suddenly; to startle; to alarm; to rouse; to cause to flee or fly; as, the hounds started a fox.

 Upon malicious bravery dost thou come To start my quiet?

Shak.
 Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Cæsar.

Shak.
2. To bring onto being or into view; to originate; to invent.

 Sensual men agree in the pursuit of every pleasure they can start.

Sir W. Temple.
3. To cause to move or act; to set going, running, or flowing; as, to start a railway train; to start a mill; to start a stream of water; to start a rumor; to start a business.

 I was engaged in conversation upon a subject which the people love to start in discourse.

Addison.
4. To move suddenly from its place or position; to displace or loosen; to dislocate; as, to start a bone; the storm started the bolts in the vessel.

 One, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle from the sternum.

Wiseman.
5. [Perh. from D. storten, which has this meaning also.] (Naut.)
 To pour out; to empty; to tap and begin drawing from; as, to start a water cask.

 Start, n. 1. The act of starting; a sudden spring, leap, or motion, caused by surprise, fear, pain, or the like; any sudden motion, or beginning of motion.

 The fright awakened Arcite with a start.

Dryden.
2. A convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a spasmodic effort.

 For she did speak in starts distractedly.

Shak.
 Nature does nothing by starts and leaps, or in a hurry.

L'Estrange.
3. A sudden, unexpected movement; a sudden and capricious impulse; a sally; as, starts of fancy.

 To check the starts and sallies of the soul.

Addison.
4. The beginning, as of a journey or a course of action; first motion from a place; act of setting out; the outset; -- opposed to finish.

 The start of first performance is all.

Bacon.
 I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, Straining upon the start.

Shak.
At a start, at once; in an instant. [Obs.]

At a start he was betwixt them two.

Chaucer.
To get, or have, the start, to before another; to gain or have the advantage in a similar undertaking; -- usually with of.
 "Get the start of the majestic world." Shak. "She might have forsaken him if he had not got the start of her." Dryden.
 Start, n. [OE. stert a tail, AS. steort; akin to LG.
 stert, steert, D. staart, G. sterz, Icel. stertr, Dan. stiert, Sw. stjert. √166. Cf. Stark naked, under Stark, Start, v. i.] 1. A tail, or anything projecting like a tail.

2. The handle, or tail, of a plow; also, any long handle. [Prov.
 Eng.]

3. The curved or inclined front and bottom of a water-wheel bucket.

4. (Mining) The arm, or level, of a gin, drawn around by a horse.

 Start"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, starts; as, a starter on a journey; the starter of a race.

2. A dog that rouses game.

 Start"ful (?), a. Apt to start; skittish. [R.]

 Start"ful*ness, n. Aptness to start. [R.]

 Star"throat' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any humming bird of the genus Heliomaster. The feathers of the throat have a brilliant metallic luster.

 Start"ing (?), a. & n. from Start, v. Starting bar (Steam Eng.), a hand lever for working the values in starting an engine. -- Starting hole, a loophole; evasion. [Obs.] -- Starting point, the point from which motion begins, or from which anything starts. -- Starting post, a post, stake, barrier, or place from which competitors in a race start, or begin the race.

 Start"ing*ly, adv. By sudden fits or starts; spasmodically. Shak.
 Start"ish, a. Apt to start; skittish; shy; -- said especially of a horse. [Colloq.]

 Star"tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Startled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Startling (?).] [Freq. of start.] To move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling alarm; to start.

 Why shrinks the soul Back on herself, and startles at destruction?

Addison.
 Star"tle (?), v. t. 1. To excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; to frighten suddenly and not seriously; to alarm; to surprise.

 The supposition, at least, that angels do sometimes assume bodies need not startle us.

Locke.
2. To deter; to cause to deviate. [R.] Clarendon.
Syn. -- To start; shock; fright; frighten; alarm.

 Star"tle, n. A sudden motion or shock caused by an unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger.

 After having recovered from my first startle, I was very well pleased with the accident.

Spectator.
 Star"tling*ly (?), adv. In a startling manner.

 Star"tlish (?), a. Easily startled; apt to start; startish; skittish; -- said especially of a hourse. [Colloq.]

 Start"-up' (?), n. 1. One who comes suddenly into notice; an upstart. [Obs.] Shak.
2. A kind of high rustic shoe. [Obs.] Drayton.
 A startuppe, or clownish shoe.

Spenser.
 Start"-up', a. Upstart. [R.] Walpole.
 Star*va"tion (?), n. The act of starving, or the state of being starved.

 This word was first used, according to Horace Walpole, by Henry Dundas, the first Lord Melville, in a speech on American affairs in 1775, which obtained for him the nickname of Starvation Dundas. "Starvation, we are also told, belongs to the class of 'vile compounds' from being a mongrel; as if English were not full of mongrels, and if it would not be in distressing straits without them." Fitzed. Hall.
 Starve (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Starved (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Starving.] [OE. sterven to die, AS. steorfan; akin to D. sterven, G. sterben, OHG. sterban, Icel.
 starf labor, toil.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs., except in the sense of perishing with cold or hunger.] Lydgate.
 In hot coals he hath himself raked... Thus starved this worthy mighty Hercules.

Chaucer.
2. To perish with hunger; to suffer extreme hunger or want; to be very indigent.

 Sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed.

Pope.
3. To perish or die with cold. Spenser.
 Have I seen the naked starve for cold?

Sandys.
Starving with cold as well as hunger.

W. Irving.
 In this sense, still common in England, but rarely used of the United States.

 Starve, v. t. 1. To destroy with cold. [Eng.]

 From beds of raging fire, to starve in ice Their soft ethereal warmth.

Milton.
2. To kill with hunger; as, maliciously to starve a man is, in law, murder.

3. To distress or subdue by famine; as, to starvea garrison into a surrender.


Wild Apples by Henry David Thoreau Contents THE HISTORY OF THE APPLE-TREE THE WILD APPLE THE CRAB HOW THE WILD APPLE GROWS THE FRUIT, AND ITS FLAVOR THEIR BEAUTY THE NAMING OF THEM THE LAST GLEANING THE "FROZEN-THAWED" APPLE THE HISTORY OF THE APPLE-TREE It is remarkable how closely the history of the Apple-tree is connected with that of man. The geologist tells us that the order of the Rosaceæ, which includes the Apple, also the true Grasses, and the Labiatæ, or Mints, were introduced only a short time previous to the appearance of man on the globe.
It appears that apples made a part of the food of that unknown primitive people whose traces have lately been found at the bottom of the Swiss lakes, supposed to be older than the foundation of Rome, so old that they had no metallic implements. An entire black and shrivelled Crab-Apple has been recovered from their stores.
Tacitus says of the ancient Germans that they satisfied their hunger with wild apples, among other things.
Niebuhr[1] observes that "the words for a house, a field, a plough, ploughing, wine, oil, milk, sheep, apples, and others relating to agriculture and the gentler ways of life, agree in Latin and Greek, while the Latin words for all objects pertaining to war or the chase are utterly alien from the Greek." Thus the apple-tree may be considered a symbol of peace no less than the olive.
 [1] A German historical critic of ancient life.
The apple was early so important, and so generally distributed, that its name traced to its root in many languages signifies fruit in general.
Μῆλον (Mēlon), in Greek, means an apple, also the fruit of other trees, also a sheep and any cattle, and finally riches in general.
The apple-tree has been celebrated by the Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Scandinavians. Some have thought that the first human pair were tempted by its fruit. Goddesses are fabled to have contended for it, dragons were set to watch it, and heroes were employed to pluck it.[2] [2] The Greek myths especially referred to are The Choice of Paris and The Apples of the Hesperides.
The tree is mentioned in at least three places in the Old Testament, and its fruit in two or three more. Solomon sings, "As the apple-tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons." And again, "Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples." The noblest part of man's noblest feature is named from this fruit, "the apple of the eye." The apple-tree is also mentioned by Homer and Herodotus. Ulysses saw in the glorious garden of Alcinous "pears and pomegranates and apple-trees bearing beautiful fruit." And according to Homer, apples were among the fruits which Tantalus could not pluck, the wind ever blowing their boughs away from him. Theophrastus knew and described the apple-tree as a botanist.
According to the prose Edda,[3] "Iduna keeps in a box the apples which the gods, when they feel old age approaching, have only to taste of to become young again. It is in this manner that they will be kept in renovated youth until Ragnarök" (or the destruction of the Gods).
 [3] The stories of the early Scandinavians.
I learn from Loudon[4] that "the ancient Welsh bards were rewarded for excelling in song by the token of the apple-spray;" and "in the Highlands of Scotland the apple-tree is the badge of the clan Lamont." [4] An English authority on the culture of orchards and gardens.
The apple-tree belongs chiefly to the northern temperate zone. Loudon says, that "it grows spontaneously in every part of Europe except the frigid zone, and throughout Western Asia, China and Japan." We have also two or three varieties of the apple indigenous in North America. The cultivated apple-tree was first introduced into this country by the earliest settlers, and is thought to do as well or better here than anywhere else. Probably some of the varieties which are now cultivated were first introduced into Britain by the Romans.
Pliny, adopting the distinction of Theophrastus, says, "Of trees there are some which are altogether wild, some more civilized." Theophrastus includes the apple among the last; and, indeed, it is in this sense the most civilized of all trees. It is as harmless as a dove, as beautiful as a rose, and as valuable as flocks and herds. It has been longer cultivated than any other, and so is more humanized; and who knows but, like the dog, it will at length be no longer traceable to its wild original? It migrates with man, like the dog and horse and cow; first, perchance, from Greece to Italy, thence to England, thence to America; and our Western emigrant is still marching steadily toward the setting sun with the seeds of the apple in his pocket, or perhaps a few young trees strapped to his load. At least a million apple-trees are thus set farther westward this year than any cultivated ones grew last year.
Consider how the Blossom-Week, like the Sabbath, is thus annually spreading over the prairies; for when man migrates he carries with him not only his birds, quadrupeds, insects, vegetables, and his very sward, but his orchard also.
The leaves and tender twigs are an agreeable food to many domestic animals, as the cow, horse, sheep, and goat; and the fruit is sought after by the first, as well as by the hog. Thus there appears to have existed a natural alliance between these animals and this tree from the first. "The fruit of the Crab in the forests of France" is said to be "a great resource for the wild boar." Not only the Indian, but many indigenous insects, birds, and quadrupeds, welcomed the apple-tree to these shores. The tent-caterpillar saddled her eggs on the very first twig that was formed, and it has since shared her affections with the wild cherry; and the canker-worm also in a measure abandoned the elm to feed on it. As it grew apace, the bluebird, robin, cherry-bird, king-bird, and many more, came with haste and built their nests and warbled in its boughs, and so became orchard-birds, and multiplied more than ever. It was an era in the history of their race. The downy woodpecker found such a savory morsel under its bark, that he perforated it in a ring quite round the tree before he left it,—a thing which he had never done before, to my knowledge. It did not take the partridge long to find out how sweet its buds were, and every winter eve she flew, and still flies, from the wood, to pluck them, much to the farmer's sorrow. The rabbit, too, was not slow to learn the taste of its twigs and bark; and when the fruit was ripe, the squirrel half-rolled, half-carried it to his hole; and even the musquash crept up the bank from the brook at evening, and greedily devoured it, until he had worn a path in the grass there; and when it was frozen and thawed, the crow and the jay were glad to taste it occasionally. The owl crept into the first apple-tree that became hollow, and fairly hooted with delight, finding it just the place for him; so, settling down into it, he has remained there ever since.
My theme being the Wild Apple, I will merely glance at some of the seasons in the annual growth of the cultivated apple, and pass on to my special province.
The flowers of the apple are perhaps the most beautiful of any tree, so copious and so delicious to both sight and scent. The walker is frequently tempted to turn and linger near some more than usually handsome one, whose blossoms are two thirds expanded. How superior it is in these respects to the pear, whose blossoms are neither colored nor fragrant!
By the middle of July, green apples are


Unknown to History A Story of the Captivity of Mary of Scotland By Charlotte M. Yonge PREFACE.
In p. 58 of vol. ii. of the second edition of Miss Strickland's Life of Mary Queen of Scots, or p. 100, vol. v. of Burton's History of Scotland, will be found the report on which this tale is founded.
If circumstances regarding the Queen's captivity and Babington's plot have been found to be omitted, as well as many interesting personages in the suite of the captive Queen, it must be remembered that the art of the story-teller makes it needful to curtail some of the incidents which would render the narrative too complicated to be interesting to those who wish more for a view of noted characters in remarkable situations, than for a minute and accurate sifting of facts and evidence.
 C. M. YONGE.
February 27, 1882.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. THE LITTLE WAIF CHAPTER II. EVIL TIDINGS CHAPTER III. THE CAPTIVE CHAPTER IV. THE OAK AND THE OAKEN HALL CHAPTER V. THE HUCKSTERING WOMAN CHAPTER VI. THE BEWITCHED WHISTLE CHAPTER VII. THE BLAST OF THE WHISTLE CHAPTER VIII. THE KEY OF THE CIPHER CHAPTER IX. UNQUIET CHAPTER X. THE LADY ARBELL CHAPTER XI. QUEEN MARY'S PRESENCE CHAMBER CHAPTER XII. A FURIOUS LETTER CHAPTER XIII. BEADS AND BRACELETS CHAPTER XIV. THE MONOGRAMS CHAPTER XV. MOTHER AND CHILD CHAPTER XVI. THE PEAK CAVERN CHAPTER XVII. THE EBBING WELL CHAPTER XVIII. CIS OR SISTER CHAPTER XIX. THE CLASH OF SWORDS CHAPTER XX. WINGFIELD MANOR CHAPTER XXI. A TANGLE CHAPTER XXII. TUTBURY CHAPTER XXIII. THE LOVE TOKEN CHAPTER XXIV. A LIONESS AT BAY CHAPTER XXV. PAUL'S WALK CHAPTER XXVI. IN THE WEB CHAPTER XXVII. THE CASTLE WELL CHAPTER XXVIII. HUNTING DOWN THE DEER CHAPTER XXIX. THE SEARCH CHAPTER XXX. TETE-A-TETE CHAPTER XXXI. EVIDENCE CHAPTER XXXII. WESTMINSTER HALL CHAPTER XXXIII. IN THE TOWER CHAPTER XXXIV. FOTHERINGHAY CHAPTER XXXV. BEFORE THE COMMISSIONERS CHAPTER XXXVI. A VENTURE CHAPTER XXXVII. MY LADY'S REMORSE CHAPTER XXXVIII. MASTER TALBOT AND HIS CHARGE CHAPTER XXXIX. THE FETTERLOCK COURT CHAPTER XL. THE SENTENCE CHAPTER XLI. HER ROYAL HIGHNESS CHAPTER XLII. THE SUPPLICATION CHAPTER XLIII. THE WARRANT CHAPTER XLIV. ON THE HUMBER CHAPTER XLV. TEN YEARS AFTER UNKNOWN TO HISTORY.
 Poor scape-goat of crimes, where,—her part what it may, So tortured, so hunted to die, Foul age of deceit and of hate,—on her head Least stains of gore-guiltiness lie; To the hearts of the just her blood from the dust Not in vain for mercy will cry.
 Poor scape-goat of nations and faiths in their strife So cruel,—and thou so fair!
 Poor girl!—so, best, in her misery named,— Discrown'd of two kingdoms, and bare; Not first nor last on this one was cast The burden that others should share.
 Visions of England, by F. T. Palgrave CHAPTER I. THE LITTLE WAIF.
On a spring day, in the year 1568, Mistress Talbot sat in her lodging at Hull, an upper chamber, with a large latticed window, glazed with the circle and diamond leading perpetuated in Dutch pictures, and opening on a carved balcony, whence, had she been so minded, she could have shaken hands with her opposite neighbour. There was a richly carved mantel-piece, with a sea-coal fire burning in it, for though it was May, the sea winds blew cold, and there was a fishy odour about the town, such as it was well to counteract. The floor was of slippery polished oak, the walls hung with leather, gilded in some places and depending from cornices, whose ornaments proved to an initiated eye, that this had once been the refectory of a small priory, or cell, broken up at the Reformation.
Of furniture there was not much, only an open cupboard, displaying two silver cups and tankards, a sauce-pan of the same metal, a few tall, slender, Venetian glasses, a little pewter, and some rare shells. A few high-backed chairs were ranged against the wall; there was a tall "armory," i.e. a linen-press of dark oak, guarded on each side by the twisted weapons of the sea unicorn, and in the middle of the room stood a large, solid-looking table, adorned with a brown earthenware beau-pot, containing a stiff posy of roses, southernwood, gillyflowers, pinks and pansies, of small dimensions. On hooks, against the wall, hung a pair of spurs, a shield, a breastplate, and other pieces of armour, with an open helmet bearing the dog, the well-known crest of the Talbots of the Shrewsbury line.
On the polished floor, near the window, were a child's cart, a little boat, some whelks and limpets. Their owner, a stout boy of three years old, in a tight, borderless, round cap, and home-spun, madder-dyed frock, lay fast asleep in a big wooden cradle, scarcely large enough, however, to contain him, as he lay curled up, sucking his thumb, and hugging to his breast the soft fragment of a sea-bird's downy breast.
If he stirred, his mother's foot was on the rocker, as she sat spinning, but her spindle danced languidly on the floor, as if "feeble was her hand, and silly her thread;" while she listened anxiously, for every sound in the street below. She wore a dark blue dress, with a small lace ruff opening in front, deep cuffs to match, and a white apron likewise edged with lace, and a coif, bent down in the centre, over a sweet countenance, matronly, though youthful, and now full of wistful expectancy; not untinged with anxiety and sorrow.
Susan Hardwicke was a distant kinswoman of the famous Bess of Hardwicke, and had formed one of the little court of gentlewomen with whom great ladies were wont to surround themselves. There she met Richard Talbot, the second son of a relative of the Earl of Shrewsbury, a young man who, with the indifference of those days to service by land or sea, had been at one time a gentleman pensioner of Queen Mary; at another had sailed under some of the great mariners of the western main. There he had acquired substance enough to make the offer of his hand to the dowerless Susan no great imprudence; and as neither could be a subject for ambitious plans, no obstacle was raised to their wedding.
He took his wife home to his old father's house in the precincts of Sheffield Park, where she was kindly welcomed; but wealth did not so abound in the family but that, when opportunity offered, he was thankful to accept the command of the Mastiff, a vessel commissioned by Queen Elizabeth, but built, manned, and maintained at the expense of the Earl of Shrewsbury. It formed part of a small squadron which was cruising on the eastern coast to watch over the intercourse between France and Scotland, whether in the interest of the imprisoned Mary, or of the Lords of the Congregation. He had obtained lodgings for Mistress Susan at Hull, so that he might be with her when he put into harbour, and she was expecting him


he eager swain.

Pope.
 The transition from fetichism to polytheism seems a gradual process of which the stages elude close definition.

Tylor.
Syn. -- To evade; avoid; escape; shun; eschew; flee; mock; baffle; frustrate; foil.

 E*lud"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being eluded; evadible.

 E"lul (?), n. [Heb.] The sixth month of the Jewish year, by the sacred reckoning, or the twelfth, by the civil reckoning, corresponding nearly to the month of September.

 E*lum"ba*ted (?), a. [L. elumbis; e + lumbus loin.] Weak or lame in the loins. [Obs.]

 E*lu"sion (?), n. [LL. elusio, fr. L. eludere, elusum. See Elude.] Act of eluding; adroit escape, as by artifice; a mockery; a cheat; trickery.

 E*lu"sive (?), a. Tending to elude; using arts or deception to escape; adroitly escaping or evading; eluding the grasp; fallacious.

Elusive of the bridal day, she gives Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives.

Pope.
 -- E*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- E*lu"sive*ness, n. E*lu"so*ry (?), a. [LL. elusorius.] Tending to elude or deceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful; deceptive. -- E*lu"so*ri*ness (#), n. E*lute" (?), v. t. [L. elutus, p. p. of eluers to elute; e + luere to wash.] To wash out. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 E*lu"tri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elutriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Elutriating (?).] [L. elutriatus, p. p. of elutriare.]
 To wash or strain out so as to purify; as, to elutriate the blood as it passes through the lungs; to strain off or decant, as a powder which is separated from heavier particles by being drawn off with water; to cleanse, as by washing.

 E*lu'tri*a"tion (?), n. The process of elutriating; a decanting or racking off by means of water, as finer particles from heavier.

 E*lux"ate (?), v. t. [Pref. e- + luxate.] To dislocate; to luxate.

 E'lux*a"tion (?), n. Dislocation; luxation.

 Elv"an (?), a. 1. Pertaining to elves; elvish.

2. (Mining) Of or pertaining to certain veins of feldspathic or porphyritic rock crossing metalliferous veins in the mining districts of Cornwall; as, an elvan course.

 { Elv"an, Elv"an*ite (?) }, n. The rock of an elvan vein, or the elvan vein itself; an elvan course.

 Elve (?), n. An old form of Elf.

 El"ver (?), n. (Zoöl.) A young eel; a young conger or sea eel; -- called also elvene.

 Elves (?), n.; pl. of Elf.

 Elv"ish (?), a. 1. Pertaining to elves; implike; mischievous; weird; also, vacant; absent in demeanor. See Elfish.

 He seemeth elvish by his countenance.

Chaucer.
2. Mysterious; also, foolish. [Obs.]

 Elv"ish*ly, adv. In an elvish manner. Sir W. Scott.
 El"wand (?), n. [Obs.] See Ellwand.

 E*ly"sian (?), a. [L. Elysius, fr. Elysium.]
 Pertaining, or the abode of the blessed after death; hence, yielding the highest pleasures; exceedingly delightful; beatific. "Elysian shades." Massinger. "Elysian age." Beattie.
 This life of mortal breath Is but a suburb of the life elysian.

Longfellow.
 E*ly"sium (?), n.; pl. E. Elysiums (#), L. Elysia (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?; &?;, Elysian field.] (Anc.
 Myth.) 1. A dwelling place assigned to happy souls after death; the seat of future happiness; Paradise.

2. Hence, any delightful place.

 An Elysian more pure and bright than that pf the Greeks.

I. Taylor.
 E*lyt"ri*form (?), a. [Elytrum + -form.] (Zoöl.)
 Having the form, or structure, of an elytron.

 El"y*trin (?), n. [From Elytrum.] (Chem.) See Chitin.

 El"y*troid (?), a. [Gr. &?; sheath, a wing case + -oid.]
 (Zoöl.) Resembling a beetle's wing case.

 El"y*tron (?; 277), El"y*trum (-tr&?;m) n.; pl. Elytra (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to roll round.] (Zoöl.)
(a) One of the anterior pair of wings in the Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair. See Coleoptera. (b) One of the shieldlike dorsal scales of certain annelids. See Chætopoda.

 El"ze*vir (?), a. (Bibliog.) Applied to books or editions (esp. of the Greek New Testament and the classics) printed and published by the Elzevir family at Amsterdam, Leyden, etc., from about 1592 to 1680; also, applied to a round open type introduced by them.

 The Elzevir editions are valued for their neatness, and the elegant small types used.

Brande & C.
 'Em (?). An obsolete or colloquial contraction of the old form hem, them. Addison.
 Em (?), n. (Print.) The portion of a line formerly occupied by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by which to measure the amount of printed matter on a page; the square of the body of a type.

 Em-. A prefix. See En-.

 E*mac"er*ate (?), v. t. & i. [L. emaceratus emaciated; e + macerare to make soft.] To make lean or to become lean; to emaciate. [Obs.] Bullokar.
 E*mac'er*a"tion (?), n. Emaciation. [Obs.]

 E*ma"ci*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emaciated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Emaciating.] [L. emaciatus, p. p. of emaciare to make lean; e + maciare to make lean or meager, fr. macies leanness, akin to macer lean. See Meager.] To lose flesh gradually and become very lean; to waste away in flesh. "He emaciated and pined away." Sir T. Browne.
 E*ma"ci*ate, v. t. To cause to waste away in flesh and become very lean; as, his sickness emaciated him.

 E*ma"ci*ate (?), a. [L. emaciatus, p. p.] Emaciated. "Emaciate steeds." T. Warton.
 E*ma'ci*a"tion (?


AN IDEAL HUSBAND A PLAY by OSCAR WILDE methuen & co. ltd.
36 essex street w.c.
london First Published, at 1s.
net, in 1912 This book was First Published in 1893 First Published (Second Edition) by Methuen & Co.
February 1908 Third Edition October 1909 Fourth edition October 1910 Fifth Edition May 1912 THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY THE EARL OF CAVERSHAM, K.G.
VISCOUNT GORING, his Son SIR ROBERT CHILTERN, Bart., Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs VICOMTE DE NANJAC, Attaché at the French Embassy in London MR. MONTFORD MASON, Butler to Sir Robert Chiltern PHIPPS, Lord Goring's Servant JAMES } HAROLD } Footmen LADY CHILTERN LADY MARKBY THE COUNTESS OF BASILDON MRS. MARCHMONT MISS MABEL CHILTERN, Sir Robert Chiltern's Sister MRS. CHEVELEY THE SCENES OF THE PLAY Act I. The Octagon Room in Sir Robert Chiltern's House in Grosvenor Square.
Act II. Morning-room in Sir Robert Chiltern's House.
Act III. The Library of Lord Goring's House in Curzon Street.
Act IV. Same as Act II.
Time: The Present Place: London.
The action of the play is completed within twenty-four hours.
THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET Sole Lessee: Mr. Herbert Beerbohm Tree Managers: Mr. Lewis Waller and Mr. H. H. Morell January 3rd, 1895 The Earl of Caversham Mr. Alfred Bishop.
Viscount Goring Mr. Charles H. Hawtrey.
Sir Robert Chiltern Mr. Lewis Waller.
Vicomte de Nanjac Mr. Cosmo Stuart.
Mr. Montford Mr. Harry Stanford.
Phipps Mr. C. H. Brookfield.
Mason Mr. H. Deane.
James Mr. Charles Meyrick.
Harold Mr. Goodhart.
Lady Chiltern Miss Julia Neilson.
Lady Markby Miss Fanny Brough.
Countess of Basildon Miss Vane Featherston.
Mrs. Marchmont Miss Helen Forsyth.
Miss Mabel Chiltern Miss Maud Millet.
Mrs. Cheveley Miss Florence West.
FIRST ACT SCENE The octagon room at Sir Robert Chiltern's house in Grosvenor Square.
[The room is brilliantly lighted and full of guests. At the top of the staircase stands lady chiltern, a woman of grave Greek beauty, about twenty-seven years of age. She receives the guests as they come up. Over the well of the staircase hangs a great chandelier with wax lights, which illumine a large eighteenth-century French tapestry—representing the Triumph of Love, from a design by Boucher—that is stretched on the staircase wall. On the right is the entrance to the music-room. The sound of a string quartette is faintly heard. The entrance on the left leads to other reception-rooms. mrs.
marchmont and lady basildon, two very pretty women, are seated together on a Louis Seize sofa. They are types of exquisite fragility. Their affectation of manner has a delicate charm. Watteau would have loved to paint them.]
mrs. marchmont. Going on to the Hartlocks' to-night, Margaret?
lady basildon. I suppose so. Are you?
mrs. marchmont. Yes.
Horribly tedious parties they give, don't they?
lady basildon. Horribly tedious! Never know why I go. Never know why I go anywhere.
mrs. marchmont. I come here to be educated.
lady basildon. Ah! I hate being educated!
mrs. marchmont. So do I. It puts one almost on a level with the commercial classes, doesn't it? But dear Gertrude Chiltern is always telling me that I should have some serious purpose in life. So I come here to try to find one.
lady basildon. [Looking round through her lorgnette.] I don't see anybody here to-night whom one could possibly call a serious purpose. The man who took me in to dinner talked to me about his wife the whole time.
mrs. marchmont. How very trivial of him!
lady basildon. Terribly trivial! What did your man talk about?
mrs. marchmont. About myself.
lady basildon.
[Languidly.] And were you interested?
mrs. marchmont. [Shaking her head.] Not in the smallest degree.
lady basildon. What martyrs we are, dear Margaret!
mrs. marchmont.
[Rising.] And how well it becomes us, Olivia!
[They rise and go towards the music-room.
The vicomte de nanjac, a young attaché known for his neckties and his Anglomania, approaches with a low bow, and enters into conversation.]
mason. [Announcing guests from the top of the staircase.] Mr. and Lady Jane Barford. Lord Caversham.
[Enter lord caversham, an old gentleman of seventy, wearing the riband and star of the Garter. A fine Whig type. Rather like a portrait by Lawrence.]
lord caversham. Good evening, Lady Chiltern! Has my good-for-nothing young son been here?
lady chiltern.
[Smiling.] I don't think Lord Goring has arrived yet.
mabel chiltern. [Coming up to lord caversham.] Why do you call Lord Goring good-for-nothing?
[mabel chiltern is a perfect example of the English type of prettiness, the apple-blossom type. She has all the fragrance and freedom of a flower. There is ripple after ripple of sunlight in her hair, and the little mouth, with its parted lips, is expectant, like the mouth of a child. She has the fascinating tyranny of youth, and the astonishing courage of innocence. To sane people she is not reminiscent of any work of art.
But she is really like a Tanagra statuette, and would be rather annoyed if she were told so.]
lord caversham. Because he leads such an idle life.
mabel chiltern. How can you say such a thing? Why, he rides in the Row at ten o'clock in the morning, goes to the Opera three times a week, changes his clothes at least five times a day, and dines out every night of the season. You don't call that leading an idle life, do you?
lord caversham. [Looking at her with a kindly twinkle in his eyes.] You are a very charming young lady!
mabel chiltern. How sweet of you to say that, Lord Caversham! Do come to us more often. You know we are always at home on Wednesdays, and you look so well with your star!
lord caversham. Never go anywhere now. Sick of London Society. Shouldn't mind being introduced to my own tailor; he always votes on the right side. But object strongly to being sent down to dinner with my wife's milliner. Never could stand Lady Caversham's bonnets.
mabel chiltern. Oh, I love London Society! I think it has immensely improved. It is entirely composed now of beautiful idiots and brilliant lunatics. Just what Society should be.
lord caversham. Hum!
Which is Goring? Beautiful idiot, or the other thing?
mabel chiltern.
[Gravely.] I have been obliged for the present to put Lord Goring into a class quite by himself. But he is developing charmingly!
lord caversham. Into what?
mabel chiltern. [With a little curtsey.] I hope to let you know very soon, Lord Caversham!
mason. [Announcing guests.] Lady Markby. Mrs. Cheveley.
[Enter lady markby and mrs.


keytop; sometimes referred to as 'flower', 'pretzel', 'clover', 'propeller', 'beanie' (an apparent reference to the major feature of a propeller beanie), splat, 'open-apple' or (officially, in Mac documentation) the 'command key'. In French, the term 'papillon' (butterfly) has been reported. The proliferation of terms for this creature may illustrate one subtle peril of iconic interfaces.
Many people have been mystified by the cloverleaf-like symbol that appears on the feature key. Its oldest name is 'cross of St.
Hannes', but it occurs in pre-Christian Viking art as a decorative motif. Throughout Scandinavia today the road agencies use it to mark sites of historical interest. Apple picked up the symbol from an early Mac developer who happened to be Swedish.
Apple documentation gives the translation "interesting feature"!
There is some dispute as to the proper (Swedish) name of this symbol. It technically stands for the word 'sevärdhet' (thing worth seeing); many of these are old churches. Some Swedes report as an idiom for the sign the word 'kyrka', cognate to English 'church' and pronounced (roughly) /chur'ka/ in modern Swedish. Others say this is nonsense. Other idioms reported for the sign are 'runa' (rune) or 'runsten' /roon'stn/ (runestone), derived from the fact that many of the interesting features are Viking rune-stones. The term 'fornminne' /foorn'min'*/ (relic of antiquity, ancient monument) is also reported, especially among those who think that the Mac itself is a relic of antiquity.
Node:feature shock, Next:featurectomy, Previous:feature key, Up:= F = feature shock n.
[from Alvin Toffler's book title "Future Shock"] A user's (or programmer's!) confusion when confronted with a package that has too many features and poor introductory material.
Node:featurectomy, Next:feep, Previous:feature shock, Up:= F = featurectomy /fee'ch*r-ek't*-mee/ n. The act of removing a feature from a program. Featurectomies come in two flavors, the 'righteous' and the 'reluctant'.
Righteous featurectomies are performed because the remover believes the program would be more elegant without the feature, or there is already an equivalent and better way to achieve the same end. (Doing so is not quite the same thing as removing a misfeature.) Reluctant featurectomies are performed to satisfy some external constraint such as code size or execution speed.
Node:feep, Next:feeper, Previous:featurectomy, Up:= F = feep /feep/ 1. n. The soft electronic 'bell' sound of a display terminal (except for a VT-52); a beep (in fact, the microcomputer world seems to prefer beep). 2. vi. To cause the display to make a feep sound. ASR-33s (the original TTYs) do not feep; they have mechanical bells that ring. Alternate forms: beep, 'bleep', or just about anything suitably onomatopoeic. (Jeff MacNelly, in his comic strip "Shoe", uses the word 'eep' for sounds made by computer terminals and video games; this is perhaps the closest written approximation yet.) The term 'breedle' was sometimes heard at SAIL, where the terminal bleepers are not particularly soft (they sound more like the musical equivalent of a raspberry or Bronx cheer; for a close approximation, imagine the sound of a Star Trek communicator's beep lasting for five seconds). The 'feeper' on a VT-52 has been compared to the sound of a '52 Chevy stripping its gears. See also ding.
Node:feeper, Next:feeping creature, Previous:feep, Up:= F = feeper /fee'pr/ n. The device in a terminal or workstation (usually a loudspeaker of some kind) that makes the feep sound.
Node:feeping creature, Next:feeping creaturism, Previous:feeper, Up:= F = feeping creature n.
[from feeping creaturism] An unnecessary feature; a bit of chrome that, in the speaker's judgment, is the camel's nose for a whole horde of new features.
Node:feeping creaturism, Next:feetch feetch, Previous:feeping creature, Up:= F = feeping creaturism /fee'ping kree'ch*r-izm/ n. A deliberate spoonerism for creeping featurism, meant to imply that the system or program in question has become a misshapen creature of hacks. This term isn't really well defined, but it sounds so neat that most hackers have said or heard it. It is probably reinforced by an image of terminals prowling about in the dark making their customary noises.
Node:feetch feetch, Next:fence, Previous:feeping creaturism, Up:= F = feetch feetch /feech feech/ interj.
If someone tells you about some new improvement to a program, you might respond: "Feetch, feetch!" The meaning of this depends critically on vocal inflection. With enthusiasm, it means something like "Boy, that's great! What a great hack!" Grudgingly or with obvious doubt, it means "I don't know; it sounds like just one more unnecessary and complicated thing". With a tone of resignation, it means, "Well, I'd rather keep it simple, but I suppose it has to be done".
Node:fence, Next:fencepost error, Previous:feetch feetch, Up:= F = fence n. 1.
A sequence of one or more distinguished (out-of-band) characters (or other data items), used to delimit a piece of data intended to be treated as a unit (the computer-science literature calls this a 'sentinel').
The NUL (ASCII _PHONE_) character that terminates strings in C is a fence. Hex FF is also (though slightly less frequently) used this way. See zigamorph. 2. An extra data value inserted in an array or other data structure in order to allow some normal test on the array's contents also to function as a termination test. For example, a highly optimized routine for finding a value in an array might artificially place a copy of the value to be searched for after the last slot of the array, thus allowing the main search loop to search for the value without having to check at each pass whether the end of the array had been reached. 3. [among users of optimizing compilers] Any technique, usually exploiting knowledge about the compiler, that blocks certain optimizations. Used when explicit mechanisms are not available or are overkill. Typically a hack: "I call a dummy procedure there to force a flush of the optimizer's register-coloring info" can be expressed by the shorter "That's a fence procedure".
Node:fencepost error, Next:fiber-seeking backhoe, Previous:fence, Up:= F = fencepost error n.
1. [common] A problem with the discrete equivalent of a boundary condition, often exhibited in programs by iterative loops. From the following problem: "If you build a fence 100 feet long with posts 10 feet apart, how many posts do you need?"
(Either 9 or 11 is a better answer than the obvious 10.) For example, suppose you have a long list or array of items, and want to process items m through n; how many items are there? The obvious answer is n - m, but that is off by one; the right answer is n - m + 1. A program that used the 'obvious' formula would have a fencepost error in it. See also zeroth and off-by-one error, and note that not all off-by-one errors are fencepost errors. The game of Musical Chairs involves a catastrophic off-by-one error where N people try to sit in N - 1 chairs, but it's not a fencepost error.
Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row. 2. [rare] An error induced by unexpected regularities in input values, which can (for instance


Transcribed from the 1892 Cassell & Co. edition by Jane Duff and proofed by David Price, email _EMAIL_ CASSELL'S NATIONAL LIBRARY.

Travels in England DURING THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH BY PAUL HENTZNER.
WITH FRAGMENTA REGALIA; Or, Observations on Queen Elizabeth's Times and Favourites.
By SIR ROBERT NAUNTON.
Decorative graphic CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE.
1892.

INTRODUCTION.
Queen Elizabeth herself, and London as it was in her time, with sketches of Elizabethan England, and of its great men in the way of social dignity, are here brought home to us by Paul Hentzner and Sir Robert Naunton.
Paul Hentzner was a German lawyer, born at Crossen, in Brandenburg, on the 29th of January, 1558. He died on the 1st January, 1623. In 1596, when his age was thirty-eight, he became tutor to a young Silesian nobleman, with whom he set out in 1597 on a three years' tour through Switzerland, France, England, and Italy. After his return to Germany in 1600, he published, at Nuremberg, in 1612, a description of what he had seen and thought worth record, written in Latin, as "Itinerarium Germaniæ, Galliæ, Angliæ, Italiæ, cum Indice Locorum, Rerum atque Verborum." Horace Walpole caused that part of Hentzner's Itinerary which tells what he saw in England to be translated by Richard Bentley, son of the famous scholar, and he printed at Strawberry Hill two hundred and twenty copies. In 1797 "Hentzner's Travels in England" were edited, together with Sir Robert Naunton's "Fragmenta Regalia," in the volume from which they are here reprinted, with notes by the translator and the editor.
Sir Robert Naunton was of an old family with large estates, settled at Alderton, in Suffolk. He was at Cambridge in the latter years of Elizabeth's reign, having entered as Fellow Commoner at Trinity College, and obtained a Fellowship at Trinity Hall. Naunton went to Scotland in 1589 with an uncle, William Ashby, whom Queen Elizabeth sent thither as Ambassador, and was despatched to Elizabeth's court from Scotland as a trusty messenger. In 1596–7 he was in France, and corresponded with the Earl of Essex, who was his friend.
After the fall of Essex he returned to Cambridge, and was made Proctor of the University in 1601, three years after Paul Hentzner's visit to England. Then he became Public Orator at Cambridge, and by a speech made to King James at Hinchinbrook won his Majesty's praise for Latin and learning. He came to court in the service of Sir James Overbury, obtained the active friendship of George Villiers Duke of Buckingham, and was sworn as Secretary of State on the 8th January, 1617. The king afterwards gave Naunton the office of Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries.
Sir Robert Naunton wrote his recollections of the men who served Queen Elizabeth when he was near the close of his own life. It was after 1628, because he speaks of Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester, as dead, and before 1632, because he speaks of Sir William Knollys living as the only Earl of Banbury. He was created Earl of Banbury in 1626, and died in 1632. The "Fragmenta Regalia" were first published in 1641, after Sir Robert's death. They were reprinted in 1642 and 1653, since which date they have appeared in various collections. There was a good edition of them in 1870 among the very valuable "English Reprints" for which we are indebted to Professor Edward Arber.
H. M. Travels in England.
We arrived at Rye, a small English seaport. Here, as soon as we came on shore, we gave in our names to the notary of the place, but not till he had demanded our business; and being answered, that we had none but to see England, we were conducted to an inn, where we were very well entertained; as one generally is in this country.
We took post-horses for London: it is surprising how swiftly they run; their bridles are very light, and their saddles little more than a span over.
Flimwell, a village: here we returned our first horses, and mounted fresh ones.
We passed through Tunbridge, another village.
Chepstead, another village: here, for the second time, we changed horses.
London, the head and metropolis of England: called by Tacitus, Londinium; by Ptolemy, Logidinium; by Ammianus Marcellinus, Lundinium; by foreigners, Londra, and Londres; it is the seat of the British Empire, and the chamber of the English kings.
This most ancient city is in the county of Middlesex, the fruitfullest and wholesomest soil in England. It is built on the river Thames, sixty miles from the sea, and was originally founded, as all historians agree, by Brutus, who, coming from Greece into Italy, thence into Africa, next into France, and last into Britain, chose this situation for the convenience of the river, calling it Troja Nova, which name was afterwards corrupted into Trinovant. But when Lud, the brother of Cassibilan, or Cassivelan, who warred against Julius Cæsar, as he himself mentions (lib. v. de Bell. Gall.), came to the crown, he encompassed it with very strong walls, and towers very artfully constructed, and from his own name called it Caier Lud, i.e., Lud's City. This name was corrupted into that of Caerlunda, and again in time, by change of language, into Londres. Lud, when he died, was buried in this town, near that gate which is yet called in Welsh, Por Lud—in Saxon, Ludesgate.
The famous river Thames owes part of its stream, as well as its appellation, to the Isis; rising a little above Winchelcomb, and being increased with several rivulets, unites both its waters and its name to the Thame, on the other side of Oxford; thence, after passing by London, and being of the utmost utility, from its greatness and navigation, it opens into a vast arm of the sea, from whence the tide, according to Gemma Frisius, flows and ebbs to the distance of eighty miles, twice in twenty-five hours, and, according to Polydore Vergil, above sixty miles twice in twenty-four hours.
This city being very large of itself, has very extensive suburbs, and a fort called the Tower, of beautiful structure. It is magnificently ornamented with public buildings and churches, of which there are above one hundred and twenty parochial.
On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone, sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty feet diameter. The whole is covered on each side with houses so disposed as to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all of a bridge.
Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we counted above thirty.
Paulus Jovius, in his description of the most remarkable towns in England, says all are obscured by London: which, in the opinion of many, is Cæsar's city of the Trinobantes, the capital of all Britain, famous for the commerce of many nations; its houses are elegantly built, its churches fine, its towns strong, and its riches and abundance surprising. The wealth of the world is wafted to it by the Thames, swelled by the tide, and navigable to merchant ships through a safe and deep channel for sixty miles, from its mouth to the city: its banks are everywhere beautified with fine country seats, woods, and farms; below is the royal palace of Greenwich; above, that of Richmond; and between both, on the west of London, rise the noble buildings of Westminster, most remarkable for the courts of justice, the parliament, and St. Peter's church, enriched with the royal tombs. At the distance of twenty miles from London is the castle of Windsor


*te, interj. [See Benedicite, n.] An exclamation corresponding to Bless you!.

 { Ben"e*dict (&?;), Ben"e*dick (&?;), } n. [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of "Much Ado about Nothing."]
 A married man, or a man newly married.

 Ben"e*dict, a. [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Having mild and salubrious qualities.
 [Obs.] Bacon.
 Ben'e*dic"tine (&?;), a. Pertaining to the monks of St.
 Benedict, or St. Benet.

 Ben'e*dic"tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846.

 The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Fr&?;&?;&?;&?;rs which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines.

 Ben'e*dic"tion (&?;), n. [L. benedictio: cf. F. bénédiction.
 See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing.

2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness.

 So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus Followed with benediction.
Milton.
 Homeward serenely she walked with God's benediction upon her.
Longfellow.
 Specifically: The short prayer which closes public worship; as, to give the benediction.

3. (Eccl.) The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe.
4. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God.

 Ben'e*dic"tion*al (&?;), n. A book of benedictions.

 Ben'e*dic"tion*a*ry (&?;), n. A collected series of benedictions.

 The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold. G. Gurton's Needle.
 Ben'e*dic"tive (&?;), a. Tending to bless. Gauden.
 Ben'e*dic"to*ry (&?;), a. Expressing wishes for good; as, a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.
 ||Ben'e*dic"tus (&?;), n. [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.]
 The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); -- so named from the first word of the Latin version.

 Ben"e*dight (&?;), a. Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.
 Ben'e*fac"tion (&?;), n. [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]
 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson.
2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation.

Syn. -- Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms.

 Ben'e*fac"tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.
 Ben'e*fac"tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit.

 His benefactress blushes at the deed. Cowper.
 Be*nef"ic (&?;), a. [L. beneficus. See Benefice.]
 Favorable; beneficent. Milton.
 Ben"e*fice (&?;), n. [F. bénéfice, L. beneficium, a kindness, in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]

1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter.
2. (Feudal Law) An estate in lands; a fief.

 Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings.

3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson.

 All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.

 Ben"e*fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.] To endow with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.]

 Ben"e*ficed (&?;), a. Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. "Beneficed clergymen." Burke.
 Ben"e*fice*less (&?;), a. Having no benefice. "Beneficeless precisians." Sheldon.
 Be*nef"i*cence (&?;), n. [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. bénéficence. See Benefice.] The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness.

 And whose beneficence no charge exhausts. Cowper.
Syn. -- See Benevolence.

 Be*nef'i*cent (&?;), a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence.

 The beneficent fruits of Christianity. Prescott.
Syn. -- See Benevolent.

 Be*nef'i*cen"tial (&?;), a. Relating to beneficence.

 Be*nef"i*cent*ly (b*nf"*sent*l), adv. In a beneficent manner; with beneficence.

 Ben'e*fi"cial (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bénéficial, LL. beneficialis.] 1. Conferring benefits; useful; profitable; helpful; advantageous; serviceable; contributing to a valuable end; -- followed by to.

 The war which would have been most beneficial to us. Swift.
2. (Law) Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as, the beneficial owner of an estate.
 Kent.
3. King. [Obs.] "A beneficial foe." B. Jonson.
Syn. -- See Advantage.

 Ben'e*fi"cial*ly, adv. In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully.

 Ben'e*fi"cial*ness, n. The quality of being beneficial; profitableness.

 Ben'e*fi"ci*a*ry (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bénéficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.] 1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession.

 A feudatory or beneficiary king of England. Bacon.
2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as, beneficiary gifts.

 Ben'e*fi"ci*a*ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries (&?;). 1.
 A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe.
2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate.

 The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are. Jer


Syn. -- State, Situation, Condition. State is the generic term, and denotes in general the mode in which a thing stands or exists.
 The situation of a thing is its state in reference to external objects and influences; its condition is its internal state, or what it is in itself considered. Our situation is good or bad as outward things bear favorably or unfavorably upon us; our condition is good or bad according to the state we are actually in as respects our persons, families, property, and other things which comprise our sources of enjoyment.

 I do not, brother, Infer as if I thought my sister's state Secure without all doubt or controversy.

Milton.
 We hoped to enjoy with ease what, in our situation, might be called the luxuries of life.

Cock.
 And, O, what man's condition can be worse Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse?

Cowley.
 State (?), a. 1. Stately. [Obs.] Spenser.
2. Belonging to the state, or body politic; public.

 State, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stated; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Stating.] 1. To set; to settle; to establish. [R.]

 I myself, though meanest stated, And in court now almost hated.

Wither.
 Who calls the council, states the certain day.

Pope.
2. To express the particulars of; to set down in detail or in gross; to represent fully in words; to narrate; to recite; as, to state the facts of a case, one's opinion, etc.

To state it. To assume state or dignity. [Obs.] "Rarely dressed up, and taught to state it." Beau. & Fl.
 State, n. A statement; also, a document containing a statement.
 [R.] Sir W. Scott.
 State"craft' (?), n. The art of conducting state affairs; state management; statesmanship.

 Stat"ed (?), a. 1. Settled; established; fixed.

 He is capable of corruption who receives more than what is the stated and unquestionable fee of his office.

Addison.
2. Recurring at regular time; not occasional; as, stated preaching; stated business hours.

 Stat"ed*ly, adv. At stated times; regularly.

 State"ful (?), a. Full of state; stately. [Obs.] "A stateful silence." Marston.
 State"hood (?), n. The condition of being a State; as, a territory seeking Statehood.

 State"house' (?), n. The building in which a State legislature holds its sessions; a State capitol. [U. S.]

 State"less, a. Without state or pomp.

 State"li*ly (?), adv. In a stately manner.

 State"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being stately.

 For stateliness and majesty, what is comparable to a horse?

Dr. H. More.
 State"ly, a. [Compar. Statelier (?); superl.
 Stateliest.] Evincing state or dignity; lofty; majestic; grand; as, statelymanners; a stately gait. "The stately homes of England!" Mrs.
 Hemans. "Filled with stately temples." Prescott.
 Here is a stately style indeed!

Shak.
Syn. -- Lofty; dignified; majestic; grand; august; magnificent.

 State"ly, adv. Majestically; loftily. Milton.
 State"ment (?), n. 1. The act of stating, reciting, or presenting, orally or in paper; as, to interrupt a speaker in the statement of his case.

2. That which is stated; a formal embodiment in language of facts or opinions; a narrative; a recital. "Admirable perspicuity of statement!"
 Brougham.
 State"mon'ger (?), n. One versed in politics, or one who dabbles in state affairs.

 State'pris"on (?). See under State, n. Stat"er (?), n. One who states.

 ||Sta"ter (?), n. [L. stater, Gr. &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.)
 The principal gold coin of ancient Grece. It varied much in value, the stater best known at Athens being worth about £1 2s., or about $5.35. The Attic silver tetradrachm was in later times called stater.

 State"room' (?), n. 1. A magnificent room in a place or great house.

2. A small apartment for lodging or sleeping in the cabin, or on the deck, of a vessel; also, a somewhat similar apartment in a railway sleeping car.

 States"-gen"er*al (?), n. 1. In France, before the Revolution, the assembly of the three orders of the kingdom, namely, the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate, or commonalty.

2. In the Netherlands, the legislative body, composed of two chambers.

 States"man (?), n.; pl. Statesmen (&?;). 1.
 A man versed in public affairs and in the principles and art of government; especially, one eminent for political abilities.

 The minds of some of our statesmen, like the pupil of the human eye, contract themselves the more, the stronger light there is shed upon them.

More.
2. One occupied with the affairs of government, and influental in shaping its policy.

3. A small landholder. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
 States"man*like' (?), a. Having the manner or wisdom of statesmen; becoming a statesman.

 States"man*ly, a. Becoming a statesman.

 States"man*ship, n. The qualifications, duties, or employments of a statesman.

 States"wom'an (?), n.; pl. Stateswomen (&?;). A woman concerned in public affairs.

 A rare stateswoman; I admire her bearing.

B. Jonson.
 Stath"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; a measuring line + -graph.]
 A contrivance for recording the speed of a railway train. Knight.
 { Stat"ic (?), Stat"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; causing to stand, skilled in weighing, fr. &?; to cause to stand: cf. F. statique.
 See Stand, and cf. Stage.] 1. Resting; acting by mere weight without motion; as, statical pressure; static objects.

2. Pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium.

Statical electricity. See Note under Electricity, 1. -- Statical moment. See under Moment.

 Stat"ic*al*ly, adv. In a statical manner.

 Stat"ics (?), n. [Cf. F. statique, Gr. &?; the art of weighing, fr. &?;. See Static.] That branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the forces acting on them; -- distinguished from dynamics.

Social statics, the study of the conditions which concern the existence and permanence of the social state.

 Stat"ing (?), n. The act of one who states anything; statement; as, the statingof one's opinions.

 Sta"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. statio, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The act of standing; also, attitude or pose in standing; posture. [R.]

 A station like the herald, Mercury.

Shak.
 Their manner was to stand at prayer, whereupon their meetings unto that purpose... had the names of stations given them.

Hooker.
2. A state of standing or rest; equilibrium. [Obs.]

 All progression is performed by drawing on or impelling forward some part which was before in station, or at quiet.

Sir T. Browne.
3. The spot or place where anything stands, especially where a person or thing habitually stands, or is appointed to remain for a time; as, the station of a sentinel


See 1st Lap, 10.

 Lap, v. t. [OE. lappen to fold (see Lap, n.); cf.
 also OE. wlappen, perh. another form of wrappen, E, wrap.]
 1. To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as, to lap a piece of cloth.

2. To wrap or wind around something.

 About the paper... I lapped several times a slender thread of very black silk.

Sir I. Newton.
3. To infold; to hold as in one's lap; to cherish.

 Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds.

Dryden.
4. To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as, to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as, to lap weather-boards; also, to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as, the hinder boat lapped the foremost one.

5. (Carding & Spinning) To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working.

To lap boards, shingles, etc., to lay one partly over another. -- To lap timbers, to unite them in such a way as to preserve the same breadth and depth throughout, as by scarfing. Weale.
 Lap, v. i. To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as, the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap.

 The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a flay.

Grew.
 Lap (?), v. i. [OE. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, OHG. laffan, Icel. lepja, Dan. lade, Sw. läppja, L. lambere; cf. Gr. &?;, W. llepio.
 Cf. Lambent.] 1. To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something.

 The dogs by the River Nilus's side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run along the shore.

Sir K. Digby.
2. To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue.

 I heard the ripple washing in the reeds, And the wild water lapping on the crag.

Tennyson.
 Lap, v. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue.

 They 'II take suggestion as a cat laps milk.

Shak.
 Lap, n. 1. The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as, to take anything into the mouth with a lap.

2. The sound of lapping.

 Lap"a*ro*cele' (?), n. [Gr. &?; loins + &?; tumor.] (Med.)
 A rupture or hernia in the lumbar regions.

 Lap'a*rot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; loins + te'mnein to cut.] (Surg.)
 A cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as in the Cæsarean section.

 Lap"board' (?), n. A board used on the lap as a substitute for a table, as by tailors.

 Lap"dog' (?), n. A small dog fondled in the lap.

 La*pel" (?), n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] That part of a garment which is turned back; specifically, the lap, or fold, of the front of a coat in continuation of collar. [Written also lappel and lapelle.]

 La*pelled" (?), a. Furnished with lapels.

 Lap"ful (?), n.; pl. Lapfuls (&?;). As much as the lap can contain.

 Lap"i*cide (?), n. [L. lapicida, fr. lapis stone + caedere to cut.] A stonecutter. [Obs.]

 Lap'i*da"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to stone; inscribed on stone; as, a lapidarian record.

 Lap'i*da"ri*ous (?), a. [L. lapidarius, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] Consisting of stones.

 Lap"i*da*ry (?), n.; pl. Lapidaries (#). [L. lapidarius, fr. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1.
 An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones; hence, a dealer in precious stones.

2. A virtuoso skilled in gems or precious stones; a connoisseur of lapidary work.

Lapidary's lathe, mill, or wheel, a machine consisting essentially of a revolving lap on a vertical spindle, used by a lapidary for grinding and polishing.

 Lap"i*da*ry, a. [L. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F.
 lapidaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting stones, or engraving on stones, either gems or monuments; as, lapidary ornamentation.

2. Of or pertaining to monumental inscriptions; as, lapidary adulation.

Lapidary style, that style which is proper for monumental and other inscriptions; terse; sententious.

 Lap"i*date (?), v. t. [L. lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. lapis stone.] To stone. [Obs.]

 Lap'i*da"tion (?), n. [L. lapidatio: cf. F. lapidation.]
 The act of stoning. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 La*pid"e*ous (?), a. [L. lapideus, fr. lapis stone.]
 Of the nature of stone. [Obs.] Ray.
 Lap'i*des"cence (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being lapidescent.

2. A hardening into a stone substance.

3. A stony concretion. Sir T. Browne.
 Lap'i*des"cent (?), a. [L. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapidescere to become stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone: cf. F. lapidescent.]
 Undergoing the process of becoming stone; having the capacity of being converted into stone; having the quality of petrifying bodies.

 Lap"i*des"cent, n. Any substance which has the quality of petrifying other bodies, or of converting or being converted into stone.

 { Lap'i*dif"ic (?), Lap'i*dif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. lapis, -idis, stone + facere to make: cf. F. lapidifique.] Forming or converting into stone.

 La*pid'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. lapidification.] The act or process of lapidifying; fossilization; petrifaction.

 La*pid"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapidified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapidifying (?).] [Cf. f. lapidifier. See Lapidific, and -fy.] To convert into stone or stony material; to petrify.

 La*pid"i*fy, v. i. To become stone or stony.

 Lap"i*dist (?), n. [L. lapis, -idis, a stone.] A lapidary. Ray.
 Lap"il*la"tion (?), n. [See Lapilli.] The state of being, or the act of making, stony.

 ||La*pil"li (?), n. pl. [L. lapillus a little stone, dim. of lapis


See Fluvial.]
 Belonging to rivers or streams; fluviatile. Johnson.
 Flu"vi*a*tile (?), a. [L. fluviatilis, fr. fluvius river: cf. F. fluviatile.] Belonging to rivers or streams; existing in or about rivers; produced by river action; fluvial; as, fluviatile starta, plants. Lyell.
 Flu'vi*o-ma*rine" (?), a. [L. fluvius river + E. marine.]
 (Geol.) Formed by the joint action of a river and the sea, as deposits at the mouths of rivers.

 Flux (flks), n. [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum, to flow: cf.F. flux. See Fluent, and cf. 1st & 2d Floss, Flush, n., 6.] 1. The act of flowing; a continuous moving on or passing by, as of a flowing stream; constant succession; change.

 By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part of them is thrown out of the body.

Arbuthnot.
 Her image has escaped the flux of things, And that same infant beauty that she wore Is fixed upon her now forevermore.

Trench.
 Languages, like our bodies, are in a continual flux.

Felton.
2. The setting in of the tide toward the shore, -- the ebb being called the reflux.

3. The state of being liquid through heat; fusion.

4. (Chem. & Metal.) Any substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals, as alkalies, borax, lime, fluorite.

White flux is the residuum of the combustion of a mixture of equal parts of niter and tartar. It consists chiefly of the carbonate of potassium, and is white. -- Black flux is the ressiduum of the combustion of one part of niter and two of tartar, and consists essentially of a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal.

5. (Med.) (a) A fluid discharge from the bowels or other part; especially, an excessive and morbid discharge; as, the bloody flux or dysentery. See Bloody flux. (b) The matter thus discharged.

6. (Physics) The quantity of a fluid that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of time.

 Flux, a. [L. fluxus, p. p. of fluere. See Flux, n.]
 Flowing; unstable; inconstant; variable.

 The flux nature of all things here.

Barrow.
 Flux, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluxed (flkst); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fluxing.] 1. To affect, or bring to a certain state, by flux.

 He might fashionably and genteelly... have been dueled or fluxed into another world.

South.
2. To cause to become fluid; to fuse. Kirwan.
3. (Med.) To cause a discharge from; to purge.

 Flux*a"tion (?), n. The act of fluxing.

 Flux'i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. LL. fluxibilitas fluidity.] The quality of being fluxible. Hammond.
 Flux"i*ble (?), a. [Cf.LL. fluxibilis fluid, OF. fluxible.]
 Capable of being melted or fused, as a mineral. Holland.
 -- Flux"i*ble*ness, n. Flux"ile (?), a. [L. fluxilis, a., fluid.] Fluxible.
 [R.]

 Flux*il"i*ty (?), n. State of being fluxible.[Obs.]

 Flux"ion (?), n. [Cf. F. fluxion.] The act of flowing. Cotgrave.
2. The matter that flows. Wiseman.
3. Fusion; the running of metals into a fluid state.

4. (Med.) An unnatural or excessive flow of blood or fluid toward any organ; a determination.

5. A constantly varying indication.

 Less to be counted than the fluxions of sun dials.

De Quincey.
6. (Math.) (a) The infinitely small increase or decrease of a variable or flowing quantity in a certain infinitely small and constant period of time; the rate of variation of a fluent; an incerement; a differential. (b) pl. A method of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion, and involving in their changes the notion of velocity or rate of change. Its results are the same as those of the differential and integral calculus, from which it differs little except in notation and logical method.

 Flux"ion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fluxion or fluxions; variable; inconstant.

 The merely human,the temporary and fluxional.

Coleridge.
Fluxional structure (Geol.), fluidal structure.

 Flux"ion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Fluxional. Berkeley.
2. (Med.) Pertaining to, or caused by, an increased flow of blood to a part; congestive; as, a fluxionary hemorrhage.

 Flux"ion*ist, n. One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley.
 Flux"ions (?), n. pl. (Math.) See Fluxion, 6(b).

 Flux"ive (?), a. Flowing; also, wanting solidity. B. Jonson.
 Flux"ure (?; 138), n. [L. fluxura a flowing.] 1. The quality of being fluid. [Obs.] Fielding.
2. Fluid matter. [Obs.] Drayton.
 Fly (fl), v. i. [imp. Flew (fl); p. p. Flown (fln); p. pr. & vb. n. Flying.] [OE. fleen, fleen, fleyen, flegen, AS. fleógan; akin to D. vliegen, OHG.
 fliogan, G. fliegen, Icel. fljga, Sw. flyga, Dan. flyve, Goth. us-flaugjan to cause to fly away, blow about, and perh. to L. pluma feather, E. plume. √84.
 Cf. Fledge, Flight, Flock of animals.] 1. To move in or pass through the air with wings, as a bird.

2. To move through the air or before the wind; esp., to pass or be driven rapidly through the air by any impulse.

3. To float, wave, or rise in the air, as sparks or a flag.

 Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.

Job v. 7.
4. To move or pass swiftly; to hasten away; to circulate rapidly; as, a ship flies on the deep; a top flies around; rumor flies.

Fly, envious Time, till thou run out thy race.

Milton.
 The dark waves murmured as the ships flew on.

Bryant.
5. To run from danger; to attempt to escape; to flee; as, an enemy or a coward flies. See Note under Flee.

Fly, ere evil intercept thy flight.

Milton.
 Whither shall I fly to escape their hands?

Shak.
6. To move suddenly, or with violence; to do an act suddenly or swiftly; -- usually with a qualifying word; as, a door flies open; a bomb flies apart.

To fly about (Naut.), to change frequently in a short time; -- said of the wind. -- To fly around, to move about in haste.
 [Colloq.] -- To fly at, to spring toward; to rush on; to attack suddenly. -- To fly in the face of, to insult; to assail; to set at defiance; to oppose with violence; to act in direct opposition to; to resist. -- To fly off, to separate, or become detached suddenly; to revolt. -- To fly on, to attack. -- To fly open, to open suddenly, or with violence. --


governing preposition, and the word the adverb. See From off, under Off, adv., and From afar, under Afar, adv.
 Sudden partings such as press The life from out young hearts.

Byron.
 { From"ward (?), From"wards (?), } prep. [AS. framweard about to depart. Cf. Froward] A way from; -- the contrary of toward. [Obs.]

 Towards or fromwards the zenith.

Cheyne.
 Frond (?), n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, foliage.] (Bot.) The organ formed by the combination or union into one body of stem and leaf, and often bearing the fructification; as, the frond of a fern or of a lichen or seaweed; also, the peculiar leaf of a palm tree.

 Fron*da"tion (?), n. [L. frondatio, from frons. See Frond.] The act of stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches; a kind of pruning. Evelyn.
 ||Fronde (?), n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A political party in France, during the minority of Louis XIV., who opposed the government, and made war upon the court party.

 Frond"ed (?), a. Furnished with fronds. "Fronded palms." Whittier.
 Fron"dent (?), a. [L. frondens, p. pr. of frondere to put forth leaves. See Frond.] Covered with leaves; leafy; as, a frondent tree. [R.]

 Fron*desce" (?), v. i. [L. frondescere, inchoative fr. frondere.
 See Frondent.] To unfold leaves, as plants.

 Fron*des"cence (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. (b) The act of bursting into leaf. Milne. Martyn.
 ||Fron"deur' (?), n. [F.] (F. Hist.) A member of the Fronde.

 Fron*dif"er*ous (?), a. [L. frondifer frons a leafy branch + ferre to bear: cf. F. frondifere.] Producing fronds.

 Frond"let (?), n. (Bot.) A very small frond, or distinct portion of a compound frond.

 Fron*dose" (?), a. [L. frondosus leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond bearing; resembling a frond; having a simple expansion not separable into stem and leaves. (b) Leafy. Gray.
 Fron"dous (?), a. (Bot.) Frondose. [R.]

 ||Frons (?), n. [L., front.] (Anal.) The forehead; the part of the cranium between the orbits and the vertex.

 Front (?), n. [F. frant forehead, L. frons, frontis; perh. akin to E. brow.] 1. The forehead or brow, the part of the face above the eyes; sometimes, also, the whole face.

 Bless'd with his father's front, his mother's tongue.

Pope.
 Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front.

Shak.
 His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.

Prior.
2. The forehead, countenance, or personal presence, as expressive of character or temper, and especially, of boldness of disposition, sometimes of impudence; seeming; as, a bold front; a hardened front.
 With smiling fronts encountering.

Shak.
 The inhabitants showed a bold front.

Macaulay.
3. The part or surface of anything which seems to look out, or to be directed forward; the fore or forward part; the foremost rank; the van; -- the opposite to back or rear; as, the front of a house; the front of an army.

 Had he his hurts before? Ay, on the front.

Shak.
4. A position directly before the face of a person, or before the foremost part of a thing; as, in front of un person, of the troops, or of a house.

5. The most conspicuous part.

 The very head and front of my offending.

Shak.
6. That which covers the foremost part of the head: a front piece of false hair worn by women.

 Like any plain Miss Smith's, who wears s front.

Mrs. Browning.
7. The beginning. "Summer's front." Shak.
Bastioned front (Mil.), a curtain connerting two half bastions. -- Front door, the door in the front wall of a building, usually the principal entrance. -- Front of fortification, the works constructed upon any one side of a polygon. Farrow. -- Front of operations, all that part of the field of operations in front of the successive positions occupied by the army as it moves forward. Farrow.
 -- To come to the front, to attain prominence or leadership.

 Front, a. Of or relating to the front or forward part; having a position in front; foremost; as, a front view.

 Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Fronting.] 1. To oppose face to face; to oppose directly; to meet in a hostile manner.

 You four shall front them in the narrow lane.

Shak.
2. To appear before; to meet.

 [Enid] daily fronted him In some fresh splendor.

Tennyson.
3. To face toward; to have the front toward; to confront; as, the house fronts the street.

 And then suddenly front the changed reality.

J. Morley.
4. To stand opposed or opposite to, or over against as, his house fronts the church.

5. To adorn in front; to supply a front to; as, to front a house with marble; to front a head with laurel.

 Yonder walls, that pertly front your town.

Shak.
 Front, v. t. To have or turn the face or front in any direction; as, the house fronts toward the east.

 Front"age (?), n. The front part of an edifice or lot; extent of front.

 Fron"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. frontal.] Belonging to the front part; being in front; esp. (Anat.), Of or pertaining to the forehead or the anterior part of the roof of the brain case; as, the frontal bones.

 Fron"tal, n. [F. frontal, fronteau, OF. Frontel, frontal, L. frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet.
 See Front.] 1. Something worn on the forehead or face; a frontlet; as: (a) An ornamental band for the hair. (b) (Mil.)
 The metal face guard of a soldier.

 2. (Arch.) A little pediment over a door or window.

3. (Eccl.) A movable, decorative member in metal, carved wood, or, commonly, in rich stuff or in embroidery, covering the front of the altar. Frontals are usually changed according to the different ceremonies.

4. (Med.) A medicament or application for the forehead.
 [Obs.] Quincy.
5. (Anat.) The frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones, of the cranium.

Frontal hammer or helve, a forge hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a "tongue" immediately in front of the hammer head. Raymond.
 { Fron"tate (?), Fron'ta*ted (?), } a. Growing broader and broader, as a leaf; truncate.

 Front"ed (?), a. Formed with a front; drawn up in line. "Fronted brigades." Milton.
 Fron"tier (?), n. [F. front


WHO WAS WHO5000 B. C. TO DATE Biographical Dictionary of the Famous and Those Who Wanted to Be Edited by Irwin L. Gordon CONTENTS NOTE ABBREVIATIONS OBITUARY BIOGRAPHIES A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z NOTE THE editor begs leave to inform the public that only persons who can produce proper evidence of their demise will be admitted to Who Was Who.
 Press Agent notices or complimentary comments are absolutely excluded, and those offering to pay for the insertion of names will be prosecuted. As persons become eligible they will be included without solicitation, while the pages will be expurgated of others should good luck warrant.

 Who Was Who contains over 500 biographies of those who did or endeavored to become famous. In a work of such magnitude errors occasionally occur.
 Should this be the case, the editor will be glad to receive corrections from the ex-celebrities or their enemies. These will be accepted gratis.
 Proofs will be sent to all subscribers. Members of the family will be able to order the coming editions in advance by applying and remitting to the publisher.

 The work is fully protected by the libel laws of the United States and Great Britain. Under no circumstance will duels be fought.

 The editor wishes to express his thanks to those who have furnished material for this book. He also trusts they will show their good feeling by purchasing a copy, and that all the unfortunates will speedily be returned to Who's Who.

 THE EDITOR.

 ABBREVIATIONS OBITUARY BIOGRAPHIES A ADAM(1) (last name unknown), ancestor, explorer, gardener, and inaugurator of history. Biographers differ as to his parentage. Born first Saturday of year 1. Little is known of his childhood. Education: Self-educated.
 Entered the gardening and orchard business when a young man. Was a strong anti-polygamist. Married Eve, a close relative. Children, Cain and Abel (see them). Was prosperous for some years, but eventually fell prey to his wife's fruitful ambitions. Lost favor of the proprietor of the garden, and failed in business. A. started a number of things which have not been perfected. Diet: Fond of apples. Recreation: Chess, agriculture. Address: Eden, General Delivery. Clubs: Member of all exclusive clubs.

 (1) Ed. Note: Adam should not be first, but he is given that position out of respect.

 ABEL, son of the above. Spent early days in the Garden of Eden with his parents, and later traveled with them. Conducted a sheep raising business.
 Finally had a row with his brother, and was knocked out in the first round.

 ABRAHAM, a patriarch whose descendants now own New York City, Jerusalem, vast sections of the remainder of the globe, and control the pawn-broking, diamond, theatrical, and old clothing markets. Camel and sheep merchant.
 Considerable land was willed him. A. prospered. Married Sarah (last name unknown). Marital infelicity followed, A. having an affair with Mrs.
 Abraham's maid. The woman was discharged, and the family lived happily ever afterward. Ambition: The chosen people. Recreation: Riding, tennis, camel racing. Address: Caanan. Clubs: Country.

 ABRUSSI, Prince Luigi Amedeo Guiseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco, of the Italian nobility. Spent the greater portion of his life taking care of his name, climbing mountains, fighting Turks, and denying rumors regarding his marriage.

 ACHILLES (first name unknown), a baby whose mother gave him a bath, but forgot to wash all of his feet. Later was veteran of the siege of Troy.
 Died before receiving pension.

 AESOP, novelist, nature faker. Little is known of his childhood except that he was fond of dogs and played with the cat. Later he made animals his life's study. A. discovered the zoological principal that a turtle can run faster than a rabbit, and that foxes never eat sour grapes.
 Publications: Fables; the book has had a good sale. Address: Greece.
 Clubs: Zoological Societies.

 ALADDIN, of Somewhere. An ancient who possessed a lamp and a genii with which he could secure anything an American millionaire or actress can now purchase.

 ALDRICH, Senator N. W., architect of the Aldrich Plan, a system for removing the financial interests of the country from the common people and placing them in the hands of the few.

 ALPHONSO XIII, a king who enjoyed Paris without losing his job.

 AMUNDSON, Captain Roald, another pole discoverer. Away back in the year 1912 he reached the south pole after a considerable journey through the Arctic regions. Like his predecessors he became an author and lecturer.
 Publications: The South Pole. Price, Pd2.2S in England; $10.50 in the U. S. Later A. retired and lived on his royalty. Ambition: A few more poles, a few more books.

 ANANIAS. See Dr. Cook and Roosevelt.

 ANDERSON, Mary, actress; one of the wisest women who ever lived. In the height of a brilliant stage career she fell in love, and decided that a quiet home with a husband and children was more to be desired than the empty plaudits of the crowd, and the attentions of stage-door Johnnies.

 ANGELO, Mike, painter and sculptor of no mean ability. Born in Italy, but named after Irish relatives. At school he showed his talents by making cartoons of the teachers. These were unappreciated. Moved to Florence, where he bought some chisels, brushes, and saw his first model. A. remained a bachelor. Later he moved to Rome, and began a brilliant church-decorating career. Secured permission of the Pope to give an exhibition in the Vatican. This was finally made permanent. Also made a fortune erecting tomb-stones for the Medici family, leading politicians of his time. It is difficult to leave Italy without seeing much of his work.
 A. never favored the cubists or post-impressionists. Recreations: Painting, sculpture. Address: Rome.

 ANTHONY, Saint, of Pauda. An Italian who visited Paris, and could not forget what he saw.

 ANTOINETTE, Marie, wife of Louis No. 15, who assisted her husband to spend the French taxes. Was also a practical joker, her humor terminating at Versailles when she advised a mob to eat cake during a bread famine. Her wit was unappreciated. Ambition: Anything but October 16, 1791.
 Recreation: Versailles; looking through a grated window. Address: Versailles. Later: Consiergerie, Paris.

 APOLLO, a handsome ancient who fell in love, posed for his statues, patronized music and poetry, and, finally, had a table water named in his honor. Career: See longer and less respectable biographies. A. was the first person to sing to the accompaniment of a musical instrument, but he was a good singer. Ambition: Paris. Recreation: Music, travel, archery.
 Address: Greece. Clubs: Athletic, musical.

 ARC, Joan of, celebrated French suffragette. Spent girlhood milking cows and embroidering. When the English ministry began operations in France J. dropped her embroidery in the milk bucket and began suffragetting. She did not break windows or blow up anything. Gathered a host of males about her and captured towns. English exited. J. went back to the cow, but again had to take to the armor. She was finally jailed, and burnt up by the Radical ministry. She burned an old maid. Recreation: Barn dances, churning


exceed body temperature. The rectum is surprisingly sensitive to heat and you will flinch at temperatures only a degree or two higher than 98 Fahrenheit.
Cooler water is no problem; some find the cold stimulating and invigorating. Fasters having difficulty staying warm should be wary of cold water enemas. These can drop core body temperature below the point of comfort.
 Make sure the flow clamp on the tube is tightly shut and located a few inches up the tube from the nozzle. Hang the filled bag from a clothes or towel hook, shower nozzle, curtain rod, or other convenient spot about four to five feet above the bathroom floor or tub bottom. The higher the bag the greater the water pressure and speed of filling. But too much pressure can also be uncomfortable.
You may have to experiment a bit with this.
 Various body positions are possible for filling the colon.
None is correct or necessarily more effective than another. Experiment and find the one you prefer. Some fill their colon kneeling and bending forward in the bathtub or shower because there will likely be small dribbles of water leaking from around the nozzle. Usually these leaks do not contain fecal matter. Others prefer to use the bathroom floor. For the bony, a little padding in the form of a folded towel under knees and elbows may make the process more comfortable. You may kneel and bend over while placing your elbows or hands on the floor, reach behind yourself and insert the nozzle. You may also lie on your back or on your side. Some think the left side is preferable because the colon attaches to the rectum on the left side of the body, ascends up the left side of the abdomen to a line almost as high as the solar plexus, then transverses the body to the right side where it descends again on the right almost to the groin. The small intestine attaches to the colon near its lower-right extremity. In fact these are the correct names given for the parts of the colon: Ascending, Descending and Transverse Colon along with the Sigmoid Colon or Rectum at the exit end.
 As you become more expert at filling your colon with water you will begin to become aware of its location by the weight, pressure and sometimes temperature of the water you're injecting. You will come to know how much of the colon has been filled by feel. You will also become aware of peristalsis as the water is evacuated vigorously and discover that sensations from a colon hard at work, though a bit uncomfortable, are not necessarily pain.
 Insertion of the nozzle is sometimes eased with a little lubricant. A bit of soap or KY jelly is commonly used. If the nozzle can be inserted without lubricant it will have less tendency to slip out. However, do not tear or damage the anus by avoiding necessary lubrication. After insertion, grip the clamp with one hand and open it. The flow rate can be controlled with this clamp. Keeping a hand on the clamp also prevents the nozzle from being expelled.
 Water will begin flowing into the colon. Your goal is to empty the entire bag into the colon before sensations of pressure or urgency to evacuate the water force you to remove the nozzle and head for the toilet. Relaxation of mind and body helps achieve this. You are very unlikely to achieve a half-gallon fill up on the first attempt. If painful pressure is experienced try closing the clamp for a moment to allow the water to begin working its way around the obstacle. Or, next time try hanging the bag lower, reducing its height above the body and thus lowering the water pressure. Or, try opening the clamp only partially. Or, try panting hard, so as to make the abdomen move rapidly in and out, sort of shaking the colon.
This last technique is particularly good to get the water past a blockage of intestinal gas.
 It is especially important for Americans, whose culture does not teach one to be tolerant of discomfort, to keep in mind that pain is the body's warning that actual damage is being done to tissues. Enemas can do no damage and pose no risk except to that rare individual with weak spots in the colon's wall from cancers. When an enema is momentarily perceived unpleasantly, the correct name for the experience is a sensation, not pain. You may have to work at increasing your tolerance for unpleasant sensations or it will take you a long time to achieve the goal of totally filling the colon with water. Be brave! And relax. A wise philosopher once said that it is a rough Universe in which only the tigers survive--and sometimes they have a hard time.
 Eventually it will be time to remove the nozzle and evacuate the water. Either a blockage (usually fecal matter, an air bubble, or a tight 'U' turn in the colon, usually at either the splenetic, or hepatic flexures located right below the rib cage) will prevent further inflow (undesirable) or else the bag will completely empty (good!) or the sensation of bursting will no longer be tolerable.
Go sit on the toilet and wait until all the water has passed. Then refill the bag and repeat the process. Each time you fill the colon it will allow more water to enter more easily with less unpleasantness. Fasters and cleansers should make at least three attempts at a complete fill-up each time they do an enema session.
 Water and juice fasters will find that after the first few enemas, it will become very easy to inject the entire half-gallon of water. That is because there is little or no chime entering the colon. After a few days the entire colon will seem (this is incorrect) to be empty except when it is filled with water.
This is the point to learn an advanced self-administered enema technique. An average colon empty of new food will usually hold about one gallon of water. That is average.
A small colon might only hold 3/4 gallon, a large one might accept a gallon and a half, or even more. You'll need to learn to simultaneously refill the bag while injecting water, so as to achieve a complete irrigation of the whole colon. There are several possible methods. You might try placing a pitcher or half-gallon mason jar of tepid water next to the bag and after the bag has emptied the first time, stand up while holding the tube in the anus, refill the bag and then lie down again and continue filling. You might have an assistant do this for you. You might try hanging the bag from the shower head and direct a slow, continuous dribble of lukewarm water from the shower into the bag while you kneel or lie relaxed in the tub. This way the bag will never empty and you stop filling only when you feel fullness and pressure all the way back to the beginning of the ascending colon. Of course, hanging from a slowly running shower head the bag will probably overflow and you will get splashed and so will the bathroom floor when your wet body moves rapidly from the tub to the toilet.
I've imagined making an enema bag from a two gallon plastic bucket with a small plastic hose barb glued into a hole drilled in the bottom or lower edge. If I were in the business of manufacturing enema bags I'd make them hold at least one gallon.
 A word of caution to those folks who have a pattern of overdoing it, or tend to think that more is better. This is not true when it comes to colon cleansing. Do not make more than three attempts to fill and clean the colon with an enema bag. Usually the colon begins to protest and won't accept any more fill-ups.
When having colonics on a colonic machine it is a good idea to continue until the water comes back reasonably clear for that session. It is not a good idea for a faster to have colonics that last more than three-quarters of an hour to an hour maximum, or it will be too tiring. Even non-fasters find colonics tiring. After all, the colon is basically a big muscle that has become very lazy on a low-fiber diet.
 I've personally administered over five thousand colonics, taught several dozen fasters to self-administer their own and stood by while they gave themselves one until they were quite expert. In all that experience I've only seen one person have a seriously bad result. This was a suicidally depressed water faster that I (mistakenly) allowed to administer their own colonics with my machine.
This person not only took daily colonics, but allowed water to flow through their colon for as long as two hours at a time. Perhaps they were trying to wash out their mind? After several weeks of this extreme excess, the faster became highly confused and disoriented due to a severe electrolyte imbalance. They had to be taken off water fasting immediately and recovered their mental clarity in a few days.


of; to discriminate; to distinguish.

 To discern such buds as are fit to produce blossoms.

Boyle.
 A counterfeit stone which thine eye can not discern from a right stone.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
2. To see by the eye or by the understanding; to perceive and recognize; as, to discern a difference.

 And [I] beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding.

Prov. vii. 7.
 Our unassisted sight... is not acute enough to discern the minute texture of visible objects.

Beattie.
 I wake, and I discern the truth.

Tennyson.
Syn. -- To perceive; distinguish; discover; penetrate; discriminate; espy; descry; detect. See Perceive.

 Dis*cern", v. i. 1. To see or understand the difference; to make distinction; as, to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood.

 More than sixscore thousand that cannot discern between their right hand their left.

Jonah iv. 11.
2. To make cognizance. [Obs.] Bacon.
 Dis*cern"ance (?), n. Discernment. [Obs.]

 Dis*cern"er (?), n. One who, or that which, discerns, distinguishes, perceives, or judges; as, a discerner of truth, of right and wrong.

 A great observer and discerner of men's natures.

Clarendon.
 Dis*cern"i*ble (?), a. [L. discernibilis.] Capable of being discerned by the eye or the understanding; as, a star is discernible by the eye; the identity of difference of ideas is discernible by the understanding.

 The effect of the privations and sufferings... was discernible to the last in his temper and deportment.

Macaulay.
Syn. -- Perceptible; distinguishable; apparent; visible; evident; manifest.

 Dis*cern"i*ble*ness, n. The quality of being discernible.

 Dis*cern"i*bly, adv. In a manner to be discerned; perceptibly; visibly. Hammond.
 Dis*cern"ing, a. Acute; shrewd; sagacious; sharp-sighted. Macaulay.
 Dis*cern"ing*ly, adv. In a discerning manner; with judgment; judiciously; acutely. Garth.
 Dis*cern"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. discernement.] 1. The act of discerning.

2. The power or faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; power of viewing differences in objects, and their relations and tendencies; penetrative and discriminate mental vision; acuteness; sagacity; insight; as, the errors of youth often proceed from the want of discernment.

Syn. -- Judgment; acuteness; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; insight. -- Discernment, Penetration, Discrimination. Discernment is keenness and accuracy of mental vision; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject in spite of everything that intercepts the view; discrimination is a capacity of tracing out minute distinctions and the nicest shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled; one of a penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape others; a discriminating judgment detects the slightest differences.

 Dis*cerp" (?), v. t. [L. discerpere, discerptum; dis- + carpere to pluck.] 1. To tear in pieces; to rend. [R.] Stukeley.
2. To separate; to disunite. [R.] Bp. Hurd.
 { Dis*cerp'i*bil"i*ty (?), Dis*cerp'ti*bil"i*ty (?) }, n. Capability or liableness to be discerped. [R.] Wollaston.
 { Dis*cerp"i*ble (?), Dis*cerp"ti*ble (?) }, a. [See Discerp.]
 Capable of being discerped. [R.]

 Dis*cerp"tion (?), n. [L. discerptio.] The act of pulling to pieces, or of separating the parts. Bp. Hall.
 Dis*cerp"tive (?), a. Tending to separate or disunite parts. Encys.
 Dict.
 Dis*ces"sion (?), n. [L. discessio, fr. discedere, discessum.
 See Discede.] Departure. [Obs.]

 Dis*charge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discharged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Discharging.] [OE. deschargen, dischargen, OF. deschargier, F. décharger; pref. des- (L. dis) + chargier, F. charger. See Charge.] 1.
 To relieve of a charge, load, or burden; to empty of a load or cargo; to unburden; to unload; as, to discharge a vessel.

2. To free of the missile with which anything is charged or loaded; to let go the charge of; as, to discharge a bow, catapult, etc.; especially, said of firearms, -- to fire off; to shoot off; also, to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden jar.

 The galleys also did oftentimes, out of their prows, discharge their great pieces against the city.

Knolles.
 Feeling in other cases discharges itself in indirect muscular actions.

H. Spencer.
3. To of something weighing upon or impeding over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, responsibility, accusation, etc.; to absolve; to acquit; to clear.

Discharged of business, void of strife.

Dryden.
 In one man's fault discharge another man of his duty.

L'Estrange.
4. To relieve of an office or employment; to send away from service; to dismiss.

Discharge the common sort With pay and thanks.

Shak.
 Grindal... was discharged the government of his see.

Milton.
5. To release legally from confinement; to set at liberty; as, to discharge a prisoner.

6. To put forth, or remove, as a charge or burden; to take out, as that with which anything is loaded or filled; as, to discharge a cargo.

7. To let fly, as a missile; to shoot.

 They do discharge their shot of courtesy.

Shak.
8. To set aside; to annul; to dismiss.

 We say such an order was "discharged on appeal."

Mozley & W. The order for Daly's attendance was discharged.

Macaulay.
9. To throw off the obligation of, as a duty or debt; to relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, performing duty, trust, and the like; hence, to perform or execute, as an office, or part.

 Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large As could their hundred offices discharge.

Dryden.
10. To send away (a creditor) satisfied by payment; to pay one's debt or obligation to. [Obs.]

 If he had The present money to discharge the Jew.

Shak.
11. To give forth; to emit or send out; as, a pipe discharges water; to let fly; to give expression to; to utter; as, to discharge a horrible oath.

12. To prohibit; to forbid. [Scot. Obs.] Sir W. Scott.
Discharging arch (Arch.), an arch over a door, window, or other opening, to distribute the pressure of the wall above. See Illust.
 of Lintel. -- Discharging piece, Discharging strut (Arch.), a piece set to carry thrust or weight to a solid point of support. -- Discharging rod (Elec.), a bent wire, with