, Goth.
 hwaírban, hwarbn, to walk. Cf. Whirl.]

1. A structure or platform of timber, masonry, iron, earth, or other material, built on the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the like, and usually extending from the shore to deep water, so that vessels may lie close alongside to receive and discharge cargo, passengers, etc.; a quay; a pier.

 Commerce pushes its wharves into the sea.

Bancroft.
 Out upon the wharfs they came, Knight and burgher, lord and dame.

Tennyson.
 The plural of this word is generally written wharves in the United States, and wharfs in England; but many recent English writers use wharves.

2. [AS. hwearf.] The bank of a river, or the shore of the sea. [Obs.] "The fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf."
 Shak.
Wharf boat, a kind of boat moored at the bank of a river, and used for a wharf, in places where the height of the water is so variable that a fixed wharf would be useless. [U. S.] Bartlett. — Wharf rat.
 (Zoöl.) (a) The common brown rat. (b) A neglected boy who lives around the wharfs. [Slang] Wharf (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wharfed (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Wharfing.]

1. To guard or secure by a firm wall of timber or stone constructed like a wharf; to furnish with a wharf or wharfs.

2. To place upon a wharf; to bring to a wharf.

 Wharf"age (?), n.
1. The fee or duty paid for the privilege of using a wharf for loading or unloading goods; pierage, collectively; quayage.

2. A wharf or wharfs, collectively; wharfing.

 Wharf"ing, n.
1. Wharfs, collectively.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A mode of facing sea walls and embankments with planks driven as piles and secured by ties. Knight.
 Wharf"in*ger (?), n. [For wharfager.] A man who owns, or has the care of, a wharf.

 { Wharl (?), Wharl"ing, } n. A guttural pronunciation of the letter r; a burr. See Burr, n., 6.

 A strange, uncouth wharling in their speech.

Fuller.
 Wharp (?), n. A kind of fine sand from the banks of the Trent, used as a polishing powder. [Eng.]

 What (?), pron., a., & adv. [AS. hwæt, neuter of hw who; akin to OS. hwat what, OFries. hwet, D. & LG. wat, G. was, OHG. waz, hwaz, Icel. hvat, Sw. & Dan. hvad, Goth. hwa. √182. See Who.]

1. As an interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions regarding either persons or things; as, what is this? what did you say? what poem is this? what child is lost?

What see'st thou in the ground?

Shak.
What is man, that thou art mindful of him?

Ps. viii. 4.
What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him!

Matt. viii. 27.
 Originally, what, when, where, which, who, why, etc., were interrogatives only, and it is often difficult to determine whether they are used as interrogatives or relatives.

What in this sense, when it refers to things, may be used either substantively or adjectively; when it refers to persons, it is used only adjectively with a noun expressed, who being the pronoun used substantively.

2. As an exclamatory word: — (a) Used absolutely or independently; — often with a question following. "What welcome be thou." Chaucer.
What, could ye not watch with me one hour?

Matt. xxvi. 40.
(b) Used adjectively, meaning how remarkable, or how great; as, what folly! what eloquence! what courage!

What a piece of work is man!

Shak.
 O what a riddle of absurdity!

Young.
What in this use has a or an between itself and its noun if the qualitative or quantitative importance of the object is emphasized.

(c) Sometimes prefixed to adjectives in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how; as, what happy boys!

What partial judges are our love and hate!

Dryden.
3. As a relative pronoun: — (a) Used substantively with the antecedent suppressed, equivalent to that which, or those [persons] who, or those [things] which; — called a compound relative.

 With joy beyond what victory bestows.

Cowper.
 I'm thinking Captain Lawton will count the noses of what are left before they see their whaleboats.

Cooper.
What followed was in perfect harmony with this beginning.

Macaulay.
 I know well... how little you will be disposed to criticise what comes to you from me.

J. H. Newman.
(b) Used adjectively, equivalent to the... which; the sort or kind of... which; rarely, the.
 .. on, or at, which.

 See what natures accompany what colors.

Bacon.
 To restrain what power either the devil or any earthly enemy hath to work us woe.

Milton.
 We know what master laid thy keel, What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel.

Longfellow.
(c) Used adverbially in a sense corresponding to the adjectival use; as, he picked what good fruit he saw.

4. Whatever; whatsoever; what thing soever; — used indefinitely. "What after so befall." Chaucer.
 Whether it were the shortness of his foresight, the strength of his will,... or what it was.

Bacon.
5. Used adverbially, in part; partly; somewhat; — with a following preposition, especially, with, and commonly with repetition.

What for lust [pleasure] and what for lore.

Chaucer.
 Thus, what with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom shrunk.

Shak.
 The year before he had so used the matter that what by force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles.

Knolles.
 In such phrases as I tell you what, what anticipates the following statement, being elliptical for what I think, what it is, how it is, etc. "I tell thee what, corporal Bardolph, I could tear her." Shak. Here what relates to the last clause, "I could tear her;" this is what I tell you.

What not is often used at the close of an enumeration of several particulars or articles, it being an abbreviated clause, the verb of which, being either the same as that of the principal clause or a general word, as be, say, mention, enumerate, etc., is omitted. "Men hunt, hawk, and what not." Becon. "Some dead puppy, or log, orwhat not." C. Kingsley. "Battles, tournaments, hunts, and what not." De Quincey. Hence, the words are often used in a general sense with the force of a substantive, equivalent to anything you please, a miscellany, a variety, etc. From this arises the name whatnot, applied to an


conductor's punch which rings a bell when used. -- Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. -- Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. -- Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. -- Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. -- Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap.

 Bell (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.] To put a bell upon; as, to bell the cat.

2. To make bell-mouthed; as, to bell a tube.

 Bell, v. i. To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as, hops bell.

 Bell, v. t. [AS. bellan. See Bellow.] To utter by bellowing.
 [Obs.]

 Bell, v. i. To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar.

 As loud as belleth wind in hell. Chaucer.
 The wild buck bells from ferny brake. Sir W. Scott.
 Bel'la*don"na (&?;), n. [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents.
 Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains.
 Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

 Bell" an'i*mal"cule (&?;). (Zoöl.) An infusorian of the family Vorticellidæ, common in fresh-water ponds.

 Bell" bear'er (&?;). (Zoöl.) A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bellshaped appendages of its thorax.

 Bell"bird' (&?;), n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.)
(a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidæ, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia.

 Bell" crank' (&?;). A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery.


[Illustration] THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS And What Alice Found There By Lewis Carroll The Millennium Fulcrum Edition 1.7 DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
(As arranged before commencement of game.)
WHITE RED.
PIECES.PAWNS. PAWNS.PIECES.
Tweedledee.Daisy. Daisy.Humpty Dumpty.
Unicorn.Haigha. Messenger.Carpenter.
Sheep.Oyster. Oyster.Walrus.
W. Queen."Lily." Tiger-lily.R. Queen.
W. King.Fawn. Rose.R. King.
Aged man.Oyster. Oyster.Crow.
W. Knight.Hatta. Frog.R. Knight.
Tweedledum.Daisy. Daisy.Lion.
RED.
[Illustration: chessboard] WHITE.
White Pawn (Alice) to play, and win in eleven moves.
1. Alice meets R. Q.
 1. R. Q. to K. R.'s 4th 2. Alice through Q.'s 3d (by railway) to 4th (Tweedledum and Tweedledee) 2. W. Q. to Q. B.'s 4th (after shawl) 3. Alice meets W. Q. (with shawl) 3. W. Q. to Q.B.'s 5th (becomes sheep) 4. Alice to Q.'s 5th (shop, river, shop) 4. W. Q. to K. B.'s 8th (leaves egg on shelf) 5. Alice to Q.'s 6th (Humpty Dumpty) 5. W. Q. to Q. B.'s 8th (flying from R. Kt.)
6. Alice to Q.'s 7th (forest) 6. R. Kt. to K.'s 2nd (ch.)
7. W.Kt. takes R.Kt.
 7. W. Kt. to K. B's 5th 8. Alice to Q.'s 8th (coronation) 8. R. Q. to K.'s sq. (examination) 9. Alice becomes Queen 9. Queens castle 10. Alice castles (feast) 10. W.Q. to Q.R.'s 6th (soup) 11. Alice takes R.Q. & wins Child of the pure unclouded brow And dreaming eyes of wonder!
Though time be fleet, and I and thou Are half a life asunder, Thy loving smile will surely hail The love-gift of a fairy-tale.
I have not seen thy sunny face, Nor heard thy silver laughter; No thought of me shall find a place In thy young life's hereafter— Enough that now thou wilt not fail To listen to my fairy-tale.
A tale begun in other days, When summer suns were glowing— A simple chime, that served to time The rhythm of oar rowing— Whose echoes live in memory yet, Though envious years would say 'forget.' Come, hearken then, ere voice of dread.
 With bitter tidings laden, Shall summon to unwelcome bed A melancholy maiden!
We are but older children, dear, Who fret to find our bedtime near.
Without, the frost, the blinding snow.
 The storm-wind's moody madness— Within, the firelight's ruddy glow, And childhood's nest of gladness.
The magic words shall hold thee fast: Thou shalt not heed the raving blast.
And though the shadow of a sigh May tremble through the story, For 'happy summer days' gone by, And vanish'd summer glory— It shall not touch with breath of bale The pleasance of our fairy-tale.
Contents CHAPTER I. Looking-Glass House CHAPTER II. The Garden of Live Flowers CHAPTER III. Looking-Glass Insects CHAPTER IV. Tweedledum And Tweedledee CHAPTER V. Wool and Water CHAPTER VI. Humpty Dumpty CHAPTER VII. The Lion and the Unicorn CHAPTER VIII. "It's my own Invention" CHAPTER IX. Queen Alice CHAPTER X. Shaking CHAPTER XI. Waking CHAPTER XII. Which Dreamed it?
 CHAPTER I. Looking-Glass House One thing was certain, that the white kitten had had nothing to do with it:—it was the black kitten's fault entirely. For the white kitten had been having its face washed by the old cat for the last quarter of an hour (and bearing it pretty well, considering); so you see that it couldn't have had any hand in the mischief.
The way Dinah washed her children's faces was this: first she held the poor thing down by its ear with one paw, and then with the other paw she rubbed its face all over, the wrong way, beginning at the nose: and just now, as I said, she was hard at work on the white kitten, which was lying quite still and trying to purr—no doubt feeling that it was all meant for its good.
But the black kitten had been finished with earlier in the afternoon, and so, while Alice was sitting curled up in a corner of the great arm-chair, half talking to herself and half asleep, the kitten had been having a grand game of romps with the ball of worsted Alice had been trying to wind up, and had been rolling it up and down till it had all come undone again; and there it was, spread over the hearth-rug, all knots and tangles, with the kitten running after its own tail in the middle.
"Oh, you wicked little thing!" cried Alice, catching up the kitten, and giving it a little kiss to make it understand that it was in disgrace.
"Really, Dinah ought to have taught you better manners! You ought, Dinah, you know you ought!" she added, looking reproachfully at the old cat, and speaking in as cross a voice as she could manage—and then she scrambled back into the arm-chair, taking the kitten and the worsted with her, and began winding up the ball again. But she didn't get on very fast, as she was talking all the time, sometimes to the kitten, and sometimes to herself. Kitty sat very demurely on her knee, pretending to watch the progress of the winding, and now and then putting out one paw and gently touching the ball, as if it would be glad to help, if it might.
"Do you know what to-morrow is, Kitty?" Alice began.
"You'd have guessed if you'd been up in the window with me—only Dinah was making you tidy, so you couldn't. I was watching the boys getting in sticks for the bonfire—and it wants plenty of sticks, Kitty! Only it got so cold, and it snowed so, they had to leave off. Never mind, Kitty, we'll go and see the bonfire to-morrow." Here Alice wound two or three turns of the worsted round the kitten's neck, just to see how it would look: this led to a scramble, in which the ball rolled down upon the floor, and yards and yards of it got unwound again.
"Do you know, I was so angry, Kitty," Alice went on as soon as they were comfortably settled again, "when I saw all the mischief you had been doing, I was very nearly opening the window, and putting you out into the snow!
And you'd have deserved it, you little mischievous darling! What have you got to say for yourself? Now don't interrupt me!" she went on, holding up one finger. "I'm going to tell you all your faults.
Number one: you squeaked twice while Dinah was washing your face this morning.
Now you can't deny it, Kitty: I heard you! What's that you say?" (pretending that the kitten was speaking.) "Her paw went into your eye? Well, that's your fault, for keeping your eyes open—if you'd shut them tight up, it wouldn't have happened.
Now


. See Harrow, n.] 1. To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as, to harrow land.

 Will he harrow the valleys after thee?

Job xxxix. 10.
2. To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex.

 My aged muscles harrowed up with whips.

Rowe.
 I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul.

Shak.
 Har"row, interj. [OF. harau, haro; fr. OHG. hara, hera, herot, or fr. OS. herod hither, akin to E. here.]
 Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor; -- the ancient Norman hue and cry. "Harrow and well away!" Spenser.
Harrow! alas! here lies my fellow slain.

Chaucer.
 Har"row, v. t. [See Harry.] To pillage; to harry; to oppress.
 [Obs.] Spenser.
 Meaning thereby to harrow his people.

Bacon Har"row*er (-r), n. One who harrows.

 Har"row*er, n. One who harries. [Obs.]

 Har"ry (-r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harried (-rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrying.] [OE. harwen, herien, herien, AS. hergian to act as an army, to ravage, plunder, fr. here army; akin to G. heer, Icel. herr, Goth. harjis, and Lith. karas war. Cf. Harbor, Herald, Heriot.]

1. To strip; to pillage; to lay waste; as, the Northmen came several times and harried the land.

 To harry this beautiful region.

W. Irving.
 A red squirrel had harried the nest of a wood thrush.

J. Burroughs.
2. To agitate; to worry; to harrow; to harass. Shak.
Syn. -- To ravage; plunder; pillage; lay waste; vex; tease; worry; annoy; harass.

 Har"ry, v. i. To make a predatory incursion; to plunder or lay waste. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.
 Harsh (härsh), a. [Compar. Harsher (-r); superl.
 Harshest.] [OE. harsk; akin to G. harsch, Dan. harsk rancid, Sw. härsk; from the same source as E. hard. See Hard, a.] 1. Rough; disagreeable; grating; esp.: (a) To the touch. "Harsh sand." Boyle. (b) To the taste.
 "Berries harsh and crude." Milton. (c) To the ear. "Harsh din." Milton.
2. Unpleasant and repulsive to the sensibilities; austere; crabbed; morose; abusive; abusive; severe; rough.

 Clarence is so harsh, so blunt.

Shak.
 Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charmed.

Dryden.
3. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) Having violent contrasts of color, or of light and shade; lacking in harmony.

 Harsh"ly, adv. In a harsh manner; gratingly; roughly; rudely.

 'T will sound harshly in her ears.

Shak.
 Harsh"ness, n. The quality or state of being harsh.

 O, she is Ten times more gentle than her father's crabbed, And he's composed of harshness.

Shak.
 'Tis not enough no harshness gives offense, The sound must seem an echo to the sense.

Pope.
Syn. -- Acrimony; roughness; sternness; asperity; tartness. See Acrimony.

 Hars"let (härs"lt), n. See Haslet.

 Hart (härt), n. [OE. hart, hert, heort, AS. heort, heorot; akin to D. hert, OHG. hiruz, hirz, G. hirsch, Icel. hjörtr, Dan. & Sw. hjort, L. cervus, and prob. to Gr. kerao's horned, ke'ras horn. √230.
 See Horn.] (Zoöl.) A stag; the male of the red deer. See the Note under Buck.

 Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind.

Milton.
 Hart"beest' (-bst'), n. [D. hertebeest. See Hart, and Beast.]
 (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Alcelaphus caama), formerly much more abundant than it is now. The face and legs are marked with black, the rump with white. [Written also hartebeest, and hartebest.]

 Hart"en (-'n), v. t. To hearten; to encourage; to incite. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Hart"ford (härt"frd), n. The Hartford grape, a variety of grape first raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from the Northern fox grape. Its large dark-colored berries ripen earlier than those of most other kinds.

 Hart's" clo'ver (härts" kl'vr). (Bot.) Melilot or sweet clover. See Melilot.

 Hart's"-ear' (-r'), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic species of Cacalia (C. Kleinia), used medicinally in India.

 Harts"horn' (-hôrn'), n. 1. The horn or antler of the hart, or male red deer.

2. Spirits of hartshorn (see below); volatile salts.

Hartshorn plantain (Bot.), an annual species of plantain (Plantago Coronopus); -- called also buck's-horn. Booth. -- Hartshorn shavings, originally taken from the horns of harts, are now obtained chiefly by planing down the bones of calves. They afford a kind of jelly.
 Hebert. -- Salt of hartshorn (Chem.), an impure solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone; volatile salts. Brande & C. -- Spirits of hartshorn (Chem.), a solution of ammonia in water; -- so called because formerly obtained from hartshorn shavings by destructive distillation. Similar ammoniacal solutions from other sources have received the same name.

 Hart's"-tongue' (härts"tng'), n. (Bot.) (a) A common British fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), rare in America. (b) A West Indian fern, the Polypodium Phyllitidis of Linnæus. It is also found in Florida.

 Hart"wort' (härt"wûrt'), n. (Bot.) A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Tordylium maximum).

 The name is often vaguely given to other plants of the same order, as species of Seseli and Bupleurum.

 Har"um-scar"um (hâr"m*skâr"m), a. [Cf. hare,v.
 t., and scare, v. t.] Wild; giddy; flighty; rash; thoughtless. [Colloq.]

 They had a quarrel with Sir Thomas Newcome's own son, a harum-scarum lad.

Thackeray.
 Ha*rus'pi*ca"tion (h*rs'p*k"shn), n. See Haruspicy. Tylor.
 Ha*rus"pice (h*rs"ps), n. [F., fr. L.


100 pounds of nitrate." (New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations, page 8, No. 172.)
Professor Voorhees, of the same station, experimented with tomatoes, with these results: Manure and Fertilizer Used Cost Per Acre Value of Crop No manure $271.88 30 tons barnyard manure $30.00 291.75 8 tons manure and 400 lb. fertilizer 15.00 317.63 160 pounds nitrate of soda alone 4.00 361.13 Such common crops as tomatoes, cabbage, turnips, beets, etc., in order to be highly profitable, must be grown and harvested early; any one can grow them in their regular season; their growth must be promoted or forced as much as possible, at the time when the natural agencies are not active in the change of soil nitrogen into available forms, and the plants must, therefore, be supplied artificially with the active forms of nitrogen, if a rapid and continuous growth is to be maintained.
It is quite possible to have a return of $50 per acre from the use of $5 worth of nitrate of soda on crops of high value, as, for example, early tomatoes, beets, cabbage, etc. This is an extraordinary return for the money and labor invested; still, if the increased value of the crop were but $10, or even $8, it would be a profitable investment, since no more land and but little additional capital was required in order to obtain the extra $5 or $8 per acre.
The results of all the experiments conducted in different parts of the country and in different seasons, show an average gain in yield of early tomatoes of about fifty per cent, with an average increased value of crop of about $100 per acre. The rest of the report shows similar results with other crops. (New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 172.)
Joseph Harris says, "Some years ego we used nitrate of soda cautiously as a top dressing on the celery plants. The effect was astonishing. The next year, having more confidence, we spread the nitrate at the time we sowed the seed, and again after the plant came up, and twice afterward during a rain.
"Instead of finding it difficult to get the plants early enough for the celery growers who set them out, they were ready three weeks before the usual time of transplanting.
"At the four applications, we probably used 1600 lb. of nitrate of soda per acre, and this would probably furnish more nitric acid to the plants than they could get from five hundred tons of manure per acre, provided it had been possible to have worked such a quantity into the soil. Never were finer plants grown. As compared with the increased value of the plants, the cost of the nitrate is not worth taking into consideration."
As a means of fertilization without the use of artificial fertilizer, soil inoculation has come. It has grown out of the discovery of the dependence of leguminous plants on bacteria which live on their roots. The discovery is one of the most important of those made in modern agriculture.
It has received its greatest impetus in America, under the experiments of Professor Moore of the United States Agricultural Department.
The Department supplied free to farmers the bacteria for inoculation. Now they supply it only for experimental purposes. A laboratory has been fitted up for the work. The method is to propagate bacteria for each of the various leguminous plants such as clover, alfalfa, soy beans, cow peas, tares, and velvet beans. All of these plants are of incalculable value in different sections of the country as forage for farm animals. In the West, alfalfa is the main reliance for stockraisers. The farmers of the East are trying to establish it, but meet with difficulty chiefly for want of the special bacteria which should be found on the roots.
The function of these bacteria is to gather the nitrogen of the air and supply it as plant food. Without the bacteria the plant can get only the nitrogen which is supplied from the soil in fertilizers.
With the aid of the bacteria the growing plant can derive the greater part of its food from the air.
Here is one of the results of the use of inoculated seed as reported by the United States Agricultural Bulletin No. 214.
G. L. Thomas, experimenting with field peas on his farm near Auburn, Me., made a special test with fertilized and unfertilized strips, and stated that "inoculated seed did as much without fertilizers of any kind, as uninoculated seed supplied with fertilizer (phosphate) at the rate of 800 pounds and a ton of barnyard manure per acre."
This seems to be only in its infancy. The Department warns us that nitrogen inoculation is useless where the soil already has enough nitrogen and where other plant foods are absent.
The experiments are most important, and we are probably on the eve of as great advances in agriculture as in electricity, but the human race has a great love for "inoculation," and indeed for all unnatural processes.
You remember the story of the wonderful coon that Chandler Harris tells? No? They were constantly seeing this enormous coon, but always just as they almost got their hands on him, he disappeared.
One night the boys came running in to say that the wonderful coon was up in a persimmon tree in the middle of a ten-acre lot; so they got the dogs and the lanterns and guns and ran out, and sure enough they saw the wonderful big coon up in a fork of the tree. It was a bright moonlight night, but to make doubly sure they cut down the tree and the dogs ran in—the coon wasn't there.
"Well, but, Uncle Remus," said the little boy, "I thought you said you saw the coon there."
"So we did, Honey," said the old man, "so we did; but it's very easy to see what ain't there when you're looking for it."
Another method of increasing fertility at increased expense deserves notice. The vacant public lands are for the most part desert-like, and their utilization can come about only through irrigation.
This land can be made to produce the finest crops in the world; and the tremendous volumes of water that flow from the mountains to the sea, once harnessed and piped or ditched to this land, will transform it into beautiful gardens and farms.
With the work being done by the United States Government, and that of the various states, we may look forward in the not distant future to this land being made habitable to man.
It is well known that with the dry, even climate and with an abundance of water applied as vegetation needs, this now arid waste is far more productive than the Eastern states, where the crops are at the mercy of the elements, sometimes having too much moisture and at other times not having enough.
"Irrigation offers control of conditions such as is found nowhere except in greenhouse culture. The farmer in the humid country cannot control the amount of starch in potatoes, sugar in beets, protein in corn, gluten in wheat, except by planting varieties which are especially adapted to the production of the desired quality. The irrigation farmer, on the other hand, can produce this or that desirable quality by the control of the moisture supply to the plant. He can hasten or retard maturity of the plant, produce early truck or late truck on the same soil, grow wheat or grow rice as he deems advisable."
"On the irrigated fields of the Vosges, Vaucluse, etc., in France, six tons of dry hay becomes the rule, even upon ungrateful soil; and this means considerably more than the annual food of one milch cow (which can be taken as a little less than five tons) grown on each acre."
"The irrigated meadows round Milan are another well known example.
Nearly 22,000 acres are irrigated there with water derived from the sewers of the city, and they yield crops of from eight to ten tons of hay as a rule; occasionally some separate meadows will yield the fabulous amount—fabulous to-day but no longer fabulous to-morrow—of eighteen tons of hay per acre; that is, the food of nearly four cows to the acre, and nine times the yield of good meadows in this country." ("Fields, Factories, and Workshops," pages 116-117.)
"If irrigation pays"—and no one now questions that—"the whole Western country of rich soil, which asks but a drink


THE 14 GILBERT AND SULLIVAN PLAYS By William S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan William S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan collaborated on 14 operas in the period from 1871 to 1896.

CONTENTS THE GONDOLIERS ACT I ACT II THE GRAND DUKE ACT I. ACT II.
 H.M.S. PINAFORE ACT I ACT II IOLANTHE ACT I ACT II THE MIKADO ACT I. ACT II.
 THE PIRATES OF PENZANCE ACT I ACT II PRINCESS IDA ACT I. ACT II ACT III RUDDIGORE ACT I ACT II THE SORCERER ACT I. ACT II THESPIS ACT I ACT II TRIAL BY JURY UTOPIA LIMITED ACT I. ACT II THE YEOMEN OF THE GUARD ACT I ACT II PATIENCE ACT I ACT II THE GONDOLIERS ACT I ACT II THE GRAND DUKE ACT I. ACT II.

 H.M.S. PINAFORE ACT I ACT II IOLANTHE ACT I ACT II THE MIKADO ACT I. ACT II.

 THE PIRATES OF PENZANCE ACT I ACT II PRINCESS IDA ACT I. ACT II ACT III RUDDIGORE ACT I ACT II THE SORCERER ACT I. ACT II THESPIS ACT I ACT II TRIAL BY JURY UTOPIA LIMITED ACT I. ACT II THE YEOMEN OF THE GUARD ACT I ACT II PATIENCE ACT I ACT II


THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER by Kate Douglas Wiggin INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EDITION These days the name of Kate Douglas Wiggin is virtually unknown. But if one mentions the title "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm," recognition (at least in America) is instant. Everyone has heard of Rebecca; her story has been in print continuously since it was first published in 1903. It is certainly Mrs. Wiggin's most famous book, and the only one of her many books that is still in print. Everything else she wrote has slipped into complete obscurity. Occasionally in an antique shop, one may still find a copy of her immensely popular seasonal book, "The Birds' Christmas Carol", but that is about the extent of what is readily available, even second-hand.

 The Birds' Christas Carol is available as our Etext #721, Nov. 1996.

 In 1904, Jack London wrote (from Manchuria!) to say that Rebecca had won his heart. ("She is real," he wrote, "she lives; she has given me many regrets, but I love her.") Some eighty years later I happened to pick up and read "Rebecca" for the first time. The book was so thoroughly enjoyable that when I had finished it, I began at once a search for other works by the same author—especially for a sequel to "Rebecca", which seemed practically to demand one. There was never a sequel written, but "The New Chronicles of Rebecca" was published in 1907, and contained some further chapters in the life of its heroine. I had to be satisfied with that, for the time being. Then, well over a year after jotting down Mrs. Wiggin's name on my list of authors to "purchase on sight", I finally ran across a copy of "The Village Watch-Tower"; and it was not even a book of which I had heard. It was first published in 1895 by Houghton, who published much of her other work at the time, and apparently was never published again. Shortly thereafter I found a copy of her autobiography.

 Kate Douglas Wiggin (nee Smith) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 28, 1856. She was raised for the most-part in Maine, which forms a backdrop to much of her fiction. She moved to California in the 1870s, and became involved in the "free kindergarten" movement. She opened the Silver Street Free Kindergarten in San Francisco, the first free kindergarten in California, and there she worked until the late 1880s (meantime opening her own training school for teachers). Her first husband, Samuel Wiggin, died in 1889. By then famous, she returned to New York and Maine. She moved in international social circles, lecturing and giving readings from her work. In 1895 she married for the second time (to George Riggs).

 At her home in San Francisco, overlooking the Golden Gate and Marin County, she wrote her first book, "The Birds' Christmas Carol", to raise money for her school. The book also proved to be her means of entrance into publishing, translation, and travel in elite circles throughout Europe. The book was republished many times thereafter, and translated into several languages. In addition to factual and educational works (undertaken together with her sister, Nora Archibald Smith) she also wrote a number of other popular novels in the early years of the 20th century, including "Rebecca", and "The Story of Waitstill Baxter" (1913). She died in 1923, on August 23, at Harrow-on-Hill, England.

 Beverly Seaton observed, in "American Women Writers", that Mrs. Wiggin was "a popular writer who expressed what her contemporaries themselves thought of as'real life'" (p. 413). "The Village Watch-Tower" I think is a perfect example of that observation; it captures vividly a few frozen moments of rural America, right at the twilight of the 19th century. Most of it was written in the village of Quillcote, Maine, her childhood home—and certainly the model for the village of these stories.

 No attempt has been made to edit this book for consistency or to update or "correct" the spelling. Mrs. Wiggin's spelling is somewhat transitional between modern American and British spellings. The only liberty taken is that of removing extra spaces in contractions. E.g., I have used "wouldn't" where the original has consistently "wouldn't"; this is true for all such contractions with "n't" which appeared inordinately distracting to the modern reader.

 R. McGowan, San Jose, March 1997 THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER Dear old apple-tree, under whose gnarled branches these stories were written, to you I dedicate the book. My head was so close to you, who can tell from whence the thoughts came? I only know that when all the other trees in the orchard were barren, there were always stories to be found under your branches, and so it is our joint book, dear apple-tree. Your pink blossoms have fallen on the page as I wrote; your ruddy fruit has dropped into my lap; the sunshine streamed through your leaves and tipped my pencil with gold. The birds singing in your boughs may have lent a sweet note here and there; and do you remember the day when the gentle shower came? We just curled the closer, and you and I and the sky all cried together while we wrote "The Fore-Room Rug." It should be a lovely book, dear apple-tree, but alas! it is not altogether that, because I am not so simple as you, and because I have strayed farther away from the heart of Mother Nature.

 KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN "Quillcote," Hollis, Maine, August 12, 1895.

 Contents THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER.
 TOM O' THE BLUEB'RY PLAINS.
 THE NOONING TREE.
 THE FORE-ROOM RUG.
 A VILLAGE STRADIVARIUS.
 THE EVENTFUL TRIP OF THE MIDNIGHT CRY.

 THE VILLAGE WATCH-TOWER.

 It stood on the gentle slope of a hill, the old gray house, with its weather-beaten clapboards and its roof of ragged shingles. It was in the very lap of the road, so that the stage-driver could almost knock on the window pane without getting down from his seat, on those rare occasions when he brought "old Mis' Bascom" a parcel from Saco.

 Humble and dilapidated as it was, it was almost beautiful in the springtime, when the dandelion-dotted turf grew close to the great stone steps; or in the summer, when the famous Bascom elm cast its graceful shadow over the front door. The elm, indeed, was the only object that ever did cast its shadow there. Lucinda Bascom said her "front door 'n' entry never hed ben used except for fun'rals, 'n' she was goin' to keep it nice for that purpose, 'n' not get it all tracked up." She was sitting now where she had sat for thirty years. Her high-backed rocker, with its cushion of copperplate patch and its crocheted tidy, stood always by a southern window that looked out on the river. The river was a sheet of crystal, as it poured over the dam; a rushing, roaring torrent of foaming white, as it swept under the bridge and fought its way between the rocky cliffs beyond, sweeping swirling, eddying, in its narrow channel, pulsing restlessly into the ragged fissures of its shores, and leaping with a tempest


THE GREAT BIG TREASURY OF BEATRIX POTTER By Beatrix Potter CONTENTS THE TALE OF PETER RABBIT THE TAILOR OF GLOUCESTER THE TALE OF SQUIRREL NUTKIN THE TALE OF BENJAMIN BUNNY THE TALE OF TWO BAD MICE THE TALE OF MRS. TIGGY-WINKLE THE PIE AND THE PATTY-PAN THE TALE OF MR. JEREMY FISHER THE STORY OF A FIERCE BAD RABBIT THE STORY OF MISS MOPPET THE TALE OF TOM KITTEN THE TALE OF JEMIMA PUDDLE-DUCK THE ROLY-POLY PUDDING THE TALE OF THE FLOPSY BUNNIES THE TALE OF MRS. TITTLEMOUSE THE TALE OF TIMMY TIPTOES THE TALE OF MR. TOD THE TALE OF PIGLING BLAND GINGER AND PICKLES THE TALE OF PETER RABBIT THE TAILOR OF GLOUCESTER THE TALE OF SQUIRREL NUTKIN THE TALE OF BENJAMIN BUNNY THE TALE OF TWO BAD MICE THE TALE OF MRS. TIGGY-WINKLE THE PIE AND THE PATTY-PAN THE TALE OF MR. JEREMY FISHER THE STORY OF A FIERCE BAD RABBIT THE STORY OF MISS MOPPET THE TALE OF TOM KITTEN THE TALE OF JEMIMA PUDDLE-DUCK THE ROLY-POLY PUDDING THE TALE OF THE FLOPSY BUNNIES THE TALE OF MRS. TITTLEMOUSE THE TALE OF TIMMY TIPTOES THE TALE OF MR. TOD THE TALE OF PIGLING BLAND GINGER AND PICKLES


THE COUNTRY OF THE POINTED FIRS By Sarah Orne Jewett CONTENTS I. The Return II. Mrs. Todd III. The Schoolhouse IV. At the Schoolhouse Window V. Captain Littlepage VI. The Waiting Place VII. The Outer Island VIII. Green Island IX. William X. Where Pennyroyal Grew XI. The Old Singers XII. A Strange Sail XIII. Poor Joanna XIV. The Hermitage XV. On Shell-heap Island XVI. The Great Expedition XVII. A Country Road XVIII. The Bowden Reunion XIX. The Feast's End XX. Along Shore XXI. The Backward View Note: SARAH ORNE JEWETT (_PHONE_) was born and died in South Berwick, Maine.
 Her father was the region's most distinguished doctor and, as a child, Jewett often accompanied him on his round of patient visits. She began writing poetry at an early age and when she was only 19 her short story "Mr. Bruce" was accepted by the Atlantic Monthly. Her association with that magazine continued, and William Dean Howells, who was editor at that time, encouraged her to publish her first book, Deephaven (1877), a collection of sketches published earlier in the Atlantic Monthly. Through her friendship with Howells, Jewett became acquainted with Boston's literary elite, including Annie Fields, with whom she developed one of the most intimate and lasting relationships of her life.

 The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) is considered Jewett's finest work, described by Henry James as her "beautiful little quantum of achievement." Despite James's diminutives, the novel remains a classic. Because it is loosely structured, many critics view the book not as a novel, but a series of sketches; however, its structure is unified through both setting and theme. Jewett herself felt that her strengths as a writer lay not in plot development or dramatic tension, but in character development.
 Indeed, she determined early in her career to preserve a disappearing way of life, and her novel can be read as a study of the effects of isolation and hardship on the inhabitants who lived in the decaying fishing villages along the Maine coast.

 Jewett died in 1909, eight years after an accident that effectively ended her writing career. Her reputation had grown during her lifetime, extending far beyond the bounds of the New England she loved.

 I. The Return THERE WAS SOMETHING about the coast town of Dunnet which made it seem more attractive than other maritime villages of eastern Maine. Perhaps it was the simple fact of acquaintance with that neighborhood which made it so attaching, and gave such interest to the rocky shore and dark woods, and the few houses which seemed to be securely wedged and tree-nailed in among the ledges by the Landing. These houses made the most of their seaward view, and there was a gayety and determined floweriness in their bits of garden ground; the small-paned high windows in the peaks of their steep gables were like knowing eyes that watched the harbor and the far sea-line beyond, or looked northward all along the shore and its background of spruces and balsam firs. When one really knows a village like this and its surroundings, it is like becoming acquainted with a single person. The process of falling in love at first sight is as final as it is swift in such a case, but the growth of true friendship may be a lifelong affair.

 After a first brief visit made two or three summers before in the course of a yachting cruise, a lover of Dunnet Landing returned to find the unchanged shores of the pointed firs, the same quaintness of the village with its elaborate conventionalities; all that mixture of remoteness, and childish certainty of being the centre of civilization of which her affectionate dreams had told. One evening in June, a single passenger landed upon the steamboat wharf. The tide was high, there was a fine crowd of spectators, and the younger portion of the company followed her with subdued excitement up the narrow street of the salt-aired, white-clapboarded little town.

 II. Mrs. Todd LATER, THERE WAS only one fault to find with this choice of a summer lodging-place, and that was its complete lack of seclusion. At first the tiny house of Mrs. Almira Todd, which stood with its end to the street, appeared to be retired and sheltered enough from the busy world, behind its bushy bit of a green garden, in which all the blooming things, two or three gay hollyhocks and some London-pride, were pushed back against the gray-shingled wall. It was a queer little garden and puzzling to a stranger, the few flowers being put at a disadvantage by so much greenery; but the discovery was soon made that Mrs. Todd was an ardent lover of herbs, both wild and tame, and the sea-breezes blew into the low end-window of the house laden with not only sweet-brier and sweet-mary, but balm and sage and borage and mint, wormwood and southernwood. If Mrs.
 Todd had occasion to step into the far corner of her herb plot, she trod heavily upon thyme, and made its fragrant presence known with all the rest. Being a very large person, her full skirts brushed and bent almost every slender stalk that her feet missed. You could always tell when she was stepping about there, even when you were half awake in the morning, and learned to know, in the course of a few weeks' experience, in exactly which corner of the garden she might be.

 At one side of this herb plot were other growths of a rustic pharmacopoeia, great treasures and rarities among the commoner herbs.
 There were some strange and pungent odors that roused a dim sense and remembrance of something in the forgotten past. Some of these might once have belonged to sacred and mystic rites, and have had some occult knowledge handed with them down the centuries; but now they pertained only to humble compounds brewed at intervals with molasses or vinegar or spirits in a small caldron on Mrs. Todd's kitchen stove. They were dispensed to suffering neighbors, who usually came at night as if by stealth, bringing their own ancient-looking vials to be filled. One nostrum was called the Indian remedy, and its price was but fifteen cents; the whispered directions could be heard as customers passed the windows.
 With most remedies the purchaser was allowed to depart unadmonished from the kitchen, Mrs. Todd being a wise saver of steps; but with certain vials she gave cautions, standing in the doorway, and there were other doses which had to be accompanied on their healing way as far as the gate, while she muttered long chapters of directions, and kept up an air of secrecy and importance to the last. It may not have been only the common aids of humanity with which she tried to cope; it seemed sometimes as if love and hate and jealousy and adverse winds at sea might also find their proper remedies among the curious wild-looking plants in Mrs. Todd's garden.

 The village doctor and this learned herbalist were upon the best of terms.
 The good man may have counted upon the unfavorable effect of certain potions which he should find his opportunity in counteracting; at any rate, he now and then stopped and exchanged greetings with Mrs. Todd over the picket fence. The conversation became at once professional after the briefest preliminaries, and he would stand twirling a sweet-scented sprig in his


) in the process of resetting, originally by cutting it and hammering on the ends.

3. To overturn, overthrow, or overset; as, to upset a carriage; to upset an argument. "Determined somehow to upset the situation." Mrs. Humphry Ward.
4. To disturb the self-possession of; to disorder the nerves of; to make ill; as, the fright upset her. [Colloq.]

 Up*set", v. i. To become upset.

 Up"set' (?), a. Set up; fixed; determined; — used chiefly or only in the phrase upset price; that is, the price fixed upon as the minimum for property offered in a public sale, or, in an auction, the price at which property is set up or started by the auctioneer, and the lowest price at which it will be sold.

 After a solemn pause, Mr. Glossin offered the upset price for the lands and barony of Ellangowan.

Sir W. Scott.
 Up"set', n. The act of upsetting, or the state of being upset; an overturn; as, the wagon had an upset.

 Up*set"ting (?), a. Conceited; assuming; as, an upsetting fellow. [Scot.] Jamieson.
 Up*shoot" (?), v. i. To shoot upward. "Trees upshooting high." Spenser.
 Up"shot' (?), n. [Up + shot, equivalent to scot share, reckoning. Cf. the phrase to cast up an account.] Final issue; conclusion; the sum and substance; the end; the result; the consummation.

 I can not pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot.

Shak.
 We account it frailty that threescore years and ten make the upshot of man's pleasurable existence.

De Quincey.
 Up"side' (?), n. The upper side; the part that is uppermost.

To be upsides with, to be even with. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. T. Hughes. — Upside down. [Perhaps a corruption of OE. up so down, literally, up as down.] With the upper part undermost; hence, in confusion; in complete disorder; topsy-turvy. Shak.
 These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also.

Acts xvii. 6.
 Up"si*down' (?), adv. See Upsodown. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser.
 Up"sit'ting (?), n. A sitting up of a woman after her confinement, to receive and entertain her friends. [Obs.]

 To invite your lady's upsitting.

Beau. & Fl.
 Up*skip' (?), n. An upstart. [Obs.] Latimer.
 Up*snatch" (?), v. t. To snatch up. [R.]

 Up*soar" (?), v. i. To soar or mount up. Pope.
 Up"so*down' (?), adv. [Up + so as + down.]
 Upside down. [Obs. or Colloq.] Wyclif.
 In man's sin is every manner order or ordinance turned upsodown.

Chaucer.
 Up*spear" (?), v. i. To grow or shoot up like a spear; as, upspearing grass. [R.] Cowper.
 Up*spring" (?), v. i. To spring up. Tennyson.
 Up"spring' (?), n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] "The swaggering upspring."
 Shak.
2. A spring or leap into the air. [R.] Chapman.
 Up"spurn'er (?), n. A spurner or contemner; a despiser; a scoffer.
 [Obs.] Joye.
 Up*stairs" (?), adv. Up the stairs; in or toward an upper story.

 Up"stairs' (?), a. Being above stairs; as, an upstairs room.

 Up*stand" (?), v. i. To stand up; to be erected; to rise. Spenser.
 Milton.
 At once upstood the monarch, and upstood The wise Ulysses.

Cowper.
 Up*stare" (?), v. i. To stare or stand upward; hence, to be uplifted or conspicuous. "Rearing fiercely their upstaring crests."
 Spenser.
 Up*start" (?), v. i. To start or spring up suddenly. Spenser.
 Tennyson.
 Up"start' (?), n. 1. One who has risen suddenly, as from low life to wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. Bacon.
2. (Bot.) The meadow saffron. Dr. Prior.
 Up"start', a. Suddenly raised to prominence or consequence. "A race of upstart creatures." Milton.
 Up*stay" (?), v. t. To sustain; to support. [Obs.] "His massy spear upstayed." Milton.
 Up*stert"e (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Upstart.

 Up"stir' (?), n. Insurrection; commotion; disturbance. [Obs.] Sir J. Cheke.
 Up*stream" (?), adv. Toward the higher part of a stream; against the current.

 Up*street" (?), adv. Toward the higher part of a street; as, to walk upstreet. G. W. Gable.
 Up"stroke' (?), n. An upward stroke, especially the stroke, or line, made by a writing instrument when moving upward, or from the body of the writer, or a line corresponding to the part of a letter thus made.

 Some upstroke of an Alpha and Omega.

Mrs. Browning.
 Up"sun' (?), n. (Scots Law) The time during which the sun is up, or above the horizon; the time between sunrise and sunset.

 Up*swarm" (?), v. i. & i. To rise, or cause to rise, in a swarm or swarms. [R.] Shak. Cowper.
 Up*sway" (?), v. t. To sway or swing aloft; as, to upsway a club. [R.] Sir W. Scott.
 Up*swell" (?), v. i. To swell or rise up.

 Up"sy*tur"vy (?), adv. [Cf. Upside down, under Upside, and Topsy-turvy.] Upside down; topsy-turvy. [Obs.] Robert Greene.
 Up"tails' all" (?). 1. An old game at cards. [Obs.]

2. Revelers; roysterers. [Obs.] Decker.
3. Revelry; confusion; frolic. [Obs.] Herrick.
 Up*take" (?), v. t. To take into the hand; to take up; to help.
 [Obs.] Wyclif. Spenser.
 Up"take' (?), n. (Steam Boilers) 1. The pipe leading upward from the smoke box of a steam boiler to the chimney, or smokestack; a flue leading upward.

2. Understanding; apprehension. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Up*tear" (?), v. t. To tear up. Milton.
 Up*throw" (?), v. t. To throw up. Drayton.
 Up"throw' (?), n. (Mining) See Throw, n., 9.

 Up*thun"der (?), v. i. To send up a noise like thunder. [R.] Coleridge.
 Up*tie" (?), v. t. To tie up. Spenser.
 Up*till" (?), prep. To; against. [Obs. & R.]

 She, poor bird, as all forlorn, Leaned her breast uptill a thorn.

Shak.
 Up*town" (?), adv. To or in the upper part of a town; as, to go uptown.
 [Colloq. U. S.]

 Up"town' (?), a. Situated in


Transcribed from the 1911 T. Fisher Unwin edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ Book cover THE MASTER of MRS. CHILVERS AN IMPROBABLE COMEDY IMAGINED BY JEROME K. JERMONE LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN ADELPHI TERRACE Copyright 1911 by Jerome K. Jerome in the U.S.A.

(All rights reserved.)

THE FIRST ACT Scene: Drawing-room, 91, Russell Square.
Time: 3 p.m.
THE SECOND ACT Scene: Liberal Committee Room, East India Dock Road.
Time: 5 p.m.
THE THIRD ACT Scene: The Town Hall, East Poplar.
Time: 10 p.m.
THE FOURTH ACT Scene: Russell Square Time: Midnight THE CAST OF "THE MASTER OF MRS. CHILVERS" AS IT WAS PRODUCED AT THE ROYALTY THEATRE, LONDON, ON APRIL 26TH, 1911, UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF MESSRS. VEDRENNE & EADIE.
Lady Mogton Mary Rorke Annys Chilvers Lena Ashwell Phoebe Mogton Ethel Dane Janet Blake Gillian Scaife Mrs. Mountcalm Villiers Sarah Brooke Elizabeth Spender Auriol Lee Rose Merton Esme Beringer Mrs. Chinn Sydney Fairbrother Geoffrey Chilvers, M.P.
Dennis Eadie Dorian St. Herbert Leon Quartermaine Ben Lamb, M.P.
A. E. Benedict William Gordon Edmund Gwenn Sigsby Michael Sherbrooke Hake H. B. Tabberer Mr. Peekin Gerald Mirrielees Mr. Hopper Stanley Logan Mrs. Peekin Rowena Jerome Miss Borlasse Cathleen Nesbitt Miss Ricketts Hetta Bartlett CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY Geoffrey Chilvers, M.P.
(President Men's League for the Extension of the Franchise to Women) A loving husband, and (would-be) affectionate father. Like many other good men, he is in sympathy with the Woman's Movement: "not thinking it is coming in his time." Annys Chilvers (née Mogton, Hon. Sec. Women's Parliamentary Franchise League) A loving wife, and (would-be) affection mother. Many thousands of years have gone to her making. A generation ago, she would have been the ideal woman: the ideal helpmeet. But new ideas are stirring in her blood, a new ideal of womanhood is forcing itself upon her.
Lady Mogton (President W.P.F.L.)
She knows she would be of more use in Parliament than many of the men who are there; is naturally annoyed at the Law's stupidity in keeping her out.
Phoebe Mogton (Org. Sec.
W.P.F.L.)
The new girl, thinking more of politics than of boys. But that will probably pass.
Janet Blake (Jt. Org. Sec.
W.P.F.L.)
She dreams of a new heaven and a new earth when woman has the vote.
Mrs. Mountcalm Villiers (Vice-President W.P.F.L.)
She was getting tired of flirting. The Woman's Movement has arrived just at the right moment.
Elizabeth Spender (Hons.
Treas. W.P.F.L.)
She sees woman everywhere the slave of man: now pampered, now beaten, but ever the slave. She can see no hope of freedom but through warfare.
Mrs. Chinn A mother.
Jawbones A bill-poster. Movements that do not fit in with the essentials of life on thirty shillings a week have no message so far as Jawbones is concerned.
Ginger Whose proper name is Rose Merton, and who has to reconcile herself to the fact that so far as her class is concerned the primæval laws still run.
Dorian St. Herbert (Hon.
Sec. M.L.E.F.W.)
He is interested in all things, the Woman's Movement included.
Ben Lamb, M.P.
As a student of woman, he admits to being in the infants' class.
Sigsby An Election Agent. He thinks the modern woman suffers from over-indulgence. He would recommend to her the teachings of St. Paul.
Hake A butler. He does not see how to avoid his wife being practically a domestic servant without wages.
A Deputation It consists of two men and three women. Superior people would call them Cranks. But Cranks have been of some service to the world, and the use of superior people is still to be discovered.
THE FIRST ACT Scene:—Drawing-room, 91, Russell Square.
Time:—Afternoon.
(Mrs. Elizabeth Spender sits near the fire, reading a book. She is a tall, thin woman, with passionate eyes, set in an oval face of olive complexion; the features are regular and severe; her massive dark hair is almost primly arranged. She wears a tailor-made costume, surmounted by a plain black hat. The door opens and Phoebe enters, shown in by Hake, the butler, a thin, ascetic-looking man of about thirty, with prematurely grey hair. Phoebe Mogton is of the Fluffy Ruffles type, petite, with a retroussé nose, remarkably bright eyes, and a quantity of fluffy light hair, somewhat untidily arranged. She is fashionably dressed in the fussy, flyaway style.
Elizabeth looks up; the two young women shake hands.)
Phoebe. Good woman.
'Tisn't three o'clock yet, is it?
Elizabeth. About five minutes to.
Phoebe. Annys is on her way. I just caught her in time. (To Hake.) Put a table and six chairs. Give mamma a hammer and a cushion at her back.
Hake. A hammer, miss?
Phoebe. A chairman's hammer. Haven't you got one?
Hake. I'm afraid not, miss. Would a gravy spoon do?
Phoebe (To Elizabeth, after expression of disgust.) Fancy a house without a chairman's hammer! (To Hake.)
See that there's something. Did your wife go to the meeting last night?
Hake (He is arranging furniture according to instructions.) I'm not quite sure, miss. I gave her the evening out.
Phoebe. "Gave her the evening out"!
Elizabeth. We are speaking of your wife, man, not your servant.
Hake. Yes, miss. You see, we don't keep servants in our class.
Somebody's got to put the children to bed.
Elizabeth. Why not the man—occasionally?
Hake. Well, you see, miss, in my case, I rarely getting home much before midnight, it would make it so late. Yesterday being my night off, things fitted in, so to speak. Will there be any writing, miss?
Phoebe. Yes. See that there's plenty of blotting-paper. (To Elizabeth.) Mamma always splashes so.
Hake. Yes, miss.
(He goes out.)
Elizabeth. Did you ever hear anything more delightfully naïve? He "gave" her the evening out. That's how they think of us—as their servants. The gentleman hasn't the courage to be straightforward about it.
The butler blurts out the truth. Why are we meeting here instead of at our own place?
Phoebe. For secrecy, I expect. Too many gasbags always about the office. I fancy—I'm not quite sure—that mamma's got a new idea.
Elizabeth. Leading to Holloway?
Phoebe. Well, most roads lead there.
Elizabeth. And end there—so far as I can see.
Phoebe. You're too impatient.
Elizabeth. It's what our friends have been telling us—for the last fifty years.
Phoebe. Look here, if it was only the usual sort of thing mamma wouldn't want it kept secret. I'm inclined to think it's a


the Manila elemi. It is used in the manufacture of varnishes, also in ointments and plasters.

 El"e*min (?), n. (Chem.) A transparent, colorless oil obtained from elemi resin by distillation with water; also, a crystallizable extract from the resin.

 E*lench" (*lk"), n.; pl. Elenchs (#). [L. elenchus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to convict, confute, prove: cf. OF. elenche.]
 (Logic) (a) That part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends; that which convinces of refutes an antagonist; a refutation. (b) A specious but fallacious argument; a sophism.

 E*len"chic*al (?), a. Pertaining to an elench.

 E*len"chic*al*ly, adv. By means of an elench.

 E*len"chize (?), v. i. To dispute. [R.] B. Jonson.
 { E*lench"tic, E*lench"tic*al (?) }, a. Same as Elenctic.

 ||E*len"chus (?), n. [L.] Same as Elench.

 { E*lenc"tic (?), E*lenc"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr.&?;.] (Logic) Serving to refute; refutative; -- applied to indirect modes of proof, and opposed to deictic.

 El"enge (?), a. [Cf. AS. ellende foreign, strange, G. elend miserable.] Sorrowful; wretched; full of trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 El"enge*ness, n. Loneliness; misery. [Obs.]

 El"e*phan*sy (?), n. [L. elephantia.] Elephantiasis. [Obs.]
 Holland.
 El"e*phant (l"*fant), n. [OE. elefaunt, olifant, OF. olifant, F. éléphant, L. elephantus, elephas, -antis, fr. Gr. 'ele'fas, -fantos; of unknown origin; perh. fr. Skr. ibha, with the Semitic article al, el, prefixed, or fr. Semitic Aleph hindi Indian bull; or cf. Goth. ulbandus camel, AS. olfend.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mammal of the order Proboscidia, of which two living species, Elephas Indicus and E. Africanus, and several fossil species, are known. They have a proboscis or trunk, and two large ivory tusks proceeding from the extremity of the upper jaw, and curving upwards. The molar teeth are large and have transverse folds. Elephants are the largest land animals now existing.

2. Ivory; the tusk of the elephant. [Obs.] Dryden.
Elephant apple (Bot.), an East Indian fruit with a rough, hard rind, and edible pulp, borne by Feronia elephantum, a large tree related to the orange. -- Elephant bed (Geol.), at Brighton, England, abounding in fossil remains of elephants. Mantell.
 -- Elephant beetle (Zoöl.), any very large beetle of the genus Goliathus (esp. G. giganteus), of the family Scarabæidæ.
 They inhabit West Africa. -- Elephant fish (Zoöl.), a chimæroid fish (Callorhynchus antarcticus), with a proboscis-like projection of the snout. -- Elephant paper, paper of large size, 23 × 28 inches. -- Double elephant paper, paper measuring 26¾ × 40 inches. See Note under Paper. -- Elephant seal (Zoöl.), an African jumping shrew (Macroscelides typicus), having a long nose like a proboscis. -- Elephant's ear (Bot.), a name given to certain species of the genus Begonia, which have immense one-sided leaves. -- Elephant's foot (Bot.) (a) A South African plant (Testudinaria Elephantipes), which has a massive rootstock covered with a kind of bark cracked with deep fissures; -- called also tortoise plant. The interior part is barely edible, whence the plant is also called Hottentot's bread. (b) A genus (Elephantopus) of coarse, composite weeds. -- Elephant's tusk (Zoöl.), the tooth shell. See Dentalium.

 El'e*phan"ti*ac (?), a. (Med.) Affected with elephantiasis; characteristic of elephantiasis.

 ||El'e*phan*ti"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, from 'ele'fas, -fantos, an elephant.] (Med.) A disease of the skin, in which it become enormously thickened, and is rough, hard, and fissured, like an elephant's hide.

 El'e*phan"tine (?), a. [L. elephantinus of ivory, Gr. &?;: cf. F. éléphantin.] Pertaining to the elephant, or resembling an elephant (commonly, in size); hence, huge; immense; heavy; as, of elephantine proportions; an elephantine step or tread.

Elephantine epoch (Geol.), the epoch distinguished by the existence of large pachyderms. Mantell. -- Elephantine tortoise (Zoöl.), a huge land tortoise; esp., Testudo elephantina, from islands in the Indian Ocean; and T. elephantopus, from the Galapagos Islands.

 { El"e*phan*toid' (?; 277), El'e*phan*toid"al (?), } a. [Elephant + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an elephant in form or appearance.

 El'eu*sin"i*an (?), a. [L. Eleusinius, Gr. &?;.]
 Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated; as, Eleusinian mysteries or festivals.

 ||E*leu'ther*o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Gr. 'eleu'qeros free + E. mania.]
 A mania or frantic zeal for freedom. [R.] Carlyle.
 E*leu'ther*o*ma"ni*ac, a. Mad for freedom. [R.]

 E*leu'ther*o-pet"al*ous (?), a. [Gr. 'eleu'qeros free + E. petal.]
 (Bot.) Having the petals free, that is, entirely separate from each other; -- said of both plant and flower.

 El"e*vate (?), a. [L. elevatus, p. p.] Elevated; raised aloft. [Poetic] Milton.
 El"e*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elevated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Elevating (?).] [L. elevatus, p. p. of elevare; e + levare to lift up, raise, akin to levis light in weight. See Levity.] 1. To bring from a lower place to a higher; to lift up; to raise; as, to elevate a weight, a flagstaff, etc.

2. To raise to a higher station; to promote; as, to elevate to an office, or to a high social position.

3. To raise from a depressed state; to animate; to cheer; as, to elevate the spirits.

4. To exalt; to ennoble; to dignify; as, to elevate the mind or character.

5. To raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness; -- said of sounds; as, to elevate the voice.

6. To intoxicate in a slight degree; to render tipsy. [Colloq.
 & Sportive] "The elevated cavaliers sent for two tubs of merry stingo." Sir W.


lique arch. See under Oblique. -- Skew back.
 (Civil Engin.) (a) The course of masonry, the stone, or the iron plate, having an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch. (b) A plate, cap, or shoe, having an inclined face to receive the nut of a diagonal brace, rod, or the end of an inclined strut, in a truss or frame. -- Skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. -- Skew curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. See Plane curve, under Curve. -- Skew gearing, or Skew bevel gearing (Mach.), toothed gearing, generally resembling bevel gearing, for connecting two shafts that are neither parallel nor intersecting, and in which the teeth slant across the faces of the gears. -- Skew surface (Geom.), a ruled surface such that in general two successive generating straight lines do not intersect; a warped surface; as, the helicoid is a skew surface. -- Skew symmetrical determinant (Alg.), a determinant in which the elements in each column of the matrix are equal to the elements of the corresponding row of the matrix with the signs changed, as in (1), below.

 (1) 0 2 -3-2 0 53 -5 0 (2) 4 -1 71 8 - 2-7 2 1 This requires that the numbers in the diagonal from the upper left to lower right corner be zeros. A like determinant in which the numbers in the diagonal are not zeros is a skew determinant, as in (2), above.

 Skew (?), n. (Arch.) A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place.

 Skew, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely; to go sidling; to lie or move obliquely.

 Child, you must walk straight, without skewing.

L'Estrange.
2. To start aside; to shy, as a horse. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To look obliquely; to squint; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. Beau. & Fl.
 Skew, v. t. [See Skew, adv.] 1. To shape or form in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position.

2. To throw or hurl obliquely.

 Skew"bald' (?), a. Marked with spots and patches of white and some color other than black; -- usually distinguished from piebald, in which the colors are properly white and black. Said of horses.

 Skew"er (?), n. [Probably of Scand, origin; cf. Sw. & Dan. skifer a slate. Cf. Shuver a fragment.] A pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting.

 Meat well stuck with skewers to make it look round.

Swift.
 Skew"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skewered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Skewering.] To fasten with skewers.

 Skid (skd), n. [Icel. skð a billet of wood. See Shide.]
 [Written also skeed.] 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, attached to a chain, and placed under the wheel of a wagon to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag; a skidpan; also, by extension, a hook attached to a chain, and used for the same purpose.

2. A piece of timber used as a support, or to receive pressure.
 Specifically: (a) pl. (Naut.) Large fenders hung over a vessel's side to protect it in handling a cargo. Totten. (b) One of a pair of timbers or bars, usually arranged so as to form an inclined plane, as form a wagon to a door, along which anything is moved by sliding or rolling. (c) One of a pair of horizontal rails or timbers for supporting anything, as a boat, a barrel, etc.

 Skid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skidded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skidding.] 1. To protect or support with a skid or skids; also, to cause to move on skids.

2. To check with a skid, as wagon wheels. Dickens.
 Skid"daw' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The black guillemot. [Prov.
 Eng.]

 Skid"pan' (?), n. See Skid, n., 1. [Eng.]

 Skied (?), imp. & p. p. of Sky, v. t. Ski"ey (?), a. See Skyey. Shelley.
 Skiff (?), n. [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff.
 See Ship.] A small, light boat.

 The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff.

Milton.
Skiff caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of a moth (Limacodes scapha); -- so called from its peculiar shape.

 Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Skiffing.] To navigate in a skiff. [R.]

 Skif"fling (?), n. (Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections; knobbing.

 Skil"der (?), v. i. To beg; to pilfer; to skelder. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 Skil"ful (?), a. See Skilful.

 Skill (?), n. [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment; akin to skilja to separate, divide, distinguish, Sw. skilja,. skille to separate, skiel reason, right, justice, Sw. skäl reason, Lith. skelli to cleave. Cf. Shell, Shoal, a multitude.] 1.
 Discrimination; judgment; propriety; reason; cause. [Obs.] Shak.
 "As it was skill and right." Chaucer.
 For great skill is, he prove that he wrought.

 [For with good reason he should test what he created.] Chaucer.
2. Knowledge; understanding. [Obsoles.]

 That by his fellowship he color might Both his estate and love from skill of any wight.

Spenser.
 Nor want we skill or art.

Milton.
3. The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes; power to discern and execute; ability to perceive and perform; expertness; aptitude; as, the skill of a mathematician, physician, surgeon, mechanic, etc.

 Phocion,... by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted Alexander from the conquest of Athens.

Swift.
 Where patience her sweet skill imparts.

Keble.
4. Display of art; exercise of ability; contrivance; address. [Obs.]

 Richard... by a thousand princely skills, gathering so much corn as if he meant not to return.

Fuller.
5. Any particular art. [Obs.]

 Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning unskillful.

Hooker.
Syn. -- Dexterity; adroitness; expertness; art; aptitude; ability.
 -- Skill, Dexterity, Adroitness. Skill is more intelligent, denoting familiar knowledge united to readiness of performance. Dexterity, when applied to the body, is more mechanical, and refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness involves the same image with dexterity, and differs from it as implaying a general facility of movement (especially in avoidance of danger or in escaping from a difficalty). The same distinctions apply to the figurative sense of the words. A man is skillful in any employment when he understands both its theory and


around some irritating foreign particle. Its substance is the same as nacre, or mother-ofpearl. Pearls which are round, or nearly round, and of fine luster, are highly esteemed as jewels, and compare in value with the precious stones.

2. Hence, figuratively, something resembling a pearl; something very precious.

 I see thee compassed with thy kingdom's pearl.

Shak.
 And those pearls of dew she wears.

Milton.
3. Nacre, or mother-of-pearl.

4. (Zoöl.) A fish allied to the turbot; the brill.

5. (Zoöl.) A light-colored tern.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the circle of tubercles which form the bur on a deer's antler.

7. A whitish speck or film on the eye. [Obs.] Milton.
8. A capsule of gelatin or similar substance containing some liquid for medicinal application, as ether.

9. (Print.) A size of type, between agate and diamond.

 This line is printed in the type called pearl.

Ground pearl. (Zoöl.) See under Ground. -- Pearl barley, kernels of barley, ground so as to form small, round grains.
 -- Pearl diver, one who dives for pearl oysters. -- Pearl edge, an edge of small loops on the side of some kinds of ribbon; also, a narrow kind of thread edging to be sewed on lace. -- Pearl eye, cataract.
 [R.] -- Pearl gray, a very pale and delicate blue-gray color. -- Pearl millet, Egyptian millet (Penicillaria spicata). -- Pearl moss. See Carrageen. -- Pearl moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Margaritia; -- so called on account of its pearly color. -- Pearl oyster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large tropical marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Meleagrina, or Margaritifera, found in the East Indies (especially at Ceylon), in the Persian Gulf, on the coast of Australia, and on the Pacific coast of America. Called also pearl shell, and pearl mussel. -- Pearl powder. See Pearl white, below. -- Pearl sago, sago in the form of small pearly grains. -- Pearl sinter (Min.), fiorite. -- Pearl spar (Min.), a crystallized variety of dolomite, having a pearly luster. -- Pearl white. (a) Basic bismuth nitrate, or bismuth subchloride; -- used chiefly as a cosmetic. (b) A variety of white lead blued with indigo or Berlin blue.

 Pearl (?), a. Of or pertaining to pearl or pearls; made of pearls, or of mother-of-pearl.

 Pearl, v. t. 1. To set or adorn with pearls, or with mother-of-pearl. Used also figuratively.

2. To cause to resemble pearls; to make into small round grains; as, to pearl barley.

 Pearl, v. i. 1. To resemble pearl or pearls.

2. To give or hunt for pearls; as, to go pearling.

 Pearl*a"ceous (?), a. Resembling pearl or mother-of-pearl; pearly in quality or appearance.

 Pearl"ash' (?), n. (Chem.) A white amorphous or granular substance which consists principally of potassium carbonate, and has a strong alkaline reaction. It is obtained by lixiviating wood ashes, and evaporating the lye, and has been an important source of potassium compounds. It is used in making soap, glass, etc.

 Pearl"-eyed' (?), a. Having a pearly speck in the eye; afflicted with the cataract.

 Pearl"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish whose scales yield a pearl-like pigment used in manufacturing artificial pearls, as the bleak, and whitebait.

 { Pearl"ins (?), Pearl"ings (?), } n. pl. [Prob. a corruption of purflings.
 See Purfle.] A kind of lace of silk or thread. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.
 { Pearl"ite (?), Pearl"stone' (?), } n. (Min.) A glassy volcanic rock of a grayish color and pearly luster, often having a spherulitic concretionary structure due to the curved cracks produced by contraction in cooling. See Illust. under Perlitic.

 Pearl"wort' (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several species of Sagina, low and inconspicuous herbs of the Chickweed family.

 Pearl"y (?), a. 1. Containing pearls; abounding with, or yielding, pearls; as, pearly shells. Milton.
2. Resembling pearl or pearls; clear; pure; transparent; iridescent; as, the pearly dew or flood.

 Pear"main (?), n. (Bot.) The name of several kinds of apples; as, the blue pearmain, winter pearmain, and red pearmain.

 Pear"-shaped' (?), a. Of the form of a pear.

 Peart (?), a. [A variant of pert, a.] Active; lively; brisk; smart; -- often applied to convalescents; as, she is quite peart to-day. [O. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

 There was a tricksy girl, I wot, albeit clad in gray, As peart as bird, as straight as bolt, as fresh as flowers in May.

Warner (1592).
 Peas"ant (?), n. [OF. païsant (the i being perh.
 due to confusion with the p. pr. of verbs), païsan, F. paysan, fr. OF. & F. pays country, fr. L. pagus the country. See Pagan.] A countryman; a rustic; especially, one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in European countries.

Syn. -- Countryman; rustic; swain; hind.

 Peas"ant, a. Rustic, rural. Spenser.
 Peas"ant*like' (?), a. Rude; clownish; illiterate.

 Peas"ant*ly, a. Peasantlike. [Obs.] Milton.
 Peas"ant*ry (?), n. 1. Peasants, collectively; the body of rustics. "A bold peasantry." Goldsmith.
2. Rusticity; coarseness. [Obs.] p. Butler.
 Peas"cod' (?), n. The legume or pericarp, or the pod, of the pea.

 Pease (?), n.; obs.pl. Peases (#), Peasen (#).
 [See Pea.] 1. A pea. [Obs.] "A peose." "Bread... of beans and of peses." Piers Plowman.
2. A plural form of Pea. See the Note under Pea.

 Pea"stone' (?), n. (Min.) Pisolite.

 Peas"weep' (?), n. [So called from its note.] [Prov. Eng.] (Zoöl.)
(a) The pewit, or lapwing. (b) The greenfinch.

 Peat (?), n. [Cf. Pet a fondling.] A small person; a pet; -- sometimes used contemptuously. [Obs.] Shak.
 Peat, n. [Prob. for beat, prop., material used to make the fire burn better, fr. AS. b&?;tan to better, mend (a fire), b&?;t advantage. See Better, Boot advantage.] A substance of vegetable origin, consisting of roots and fibers, moss, etc., in various stages of decomposition, and found, as a kind of turf or bog, usually in low situations, where it is always more or less saturated with water. It is often dried and used for fuel.

Peat bog, a bog containing peat; also, peat as it occurs in such places; peat moss. -- Peat moss. (a)


, the theory or practice of any of several groups of recent painters, or of these groups taken collectively, whose work and theories have in common a tendency to reaction against the scientific and naturalistic character of impressionism and neo-impressionism. In a strict sense the term postimpressionism is used to denote the effort at self-expression, rather than representation, shown in the work of Cézanne, Matisse, etc.; but it is more broadly used to include cubism, the theory or practice of a movement in both painting and sculpture which lays stress upon volume as the important attribute of objects and attempts its expression by the use of geometrical figures or solids only; and futurism, a theory or practice which attempts to place the observer within the picture and to represent simultaneously a number of consecutive movements and impressions. In practice these theories and methods of the post-impressionists change with great rapidity and shade into one another, so that a picture may be both cubist and futurist in character. They tend to, and sometimes reach, a condition in which both representation and traditional decoration are entirely abolished and a work of art becomes a purely subjective expression in an arbitrary and personal language.

 Pot, v. t. 1. To shoot for the pot, i.e., cooking; to secure or hit by a pot shot; to shoot when no special skill is needed.

 When hunted, it [the jaguar] takes refuge in trees, and this habit is well known to hunters, who pursue it with dogs and pot it when treed.

Encyc. of Sport.
2. To secure; gain; win; bag. [Colloq.]

 Pot, v. i. To take a pot shot or shots, as at game or an enemy.

 Pot, n. 1. The total of the bets at stake at one time, as in racing or card playing; the pool; also (Racing, Eng.) a horse heavily backed; a favorite. [Slang] 2. (Armor) A plain defensive headpiece; later, and perhaps in a jocose sense, any helmet; -- called also pot helmet.

3. (Card Playing) The total of the bets at one time; the pool.

 ||Pot'-au'-feu" (?), n. [F., lit., pot on the fire.] (Cookery) A dish of broth, meat, and vegetables prepared by boiling in a pot, -- a dish esp. common among the French. Grant Allen.
 { Po*teen" (?), Po*theen" (?) }, n. [Ir. poitin a small pot, whisky made in private stills; cf. pota pot, fr. E. pot.]
 Whisky distilled in a small way privately or illicitly by the Irish peasantry.

 ||Po'tiche" (?), n.; pl. - tiches (#). [F., fr. pot a pot.] (Ceramics) A vase with a separate cover, the body usually rounded or polygonal in plan with nearly vertical sides, a neck of smaller size, and a rounded shoulder.

 Pot lace. Lace whose pattern includes one or more representations of baskets or bowls from which flowers spring.

 Pot"latch' (?), n. [Chinook potlatch, pahtlatch, fr.
 Nootka pahchilt, pachalt, a gift.] 1. Among the Kwakiutl, Chimmesyan, and other Indians of the northwestern coast of North America, a ceremonial distribution by a man of gifts to his own and neighboring tribesmen, often, formerly, to his own impoverishment.
 Feasting, dancing, and public ceremonies accompany it.

2. Hence, a feast given to a large number of persons, often accompanied by gifts. [Colloq., Northwestern America] Pot lead. Graphite, or black lead, often used on the bottoms of racing vessels to diminish friction.

 Pot shot. Lit., a shot fired simply to fill the pot; hence, a shot fired at an animal or person when at rest or within easy range, or fired simply to kill, without reference to the rules of sport; a shot needling no special skill.

 { Pouf Pouffe } (pf), n. [Written also pouff.] [F. pouf.
 Cf. Puff, n.] Lit., a puff; specif.: (a) A soft cushion, esp. one circular in shape and not, like a pilow, of bag form, or thin at the edges. (b) A piece of furniture like an ottoman, generally circular and affording cushion seats on all sides.

 Pou*lard" (p*lärd"), n. [F. poularde pullet, fr. poule hen. See Pullet.] (Zoöl.) A pullet from which the ovaries have been removed to produce fattening; hence, a fat pullet.

 ||Pousse"-ca'fé" (?), n. [F., fr. pousser to push + café coffee.] A drink served after coffee at dinner, usually one of several liqueurs, or cordials, of different specific gravities poured so as to remain separate in layers; hence, such a drink of cordials served at any time.

 ||Pou sto (p st; pou st). [Gr. poy^ stw^ where I may stand; -- from the reputed saying of Archimedes, "Give me where I may stand and I will move the whole world with my steelyard."] A place to stand upon; a locus standi; hence, a foundation or basis for operations.

 ||Prac"ti*co (?), n.; pl. Practicos (#). [Sp., lit., experienced, skilled. Cf. Practical.] A guide. [Cuba & Phil. Islands] D. C. Worcester.
 Prai"rie State. Illinois; -- a nickname.

 Pra"line (prä"ln), n. [F.] A confection made of nut kernels, usually of almonds, roasted in boiling sugar until brown and crisp.

 Bonbons, pralines,... saccharine, crystalline substances of all kinds and colors.

Du Maurier.
 ||Prall"tril'ler (?), n.; G. pl. -triller. [G.] (Music) A melodic embellishment consisting of the quick alternation of a principal tone with an auxiliary tone above it, usually the next of the scale; -- called also the inverted mordente.

 Pre'ad*mis"sion (?), n. Lit., previous admission; specif. (Engin.), admission, as of steam, to the engine cylinder before the back stroke is completed, thus increasing the cushioning.

 ||Pré'cieuse", n. An affected woman of polite society, esp.
 one of the literary women of the French salons of the 17th century.

 Pre'ci*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. - ties (#). [F. préciosité, OF. also precieuseté.] Fastidious refinement, esp. in language; specif., the affected purism and sententiousness characteristic of the French précieuses of the 17th century.

 He had the fastidiousness, the preciosity, the love of archaisms, of your true decadent.

L. Douglas.
 Pre"cious (?), a. Particular; fastidious; overnice; overrefined.
 Cf. Précieuse, Preciosity.

 Lest that precious folk be with me wroth.

Chaucer.
 Elaborate embroidery of precious language.

Saintsbury.
 Pre*cip'i*ta"tion, n. (Meteor.) A deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow; also, the quantity of water deposited.

 Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are not regarded by the United States Weather Bureau as precipitation. Sleet and snow are melted, and the record of precipitation shows the depth of the horizontal layers of water in hundredths of an inch or in millimeters.

 Preferential


. interceptus, p. p. of intercipere to intercept; inter between + capere to take, seize: cf. F. intercepter. See Capable.]

1. To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as, to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris.

 God will shortly intercept your breath.

Joye.
2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as, to intercept the current of a river.

 Who intercepts me in my expedition?

Shak.
 We must meet first, and intercept his course.

Dryden.
3. To interrupt communication with, or progress toward; to cut off, as the destination; to blockade.

 While storms vindictive intercept the shore.

Pope.
 4. (Math.) To include between; as, that part of the line which is intercepted between the points A and B. Syn. -- To cut off; stop; catch; seize; obstruct.

 In"ter*cept' (?), n. (Math.) A part cut off or intercepted, as a portion of a line included between two points, or cut off two straight lines or curves.

 In'ter*cept"er (?), n. One who, or that which, intercepts. Shak.
 In'ter*cep"tion (?), n. [L. interceptio a taking away: cf.
 F. interception.] The act of intercepting; as, interception of a letter; interception of the enemy.

 In'ter*cept"ive (?), a. Intercepting or tending to intercept.

 In'ter*ces"sion (?), n. [L. intercessio an intervention, a becoming surety: cf. F. intercession. See Intercede.] The act of interceding; mediation; interposition between parties at variance, with a view to reconcilation; prayer, petition, or entreaty in favor of, or (less often) against, another or others.

 But the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which can not be uttered.

Rom. viii. 26.
 In'ter*ces"sion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty.

 In'ter*ces"sion*ate (?), v. t. To entreat. [Obs.]

 In'ter*ces"sor (?), n. [L., a surety: cf. F. intercesseur.]

1. One who goes between, or intercedes; a mediator. (a) One who interposes between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them.
 (b) One who pleads in behalf of another. Milton.
2. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishopric till a successor is installed.

 In'ter*ces*so"ri*al (?), a. Intercessory.

 In'ter*ces"so*ry (?), a. [LL. intercessorius.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession; interceding; as, intercessory prayer.

 In'ter*chain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interchaining.] To link together; to unite closely or firmly, as by a chain.

 Two bosoms interchained with an oath.

Shak.
 In'ter*change" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interchanging (?).] [OE. entrechangen, OF. entrechangier. See Inter-, and Change.]

1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as, to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services.

 I shall interchange My waned state for Henry's regal crown.

Shak.
2. To cause to follow alternately; to intermingle; to vary; as, to interchange cares with pleasures.

 In'ter*change", v. i. To make an interchange; to alternate. Sir P. Sidney.
 In'ter*change" (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrechange.]

1. The act of mutually changing; the act of mutually giving and receiving; exchange; as, the interchange of civilities between two persons. "Interchange of kindnesses." South.
2. The mutual exchange of commodities between two persons or countries; barter; commerce. Howell.
3. Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling.

 The interchanges of light and darkness.

Holder.
 Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.
 In'ter*change'a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being interchangeable; interchangeableness.

 In'ter*change"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. entrechangeable.]

1. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. "Interchangeable warrants." Bacon.
2. Following each other in alternate succession; as, the four interchangeable seasons. Holder.
 -- In'ter*change"a*ble*ness, n. -- In'ter*change"a*bly, adv.
 In'ter*change"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrechangement.] Mutual transfer; exchange. [Obs.] Shak.
 In'ter*chap"ter (?), n. An intervening or inserted chapter.

 In*ter"ci*dence (?), n. [See Intercident.] The act or state of coming or falling between; occurrence; incident. [Obs.] Holland.
 In*ter"ci*dent (?), a. [L. intercidens, -entis, p. pr. of intercidere to fall between; inter between + cadere to fall.] Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. [Obs.] Boyle.
 In'ter*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. intercipiens, -entis, p. pr. of intercipere. See Intercept.] Intercepting; stopping. -- n. One who, or that which, intercepts or stops anything on the passage. Wiseman.
 In'ter*ci"sion (?), n. [L. intercisio a cutting through, fr.
 intercidere to cut asunder.] A cutting off, through, or asunder; interruption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
 In'ter*cit"i*zen*ship (?), n. The mutual right to civic privileges, in the different States. Bancroft.
 In'ter*clav"i*cle (?), n. (Anat.) See Episternum.

 In'ter*cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Between the clavicles; as, the interclavicular notch of the sternum. (b) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle.

 In'ter*close" (?), v. t. [Pref. inter- + close. See Interclude.] To shut in; to inclose. [Obs.]

 In'ter*cloud" (?), v. t. To cloud. [R.] Daniel.
 In'ter*clude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercluding.] [L. intercludere, interclusum; inter between + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf.
 Interclose.] To shut off or out from a place or course, by something intervening; to intercept; to cut off; to interrupt. Mitford.
 So all passage of external air into the receiver may be intercluded.

Boyle.
 In'ter*clu"sion (?), n. [L. interclusio. See Interclude.]
 Inter


[Illustration] THE MAHATMA AND THE HARE A DREAM STORY by H. Rider Haggard Contents THE MAHATMA—A DREAM STORY THE MAHATMA THE GREAT WHITE ROAD THE HARE THE SHOOTING THE COURSING THE HUNTING THE COMING OF THE RED-FACED MAN THE MAHATMA A DREAM STORY "Ultimately a good hare was found which took the field at... There the hounds pressed her, and on the hunt arriving at the edge of the cliff the hare could be seen crossing the beach and going right out to sea. A boat was procured, and the master and some others rowed out to her just as she drowned, and, bringing the body in, gave it to the hounds. A hare swimming out to sea is a sight not often witnessed."—Local paper, January 1911.
 "... A long check occurred in the latter part of this hunt, the hare having laid up in a hedgerow, from which she was at last evicted by a crack of the whip. Her next place of refuge was a horse-pond, which she tried to swim, but got stuck in the ice midway, and was sinking, when the huntsman went in after her. It was a novel sight to see huntsman and hare being lifted over a wall out of the pond, the eager pack waiting for their prey behind the wall."—Local paper, February 1911.
The author supposes that the first of the above extracts must have impressed him. At any rate, on the night after the reading of it, just as he went to sleep, or on the following morning just as he awoke, he cannot tell which, there came to him the title and the outlines of this fantasy, including the command with which it ends. With a particular clearness did he seem to see the picture of the Great White Road, "straight as the way of the Spirit, and broad as the breast of Death," and of the little Hare travelling towards the awful Gates.
Like the Mahatma of this fable, he expresses no opinion as to the merits of the controversy between the Red-faced Man and the Hare that, without search on his own part, presented itself to his mind in so odd a fashion. It is one on which anybody interested in such matters can form an individual judgment.
THE MAHATMA[1] [1] Mahatma, "great-souled." "One of a class of persons with preter-natural powers, imagined to exist in India and Thibet."—New English Dictionary.
Everyone has seen a hare, either crouched or running in the fields, or hanging dead in a poulterer's shop, or lastly pathetic, even dreadful-looking and in this form almost indistinguishable from a skinned cat, on the domestic table. But not many people have met a Mahatma, at least to their knowledge. Not many people know even who or what a Mahatma is. The majority of those who chance to have heard the title are apt to confuse it with another, that of Mad Hatter.
This is even done of malice prepense (especially, for obvious reasons, if a hare is in any way concerned) in scorn, not in ignorance, by persons who are well acquainted with the real meaning of the word and even with its Sanscrit origin. The truth is that an incredulous Western world puts no faith in Mahatmas. To it a Mahatma is a kind of spiritual Mrs. Harris, giving an address in Thibet at which no letters are delivered. Either, it says, there is no such person, or he is a fraudulent scamp with no greater occult powers—well, than a hare.
I confess that this view of Mahatmas is one that does not surprise me in the least. I never met, and I scarcely expect to meet, an individual entitled to set "Mahatma" after his name. Certainly I have no right to do so, who only took that title on the spur of the moment when the Hare asked me how I was called, and now make use of it as a nom-de-plume. It is true there is Jorsen, by whose order, for it amounts to that, I publish this history. For aught I know Jorsen may be a Mahatma, but he does not in the least look the part.
Imagine a bluff person with a strong, hard face, piercing grey eyes, and very prominent, bushy eyebrows, of about fifty or sixty years of age. Add a Scotch accent and a meerschaum pipe, which he smokes even when he is wearing a frock coat and a tall hat, and you have Jorsen. I believe that he lives somewhere in the country, is well off, and practises gardening. If so he has never asked me to his place, and I only meet him when he comes to Town, as I understand, to visit flower-shows.
Then I always meet him because he orders me to do so, not by letter or by word of mouth but in quite a different way. Suddenly I receive an impression in my mind that I am to go to a certain place at a certain hour, and that there I shall find Jorsen. I do go, sometimes to an hotel, sometimes to a lodging, sometimes to a railway station or to the corner of a particular street and there I do find Jorsen smoking his big meerschaum pipe. We shake hands and he explains why he has sent for me, after which we talk of various things. Never mind what they are, for that would be telling Jorsen's secrets as well as my own, which I must not do.
It may be asked how I came to know Jorsen. Well, in a strange way. Nearly thirty years ago a dreadful thing happened to me. I was married and, although still young, a person of some mark in literature. Indeed even now one or two of the books which I wrote are read and remembered, although it is supposed that their author has long left the world.
The thing which happened was that my wife and our daughter were coming over from the Channel Islands, where they had been on a visit (she was a Jersey woman), and, and—well, the ship was lost, that's all. The shock broke my heart, in such a way that it has never been mended again, but unfortunately did not kill me.
Afterwards I took to drink and sank, as drunkards do. Then the river began to draw me. I had a lodging in a poor street at Chelsea, and I could hear the river calling me at night, and—I wished to die as the others had died. At last I yielded, for the drink had rotted out all my moral sense. About one o'clock of a wild, winter morning I went to a bridge I knew where in those days policemen rarely came, and listened to that call of the water.
"Come!" it seemed to say. "This world is the real hell, ending in the eternal naught. The dreams of a life beyond and of re-union there are but a demon's mocking breathed into the mortal heart, lest by its universal suicide mankind should rob him of his torture-pit. There is no truth in all your father taught you" (he was a clergyman and rather eminent in his profession), "there is no hope for man, there is nothing he can win except the deep happiness of sleep. Come and sleep." Such were the arguments of that Voice of the river, the old, familiar arguments of desolation and despair. I leant over the parapet; in another moment I should have been gone, when I became aware that some one was standing near to me. I did not see the person because it was too dark. I did not hear him because of the raving of the wind. But I knew that he was there. So I waited until the moon shone out for a while between the edges of two ragged clouds, the shapes of which I can see to this hour. It showed me Jorsen, looking just as he does to-day, for he never seems to change—Jorsen, on whom, to my knowledge, I had not set eyes before.
"Even a year ago," he said, in his strong, rough voice, "you would not have allowed your mind to be convinced by such arguments as those which you


See Ponder.] To ponder. [Obs.]

 Pleaseth you, pond your suppliant's plaint.

Spenser.
 Pon"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pondered (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pondering.] [L. ponderare, fr. pondus, ponderis, a weight, fr. pendere to weigh: cf. F. pondérer. See Pendant, and cf. Pound a weight.]

1. To weigh. [Obs.]

2. To weigh in the mind; to view with deliberation; to examine carefully; to consider attentively.

Ponder the path of thy feet.

Prov. iv. 26.
Syn. -- To Ponder, Consider, Muse. To consider means to view or contemplate with fixed thought. To ponder is to dwell upon with long and anxious attention, with a view to some practical result or decision. To muse is simply to think upon continuously with no definite object, or for the pleasure it gives. We consider any subject which is fairly brought before us; we ponder a concern involving great interests; we muse on the events of childhood.

 Pon"der, v. i. To think; to deliberate; to muse; -- usually followed by on or over. Longfellow.
 Pon'der*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pondérabilité.]
 The quality or state of being ponderable.

 Pon"der*a*ble (?), a. [L. ponderabilis: cf. F. pondérable.]
 Capable of being weighed; having appreciable weight. -- Pon"der*a*ble*ness, n. Pon"der*al (?), a. [Cf. F. pondéral.] Estimated or ascertained by weight; -- distinguished from numeral; as, a ponderal drachma. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 Pon"der*ance (?), n. [L. ponderans, p. pr. of ponderare to weigh: cf. OF. ponderant of weight.] Weight; gravity. [R.] Gregory.
 Pon"der*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to weight; as, a ponderary system. [R.] M'Culloch.
 Pon"der*ate (?), v. t. [L. ponderatus, p. p. of ponderare.
 See Ponder.] To consider; to ponder. [R.]

 Pon"der*ate, v. i. To have weight or influence. [R.]

 Pon'der*a"tion (?), n. [L. ponderatio: cf. F. pondération.]
 The act of weighing. [R.] Arbuthnot.
 Pon"der*er (?), n. One who ponders.

 Pon"der*ing, a. Deliberating. -- Pon"der*ing*ly, adv.
 Pon'der*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Ponderosities (#). [OF.
 ponderosité.] The quality or state of being ponderous; weight; gravity; heaviness, ponderousness; as, the ponderosity of gold. Ray.
 Pon"der*ous (?), a. [L. ponderosus, from pondus, -eris, a weight: cf. F. pondéreux. See Ponder.] 1. Very heavy; weighty; as, a ponderous shield; a ponderous load; the ponderous elephant.

 The sepulcher... Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws.

Shak.
2. Important; momentous; forcible. "Your more ponderous and settled project." Shak.
3. Heavy; dull; wanting; lightless or spirit; as, a ponderous style; a ponderous joke.

Ponderous spar (Min.), heavy spar, or barytes. See Barite.

 Pon"der*ous*ly, adv. In a ponderous manner.

 Pon"der*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being ponderous; ponderosity.

 Pond"fish' (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of American fresh-water fishes belonging to the family Centrarchidæ; -- called also pond perch, and sunfish.

 The common pondfish of New England (Lepomis gibbosus) is called also bream, pumpkin seed, and sunny. See Sunfish. The long-eared pondfish (Lepomis auritus) of the Eastern United States is distinguished by its very long opercular flap.

 Pond"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) Any aquatic plant of the genus Potamogeton, of which many species are found in ponds or slow-moving rivers.

Choke pondweed, an American water weed (Anarcharis, or Elodea, Canadensis.) See Anacharis. -- Horned pondweed, the Zannichellia palustris, a slender, branching aquatic plant, having pointed nutlets.

 Pone (pn), n. [Of Amer. Indian origin.] A kind of johnnycake.
 [Written also paune.] [Southern U. S.]

 Po"nent (?), a. [OF., fr. It. ponente, properly, setting (applied to the setting sun), fr. L. ponens, p. pr. of ponere to set, put.] Western; occidental. [R.]

 Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds.

Milton.
 Pon*gee" (?), n. [Of East Indian origin.] A fabric of undyed silk from India and China.

 Pon*ghee" (?), n. [From the native name.] A Buddhist priest of the higher orders in Burmah. Malcom.
 Pon"go (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any large ape; especially, the chimpanzee and the orangoutang.

 Pon"iard (?), n. [F. poignard (cf. It. pugnale, Sp.
 puñal), fr. L. pugio, -onis; probably akin to pugnus fist, or fr. pugnus fist, as held in the fist. See Pugnacious.] A kind of dagger, -- usually a slender one with a triangular or square blade.

 She speaks poniards, and every word stabs.

Shak.
 Pon"iard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poniarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Poniarding.] To pierce with a poniard; to stab. Cowper.
 Po'ni*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. ponere to place.] The capability of being placed or located. [Obs.] Barrow.
 ||Pons (?), n.; pl. Pontes (#). [L., a bridge.] (Anat.)
 A bridge; -- applied to several parts which connect others, but especially to the pons Varolii, a prominent band of nervous tissue situated on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata and connected at each side with the hemispheres of the cerebellum; the mesocephalon. See Brain.

||Pons asinorum. [L., literally, bridge of asses.] See Asses' bridge, under Ass.

 Pon"tage (?; 48), n. [LL. pontagium, from L. pons, pontis, a bridge: cf. F. pontage.] (O. Eng. Law) A duty or tax paid for repairing bridges. Ayliffe.
 Pon*tee" (?), n. [F. pontil, pontis.] (Glass Making) An iron rod used by glass makers for manipulating the hot glass; -- called also, puntil, puntel, punty, and ponty.
 See Fascet.

 Pon"tic (?), a. [L. Ponticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the sea, especially, the Black Sea.] Of or pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea.

 ||Pon"ti*fex (?), n.; pl. Pontifices (#). [L.]