; coldness; a chill.

 Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn. Longfellow.
 Chill"y (?), a. Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering.

 Chi"log*nath (?), n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilognatha.

 ||Chi*log"na*tha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip + gna'qos Jaw.] (Zoöl.) One of the two principal orders of myriapods.
 They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrally, near together.

 Chi*lo"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip, fr. &?; lip. See -oma.] (Zoöl.) The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

 Chi"lo*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) A myriapod of the order Chilopoda.

 ||Chi*lop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lip + -poda.]
 (Zoöl.) One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot.

 { ||Chi*los"to*ma (?), Chi*lo*stom"a*ta (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr.
 &?; + &?;, &?;, outh.] (Zoöl.) An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.]

 Chi'lo*stoma*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma.

 Chiltern Hundreds (?). [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, ærn, place.] A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats.

 ||Chi*mæ"ra (?), n. [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali.
 The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

 Chi*mæ"roid (?), a. [Chimæra + old.] (Zoöl.)
 Related to, or like, the chimæra.

 Chi*man"go [Native name] (Zoöl.) A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara.

 Chimb (chm), n. [AS. cim, in cimstn base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.] The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also chime.]

 Chimb, v. i. Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Chime (chm), n. [See Chimb.] See Chine, n., 3.

 Chime (chm), n. [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. ky'mbalon. See Cymbal.] 1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments.

 Instruments that made melodius chime. Milton.
2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions.

 We have heard the chimes at midnight. Shak.
3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. "Chimes of verse." Cowley.
 Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] [See Chime, n.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells.

2. To be in harmony; to agree; to suit; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with.

 Everything chimed in with such a humor. W. irving.
3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; -- followed by in or in with. [Colloq.]

4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley Chime (?), v. i. 1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony.

 And chime their sounding hammers. Dryden.
2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically.

Chime his childish verse. Byron.
 Chim"er (?), n. One who chimes.

 Chime"ra (?), n.; pl. Chimeras (#). [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. &?; a she-goat, a chimera, fr. &?; he-goat; cf. Icel. qymbr a yearling ewe.] 1. (Myth.)
 A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. "Dire chimeras and enchanted isles." Milton.
2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author. Burke.
 Chi*mere" (?), n. [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It.
 zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammr the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.] The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook.
 Chi*mer"ic (?), a. Chimerical.

 Chi*mer"ic*al (?), a. Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as, chimerical projects.

Syn. -- Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive.

 Chi*mer"ic*al*ly, adv. Wildy; vainly; fancifully.

 Chim"i*nage (?), n. [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law) A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell.
 Chim"ney, n.; pl. Chimneys (#). [F. cheminée, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. &?; furnace, oven.] 1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.
2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft.

 Hard by a cottage chimney smokes. Milton.
3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion.

4. (Min.) A body of ore


budded on each other.
Farm. Dict.
 Bud"dha (&?;), n. [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.] The title of an incarnation of selfabnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

 Bud"dhism (&?;), n. The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, "the awakened or enlightened," in the sixth century b. c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha's teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.

 Bud"dhist (&?;), n. One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism.

 Bud"dhist, a. Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists.

 Bud*dhis"tic (&?;), a. Same as Buddhist, a. Bud"ding (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of producing buds.

2. (Biol.) A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea.

3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.

 Bud"dle (&?;), n. [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining) An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of running water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions.

 Bud"dle, v. i. (Mining) To wash ore in a buddle.

 Bude" burn'er (&?;). [See Bude light.] A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.

 Bude" light' (&?;). [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.] A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.

 Budge (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] To move off; to stir; to walk away.

 I'll not budge an inch, boy. Shak.
 The mouse ne'er shunned the cat as they did budge From rascals worse than they. Shak.
 Budge, a. [See Budge, v.] Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South.
 Budge, n. [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr.
 L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.] A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; -- used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.

 Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. "Budge gowns." Milton.
2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics.

 Those budge doctors of the stoic fur. Milton.
Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. -- Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.

 Budge"ness (&?;), n. Sternness; severity. [Obs.]

 A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness. Stanyhurst.
 Budg"er (&?;), n. One who budges. Shak.
 ||budg"e*row (&?;), n. [Hindi bajr.] A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.

 Budg"et (&?;), n. [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as, a budget of inventions.

2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries.

To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government.

 Budg"y, a. [From Budge, n.] Consisting of fur. [Obs.]

 Bud"let (&?;), n. [Bud + -let.] A little bud springing from a parent bud.

 We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring. E. Darwin.
 Buff (bf), n. [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also, the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. "A suit of buff."
 Shak.
2. The color of buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown.

 A visage rough, Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff.
Dryden.
3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak.
4. (Med.) The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a.
5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc.

6. The bare skin; as, to strip to the buff. [Colloq.]

 To be in buff is equivalent to being naked. Wright.
 Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith.
2. Of the color of buff.

Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. -- Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. -- Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing.

 Buff, v. t. To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5


out of the ditch; to intrench.
 Pope.
 No more shall trenching war channel her fields.

Shak.
3. To cut furrows or ditches in; as, to trench land for the purpose of draining it.

4. To dig or cultivate very deeply, usually by digging parallel contiguous trenches in succession, filling each from the next; as, to trench a garden for certain crops.

 Trench, v. i. 1. To encroach; to intrench.

 Does it not seem as if for a creature to challenge to itself a boundless attribute, were to trench upon the prerogative of the divine nature?

I. Taylor.
2. To have direction; to aim or tend. [R.] Bacon.
To trench at, to make trenches against; to approach by trenches, as a town in besieging it. [Obs.]

 Like powerful armies, trenching at a town By slow and silent, but resistless, sap.

Young.
 Trench, n. [OE. trenche, F. tranchée. See Trench, v. t.] 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch; as, a trench for draining land. Mortimer.
2. An alley; a narrow path or walk cut through woods, shrubbery, or the like. [Obs.]

 In a trench, forth in the park, goeth she.

Chaucer.
3. (Fort.) An excavation made during a siege, for the purpose of covering the troops as they advance toward the besieged place.
 The term includes the parallels and the approaches.

To open the trenches (Mil.), to begin to dig or to form the lines of approach. — Trench cavalier (Fort.), an elevation constructed (by a besieger) of gabions, fascines, earth, and the like, about half way up the glacis, in order to discover and enfilade the covered way. — Trench plow, or Trench plough, a kind of plow for opening land to a greater depth than that of common furrows.

 Trench"and (?), a. Trenchant. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Trench"ant (?), a. [OF. trenchant, F. tranchant, p. pr. See Trench, v. t.] 1. Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp. " Trenchant was the blade." Chaucer.
2. Fig.: Keen; biting; severe; as, trenchant wit.

 Trench"ant*ly, adv. In a trenchant, or sharp, manner; sharply; severely.

 Trench"er (?), n. [OE. trencheoir, F. tranchoir, fr.
 trancher to cut, carve. See Trench, v. t.] 1. One who trenches; esp., one who cuts or digs ditches.

2. A large wooden plate or platter, as for table use.

3. The table; hence, the pleasures of the table; food.

 It could be no ordinary declension of nature that could bring some men, after an ingenuous education, to place their "summum bonum" upon their trenchers.

South.
Trencher cap, the cap worn by studens at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, having a stiff, flat, square appendage at top. A similar cap used in the United States is called Oxford cap, mortar board, etc. — Trencher fly, a person who haunts the tables of others; a parasite. [R.] L'Estrange. — Trencher friend, one who frequents the tables of others; a sponger. — Trencher mate, a table companion; a parasite; a trencher fly. Hooker.
 Trench"er-man (?), n.; pl. Trencher-men (&?;).

1. A feeder; a great eater; a gormandizer. Shak.
2. A cook. [Obs.]

 The skillfulest trencher-men of Media.

Sir P. Sidney.
3. A table companion; a trencher mate. Thackeray.
 Trench"more (?), n. A kind of lively dance of a rude, boisterous character. Also, music in triple time appropriate to the dance. [Obs.]

 All the windows in the town dance new trenchmore.

Beau. & Fl.
 Trench"more (?), v. i. To dance the trenchmore. [Obs.] Marston.
 { Trench"-plow", Trench"-plough' } (-plou'), v. t. To plow with deep furrows, for the purpose of loosening the land to a greater depth than usual.

 Trend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trended; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Trending.] [OE. trenden to roll or turn about; akin to OFries. trind, trund, round, Dan. & Sw. trind, AS. trendel a circle, ring, and E. trendle, trundle.]
 To have a particular direction; to run; to stretch; to tend; as, the shore of the sea trends to the southwest.

 Trend, v. t. To cause to turn; to bend. [R.]

 Not far beneath i' the valley as she trends Her silver stream.

W. Browne.
 Trend, n. Inclination in a particular direction; tendency; general direction; as, the trend of a coast.

Trend of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) The lower end of the shank of an anchor, being the same distance on the shank from the throat that the arm measures from the throat to the bill. R. H. Dana, Jr.
(b) The angle made by the line of a vessel's keel and the direction of the anchor cable, when she is swinging at anchor.

 Trend (?), v. t. [Cf. G. & OD. trennen to separate.] To cleanse, as wool. [Prov. Eng.]

 Trend, n. Clean wool. [Prov. Eng.]

 Trend"er (?), n. One whose business is to free wool from its filth.
 [Prov. Eng.]

 Tren"dle (?), n. [AS. trendel, tryndel, circle, ring.
 See Trend, v. i., and cf. Trundle.] A wheel, spindle, or the like; a trundle. [Obs.]

 The shaft the wheel, the wheel, the trendle turns.

Sylvester.
 Tren"tal (?), n. [LL. trentale, fr. L. triginta thirty; akin to tres three: cf. OF. trentel. See Three, and cf. Trigintal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An office and mass for the dead on the thirtieth day after death or burial. "Their trentals and their shrifts." Spenser.
2. Hence, a dirge; an elegy.

 Tren"ton pe"ri*od (?). (Geol.) A subdivision in the lower Silurian system of America; — so named from Trenton Falls, in New York. The rocks are mostly limestones, and the period is divided into the Trenton, Utica, and Cincinnati epochs. See the Chart of Geology.

 Tre*pan" (?), n. [F. trépan (cf. Sp. trépano, It. trepano, trapano), LL. trepanum, fr. Gr. &?; a borer, auger, trepan, fr. &?; to bore, &?; a hole. Cf. Trephine.]
 1. (Surg.) A crown-saw or cylindrical saw for perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a bit or gimlet. See Trephine.

2. (Mining) A kind of broad chisel for sinking shafts.

 Tre*pan", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Trepanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trepanning.]


kins; in Scotland, short spatterdashes or riding trousers, worn over the other clothing.

 ||Gam"ba (?), n. A viola da gamba.

 Gam*ba"does (?), n. pl. [I. or Sp. gamba leg. See Gambol, n.]
 Same as Gamashes.

 His thin legs tenanted a pair of gambadoes fastened at the side with rusty clasps.

Sir W. Scott.
 Gam"be*son (?), n. Same as Gambison.

 Gam"bet (?), n. [Fr. gambette, or It. gambetta.] (Zoöl.)
 Any bird of the genuis Totanus. See Tattler.

 Gam"bier (?), n. [Malayan.] (a) The inspissated juice of a plant (Uncaria Gambir) growing in Malacca. It is a powerful astringent, and, under the name of Terra Japonica, is used for chewing with the Areca nut, and is exported for tanning and dyeing. (b) Catechu. [Written also gambeer and gambir.]

 Gam"bi*son (?), n. [OF. gambeson, gambaison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin: cf. MHG. wambeis, G. wams doublet, fr. OHG. wamba, stomach. See Womb.] A defensive garment formerly in use for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted.

 Gam"bist (?), n. [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) A performer upon the viola di gamba. See under Viola.

 Gam"bit (?), n. [F. gambit, cf. It. gambitto gambit, a tripping up. See Gambol, n.] (Chess Playing) A mode of opening the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed to gain an attacking position.

 Gam"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Gambling (?).] [Dim. of game. See 2d Game.] To play or game for money or other stake.

 Gamble, v. t. To lose or squander by gaming; -- usually with away.
 "Bankrupts or sots who have gambled or slept away their estates."
 Ames.
 Gam"bler (?), n. One who gambles.

 Gam*boge" (?), n. A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, -- whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taken internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic and emetic. [Written also camboge.]

 There are several kinds of gamboge, but all are derived from species of Garcinia, a genus of trees of the order Guttiferæ. The best Siam gamboge is thought to come from Garcinia Hanburii. Ceylon gamboge is from G. Morella. G. pictoria, of Western India, yields gamboge, and also a kind of oil called gamboge butter.

 { Gam*bo"gi*an (?), Gambogic (?), } a. Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, gamboge.

 Gam"bol (gm"bl), n. [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, F. gambade, gambol, fr. It. gambata kick, fr. L. gamba leg, akin to F. jambe, OF. also, gambe, fr. L. gamba, hoof or perh.
 joint: cf. Gr. kamph' a binding, winding, W., Ir. & Gael. cam crooked; perh. akin to E. chamber: cf.F. gambiller to kick about. Cf. Jamb, n., Gammon ham, Gambadoes.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic; a hop; a sportive prank. Dryden.
 Gam"bol v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled (?), or Gambolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] To dance and skip about in sport; to frisk; to skip; to play in frolic, like boys or lambs.

 Gam"brel (?), n. [OF. gambe, jambe leg, F. jambe.
 Cf. Cambrel, Chambrel, and see Gambol. n.] 1. The hind leg of a horse.

2. A stick crooked like a horse's hind leg; - - used by butchers in suspending slaughtered animals.

Gambrel roof (Arch.), a curb roof having the same section in all parts, with a lower steeper slope and an upper and flatter one, so that each gable is pentagonal in form.

 Gam"brel v. t. To truss or hang up by means of a gambrel. Beau.
 & Fl.
 Gam*broon" (?), n. A kind of twilled linen cloth for lining. Simmonds.
 Game (?), a. [Cf. W. cam crooked, and E. gambol, n.]
 Crooked; lame; as, a game leg. [Colloq.]

 Game, n. [OE. game, gamen, AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport; akin to OS., OHG., & Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen mirth, merriment, OSw. gamman joy. Cf. Gammon a game, Backgammon, Gamble v. i.] 1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic.

 We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game.

Shak.
2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as, a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc.

 But war's a game, which, were their subject wise, Kings would not play at.

Cowper.
 Among the ancients, especially the Greeks and Romans, there were regularly recurring public exhibitions of strength, agility, and skill under the patronage of the government, usually accompanied with religious ceremonies. Such were the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games.

3. The use or practice of such a game; a single match at play; a single contest; as, a game at cards.

 Talk the game o'er between the deal.

Lloyd.
4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game; also, the number of points necessary to be scored in order to win a game; as, in short whist five points are game.

5. (Card Playing) In some games, a point credited on the score to the player whose cards counts up the highest.

6. A scheme or art employed in the pursuit of an object or purpose; method of procedure; projected line of operations; plan; project.

 Your murderous game is nearly up.

Blackw. Mag.
 It was obviously Lord Macaulay's game to blacken the greatest literary champion of the cause he had set himself to attack.

Saintsbury.
7. Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen; wild meats designed for, or served at, table.

 Those species of animals... distinguished from the rest by the well-known appellation of game.

Blackstone.
Confidence game. See under Confidence. -- To make game of, to make sport of; to mock. Milton.
 Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit, like the gamecock; ready to fight to the last; plucky.

 I was game....I felt that I could have fought even to the death.

W. Irving.
2. Of or pertaining to such animals as are hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting.

Game bag, a sportsman's


A novice can write short BASIC programs (on the order of 10-20 lines) very easily; writing anything longer (a) is very painful, and (b) encourages bad habits that will make it harder to use more powerful languages well. This wouldn't be so bad if historical accidents hadn't made BASIC so common on low-end micros in the 1980s. As it is, it probably ruined tens of thousands of potential wizards.
[1995: Some languages called 'BASIC' aren't quite this nasty any more, having acquired Pascaland C-like procedures and control structures and shed their line numbers. --ESR] Note: the name is commonly parsed as Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, but this is a backronym. BASIC was originally named Basic, simply because it was a simple and basic programming language.
Because most programming language names were in fact acronyms, BASIC was often capitalized just out of habit or to be silly. No acronym for BASIC originally existed or was intended (as one can verify by reading texts through the early 1970s). Later, around the mid-1970s, people began to make up backronyms for BASIC because they weren't sure. Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code is the one that caught on.
Node:batbelt, Next:batch, Previous:BASIC, Up:= B = batbelt n. Many hackers routinely hang numerous devices such as pagers, cell-phones, personal organizers, leatherman multitools, pocket knives, flashlights, walkie-talkies, even miniature computers from their belts. When many of these devices are worn at once, the hacker's belt somewhat resembles Batman's utility belt; hence it is referred to as a batbelt.
Node:batch, Next:bathtub curve, Previous:batbelt, Up:= B = batch adj.
1. Non-interactive. Hackers use this somewhat more loosely than the traditional technical definitions justify; in particular, switches on a normally interactive program that prepare it to receive non-interactive command input are often referred to as 'batch mode' switches. A 'batch file' is a series of instructions written to be handed to an interactive program running in batch mode. 2. Performance of dreary tasks all at one sitting. "I finally sat down in batch mode and wrote out checks for all those bills; I guess they'll turn the electricity back on next week..." 3. 'batching up': Accumulation of a number of small tasks that can be lumped together for greater efficiency. "I'm batching up those letters to send sometime" "I'm batching up bottles to take to the recycling center."
Node:bathtub curve, Next:baud, Previous:batch, Up:= B = bathtub curve n. Common term for the curve (resembling an end-to-end section of one of those claw-footed antique bathtubs) that describes the expected failure rate of electronics with time: initially high, dropping to near 0 for most of the system's lifetime, then rising again as it 'tires out'. See also burn-in period, infant mortality.
Node:baud, Next:baud barf, Previous:bathtub curve, Up:= B = baud /bawd/ n.
[simplified from its technical meaning] n. Bits per second.
Hence kilobaud or Kbaud, thousands of bits per second. The technical meaning is 'level transitions per second'; this coincides with bps only for two-level modulation with no framing or stop bits. Most hackers are aware of these nuances but blithely ignore them.
Historical note: 'baud' was originally a unit of telegraph signalling speed, set at one pulse per second. It was proposed at the November, 1926 conference of the Comité Consultatif International Des Communications Télégraphiques as an improvement on the then standard practice of referring to line speeds in terms of words per minute, and named for Jean Maurice Emile Baudot (_PHONE_), a French engineer who did a lot of pioneering work in early teleprinters.
Node:baud barf, Next:baz, Previous:baud, Up:= B = baud barf /bawd barf/ n. The garbage one gets a terminal (or terminal emulator) when using a modem connection with some protocol setting (esp. line speed) incorrect, or when someone picks up a voice extension on the same line, or when really bad line noise disrupts the connection. Baud barf is not completely random, by the way; hackers with a lot of serial-line experience can usually tell whether the device at the other end is expecting a higher or lower speed than the terminal is set to. Really experienced ones can identify particular speeds.
Node:baz, Next:bazaar, Previous:baud barf, Up:= B = baz /baz/ n.
1. [common] The third metasyntactic variable "Suppose we have three functions: FOO, BAR, and BAZ. FOO calls BAR, which calls BAZ...." (See also fum) 2. interj. A term of mild annoyance. In this usage the term is often drawn out for 2 or 3 seconds, producing an effect not unlike the bleating of a sheep; /baaaaaaz/. 3.
Occasionally appended to foo to produce 'foobaz'.
Earlier versions of this lexicon derived 'baz' as a Stanford corruption of bar. However, Pete Samson (compiler of the TMRC lexicon) reports it was already current when he joined TMRC in 1958. He says "It came from "Pogo". Albert the Alligator, when vexed or outraged, would shout 'Bazz Fazz!' or 'Rowrbazzle!' The club layout was said to model the (mythical) New England counties of Rowrfolk and Bassex (Rowrbazzle mingled with (Norfolk/Suffolk/Middlesex/Essex)."
Node:bazaar, Next:bboard, Previous:baz, Up:= B = bazaar n.,adj.
In 1997, after meditatating on the success of Linux for three years, the Jargon File's own editor ESR wrote an analytical paper on hacker culture and development models titled The Cathedral and the Bazaar. The main argument of the paper was that Brooks's Law is not the whole story; given the right social machinery, debugging can be efficiently parallelized across large numbers of programmers. The title metaphor caught on (see also cathedral), and the style of development typical in the Linux community is now often referred to as the bazaar mode. Its characteristics include releasing code early and often, and actively seeking the largest possible pool of peer reviewers.
Node:bboard, Next:BBS, Previous:bazaar, Up:= B = bboard /bee'bord/ n.
[contraction of 'bulletin board'] 1. Any electronic bulletin board; esp. used of BBS systems running on personal micros, less frequently of a Usenet newsgroup (in fact, use of this term for a newsgroup generally marks one either as a newbie fresh in from the BBS world or as a real old-timer predating Usenet). 2. At CMU and other colleges with similar facilities, refers to campus-wide electronic bulletin boards. 3. The term 'physical bboard' is sometimes used to refer to an old-fashioned, non-electronic cork-and-thumbtack memo board. At CMU, it refers to a particular one outside the CS Lounge.
In either of senses 1 or 2, the term is usually prefixed by the name of the intended board ('the Moonlight Casino bboard' or 'market bboard'); however, if the context is clear, the better-read bboards may be referred to by name alone, as in (at CMU) "Don't post for-sale ads on general".
Node:BBS, Next:BCPL, Previous:bboard, Up:= B = BBS /B-B-S/ n.
[common; abbreviation, 'Bulletin Board System'] An electronic bulletin board system; that is, a message database where people can log in and leave broadcast messages for others grouped (typically) into topic groups. The term was especially applied to the thousands of local BBS systems that operated during the pre-Internet microcomputer era of roughly 1980 to 1995, typically run by amateurs for fun out of their homes on MS-DOS boxes with a single modem line each. Fans of Usenet and Internet or the big commercial


they are half boiled drain and put them into a stewpan with an ounce of butter, half a teacup of boiling water, salt, and herbs. When they are well cooked add the fish and serve. Fillets of lemon soles may also be cooked this way.

 No. 47. Triglie alla Marinara (Mullet) Ingredients: Mullet, salt, pepper, onions, parsley, oil, water.

 Cut a mullet into pieces and put it into a stewpan (with the lid on), with salt, pepper, a cut-up onion, some chopped parsley, half a wineglass of the finest olive oil and half a pint of water, and in this cook the fish gently. Arrange the fillets on a dish, pour a little of the broth over them, and add the onion and parsley. Instead of mullet you can use cod, hake, whiting, lemon sole, &c. No. 48. Mullet alla Tolosa Ingredients: Mullet, butter, salt, onions, parsley, almonds, anchovies, button mushrooms, tomatoes.

 Cut off the fins and gills of a mullet, put it in a fireproof dish with two ounces of butter and salt. Cut up a small bit of onion, a sprig of parsley, a few blanched almonds, one anchovy, and a few button mushrooms, previously softened in hot water, and put them over the fish and bake for twenty minutes Then add two tablespoonsful of tomato sauce or puree, and when cooked serve. If you like, use sole instead of mullet.

 No. 49. Mullet alla Triestina Ingredients: Mullet (or sole or turbot), butter, salt half a lemon, Chablis.

 Put the fish in a fireproof dish with one and a half ounces of butter, salt, a squeeze of lemon juice, and half a glass of Chablis. Put it on a very, slow fire and turn the fish when necessary. When it is cooked serve in the dish.

 No. 50. Whiting alla Genovese Ingredients: Whiting, butter, pepper, salt, bay leaf claret, parsley, onions, garlic capers, vinegar, Espagnole sauce, mushrooms, anchovies.

 Put one or two whiting into a stewpan with two ounces of butter, salt, pepper, two bay leaves, and a glass of claret or Burgundy; cook on a hot fire and turn the fish when necessary. Have ready beforehand a remoulade sauce made in the following manner: Put in a saucepan 1 1/2 ounces of butter, half a teaspoonful of chopped parsley, half an onion, a clove of garlic (with one cut), four capers, one anchovy, all chopped up except the garlic. Then add three tablespoonsful of vinegar and reduce the sauce. Add two glasses of Espagnole sauce (No. 1) and a little good stock; boil it all up (take out the garlic and bay leaves) and pass through a sieve, then pour it over the whiting. Boil it all again for a few minutes, and before serving garnish with a few button mushrooms cooked separately. The remoulade sauce will be much better if made some hours beforehand.

 No. 51. Merluzzo in Bianco (Cod) Ingredients: Cod or whiting, salt, onions, parsley, cloves, turnips, marjoram, chervil, milk.

 Boil gently in a big cupful of salted water two onions, one turnip, a pinch of chopped parsley, chervil, and marjoram and four cloves. After half an hour pass this through a sieve (but first take out the cloves), and add an equal quantity of milk and a little cream, and in this cook the fish and serve with the sauce over it.

 No. 52. Merluzzo in Salamoia (Cod) Ingredients: Cod, hake, whiting or red mullet, onions, parsley, mint, marjoram, turnips, mushrooms, chervil, cloves, salt, milk, cream, eggs.

 Put a salt-spoonful of salt, two onions, a little parsley, marjoram, mint, chervil, a turnip, a mushroom, and the heads of two cloves into a stewpan and simmer in a cupful of milk for half an hour, then let all the ingredients settle at the bottom, and pass the broth through a hair sieve, and add to it an equal quantity of milk or cream, and in it cook your fish on a slow fire. When the fish is quite cooked, pour off the sauce, but leave a little on the fish to keep it warm; reduce the rest in a bain-marie; stir all the time, so that the milk may not curdle. Thicken the sauce with the yolk of an egg, and when about to serve pour it over the fish.

 No. 53. Baccala in Istufato (Haddock) Ingredients: Haddock or lemon sole, carrots, anchovies, lemon, pepper, butter, onions, flour, white wine, stock.

 Stuff a haddock (or filleted lemon sole) with some slices of carrot which have been masked with a paste made of pounded anchovies, very little chopped lemon peel, salt and pepper. Then fry an onion with two cuts across it in butter. Take out the onion as soon as it has become a golden colour, flour the fish and put it in the butter, and when it has been well fried on both sides pour a glass of Marsala over it, and when it is all absorbed add a cup of fowl or veal stock and let it simmer for half an hour, then skim and reduce the sauce, pour it over the fish and serve.

 No. 54. Naselli con Piselli (Whiting) Ingredients: Whiting, onions, parsley, peas, tomatoes, butter, Parmesan, Bechamel sauce.

 Cut a big whiting into two or three pieces and fry them slightly in butter, add a small bit of onion, a teaspoonful of chopped parsley and fry for a few minutes more. Then add some peas which have been cooked in salted water, three tablespoonsful of Bechamel sauce (No. 3), and three of tomato puree, and cook all together on a moderate fire.

 No. 55. Ostriche alla Livornese (Oysters) Ingredients: Oysters, parsley, shallot, anchovies, fennel pepper, bread crumbs, cream, lemon.

 Detach the oysters from their shells and put then into china shells with their own liquor. Have ready a dessert-spoonful of parsley, shallot, anchovy and very little fennel, add a tablespoonful of bread crumbs and a little pepper, and mix the whole with a little cream. Put some of this mixture on each oyster, and then bake them in a moderate fire for a quarter of an hour. At the last minute add a squeeze of lemon juice to each oyster and serve on a folded napkin.

 No. 56. Ostriche alla Napolitana (Oysters) Ingredients: Oysters, parsley, celery, thyme, pepper, garlic, oil, lemon.

 Prepare the oysters as above, but rub each shell with a little garlic. Put on each oyster a mixture made of chopped parsley, a little thyme, pepper, and bread crumbs. Then pour a few drops of oil on each shell, put them on the gridiron on an open fire, grill for a few minutes, and add a little lemon juice before serving.

 No. 57. Ostriche alla Veneziana (Oysters) Ingredients: Oysters, butter, shallots, truffles, lemon juice, forcemeat of fish.

 Take several oysters out of their shells and cook them in butter, a little chopped shallot, and their own liquor, add a little lemon juice and then put in each of the deeper shells a layer of forcemeat made of fish and chopped truffles, then an oyster or two, and over this again another layer of the forcemeat, cover up with the top shell and put them in a fish kettle and steam them. Then remove the top


ine. See Laurel.] (Bot.) The Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter months. [Written also laurustine and laurestina.]

 Lau"ric (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the European bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis).

Lauric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline substance, C12H24O2, resembling palmitic acid, and obtained from the fruit of the bay tree, and other sources.

 Lau*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. laurifer; laurus + ferre to bear.] Producing, or bringing, laurel.

 Lau"rin (?), n. [Cf. F. laurine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance extracted from the fruit of the bay (Laurus nobilis), and consisting of a complex mixture of glycerin ethers of several organic acids.

 Lau"ri*nol (?), n. [Laurin + -ol.] (Chem.)
 Ordinary camphor; -- so called in allusion to the family name (Lauraceæ) of the camphor trees. See Camphor.

 Lau"ri*ol (?), n. Spurge laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Lau"rite (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Min.) A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon.

 Lau"rone (?), n. [Lauric + - one.] (Chem.) The ketone of lauric acid.

 ||Lau"rus (?), n. [L., laurel.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including, according to modern authors, only the true laurel (Laurus nobilis), and the larger L. Canariensis of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly the sassafras, the camphor tree, the cinnamon tree, and several other aromatic trees and shrubs, were also referred to the genus Laurus.

 Laus (?), a. Loose. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 La"va (lä"v; 277), n. [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth's surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States.

 Lavas are classed, according to their structure, as scoriaceous or cellular, glassy, stony, etc., and according to the material of which they consist, as doleritic, trachytic, etc.

Lava millstone, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone from the neighborhood of the Rhine. -- Lava ware, a kind of cheap pottery made of iron slag cast into tiles, urns, table tops, etc., resembling lava in appearance.

 Lav"a*ret (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish (Coregonus laveretus), found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland.

 La*vat"ic (l*vt"k), a. Like lava, or composed of lava; lavic.

 La*va"tion (?), n. [L. lavatio: cf. OF. lavation.] A washing or cleansing. [Obs. or R.]

 Lav"a*to*ry (?), a. Washing, or cleansing by washing.

 Lav"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Lavatories (#). [L. lavatorium: cf. lavatoire. See Lave to wash, and cf. Laver.] 1. A place for washing.

2. A basin or other vessel for washing in.

3. A wash or lotion for a diseased part.

4. A place where gold is obtained by washing.

 Lav"a*ture (?; 135), n. A wash or lotion. [Obs.]

 Lave (lv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laved (lvd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Laving.] [F. laver, L. lavare, akin to luere to wash, Gr. &?;. Cf. Ablution, Deluge, Lavender, Lava, Lotion.] To wash; to bathe; as, to lave a bruise.

 His feet the foremost breakers lave.

Byron.
 Lave, v. i. To bathe; to wash one's self.

 In her chaste current oft the goddess laves.

Pope.
 Lave, v. t. [OE. laven. See Lavish.] To lade, dip, or pour out. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Lave, n. [AS. lf the remainder, what is left. √119.
 See Leave.] The remainder; others. [Scot.] Bp. Hall.
 Lave"-eared' (?), a. [Cf. W. llaf that extends round, llipa flaccid, flapping, G. lapp flabby, lappohr flap ear.] Having large, pendent ears. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.
 La*veer" (?), v. i. [D. laveren.] (Naut.) To beat against the wind; to tack. [Obs.] Dryden.
 Lave"ment (?), n. [F. lavement, fr. laver to wash.] A washing or bathing; also, a clyster.

 Lav"en*der (?), n. [OE. lavendre, F. lavande, It. lavanda lavender, a washing, fr. L. lavare to wash; cf. It. lsavendola, LL. lavendula. So called because it was used in bathing and washing. See Lave. to wash, and cf. Lavender.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Lavandula (L. vera), common in the south of Europe. It yields and oil used in medicine and perfumery. The Spike lavender (L. Spica) yields a coarser oil (oil of spike), used in the arts.

2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers, paler and more delicate than lilac.

Lavender cotton (Bot.), a low, twiggy, aromatic shrub (Santolina Chamæcyparissus) of the Mediterranean region, formerly used as a vermifuge, etc., and still used to keep moths from wardrobes. Also called ground cypress. -- Lavender water, a perfume composed of alcohol, essential oil of lavender, essential oil of bergamot, and essence of ambergris. -- Sea lavender. (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary. -- To lay in lavender. (a) To lay away, as clothing, with sprigs of lavender. (b) To pawn. [Obs.]

 Lav"er (l"vr), n. [OE. lavour, F. lavoir, L. lavatorium a washing place. See Lavatory.] 1. A vessel for washing; a large basin.

2. (Script. Hist.) (a) A large brazen vessel placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet. (b) One of several vessels in Solomon's Temple in which the offerings for burnt sacrifices were washed.

3. That which washes or cleanses. J. H. Newman.
 Lav"er, n. [From Lave to wash.] One who laves; a washer. [Obs.]

 La"ver (l"vr), n. The fronds of certain marine algæ used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris.


THE EXPEDITION OF HUMPHRY CLINKER by Tobias Smollett CONTENTS To Mr HENRY DAVIS, Bookseller, in London.
 To the Revd. Mr JONATHAN DUSTWICH, at— THE EXPEDITION OF HUMPHRY CLINKER To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs GWYLLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.

 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Mrs JERMYN at her house in Gloucester.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LYDIA MELFORD.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LETTY WILLIS, at Gloucester To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS. BATH, April 23. DEAR DOCTOR, To Miss WILLIS at Gloucester. BATH, April 26. MY DEAREST COMPANION, To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Mrs GWYLLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, of Jesus college, Oxon.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall, &c. To Mrs GWYLLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.
 MRS GWYLLIM, To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs GWILLIM, house-keeper at Brambleton-hall.

 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. of Jesus college, Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Miss LAETITIA WILLIS, at Gloucester.
 To Mrs JERMYN, at her house in Gloucester.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Sir WATKIN PHILLIPS, Bart. at Oxon.
 To Dr LEWIS.
 To Mrs GWYLLIM, at Brambleton-hall.
 To Mrs MARY JONES, at Brambleton-hall.

 To Mr HENRY DAVIS, Bookseller, in London.

 ABERGAVENNY, Aug. 4.

 RESPECTED SIR, I have received your esteemed favour of the 13th ultimo, whereby it appeareth, that you have perused those same Letters, the which were delivered unto you by my friend, the reverend Mr Hugo Behn; and I am pleased to find you think they may be printed with a good prospect of success; in as much as the objections you mention, I humbly conceive, are such as may be redargued, if not entirely removed—And, first, in the first place, as touching what prosecutions may arise from printing the private correspondence of persons still living, give me leave, with all due submission, to observe, that the Letters in question were not written and sent under the seal of secrecy; that they have no tendency to the mala fama, or prejudice of any person whatsoever; but rather to the information and edification of mankind: so that it becometh a sort of duty to promulgate them in usum publicum. Besides, I have consulted Mr Davy Higgins, an eminent attorney of this place, who, after due inspection and consideration, declareth, That he doth not think the said Letters contain any matter which will be held actionable in the eye of the law. Finally, if you and I should come to a right understanding, I do declare in verbo sacerdotis, that, in case of any such prosecution, I will take the whole upon my own shoulders, even quoad fine and imprisonment, though, I must confess, I should not care to undergo flagellation: Tam ad turpitudinem, quam ad amaritudinem poenoe spectans—Secondly, concerning the personal resentment of Mr Justice Lismahago, I may say, non flocci facio—I would not willingly vilipend any Christian, if, peradventure, he deserveth that epithet: albeit, I am much surprised that more care is not taken to exclude from the commission all such vagrant foreigners as may be justly suspected of disaffection to our happy constitution, in church and state—God forbid that I should be so uncharitable, as to affirm, positively, that the said Lismahago is no better than a Jesuit in disguise; but this I will assert and maintain, totis viribus, that, from the day he qualified, he has never been once seen intra templi parietes, that is to say,


ascertaining the strength of spirits was practiced, called the proof.

Ure.
2. That degree of evidence which convinces the mind of any truth or fact, and produces belief; a test by facts or arguments that induce, or tend to induce, certainty of the judgment; conclusive evidence; demonstration.

 I'll have some proof.

Shak.
 It is no proof of a man's understanding to be able to confirm whatever he pleases.

Emerson.
 Properly speaking, proof is the effect or result of evidence, evidence is the medium of proof. Cf. Demonstration, 1.

3. The quality or state of having been proved or tried; firmness or hardness that resists impression, or does not yield to force; impenetrability of physical bodies.

4. Firmness of mind; stability not to be shaken.

5. (Print.) A trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination; -- called also proof sheet.

6. (Math.) A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Cf. Prove, v. t., 5.

7. Armor of excellent or tried quality, and deemed impenetrable; properly, armor of proof. [Obs.] Shak.
Artist's proof, a very early proof impression of an engraving, or the like; -- often distinguished by the artist's signature. -- Proof reader, one who reads, and marks correction in, proofs. See def. 5, above.

Syn. -- Testimony; evidence; reason; argument; trial; demonstration. See Testimony.

 Proof, a.
1. Used in proving or testing; as, a proof load, or proof charge.

2. Firm or successful in resisting; as, proof against harm; waterproof; bombproof.

 I... have found thee Proof against all temptation.

Milton.
 This was a good, stout proof article of faith.

Burke.
3. Being of a certain standard as to strength; -- said of alcoholic liquors.

Proof charge (Firearms), a charge of powder and ball, greater than the service charge, fired in an arm, as a gun or cannon, to test its strength. -- Proof impression. See under Impression. -- Proof load (Engin.), the greatest load than can be applied to a piece, as a beam, column, etc., without straining the piece beyond the elastic limit. -- Proof sheet. See Proof, n., 5. - - Proof spirit (Chem.), a strong distilled liquor, or mixture of alcohol and water, containing not less than a standard amount of alcohol.
 In the United States "proof spirit is defined by law to be that mixture of alcohol and water which contains one half of its volume of alcohol, the alcohol when at a temperature of 60° Fahrenheit being of specific gravity 0.7939 referred to water at its maximum density as unity. Proof spirit has at 60° Fahrenheit a specific gravity of 0.93353, 100 parts by volume of the same consisting of 50 parts of absolute alcohol and 53.71 parts of water," the apparent excess of water being due to contraction of the liquids on mixture. In England proof spirit is defined by Act 58, George III., to be such as shall at a temperature of 51° Fahrenheit weigh exactly the part of an equal measure of distilled water. This contains 49.3 per cent by weight, or 57.09 by volume, of alcohol. Stronger spirits, as those of about 60, 70, and 80 per cent of alcohol, are sometimes called second, third, and fourth proof spirits respectively. -- Proof staff, a straight-edge used by millers to test the flatness of a stone. -- Proof stick (Sugar Manuf.), a rod in the side of a vacuum pan, for testing the consistency of the sirup. -- Proof text, a passage of Scripture used to prove a doctrine.

 Proof'-arm" (?), v. t. To arm with proof armor; to arm securely; as, to proof-arm herself. [R.] Beau. & Fl.
 Proof"less, a. Wanting sufficient evidence to induce belief; not proved. Boyle. -- Proof"less*ly, adv.
 Proof"-proof', a. Proof against proofs; obstinate in the wrong.
 "That might have shown to any one who was not proof-proof." Whateley.
 ||Pro*ös"tra*cum (?), n.; pl. Proöstraca (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; before + &?; shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.)
 The anterior prolongation of the guard of the phragmocone of belemnites and allied fossil cephalopods, whether horny or calcareous. See Illust.
 of Phragmocone.

 Pro*ö"tic (?), a. [Pref. pro- + Gr. &?;, &?;, an ear.] (Anat.) In front of the auditory capsule; -- applied especially to a bone, or center of ossification, in the periotic capsule.
 -- n. A proötic bone.

 Prop (?), n. A shell, used as a die. See Props.

 Prop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propped (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Propping.] [Akin to LG. & D. proppen to cram, stuff, thrust into, stop, G. pfropfen, Dan. proppe, Sw. proppa; of uncertain origin, cf. G. pfropfen to graft, fr. L. propago set, layer of a plant, slip, shoot. Cf. 3d. Prop, Propagate.] To support, or prevent from falling, by placing something under or against; as, to prop up a fence or an old building; (Fig.) to sustain; to maintain; as, to prop a declining state. Shak.
 Till the bright mountains prop the incumbent sky.

Pope.
 For being not propp'd by ancestry.

Shak.
 I prop myself upon those few supports that are left me.

Pope.
 Prop, n. [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. prop stopple, stopper, cork, Sw. propp, G. pfropf. See Prop, v.] That which sustains an incumbent weight; that on which anything rests or leans for support; a support; a stay; as, a prop for a building. "Two props of virtue." Shak.
 { Pro'pæ*deu"tic (?), Pro'pæ*deu"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr.
 &?; to teach beforehand; &?; before + &?; to bring up a child, to educate, teach, fr. &?;, &?;, a child.] Of, pertaining to, or conveying, preliminary instruction; introductory to any art or science; instructing beforehand.

 Pro'pæ*deu"tics (?), n. The preliminary learning connected with any art or science; preparatory instruction.

 Prop"a*ga*ble (?), a. [See Propagate.]

1. Capable of being propagated, or of being continued or multiplied by natural generation or production.

2. Capable of being spread or extended by any means; -- said of tenets, doctrines, or principles.

 Prop'a*gan"da (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. L. de propaganda fide: cf. F. propagande. See Propagate.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A congregation of cardinals, established in 1622, charged with the management of missions. (b) The college of the Propaganda, instituted by Urban VIII. (_PHONE_) to educate priests for missions in all parts of the world.

2. Hence, any organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles.

 Prop'a*gan"dism (?), n. [Cf. F. propagandisme.] The art or practice of propagating tenets or principles; zeal in propagating one's opinions.

 Prop