SPIRITS IN BONDAGE A CYCLE OF LYRICS By Clive Hamilton [C. S. Lewis] CONTENTS Historical Background.
 Prologue.
 Part I. The Prison House. I. Satan Speaks II. French Nocturne (Monchy-Le-Preux) III. The Satyr IV. Victory V. Irish Nocturne VI. Spooks VII. Apology VIII. Ode for New Year's Day IX. Night X. To Sleep XI. In Prison XII. De Profundis XIII. Satan Speaks XIV. The Witch XV. Dungeon Grates XVI. The Philosopher XVII. The Ocean Strand XVIII. Noon XIX. Milton Read Again (In Surrey) XXI. The Autumn Morning Part II.
 Hesitation. XXIII. Alexandrines XXIV. In Praise of Solid People Part III. The Escape.
 XXVI. Song XXVII. The Ass XXVIII. Ballade Mystique XXIX. Night XXX. Oxford XXXI. Hymn (For Boys' Voices) XXXII. "Our Daily Bread" XXXIII. How He Saw Angus the God XXXIV. The Roads XXXV. Hesperus XXXVI. The Star Bath XXXVII. Tu Ne Quaesieris XXXVIII. Lullaby XXXIX. World's Desire XL. Death in Battle In Three Parts Historical Background Published under the pseudonym, Clive Hamilton, Spirits in Bondage was C. S. Lewis' first book. Released in 1919 by Heinemann, it was reprinted in 1984 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich and included in Lewis' 1994 Collected Poems. It is the first of Lewis' major published works to enter the public domain in the United States. Readers should be aware that in other countries it may still be under copyright protection.

 Most of the poems appear to have been written between 1915 and 1918, a period during which Lewis was a student under W. T. Kirkpatrick, a military trainee at Oxford, and a soldier serving in the trenches of World War I. Their outlook varies from Romantic expressions of love for the beauty and simplicity of nature to cynical statements about the presence of evil in this world. In a September 12, 1918 letter to his friend Arthur Greeves, Lewis said that his book was, "mainly strung around the idea that I mentioned to you before—that nature is wholly diabolical & malevolent and that God, if he exists, is outside of and in opposition to the cosmic arrangements." In his cynical poems, Lewis is dealing with the same questions about evil in nature that Alfred Lord Tennyson explored from a position of troubled faith in "In Memoriam A. H." (Stanzas 54f). In a letter written perhaps to reassure his father, Lewis claimed, "You know who the God I blaspheme is and that it is not the God that you or I worship, or any other Christian."

 Whatever Lewis believed at that time, the attitude in many of these poems is quite different from the attitude he expressed in his many Christian books from the 1930s on. Attempts in movies and on stage plays to portray Lewis as a sheltered professor who knew little about pain until the death of his wife late in life, have to deal not only with the many tragedies he experienced from a boy on, but also with the disturbing issues he faced in many of these early poems.

 Prologue Part I The Prison House I. Satan Speaks II. French Nocturne (Monchy-Le-Preux) III. The Satyr IV. Victory V. Irish Nocturne VI. Spooks VII. Apology VIII. Ode for New Year's Day IX. Night X. To Sleep XI. In Prison XII. De Profundis XIII. Satan Speaks XIV. The Witch XV. Dungeon Grates XVI. The Philosopher XVII. The Ocean Strand XVIII. Noon XIX. Milton Read Again (In Surrey) XXI. The Autumn Morning Part II. Hesitation XXIII. Alexandrines XXIV. In Praise of Solid People Part III. The Escape XXVI. Song XXVII. The Ass XXVIII. Ballade Mystique XXIX. Night XXX. Oxford XXXI. Hymn (For Boys' Voices) XXXII. "Our Daily Bread" XXXIII. How He Saw Angus the God XXXIV. The Roads XXXV. Hesperus XXXVI. The Star Bath XXXVII. Tu Ne Quaesieris XXXVIII. Lullaby XXXIX. World's Desire XL. Death in Battle


to cull; to pick out. [Obs.] Herbert.
 Pink, n. A stab. Grose.
 Pink, n. [Perh. akin to pick; as if the edges of the petals were picked out. Cf. Pink, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the caryophyllaceous genus Dianthus, and to their flowers, which are sometimes very fragrant and often double in cultivated varieties. The species are mostly perennial herbs, with opposite linear leaves, and handsome five-petaled flowers with a tubular calyx.

2. A color resulting from the combination of a pure vivid red with more or less white; -- so called from the common color of the flower. Dryden.
3. Anything supremely excellent; the embodiment or perfection of something. "The very pink of courtesy." Shak.
4. (Zoöl.) The European minnow; -- so called from the color of its abdomen in summer. [Prov. Eng.]

Bunch pink is Dianthus barbatus. -- China, or Indian, pink. See under China. -- Clove pink is Dianthus Caryophyllus, the stock from which carnations are derived. -- Garden pink. See Pheasant's eye. -- Meadow pink is applied to Dianthus deltoides; also, to the ragged robin. -- Maiden pink, Dianthus deltoides. -- Moss pink. See under Moss. -- Pink needle, the pin grass; -- so called from the long, tapering points of the carpels.
 See Alfilaria. -- Sea pink. See Thrift.

 Pink, a. Resembling the garden pink in color; of the color called pink (see 6th Pink, 2); as, a pink dress; pink ribbons.

Pink eye (Med.), a popular name for an epidemic variety of ophthalmia, associated with early and marked redness of the eyeball. -- Pink salt (Chem. & Dyeing), the double chlorides of (stannic) tin and ammonium, formerly much used as a mordant for madder and cochineal. -- Pink saucer, a small saucer, the inner surface of which is covered with a pink pigment.

 Pinked (?), a. Pierced with small holes; worked in eyelets; scalloped on the edge. Shak.
 Pink"-eyed' (?), a. [Pink halfshut + eye.] Having small eyes. Holland.
 Pink"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or stabbing.

2. The act or method of decorating fabrics or garments with a pinking iron; also, the style of decoration; scallops made with a pinking iron.

Pinking iron. (a) An instrument for scalloping the edges of ribbons, flounces, etc. (b) A sword. [Colloq.]

 Pink"ish, a. Somewhat pink.

 Pink"ness (?), n. Quality or state of being pink.

 Pink"root' (?), n. 1. (Med.) The root of Spigelia Marilandica, used as a powerful vermifuge; also, that of S. Anthelmia. See definition 2 (below).

2. (Bot.) (a) A perennial North American herb (Spigelia Marilandica), sometimes cultivated for its showy red blossoms. Called also Carolina pink, Maryland pinkroot, and worm grass.
 (b) An annual South American and West Indian plant (Spigelia Anthelmia).

 Pink"ster (?), n. [D. pinkster, pinksteren, fr. Gr.
 &?;. See Pentecost.] Whitsuntide. [Written also pingster and pinxter.]

Pinkster flower (Bot.), the rosy flower of the Azalea nudiflora; also, the shrub itself; -- called also Pinxter blomachee by the New York descendants of the Dutch settlers.

 Pink" stern' (?). [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) See Chebacco, and 1st Pink.

 Pink"-sterned' (?), a. [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) Having a very narrow stern; -- said of a vessel.

 Pink"y (?), n. (Naut.) See 1st Pink.

 ||Pin"na (?), n.; pl. Pinnæ (#), E. Pinnas (#). [L., a feather.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate.
 (b) One of the primary divisions of a decompound leaf.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ.

3. [L. pinna, akin to Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity.

4. (Anat.) The auricle of the ear. See Ear.

 Pin"nace (?), n. [F. pinasse; cf. It. pinassa, pinazza, Sp. pinaza; all from L. pinus a pine tree, anything made of pine, e.g., a ship. Cf. Pine a tree.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A small vessel propelled by sails or oars, formerly employed as a tender, or for coast defence; -- called originally, spynace or spyne.
 (b) A man-of-war's boat.

 Whilst our pinnace anchors in the Downs.

Shak.
2. A procuress; a pimp. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 Pin"na*cle (?), n. [OE. pinacle, F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, fr. pinna pinnacle, feather. See Pin a peg.] 1. (Arch.)
 An architectural member, upright, and generally ending in a small spire, -- used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire, and the like. Pinnacles may be considered primarily as added weight, where it is necessary to resist the thrust of an arch, etc.

 Some renowned metropolis With glistering spires and pinnacles around.

Milton.
2. Anything resembling a pinnacle; a lofty peak; a pointed summit.

 Three silent pinnacles of aged snow.

Tennyson.
 The slippery tops of human state, The gilded pinnacles of fate.

Cowley.
 Pin"na*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinnacled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pinnacling (?).] To build or furnish with a pinnacle or pinnacles. T. Warton.
 Pin"nage (?), n. [Cf. Pinfold.] Poundage of cattle. See Pound.
 [Obs.]

 { Pin"nate (?), Pin"na*ted (?), } a. [L. pinnatus feathered, fr. pinna a feather. See Pin a peg, Pen feather.] 1. (Bot.)
 Consisting of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common petiole, as the leaves of a rosebush, a hickory, or an ash. See Abruptly pinnate, and Illust., under Abruptly.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck.

Pinnated grouse (Zoöl.), the prairie chicken.

 Pin"nate*ly (?), adv. In a pinnate manner.

 Pin*nat"i*fid (?), a. [L. pinnatus feathered + root of findere to split: cf. F. pinnatifide.] (Bot.) Divided in a pinnate manner, with the divisions not reaching to the mid


life I never held but as a pawn To wage against thy enemies.

Shak.
In pawn, At pawn, in the state of being pledged. "Sweet wife, my honor is at pawn." Shak. -- Pawn ticket, a receipt given by the pawnbroker for an article pledged.

 Pawn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pawned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pawning.] 1. To give or deposit in pledge, or as security for the payment of money borrowed; to put in pawn; to pledge; as, to pawn one's watch.

 And pawned the last remaining piece of plate.

Dryden.
2. To pledge for the fulfillment of a promise; to stake; to risk; to wager; to hazard.

Pawning his honor to obtain his lust.

Shak.
 Pawna*ble (?), a. Capable of being pawned.

 Pawn"bro'ker (?), n. One who makes a business of lending money on the security of personal property pledged or deposited in his keeping.

 Pawn"bro'king, n. The business of a pawnbroker.

 Pawn*ee" (?), n. (Law) One or two whom a pledge is delivered as security; one who takes anything in pawn.

 Paw'nees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Pawnee (&?;). (Ethnol.)
 A tribe of Indians (called also Loups) who formerly occupied the region of the Platte river, but now live mostly in the Indian Territory.
 The term is often used in a wider sense to include also the related tribes of Rickarees and Wichitas. Called also Pani.

 { Pawn"er (?), Pawn*or" (?), } n. (Law) One who pawns or pledges anything as security for the payment of borrowed money or of a debt.

 Paw'paw" (?), n. (Bot.) See Papaw.

 Pax (?), n. [L. pax peace. See Peace.] 1. (Eccl.)
 The kiss of peace; also, the embrace in the sanctuary now substituted for it at High Mass in Roman Catholic churches.

2. (R. C. Ch.) A tablet or board, on which is a representation of Christ, of the Virgin Mary, or of some saint and which, in the Mass, was kissed by the priest and then by the people, in mediæval times; an osculatory. It is still used in communities, confraternities, etc.

 Kiss the pax, and be quiet like your neighbors.

Chapman.
 Pax"il*lose' (?), a. [L. paxillus a small stake.] (Geol.)
 Resembling a little stake.

 ||Pax*il"lus (?), n.; pl. Paxilli (#). [L., a peg.]
 (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of spines covering the surface of certain starfishes. They are pillarlike, with a flattened summit which is covered with minute spinules or granules. See Illustration in Appendix.

 Pax"wax' (?), n. [For faxvax, fr. AS. fea&?; hair (akin to OHG. fahs) + weaxan to grow. See Wax to grow, and cf. Faxed, Pectinate.] (Anat.) The strong ligament of the back of the neck in quadrupeds. It connects the back of the skull with dorsal spines of the cervical vertebræ, and helps to support the head.
 Called also paxywaxy and packwax.

 Pax"y*wax'y (?), n. (Anat.) See Paxwax.

 Pay (?), v. t. [OF. peier, fr. L. picare to pitch, i&?; pitch: cf. OF. peiz pitch, F. poix. See Pitch a black substance.] (Naut.) To cover, as bottom of a vessel, a seam, a spar, etc., with tar or pitch, or waterproof composition of tallow, resin, etc.; to smear.

 Pay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paid (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Paying.] [OE. paien, F. payer, fr. L. pacare to pacify, appease, fr. pax, pacis, peace. See Peace.] 1.
 To satisfy, or content; specifically, to satisfy (another person) for service rendered, property delivered, etc.; to discharge one's obligation to; to make due return to; to compensate; to remunerate; to recompense; to requite; as, to pay workmen or servants.

 May no penny ale them pay [i. e., satisfy].

P. Plowman.
 [She] pays me with disdain.

Dryden.
2. Hence, figuratively: To compensate justly; to requite according to merit; to reward; to punish; to retort or retaliate upon.

 For which, or pay me quickly, or I'll pay you.

B. Jonson.
3. To discharge, as a debt, demand, or obligation, by giving or doing what is due or required; to deliver the amount or value of to the person to whom it is owing; to discharge a debt by delivering (money owed). "Pay me that thou owest." Matt. xviii. 28.
 Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all.

Matt. xviii. 26.
 If they pay this tax, they starve.

Tennyson.
4. To discharge or fulfill, as a duy; to perform or render duty, as that which has been promised.

 This day have I paid my vows.

Prov. vii. 14.
5. To give or offer, without an implied obligation; as, to pay attention; to pay a visit.

 Not paying me a welcome.

Shak.
To pay off. (a) To make compensation to and discharge; as, to pay off the crew of a ship. (b) To allow (a thread, cord, etc.) to run off; to unwind. -- To pay one's duty, to render homage, as to a sovereign or other superior. -- To pay out (Naut.), to pass out; hence, to slacken; to allow to run out; as, to pay out more cable. See under Cable. -- To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble. [Colloq.]

 Pay (p), v. i. To give a recompense; to make payment, requital, or satisfaction; to discharge a debt.

 The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again.

Ps. xxxvii. 21.
2. Hence, to make or secure suitable return for expense or trouble; to be remunerative or profitable; to be worth the effort or pains required; as, it will pay to ride; it will pay to wait; politeness always pays.

To pay for. (a) To make amends for; to atone for; as, men often pay for their mistakes with loss of property or reputation, sometimes with life. (b) To give an equivalent for; to bear the expense of; to be mulcted on account of.

 'T was I paid for your sleeps; I watched your wakings.

Beau. & Fl.
 -- To pay off. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) To fall to leeward, as the head of a vessel under sail. -- To pay on. [Etymol.
 uncertain.] To beat with vigor; to redouble blows. [Colloq.] -- To pay round [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) To turn the ship's head.

 Pay, n. 1. Satisfaction; content. Chaucer.
2. An equivalent or return for money due, goods purchased, or services performed; salary or wages for work or service; compensation; recompense; payment; hire; as, the pay of a clerk; the pay


New Zealand, Kendall, in 1823, left the Missionary Society and went with his son Basil to Chile. In 1826 he came back to Australia, and for his good work as a missionary received from the New South Wales Government a grant of 1280 acres at Ulladulla, on the South Coast. There he entered the timber trade and became owner and master of a small vessel used in the business. About 1832 this vessel was wrecked near Sydney, and all on board, including the owner, were drowned.
Of Basil Kendall's early career little is known. While in South America he saw service under Lord Cochrane, the famous tenth Earl of Dundonald, who, after five brilliant years in the Chilean service, was, between 1823 and 1825, fighting on behalf of Brazil. Basil returned to Australia, but disappears from view until 1840. One day in that year he met a Miss Melinda McNally, and next day they were married. Soon afterwards they settled on the Ulladulla grant, farming land at Kirmington, two miles from the little town of Milton. There, in a primitive cottage Basil had built, twin sons—Basil Edward and Henry—were born on the 18th April, 1841. Five years later the family moved to the Clarence River district and settled near the Orara. Basil Kendall had practically lost one lung before his marriage, and failing health made it exceedingly difficult for him to support his family, to which by this time three daughters had been added. On the Orara he grew steadily weaker, and died somewhere about 1851.
Basil Kendall was well educated, and had done what he could to educate his children. After his death the family was scattered, and the two boys were sent to a relative on the South Coast. The scenery of this district made a profound impression upon Henry, and is often referred to in his early poems. In 1855 his uncle Joseph took him as cabin boy in his brig, the 'Plumstead', for a two years' cruise in the Pacific, during which they touched at many of the Islands and voyaged as far north as Yokohama. The beauty of the scenes he visited lived in the boy's memory, but the rigours of ship life were so severe that in after years he looked back on the voyage with horror.
Henry Kendall returned to Sydney in March, 1857, and at once obtained employment in the city and set about making a home for his mother and sisters. Mrs. Kendall, granddaughter of Leonard McNally, a Dublin notable of his day, was a clever, handsome woman with a strong constitution and a volatile temperament. Henry was always devoted to her, and considered that from her he inherited whatever talent he possessed. She helped in his education, and encouraged him to write verse.
The first verses of his known to have been printed were "O tell me, ye breezes"—signed "H. Kendall"—which appeared in 'The Australian Home Companion and Band of Hope Journal' in 1859. A number of other poems by Kendall appeared in the same magazine during 1860 and 1861. But in a letter written years afterwards to Mr. Sheridan Moore, Kendall says "My first essay in writing was sent to 'The Southern Cross' at the time you were sub-editor. You, of course, lit your pipe with it. It was on the subject of the 'Dunbar'. After a few more attempts in prose and verse—attempts only remarkable for their being clever imitations—I hit upon the right vein and wrote the Curlew Song. Then followed the crude, but sometimes happy verses which made up my first volume."
The verses on the wreck of the 'Dunbar', written at the age of sixteen, were eventually printed in 'The Empire' in 1860 as "The Merchant Ship".
Henry Parkes, the editor of that newspaper, had already welcomed some of the boy's poems, and in 'The Empire' of the 8th December, 1859, had noticed as just published a song—"Silent Tears"—the words of which were written by "a young native poet, Mr. H. Kendall, N.A.P." These initials, which puzzled Parkes, as well they might, meant no more than Native Australian Poet.
Kendall also sent some poems to 'The Sydney Morning Herald'; there they attracted the attention of Henry Halloran, a civil servant and a voluminous amateur writer, who sought out the poet and tried to help him.
Kendall's mother brought him to Mr. Sheridan Moore, who had some reputation as a literary critic. He was greatly interested in the poems, and promised to try to raise money for their publication.
Subscriptions were invited by advertisement in January, 1861, but came in so slowly that, after a year's delay, Kendall almost despaired of publication.
Meanwhile Moore had introduced Kendall to James Lionel Michael, through whom he came to know Nicol D. Stenhouse, Dr. Woolley, and others of the small group of literary men in Sydney. Michael, a London solicitor, had been a friend of some of the Pre-Raphaelite group of artists, and was much more interested in literature than in the law when the lure of gold brought him to Australia in 1853. Himself a well-read man and a writer of very fair verse, he recognized the decided promise of Kendall's work and gave him a place in his office. In spite of their disparity in years they became friends, and Kendall undoubtedly derived great benefit from Michael's influence and from the use of his library. When in 1861 Michael left Sydney for Grafton, Kendall either accompanied him or joined him soon afterwards. He did not, however, stay long at Grafton.
He found employment at Dungog on the Williams River; afterwards went to Scone, where he worked for a month or two, and then made his way back to Sydney.
Restive over the long delay in publication, and anxious to get a critical estimate of his work, Kendall in January, 1862, made copies of some pieces and sent them to the 'Cornhill Magazine' with a letter pleading for special consideration on account of the author's youth and the indifference of Australians to anything produced in their own country. A reduced facsimile of this interesting letter is printed here. {In this etext, the letter has been transcribed and is included at the end of this section.} Thackeray was editor of 'Cornhill' up to April, 1862, but may not have seen this pathetic appeal from the other side of the world. At any rate, no notice of it was taken by 'Cornhill', and in July of the same year Kendall sent a similar letter with copies of his verses to the 'Athenaeum'. The editor printed the letter and some of the poems, with very kindly comments, in the issue of 27th September, 1862.
In October, 1862, before this powerful encouragement reached the young writer, 'Poems and Songs' was published in Sydney by Mr. J. R. Clarke.
'The Empire' published a favourable review. Further notice of his work appeared in the 'Athenaeum' during the next four years, and in 1866 it was generously praised by Mr. G. B. Barton in his 'Poets and Prose Writers of New South Wales'.
Meanwhile in August, 1863, Kendall was, through Parkes' influence, appointed to a clerkship in the Surveyor-General's Department at one hundred and fifty pounds a year, and three years later was transferred to the Colonial Secretary's Office at two hundred pounds a year. During this period he read extensively, and wrote much verse. By 1867 he had so far overcome his natural shyness that he undertook to deliver a series of lectures at the Sydney School of Arts. One of these, on "Love, Courtship and Marriage", precipitated him into experience of all three; for he walked home after the lecture with Miss Charlotte Rutter, daughter of a Government medical officer, straightway fell in love, and, after a brief courtship, they were married in the following year.
The year 1868 was a memorable one for Kendall in other ways. In April, James Lionel Michael was found dead in the Clarence River, and in June Charles Harpur died at Euroma. Kendall had a great admiration for Harpur's poems and wrote to him in the spirit


[Illustration] The Ward of King Canute A Romance of the Danish Conquest by Ottilie A. Liljencrantz Contents Acknowledgment Foreword CHAPTER I. The Fall of the House of Frode CHAPTER II. Randalin, Frode's Daughter CHAPTER III. Where War-dogs Kennel CHAPTER IV. When Royal Blood Is Young Blood CHAPTER V. Before The King CHAPTER VI. The Training of Fridtjof The Page CHAPTER VII. The Game of Swords CHAPTER VIII. Taken Captive CHAPTER IX. The Young Lord of Ivarsdale CHAPTER X. As The Norns Decree CHAPTER XI. When My Lord Comes Home From War CHAPTER XII. The Foreign Page CHAPTER XIII. When Might Made Right CHAPTER XIV. How The Fates Cheated Randalin CHAPTER XV. How Fridtjof Cheated The Jotun CHAPTER XVI. The Sword of Speech CHAPTER XVII. The Judgment of The Iron Voice CHAPTER XVIII. What The Red Cloak Hid CHAPTER XIX. The Gift of The Elves CHAPTER XX. A Royal Reckoning CHAPTER XXI. With The Jotun as Chamberlain CHAPTER XXII. How The Lord of Ivarsdale Paid His Debt CHAPTER XXIII. A Blood-stained Crown CHAPTER XXIV. On The Road to London CHAPTER XXV. The King's Wife CHAPTER XXVI. In The Judgment Hall CHAPTER XXVII. Pixie-led CHAPTER XXVIII. When Love Meets Love CHAPTER XXIX. The Ring of The Coiled Snake CHAPTER XXX. When The King Takes a Queen CHAPTER XXXI. The Twilight of The Gods CHAPTER XXXII. In Time's Morning Acknowledgment For the facts of this romance I have made free use of the following authorities: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England; Ingulph's History of the Abbey of Croyland; William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England; The Chronicles of Florence of Worcester; Lingard's History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, and Lingard's History of England; Dean Spencer's The White Robe of Churches; Collier's Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain; Montalembert's Monks of the West; Thrupp's Anglo-Saxon Home; Hall's Queens Before the Conquest; Kemble's Saxons in England; Ridgway's Gem of Thorney Island; Brayley and Britton's History of the Ancient Palace and Late Houses of Parliament; Loftie's Westminster Abbey and Loftie's History of London; Allen's History and Antiquities of London; Lappenberg's History of England Under the Anglo-Saxon Kings; Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons; Knight's Old England; Hume's History of England; Green's Conquest of England; Thierry's History of the Conquest of England by the Normans; Freeman's History of the Norman Conquest.
For the translations of Hávamál, etc., used at the beginnings of the chapters, I am indebted to Professor Rasmus B. Anderson and Mr. Paul du Chaillu.
O. A. L. Chicago, April 1, 1903.
Foreword There is an old myth of a hero who renewed his strength each time he touched the earth, and finally was overcome by being raised in the air and crushed.
Whether or not the Angles risked a like fate as they raised themselves away from the primitive virtues that had been their life and strength, no one can tell; but it has been well said that when Northern blood mingled with English blood at the time of the Danish Conquest, the Anglo-Saxon race touched the earth again.
CHAPTER I. The Fall of the House of Frode Full stocked folds I saw at the sons of Fitjung, Now they carry beggars' staffs; Wealth is Like the twinkling of an eye, The most unstable of friends.
 Hávamál.
As the blackness of the midsummer night paled, the broken towers and wrecked walls of the monastery loomed up dim and stark in the gray light. The long-drawn sigh of a waking world crept through the air and rustled the ivy leaves. The pitying angel of dreams, who had striven all night long to restore the plundered shrine and raise from their graves the band of martyred nuns, ceased from his ministrations, softly as a bubble frees itself from the pipe that shaped it, and floated away on the breath of the wind. Through a breach in the moss-grown wall, the first sunbeam stole in and pointed a bright finger across the cloister garth at the charred spot in the centre, where missals and parchment rolls had made a roaring fire to warm the invaders' blood-stained hands.
As the lark rose through the brightening air to greet the coming day, a woman in the tunic and cowl of a nun opened what was left of the wicket-gate in the one unbattered wall. A trace of the luxury that had dwelt under the gilded spires survived in her robes, which had been of a royal purple and embroidered with silken flowers; but the voice of Time and of Ruin spoke from them also, for the purple was faded to a rusty brown, and the silken embroideries were threadbare. She struck a note in perfect harmony with her surroundings, as she stood under the crumbling arch, peering out into the flowering lane.
Stretching away from her feet in dewy freshness, it made a green link between the herb-garden of St. Mildred's and the highway of the Watling Street.
Like the straggling hedges that were half buried under a net of wild roses, red and white, the path was half effaced by grass; but beyond, her eye could follow the straight line of the great Roman road over marsh and meadow and hill-top.
If grass had gathered there also, during the Anglo-Saxon times, there were no traces of it now, in the days of Edmund Ironside when Canute of Denmark was leading his war-host back and forth over its stones. Between the dark walls of oak and beech, it gleamed as white as the Milky Way. The nun was able to trace its course up the slope of the last hill. Just beyond the crest, a pall of smoke was spread over a burning village. Though it was miles away, it seemed to her that the wind brought cries of anguish to her ear, and prayers for mercy.
Shivering, she turned her face back to the desolate peace of the ruins.
"Now is it clear to all men why a bloody cloud was hung over the land in the year that Ethelred came to the throne," she said. "I feel as the blessed dead might feel should they be forced to leave the shelter of their graves and look out upon the world." Rising from its knees beside a bed of herbs, a second figure in faded robes approached the gate. Sister Sexberga was very old, much older than her companion, and her face was a wrinkled parchment whereon Time had written some terrible lessons.
She said gently, "We are one with the dead, beloved sister. Those who lie under the chancel lay no safer than we, last night, though the Pagans' passing tread shook the ground we lay on, and their songs broke our slumbers.
Let us cease not to give thanks to Him who has spread over us the peace of the grave." The shadows deepened in the eyes of Sister Wynfreda as she turned them back toward the lane, for her patience was not yet ripe to perfect mellowness. She was but little past the prime of her rich womanhood, and still bore the traces of a great beauty. She bore in addition, upon cheek and forehead, the scars of three frightful burns.
"The peace of the grave can never be mine while my heart is open to the sorrows of others," she answered with sadness. "Sister Sexberga, that was an English band which passed last night. I made out English words in their song. I am in utmost fear for the Danes of Avalcomb


. This distinction is not always maintained as to remark and observe, which are often used interchangeably. "Observing men may form many judgments by the rules of similitude and proportion." I. Watts. "He can not distinguish difficult and noble speculations from trifling and vulgar remarks."
 Collier. "The thing to be regarded, in taking notice of a child's miscarriage, is what root it springs from." Locke.
 Re*mark" (r?-m?rk"), v. i. To make a remark or remarks; to comment.

 Re*mark", n. [Cf. F. remarque.] 1. Act of remarking or attentively noticing; notice or observation.

 The cause, though worth the search, may yet elude Conjecture and remark, however shrewd.

Cowper.
2. The expression, in speech or writing, of something remarked or noticed; the mention of that which is worthy of attention or notice; hence, also, a casual observation, comment, or statement; as, a pertinent remark.

Syn. -- Observation; note; comment; annotation.

 Re*mark"a*ble (-?-b'l), a. [F. remarquable.] Worthy of being remarked or noticed; noticeable; conspicuous; hence, uncommon; extraordinary.

 'T is remarkable, that they Talk most who have the least to say.

Prior.
 There is nothing left remarlable Beneath the visiting moon.

Shak.
Syn. -- Observable; noticeable; extraordinary; unusual; rare; strange; wonderful; notable; eminent.

 -- Re*mark"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*mark"a*bly, adv.
 Re*mark"er (-?r), n. One who remarks.

 Re*mar"riage (r?-m?r"r?j), n. A second or repeated marriage.

 Re*mar"ry (r?-m?r"rr?), v. t. & i. To marry again.

 Re*mast" (r?-m?st"), v. t. To furnish with a new mast or set of masts.

 Re*mas"ti*cate (r?-m?s"t?-k?t), v. t. To chew or masticate again; to chew over and over, as the cud.

 Re*mas'ti*ca"tion (-k?"sh?n), n. The act of masticating or chewing again or repeatedly.

 Rem"berge (r?m"b?rj), n. See Ramberge.

 ||Rem'blai" (r?n'bl?"), n. [F., fr. remblayer to fill up an excavation, to embank.] (Fort. & Engin.) Earth or materials made into a bank after having been excavated.

 Rem"ble (r&?;m"b'l), v. t. [Cf. OF. embler to steal, fr.
 L. involare to fly into or at, to carry off.] To remove. [Prov.
 Eng.] Grose. Tennyson.
 Reme (r&?;m), n. Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Re*mean" (r&?;-m&?;n"), v. t. To give meaning to; to explain the meaning of; to interpret. [Obs.] Wyclif.
 Re"me*ant (r&?;"m&?;*ant), a. [L. remeans, -antis, p. pr. of remeare to go or come back.] Coming back; returning. [R.]
 "Like the remeant sun." C. Kingsley.
 Re*meas"ure (r?-m?zh"?r; 135), v. t. To measure again; to retrace.

 They followed him... The way they came, their steps remeasured right.

Fairfax.
 Re*mede" (r?-m?d"), n. Remedy. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Re*me"di*a*ble (r?-m?"d?-?-b'l), a. [L. remediabilis: cf. F.
 remédiable.] Capable of being remedied or cured.

 -- Re*me"di*a*ble*ness, n. - Re*me"di*a*bly, adv.
 Re*me"di*al (-al), a. [L. remedialis.] Affording a remedy; intended for a remedy, or for the removal or abatement of an evil; as, remedial treatment.

 Statutes are declaratory or remedial.

Blackstone.
 It is an evil not compensated by any beneficial result; it is not remedial, not conservative.

I. Taylor.
 Re*me"di*al*ly, adv. In a remedial manner.

 Re*me"di*ate (-?t), a. Remedial. [R.] Shak.
 Re*med"i*less (r?-m?d"?-l?s or r?m"?-d?-l?s; 277), a. 1. Not admitting of a remedy; incapable of being restored or corrected; incurable; irreparable; as, a remediless mistake or loss. "Chains remedilesse." Spenser.
 Hopeless are all my evils, all remediless.

Milton.
2. Not answering as a remedy; ineffectual. [Obs.]

 Forced to forego the attempt remediless.

Spenser.
Syn. -- Incurable; cureless; irremediable; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; desperate.

 -- Re*med"i*less, adv. [Obs.] Udall. -- Re*med"i*less*ly, adv.
 -- Re*med"i*less*ness, n. Rem"e*dy (r?m"?-d?), n.; pl. Remedies (-d&?;z).
 [L. remedium; pref. rere- + mederi to heal, to cure: cf. F. remède remedy, remédier to remedy. See Medical.]

1. That which relieves or cures a disease; any medicine or application which puts an end to disease and restores health; -- with for; as, a remedy for the gout.

2. That which corrects or counteracts an evil of any kind; a corrective; a counteractive; reparation; cure; -- followed by for or against, formerly by to.

 What may else be remedy or cure To evils which our own misdeeds have wrought, He will instruct us.

Milton.
3. (Law) The legal means to recover a right, or to obtain redress for a wrong.

Civil remedy. See under Civil. -- Remedy of the mint (Coinage), a small allowed deviation from the legal standard of weight and fineness; -- called also tolerance.

Syn. -- Cure; restorative; counteraction; reparation; redress; relief; aid; help; assistance.

 Rem"e*dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remedied (-d?d); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Remedying.] [L. remediare, remediari: cf.
 F. rem&?;dier. See Remedy, n.] To apply a remedy to; to relieve; to cure; to heal; to repair; to redress; to correct; to counteract.

 I will remedy this gear ere long.

Shak.
 Re*melt" (r?-m?lt"), v. t. To melt again.

 Re*mem"ber (r?-m?m"b?r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remembered (-b?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Remembering.] [OF. remebrer, L. rememorari; pref. rere- + memorare to bring to remembrance, from memor mindful. See Memory, and cf. Rememorate.]
 1. To have ( a notion or idea) come into the mind again, as previously perceived, known, or felt; to have a renewed


and stews.
In general, most fruits or vegetables, to be dried quickly, must first be shredded or cut into slices, because many are too large to dry quickly, or have skins the purpose of which is to prevent drying out. If the air applied at first is too hot, the cut surfaces of the sliced fruits or vegetables become hard, or scorched, covering the juicy interior so that it will not dry. Generally it is not desirable that the temperature in drying should go above 140 deg to 150 deg F., and it is better to keep it well below this point. Insects and insect eggs are killed by the heat.
It is important to know the degree of heat in the drier, and this cannot be determined accurately except by a thermometer. Inexpensive oven thermometers can be found on the market, or an ordinary chemical thermometer can be suspended in the drier.
Drying of certain products can be completed in some driers within two or three hours. When sufficiently done they should be so dry that water cannot be pressed out of the freshly cut pieces, they should not show any of the natural grain of the fruit on being broken, and yet not be so dry as to snap or crackle. They should be leathery and pliable.
When freshly cut fruits or vegetables are spread out they immediately begin to evaporate moisture into the air, and if in a closed box will very soon saturate the air with moisture. This will slow down the rate of drying and lead to the formation of molds. If a current of dry air is blown over them continually, the water in them will evaporate steadily until they are dry and crisp. Certain products, especially raspberries, should not be dried hard, because if too much moisture is removed from them they will not resume their original form when soaked in water.
The rotary hand slicer is adapted for use on a very wide range of material. Don't slice your hand with it.
From an eighth to a quarter of an inch is a fair thickness for most of the common vegetables to be sliced. To secure fine quality, much depends upon having the vegetables absolutely fresh, young, tender, and perfectly clean; one decayed root may flavor several kettles of soup if the slices from it are scattered through a batch of material. High-grade "root" vegetables can only be made from peeled roots.
Blanching consists of plunging the vegetables into boiling water for a short time. Use a wire basket or cheesecloth bag for this. After blanching as many minutes as is needed, drain well and remove the surface moisture from vegetables by placing them between two towels or by exposing them to the sun and air for a short time.
A mosquito net is thrown over the product to protect the slices from flies and other insects. Fruits and vegetables, when dried in the sun, generally are spread on large trays of uniform size which can be stacked one on top of the other and protected from rain by covers made of oilcloth, canvas, or roofing paper.
A very cheap tray can be made of lath three fourths of an inch thick and 2 inches wide, which form the sides and ends of a box, and smoothed lath which is nailed on to form the bottom. As builders' laths are 4 feet long, these lath trays are most economical of material when made 4 feet in length.
A cheap and very satisfactory drier for use over the kitchen stove can be made by any handy man of small-mesh galvanized-wire netting and laths or strips of wood about 1/2 inch thick and 2 inches wide. By using two laths nailed together the framework can be stiffened and larger trays made if desirable. This form can be suspended from the ceiling over the kitchen range or over a clear burning oil, gasoline, or gas stove, and it will utilize the hot air which rises during the cooking hour. It can be raised out of the way or swung to one side by a pulley or by a crane made of lath. When the stove is required for cooking, the frame is lowered or swung back to utilize the heat which otherwise would be wasted. Still another home drier is the cookstove oven. Bits of food, left overs, especially sweet corn, can be dried on plates in a very slow oven or on the back of the cookstove and saved for winter use.
Where the electric "juice" is not monopolized, an electric fan in drying is economical, especially for those who already have a fan.
Many sliced fruits placed in long trays 3 by 1 foot and stacked in two tiers, end to end, before an electric fan can be dried within twenty-four hours. Some require much less time. For instance, sliced string beans and shredded sweet potatoes will dry before a fan running at a moderate speed within a few hours.
The dried fruit or vegetables must be protected from insects and rodents, also from the outside moisture, and will keep best in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. In the more humid regions, moisture-tight containers should be used. If a small amount of dried product is put in each receptacle, just enough for one or two meals, it will not be necessary to open a large container.
Your American ingenuity and the American practice of reading will show you a lot of ways of saving waste: for example, frozen potatoes are not necessarily spoiled, we are told by Mr. de Ronsic, a writer in the Reveil Agricole. They may be dried and then cooked as usual. The Revue Scientifique (Paris), abstracting the article in question, says: "The potatoes must be dried to prevent decomposition, which takes place very rapidly after they have thawed out...." The oven should be heated as for baking bread. Then, when it has reached the necessary temperature, which is easily recognized, the potatoes are put in, cutting up the largest. They are spread out in a layer so that evaporation may easily take place, the door of the oven being left open. From time to time the mass is stirred up with a poker to facilitate the evaporation. When the drying has gone far enough, the potatoes having become hard as bits of wood, they are withdrawn to make room for others.
"Potatoes thus dried may be boiled with enough water to make a paste similar to that which they would have furnished if mashed in the ordinary manner, and which will answer very well, at least to feed stock. The potatoes will be found to have lost none of their nutritive value."
Even if you haven't any acres—yet, there isn't any law against drying in the city. Either in sales or in saving it will help to pay for the country place later and the country place can be made to pay it back again.
Call your product say "Landers' Desiccated Beans" or "Glory's Dehydrated Corn." They will sell better, they may even taste better, trying to live up to the description. There's dollars in a name.
As a preservative ice must not be neglected. The Country Gentleman says: While the temperature is below the freezing point we should take advantage of even short frosts to lay up ice for next summer. The man without an ice pond need not be, without ice—he can freeze it in pans outdoors. An ice plant of this sort will cost from fifteen to twenty dollars.
A double tank should be made of galvanized iron. The inner compartment of this tank should be ten feet long, two feet wide, and twelve inches deep. The top of the tank should be slightly wider than the bottom. The inner tank should be divided into six compartments by means of galvanized iron strips. The double tank should be placed near the outdoor pump, or stream, where it can easily be filled.
Being exposed on all sides, the water will freeze in from one hour to three hours. A bucket of hot water poured into the space between the tanks will loosen the cakes of ice, each weighing 200 pounds.
Four tons of ice will last the average family a year. The cakes may be packed away in the icehouse as they are frozen.
CHAPTER XXVI HOME COLD-PACK CANNING To save vegetables and fruits by canning is a patriotic duty. The war makes the need for food conservation more imperative than at any time in history. America is mainly responsible for the food supply of the world. In this way the abundance of the summer may be made to supply the needs of the winter.
By the modern cold-pack method it is as easy


visitors to navigate through all of them.
Node:wedged, Next:wedgie, Previous:web ring, Up:= W = wedged adj.
1. To be stuck, incapable of proceeding without help. This is different from having crashed. If the system has crashed, it has become totally non-functioning. If the system is wedged, it is trying to do something but cannot make progress; it may be capable of doing a few things, but not be fully operational. For example, a process may become wedged if it deadlocks with another (but not all instances of wedging are deadlocks). See also gronk, locked up, hosed, hung (wedged is more severe than hung). 2. Often refers to humans suffering misconceptions. "He's totally wedged -- he's convinced that he can levitate through meditation." 3. [Unix] Specifically used to describe the state of a TTY left in a losing state by abort of a screen-oriented program or one that has messed with the line discipline in some obscure way.
There is some dispute over the origin of this term. It is usually thought to derive from a common description of recto-cranial inversion; however, it may actually have originated with older 'hot-press' printing technology in which physical type elements were locked into type frames with wedges driven in by mallets. Once this had been done, no changes in the typesetting for that page could be made.
Node:wedgie, Next:wedgitude, Previous:wedged, Up:= W = wedgie n.
[Fairchild] A bug. Prob. related to wedged.
Node:wedgitude, Next:weeble, Previous:wedgie, Up:= W = wedgitude /wedj'i-t[y]ood/ n. The quality or state of being wedged.
Node:weeble, Next:weeds, Previous:wedgitude, Up:= W = weeble /weeb'l/ interj.
[Cambridge] Used to denote frustration, usually at amazing stupidity. "I stuck the disk in upside down."
"Weeble...." Compare gurfle.
Node:weeds, Next:weenie, Previous:weeble, Up:= W = weeds n.
1. Refers to development projects or algorithms that have no possible relevance or practical application. Comes from 'off in the weeds'. Used in phrases like "lexical analysis for microcode is serious weeds...." 2. At CDC/ETA before its demise, the phrase 'go off in the weeds' was equivalent to IBM's branch to Fishkill and mainstream hackerdom's jump off into never-never land.
Node:weenie, Next:Weenix, Previous:weeds, Up:= W = weenie n.
1. [on BBSes] Any of a species of luser resembling a less amusing version of B1FF that infests many BBS systems. The typical weenie is a teenage boy with poor social skills travelling under a grandiose handle derived from fantasy or heavy-metal rock lyrics. Among sysops, 'the weenie problem' refers to the marginally literate and profanity-laden flamage weenies tend to spew all over a newly-discovered BBS. Compare spod, computer geek, terminal junkie, warez d00dz.
2. [Among hackers] When used with a qualifier (for example, as in Unix weenie, VMS weenie, IBM weenie) this can be either an insult or a term of praise, depending on context, tone of voice, and whether or not it is applied by a person who considers him or herself to be the same sort of weenie. Implies that the weenie has put a major investment of time, effort, and concentration into the area indicated; whether this is good or bad depends on the hearer's judgment of how the speaker feels about that area. See also bigot. 3. The semicolon character, ; (ASCII _PHONE_).
Node:Weenix, Next:well-behaved, Previous:weenie, Up:= W = Weenix /wee'niks/ n.
1. [ITS] A derogatory term for Unix, derived from Unix weenie. According to one noted ex-ITSer, it is "the operating system preferred by Unix Weenies: typified by poor modularity, poor reliability, hard file deletion, no file version numbers, case sensitivity everywhere, and users who believe that these are all advantages". (Some ITS fans behave as though they believe Unix stole a future that rightfully belonged to them. See ITS, sense 2.) 2. [Brown University] A Unix-like OS developed for tutorial purposes at Brown University. See _URL_
Named independently of the ITS usage.
Node:well-behaved, Next:well-connected, Previous:Weenix, Up:= W = well-behaved adj.
1. [primarily MS-DOS] Said of software conforming to system interface guidelines and standards.
Well-behaved software uses the operating system to do chores such as keyboard input, allocating memory and drawing graphics. Oppose ill-behaved. 2. Software that does its job quietly and without counterintuitive effects. Esp.
said of software having an interface spec sufficiently simple and well-defined that it can be used as a tool by other software. See cat. 3. Said of an algorithm that doesn't crash or blow up, even when given pathological input. Implies that the stability of the algorithm is intrinsic, which makes this somewhat different from bulletproof.
Node:well-connected, Next:wetware, Previous:well-behaved, Up:= W = well-connected adj.
Said of a computer installation, asserts that it has reliable email links with the network and/or that it relays a large fraction of available Usenet newsgroups. 'Well-known' can be almost synonymous, but also implies that the site's name is familiar to many (due perhaps to an archive service or active Usenet users).
Node:wetware, Next:whack, Previous:well-connected, Up:= W = wetware /wet'weir/ n.
[prob. from the novels of Rudy Rucker] 1. The human nervous system, as opposed to computer hardware or software. "Wetware has 7 plus or minus 2 temporary registers." 2. Human beings (programmers, operators, administrators) attached to a computer system, as opposed to the system's hardware or software. See liveware, meatware.
Node:whack, Next:whack-a-mole, Previous:wetware, Up:= W = whack v. According to arch-hacker James Gosling (designer of NeWS, GOSMACS and Java), to "...modify a program with no idea whatsoever how it works." (See whacker.) It is actually possible to do this in nontrivial circumstances if the change is small and well-defined and you are very good at glarking things from context. As a trivial example, it is relatively easy to change all stderr writes to stdout writes in a piece of C filter code which remains otherwise mysterious.
Node:whack-a-mole, Next:whacker, Previous:whack, Up:= W = whack-a-mole n.
[from the carnival game which involves quickly and repeatedly hitting the heads of mechanical moles with a mallet as they pop up from their holes.] 1. The practice of repeatedly causing spammers' throwaway accounts and drop boxes to be terminated. 2. After sense 1 became established in the mid-1990s the term passed into more generalized use, and now is commonly found in such combinations as 'whack-a-mole windows'; the obnoxious pop-ip advertisement windows spawned in flocks when you surg to sites like Geocities or Tripod.
Node:whacker, Next:whales, Previous:whack-a-mole, Up:= W = whacker n.
[University of Maryland: from hacker] 1. A person, similar to a hacker, who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities.
Whereas a hacker tends to produce great hacks, a whacker only ends up whacking the system or program in question. Whackers are often quite egotistical and eager to claim wizard status, regardless of the views of their peers. 2. A person who is good at programming quickly, though rather poorly and ineptly.


of that true time which is dialed in heaven.

Talfourd.
2. (Mining) To survey with a dial. Raymond.
 Di"a*lect (?), n. [F. dialecte, L. dialectus, fr. Gr.
 &?;, fr. &?; to converse, discourse. See Dialogue.] 1.
 Means or mode of expressing thoughts; language; tongue; form of speech.

 This book is writ in such a dialect As may the minds of listless men affect. Bunyan. The universal dialect of the world.

South.
2. The form of speech of a limited region or people, as distinguished from ether forms nearly related to it; a variety or subdivision of a language; speech characterized by local peculiarities or specific circumstances; as, the Ionic and Attic were dialects of Greece; the Yorkshire dialect; the dialect of the learned.

 In the midst of this Babel of dialects there suddenly appeared a standard English language.

Earle.
 [Charles V.] could address his subjects from every quarter in their native dialect.

Prescott.
Syn. -- Language; idiom; tongue; speech; phraseology. See Language, and Idiom.

 Di'a*lec"tal (?), a. Relating to a dialect; dialectical; as, a dialectical variant.

 Di'a*lec"tic (?), n. Same as Dialectics.

 Plato placed his dialectic above all sciences.

Liddell & Scott.
 { Di'a*lec"tic (?), Di'a*lec"tic*al (?), } a. [L. dialecticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. dialectique. See Dialect.] 1. Pertaining to dialectics; logical; argumental.

2. Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects. Earle.
 Di'a*lec"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a dialectical manner.

 Di'a*lec*ti"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. dialecticien.] One versed in dialectics; a logician; a reasoner.

 Di'a*lec"tics (?), n. [L. dialectica (sc. ars), Gr.
 &?; (sc. &?;): cf. F. dialectique.] That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning; the application of logical principles to discursive reasoning; the science or art of discriminating truth from error; logical discussion.

Dialectics was defined by Aristotle to be the method of arguing with probability on any given problem, and of defending a tenet without inconsistency. By Plato, it was used in the following senses: 1.
 Discussion by dialogue as a method of scientific investigation. 2.
 The method of investigating the truth by analysis. 3. The science of ideas or of the nature and laws of being -- higher metaphysics. By Kant, it was employed to signify the logic of appearances or illusions, whether these arise from accident or error, or from those necessary limitations which, according to this philosopher, originate in the constitution of the human intellect.

 Di'a*lec*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Dialect + -logy.] That branch of philology which is devoted to the consideration of dialects. Beck.
 Di'a*lec"tor (?), n. One skilled in dialectics.

 Di"al*ing (?), n. 1. The art of constructing dials; the science which treats of measuring time by dials. [Written also dialling.]

2. A method of surveying, especially in mines, in which the bearings of the courses, or the angles which they make with each other, are determined by means of the circumferentor.

 Di"al*ist, n. A maker of dials; one skilled in dialing.

 ||Di*al"la*ge (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; interchange, change, fr. &?; to interchange.] (Rhet.) A figure by which arguments are placed in various points of view, and then turned to one point. Smart.
 Di"al*lage (?; 277), n. [Gr. &?; change, alluding to the change and inequality of luster between the natural joints of the mineral.] (Min.)
 A dark green or bronze-colored laminated variety of pyroxene, common in certain igneous rocks.

 Di"al*lel (?), a. [Gr. &?; crossing.] Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; -- opposed to parallel. [Obs.] Ash.
 Di*al"lyl (?), n. (Chem.) A volatile, pungent, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H10, consisting of two allyl radicals, and belonging to the acetylene series.

 Di'a*log"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; belonging to discourse.]
 Relating to a dialogue; dialogistical. Burton.
 Di'a*log"ic*al*ly, adv. In the manner or nature of a dialogue. Goldsmith.
 Di*al"o*gism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. dialogisme.
 See Dialogue.] An imaginary speech or discussion between two or more; dialogue. Fulke.
 Di*al"o*gist (?), n. [L. dialogista: cf. F. dialogiste.]
 1. A speaker in a dialogue.

2. A writer of dialogues. P. Skelton.
 { Di*al'o*gis"tic (?), Di*al'o*gis"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;.]
 Pertaining to a dialogue; having the form or nature of a dialogue. -- Di*al'o*gis"tic*al*ly, adv.
 Di*al"o*gite (?), n. [From Gr. &?; an arguing.] (Min.)
 Native carbonate of manganese; rhodochrosite.

 Di*al"o*gize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. dialogiser.] To discourse in dialogue. Fotherby.
 Di"a*logue (?; 115), n. [OE. dialogue, L. dialogus, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to converse, dia' through + &?; to speak: cf. F. dialogue. See Legend.] 1. A conversation between two or more persons; particularly, a formal conservation in theatrical performances or in scholastic exercises.

2. A written composition in which two or more persons are represented as conversing or reasoning on some topic; as, the Dialogues of Plato.

 Di"a*logue, v. i. [Cf. F. dialoguer.] To take part in a dialogue; to dialogize. [R.] Shak.
 Di"a*logue, v. t. To express as in dialogue. [R.]

 And dialogued for him what he would say.

Shak.
 Di'al*y*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Gr. dia' through, asunder + &?; to loose + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having separate petals; polypetalous.

 ||Di*al"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Dialyses (#). [L., separation, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to part asunder, dissolve; dia' through + &?; to loose.] 1. (Gram.) Diæresis. See Diæresis, 1.

2. (Rhet.) Same as Asyndeton.

3. (Med.) (a) Debility. (b) A solution of continuity; division; separation of parts.

4. (Chem.) The separation of different substances in solution, as crystalloids and colloids, by means of their unequal diffusion, especially through natural or artificial membranes.

 Di'a*lyt"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See Dialysis.]
 Having the quality of unloosing or separating. Clarke.
Dialytic telescope, an achromatic telescope


1850, pp. 774, 788.
 [98] 'Comptes Rendus,' July 6th, 1863.
 [99] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 804; 1857, p. 820; 1862, p. 1195.
 [100] Most of the largest cultivated strawberries are the descendants of F. grandiflora or chiloensis, and I have seen no account of these forms in their wild state. Methuen's Scarlet (Downing, 'Fruits,' p. 527) has "immense fruit of the largest size," and belongs to the section descended from F. virginiana; and the fruit of this species, as I hear from Prof. A. Gray, is only a little larger than that of F. vesca, or our common wood-strawberry.
 [101] 'Le Fraisier,' par le Comte L. de Lambertye, 1864, p. 50.
 [102] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. 1820, p. 207.
 [103] See an account by Prof. Decaisne, and by others in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, and 1858, p. 172; and Mr. Barnet's paper in 'Hort.
Soc. Transact.,' vol. vi. 1826, p. 170.
 [104] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. v. 1824, p. 294.
 [105] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 30th, 1862, p. 779. See also Mr. Prince to the same effect, ibid., 1863, p. 418.
 [106] For additional evidence see 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 9th, 1862, p. 721.
 [107] 'Le Fraisier,' par le Comte L. de Lambertye, pp. 221, 230.
 [108] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 200.
 [109] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 173.
 [110] Godron 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i. p. 161.
 [111] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 440.
 [112] F. Gloede in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1053.
 [113] Downing's 'Fruits,' p. 532.
 [114] Barnet, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. vi. p. 210.
 [115] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1847, p. 539.
 [116] For the several statements with respect to the American strawberries see Downing, 'Fruits,' p. 524; 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 188; 1847, p. 539; 1861, p. 717.
 [117] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 86. See also 'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, p. 88, and many other authorities. For the Continent, see F. Gloede, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1053.
 [118] Rev. W. F. Radclyffe, in 'Journal of Hort.,' March 14th, 1865, p. 207.
 [119] Mr. H. Doubleday in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, p. 1101.
 [120] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1854, p. 254.
 [121] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 930; and Alph. De Candolle 'Géograph.
Bot.,' p. 910.
 [122] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv. 1828, p. 112.
 [123] The fullest account of the gooseberry is given by Mr. Thompson in 'Transact.
Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 2nd series, 1835, p. 218, from which most of the foregoing facts are taken.
 [124] 'Catalogue of Fruits of Hort. Soc. Garden,' 3rd edit., 1842.
 [125] Mr. Clarkson of Manchester, on the Culture of the Gooseberry, in Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. iv. 1828, p. 482.
 [126] Downing's 'Fruits of America,' p. 213.
 [127] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 811, where a table is given; and 1845, p. 819.
For the extreme weights gained, see 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 26th, 1864, p. 61.
 [128] Mr. Saul, of Lancaster, in Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iii. 1828, p. 421; and vol. x. 1834, p. 42.
 [129] 'Himalayan Journals,' 1854, vol. ii. p. 334. Moorcroft ('Travels,' vol. ii. p.
146) describes four varieties cultivated in Kashmir.
 [130] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 723.
 [131] Paper translated in Loudon's 'Gardener's Mag.,' 1829, vol. v. p. 202.
 [132] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.
 [133] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1847, pp. 541 and 558.
 [134] The following details are taken from the 'Catalogue of Fruits, 1842, in Garden of Hort. Soc.,' p. 103; and from Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 943.
 [135] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 956.
 [136] 'Annales des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 4th series, vol. vi. 1856, p. 5.
 [137] 'American Journ. of Science,' 2nd series, vol. xxiv. 1857, p. 442.
 [138] Gärtner 'Bastarderzeugung,' 1849, s. 87, and s. 169 with respect to Maize; on Verbascum, ibid., s. 92 and 181; also his 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137.
With respect to Nicotiana see Kölreuter 'Zweite Forts.,' 1764, s. 53; though this is a somewhat different case.
 [139] 'De l'Espèce,' par M. Godron, tom. ii. p. 64.
 [140] Naudin, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 28.
 [141] 'Mèmoire sur les Cucurbitacées,' 1826, pp. 6, 24.
 [142] 'Flore des Serres,' Oct. 1861, quoted in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1135.
I have often consulted and taken some facts from M. Naudin's Memoir on Cucumis in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot. tom. xi. 1859, p. 5.
 [143] See also Sageret's 'Mémoire' p. 7.
 [144] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. ii. p. 1217.
 [145] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 1096.
 [146] 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 1096.
 [147] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1842, p. 36.
 [148] Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fr


. Cucullate.]
 1. A monk's hood; -- usually attached to the gown. The name was also applied to the hood and garment together.

 What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl? Pope.
2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilating shaft, etc.

3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive.

 Cowl, n. [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.] A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson.
 Cowled (kould), a. Wearing a cowl; hooded; as, a cowled monk. "That cowled churchman." Emerson.
 Cow"leech' (kou"l?ch'), n. [2d cow + leech a physician.] One who heals diseases of cows; a cow doctor.

 Cow"leech'ing, n. Healing the distemper of cows.

 Cow"lick' (-l?k'), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow.

 Cow"like' (-l?k'), a. Resembling a cow.

 With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes. Pope.
 Cowl"staff' (koul"st?f'), n. [Cowl a vessel + staff.]
 A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling.
 Co'work"er (k?'w?rk"?r), n. One who works with another; a co&?;perator.

 Cow" pars'ley (kou' p?rs'l?). (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chærophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre).

 Cow" pars'nip (-n?p). (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America).

 Cow"pea' (-p'), n. The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

 Cow"per's glands' (kou"p?rz gl?ndz'). [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

 Cow"-pi'lot (kou"p'lt), n. (Zoöl.) A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); -- called also mojarra.

 Cow"pock' (-pk'), n. See Cowpox. Dunglison.
 Cow"pox' (-pks'), n. (Med.) A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; -- called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison.
 Cow"quake' (-kwk'), n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass.

 Cow"rie (-r), n. (Bot.) Same as Kauri.

 { Cow"rie Cow"ry } (kou"r), n.; pl. Cowries (- rz).
 [Hind. kaur.] (Zoöl.) A marine shell of the genus Cypræa.

 There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places.

 Cow"slip' (-slp'), n. [AS. cslyppe, csloppe, prob.
 orig., cow's droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.) 1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States.

2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold.

American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceæ) with the English cowslip. -- French cowslip (Bot.), bear's-ear (Primula Auricula).

 Cow"slipped' (-slpt'), a. Adorned with cowslips. "Cowslipped lawns." Keats.
 Cow's" lung"wort' (kouz" l?ng"w?rt'). Mullein.

 Cow" tree' (kou" tr?'). [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.) A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk.

 Cow"weed" (-wEd'),, n. (Bot.) Same as Cow parsley.

 Cow"wheat' (-hw?t'), n. (Bot.) A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields.

 Cox (k?ks), n. [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.] A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.]

 Go; you're a brainless cox, a toy, a fop. Beau. & Fl.
 ||Cox"a (k?ks"?), n. [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.) The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean.

 { ||Cox*al"gi*a (-?l"j?-?), Cox"al'gy (k?ks"?l'j?), } n. [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. &?;&?;&?; pain: cf. F. coxalgie.]
 (Med.) Pain in the hip.

 Cox"comb' (k?ks"k?m'), n. [A corrupted spelling of cock's comb.]
 1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself.

2. The top of the head, or the head itself.

 We will belabor you a little better, And beat a little more care into your coxcombs. Beau & Fl.
3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop.

 Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy Of powdered coxcombs at her levee. Goldsmith.
 Some are bewildered in the maze of schools, And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools. Pope.
4. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of different genera, but particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb.
 Same as Cockscomb.

 Cox*comb"ic*al (k?ks-k?m"?-kal), a. Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. -- Cox*comb"ic*al*ly, adv.
 Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails.
W. Irving.
 Cox"comb"ly (k?ks"k?m'l?), a. like a coxcomb. [Obs.] "You coxcombly ass, you!" Beau. & Fl.
 Cox"comb'ry (-r?), n. The manners of a coxcomb


defendant's plea.

3. Figuratively, to do something in return for something done; as, to reply to a signal; to reply to the fire of a battery.

Syn. -- To answer; respond; rejoin.

 Re*ply", v. t. To return for an answer. Milton.
 Lords, vouchsafe To give me hearing what I shall reply.

Shak.
 Re*ply", n.; pl. Replies (-pl&?;z"). [See Reply, v. i., and cf. Replica.] That which is said, written, or done in answer to what is said, written, or done by another; an answer; a response.

Syn. -- Answer; rejoinder; response. -- Reply, Rejoinder, Answer. A reply is a distinct response to a formal question or attack in speech or writing. A rejoinder is a second reply (a reply to a reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. The word answer is used in two senses, namely (1), in the most general sense of a mere response; as, the answer to a question; or (2), in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confutation of an adversary's argument, as when we speak of a triumphant answer to the speech or accusations of an opponent. Here the noun corresponds to a frequent use of the verb, as when we say. "This will answer (i.e., fully meet) the end in view;" "It answers the purpose."

 Re*ply"er (-?r), n. See Replier. Bacon.
 Re*pol"ish (r?-p?l"?sh), v. t. To polish again.

 Re*pone" (r?-p?n"), v. t. [L. reponere; pref. rere- + ponere to place.] To replace. R. Baillie.
 Re*pop'u*la"tion (r?*p?p'?*l?"sh?n), n. The act of repeopling; act of furnishing with a population anew.

 Re*port" (r?-p?rt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reported; p. pr. & vb. n. Reporting.] [F. reporter to carry back, carry (cf. rapporter; see Rapport), L. reportare to bear or bring back; pref. rere- + portare to bear or bring. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To refer. [Obs.]

 Baldwin, his son,... succeeded his father; so like unto him that we report the reader to the character of King Almeric, and will spare the repeating his description.

Fuller.
2. To bring back, as an answer; to announce in return; to relate, as what has been discovered by a person sent to examine, explore, or investigate; as, a messenger reports to his employer what he has seen or ascertained; the committee reported progress.

 There is no man that may reporten all.

Chaucer.
3. To give an account of; to relate; to tell; to circulate publicly, as a story; as, in the common phrase, it is reported. Shak.
 It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel.

Neh. vi. 6.
4. To give an official account or statement of; as, a treasurer reports the receipts and expenditures.

5. To return or repeat, as sound; to echo. [Obs. or R.] "A church with windows only from above, that reporteth the voice thirteen times." Bacon.
6. (Parliamentary Practice) To return or present as the result of an examination or consideration of any matter officially referred; as, the committee reported the bill witth amendments, or reported a new bill, or reported the results of an inquiry.

7. To make minutes of, as a speech, or the doings of a public body; to write down from the lips of a speaker.

8. To write an account of for publication, as in a newspaper; as, to report a public celebration or a horse race.

9. To make a statement of the conduct of, especially in an unfavorable sense; as, to report a servant to his employer.

To be reported, or To be reported of, to be spoken of; to be mentioned, whether favorably or unfavorably. Acts xvi. 2. -- To report one's self, to betake one's self, as to a superior or one to whom service is due, and be in readiness to receive orders or do service.

Syn. -- To relate; narrate; tell; recite; describe.

 Re*port" (r?-p?rt"), v. i. 1. To make a report, or response, in respect of a matter inquired of, a duty enjoined, or information expected; as, the committee will report at twelve o'clock.

2. To furnish in writing an account of a speech, the proceedings at a meeting, the particulars of an occurrence, etc., for publication.

 3. To present one's self, as to a superior officer, or to one to whom service is due, and to be in readiness for orders or to do service; also, to give information, as of one's address, condition, etc.; as, the officer reported to the general for duty; to report weekly by letter.

 Re*port" (r*prt"), n. [Cf. F. rapport. See Report.v. t.]
 1. That which is reported. Specifically: (a) An account or statement of the results of examination or inquiry made by request or direction; relation. "From Thetis sent as spies to make report." Waller.
(b) A story or statement circulating by common talk; a rumor; hence, fame; repute; reputation.

 It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom.

1 Kings x. 6.
 Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and... of good report among all the nation of the Jews.

Acts x. 22.
(c) Sound; noise; as, the report of a pistol or cannon. (d) An official statement of facts, verbal or written; especially, a statement in writing of proceedings and facts exhibited by an officer to his superiors; as, the reports of the heads af departments to Congress, of a master in chancery to the court, of committees to a legislative body, and the like. (e) An account or statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of case argued and determined in a court of law, chancery, etc.; also, in the plural, the volumes containing such reports; as, Coke's Reports. (f) A sketch, or a fully written account, of a speech, debate, or the proceedings of a public meeting, legislative body, etc.

2. Rapport; relation; connection; reference. [Obs.]

 The corridors worse, having no report to the wings they join to.

Evelyn.
Syn. -- Account; relation; narration; detail; description; recital; narrative; story; rumor; hearsay.

 Re*port"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Capable or admitting of being reported.

 Re*port"age (-j), n. SAme as Report. [Obs.]

 Re*port"er (-r), n. One who reports. Specifically: (a) An officer or person who makes authorized statements of law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative debates. (b) One who reports speeches, the proceedings of public meetings, news, etc., for the newspapers.

 Of our tales judge and reportour.

Chaucer.
 Re*port"ing*ly, adv. By report or common fame.

 Re'por*to"ri*al (r'pr*t"r*al), a. Of or pertaining to a reporter or reporters; as, the reportorial staff of a newspaper.

 Re*pos"al (r*p


apparatus designed to produce a current of electricity, or as synonymous with battery; as, for instance, to an apparatus for generating a current of electricity by the action of heat, usually called a thermopile.

7. [F. pile pile, an engraved die, L. pila a pillar.]
 The reverse of a coin. See Reverse.

Cross and pile. See under Cross. -- Dry pile. See under Dry.

 Pile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piled (?); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Piling.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile or heap; to heap up; to collect into a mass; to accumulate; to amass; -- often with up; as, to pile up wood. "Hills piled on hills." Dryden.
 "Life piled on life." Tennyson.
 The labor of an age in piled stones.

Milton.
2. To cover with heaps; or in great abundance; to fill or overfill; to load.

To pile arms or muskets (Mil.), to place three guns together so that they may stand upright, supporting each other; to stack arms.

 { Pi"le*ate (?), Pi"le*a'ted (?), } a. [L. pileatus, fr. pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. Having the form of a cap for the head.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a crest covering the pileus, or whole top of the head.

Pileated woodpecker (Zoöl.), a large American woodpecker (Ceophloeus pileatus). It is black, with a bright red pointed crest. Called also logcock, and woodcock.

 Piled (?), a. [From 2d Pile.] Having a pile or point; pointed.
 [Obs.] "Magus threw a spear well piled." Chapman.
 Piled, a. [From 1d Pile.] Having a pile or nap. "Three-piled velvet." L. Barry (1611).
 Piled, a. [From 6d Pile.] (Iron Manuf.) Formed from a pile or fagot; as, piled iron.

 Pi*le"i*form (?), a. [Pileus + -form.] Having the form of a pileus or cap; pileate.

 Pile"ment (?), n. [From Pile to lay into a heap.] An accumulation; a heap. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 ||Pi*len"tum (?), n.; pl. Pilenta (#). [L.] (Rom.
 Antiq.) An easy chariot or carriage, used by Roman ladies, and in which the vessels, etc., for sacred rites were carried.

 ||Pi'le*o*rhi"za (?), n.; pl. Pilorhizæ (#).
 [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a cap + &?; root.] (Bot.) A cap of cells which covers the growing extremity of a root; a rootcap.

 Pi"le*ous (?), a. [See Pilous.] Consisting of, or covered with, hair; hairy; pilose.

 Pil"er (?), n. One who places things in a pile.

 Piles (?), n. pl. [L. pila a ball. Cf. Pill a medicine.] (Med.)
 The small, troublesome tumors or swellings about the anus and lower part of the rectum which are technically called hemorrhoids. See Hemorrhoids. [The singular pile is sometimes used.]

Blind piles, hemorrhoids which do not bleed.

 Pi"le*us (?), n.; pl. Pilei (#). [L., a felt cap.] 1.
(Rom. Antiq.) A kind of skull cap of felt.

2. (Bot.) The expanded upper portion of many of the fungi.
 See Mushroom.

3. (Zoöl.) The top of the head of a bird, from the bill to the nape.

 Pile"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The teredo.

 Pile"-worn' (?), a. Having the pile worn off; threadbare.

 Pile"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Ranunculus Ficaria of Linnæus) whose tuberous roots have been used in poultices as a specific for the piles. Forsyth.
 Pil"fer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pilfered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pilfering.] [OF. pelfrer. See Pelf.] To steal in small quantities, or articles of small value; to practice petty theft.

 Pil"fer, v. t. To take by petty theft; to filch; to steal little by little.

 And not a year but pilfers as he goes Some youthful grace that age would gladly keep.

Cowper.
 Pil"fer*er (?), n. One who pilfers; a petty thief.

 Pil"fer*ing, a. Thieving in a small way. Shak. -- n. Petty theft. -- Pil"fer*ing*ly, adv.
 Pil"fer*y (?), n. Petty theft. [R.] Sir T. North.
 Pil*gar"lic (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] One who has lost his hair by disease; a sneaking fellow, or one who is hardly used.

 Pil"grim (?), n. [OE. pilgrim, pelgrim, pilegrim, pelegrim; cf. D. pelgrim, OHG. piligrm, G. pilger, F. pèlerin, It. pellegrino; all fr. L. peregrinus a foreigner, fr. pereger abroad; per through + ager land, field. See Per-, and Acre, and cf. Pelerine, Peregrine.] 1. A wayfarer; a wanderer; a traveler; a stranger.

 Strangers and pilgrims on the earth.

Heb. xi. 13.
2. One who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee; as, a pilgrim to Loretto; Canterbury pilgrims. See Palmer. P. Plowman.
 Pil"grim, a. Of or pertaining to a pilgrim, or pilgrims; making pilgrimages. "With pilgrim steps." Milton.
Pilgrim fathers, a name popularly given to the one hundred and two English colonists who landed from the Mayflower and made the first settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620. They were separatists from the Church of England, and most of them had sojourned in Holland.

 Pil"grim, v. i. To journey; to wander; to ramble. [R.] Grew.
 Carlyle.
 Pil"grim*age (?), n. [OE. pilgrimage, pelgrinage; cf.
 F. pèlerinage.] 1. The journey of a pilgrim; a long journey; especially, a journey to a shrine or other sacred place. Fig., the journey of human life. Shak.
 The days of the years of my pilgrimage.

Gen. xlvii. 9.
2. A tedious and wearisome time.

 In prison hast thou spent a pilgrimage.

Shak.
Syn. -- Journey; tour; excursion. See Journey.

 Pil"grim*ize (?), v. i. To wander as a pilgrim; to go on a pilgrimage. [Obs.] B. Jonson.
 ||Pi*lid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Pildia (#). [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?;, dim. of &?; a cap.] (Zoöl.) The free-swimming, hat-shaped larva of certain nemertean worms. It has no resemblance to its parent, and the young worm develops in its interior.

 ||Pi*lif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Piliferous.] (Zoöl.)
 Same as Mammalia.

 Pi*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. pilus hair +


But rolled oats become rancid and stale on the shelf much like wheat flour on the shelf.
 Another pitfall about using whole grains is that to be nutritious they must still be fresh enough to sprout vigorously. A seed is a package of food surrounding an embryo. The living embryo is waiting for the right conditions (temperature and moisture) to begin sprouting. Sprouting means the embryo begins eating up stored food and making a plant out of it. All foods are damaged by exposure to oxygen, so to protect the embryo's food supply, the seed is surrounded by a virtually airtight seed coat that permits only enough oxygen to enter for the embryo's respiration (yes, seed breaths slowly). Often the embryo is located at the edge of the seed and has its own air intake port. When the seed coat is removed or damaged, the innards are exposed to air and begin deteriorating rapidly. In the case of oats, especially rapidly, because oats are the only grass-based cereal that contains large quantities of oil--five percent oil, more or less. That's why oats "stick to your ribs." Rolled oats become stale and lose their flavor (and nutritional content) and perhaps become rancid very rapidly. So we make porridge from whole oat groats that we coarsely grind to grits (steel-cut oats) in an electric seed/spice mill just before cooking.
 It is not easy to cook oat grits. They take a lot longer than rolled oats and if not done exactly to the recipe I'm about to give you, will almost inevitably stick to the pot badly and may also froth over and mess the stove.
Here's how to cook them. Coarsely grind (like corn meal) your whole oats until you have one cup of oat grits. Bring exactly four cups of water (no salt) to a very hard boil at your highest heat. You may add a handful of raisins. Light or turn on a second, small-sized burner on the stove and set it as low as possible. Into the fast boiling water, slowly pour the ground oats, stirring continuously. Take about 30 seconds to pour it all or you'll make clumps. Keep on the high heat until the water again boils vigorously. Suddenly, the mixture will begin rising in the pot and will try to pour all over the stove. This means it is all at boiling temperature again. Quickly move the pot to the low burner; that instantly stops the frothing. Then cover. Let the porridge cook for 30 minutes, stirring once or twice to prevent sticking. Then, keeping it covered, turn off the heat. They can be eaten at this point but I think it is better to let the oats finish soaking on the stove for at least two to four hours. Then reheat in a double boiler, or warm in a microwave.
 We usually start a pot of oats at bedtime for the next morning.
See why people prefer the convenience of using rolled oats? But once you've eaten oats made right, you'll never prefer the flavor of rolled oats again. And if the human body has any natural method of assaying nutritional content, it is flavor.
 Nutritionally, millet is almost the same story as oats. Millet seed is protected by a very hard hull. Cooking unhulled millet is almost impossible.
After hours of boiling the small round seeds will still be hard and the hulls remain entirely indigestible. Worse, the half-round hulls (they split eventually) stick in your teeth. But prehulled millet, sitting in the sack for weeks and months, loses a lot of nutrition and tastes very second-rate compared to freshly-hulled millet.
It is possible to buy unhulled millet, usually by special order from the health food distributor--if you'll take a whole sack. Millet can be hulled at home in small batches.
Here's how we figured out how to do it. There probably are better ways.
 Using a cheap steel-burr flour mill, set the burrs just far enough apart that the seed is ground to grits, but not flour. This pops the hulls loose. An old mill with worn-out burrs works great for this job. Then you have to get some hand seed cleaning screens just large enough to pass the grits but not pass the hulls (most of them). Window screen or other hardware cloths won't work. Seed cleaning screens come in increments of 1/128 inch; we use a 6/64" round screen.
Other batches of millet might work better with a screen one step larger or smaller.
It will take you a little ingenuity to find hand-held screens. They're used by seed companies and farmers to clean small batches of seed for inspection and are usually about one square foot in size with a quality wooden frame. Larger frames made of the same screening material are used in big seed cleaning machines. (The hulls could also be winnowed out by repeatedly pouring the grit/hulls mixture back and forth between two buckets in a gentle breeze.)
 After you've screened out most of the hulls, the rest will rinse out, floating off as you wash the grain prior to cooking. We never hull more than enough millet for two or three meals and keep the uncooked (unwashed) millet in the freezer in an airtight jar. It is interesting how people will accept poor nutrition and its consequent sickness as the price of convenience.
 If you eat much buckwheat you should also figure out how to hull (sometimes called groating) it yourself. Someone should write a thorough book on the home milling of cereals. And perhaps sell the equipment by mail. Probably would be a good little homestead business.
 Something else you need to keep in mind about seed. Even though the embryo's food supply is protected by the seed coat, it still slowly deteriorates, steadily oxidizing and losing nutritional value. Eventually old seed looses the ability to sprout. The decline in germination ability matches a decline in nutritional quality.
Any seed you are going to use for eating should possess the ability to sprout, strongly and rapidly. (After you've comparatively sprouted a few grain samples, you'll know what I mean by this.) Fortunately, cereal grains usually sprout well for quite a few years after harvest if they have been stored cool and dry. Eating dead or near-dead seeds will help move you closer to the same condition yourself.
 Finally, one more warning about buying store bread. Salt-free bread tastes "funny" to most people. It bakes fine, salt is not necessary to the leavening process, but no bakery could stay in business without salting their bread. The standard level of salt is two percent by weight. That is quite a lot!
Two percent equals one teaspoonful per pound. I'll have more to say about the evils of salt later on.
 I imagine some of my readers are feeling a little overwhelmed by all these warnings and "bewares ofs," and intricacies. They are used to taking no responsibility for securing their own food supply quality and have come to expect the "system" to protect them. I believe it is not because of lack of government intervention, but because of government intervention itself, our food system is very perverse. Until our mass consciousness changes, if you wish to make yourself and your family truly healthy, you are going to have to take charge and become quite a discriminating shopper. Unconscious consumers are on a rapid road to the total unconsciousness of death.
 And again, let me remind you here that this one small book cannot contain everything you should know. The bibliography at the end of should become your guide to earning your post-graduate education in nutritional health.
Freshness Of Fruits And Vegetables Most people do not realize the crucial importance of freshness when it comes to produce. In the same way that seeds gradually die, fruits and vegetables go through a similar process as their nutritional content gradually oxidizes or is broken down by the vegetables own enzymes, but vegetables lose nutrition hundreds of times more rapidly than cereals. Produce was recently part of a living plant.
It was connected to the vascular system of a plant and with few exceptions, is not intended by nature to remain intact after being cut. A lettuce or a zucchini was entirely alive at the moment of harvest, but from that point, its cells begin to die. Even if it is not yet attacked by bacteria, molds and fungi, its own internal enzymes have begun breaking down its own substances.
 Vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, are far more critical in this respect than most ripe fruits. All, however, deteriorate much like radioactive material; they have a sort of half-life. The mineral content is stable, but in respect to the vitamins and enzymes and other complex organic components, each time period or "half life" results in


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the effort will have largely been wasted.
Foods For Monodiet, Juice or Broth Fastingg zucchini, garlic, onion, green beans, kale, celery, beet greens and root, cabbage, carrot, wheat grass juice, alfalfa juice, barley green juice, parsley juice, lemon/lime juice, grapefruit juice, apples (not juice, too sweet), diluted orange juice, diluted grape juice Less-Rigorous-Than-Water Fasts There are gradations of fasting measures ranging from rigorous to relatively casual. Water fasting is the most rapid and effective one. Other methods have been created by grasping the underlying truth of fasting, namely whenever the digestive effort can be reduced, by whatever degree, whenever the formation of the toxins of misdigestion can be reduced or prevented, to that extent the body can divert energy to the healing process. Thus comes about assorted famous and sometimes notorious monodiet semi-fasts like the grape cure where the faster eats only grapes for a month or so, or the lemon cure, where the juice of one or more lemons is added to water and nothing else is consumed for weeks on end. Here I should also mention the "lemon juice/cayenne pepper/maple syrup cure," the various green drink cures using spirulina, chlorella, barley green or wheat grass, and the famous Bieler broths--vegetable soups made of overcooked green beans or zucchini.
 I do not believe that monodiets work because of some magical property of a particular food used. They work because they are semi-fasts and may be extremely useful, especially for those individuals who can not or will not tolerate a water fast.
 The best foods for monodiet fasting are the easiest ones digest: juices of raw fruits and nonstarchy vegetables with all solids strained out.
Strained mineral broths made of long-simmered non-starchy vegetables (the best of them made of leafy green vegetables) fall in the same category. So if you are highly partial to the flavor of grapes or lemons or cayenne and (highly diluted) maple syrup, a long fast on one of these would do you a world of good, just not quite as much good as the same amount of time spent on water alone. If you select something more "solid" for a long monodiet fast, like pureed zucchini, it is essential that you not overeat. Dr. Bieler gave his fasting patients only one pint of zucchini soup three or four times a day. The way to evaluate how much to eat is by how much weight you are losing. When fasting, you must lose weight! And the faster the better.
 Pure absolute water fasting while not taking any vitamins or other nutritional supplementation has a very limited maximum duration, perhaps 45 days. The key concept here is nutritional reserves. Body fat is stored, surplus energy fuel. But energy alone cannot keep a body going. It needs much more than fuel to rebuild and repair and maintain its systems. So the body in its wisdom also stores up vitamins and minerals and other essential substances in and in-between all its cells. Bodies that have been very well nourished for a long time have very large reserves; poorly nourished ones may have very little set aside for a rainy day. And it is almost a truism that a sick person has, for quite some time, been a poorly nourished one. With low nutritional reserves. This fact alone can make it difficult for a sick person to water fast for enough time to completely heal their damaged organs and other systems.
 Obese people have fat reserves sufficient to provide energy for long periods, but rarely can any body, no matter how complete its nutrition was for years previously, contain sufficient nutritional reserves to support a water fast of over six weeks. To water fast the very obese down to normal weight can take months but to make this possible, rather diverse and concentrated nutrition containing few calories must be given. It is possible to fast even a very slim a person for quite a bit longer than a month when their body is receiving easily assimilable vitamins and minerals and small amounts of sugars or other simple carbohydrates.
 I estimate that fasting on raw juices and mineral broths will result in healing at 25 to 75 percent of the efficiency of water fasting, depending on the amount of nutrition taken and the amount the juices or broths are diluted.
But juice fasting can permit healing to go on several times longer than water might.
 Fasting on dilute juice and broth can also save the life of someone whose organs of elimination are insufficiently strong to withstand the work load created by water fasting. In this sense, juices can be regarded as similar to the moderators in a nuclear reactor, slowing the process down so it won"t destroy the container. On a fast of undiluted juice, the healing power drops considerably, but a person on this regimen, if not sick, is usually capable of working.
 Duration of juice fasts can vary greatly. Most of the time there is no need to continue fasting after the symptoms causing concern have been eliminated, and this could happen as quickly as one week or take as long as 60 days if the person is very obese. Fasters also lose their motivation once the complaint has vanished. But feeling better is no certain indication that the need to fast has ended. This points up one of the liabilities of juice fasting; the person is already eating, their digestive system never shut down and consequently, it is much easier for them to resume eating. The thing to keep in mind is that if the symptoms return, the fast was not long enough or the diet was not properly reformed after the fast.
 During a long fast on water or dilute juice, if the body has used up all of it"s reserves and/or the body has reached skeletal condition, and the condition or symptoms being addressed persists the fast should be ended, the person should go on a raw food healing diet. If three to six months on raw food don"t solve the complaint then another spell of water or dilute juice fasting should be attempted. Most fasters are incapable of persisting until the body reserves have been used up because social conditioning is telling them their emaciated-looking body must be dying when it is actually far from death, but return of true hunger is the critical indicator that must not be ignored. True hunger is not what most people think of when they think they are hungry. Few Americans have ever experienced true hunger. It is not a rumbling in the stomach or a set of uncomfortable sensations (caused by the beginning of detoxification) you know will go away after eating. True hunger is an animal, instinctual feeling in the back of one"s throat (not in the stomach) that demands you eat something, anything, even grass or shoe leather.
 Seriously ill people inevitably start the cleansing process with a pre-existing and serious mineral deficiencies. I say inevitably because they likely would not have become ill had they been properly nourished. Sick fasters may be wise to take in minerals from thin vegetable broths or vitamin-like supplements in order to prevent uncomfortable deficiency states. For example calcium or magnesium deficiencies can make water fasters experience unpleasant symptoms such as hand tremors, stiff muscles, cramps in the hands, feet, and legs, and difficulty relaxing. I want to stress here that fasting itself does not create deficiencies. But a person already deficient in minerals should watch for these symptoms and take steps to remedy the deficiencies if necessary.
Raw Food Healing Diets Next in declining order of healing effectiveness is what I call a raw food healing diet or cleansing diet. It consists of those very same watery fruits and nonstarchy vegetables one juices or makes into vegetable broths, but eaten whole and raw. Heating food does two harmful things: it destroys many vitamins, enzymes and other nutritional elements and it makes many foods much harder to digest.
So no cooked vegetables or fruits are allowed because to maintain health on this limited regimen it is essential that every possible vitamin and enzyme present in the food be available for digestion. Even though still raw, no starchy or fatty vegetables or fruits are allowed that contain concentrated calories like potatoes, winter squash, avocados, sweet potatoes, fresh raw corn, dates, figs, raisins, or bananas. And naturally, no salad dressings containing vegetable oils or (raw) ground seeds are allowed. Nor are raw grains or other raw concentrated energy sources.
 When a person starts this diet they will at first experience considerable weight loss because it is difficult to extract a large number of calories from these foods (though I have seen people actually gain weight on a pure melon diet, so much sugar do these fruits have, and well-chewed watermelon