Jer. Taylor.
2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as, to apprehend a criminal.

3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider.

 This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king's head, and he violently apprehended it.
Fuller.
 The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them.
Gladstone.
4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.]

G. You are too much distrustful of my truth. E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend The means and manner how. Beau. & Fl.
5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear.

 The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence. Macaulay.
Syn. -- To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. -- To Apprehend, Comprehend.
 These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. "We may apprehended much of Shakespeare's aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters." Trench.
 Ap'pre*hend", v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose.

2. To be apprehensive; to fear.

 It is worse to apprehend than to suffer. Rowe.
 Ap'pre*hend"er (&?;), n. One who apprehends.

 Ap'pre*hen'si*bi"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey.
 Ap'pre*hen"si*ble (&?;), a. [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Capable of being apprehended or conceived. "Apprehensible by faith." Bp. Hall. -- Ap'*pre*hen"si*bly, adv.
 Ap'pre*hen"sion (&?;), n. [L. apprehensio: cf. F. appréhension.
 See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne.
2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as, the felon, after his apprehension, escaped.

3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception.

 Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked intellection of an object. Glanvill.
4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea.

 In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as, in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue.

 To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension. South.
5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as, a man of dull apprehension.

6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil.

 After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life. Addison.
Syn. -- Apprehension,


), n. Ornamental work in beads.

 Bead"y (&?;), a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. "Beady eyes." Thackeray.
2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads.

3. Characterized by beads; as, beady liquor.

 Bea"gle (&?;), n. [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable.

 Beak (bk), n. [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael.
 & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] 1.
(Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varies much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal.

2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew.
3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead.

4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee.

5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off.

6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.

7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.).

8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.]

 Beaked (bkt), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. "Each beaked promontory." Milton.
2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate.

Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale.

 Beak"er (bk"r), n. [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; -- all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. bi^kos wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard.

2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; -- used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight.
 Beak"head' (&?;), n. 1. (Arch.) An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker.
2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew.
 (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.

 Beak"i*ron (&?;), n. [From Bickern.] A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil.

 Beal (bl), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.]

 Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed (&?;); p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.] To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.]

 Be"-all' (&?;), n. The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak.
 Beam (bm), n. [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bm tree, OS. bm, D. boom, OHG.
 boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. baðmr, Goth. bagms and Gr. fy^ma a growth, fy^nai to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. √97. See Be; cf.
 Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use.

2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship.

 The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks. Totten.
3. The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another.

4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended.

 The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope.
5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches.

6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden.
7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam.

8. The straight part or shank of an anchor.

9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it.

10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; -- called also working beam or walking beam.

11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as, a beam of light, or of heat.

 How far that little candle throws his beams! Shak.
12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as, a beam of comfort.

 Mercy with her genial beam. Keble.
13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; -- called also beam feather.

Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed.
 -- Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. -- Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; -- used for drawing or describing large circles. -- Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. -- Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. -- On the beam, in a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel.
 -- On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind


. pullus a young animal, a young fowl. See Foal, and cf. Poult, Poultry, Pool stake.] A young hen, or female of the domestic fowl.

Pullet sperm, the treadle of an egg. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pul"ley (?), n.; pl. Pulleys (#). [F. poulie, perhaps of Teutonic origin (cf. Poll, v. t.); but cf. OE. poleine, polive, pulley, LL. polanus, and F. poulain, properly, a colt, fr. L. pullus young animal, foal (cf. Pullet, Foal). For the change of sense, cf. F. poutre beam, originally, a filly, and E. easel.] (Mach.) A wheel with a broad rim, or grooved rim, for transmitting power from, or imparting power to, the different parts of machinery, or for changing the direction of motion, by means of a belt, cord, rope, or chain.

 The pulley, as one of the mechanical powers, consists, in its simplest form, of a grooved wheel, called a sheave, turning within a movable frame or block, by means of a cord or rope attached at one end to a fixed point. The force, acting on the free end of the rope, is thus doubled, but can move the load through only half the space traversed by itself. The rope may also pass over a sheave in another block that is fixed. The end of the rope may be fastened to the movable block, instead of a fixed point, with an additional gain of power, and using either one or two sheaves in the fixed block. Other sheaves may be added, and the power multiplied accordingly. Such an apparatus is called by workmen a block and tackle, or a fall and tackle. See Block.
 A single fixed pulley gives no increase of power, but serves simply for changing the direction of motion.

Band pulley, or Belt pulley, a pulley with a broad face for transmitting power between revolving shafts by means of a belt, or for guiding a belt. -- Cone pulley. See Cone pulley. -- Conical pulley, one of a pair of belt pulleys, each in the shape of a truncated cone, for varying velocities. -- Fast pulley, a pulley firmly attached upon a shaft. -- Loose pulley, a pulley loose on a shaft, to interrupt the transmission of motion in machinery. See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. -- Parting pulley, a belt pulley made in semicircular halves, which can be bolted together, to facilitate application to, or removal from, a shaft. -- Pulley block. Same as Block, n. 6. -- Pulley stile (Arch.), the upright of the window frame into which a pulley is fixed and along which the sash slides. -- Split pulley, a parting pulley.

 Pul"ley, v. t. To raise or lift by means of a pulley. [R.] Howell.
 Pul"li*cate (?), n. A kind of checked cotton or silk handkerchief.

 Pull"man car' (?). [Named after Mr. Pullman, who introduced them.]
 A kind of sleeping car; also, a palace car; -- often shortened to Pullman.

 Pul"lu*late (?), v. i. [L. pullulatus, p. p. of pullulare to sprout, from pullulus a young animal, a sprout, dim. of pullus.
 See pullet.] To germinate; to bud; to multiply abundantly. Warburton.
 Pul'lu*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. pullulation.] A germinating, or budding. Dr. H. More.
 ||Pul"lus (?), n.; pl. Pulli (#). [L.] (Zoöl.)
 A chick; a young bird in the downy stage.

 ||Pul'mo*bran'chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.], Pul'mo*bran"chi*ate. (&?;), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonibranchiata, - ate.

 Pul'mo*cu*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. pulmo a lung + E. cutaneous.]
 (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the lungs and the akin; as, the pulmocutaneous arteries of the frog.

 ||Pul'mo*gas'te*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. & E. Gasteropoda.]
 (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonata.

 Pul"mo*grade (?), a. [L. pulmo a lung + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Swimming by the expansion and contraction, or lunglike movement, of the body, or of the disk, as do the medusæ.

 Pul*mom"e*ter (?), n. [L. pulmo a lung + -meter.] (Physiol.)
 A spirometer.

 Pul"mo*na"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any arachnid that breathes by lunglike organs, as the spiders and scorpions. Also used adjectively.

 Pul"mo*na*ry (?), a. [L. pulmonarius, from pulmo, -onis, a lung; of uncertain origin, perh. named from its lightness, and akin to E. float: cf. F. pulmonaire. Cf. Pneumonia.] Of or pertaining to the lungs; affecting the lungs; pulmonic.

Pulmonary artery. See the Note under Artery.

 Pul"mo*na*ry, n. [Cf. F. pulmonaire. See Pulmonary, a. ] (Bot.) Lungwort. Ainsworth.
 ||Pul'mo*na"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. pulmo, -onis, a lung.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division, or sub-class, of hermaphrodite gastropods, in which the mantle cavity is modified into an air-breathing organ, as in Helix, or land snails, Limax, or garden slugs, and many pond snails, as Limnæa and Planorbis.

 Pul"mo*nate (?), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having breathing organs that act as lungs. (b) Pertaining to the Pulmonata. -- n. One of the Pulmonata.

 Pul"mo*na'ted (?), a. same as Pulmonate (a).

 ||Pul'mo*ni*bran'chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pulmo, -onis, a lung + Gr. &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonata.

 Pul'mo*ni*bran"chi*ate (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Pulmonate.

 Pul*mon"ic (?), a. [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung: cf. F.
 pulmonique.] Relating to, or affecting the lungs; pulmonary. -- n. A pulmonic medicine.

 ||Pul'mo*nif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pulmoniferous.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Pulmonata.

 Pul'mo*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having lungs; pulmonate.

 Pulp (?), n. [L. pulpa flesh, pith, pulp of fruit: cf. F. pulpe.]
 A moist, slightly cohering mass, consisting of soft, undissolved animal or vegetable matter. Specifically: (a) (Anat.) A tissue or part resembling pulp; especially, the soft, highly vascular and sensitive tissue which fills the central cavity, called the pulp cavity, of teeth. (b) (Bot.)


ech, Up:= L = leech mode n.
[warez d00dz] "Leech mode" or "leech access" or (simply "leech" as in "You get leech") is the access mode on a FTP site where one can download as many files as one wants, without having to upload. Leech mode is often promised on banner sites, but rarely obtained. See ratio site, banner site.
Node:legal, Next:legalese, Previous:leech mode, Up:= L = legal adj.
Loosely used to mean 'in accordance with all the relevant rules', esp. in connection with some set of constraints defined by software. "The older =+ alternate for += is no longer legal syntax in ANSI C." "This parser processes each line of legal input the moment it sees the trailing linefeed." Hackers often model their work as a sort of game played with the environment in which the objective is to maneuver through the thicket of 'natural laws' to achieve a desired objective. Their use of 'legal' is flavored as much by this game-playing sense as by the more conventional one having to do with courts and lawyers.
Compare language lawyer, legalese.
Node:legalese, Next:LER, Previous:legal, Up:= L = legalese n. Dense, pedantic verbiage in a language description, product specification, or interface standard; text that seems designed to obfuscate and requires a language lawyer to parse it. Though hackers are not afraid of high information density and complexity in language (indeed, they rather enjoy both), they share a deep and abiding loathing for legalese; they associate it with deception, suits, and situations in which hackers generally get the short end of the stick.
Node:LER, Next:LERP, Previous:legalese, Up:= L = LER /L-E-R/ n. 1. [TMRC, from 'Light-Emitting Diode'] A light-emitting resistor (that is, one in the process of burning up). Ohm's law was broken. See also SED. 2. An incandescent light bulb (the filament emits light because it's resistively heated).
Node:LERP, Next:let the smoke out, Previous:LER, Up:= L = LERP /lerp/ vi.,n.
Quasi-acronym for Linear Interpolation, used as a verb or noun for the operation. "Bresenham's algorithm lerps incrementally between the two endpoints of the line."
Node:let the smoke out, Next:letterbomb, Previous:LERP, Up:= L = let the smoke out v. To fry hardware (see fried). See magic smoke for a discussion of the underlying mythology.
Node:letterbomb, Next:lexer, Previous:let the smoke out, Up:= L = letterbomb 1. n. A piece of email containing live data intended to do nefarious things to the recipient's machine or terminal. It used to be possible, for example, to send letterbombs that would lock up some specific kinds of terminals when they are viewed, so thoroughly that the user must cycle power (see cycle, sense 3) to unwedge them. Under Unix, a letterbomb can also try to get part of its contents interpreted as a shell command to the mailer. The results of this could range from silly to tragic; fortunately it has been some years since any of the standard Unix/Internet mail software was vulnerable to such an attack (though, as the Melissa virus attack demonstrated in early 1999, Microsoft systems can have serious problems). See also Trojan horse; compare nastygram. 2. Loosely, a mailbomb.
Node:lexer, Next:lexiphage, Previous:letterbomb, Up:= L = lexer /lek'sr/ n. Common hacker shorthand for 'lexical analyzer', the input-tokenizing stage in the parser for a language (the part that breaks it into word-like pieces). "Some C lexers get confused by the old-style compound ops like =-."
Node:lexiphage, Next:life, Previous:lexer, Up:= L = lexiphage /lek'si-fayj'/ n. A notorious word chomper on ITS.
See bagbiter. This program would draw on a selected victim's bitmapped terminal the words "THE BAG" in ornate letters, followed a pair of jaws biting pieces of it off.
Node:life, Next:Life is hard, Previous:lexiphage, Up:= L = life n.
1. A cellular-automata game invented by John Horton Conway and first introduced publicly by Martin Gardner ("Scientific American", October 1970); the game's popularity had to wait a few years for computers on which it could reasonably be played, as it's no fun to simulate the cells by hand. Many hackers pass through a stage of fascination with it, and hackers at various places contributed heavily to the mathematical analysis of this game (most notably Bill Gosper at MIT, who even implemented life in TECO!; see Gosperism). When a hacker mentions 'life', he is much more likely to mean this game than the magazine, the breakfast cereal, or the human state of existence. 2. The opposite of Usenet. As in "Get a life!"
Node:Life is hard, Next:light pipe, Previous:life, Up:= L = Life is hard prov.
[XEROX PARC] This phrase has two possible interpretations: (1) "While your suggestion may have some merit, I will behave as though I hadn't heard it." (2) "While your suggestion has obvious merit, equally obvious circumstances prevent it from being seriously considered." The charm of the phrase lies precisely in this subtle but important ambiguity.
Node:light pipe, Next:lightweight, Previous:Life is hard, Up:= L = light pipe n. Fiber optic cable. Oppose copper.
Node:lightweight, Next:like kicking dead whales down the beach, Previous:light pipe, Up:= L = lightweight adj.
Opposite of heavyweight; usually found in combining forms such as 'lightweight process'.
Node:like kicking dead whales down the beach, Next:like nailing jelly to a tree, Previous:lightweight, Up:= L = like kicking dead whales down the beach adj.
Describes a slow, difficult, and disgusting process. First popularized by a famous quote about the difficulty of getting work done under one of IBM's mainframe OSes. "Well, you could write a C compiler in COBOL, but it would be like kicking dead whales down the beach." See also fear and loathing.
Node:like nailing jelly to a tree, Next:line 666, Previous:like kicking dead whales down the beach, Up:= L = like nailing jelly to a tree adj.
Used to describe a task thought to be impossible, esp. one in which the difficulty arises from poor specification or inherent slipperiness in the problem domain. "Trying to display the 'prettiest' arrangement of nodes and arcs that diagrams a given graph is like nailing jelly to a tree, because nobody's sure what 'prettiest' means algorithmically."
Hacker use of this term may recall mainstream slang originated early in the 20th century by President Theodore Roosevelt. There is a legend that, weary of inconclusive talks with Colombia over the right to dig a canal through its then-province Panama, he remarked, "Negotiating with those pirates is like trying to nail currant jelly to the wall." Roosevelt's government subsequently encouraged the anti-Colombian insurgency that created the nation of Panama.
Node:line 666, Next:line eater the, Previous:like nailing jelly to a tree, Up:= L = line 666 [from Christian eschatological myth] n. The notional line of source at which a program fails for obscure reasons, implying either that somebody is out to get it (when you are the programmer), or that it richly deserves to be so gotten (when you are not). "It works when I trace through it, but seems to crash on line 666 when I run it." "What happens is that whenever a large batch comes through, mmdf dies on the Line of the Beast. Probably some twit hardcoded a buffer size."
Node:line eater the, Next:line noise, Previous:line 666, Up:= L = line eater, the n