Barlaam and Ioasaph by St. John Damascene (?)
("St. John of Damascus") c. 676-749 A.D.
It is not known where or when this story was written, but it is believed to have been translated into Greek (possibly from a Georgian original) sometime in the 11th Century A.D. Although the ultimate author is usually referred to as "John the Monk", it has been traditionally ascribed to St. John of Damascus.
The text of this edition is based on that published as ST. JOHN DAMASCENE: BARLAAM AND IOASAPH (Trans: G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914). This text is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN in he United States.
This electronic edition was edited, proofed, and prepared by Douglas B. Killings (_EMAIL_), November, 1996.
PREPARER'S NOTE: Readers of this work will note some startling similarities between the story of Ioasaph and the traditional Tale of Buddha. The work seems to be a retelling of the Buddha Legend from within a Christian context, with the singular difference that the "Buddha" in this tale reaches enlightenment through the love of Jesus Christ.
The popularity of the Greek version of this story is attested to by the number of translations made of it throughout the Christian world, including versions in Latin, Old Slavonic, Armenian, Christian Arabic, English, Ethiopic, and French. Such was its popularity that both Barlaam and Josaphat (Ioasaph) were eventually recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as Saints, and churches were dedicated in their honor from Portugal to Constantinople. It was only after Europeans began to have increased contacts with India that scholars began to notice the similarities between the two sets of stories. Modern scholars believe that the Buddha story came to Europe from Arabic, Caucasus, and/or Persian sources, all of which were active in trade between the European and Indian worlds.
--DBK SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY: ORIGINAL TEXT-- Woodward, G.R. & H. Mattingly (Ed. & Trans.): "St. John Damascene: Barlaam and Ioasaph" (Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914).
English translation with side-by-side Greek text.
RECOMMENDED READING-- Lang, David Marshall (Trans.): "The Balavariani: A Tale from the Christian East" (California University Press, Los Angeles, 1966).
Translation of the Georgian work that probably served as a basis for the Greek text.
BARLAAM AND IOASAPH AN EDIFYING STORY FROM THE INNER LAND OF THE ETHIOPIANS, CALLED THE LAND OF THE INDIANS, THENCE BROUGHT TO THE HOLY CITY, BY JOHN THE MONK (AN HONOURABLE MAN AND A VIRTUOUS, OF THE MONASTERY OF SAINT SABAS); WHEREIN ARE THE LIVES OF THE FAMOUS AND BLESSED BARLAAM AND IOASAPH.
INTRODUCTION "As many as are led by the Spirit of God they are sons of God" saith the inspired Apostle. Now to have been accounted worthy of the Holy Spirit and to have become sons of God is of all things most to be coveted; and, as it is written, "They that have become his sons find rest from all enquiry." This marvellous, and above all else desirable, blessedness have the Saints from the beginning won by the practice of the virtues, some having striven as Martyrs, and resisted sin unto blood, and others having struggled in self-discipline, and having trodden the narrow way, proving Martyrs in will. Now, that one should hand down to memory the prowess and virtuous deeds of these, both of them that were made perfect by blood, and of them that by self-denial did emulate the conversation of Angels, and should deliver to the generations that follow a pattern of virtue, this hath the Church of Christ received as a tradition from the inspired Apostles, and the blessed Fathers, who did thus enact for the salvation of our race. For the pathway to virtue is rough and steep, especially for such as have not yet wholly turned unto the Lord, but are still at warfare, through the tyranny of their passions. For this reason also we need many encouragements thereto, whether it be exhortations, or the record of the lives of them that have travelled on the road before us; which latter draweth us towards it the less painfully, and doth accustom us not to despair on account of the difficulty of the journey. For even as with a man that would tread a hard and difficult path; by exhortation and encouragement one may scarce win him to essay it, but rather by pointing to the many who have already completed the course, and at the last have arrived safely. So I too, "walking by this rule," and heedful of the danger hanging over that servant who, having received of his lord the talent, buried it in the earth, and hid out of use that which was given him to trade withal, will in no wise pass over in silence the edifying story that hath come to me, the which devout men from the inner land Of the Ethiopians, whom our tale calleth Indians, delivered unto me, translated from trustworthy records. It readeth thus.
CONTENTS CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX CHAPTER XXXI CHAPTER XXXII CHAPTER XXXIII CHAPTER XXXIV CHAPTER XXXV CHAPTER XXXVI CHAPTER XXXVII CHAPTER XXXVIII CHAPTER XXXIX CHAPTER XL I. The country of the Indians, as it is called, is vast and populous, lying far beyond Egypt. On the side of Egypt it is washed by seas and navigable gulphs, but on the mainland it marcheth with the borders of Persia, a land formerly darkened with the gloom of idolatry, barbarous to the last degree, and wholly given up to unlawful practices. But when "the only-begotten Son of God, which is in the bosom of the Father," being grieved to see his own handiwork in bondage unto sin, was moved with compassion for the same, and shewed himself amongst us without sin, and, without leaving his Father's throne, dwelt for a season in the Virgin's womb for our sakes, that we might dwell in heaven, and be re-claimed from the ancient fall, and freed from sin by receiving again the adoption of sons; when he had fulfilled every stage of his life in the flesh for our sake, and endured the death of the Cross, and marvellously united earth and heaven; when he had risen again from the dead, and had been received up into heaven, and was seated at the right hand of the majesty of the Father, whence, according to his promise, he sent down the Comforter, the Holy Ghost, unto his eyewitnesses and disciples, in the shape of fiery tongues, and despatched them unto all nations, for to give light to them that sat in the darkness of ignorance, and to baptize them in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, whereby it fell to the lot of some of the Apostles to travel to the far-off East and to some to journey to the West-ward, while others traversed the regions North and South, fulfilling their appointed tasks then it was, I say, that one of the company of Christ's Twelve Apostles, most holy Thomas, was sent out to the land of the Indians, preaching the Gospel of Salvation.
"The Lord working with him


building is erected in memory of P. H."—and some folk will have it P. H. stands for t' name o' th' man as was starved to death.'
'And the daughter?'
'One o' th' Fosters, them as founded t' Old Bank, left her a vast o' money; and she were married to distant cousin of theirs, and went off to settle in America many and many a year ago.'
THE END.


acting together), is designated a higher pair; any pair having constraining surfaces which fit each other (as a cylindrical pin and eye, a screw and its nut, etc.), is called a lower pair.

Pair royal (pl. Pairs Royal) three things of a sort; -- used especially of playing cards in some games, as cribbage; as three kings, three "eight spots" etc. Four of a kind are called a double pair royal.
 "Something in his face gave me as much pleasure as a pair royal of naturals in my own hand." Goldsmith. "That great pair royal of adamantine sisters [the Fates]." Quarles. [Written corruptly parial and prial.]

Syn. -- Pair, Flight, Set. Originally, pair was not confined to two things, but was applied to any number of equal things (pares), that go together. Ben Jonson speaks of a pair (set) of chessmen; also, he and Lord Bacon speak of a pair (pack) of cards. A "pair of stairs" is still in popular use, as well as the later expression, "flight of stairs."

 Pair, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pairing.] 1. To be joined in paris; to couple; to mate, as for breeding.

2. To suit; to fit, as a counterpart.

 My heart was made to fit and pair with thine.

Rowe.
3. Same as To pair off. See phrase below.

To pair off, to separate from a company in pairs or couples; specif. (Parliamentary Cant), to agree with one of the opposite party or opinion to abstain from voting on specified questions or issues. See Pair, n., 6.

 Pair, v. t. 1. To unite in couples; to form a pair of; to bring together, as things which belong together, or which complement, or are adapted to one another.

 Glossy jet is paired with shining white.

Pope.
2. To engage (one's self) with another of opposite opinions not to vote on a particular question or class of questions. [Parliamentary Cant] Paired fins. (Zoöl.) See under Fin.

 Pair, v. t. [See Impair.] To impair. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Pair"er (?), n. One who impairs. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Pair"ing, n. [See Pair, v. i.] 1. The act or process of uniting or arranging in pairs or couples.

2. See To pair off, under Pair, v. i. Pairyng time, the time when birds or other animals pair.

 Pair"ment (?), n. Impairment. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 ||Pa'is (?), n. [OF. puïs, F. pays, country.] (O. E. Law) The country; the people of the neighborhood.

 A trial per pais is a trial by the country, that is, by a jury; and matter in pais is matter triable by the country, or jury.

 ||Pa'i*sa"no (?), n. [Sp., of the country, &?;ative.] (Zoöl.)
 The chaparral cock.

 Paise (?), n. [Obs.] See Poise. Chapman.
 Pa"jock (?), n. A peacock. [Obs.] Shak.
 Pak"fong' (?), n. See Packfong.

 Pal (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A mate; a partner; esp., an accomplice or confederate. [Slang] Pal"ace (?), n. [OE. palais, F. palais, fr. L. palatium, fr. Palatium, one of the seven hills of Rome, &?; which Augustus had his residence. Cf. Paladin.]

1. The residence of a sovereign, including the lodgings of high officers of state, and rooms for business, as well as halls for ceremony and reception. Chaucer.
2. The official residence of a bishop or other distinguished personage.

3. Loosely, any unusually magnificent or stately house.

Palace car. See under Car. -- Palace court, a court having jurisdiction of personal actions arising within twelve miles of the palace at Whitehall. The court was abolished in 1849. [Eng.] Mozley & W. Pa*la"cious (?), a. Palatial. [Obs.] Graunt.
 Pal"a*din (?), n. [F., fr.It. paladino, fr. L. palatinus an officer of the palace. See Palatine.] A knight-errant; a distinguished champion; as, the paladins of Charlemagne. Sir W. Scott.
 Pa"læ*o- (?). See Paleo-.

 Pa'læ*og"ra*pher (?), n., Pa'læ*o*graph"ic (&?;), a., etc. See Paleographer, Paleographic, etc.

 Pa"læ*o*type (?), n. [Palæo- + -type.] (Phon.)
 A system of representing all spoken sounds by means of the printing types in common use. Ellis. -- Pa'læ*o*typ"ic*al (#), a. -- Pa'læ*o*typ"ic*al*ly, adv.
 ||Pa*læs"tra (?), n. See Palestra.

 Pa*læs"tric (?), a. See Palestric.

 Pa*læ'ti*ol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in palætiology.

 Pa*læ'ti*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Palæo- + ætiology.]
 The science which explains, by the law of causation, the past condition and changes of the earth. -- Pa*læ'ti*o*log"ic*al (#), a.
 ||Pal"a*ma (?), n.; pl. Palamme (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; the palm.] (Zoöl.) A membrane extending between the toes of a bird, and uniting them more or less closely together.

 ||Pal'a*me"de*æ (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order, or suborder, including the kamichi, and allied South American birds; -- called also screamers. In many anatomical characters they are allied to the Anseres, but they externally resemble the wading birds.

 Pal'am*pore" (?), n. See Palempore.

 ||Pa*lan"ka (?), n. [Cf. It., Pg., & Sp. palanca, fr.L.
 palanga, phalanga a pole, Gr.&?; ] (Mil.) A camp permanently intrenched, attached to Turkish frontier fortresses.

 Pal'an*quin" (?), n. [F. palanquin, Pg. palanquim, Javan. palangki, OJavan. palangkan, through Prakrit fr. Skr.
 parya&?;ka, palya&?;ka, bed, couch; pari around (akin to E. pref. peri-) + a&?;ka a hook, flank, probably akin to E. angle fishing tackle. Cf. Palkee.] An inclosed carriage or litter, commonly about eight feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high, borne on the shoulders of men by means of two projecting poles, -- used in India, China, etc., for the conveyance of a single person from place to place. [Written also palankeen.]

 Pa*lap"te*ryx (?), n. [Paleo- + apteryx.] (Paleon.)
 A large extinct ostrichlike bird of New Zealand.

 Pal'a*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. Palatableness.

 Pal"a*ta*ble (?), a. [From Palate.] Agreeable to the palate or taste; savory; hence, acceptable;


propitiatio: cf. F. propitiation.]

1. The act of appeasing the wrath and conciliating the favor of an offended person; the act of making propitious.

2. (Theol.) That which propitiates; atonement or atoning sacrifice; specifically, the influence or effects of the death of Christ in appeasing the divine justice, and conciliating the divine favor.

 He [Jesus Christ] is the propitiation for our sins.

1 John ii. 2.
 Pro*pi"ti*a'tor (?), n. [L.] One who propitiates or appeases.

 Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of propitiation.

 Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ry (?), a. [L. propitiatorius: cf. F. propitiatoire.]
 Having the power to make propitious; pertaining to, or employed in, propitiation; expiatory; as, a propitiatory sacrifice. Sharp.
 Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ry, n. [L. propitiatorium.] (Jewish Antiq.) The mercy seat; -- so called because a symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. Bp. Pearson.
 Pro*pi"tious (?), a. [L. propitius, perhaps originally a term of augury meaning, flying forward (pro) or well; cf. Skr. pat to fly, E. petition, feather.]

1. Convenient; auspicious; favorable; kind; as, a propitious season; a propitious breeze.

2. Hence, kind; gracious; merciful; helpful; - - said of a person or a divinity. Milton.
 And now t' assuage the force of this new flame, And make thee [Love] more propitious in my need.

Spenser.
Syn. -- Auspicious; favorable; kind. -- Propitious, Auspicious. Auspicious (from the ancient idea of auspices, or omens) denotes "indicative of success," or "favored by incidental occurrences;" as, an auspicious opening; an auspicious event. Propitious denotes that which efficaciously protect us in some undertaking, speeds our exertions, and decides our success; as, propitious gales; propitious influences.

 -- Pro*pi"tious*ly, adv. -- Pro*pi"tious*ness, n. Pro"plasm (?), n. [L. proplasma, Gr. &?;; &?; before + &?; a thing formed, fr. &?; to mold.] A mold; a matrix. [R.] Woodward.
 Pro*plas"tic (?), a. Forming a mold.

 Pro*plas"tics (?), n. The art of making molds for castings. [R.]

 Prop"leg' (?), n. [So called because it props up or supports the body.] (Zoöl.) Same as Proleg.

 Pro*po"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the propodialia, or the parts of the limbs to which they belong.

 ||Pro*po'di*a"le (?), n.; pl. Propodialia. (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before + &?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, foot.] (Anat.)
 The bone of either the upper arm or the thing, the propodialia being the humerus and femur.

 Prop"o*dite (?), n. [Pref. pro- + Gr. &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) The sixth joint of a typical leg of a crustacean; usually, the penultimate joint.

 ||Pro*po"di*um (?), n.; pl. Propodia (#). [NL. See Propodiale.] (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior portion of the foot of a mollusk. (b) The segment which forms the posterior part of the thorax of a hymenopterous insect. [Written also propodeum.]

 Pro"po*lis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; before + &?; city.] Same as Bee glue, under Bee.

 Pro*pone" (?), v. t. [L. proponere to propose. See Propound.]
 To propose; to bring forward.

 Pro*po"nent (?), a. [L. proponens, p. pr.] Making proposals; proposing.

 Pro*po"nent, n.
1. One who makes a proposal, or lays down a proposition. Dryden.
2. (Law) The propounder of a thing.

 Pro*por"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. proportio; pro before + portio part or share. See Portion.]

1. The relation or adaptation of one portion to another, or to the whole, as respect magnitude, quantity, or degree; comparative relation; ratio; as, the proportion of the parts of a building, or of the body.

 The image of Christ, made after his own proportion.

Ridley.
 Formed in the best proportions of her sex.

Sir W. Scott.
 Documents are authentic and facts are true precisely in proportion to the support which they afford to his theory.

Macaulay.
2. Harmonic relation between parts, or between different things of the same kind; symmetrical arrangement or adjustment; symmetry; as, to be out of proportion. "Let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith." Rom. xii. 6.
3. The portion one receives when a whole is distributed by a rule or principle; equal or proper share; lot.

 Let the women... do the same things in their proportions and capacities.

Jer. Taylor.
4. A part considered comparatively; a share.

5. (Math.) (a) The equality or similarity of ratios, especially of geometrical ratios; or a relation among quantities such that the quotient of the first divided by the second is equal to that of the third divided by the fourth; -- called also geometrical proportion, in distinction from arithmetical proportion, or that in which the difference of the first and second is equal to the difference of the third and fourth.

Proportion in the mathematical sense differs from ratio. Ratio is the relation of two quantities of the same kind, as the ratio of 5 to 10, or the ratio of 8 to 16. Proportion is the sameness or likeness of two such relations. Thus, 5 to 10 as 8 to 16; that is, 5 bears the same relation to 10 as 8 does to 16. Hence, such numbers are said to be in proportion.
 Proportion is expressed by symbols thus: a:b::c:d, or a:b = c:d, or a/b = c/d.

(b) The rule of three, in arithmetic, in which the three given terms, together with the one sought, are proportional.

Continued proportion, Inverse proportion, etc. See under Continued, Inverse, etc. -- Harmonical, or Musical, proportion, a relation of three or four quantities, such that the first is to the last as the difference between the first two is to the difference between the last two; thus, 2, 3, 6, are in harmonical proportion; for 2 is to 6 as 1 to 3. Thus, 24, 16, 12, 9, are harmonical, for 24:9::8:3. -- In proportion, according as; to the degree that. "In proportion as they are metaphysically true, they are morally and politically false." Burke.
 Pro*por"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Proportioning.] [Cf. F. proportionner. Cf.
 Proportionate, v.] 1. To adjust in a suitable proportion, as one thing or one part to another; as, to proportion the size of a building to its


simplest observer.

H. Drummond.
 Grad"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating (&?;).] [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.]

1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc.

2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College.

3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as, to graduate the heat of an oven.

 Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts.

Browne.
4. (Chem.) To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid.

Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing.

 Grad"u*ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as, sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz.

2. (Zoöl.) To taper, as the tail of certain birds.

3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma.

 He graduated at Oxford.

Latham.
 He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated.

Macaulay.
 Grad"u*ate (?), n. [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.] 1.
 One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning.

2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated.

 Grad"u*ate, a. [See Graduate, n. & v.] Arranged by successive steps or degrees; graduated.

 Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages.

Tatham.
 Grad"u*a"ted (?), a. 1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades.

2. (Zoöl.) Tapered; -- said of a bird's tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer.

Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. -- Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs.

 Grad"u*ate*ship, n. State of being a graduate. Milton.
 Grad"u*a"tion (?), n. [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.]

1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as, graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird's tail, etc.

2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale.

3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation.

 Grad"u*a"tor (?), n. 1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as, a graduator of instruments.

2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals.

3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air.

 ||Gra"dus (?), n. [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.] A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry.

 He set to work... without gradus or other help.

T. Hughes.
 ||Graf (?), n. [G. Cf. -grave.] A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl.

 Graff (?), n. [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf.
 Margrave.] A steward; an overseer.

 [A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ.

John Knox.
 Graff n. & v. See Graft.

 Graff"age (?), n. [Cf. Grave, n.] The scarp of a ditch or moat. "To clean the graffages." Miss Mitford.
 Graf"fer (?), n. [See Greffier.] (Law.) a notary or scrivener. Bouvier.
 ||Graf*fi"ti (?), n. pl. [It., pl. of graffito scratched] Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii.

 Graft (?), n. [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to write; prob. akin to E. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.)
 A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty.

 Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Grafting.] [F. greffer. See Graft, n.] 1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also, to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.]

2. (Surg.) To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union.

3. To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union.

 And graft my love immortal on thy fame!

Pope.
4. (Naut.) To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or ropeyarns.

 Graft, v. i. To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting.

 Graft"er (?), n. 1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting.

2. An instrument by which grafting is facilitated.

3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak.
 Graft"ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts.

2. (Naut.) The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc.

3. (Surg.) The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty.

4. (Carp.) A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another.

Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch,


and the feeder. When a litter of pigs is produced the bunch is divided equally, the sow remaining the property of the owner and counting as one in the division. Throughout the Island of Luzon it is the practice to leave most male animals uncastrated.
But in Bontoc the boar not intended for breeding is castrated.
Hogs are raised for ceremonial consumption. They are commonly bought and sold within the pueblo, and are not infrequently sold outside. A pig weighing 10 pounds is worth about 3 pesos, and a hog weighing 60 or 70 pounds is valued at about 12 pesos.
Chicken The Bontoc domestic chickens were originally the wild fowl, found in all places in the Archipelago, although some of them have acquired varied colorings and markings, largely, probably, from black and white Spanish fowl, which are still found among them. The markings of the wild fowl, however, are the most common, and practically all small chickens are marked as are their wild kin. The wild fowl bears markings Page 110similar to those of the American black-breasted red game, though the fowls are smaller than the American game fowl. Each of the twelve wild cocks I have had in my hands had perfect five-pointed single combs, and the domestic cock of Bontoc also commonly has this perfect comb. I know of no people within the Bontoc area who now systematically domesticate the wild fowl, though this was found to be the custom of the Ibilao southeast of Dupax in the Province of Nueva Vizcaya. Those people catch the young wild fowl for domestication.
The Bontoc domestic fowl are not confined in a coop except at night, when they sleep in small cages placed on the ground in the dwelling houses. In the daytime they range about the pueblo feeding much in the pigpens, though they are fed a small amount of raw rice each morning. Their nests are in baskets secured under the eaves of the dwelling, and in those baskets the brooding hens hatch their chicks, from eight to twenty eggs being given a hen. The fowl is raised exclusively for ceremonial consumption, and is frequently sold in the pueblo for that purpose, being valued at from half a peso to a peso each. A wild fowl sells for half a peso.
In Banawi of the Quiangan area, south of Bontoc, one may find large capons, but Bontoc does not understand caponizing.
Dog The dog of the Bontoc Igorot is usually of a solid color, black, white, or yellow, really "buckskin" color. Where he originated is not known. He has none of the marks of the Asiatic dog which has left its impress everywhere in the lowlands of the west coast of Luzon—called in the Islands the "Chino" dog, and in the States the "Eskimo" dog. The Igorot dog is short-haired, sharp-eared, gaunt, and sinewy, with long legs and body. In height and length he ranges from a fair-sized fox terrier to a collie. I fail to see anything in him resembling the Australian dingo or the "yellow cur" of the States. The Ibilao have the same dog in two colors, the black and the "brindle"—the brown and black striped. In fact, a dog of the same general characteristics occurs throughout northern Luzon. No matter what may be his origin, a dog so widely diffused and so characteristically molded and marked must have been on the island long enough to have acquired its typical features here. The dog receives little attention from his owners. Twice each day he is fed sparingly with cooked rice or camotes. Except in the case of the few hunting dogs, he does nothing to justify his existence. He lies about the dwelling most of the time, and is a surly, more or less evil-tempered cur to strangers, though when a pueblo flees to the mountains from its attacking enemies the dog escapes in a spiritless way with the women and children. He is bred mainly for ceremonial consumption.
Page 111 In Benguet the Igorot eats his dog only after it has been reduced to skin and bones. I saw two in a house so poor that they did not raise their heads when I entered, and the man of the house said they would be kept twenty days longer before they would be reduced properly for eating. No such custom exists in Bontoc, but dogs are seldom fat when eaten. They are not often bought or sold outside the pueblo. A litter of pups is generally distributed about the town, and dogs are constantly bought and sold within the pueblo for ceremonial purposes. They are valued at from 2 to 4 pesos.
Clothing production Man's clothing Up to the age of 6 or 7 years the Igorot boys are as naked as when born. At that time they put on the suk′-lâng, the basket-work hat worn on the back of the head, held in place by a cord attached at both sides and passing across the forehead and usually hidden by the front hair. The suk′-lâng is made in nearly all pueblos in the Bontoc culture area. It does not extend uninterruptedly to the western border, however, since it is not worn at all in Agawa, and in some other pueblos near the Lepanto border, as Fidelisan and Genugan, it has a rival in the headband. The beaten-bark headband, called "a-pong′-ot," and the headband of cloth are worn by short-haired men, while the long-haired man invariably wears the hat. The suk′-lâng varies in shape from the fez-like ti-no-od′ of Bontoc and Samoki, through various hemispherical forms, to the low, flat hats developing eastward and perfected in the last mountains west of the Rio Grande de Cagayan. Barlig makes and wears a carved wooden hat, either hemispherical or slightly oval. It goes in trade to Ambawan.
The men of the Bontoc area also have a basket-work, conical rain hat. It is waterproof, being covered with beeswax. It is called "sĕg-fi′," and is worn only when it rains, at which time the suk′-lâng is often not removed.
About the age of 10 the boys frequently affect a girdle. These girdles are of four varieties. The one most common in Bontoc and Samoki is the song-kit-an′, made of braided bark-fiber strings, some six to twelve in number and about 12 feet long. They are doubled, and so make the girdle about 6 feet in length. The strings are the twisted inner bark of the same plants that play a large rôle in the manufacture of the woman's skirt. This girdle is usually worn twice around the body, though it is also employed as an apron, passing only once around the body and hanging down over the genitals (see Pl. XXI). Another girdle worn much in Tukukan, Kanyu, and Tulubin is called the "i-kĭt′." It is made of six to twelve braided strings of bejuco (see Pl. LXXX). It is constructed to fit the waist, has loops at both ends, passes once Page 112around the body, and fastens by a cord passing from one loop to the other. Both the sang-ki-tan′ and the i-kĭt′ are made by the women. A third class of girdles is made by the men. It is called ka′-kot, and is worn and attached quite as is the i-kĭt′.
It is a twisted rope of bejuco, often an inch in diameter, and is much worn in Mayinit. A fourth girdle, called "ka′-chĭng," is a chain, frequently a dog chain of iron purchased on the coast, oftener a chain manufactured by the men, and consisting of large, open links of commercial brass wire about one-sixth of an inch in diameter.
At about the age of puberty, say at 15, it is usual for the boy to possess a breechcloth, or wa′-nĭs. However, the cloth is worn by a large per cent of men in Bontoc and Samoki, not as a breechcloth but tucked under the girdle and hanging in front simply as an apron. Within the Bontoc area fully 50 per cent of the men wear the breechcloth simply as an apron.
There are several varieties of breechcloths in the area. The simplest of these is of flayed tree bark. It is made by women in Barlig, Tulubin, Titipan, Agawa, and other pueblos. It is made of white and reddish-brown bark, and sometimes the white ones are colored with red


; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest.

 Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden.
 In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle.

To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. "His nose,... large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance." Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. -- To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.)
 To make haste; to be quick. -- To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] "How you were borne in hand, how crossed." Shak. -- To bear in mind, to remember. -- To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.)
 To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as, to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. -- To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge.
 [Obs.] "Cæsar doth bear me hard." Shak. -- To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. "Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing." South.
(b) To corroborate; to confirm. -- To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. "Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings." Addison.
Syn. -- To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft.

 Bear (&?;), v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness.

 This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden.
2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden.

 But man is born to bear. Pope.
3. To endure with patience; to be patient.

 I can not, can not bear. Dryden.
4. To press; -- with on or upon, or against.

 These men bear hard on the suspected party. Addison.
5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as, to bring matters to bear.

6. To relate or refer; -- with on or upon; as, how does this bear on the question?

7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect.

 Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform. Hawthorne.
8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as, a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] -- To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. -- To bear back, to retreat. "Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist." Sir W. Scott. -- To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. -- To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as, a ship bears in with the land. -- To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. -- To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly.
 - - To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. -- To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another. -- To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.

 Bear (br), n. A bier. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Bear (bâr), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel.
 & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. fh'r beast, Skr. bhalla bear.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects.

 The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species.

2. (Zoöl.) An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear.
3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person.

5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market.

 The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up.

6. (Mach.) A portable punching machine.

7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting; -- used to scour the deck.

Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. -- Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. -- Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. -- Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. -- Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels.

 Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as, to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market.

 { Bear, Bere } (&?;), n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.)
 Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hordeum hexastichon or H. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.]

 Bear"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. -- Bear"a*bly, adv.
 Bear"ber*ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond.

 Bear"bind' (&?;), n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convolvulus


THE DUCHESS OF MALFI by John Webster CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY NOTE THE DUCHESS OF MALFI FOOTNOTES: INTRODUCTORY NOTE Of John Webster's life almost nothing is known. The dates _PHONE_ given for his birth and death are conjectural inferences, about which the best that can be said is that no known facts contradict them.

 The first notice of Webster so far discovered shows that he was collaborating in the production of plays for the theatrical manager, Henslowe, in 1602, and of such collaboration he seems to have done a considerable amount. Four plays exist which he wrote alone, "The White Devil," "The Duchess of Malfi," "The Devil's Law-Case," and "Appius and Virginia."

 "The Duchess of Malfi" was published in 1623, but the date of writing may have been as early as 1611. It is based on a story in Painter's "Palace of Pleasure," translated from the Italian novelist, Bandello; and it is entirely possible that it has a foundation in fact. In any case, it portrays with a terrible vividness one side of the court life of the Italian Renaissance; and its picture of the fierce quest of pleasure, the recklessness of crime, and the worldliness of the great princes of the Church finds only too ready corroboration in the annals of the time.

 Webster's tragedies come toward the close of the great series of tragedies of blood and revenge, in which "The Spanish Tragedy" and "Hamlet" are landmarks, but before decadence can fairly be said to have set in. He, indeed, loads his scene with horrors almost past the point which modern taste can bear; but the intensity of his dramatic situations, and his superb power of flashing in a single line a light into the recesses of the human heart at the crises of supreme emotion, redeems him from mere sensationalism, and places his best things in the first rank of dramatic writing.

 THE DUCHESS OF MALFI Dramatis Personae: FERDINAND [Duke of Calabria]. CARDINAL [his brother]. ANTONIO [BOLOGNA, Steward of the Household to the Duchess]. DELIO [his friend]. DANIEL DE BOSOLA [Gentleman of the Horse to the Duchess].
 [CASTRUCCIO, an old Lord]. MARQUIS OF PESCARA. [COUNT] MALATESTI. RODERIGO, ] SILVIO, ] [Lords]. GRISOLAN, ] DOCTOR. The Several Madmen.
 DUCHESS [OF MALFI]. CARIOLA [her woman]. [JULIA, Castruccio's wife, and] the Cardinal's mistress. [Old Lady].
 Ladies, Three Young Children, Two Pilgrims, Executioners, Court Officers, and Attendants.

 FOOTNOTES: 1 (return) [ Malfi. The presence-chamber in the palace of the Duchess.]

 2 (return) [ Prevent.]

 3 (return) [ The same.]

 4 (return) [ The reference is to the knightly sport of riding at the ring.]

 5 (return) [ At the expense of.]

 6 (return) [ Rolls of lint used to dress wounds.]

 7 (return) [ Surgeons.]

 8 (return) [ A small horse.]

 9 (return) [ Ballasted.]

 10 (return) [ A lively dance.]

 11 (return) [ Throws into the shade.]

 12 (return) [ At the point of.]

 13 (return) [ Coaches.]

 14 (return) [ Spy.]

 15 (return) [ Cheats.]

 16 (return) [ Spy.]

 17 (return) [ Malfi. Gallery in the Duchess' palace.]

 18 (return) [ Lustful.]

 19 (return) [ Genesis xxxi., 31-42.]

 20 (return) [ The net in which he caught Venus and Mars.]

 21 (return) [ Housekeepers.]

 22 (return) [ Produced.]

 23 (return) [ Qq. read STRANGE.]

 24 (return) [ Guess.]

 25 (return) [ The phrase used to indicate that accounts had been examined and found correct.]

 26 (return) [ Using words of present time; i.e., "I take," not "I will take."]

 27 (return) [ Knot.]

 28 (return) [ More firmly.]

 29 (return) [ Of difficult disposition.]

 30 (return) [ Malfi. An apartment in the palace of the Duchess.]

 31 (return) [ Chief part.]

 32 (return) [ Bullies (Hazlitt); lawyers (Vaughan).]

 33 (return) [ Royal journey.]

 34 (return) [ Turning a boat on its side for repairs.]

 35 (return) [ Scabbed.]

 36 (return) [ Empty.]

 37 (return) [ Face-modeling (Sampson).
 "There's a plain statement of your practises."]

 38 (return) [ Blue like those of a woman with child.]

 39 (return) [ Scurf.]

 40 (return) [ Person of highest influence.]

 41 (return) [ Hysteria.]

 42 (return) [ This year.]

 43 (return) [ Clearly.]

 44 (return) [ Youngster.]

 45 (return) [ A hall in the same palace.]

 46 (return) [ Crossness.]

 47 (return) [ Always.]

 48 (return) [ The meaner servants.]

 49 (return) [ At once.]

 50 (return) [ Cast his horoscope.]

 51 (return) [ The court of the same palace.]

 52 (return) [ Making an astrological calculation.]

 53 (return) [ Going to the root of the matter.]

 54 (return) [ Write.]

 55 (return) [ i.e., on his handkerchief.]

 56 (return) [ Addressing the lantern.]

 57 (return) [ "The rest not considered."]

 58 (return) [ A piece of news.]

 59 (return) [ Cleverly contrived.]

 60 (return) [ Rome. An apartment in the palace of the Cardinal.]

 61 (return) [ Religious recluse.]

 62 (return) [ Experienced.]

 63 (return) [ Sick.]

 64 (return) [ Medicinal.]

 65 (return) [ Strong broth.]

 66 (return) [ Another apartment in the same palace.]

 67 (return) [ The mandrake was supposed to give forth shrieks when uprooted, which drove the hearer mad.]

 68 (return) [ Unchaste.]

 69 (return) [ Supposed to be a sign of folly.]

 70 (return) [ Throw the hammer.]

 71 (return) [ Boil to shreds. (Dyce.)
 Qq, TO BOIL.]

 72 (return) [ Malfi. An apartment in the palace of the Duchess.]

 73 (return) [ Wealth.]

 74 (return) [ Lampoons.]


By HELEN LOUISE THORNDYKE Individual Colored Wrappers and Text Illustrations Drawn by WALTER S. ROGERS A new line of fascinating tales for little girls. Honey Bunch is a dainty, thoughtful little girl, and to know her is to take her to your heart at once.
HONEY BUNCH: JUST A LITTLE GIRL Happy days at home, helping mamma and the washerlady. And Honey Bunch helped the house painters too—or thought she did.
HONEY BUNCH: HER FIRST VISIT TO THE CITY What wonderful sights Honey Bunch saw when she went to visit her cousins in New York! And she got lost in a big hotel and wandered into a men's convention!
HONEY BUNCH: HER FIRST DAYS ON THE FARM Can you remember bow the farm looked the first time you visited it? How big the cows and horses were, and what a roomy place to play in the barn proved to be?
HONEY BUNCH: HER FIRST VISIT TO THE SEASHORE Honey Bunch soon got used to the big waves and thought playing in the sand great fun. And she visited a merry-go-round, and took part in a seaside pageant.
HONEY BUNCH: HER FIRST LITTLE GARDEN It was great sport to dig and to plant with one's own little garden tools. But best of all was when Honey Bunch won a prize at the flower show.
HONEY BUNCH: HER FIRST DAYS IN CAMP It was a great adventure for Honey Bunch when she journeyed to Camp Snapdragon. It was wonderful to watch the men erect the tent, and wonderful to live in it and have good times on the shore and in the water.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS SERIES By LAURA LEE HOPE Author of the "Bobbsey Twins," "Bunny Brown" Series, Etc.
Uniform Style of Binding. Individual Colored Wrappers.
Every Volume Complete in Itself.
These tales take in the various adventures participated in by several bright, up-to-date girls who love outdoor life.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS OF DEEPDALE; Or, Camping and Tramping for Fun and Health.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT RAINBOW LAKE; Or, The Stirring Cruise of the Motor Boat Gem.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN A MOTOR CAR; Or, The Haunted Mansion of Shadow Valley.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN A WINTER CAMP; Or, Glorious Days on Skates and Ice Boats.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN FLORIDA; Or, Wintering in the Sunny South.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT OCEAN VIEW; Or, The Box That Was Found in the Sand.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS ON PINE ISLAND; Or, A Cave and What it Contained.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN ARMY SERVICE; Or, Doing Their Bit for Uncle Sam.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT THE HOSTESS HOUSE; Or, Doing Their Best For the Soldiers.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT BLUFF POINT; Or, A Wreck and A Rescue.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AT WILD ROSE LODGE; Or, The Hermit of Moonlight Falls.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS IN THE SADDLE; Or, The Girl Miner of Gold Run.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS AROUND THE CAMPFIRE; Or, The Old Maid of the Mountains.
THE OUTDOOR GIRLS ON CAPE COD; Or, Sally Ann of Lighthouse Rock.


[Illustration] Phantastes A Faerie Romance for Men and Women by George MacDonald A new Edition, with thirty-three new Illustrations by Arthur Hughes; edited by Greville MacDonald (Illustrations not available) "In good sooth, my masters, this is no door.
Yet is it a little window, that looketh upon a great world." Contents PREFACE PHANTASTES A FAERIE ROMANCE CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.
 CHAPTER III.
 CHAPTER IV.
 CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI.
 CHAPTER VII.
 CHAPTER VIII.
 CHAPTER IX.
 CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI.
 CHAPTER XII.
 CHAPTER XIII.
 CHAPTER XIV.
 CHAPTER XV.
 CHAPTER XVI.
 CHAPTER XVII.
 CHAPTER XVIII.
 CHAPTER XIX.
 CHAPTER XX.
 CHAPTER XXI.
 CHAPTER XXII.
 CHAPTER XXIII.
 CHAPTER XXIV.
 CHAPTER XXV.
PREFACE For offering this new edition of my father's Phantastes, my reasons are three. The first is to rescue the work from an edition illustrated without the author's sanction, and so unsuitably that all lovers of the book must have experienced some real grief in turning its pages. With the copyright I secured also the whole of that edition and turned it into pulp.
My second reason is to pay a small tribute to my father by way of personal gratitude for this, his first prose work, which was published nearly fifty years ago. Though unknown to many lovers of his greater writings, none of these has exceeded it in imaginative insight and power of expression. To me it rings with the dominant chord of his life's purpose and work.
My third reason is that wider knowledge and love of the book should be made possible. To this end I have been most happy in the help of my father's old friend, who has illustrated the book. I know of no other living artist who is capable of portraying the spirit of Phantastes; and every reader of this edition will, I believe, feel that the illustrations are a part of the romance, and will gain through them some perception of the brotherhood between George MacDonald and Arthur Hughes.
GREVILLE MACDONALD.
September 1905.
PHANTASTES A FAERIE ROMANCE "Phantastes from 'their fount' all shapes deriving, In new habiliments can quickly dight." FLETCHER'S Purple Island Es lassen sich Erzählungen ohne Zusammenhang, jedoch mit Association, wie Träume, denken; Gedichte, die bloss wohlklingend und voll schöner Worte sind, aber auch ohne allen Sinn und Zusammenhang, höchstens einzelne Strophen verständlich, wie Bruchstücke aus den verschiedenartigsten Dingen. Diese wahre Poesie kann höchstens einen allegorischen Sinn in Grossen, und eine indirecte Wirkung, wie Musik, haben. Darum ist die Natur so rein poetisch, wie die Stube eines Zauberers, eines Physikers, eine Kinderstube, eine Polterund Vorrathskammer.
Ein Märchen ist wie ein Traumbild ohne Zusammenhang. Ein Ensemble wunderbarer Dinge und Begebenheiten, z. B. eine musikalische Phantasie, die harmonischen Folgen einer Aeolsharfe, die Natur selbst... In einem echten Märchen muss alles wunderbar, geheimnissvoll und zusammenhängend sein; alles belebt, jeder auf eine andere Art. Die ganze Natur muss wunderlich mit der ganzen Geisterwelt gemischt sein; hier tritt die Zeit der Anarchie, der Gesetzlosigkeit, Freiheit, der Naturstand der Natur, die Zeit von der Welt ein... Die Welt des Märchens ist die, der Welt der Wahrheit durchaus entgegengesetzte, und eben darum ihr so durchaus ähnlich, wie das Chaos der vollendeten Schöpfung ähnlich ist.--NOVALIS.
CHAPTER I "A spirit . . .
. . . . . .
The undulating and silent well, And rippling rivulet, and evening gloom, Now deepening the dark shades, for speech assuming, Held commune with him; as if he and it Were all that was." SHELLEY'S Alastor.
I awoke one morning with the usual perplexity of mind which accompanies the return of consciousness. As I lay and looked through the eastern window of my room, a faint streak of peach-colour, dividing a cloud that just rose above the low swell of the horizon, announced the approach of the sun. As my thoughts, which a deep and apparently dreamless sleep had dissolved, began again to assume crystalline forms, the strange events of the foregoing night presented themselves anew to my wondering consciousness. The day before had been my one-and-twentieth birthday. Among other ceremonies investing me with my legal rights, the keys of an old secretary, in which my father had kept his private papers, had been delivered up to me. As soon as I was left alone, I ordered lights in the chamber where the secretary stood, the first lights that had been there for many a year; for, since my father's death, the room had been left undisturbed. But, as if the darkness had been too long an inmate to be easily expelled, and had dyed with blackness the walls to which, bat-like, it had clung, these tapers served but ill to light up the gloomy hangings, and seemed to throw yet darker shadows into the hollows of the deep-wrought cornice. All the further portions of the room lay shrouded in a mystery whose deepest folds were gathered around the dark oak cabinet which I now approached with a strange mingling of reverence and curiosity. Perhaps, like a geologist, I was about to turn up to the light some of the buried strata of the human world, with its fossil remains charred by passion and petrified by tears.
Perhaps I was to learn how my father, whose personal history was unknown to me, had woven his web of story; how he had found the world, and how the world had left him. Perhaps I was to find only the records of lands and moneys, how gotten and how secured; coming down from strange men, and through troublous times, to me, who knew little or nothing of them all. To solve my speculations, and to dispel the awe which was fast gathering around me as if the dead were drawing near, I approached the secretary; and having found the key that fitted the upper portion, I opened it with some difficulty, drew near it a heavy high-backed chair, and sat down before a multitude of little drawers and slides and pigeon-holes. But the door of a little cupboard in the centre especially attracted my interest, as if there lay the secret of this long-hidden world.
Its key I found.
One of the rusty hinges cracked and broke as I opened the door: it revealed a number of small pigeon-holes. These, however, being but shallow compared with the depth of those around the little cupboard, the outer ones reaching to the back of the desk, I concluded that there must be some accessible space behind; and found, indeed, that they were formed in a separate framework, which admitted of the whole being pulled out in one piece. Behind, I found a sort of flexible portcullis of small bars of wood laid close together horizontally.
After long search, and trying many ways to move it, I discovered at last a scarcely projecting point of steel on one side. I pressed this repeatedly and hard with the point of an old tool that was lying near, till at length it yielded inwards; and the little slide, flying up suddenly, disclosed a chamber—empty, except that in one corner lay a little heap of withered rose-leaves, whose long-lived scent had long since departed; and, in another, a small packet of papers, tied with a bit of ribbon, whose colour had gone with the rose-scent. Almost fearing to touch them, they witnessed so mutely to the law of oblivion, I leaned back in my chair, and regarded them for a moment; when suddenly there stood on the threshold of the little chamber, as though she had just emerged from its depth, a tiny woman-form, as perfect in shape as if she had been a small Greek statuette roused to life and motion


1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also, of a yellowish brown color.

 The morn, in russet mantle clad.

Shak.
 Our summer such a russet livery wears.

Dryden.
2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak.
 Rus"set, n. 1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color.

2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color.

3. A country dress; -- so called because often of a russet color.
 Dryden.
4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as, the English russet, and the Roxbury russet.

 Rus"set*ing, n. See Russet, n., 2 and 4.

 Rus"set*y (?), a. Of a russet color; russet.

 Rus"sia (?), n. A country of Europe and Asia.

Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. -- Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. -- Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europæa).

 Rus"sian (? or?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia.

Russian bath. See under Bath.

 Rus"sian*ize (?), v. t. To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as, to Russianize the Poles.

 Rus"si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Russia + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of Russifying, or the state of being Russified.

 Rus"si*fy (?), v. t. [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.] To Russianize; as, to Russify conquered tribes.

 { Rus"so*phile (?), Rus*soph"i*list (?) }, n. [Russia + Gr.
 filei^n to love: cf. F. russophile.] One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and aggrandizement. -- Rus*soph"ilism (#), n.
 [Chiefly newspaper words.]

 { Rus"so*phobe (?), Rus*soph"o*bist (?) }, [Russia + Gr. fobei^n to fear.] One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.]

 Rus'so*pho"bi*a (?), n. Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

 Rust (?), n. [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryð; -- named from its color, and akin to E. red. √113. See Red.] 1. (Chem.) The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion.

2. (Bot.) A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo-vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish.

Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea.

3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects.
 Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as, rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence.

 Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures.

Eikon Basilike.
Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as, rust-colored, rust-consumed, rusteaten, and the like.

Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. -- Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges.

 Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n.
 Rusting.] [AS. rustian.] 1. To contract rust; to be or become oxidized.

 If gold ruste, what shall iron do?

Chaucer.
 Our armors now may rust.

Dryden.
2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also, to acquire a rusty appearance, as plants.

3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by inaction.

 Must I rust in Egypt? never more Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece?

Dryden.
 Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind.

 Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.

Shak.
2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johnson.
 Rust"ful (?), a. Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. "Rustful sloth." Quarles.
 Rus"tic (?), a. [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as, the rustic gods of antiquity.
 "Rustic lays." Milton.
 And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die.

Gray.
 She had a rustic, woodland air.

Wordsworth.
2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as, rustic manners. "A rustic muse." Spenser.
3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, a rustic entertainment; rustic dress.

4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope.
Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvæ are called cutworms. See Cutworm. -- Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous.
 (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged.

Syn. -- Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; coarse; plain; unadorned; simple; artless; honest. See Rural.

 Rus"tic, n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown.

 Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away.

Pope.
2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic] Rus'tic*al (?), a. Rustic.


time. [Obs.] Donne.
 Crotch"et*ed, a. Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).
 Crotch"et*i*ness (kr?ch"?t-?-n?s), n. The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical.

 This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness. J. Grote.
 Crotch"et*y (kr?ch"?t-?), a. Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as, a crotchety man.

 Cro"ton (kr?"t?n), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, prop., a tick, which the seed of the croton resembles.] (Bot.) A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries.

Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

 Cro"ton bug' (b?g'). [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.)
 A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

 Cro*ton"ic (kr?-t?n"?k), a. Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil.

Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. Also, any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper.

 The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

 Cro"ton*ine (kr?"t?n-?n), n. (Chem.) A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.
 Cro*ton"y*lene (kr?-t?n"?-l?n), n. [Crotonic + acet-ylene.]
 (Chem.) A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

 Crot"tles (kr?t"t'lz), n. pl. [Gael. crotal.] A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

 Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.] 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear.

 Now crouch like a cur. Beau. & Fl.
2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. "A crouching purpose." Wordsworth.
 Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humor? Shak.
 Crouch, v. t. [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.] 1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear.

 She folded her arms across her chest, And crouched her head upon her breast. Colerige.
 Crouched (kroucht), a. Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.]

Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

 Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.) See Crowd, a violin.

 Crouke (krouk), n. A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.
 Croup (kr??p), n. [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr.
 Cf. Crop.] The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle.

 So light to the croup the fair lady he swung, So light to the saddle before her he sprung. Sir W. Scott.
 Croup (kr??p), n. [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

 Crou*pade" (kr??-p?d"), n. [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.]
 (Man.) A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

 Croup"al (kr??p"al), a. Croupy.

 Croup"er (kr??p"?r), n. See Crupper.

 Crou"pi*er (kr&?;&?;"p&?;-&?;r), n. [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.] 1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes.

2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

 Croup"ous (kr??p"?s), a. (Med.) Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrane like that found in membranous croup; as, croupous laryngitis.

Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

 Croup"y (kr??p"?), a. Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as, a croupy cough.

 Crouse (kr??s), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.
 ||Crou'stade" (kr??'st?d"), n. [F., fr. cro&?;te a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery) Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.
 Crout (krout), n. [G. kraut.] See Sourkrout.

 ||Crou'ton" (kr??'t?n"), n. [F. cro&?;ton, fr. cro&?;te a crust.] (Cookery) Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

 Crow (kr), v. i. [imp. Crew (kr) or Crowed (krd); p. p. Crowed (Crown (krn), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] [AS. cr


. p. Reined (r?nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reining.] 1. To govern or direct with the reins; as, to rein a horse one way or another.

 He mounts and reins his horse.

Chapman.
2. To restrain; to control; to check.

 Being once chafed, he can not Be reined again to temperance.

Shak.
To rein in or rein up, to check the speed of, or cause to stop, by drawing the reins.

 Rein, v. i. To be guided by reins. [R.] Shak.
 Re'in*au"gu*rate, v. t. To inaugurate anew.

 Re"in*cit" (-s?t"), v. t. To incite again.

 Re'in*cor"po*rate, v. t. To incorporate again.

 Re'in*crease" (-kr?s"), v. t. To increase again.

 Re'in*cur" (-k?r"), v. t. To incur again.

 Rein"deer' (r?n"d?r), n. [Icel. hreinn reindeer + E. deer.
 Icel. hreinn is of Lapp or Finnish origin; cf. Lappish reino pasturage.] [Formerly written also raindeer, and ranedeer.]
 (Zool.) Any ruminant of the genus Rangifer, of the Deer family, found in the colder parts of both the Eastern and Western hemispheres, and having long irregularly branched antlers, with the brow tines palmate.

 The common European species (R. tarandus) is domesticated in Lapland. The woodland reindeer or caribou (R. caribou) is found in Canada and Maine (see Caribou.) The Barren Ground reindeer or caribou (R. Grœnlandicus), of smaller size, is found on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in both hemispheries.

Reindeer moss (Bot.), a gray branching lichen (Cladonia rangiferina) which forms extensive patches on the ground in arctic and even in north temperature regions. It is the principal food of the Lapland reindeer in winter. -- Reindeer period (Geol.), a name sometimes given to a part of the Paleolithic era when the reindeer was common over Central Europe.

 Re'in*duce" (r?'?n*d?s"), v. t. To induce again.

 Rei*nette" (r?*n?t"), n. [F. See 1st Rennet.] (Bot.) A name given to many different kinds of apples, mostly of French origin.

 Re'in*fect" (r?'?n*f?kt), v. t. [Pref. re- + infect: cf. F. réinfecter.] To infect again.

 Re'in*fec"tious (-f?k"sh?s), a. Capable of reinfecting.

 Re'in*force" (-f?rs"), v. t. See Reënforce, v. t. Re'in*force", n. See Reënforce, n. Re'in*force"ment (-ment), n. See Reënforcement.

 Re'in*fund" (-f?nd"), v. i. [Pref. re- + L. infundere to pour in.] To flow in anew. [Obs.] Swift.
 Re'in*gra"ti*ate (-gr?"sh?*?t), v. t. To ingratiate again or anew.
 Sir. T. Herbert.
 Re'in*hab"it (-h?b"?t), v. t. To inhabit again. Mede.
 Rein"less (r?n"l?s), a. Not having, or not governed by, reins; hence, not checked or restrained.

 Reins (rnz), n. pl. [F. rein, pl. reins, fr. L. ren, pl. renes.] 1. The kidneys; also, the region of the kidneys; the loins.

2. The inward impulses; the affections and passions; -- so called because formerly supposed to have their seat in the part of the body where the kidneys are.

 My reins rejoice, when thy lips speak right things.

Prov. xxiii. 16.
 I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts.

Rev. ii. 23.
Reins of a vault (Arch.), the parts between the crown and the spring or abutment, including, and having especial reference to, the loading or filling behind the shell of the vault. The reins are to a vault nearly what the haunches are to an arch, and when a vault gives way by thrusting outward, it is because its reins are not sufficiently filled up.

 Re'in*sert" (r?'?n*s?rt"), v. t. To insert again.

 Re'in*ser"tion (-s?r"sh?n), n. The act of reinserting.

 Re'in*spect" (-sp?kt"), v. t. To inspect again.

 Re'in*spec"tion (-sp?k"sh?n), n. The act of reinspecting.

 Re'in*spire" (-sp?r"), v. t. To inspire anew. Milton.
 Re'in*spir"it (-sp'r"?t), v. t. To give fresh spirit to.

 Re'in*stall" (-st?l"), v. t. [Pref. re- + install: cf. F. réinstaller.] To install again. Milton.
 Re'in*stall"ment (-ment), n. A renewed installment.

 Re'in*state" (-st?t"), v. t. To place again in possession, or in a former state; to restore to a state from which one had been removed; to instate again; as, to reinstate a king in the possession of the kingdom.

 For the just we have said already thet some of them were reinstated in their pristine happiness and felicity.

Glanvill.
 Re'in*state"ment (-ment), n. The act of reinstating; the state of being reinstated; re&?;stablishment.

 Re'in*sta"tion (-st?"sh?n), n. Reinstatement. [R.]

 Re'in*struct" (-str?kt"), v. t. To instruct anew.

 Re'in*sur"ance (-sh?r"ans), n. 1. Insurance a second time or again; renewed insurance.

2. A contract by which an insurer is insured wholly or in part against the risk he has incurred in insuring somebody else. See Reassurance.

 Re'in*sure" (-sh?r"), v. t. 1. To insure again after a former insuranse has ceased; to renew insurance on.

2. To insure, as life or property, in favor of one who has taken an insurance risk upon it.

 The innsurer may cause the property insured to be reinsured by other persons.

Walsh.
 Re'in*sur"er (-sh?r"?r), n. One who gives reinsurance.

 Re*in"te*grate (r?*?n"t?*gr?t), v. t. [Pref. re- + integrate.
 Cf. Redintegrate.] To renew with regard to any state or quality; to restore; to bring again together into a whole, as the parts off anything; to reëstablish; as, to reintegrate a nation. Bacon.
 Re*in'te*gra"tion (-gr?"sh?n), n. A renewing, or making whole again. See Redintegration.

 Re'in*ter" (r?'?n*t?r"), v. t. To inter again.

 Re'in*ter"ro*gate (-t?r"r?*g?t), v. t. To interrogate again; to question repeatedly. Cotgrave.
 Re'in*throne" (-thr?n


, Squall.] 1. To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain.

2. To turn informer; to betray a secret. [Slang] Squeal, n. A shrill, somewhat prolonged cry.

 Squeal"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeals.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The European swift. (b) The harlequin duck. (c) The American golden plover.

 Squeam"ish (?), a. [OE. squaimous, sweymous, probably from OE. sweem, swem, dizziness, a swimming in the head; cf.
 Icel. svemr a bustle, a stir, Norw. sveim a hovering about, a sickness that comes upon one, Icel. svimi a giddiness, AS. swmi.
 The word has been perhaps confused witrh qualmish. Cf. Swim to be dizzy.] Having a stomach that is easily or nauseated; hence, nice to excess in taste; fastidious; easily disgusted; apt to be offended at trifling improprieties.

 Quoth he, that honor's very squeamish That takes a basting for a blemish.

Hudibras.
 His muse is rustic, and perhaps too plain The men of squeamish taste to entertain.

Southern.
 So ye grow squeamish, Gods, and sniff at heaven.

M. Arnold.
Syn. -- Fastidious; dainty; overnice; scrupulous. See Fastidious.

 -- Squeam"ish*ly, adv. -- Squeam"ish*ness, n. Squeam"ous (?), a. Squeamish. [Obs.]

 Squea"si*ness (?), n. Queasiness. [Obs.]

 Squea"sy (?), a. Queasy; nice; squeamish; fastidious; scrupulous.
 [Obs.] Bp. Earle.
 Squee"gee (?), n. Same as Squilgee.

 Squeeze (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squeezed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Squeezing.] [OE. queisen, AS. cwsan, cwsan, cwsan, of uncertain origin. The s- was probably prefixed through the influence of squash, v.t.] 1. To press between two bodies; to press together closely; to compress; often, to compress so as to expel juice, moisture, etc.; as, to squeeze an orange with the fingers; to squeeze the hand in friendship.

2. Fig.: To oppress with hardships, burdens, or taxes; to harass; to crush.

 In a civil war, people must expect to be crushed and squeezed toward the burden.

L'Estrange.
3. To force, or cause to pass, by compression; often with out, through, etc.; as, to squeeze water through felt.

Syn. -- To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd.

 Squeeze, v. i. To press; to urge one's way, or to pass, by pressing; to crowd; -- often with through, into, etc.; as, to squeeze hard to get through a crowd.

 Squeeze, n. 1. The act of one who squeezes; compression between bodies; pressure.

2. A facsimile impression taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an inscription on stone.

 Squeez"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, squeezes; as, a lemon squeezer.

2. (Forging) (a) A machine like a large pair of pliers, for shingling, or squeezing, the balls of metal when puddled; -- used only in the plural. (b) A machine of several forms for the same purpose; -- used in the singular.

 Squeez"ing, n. 1. The act of pressing; compression; oppression.

2. pl. That which is forced out by pressure; dregs.

3. Same as Squeeze, n., 2.

 Squelch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squelched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squelching.] [Cf. prov. E. quelch a blow, and quel to crush, to kill.] To quell; to crush; to silence or put down. [Colloq.]

 Oh 't was your luck and mine to be squelched.

Beau. & Fl.
 If you deceive us you will be squelched.

Carlyle.
 Squelch, n. A heavy fall, as of something flat; hence, also, a crushing reply. [Colloq.] Hudibras.
 Sque*teague" (skw*tg"), n. [from the North American Indian name.]
 (Zoöl.) An American sciænoid fish (Cynoscion regalis), abundant on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and much valued as a food fish. It is of a bright silvery color, with iridescent reflections.
 Called also weakfish, squitee, chickwit, and sea trout. The spotted squeteague (C. nebulosus) of the Southern United States is a similar fish, but the back and upper fins are spotted with black. It is called also spotted weakfish, and, locally, sea trout, and sea salmon.

 Squib (skwb), n. [OE. squippen, swippen, to move swiftly, Icel. svipa to swoop, flash, dart, whip; akin to AS. swipian to whip, and E. swift, a. See Swift, a.] 1. A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with powder or combustible matter, to be thrown into the air while burning, so as to burst there with a crack.

 Lampoons, like squibs, may make a present blaze.

Waller.
 The making and selling of fireworks, and squibs... is punishable.

Blackstone.
2. (Mining) A kind of slow match or safety fuse.

3. A sarcastic speech or publication; a petty lampoon; a brief, witty essay.

 Who copied his squibs, and reëchoed his jokes.

Goldsmith.
4. A writer of lampoons. [Obs.]

 The squibs are those who in the common phrase of the world are called libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers.

Tatler.
5. A paltry fellow. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Squib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squibbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Squibbing.] To throw squibs; to utter sarcastic or severe reflections; to contend in petty dispute; as, to squib a little debate. [Colloq.]

 Squid (skwd), n. [Cf. Squirt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods having a long, tapered body, and a caudal fin on each side; especially, any species of Loligo, Ommastrephes, and related genera. See Calamary, Decacerata, Dibranchiata.

 Some of these squids are very abundant on the Atlantic coast of North America, and are used in large quantities for bait, especially in the cod fishery. The most abundant of the American squids are the northern squid (Ommastrephes illecebrosus), ranging from Southern New England to Newfoundland, and the southern squid (Loligo Pealii), ranging from Virginia to Massachusetts.

2. A fishhook with a piece of bright lead, bone, or other substance, fastened on its shank to imitate a squid.

Flying squid, Giant squid. (Zoöl.) See under Flying, and Giant. -- Squid hound (Zoöl.), the striped bass.

 Squier (?), n. A square. See 1st Squire. [Obs.]

 Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier.

Shak.
 { Squi


of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl.

 Ac'et*an"i*lide (&?;), n. [Acetyl + anilide.] (Med.)
 A compound of aniline with acetyl, used to allay fever or pain; -- called also antifebrine.

 Ac'e*ta"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. acetaria, n. pl., salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] Used in salads; as, acetarious plants.

 Ac"e*ta*ry (&?;), n. [L. acetaria salad plants.] An acid pulp in certain fruits, as the pear. Grew.
 Ac"e*tate (&?;), n. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a base or positive radical; as, acetate of lead, acetate of potash.

 Ac"e*ta'ted (&?;), a. Combined with acetic acid.

 A*ce"tic (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) (a) Of a pertaining to vinegar; producing vinegar; producing vinegar; as, acetic fermentation. (b) Pertaining to, containing, or derived from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is the acid to which the sour taste of vinegar is due.

 A*cet'i*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. The act of making acetous or sour; the process of converting, or of becoming converted, into vinegar.

 A*cet"i*fi'er (&?;), n. An apparatus for hastening acetification. Knight.
 A*cet"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying (&?;).] [L. acetum vinegar + -fly.] To convert into acid or vinegar.

 A*cet"i*fy, v. i. To turn acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ.
 Ac'e*tim"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. acetum vinegar + -meter: cf. F. acétimètre.] An instrument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid containing acetic acid.

 Ac'e*tim"e*try (&?;), n. The act or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure.
 Ac"e*tin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A combination of acetic acid with glycerin. Brande & C. Ac"e*tize (&?;), v. i. To acetify. [R.]

 Ac'e*tom"e*ter (&?;), n. Same as Acetimeter. Brande & C. Ac"e*tone (&?;), n. [See Acetic.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; pyroacetic spirit, -- obtained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or gum, with quicklime.

 The term in also applied to a number of bodies of similar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See Ketone.

 Ac'e*ton"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to acetone; as, acetonic bodies.

 Ac"e*tose (&?;), a. Sour like vinegar; acetous.

 Ac'e*tos"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. acetositas. See Acetous.]
 The quality of being acetous; sourness.

 A*ce"tous (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Having a sour taste; sour; acid. "An acetous spirit." Boyle. "A liquid of an acetous kind." Bp. Lowth.
2. Causing, or connected with, acetification; as, acetous fermentation.

Acetous acid, a name formerly given to vinegar.

 Ac"e*tyl (&?;), n. [L. acetum vinegar + Gr. &?; substance. See -yl.] (Chem.) A complex, hypothetical radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hydrogen and one of oxygen.
 Its hydroxide is acetic acid.

 A*cet"y*lene (&?;), n. (Chem.) A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is produced for use as an illuminating gas in a number of ways, but chiefly by the action of water on calcium carbide. Its light is very brilliant. Watts.
 { Ach, Ache } (&?;), n. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] A name given to several species of plants; as, smallage, wild celery, parsley. [Obs.] Holland.
 { A*chæ"an (&?;), A*cha"ian (&?;) } a. [L. Achaeus, Achaius; Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Achaia in Greece; also, Grecian. -- n. A native of Achaia; a Greek.

 ||A*char"ne*ment (&?;), n. [F.] Savage fierceness; ferocity.

 Ach"ate (&?;), n. An agate. [Obs.] Evelyn.
 A*chate" (&?;), n. [F. achat purchase. See Cates.] 1.
 Purchase; bargaining. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. pl. Provisions. Same as Cates. [Obs.] Spenser.
 ||Ach'a*ti"na (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; agate.] (Zoöl.)
 A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.

 A*cha*tour" (&?;), n. [See Cater.] Purveyor; acater. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Ache (&?;), n. [OE. ache, AS. æce, ece, fr. acan to ache. See Ache, v. i.] Continued pain, as distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. "Such an ache in my bones." Shak.
 Often used in composition, as, a headache, an earache, a toothache.

 Ache (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aching (&?;).] [OE. aken, AS. acan, both strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. c, p. p. acen, to ache; perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] To suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; to be distressed. "My old bones ache." Shak.
 The sins that in your conscience ache. Keble.
 A*che"an (&?;), a. & n. See Achæan, Achaian.

 { A*chene" (&?;), A*che"ni*um (&?;) } n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; to gape.] (Bot.) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup; -- called a naked seed by the earlier botanists. [Written also akene and achænium.]

 A*che"ni*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to an achene.

 Ach"e*ron (&?;), n.


, or lay away, esp. as papers in a methodical manner for preservation and reverence; to place on file; to insert in its proper place in an arranged body of papers.

 I would have my several courses and my dishes well filed.

Beau. & Fl.
2. To bring before a court or legislative body by presenting proper papers in a regular way; as, to file a petition or bill. Burrill.
3. (Law) To put upon the files or among the records of a court; to note on (a paper) the fact date of its reception in court.

 To file a paper, on the part of a party, is to place it in the official custody of the clerk. To file, on the part of the clerk, is to indorse upon the paper the date of its reception, and retain it in his office, subject to inspection by whomsoever it may concern.

Burrill.
 File, v. i. [Cf. F. filer.] (Mil.) To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abreast, but one after another; -- generally with off.

To file with, to follow closely, as one soldier after another in file; to keep pace.

 My endeavors Have ever come too short of my desires, Yet filed with my abilities.

Shak.
 File (fl), n. [AS. feól; akin to D. viji, OHG.
 fla, fhala, G. feile, Sw. fil, Dan. fiil, cf. Icel. þl, Russ. pila, and Skr. piç to cut out, adorn; perh. akin to E. paint.] 1. A steel instrument, having cutting ridges or teeth, made by indentation with a chisel, used for abrading or smoothing other substances, as metals, wood, etc.

 A file differs from a rasp in having the furrows made by straight cuts of a chisel, either single or crossed, while the rasp has coarse, single teeth, raised by the pyramidal end of a triangular punch.

2. Anything employed to smooth, polish, or rasp, literally or figuratively.

 Mock the nice touches of the critic's file.

Akenside.
3. A shrewd or artful person. [Slang] Fielding.
 Will is an old file in spite of his smooth face.

Thackeray.
Bastard file, Cross file, etc. See under Bastard, Cross, etc. -- Cross-cut file, a file having two sets of teeth crossing obliquely. -- File blank, a steel blank shaped and ground ready for cutting to form a file. -- File cutter, a maker of files. -- Second-cut file, a file having teeth of a grade next finer than bastard. -- Single-cut file, a file having only one set of parallel teeth; a float. -- Smooth file, a file having teeth so fine as to make an almost smooth surface.

 File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file; to sharpen with a file; as, to file a saw or a tooth.

2. To smooth or polish as with a file. Shak.
File your tongue to a little more courtesy.

Sir W. Scott.
 File, v. t. [OE. fulen, filen, foulen, AS. f&?;lan, fr. f&?;l foul. See Foul, and cf. Defile, v. t.] To make foul; to defile. [Obs.]

 All his hairy breast with blood was filed.

Spenser.
 For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind.

Shak.
 File"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any plectognath fish of the genera Monacanthus, Alutera, balistes, and allied genera; -- so called on account of the roughly granulated skin, which is sometimes used in place of sandpaper.

 Fil"e*mot (?), n. See Feullemort. Swift.
 Fil"er (?), n. One who works with a file.

 Fil"ial (?), a. [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia daughter; akin to e. female, feminine. Cf. Fitz.] 1.
 Of or pertaining to a son or daughter; becoming to a child in relation to his parents; as, filial obedience.

2. Bearing the relation of a child.

 And thus the filial Godhead answering spoke.

Milton.
 Fil"ial*ly (?), adv. In a filial manner.

 Fil"i*ate (?), v. t. To adopt as son or daughter; to establish filiation between. [R.] Southey.
 Fil'i*a"tion (?), n. [LL. filiatio, fr. L. filius son: cf. F. filiation. See Filial.] 1. The relationship of a son or child to a parent, esp. to a father.

 The relation of paternity and filiation.

Sir M. Hale.
2. (Law) The assignment of a bastard child to some one as its father; affiliation. Smart.
 Fil"i*beg (?), n. [Gael. feileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small; cf. filleadh a plait, fold.] Same as Kilt. [Written also philibeg.]

 Fil"i*bus'ter (?), n. [Sp. flibuster, flibustero, corrupted fr. E. freebooter. See Freebooter.] A lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder; a freebooter; -- originally applied to buccaneers infesting the Spanish American coasts, but introduced into common English to designate the followers of Lopez in his expedition to Cuba in 1851, and those of Walker in his expedition to Nicaragua, in 1855.

 Fil"i*bus*ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fillibustered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Filibustering.] 1. To act as a filibuster, or military freebooter. Bartlett.
2. To delay legislation, by dilatory motions or other artifices.
 [political cant or slang, U.S.] Bartlett.
 Fil"i*bus'ter*ism (?), n. The characteristics or practices of a filibuster. Bartlett.
 Fil"i*cal (?), a. Belonging to the Filices, r ferns.

 Fi*lic"ic (?), a. [L. filix, -icis, a fern.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, or derived from, ferns; as, filicic acid.

 Fil"i*cide (?), n. [L. filius son, filia daughter + caedere to kill.] The act of murdering a son or a daughter; also, parent who commits such a murder.

 Fi*lic"i*form (?), a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -form: cf. F. filiciforme] Shaped like a fern or like the parts of a fern leaf. Smart.
 Fil"i*coid (?), a. [L. filix, -icis, fern + -oid: cf. F. filicoiïde.] (Bot.) Fernlike, either in form or in the nature of the method of reproduction.

 Fil"i*coid, n. (Bot.) A fernlike plant. Lindley.
 Fi*li"e*ty (?), n. [L. filietas.] The relation of a son to a father; sonship; -- the correlative of paternity. J. S. Mill.
 Fi*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. filum a thread + -ferous.]
 Producing threads. Carpenter.
 Fil"i*form (?), a. [L. filum thread + -form: cf. F.
 filiforme.] Having the shape of a thread or filament; as, the filiform pap


CHITRA A PLAY IN ONE ACT BY RABINDRANATH TAGORE New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1926 All rights reserved Copyright 1914 by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up and electrotyped Published February, 1914 Reprinted March, twice, June, 1914; October, 1914; February, June, 1915; March, October, 1916; March, 1917; December, 1926.
 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE BERWICK & SMITH CO. TO MRS. WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY PREFACE THIS lyrical drama was written about twenty-five years ago. It is based on the following story from the Mahabharata.

 In the course of his wanderings, in fulfilment of a vow of penance, Arjuna came to Manipur. There he saw Chitrangada, the beautiful daughter of Chitravahana, the king of the country. Smitten with her charms, he asked the king for the hand of his daughter in marriage. Chitravahana asked him who he was, and learning that he was Arjuna the Pandara, told him that Prabhanjana, one of his ancestors in the kingly line of Manipur, had long been childless. In order to obtain an heir, he performed severe penances.
 Pleased with these austerities, the god Shiva gave him this boon, that he and his successors should each have one child. It so happened that the promised child had invariably been a son. He, Chitravahana, was the first to have only a daughter Chitrangada to perpetuate the race. He had, therefore, always treated her as a son and had made her his heir.

 Continuing, the king said: "The one son that will be born to her must be the perpetuator of my race.
 That son will be the price that I shall demand for this marriage. You can take her, if you like, on this condition."

 Arjuna promised and took Chitrangada to wife, and lived in her father's capital for three years. When a son was born to them, he embraced her with affection, and taking leave of her and her father, set out again on his travels.

 Contents CHITRA THE CHARACTERS SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII SCENE IX CHITRA THE CHARACTERS SCENE I SCENE II SCENE III SCENE IV SCENE V SCENE VI SCENE VII SCENE VIII SCENE IX


&?; to sing; for comedy was originally of a lyric character. See Home, and Ode.] A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; -- opposed to tragedy.

 With all the vivacity of comedy. Macaulay.
 Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shak.
 Come"li*ly (?), adv. In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood.
 Come"li*ness (?), n. [See Comely.] The quality or state of being comely.

Comeliness is a disposing fair Of things and actions in fit time and place. Sir J. Davies.
 Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit. Milton.
Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness. Johnson.
 Come"ly (km"l), a. [Compar. Comelier (?); superl.
 Comeliest.] [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlc; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lc like.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; wellproportioned; good-looking; handsome.

 He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young. South.
 Not once perceive their foul disfigurement But boast themselves more comely than before. Milton.
2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable.

 This is a happier and more comely time Than when these fellows ran about the streets, Crying confusion. Shak.
 It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely. Ps. cxlvii. 1.
 Come"ly, adv. In a becoming manner. Ascham.
 Come-out"er (?), n. One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.]

 Com"er (?), n. One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present.

All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. "To prove it against all comers."
 Bp. Stillingfleet.
 ||Co"mes (?), n. [L., a companion.] (Mus.) The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue.

 Com'es*sa"tion (?), n. [L. comissatio, comessatio.] A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 Co*mes"ti*ble (?), a. [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. of comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.] Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent.

 Some herbs are most comestible. Sir T. Elyot.
 Co*mes"ti*ble, n. Something suitable to be eaten; -- commonly in the plural. Thackeray.
 Com"et (?), n. [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. &?; comet, prop. long-haired, fr. &?; to wear long hair, fr. &?; hair, akin to L. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix.

 ||Com'e*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL.] (Astron.) An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton.
 Com"et*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. cométaire.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne.
 { Com"et-find'er (?), or Com"etseek'er (?) }, n. (Astron.)
 A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets.

 Co*met"ic (?), a. Relating to a comet.

 Com'et*og"ra*pher (?), n. One who describes or writes about comets.

 Com'et*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cométographie.]
 A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets.

 Com'et*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Comet + -logy.] The department of astronomy relating to comets.

 Com"fit (?), n. [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection.

 Com"fit, v. t. To preserve dry with sugar.

 The fruit which does so quickly waste,... Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last. Cowley.
 Com"fi*ture (?; 135), n. [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.]
 See Comfit, n. Com"fort (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Comforting.] [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.] 1.
 To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 God's own testimony... doth not a little comfort and confirm the same. Hooker.
2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.]

 I... can not help the noble chevalier: God comfort him in this necessity! Shak.
3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer.

 Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men. Bacon.
 That we may be able to comfort them that are in any affliction.
2 Cor. i. 4 (Rev. Ver.).
 A perfect woman, nobly planned, To warn, to comfort, and command. Wordsworth.
Syn. -- To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. -- To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console is confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as, the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as, "They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted." Acts xx. 12. Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as, to solace one's self with reflections, with books, or with active employments.