I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire any time this two and thirty years.

Shak.
 Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth fire, we have found by experience that on hot coals, it dieth immediately.

Sir T. Browne.
2. (Zoöl.) The pouched gopher (Geomys tuza) of the Southern United States.

3. A culinary utensil of metal with a plate or disk which is heated, and held over pastry, etc., to brown it.

4. A large poker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.
5. (Metal.) Solidified material in a furnace hearth.

Giant salamander. (Zoöl.) See under Giant. -- Salamander's hair or wool (Min.), a species of asbestus or mineral flax.
 [Obs.] Bacon.
 ||Sal'a*man*dri"na (?), n.; pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders.

 Sal'a*man"drine (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a salamander; enduring fire. Addison.
 Sal'a*man"droid (?), a. [Salamander + -oid.] (Zoöl.)
 Like or pertaining to the salamanders.

 ||Sal'a*man*droi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela.

 Sal"am*stone' (? or?), n. (Min.) A kind of blue sapphire brought from Ceylon. Dana.
 Sa*lan"ga*na (?), n. The salagane.

 Sal"a*ried (?), a. Receiving a salary; paid by a salary; having a salary attached; as, a salaried officer; a salaried office.

 Sal"a*ry (?), a. [L. salarius.] Saline [Obs.]

 Sal"a*ry (?), n.; pl. Salaries (#). [F. salaire, L. salarium, originally, salt money, the money given to the Roman soldiers for salt, which was a part of their pay, fr. salarius belonging to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt.] The recompense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to a person at regular intervals for services; fixed wages, as by the year, quarter, or month; stipend; hire.

 This is hire and salary, not revenge.

Shak.
 Recompense for services paid at, or reckoned by, short intervals, as a day or week, is usually called wages.

Syn. -- Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance.

 Sal"a*ry v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salaried (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Salarying (?).] To pay, or agree to pay, a salary to; to attach salary to; as, to salary a clerk; to salary a position.

 Sale (?), n. See 1st Sallow. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Sale, n. [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E. sell.
 See Sell, v. t.] 1. The act of selling; the transfer of property, or a contract to transfer the ownership of property, from one person to another for a valuable consideration, or for a price in money.

2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market.

 They shall have ready sale for them.

Spenser.
3. Public disposal to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market; auction. Sir W. Temple.
Bill of sale. See under Bill. -- Of sale, On sale, For sale, to be bought or sold; offered to purchasers; in the market. -- To set to sale, to offer for sale; to put up for purchase; to make merchandise of. [Obs.] Milton.
 Sale"a*ble (?), a., Sale"a*bly, adv., etc. See Salable, Salably, etc.

 Sal"eb (?), n. (Med.) See Salep.

 Sal'e*bros"i*ty (?), n. Roughness or ruggedness. [Obs.] Feltham.
 Sal"e*brous (?), a. [L. salebrosus, fr. salebra a rugged road, fr. salire to leap.] Rough; rugged. [Obs.]

 Sal"ep (sl"p), n. [Ar. sahleb, perhaps a corruption of an Arabic word for fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying literally, fox's testicles: cf. F. salep.] [Written also saleb, salop, and saloop.] The dried tubers of various species of Orchis, and Eulophia. It is used to make a nutritious beverage by treating the powdered preparation with hot water. U. S. Disp.
 Sal'e*ra"tus (?), n. [NL. sal aëratus; -- so called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). See Sal, and and Aërated.]
 (Old Chem.) Aërated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is largely used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingredient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks.

 Sales"man (slz"man), n.; pl. Salesmen (-men).
 [Sale + man.] One who sells anything; one whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

 Sales"wom'an (?), n.; pl. Saleswomen (&?;). A woman whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

 Sale"work' (?), n. Work or things made for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. Shak.
 Sa"lian (?), a. Denoting a tribe of Franks who established themselves early in the fourth century on the river Sala [now Yssel]; Salic. -- n. A Salian Frank.

 Sa"li*ant (?), a. (Her.) Same as Salient.

 Sal"i*aunce (?), a. [See Sally.] Salience; onslaught. [Obs.] "So fierce saliaunce." Spenser.
 Sal"ic (sl"k), a. [F. salique, fr. the Salian Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in Latin leges Salicæ.] Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so called. [Also salique.]

Salic law. (a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth century. By one provision of this code women were excluded from the inheritance of landed property. (b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a special application of the above-mentioned provision, in accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne.
 This law has obtained in France, and at times in other countries of Europe, as Spain.

 Sal'i*ca"ceous (sl'*k"shs), a. [L. salix, -icis, the willow.] Belonging or relating to the willow.

 Sal"i*cin (?), n. [L. salix, - icis, a willow: cf. F. salicine. See Sallow the tree.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark and leaves of several species of willow (Salix) and poplar, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.

 Sal"i*cyl (?), n. [Salicin + - yl.] (Chem.)
 The hypothetical radical of salicylic acid and of certain related compounds.

 Sal"i*cyl'al (?), n. [Salicylic + aldehide.] (Chem.)
 A thin, fragrant, colorless oil, HO.C6H4.CHO, found in the flowers of meadow sweet (Spiræa), and also obtained by oxidation of salicin, saligenin, etc. It reddens on exposure. Called also salicylol, salicylic aldehyde, and formerly


parts of the system relative to its center of mass. The potential energy of a body or system is that energy which is not kinetic; -- energy due to configuration. Kinetic energy is sometimes called actual energy. Kinetic energy is exemplified in the vis viva of moving bodies, in heat, electric currents, etc.; potential energy, in a bent spring, or a body suspended a given distance above the earth and acted on by gravity.

 Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, ∧ Degradation of energy, etc. (Physics) See under Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, etc.

Syn. -- Force; power; potency; vigor; strength; spirit; efficiency; resolution.

 E*ner"vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enervated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enervating.] [L. enervatus, p. p. of enervare, fr. enervis nerveless, weak; e out + nervus nerve.
 See Nerve.] To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or courage; to render feeble or impotent; to make effeminate; to impair the moral powers of.

 A man... enervated by licentiousness.

Macaulay.
 And rhyme began t' enervate poetry.

Dryden.
Syn. -- To weaken; enfeeble; unnerve; debilitate.

 E*ner"vate (?), a. [L. enervatus, p. p.] Weakened; weak; without strength of force. Pope.
 En'er*va"tion (?), n. [L. enervatio: cf. F. énervation.]
 1. The act of weakening, or reducing strength.

2. The state of being weakened; effeminacy. Bacon.
 E*ner"va*tive (?), a. Having power, or a tendency, to enervate; weakening. [R.]

 E*nerve" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. énerver. See Enervate.]
 To weaken; to enervate. [Obs.] Milton.
 E*nerv"ous (?), a. [L. enervis, enervus.] Lacking nerve or force; enervated. [R.]

 En*fam"ish (?), v. t. To famish; to starve.

 En*fect" (?), a. [See Infect, a.] Contaminated with illegality. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 En*fee"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeebled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeebling (?).] [OF. enfeblir, enfeiblir; pref. en- (L. in) + feble, F. faible, feeble.
 See Feeble.] To make feeble; to deprive of strength; to reduce the strength or force of; to weaken; to debilitate.

Enfeebled by scanty subsistence and excessive toil.

Prescott.
Syn. -- To weaken; debilitate; enervate.

 En*fee"ble*ment (?), n. The act of weakening; enervation; weakness.

 En*fee"bler (?), n. One who, or that which, weakens or makes feeble.

 En*fee"blish, v. i. To enfeeble. [Obs.] Holland.
 En*fel"oned (?), a. [Pref. en- + felon: cf. OF. enfelonner.]
 Rendered fierce or frantic. [Obs.] "Like one enfeloned or distraught." Spenser.
 En*feoff" (?; see Feoff, 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeoffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeoffing.] [Pref. en- + feoff, fief: cf. LL. infeofare, OF. enfeffer, enfeofer.] 1. (Law) To give a feud, or right in land, to; to invest with a fief or fee; to invest (any one) with a freehold estate by the process of feoffment. Mozley & W.
2. To give in vassalage; to make subservient. [Obs.]

 [The king] enfeoffed himself to popularity.

Shak.
 En*feoff"ment (?), n. (Law) (a) The act of enfeoffing. (b) The instrument or deed by which one is invested with the fee of an estate.

 En*fes"ter (?), v. t. To fester. [Obs.] "Enfestered sores."
 Davies (Holy Roode).
 En*fet"ter (?), v. t. To bind in fetters; to enchain. "Enfettered to her love." Shak.
 En*fe"ver (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + fever: cf. F. enfiévrer.]
 To excite fever in. [R.] A. Seward.
 En*fierce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfierced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfiercing (?).] To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En'fi*lade" (?; 277), n. [F., fr. enfiler to thread, go trough a street or square, rake with shot; pref. en- (L. in) + fil thread. See File a row.] 1. A line or straight passage, or the position of that which lies in a straight line. [R.]

2. (Mil.) A firing in the direction of the length of a trench, or a line of parapet or troops, etc.; a raking fire.

 En'fi*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfiladed; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Enfilading.] (Mil.) To pierce, scour, or rake with shot in the direction of the length of, as a work, or a line of troops. Campbell.
 En*filed" (?), p. a. [F. enfiler to pierce, thread.] (Her.)
 Having some object, as the head of a man or beast, impaled upon it; as, a sword which is said to be "enfiled of" the thing which it pierces.

 En*fire" (?), v. t. To set on fire. [Obs.] Spenser.
 En*flesh" (?), v. t. To clothe with flesh. [Obs.]

 Vices which are... enfleshed in him.

Florio.
 En*flow"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enflowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enflowering.] To cover or deck with flowers. [Poetic] These odorous and enflowered fields.

B. Jonson.
 En*fold" (?), v. t. To infold. See Infold.

 En*fold"ment (?), n. The act of infolding. See Infoldment.

 En*force" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enforced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enforcing (?).] [OF. enforcier to strengthen, force, F. enforcir; pref. en- (L. in) + F. force.
 See Force.] 1. To put force upon; to force; to constrain; to compel; as, to enforce obedience to commands.

 Inward joy enforced my heart to smile.

Shak.
2. To make or gain by force; to obtain by force; as, to enforce a passage. "Enforcing furious way." Spenser.
3. To put in motion or action by violence; to drive.

 As swift as stones Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.

Shak.
4. To give force to; to strengthen; to invig


manors depended. Cowell.
10. pl. Academic or university prizes or distinctions; as, honors in classics.

11. pl. (Whist) The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. The ten and nine are sometimes called Dutch honors. R. A. Proctor.
Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the duel itself. -- Court of honor, a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature. -- Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal promise, or by betting or gambling, considered more binding than if recoverable by law. -- Honor bright! An assurance of truth or fidelity. [Colloq.] -- Honor court (Feudal Law), one held in an honor or seignory. -- Honor point. (Her.) See Escutcheon. -- Honors of war (Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed, and with colors flying. -- Law, or Code, of honor, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion, and which are founded on a regard to reputation. Paley. -- Maid of honor, a lady of rank, whose duty it is to attend the queen when she appears in public. -- On one's honor, on the pledge of one's honor; as, the members of the House of Lords in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their statements or verdicts on their honor. -- Point of honor, a scruple or nice distinction in matters affecting one's honor; as, he raised a point of honor. -- To do the honors, to bestow honor, as on a guest; to act as host or hostess at an entertainment. "To do the honors and to give the word." Pope.
 -- To do one honor, to confer distinction upon one. -- To have the honor, to have the privilege or distinction. -- Word of honor, an engagement confirmed by a pledge of honor.

 Hon"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Honoring.] [OE. honouren, onouren, OF. honorer, honourer, F. honorer, fr. L. honorare, fr. honor, n.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect; to revere; to treat with deference and submission; when used of the Supreme Being, to reverence; to adore; to worship.

Honor thy father and thy mother.

Ex. xx. 12.
 That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the Father.

John v. 23.
 It is a custom More honor'd in the breach than the observance.

Shak.
2. To dignify; to raise to distinction or notice; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; to exalt; to glorify; hence, to do something to honor; to treat in a complimentary manner or with civility.

 Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighten to honor.

Esther vi. 9.
 The name of Cassius honors this corruption.

Shak.
3. (Com.) To accept and pay when due; as, to honora bill of exchange.

 Hon"or*a*ble (?), a. [F. honorable, L. honorabilis.]
 1. Worthy of honor; fit to be esteemed or regarded; estimable; illustrious.

 Thy name and honorable family.

Shak.
2. High-minded; actuated by principles of honor, or a scrupulous regard to probity, rectitude, or reputation.

3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed to a just and proper end; not base; irreproachable; fair; as, an honorable motive.

 Is this proceeding just and honorable?

Shak.
4. Conferring honor, or produced by noble deeds.

Honorable wounds from battle brought.

Dryden.
5. Worthy of respect; regarded with esteem; to be commended; consistent with honor or rectitude.

 Marriage is honorable in all.

Heb. xiii. 4.
6. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor, or with testimonies of esteem; as, an honorable burial.

7. Of reputable association or use; respectable.

 Let her descend: my chambers are honorable.

Shak.
8. An epithet of respect or distinction; as, the honorable Senate; the honorable gentleman.

Honorable is a title of quality, conferred by English usage upon the younger children of earls and all the children of viscounts and barons. The maids of honor, lords of session, and the supreme judges of England and Ireland are entitled to the prefix. In American usage, it is a title of courtesy merely, bestowed upon those who hold, or have held, any of the higher public offices, esp. governors, judges, members of Congress or of the Senate, mayors.

Right honorable. See under Right.

 Hon"or*a*ble*ness, n. 1. The state of being honorable; eminence; distinction.

2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude; fairness; uprightness; reputableness.

 Hon"or*a*bly (?), adv. 1. In an honorable manner; in a manner showing, or consistent with, honor.

 The reverend abbot... honorably received him.

Shak.
 Why did I not more honorably starve?

Dryden.
2. Decently; becomingly. [Obs.] "Do this message honorably."
 Shak.
Syn. -- Magnanimously; generously; nobly; worthily; justly; equitably; fairly; reputably.

 { ||Hon'o*ra"ri*um (?), Hon"or*a*ry (?), } n. [L. honorarium (sc. donum), fr. honorarius. See Honorary, a.] 1.
 A fee offered to professional men for their services; as, an honorarium of one thousand dollars. S. Longfellow.
2. (Law) An honorary payment, usually in recognition of services for which it is not usual or not lawful to assign a fixed business price. Heumann.
 Hon"or*a*ry, a. [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor: cf.
 F. honoraire.] 1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor; as, honorary services. Macaulay.
2. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor without emolument; as, an honorary degree. "Honorary arches." Addison.
3. Holding a title or place without rendering service or receiving reward; as, an honorary member of a society.

 Hon"or*er (?), n. One who honors.

 Hon'or*if"ic (?), a. [See Honor, -fy, and -ic.] Conferring honor; tending to honor. London Spectator.
 Hon"or*less (?), a. Destitute of honor; not honored. Bp.
 Warburton.
 Hont (hnt), n. & v. See under Hunt. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hoo (?), interj. 1. See Ho. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. Hurrah! -- an exclamation of triumphant joy. Shak.
 -hood (?). [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, rank, order, condition, AS. hd; akin to OS. hd, OHG.
 heit, G. -heit, D. -heid, Goth. haidus manner; cf. Skr. ktu brightness, cit to appear, be noticeable, notice. √217. Cf. -head.] A termination denoting state, condition, quality, character


to arrest; as, to catch a thief.
 "They pursued... and caught him." Judg. i. 6.
3. To take captive, as in a snare or net, or on a hook; as, to catch a bird or fish.

4. Hence: To insnare; to entangle. "To catch him in his words". Mark xii. 13.
5. To seize with the senses or the mind; to apprehend; as, to catch a melody. "Fiery thoughts... whereof I catch the issue." Tennyson.
6. To communicate to; to fasten upon; as, the fire caught the adjoining building.

7. To engage and attach; to please; to charm.

 The soothing arts that catch the fair. Dryden.
8. To get possession of; to attain.

 Torment myself to catch the English throne. Shak.
9. To take or receive; esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, infection, or exposure; as, to catch the spirit of an occasion; to catch the measles or smallpox; to catch cold; the house caught fire.

10. To come upon unexpectedly or by surprise; to find; as, to catch one in the act of stealing.

11. To reach in time; to come up with; as, to catch a train.

To catch fire, to become inflamed or ignited. -- to catch it to get a scolding or beating; to suffer punishment. [Colloq.] -- To catch one's eye, to interrupt captiously while speaking. [Colloq.]
 "You catch me up so very short." Dickens. -- To catch up, to snatch; to take up suddenly.

 Catch (?), v. i. 1. To attain possession. [Obs.]

 Have is have, however men do catch. Shak.
2. To be held or impeded by entanglement or a light obstruction; as, a kite catches in a tree; a door catches so as not to open.

3. To take hold; as, the bolt does not catch.

4. To spread by, or as by, infecting; to communicate.

 Does the sedition catch from man to man? Addison.
To catch at, to attempt to seize; to be eager to get or use. "[To] catch at all opportunities of subverting the state." Addison.
 -- To catch up with, to come up with; to overtake.

 Catch, n. 1. Act of seizing; a grasp. Sir P. Sidney.
2. That by which anything is caught or temporarily fastened; as, the catch of a gate.

3. The posture of seizing; a state of preparation to lay hold of, or of watching he opportunity to seize; as, to lie on the catch.
 [Archaic] Addison.
 The common and the canon law... lie at catch, and wait advantages one againt another. T. Fuller.
4. That which is caught or taken; profit; gain; especially, the whole quantity caught or taken at one time; as, a good catch of fish.

 Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your brains. Shak.
5. Something desirable to be caught, esp. a husband or wife in matrimony. [Colloq.] Marryat.
6. pl. Passing opportunities seized; snatches.

 It has been writ by catches with many intervals. Locke.
7. A slight remembrance; a trace.

 We retain a catch of those pretty stories. Glanvill.
8. (Mus.) A humorous canon or round, so contrived that the singers catch up each other's words.

 Catch"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being caught. [R.]

 Catch"-ba'sin (?), n. A cistern or vault at the point where a street gutter discharges into a sewer, to catch bulky matters which would not pass readily through the sewer. Knight.
 Catch"drain' (?), n. A ditch or drain along the side of a hill to catch the surface water; also, a ditch at the side of a canal to catch the surplus water.

 Catch"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, catches.

2. (Baseball) The player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball.

 Catch"fly (?), n. (Bot.) A plant with the joints of the stem, and sometimes other parts, covered with a viscid secretion to which small insects adhere. The species of Silene are examples of the catchfly.

 Catch"ing a. 1. Infectious; contagious.

2. Captivating; alluring.

 Catch"ing, n. The act of seizing or taking hold of.

Catching bargain (Law), a bargain made with an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. Bouvier.
 Catch"-mead'ow (?), n. A meadow irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of hill.

 Catch"ment (?), n. A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir.

 Catch"pen*ny (?), a. Made or contrived for getting small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary; as, a catchpenny book; a catchpenny show. -- n. Some worthless catchpenny thing.

 Catch"poll' (?), n. [OF. chacepol, chacipol.] A bailiff's assistant.

 { Catch"up (?), Cat"sup (?) }, n. [Probably of East Indian origin, because it was originally a kind of East Indian pickles.] A table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup.]

 Catch"wa'ter (?), n. A ditch or drain for catching water. See Catchdrain.

 Catch"weed' (?), n. (Bot.) See Cleavers.

 Catch"weight' (?), adv. (Horseracing) Without any additional weight; without being handicapped; as, to ride catchweight.

 Catch"word' (?), n. 1. Among theatrical performers, the last word of the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is to speak next; cue.

2. (Print.) The first word of any page of a book after the first, inserted at the right hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. It is seldom used in modern printing.

3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect; as, the catchword of a political party, etc.

 Catch"work' (?), n. A work or artificial water-course for throwing water on lands that lie on the slopes of hills; a catchdrain.

 Cate (?), n. Food. [Obs.] See Cates.

 { Cat'e*chet"ic (?), Cat'e*chet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;. See Catechise.] Relating to or consisting in, asking questions and receiving answers, according to the ancient manner of teaching.

 Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing. Addison.
 Cat'e*chet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a catechetical manner; by question and answer.

 Cat'e*chet"ics (?), n. The science or practice of instructing by questions and answers.

 Cat"e*chin (?), n. (Chem.) One of the tannic acids, extracted from catechu as a white, crystalline substance; -- called also catechuic acid, and catechuin.

 Cat'e*chi*sa"tion (?), n. [LL. catechizatio.] The act of catechising.

 Cat"e*chise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catechised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Catechising.] [L. catechizare, Gr. &?;, equiv. to &?; to resound, sound a thing into one's ears, impress it upon one by word of mouth; &?; + &?; to sound, &?; a sound.]


dwells in the same house with another.
 R. Browning.
 House"room' (?), n. Room or place in a house; as, to give any one houseroom.

 House"warm'ing (?), n. A feast or merry-making made by or for a family or business firm on taking possession of a new house or premises.
 Johnson.
 House"wife' (?), n. [House + wife. Cf. Hussy.] 1.
 The wife of a householder; the mistress of a family; the female head of a household. Shak.
 He a good husband, a good housewife she.

Dryden.
2. (Usually pronounced &?;.) [See Hussy, in this sense.] A little case or bag for materials used in sewing, and for other articles of female work; -- called also hussy. [Written also huswife.]
 P. Skelton.
3. A hussy. [R.] [Usually written huswife.] Shak.
Sailor's housewife, a ditty-bag.

 { House"wife' (?), House"wive' (?), } v. t. To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife or other female manager; to economize.

 Conferred those moneys on the nuns, which since they have well housewived.

Fuller.
 House"wife'ly (?), a. Pertaining or appropriate to a housewife; domestic; economical; prudent.

 A good sort of woman, ladylike and housewifely.

Sir W. Scott.
 House"wif'er*y (?), n. The business of the mistress of a family; female management of domestic concerns.

 House"work' (?), n. The work belonging to housekeeping; especially, kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, and the like.

 House"wright' (?), n. A builder of houses.

 Hous"ing (?), n. [From House. In some of its senses this word has been confused with the following word.] 1. The act of putting or receiving under shelter; the state of dwelling in a habitation.

2. That which shelters or covers; houses, taken collectively. Fabyan.
3. (Arch.) (a) The space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. (b) A niche for a statue.

4. (Mach.) A frame or support for holding something in place, as journal boxes, etc.

5. (Naut.) (a) That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel. (b) A covering or protection, as an awning over the deck of a ship when laid up. (c) A houseline. See Houseline.

 Hous"ing, n. [From Houss.] 1. A cover or cloth for a horse's saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings.

2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness.

 Hous"ling (?), a. [See Housel.] Sacramental; as, housling fire. [R.] Spenser.
 Houss (?), n. [F. housse, LL. hulcia, fr. OHG. hulst; akin to E. holster. See Holster, and cf. 2d Housing.] A saddlecloth; a housing. [Obs.] Dryden.
 ||Hou"tou (?), n. [From its note.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful South American motmot. Waterton.
 Houve (?), n. [AS. hfe.] A head covering of various kinds; a hood; a coif; a cap. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Hou*yhnhnm" (?), n. One of the race of horses described by Swift in his imaginary travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The Houyhnhnms were endowed with reason and noble qualities; subject to them were Yahoos, a race of brutes having the form and all the worst vices of men.

 Hove (?), imp. & p. p. of Heave.

Hove short, Hove to. See To heave a cable short, To heave a ship to, etc., under Heave.

 Hove, v. i. & t. To rise; to swell; to heave; to cause to swell. [Obs. or Scot.] Holland. Burns.
 Hove, v. i. [OE. hoven. See Hover.] To hover around; to loiter; to lurk. [Obs.] Gower.
 Hov"el (?), n. [OE. hovel, hovil, prob. a dim. fr.
 AS. hof house; akin to D. & G. hof court, yard, Icel. hof temple; cf. Prov. E. hove to take shelter, heuf shelter, home.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, or protecting produce, etc., from the weather. Brande & C.
2. A poor cottage; a small, mean house; a hut.

3. (Porcelain Manuf.) A large conical brick structure around which the firing kilns are grouped. Knight.
 Hov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled (?) or Hovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoveling or Hovelling.] To put in a hovel; to shelter.

 To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlon.

Shak.
 The poor are hoveled and hustled together.

Tennyson.
 Hov"el*er (?), n. One who assists in saving life and property from a wreck; a coast boatman. [Written also hoveller.] [Prov. Eng.] G. P. R. James.
 Hov"el*ing, n. A method of securing a good draught in chimneys by covering the top, leaving openings in the sides, or by carrying up two of the sides higher than the other two. [Written also hovelling.]

 Ho"ven (?), obs. or archaic p. p. of Heave.

 Ho"ven (?), a. Affected with the disease called hoove; as, hoven cattle.

 Hov"er (?), n. [Etymol. doubtful.] A cover; a shelter; a protection. [Archaic] Carew. C. Kingsley.
 Hov"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hovered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hovering.] [OE. hoveren, and hoven, prob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. hof house; cf. OFries. hovia to receive into one's house. See Hovel.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain in flight or floating about or over a place or object; to be suspended in the air above something.

 Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and settling on it.

Addison.
 A hovering mist came swimming o'er his sight.

Dryden.
2. To hang about; to move to and fro near a place, threateningly, watchfully, or irresolutely.

 Agricola having sent his navy to hover on the coast.

Milton.
Hovering o'er the paper with her quill.

Shak.
 Hov"er*er (?), n. A device in an incubator for protecting the young chickens and keeping them warm.

 Hov"er-hawk' (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kestrel.

 Hov"er*ing*ly, adv. In a hovering manner.

 How (?), adv. [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h&?;, from the same root as hw, hwæt, who, what, pron. interrog.; akin to OS. hww, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how,


, ham, onions, basil, salt, oil, garlic, spices.

 Broil three tomatoes, skin them and mix them with a tablespoonful of chopped ham, half an onion, salt, a dessert-spoonful of oil, a little pounded spice and basil. Then boil and pass through a sieve. Whilst the sauce is boiling, put in a clove of garlic with a cut, but remove it before you pass the sauce through the sieve.

 No. 10. Tomato Sauce Piquante Ingredients: Ham, butter, onion, carrot, celery, bay leaf, thyme, cloves, peppercorns, vinegar, Chablis, stock, tomatoes, Velute or Espagnole sauce, castor sugar, lemon.

 Cut up an ounce of ham, half an onion, half a carrot, half a stick of celery very fine, and fry them in butter together with a bay leaf, a sprig of thyme, one clove and four peppercorns. Over this pour a third of a cup of vinegar, and when the liquid is all absorbed, add half a glass of Chablis and a cup of stock. Then add six tomatoes cut up and strained of all their liquid. Cook this in a covered stewpan and pass it through a sieve, but see that none of the bay leaf or thyme goes through. Mix this sauce with an equal quantity of Velute (No. 2) or Espagnole sauce, (No.
 1), let it boil and pass through a sieve again and at the last add a teaspoonful of castor sugar, the juice of half a lemon, and an ounce of fresh butter. (Another tomato sauce may be made like this, but use stock instead of vinegar and leave out the lemon juice and sugar.)

 No. 11. Mushroom Sauce Ingredients: Velute sauce, essence of mushrooms, butter.

 Mix two dessert-spoonsful of essence of mushrooms with a cupful of Velute sauce (No. 2), reduce, keep on stirring, and just before serving add an ounce of butter. This sauce can be made with essence of truffle, or game, or shallot.

 No. 12. Neapolitan Sauce Ingredients: Onions, ham, butter, Marsala, blond of veal, thyme, bay leaf, peppercorns, cloves, mushrooms, Espagnole sauce (No. 1), tomato sauce, game stock or essence.

 Fry an onion in butter with some bits of cut-up ham, then pour a glass of Marsala over it, and another of blond of veal, add a sprig of thyme, a bay leaf, four peppercorns, a clove, a tablespoonful of mushroom cuttings, and reduce half. In another saucepan put two cups of Espagnole sauce, one cupful of tomato sauce, and half a cup of game stock or essence. Reduce a third, and add the contents of the first saucepan, boil the sauce a few minutes, and pass it through a sieve. Warm it up in a bain-marie before using.

 No. 13. Neapolitan Anchovy Sauce Ingredients: Anchovies, fennel, flour, spices, parsley, marjoram, garlic, lemon juice, vinegar, cream.

 Wash three anchovies in vinegar, bone and pound them in a mortar with a teaspoonful of chopped fennel and a pinch of cinnamon. Then mix in a teaspoonful of chopped parsley and marjoram, a squeeze of lemon juice, a teaspoonful of flour, half a gill of boiled cream and the bones of the fish for which you will use this sauce. Pass through a sieve, add a clove of garlic with a cut in it, and boil. If the fish you are using is cooked in the oven, add a little of the liquor in which it has been cooked to the sauce. Take out the garlic before serving. Instead of anchovies you may use caviar, pickled tunny, or any other pickled fish.

 No. 14. Roman Sauce (Salsa Agro-dolce) Ingredients: Espagnole sauce, stock, burnt sugar, vinegar, raisins, pine nuts or almonds.

 Mix two spoonsful of burnt sugar with one of vinegar, and dilute with a little good stock. Then add two cups of Espagnole sauce (No. 1), a few stoned raisins, and a few pinocchi* (pine nuts) or shredded almonds. Keep this hot in a bain-marie, and serve with cutlets, calf's head or feet or tongue.

 *The pinocchi which Italians use instead of almonds can be bought in London when in season.

 No. 15. Roman Sauce (another way) Ingredients: Espagnole sauce, an onion, butter, flour, lemon, herbs, nutmeg, raisins, pine nuts or almonds, burnt sugar.

 Cut up a small bit of onion, fry it slightly in butter and a little flour, add the juice of a lemon and a little of the peel grated, a bouquet of herbs, a pinch of nutmeg, a few stoned raisins, shredded almonds or pinocchi, and a tablespoonful of burnt sugar. Add this to a good Espagnole (No. 1), and warm it up in a bain-marie.

 No. 16. Supreme Sauce Ingredients: White sauce, fowl stock, butter.

 Put three-quarters of a pint of white sauce into a saucepan, and when it is nearly boiling add half a cup of concentrated fowl stock. Reduce until the sauce is quite thick, and when about to serve pass it through a tamis into a bain-marie and add two tablespoonsful of cream.

 No. 17. Pasta marinate (For masking Italian Frys) Ingredients: Semolina flour, eggs, salt, butter (or olive oil), vinegar, water.

 Mix the following ingredients well together: two ounces of semolina flour, the yolks of two eggs, a little salt, and two ounces of melted butter. Add a glass of water so as to form a liquid substance. At the last add the whites of two eggs beaten up to a snow. This will make a good paste for masking meat, fish, vegetables, or sweets which are to be fried in the Italian manner, but if for meat or vegetables add a few drops of vinegar or a little lemon juice.

 No. 18. White Villeroy Ingredients: Butter, flour, eggs, cream, nutmeg, white stock.

 Make a light-coloured roux by frying two ounces of butter and two ounces of flour, stir in some white stock and keep it very smooth. Let it boil, and add the yolks of three eggs, mixed with two tablespoonsful of cream and a pinch of nutmeg. Pass it through a sieve and use for masking cutlets, fish, &c. Soups No. 19. Clear Soup Ingredients: Stock meat, water, a bunch of herbs (thyme, parsley, chervil, bay leaf, basil, marjoram), three carrots, three turnips, three onions, three cloves stuck in the onions, one blade of mace.

 Cut up three pounds of stock meat small and put it in a stock pot with two quarts of cold water, three carrots, and three turnips cut up, three onions with a clove stuck in each one, a bunch of herbs and a blade of mace. Let it come to the boil and then draw it off, at once skim off all the scum, and keep it gently simmering, and occasionally add two or three tablespoonsful of cold water. Let it simmer all day, and then strain it through a fine cloth.

 Some of the liquor in which a calf's head has been cooked, or even a calf's foot, will greatly improve a clear soup.

 The stock should never be allowed to boil as long as the meat and vegetables are in the stock pot.

 No. 20. Zuppa Primaverile (Spring Soup) Ingredients: Clear soup, vegetables.

 Any fresh spring vegetables will do for this soup, but they must all be cooked separately and put into the soup at the last minute. It is best made with fresh peas,


Editorial Note: The Way We Live Now was first published in twenty monthly parts from February, 1874, to September, 1875, and in book form by Chapman and Hall in 1875.
 Both the monthly parts and the Chapman and Hall first edition contained the forty illustrations included in this e-book. The artist, whose name is not listed on the title page, was long thought to be Samuel Luke Fildes, but recent scholarship attributes the illustrations to Lionel Grimston Fawkes.
 Images of the original illustrations for Chapters I-L are available through the Google Books Library Project. See _URL_
 Those for Chapters LI-C are available through Internet Archive. See _URL_ THE WAY WE LIVE NOW by ANTHONY TROLLOPE CONTENTS Chapter I. THREE EDITORS.
II. THE CARBURY FAMILY.
III. THE BEARGARDEN.
IV. MADAME MELMOTTE'S BALL.
V. AFTER THE BALL.
VI. ROGER CARBURY AND PAUL MONTAGUE.
VII. MENTOR.
VIII. LOVE-SICK.
IX. THE GREAT RAILWAY TO VERA CRUZ.
X. MR. FISKER'S SUCCESS.
XI. LADY CARBURY AT HOME.
XII. SIR FELIX IN HIS MOTHER'S HOUSE.
XIII. THE LONGESTAFFES.
XIV. CARBURY MANOR.
XV. "YOU SHOULD REMEMBER THAT I AM HIS MOTHER."
XVI. THE BISHOP AND THE PRIEST.
XVII. MARIE MELMOTTE HEARS A LOVE TALE.
XVIII. RUBY RUGGLES HEARS A LOVE TALE.
XIX. HETTA CARBURY HEARS A LOVE TALE.
XX. LADY POMONA'S DINNER PARTY.
XXI. EVERYBODY GOES TO THEM.
XXII. LORD NIDDERDALE'S MORALITY.
XXIII. "YES;—I'M A BARONET."
XXIV. MILES GRENDALL'S TRIUMPH.
XXV. IN GROSVENOR SQUARE.
XXVI. MRS. HURTLE.
XXVII. MRS. HURTLE GOES TO THE PLAY.
XXVIII. DOLLY LONGESTAFFE GOES INTO THE CITY.
XXIX. MISS MELMOTTE'S COURAGE.
XXX. MR. MELMOTTE'S PROMISE.
XXXI. MR. BROUNE HAS MADE UP HIS MIND.
XXXII. LADY MONOGRAM.
XXXIII. JOHN CRUMB.
XXXIV. RUBY RUGGLES OBEYS HER GRANDFATHER.
XXXV. MELMOTTE'S GLORY.
XXXVI. MR. BROUNE'S PERILS.
XXXVII. THE BOARD-ROOM.
XXXVIII. PAUL MONTAGUE'S TROUBLES.
XXXIX. "I DO LOVE HIM."
XL. "UNANIMITY IS THE VERY SOUL OF THESE THINGS."
XLI. ALL PREPARED.
XLII. "CAN YOU BE READY IN TEN MINUTES?"
XLIII. THE CITY ROAD.
XLIV. THE COMING ELECTION.
XLV. MR. MELMOTTE IS PRESSED FOR TIME.
XLVI. ROGER CARBURY AND HIS TWO FRIENDS.
XLVII. MRS. HURTLE AT LOWESTOFT.
XLVIII. RUBY A PRISONER.
XLIX. SIR FELIX MAKES HIMSELF READY.
L. THE JOURNEY TO LIVERPOOL.
LI. WHICH SHALL IT BE?
LII. THE RESULTS OF LOVE AND WINE.
LIII. A DAY IN THE CITY.
LIV. THE INDIA OFFICE.
LV. CLERICAL CHARITIES.
LVI. FATHER BARHAM VISITS LONDON.
LVII. LORD NIDDERDALE TRIES HIS HAND AGAIN.
LVIII. MR. SQUERCUM IS EMPLOYED.
LIX. THE DINNER.
LX. MISS LONGESTAFFE'S LOVER.
LXI. LADY MONOGRAM PREPARES FOR THE PARTY.
LXII. THE PARTY.
LXIII. MR. MELMOTTE ON THE DAY OF THE ELECTION.
LXIV. THE ELECTION.
LXV. MISS LONGESTAFFE WRITES HOME.
LXVI. "SO SHALL BE MY ENMITY."
LXVII. SIR FELIX PROTECTS HIS SISTER.
LXVIII. MISS MELMOTTE DECLARES HER PURPOSE.
LXIX. MELMOTTE IN PARLIAMENT.
LXX. SIR FELIX MEDDLES WITH MANY MATTERS.
LXXI. JOHN CRUMB FALLS INTO TROUBLE.
LXXII. "ASK HIMSELF."
LXXIII. MARIE'S FORTUNE.
LXXIV. MELMOTTE MAKES A FRIEND.
LXXV. IN BRUTON STREET.
LXXVI. HETTA AND HER LOVER.
LXXVII. ANOTHER SCENE IN BRUTON STREET.
LXXVIII. MISS LONGESTAFFE AGAIN AT CAVERSHAM.
LXXIX. THE BREHGERT CORRESPONDENCE.
LXXX. RUBY PREPARES FOR SERVICE.
LXXXI. MR. COHENLUPE LEAVES LONDON.
LXXXII. MARIE'S PERSEVERANCE.
LXXXIII. MELMOTTE AGAIN AT THE HOUSE.
LXXXIV. PAUL MONTAGUE'S VINDICATION.
LXXXV. BREAKFAST IN BERKELEY SQUARE.
LXXXVI. THE MEETING IN BRUTON STREET.
LXXXVII. DOWN AT CARBURY.
LXXXVIII. THE INQUEST.
LXXXIX. "THE WHEEL OF FORTUNE."
XC. HETTA'S SORROW.
XCI. THE RIVALS.
XCII. HAMILTON K. FISKER AGAIN.
XCIII. A TRUE LOVER.
XCIV. JOHN CRUMB'S VICTORY.
XCV. THE LONGESTAFFE MARRIAGES.
XCVI. WHERE "THE WILD ASSES QUENCH THEIR THIRST."
XCVII. MRS. HURTLE'S FATE.
XCVIII. MARIE MELMOTTE'S FATE.
XCIX. LADY CARBURY AND MR. BROUNE.
C. DOWN IN SUFFOLK.

ILLUSTRATIONS "JUST SO, MOTHER;—BUT HOW ABOUTTHE TWENTY POUNDS?" CHAPTER III.
THE DUCHESS FOLLOWED WITH THE MALE VICTIM. CHAPTER IV.
"THERE'S THE £20." CHAPTER VII.
THEN MR. FISKER BEGAN HIS ACCOUNT. CHAPTER IX.
THEN THE SQUIRE LED THE WAY OUT OFTHE ROOM, AND DOLLY FOLLOWED. CHAPTER XIII.
"YOU SHOULD REMEMBER THAT I AM HIS MOTHER." CHAPTER XV.
THE BISHOP THINKS THAT THE PRIEST'SANALOGY IS NOT CORRECT. CHAPTER XVI.
"YOU KNOW WHY I HAVE COME DOWN HERE?" CHAPTER XVII.
SHE MARCHED MAJESTICALLY OUT OF THE ROOM. CHAPTER XXI.
"IN THE MEANTIME WHAT IS YOUR OWN PROPERTY?" CHAPTER XXIII.
"I HAVE COME ACROSS THE ATLANTIC TO SEE YOU." CHAPTER XXVI.
"GET TO YOUR ROOM." CHAPTER XXIX.
SIR DAMASK SOLVING THE DIFFICULTY. CHAPTER XXXII.
"I LOIKS TO SEE HER LOIK O' THAT." CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE BOARD-ROOM. CHAPTER XXXVII.
LADY CARBURY ALLOWED HERSELFTO BE KISSED. CHAPTER XXXIX.
"IT'S NO GOOD SCOLDING." CHAPTER XLI.
"I DON'T CARE ABOUT ANY MAN'S COAT." CHAPTER XLIII.
THE SANDS AT LOWESTOFT. CHAPTER XLVI.
"YOU, I THINK, ARE MISS MELMOTTE." CHAPTER L. THE DOOR WAS OPENED FOR HIM BY RUBY. CHAPTER LI.
"CAN I MARRY THE MAN I DO NOT LOVE?" CHAPTER LII.
FATHER BARHAM. CHAPTER LVI.
MR. SQU


finer work of the primeval artists could not have been done without such aid. In Europe the "spy-glass" appears first in the Opus Majus of the learned Roger Bacon (circa A. D. 1270); and his "optic tube" (whence his saying "all things are known by perspective"), chiefly contributed to make his wide-spread fame as a wizard. The telescope was popularised by Galileo who (as mostly happens) carried off and still keeps, amongst the vulgar, all the honours of invention. Some "Illustrators" of The Nights confound this "Nazzßrah," the Pers.
 "D·r-bÝn," or far-seer, with the "Magic Mirror," a speculum which according to Gower was set up in Rome by Virgilius the Magician hence the Mirror of Glass in the Squire's tale; Merlin's glassie Mirror of Spenser (F. Q. ii. 24); the mirror in the head of the monstrous fowl which forecast the Spanish invasion to the Mexicans; the glass which in the hands of Cornelius Agrippa (A. D. 1520) showed to the Earl of Surrey fair Geraldine "sick in her bed;" to the globe of glass in The Lusiads; Dr.
 Dee's show-stone, a bit of cannel-coal; and lastly the zinc and copper disk of the absurdly called "electro-biologist." I have noticed this matter at some length in various places.]

 328 (return) [ D'Herbelot renders Soghd Samarkand = plain of Samarkand. Hence the old "Sogdiana," the famed and classical capital of Mßwarßnnahr, our modern Transoxiana, now known as Samarkand. The Hindi translator has turned "Soghd" into "Sadß" and gravely notes that "the village appertained to Arabia." He possibly had a dim remembrance of the popular legend which derives "Samarkand" from Shamir or Samar bin Afrik·s, the Tobba King of Al-Yaman, who lay waste Soghd-city ("Shamir kand" = Shamir destroyed); and when rebuilt the place was called by the Arab. corruption Samarkand. See Ibn Khallikan ii. 480. Ibn Haukal (Kitßb al Mamßlik wa al-Masßlik = Book of Realms and Routes), whose Oriental Geography (xth century) was translated by Sir W. Ouseley (London, Oriental Press, 1800), followed by Ab· 'l-Fidß, mentions the Himyaritic inscription upon an iron plate over the Kash portal of Samarkand (Appendix No. iii.).]

 329 (return) [ The wish might have been highly indiscreet and have exposed the wisher to the resentment of the two other brothers. In parts of Europe it is still the belief of the vulgar that men who use telescopes can see even with the naked eye objects which are better kept hidden; and I have heard of troubles in the South of France because the villagers would not suffer the secret charms of their women to become as it were the public property of the lighthouse employés.]

 330 (return) [ "Jßm-i-JamshÝd" is a well worn commonplace in Moslem folk-lore; but commentators cannnot agree whether "Jßm" be = a mirror or a cup. In the latter sense it would represent the Cyathomantic cup of the Patriarch Joseph and the symbolic bowl of Nestor. JamshÝd may be translated either Jam the Bright or the Cup of the Sun: this ancient King is Solomon of the grand old Guebres.]

 331 (return) [ This passage may have suggested to Walter Scott one of his descriptions in "The Monastery."]

 332 (return) [ In the text "LßjawardÝ," for which see vols. iii. 33, and ix. 190.]

 333 (return) [ In Galland and the H. V. "Prince Husayn's."]

 334 (return) [ This is the "Gandharba-lagana" (fairy wedding) of the Hindus; a marriage which lacked only the normal ceremonies. For the Gandharbas = heavenly choristers see Moor's "Hind· Pantheon," p. 237, etc.]

 335 (return) [ "Perfumed with amber" (-gris?) says Galland.]

 336 (return) [ The Hind term for the royal levée, as "Selßm" is the Persian.]

 337 (return) [ Arab. "'Ilm al-Ghayb" = the Science of Hidden Things which, says the Hadis, belongeth only to the Lord. Yet amongst Moslems, as with other faiths, the instinctive longing to pry into the Future has produced a host of pseudo-sciences, Geomancy, Astrology, Prophecy and others which serve only to prove that such knowledge, in the present condition of human nature, is absolutely unattainable.]

 338 (return) [ In folk-lore and fairy tales the youngest son of mostly three brothers is generally Fortune's favourite: at times also he is the fool or the unlucky one of the family, Cinderella being his counterpart (Mr. Clouston, i. 321).]

 339 (return) [ The parasang (Gr.
 {Greek}), which Ibn Khall. (iii. 315) reduces to three miles, has been derived wildly enough from Fars or Pars (Persia proper) sang = (mile) stone. Chardin supports the etymology, "because leagues are marked out with great tall stones in the East as well as the West, e.g., ad primam (vel secundam) lapidem."]

 340 (return) [ A huge marquee or pavilion-tent in India.]

 341 (return) [ The Jinn feminine; see vol. i. 10. The word hardly corresponds with the Pers. "Peri" and Engl.
 "Fairy," a creation, like the "DÝv," of the so-called "Aryan," not "Semitic," race.]

 342 (return) [ Galland makes the Fairy most unjustifiably fear that her husband is meditating the murder of his father; and the HindÝ in this point has much the advantage of the Frenchman.]

 343 (return) [ Pers. = "Light of the World"; familiar to Europe as the name of the Grand Moghul JehßngÝr's principal wife.]

 344 (return) [ The Arab stirrup, like that of the Argentine Gaucho, was originally made of wood, liable to break, and forming a frail support for lancer and sworder. A famous chief and warrior, Ab· Sa'Ýd al-Muhallab (ob. A. H. 83 = 702) first gave orders to forge foot-rests of iron.]

 345 (return) [ For this Egyptian and Syrian weapon see vol. i. 234.]

 346 (return) [ See vol. vii. 93, where an error of punctuation confounds it with Kerbela,—a desert with a place of pilgrimage. "Samßwah" in Ibn Khall. (vol. i. 108) is also the name of a town on the Euphrates.]

 347 (return) [ Nazarßnah prop. = the gift (or gifts) offered at visits by a Moslem noble or feoffee in India to his feudal superior; and the Kalichah of Hind·, Malabar, Goa and the Blue Mountains (p. 197). Hence the periodical tributes and especially the presents which represent our "legacy-duty" and the "succession-duty" for Rajahs and Nabobs, the latter so highly lauded by "The Times," as the logical converse of the Corn-l


prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.] 1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master.
 [Obs.]

 His two chamberlains Will I with wine and wassail so convince That memory, the warder of the brain, Shall be a fume. Shak.
2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof.

 Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others. Atterbury.
3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.]

 God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it. Bacon.
4. To prove guilty; to convict. [Obs.]

 Which of you convinceth me of sin? John viii. 46.
 Seek not to convince me of a crime Which I can ne'er repent, nor you can pardon. Dryden.
Syn. -- To persuade; satisfy; convict. -- To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives.
 There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding.

 Con*vince"ment (?), n. Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.]

 The fear of a convincement. Milton.
 Con*vin"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof.

 Con*vin"ci*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being convinced or won over.

2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable.
 [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.
 Con*vin"cing*ly (?), adv. in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent.

 Con*vin"cing*ness, n. The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing.

 Con*viv"al (?), a. [L. convivalis. See Convive.] pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] "A convival dish." Sir T. Browne.
 Con*vive" (?), v. i. [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.] To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] "There, in the full, convive we." Shak.
 Con"vive (?), n. [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.] A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont.
 Con*viv"i*al (?; 277), a. [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.] Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial.

 Which feasts convivial meetings we did name. Denham.
 Con*viv"i*al*ist, n. A person of convivial habits.

 Con*viv'i*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Convivialities (&?;).
 The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity.

 Con*viv"i*al*ly (?), adv. In a convivial manner.

 Con"vo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Convocating.] [L. convocatus, p. p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf.
 Convoce.] To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan).
 Con'vo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation.
 See Convoke.] 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons.

2. An assembly or meeting.

 In the first day there shall be a holy convocation. Ex.
 xii. 16.
3. (Ch. of Eng.) An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs.

 In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861.
 The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly.

4. (Oxf. University) An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted.

Syn. -- meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council.

 Con'vo*ca"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a convocation.

 Con'vo*ca"tion*ist, n. An advocate or defender of convocation.

 Con*voke" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convoking.] [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer.
 See Convocate.] To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons.

 There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament. palfrey.
Syn. -- To summon; assemble; convene. See Call.

 Con"vo*lute (?), a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere.
 See Convolve.] (Bot.) Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; -- said of the leaves of plants in æstivation.

 Con"vo*lu'ted (?), a. 1. Having convolutions.

 beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram's horn. Pennant.
2. Folded in tortuous windings.

 A highly convoluted brain. North Amer. Rev.
 Con'vo*lu"tion (?), n. 1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion.

 O'er the calm sea, in convolution swift, The feathered eddy floats. Thomson.
2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore.
3. (Anat.) An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as, the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions.
 See Brain.

 Con*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Convolved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Convolving.] [L. convolvere, - volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another.

 Then Satan first knew pain, And writhed him to and fro convolved.
Milton.
 Con*vol'vu*la"ceous (?), a. [From Convolvus.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples.

 Con*vol"vu*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties.

 Con*vol"vu*lus (?), n.; pl. L.Convolvuli (#), E. Convoluluses (#). [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.) A large genus of plants having


FIRST AND LAST THINGS A CONFESSION OF FAITH AND RULE OF LIFE By H.G. Wells CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.
 BOOK THE FIRST. — METAPHYSICS.
 1.1. THE NECESSITY FOR METAPHYSICS.
 1.2. THE RESUMPTION OF METAPHYSICAL ENQUIRY.

 1.3. THE WORLD OF FACT.
 1.4. SCEPTICISM OF THE INSTRUMENT.
 1.5. THE CLASSIFICATORY ASSUMPTION.
 1.6. EMPTY TERMS.
 1.7. NEGATIVE TERMS.
 1.8. LOGIC STATIC AND LIFE KINETIC.
 1.9. PLANES AND DIALECTS OF THOUGHT.
 1.10. PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM THESE CONSIDERATIONS.
 1.11. BELIEFS.
 1.12. SUMMARY.
 BOOK THE SECOND — OF BELIEFS 2.1. MY PRIMARY ACT OF FAITH.
 2.2. ON USING THE NAME OF GOD.
 2.3. FREE WILL AND PREDESTINATION.
 2.4. A PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF MEN.
 2.5. THE PROBLEM OF MOTIVES THE REAL PROBLEM OF LIFE.
 2.6. A REVIEW OF MOTIVES.
 2.7. THE SYNTHETIC MOTIVE.
 2.8. THE BEING OF MANKIND.
 2.9. INDIVIDUALITY AN INTERLUDE.
 2.10. THE MYSTIC ELEMENT.
 2.11. THE SYNTHESIS.
 2.12. OF PERSONAL IMMORTALITY.
 2.13. A CRITICISM OF CHRISTIANITY.
 2.14. OF OTHER RELIGIONS.
 2.15.
 BOOK THE THIRD — OF GENERAL CONDUCT 3.1. CONDUCT FOLLOWS FROM BELIEF.
 3.2. WHAT IS GOOD?
 3.3. SOCIALISM.
 3.4. A CRITICISM OF CERTAIN FORMS OF SOCIALISM.
 3.5. HATE AND LOVE.
 3.6. THE PRELIMINARY SOCIAL DUTY.
 3.7. WRONG WAYS OF LIVING.
 3.8. SOCIAL PARASITISM AND CONTEMPORARY INJUSTICES.
 3.9. THE CASE OF THE WIFE AND MOTHER.
 3.10. ASSOCIATIONS.
 3.11. OF AN ORGANIZED BROTHERHOOD.
 3.12. CONCERNING NEW STARTS AND NEW RELIGIONS.

 3.13. THE IDEA OF THE CHURCH.
 3.14. OF SECESSION.
 3.15. A DILEMMA.
 3.16. A COMMENT.
 3.17. WAR.
 3.18. WAR AND COMPETITION.
 3.19. MODERN WAR.
 3.20. OF ABSTINENCES AND DISCIPLINES.
 3.21. ON FORGETTING, AND THE NEED OF PRAYER, READING, DISCUSSION AND WORSHIP 3.22. DEMOCRACY AND ARISTOCRACY.
 3.23. ON DEBTS OF HONOUR.
 3.24. THE IDEA OF JUSTICE.
 3.25. OF LOVE AND JUSTICE.
 3.26. THE WEAKNESS OF IMMATURITY.
 3.27. POSSIBILITY OF A NEW ETIQUETTE.
 3.28. SEX.
 3.29. THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE.
 3.30. CONDUCT IN RELATION TO THE THING THAT IS.
 3.31. CONDUCT TOWARDS TRANSGRESSORS.
 BOOK THE FOURTH — SOME PERSONAL THINGS.
 4.1. PERSONAL LOVE AND LIFE.
 4.2. THE NATURE OF LOVE.
 4.3. THE WILL TO LOVE.
 4.4. LOVE AND DEATH.
 4.5. THE CONSOLATION OF FAILURE.
 4.6. THE LAST CONFESSION.

 INTRODUCTION.

 Recently I set myself to put down what I believe. I did this with no idea of making a book, but at the suggestion of a friend and to interest a number of friends with whom I was associated. We were all, we found, extremely uncertain in our outlook upon life, about our religious feelings and in our ideas of right and wrong. And yet we reckoned ourselves people of the educated class and some of us talk and lecture and write with considerable confidence. We thought it would be of very great interest to ourselves and each other if we made some sort of frank mutual confession.
 We arranged to hold a series of meetings in which first one and then another explained the faith, so far as he understood it, that was in him.
 We astonished ourselves and our hearers by the irregular and fragmentary nature of the creeds we produced, clotted at one point, inconsecutive at another, inconsistent and unconvincing to a quite unexpected degree. It would not be difficult to caricature one of those meetings; the lecturer floundering about with an air of exquisite illumination, the audience attentive with an expression of thwarted edification upon its various brows. For my own part I grew so interested in planning my lecture and in joining up point and point, that my notes soon outran the possibilities of the hour or so of meeting for which I was preparing them. The meeting got only a few fragments of what I had to say, and made what it could of them.
 And after that was over I let myself loose from limits of time and length altogether and have expanded these memoranda into a book.

 It is as it stands now the frank confession of what one man of the early Twentieth Century has found in life and himself, a confession just as frank as the limitations of his character permit; it is his metaphysics, his religion, his moral standards, his uncertainties and the expedients with which he has met them. On every one of these departments and aspects I write—how shall I put it?—as an amateur. In every section of my subject there are men not only of far greater intellectual power and energy than I, but who have devoted their whole lives to the sustained analysis of this or that among the questions I discuss, and there is a literature so enormous in the aggregate that only a specialist scholar could hope to know it. I have not been unmindful of these professors and this literature; I have taken such opportunities as I have found, to test my propositions by them. But I feel that such apology as one makes for amateurishness in this field has a lesser quality of self-condemnation than if one were dealing with narrower, more defined and fact-laden matters. There is more excuse for one here than for the amateur maker of chemical theories, or the man who evolves a system of surgery in his leisure. These things, chemistry, surgery and so forth, we may take on the reputation of an expert, but our own fundamental beliefs, our rules of conduct, we must all make for ourselves. We may listen and read, but the views of others we cannot take on credit; we must rethink them and "make them our own." And we cannot do without fundamental beliefs, explicit or implicit. The bulk of men are obliged to be amateur philosophers,—all men indeed who are not specialized students of philosophical subjects,—even if their philosophical enterprise goes no further than prompt recognition of and submission to Authority.

 And it is not only the claim of the specialist that I would repudiate.
 People are too apt to suppose that in order to discuss morals a man must have exceptional moral gifts. I would dispute that naive supposition. I am an ingenuous enquirer with, I think, some capacity for religious feeling, but neither a prophet nor a saint. On the whole I should be inclined to classify myself as a bad man rather than a good; not indeed as any sort of picturesque scoundrel or non-moral expert, but as a person frequently irritable, ungenerous and forgetful, and intermittently and in small but


h, grabh, to seize. Cf. Grip, v. t., Grope.]

1. To catch with the hand; to clasp closely with the fingers; to clutch.

2. To seize and hold fast; to embrace closely.

 Wouldst thou gripe both gain and pleasure?

Robynson (More's Utopia).
3. To pinch; to distress. Specifically, to cause pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of, as by the effects of certain purgative or indigestible substances.

 How inly sorrow gripes his soul.

Shak.
 Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp.
 money, with a gripe or as with a gripe.

2. To suffer griping pains. Jocke.
3. (Naut.) To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship which, when sailing closehauled, requires constant labor at the helm. R. H. Dana, Jr.
 Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch.

 A barren scepter in my gripe.

Shak.
2. That on which the grasp is put; a handle; a grip; as, the gripe of a sword.

3. (Mech.) A device for grasping or holding anything; a brake to stop a wheel.

4. Oppression; cruel exaction; affiction; pinching distress; as, the gripe of poverty.

5. Pinching and spasmodic pain in the intestines; -- chiefly used in the plural.

6. (Naut.) (a) The piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end; the forefoot. (b) The compass or sharpness of a ship's stern under the water, having a tendency to make her keep a good wind. (c) pl. An assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hocks, fastened to ringbolts in the deck, to secure the boats when hoisted; also, broad bands passed around a boat to secure it at the davits and prevent swinging.

Gripe penny, a miser; a niggard. D. L. Mackenzie.
 Gripe"ful (?), a. Disposed to gripe; extortionate.

 Grip"er (?), a. One who gripes; an oppressor; an extortioner. Burton.
 Grip"ing*ly (?), adv. In a griping or oppressive manner. Bacon.
 Grip"man (?), n. The man who manipulates a grip.

 Grippe (?), n. [F.] (Med.) The influenza or epidemic catarrh. Dunglison.
 Grip"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, grips or seizes.

2. pl. In printing presses, the fingers or nippers.

 Grip"ple (?), n. A grasp; a gripe. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Grip"ple, a. [Dim. fr. gripe.] Griping; greedy; covetous; tenacious. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Grip"ple*ness, n. The quality of being gripple. [Obs.]

 Grip"sack' (?), n. A traveler's handbag. [Colloq.]

 ||Gris (?), a. [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus; of German origin; cf. MHG. gris, G. greis, hoary. Cf. Grizzle.] Gray.
 [R.] Chaucer.
 Gris (?), n. [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See Gris, a.]
 A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Gris (grs), n. sing. & pl. [See Grice a pig.] A little pig.
 [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
 ||Gri"saille' (?), n. [F., from gris gray.] 1. (Fine Arts) Decorative painting in gray monochrome; -- used in English especially for painted glass.

2. A kind of French fancy dress goods. Knight.
 Gris"am'ber (?), n. [See Ambergris.] Ambergris. [Obs.] Milton.
 Grise (grs), n. See Grice, a pig. [Prov. Eng.]

 Grise (grs or grs), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.]

 Every grise of fortune Is smoothed by that below.

Shak.
 Gris"e*ous (?), a. [LL. griseus. See Gris.] Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly. Maunder.
 ||Gri*sette" (?), n. [F., fr. grisette a gray woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes were so called because they wore gray gowns made of this stuff. See Gars.] A French girl or young married woman of the lower class; more frequently, a young working woman who is fond of gallantry. Sterne.
 Gris"kin (?), n. [Grise a pig + - kin.] The spine of a hog.
 [Obs.]

 Gri"sled (?), a. [Obs.] See Grizzled.

 Gris"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being grisly; horrid.
 Sir P. Sidney.
 Gris"ly (?), a. [OE, grisly, grislich, AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. gr&?;san to shudder; cf. OD. grijselick horrible, OHG. grisenl?ch, and also AS. gre?san to frighten, and E. gruesome.] Frightful; horrible; dreadful; harsh; as, grisly locks; a grisly specter. "Grisly to behold." Chaucer.
 A man of grisly and stern gravity.

Robynson (More's Utopia).
Grisly bear. (Zoöl.) See under Grizzly.

 Gri"son (?), n. [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, gris gray. See Gris.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American animal of the family Mustelidae (Galictis vittata). It is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail. Its under parts are black. Also called South American glutton. (b) A South American monkey (Lagothrix infumatus), said to be gluttonous.

 Gri"sons (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geog.) (a) Inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. (b) sing. The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons.

 Grist (?), n. [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.]

1. Ground corn; that which is ground at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces.

 Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store.

Tusser. Q.
2. Supply; provision. Swift.
3. In rope making, a given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands. Knight.
All is grist that comes to his mill, all that he has anything to do with is a source of profit. [Colloq.] -- To bring grist to the maill, to bring profitable business into one's hands; to be a source of profit.
 [Colloq.] Ayliffe.
 Gris"tle (?), n. [OE. gristel, gristil, AS. gristl; akin to OFries. gristel, grestel. Perh. a dim. of grist but cf. OHG. krustila, krostela. Cf. Grist.] (Anat.)
 Cartilage. See Cartilage. Bacon.
 Gris"tly (?), a. (Anat.)


in exercise.

Sweat box (Naut.), a small closet in which refractory men are confined. -- Sweat glands (Anat.), sudoriferous glands.
 See under Sudoriferous.

 Sweat"er (?), n. 1. One who sweats.

2. One who, or that which, causes to sweat; as: (a) A sudorific. (b) A woolen jacket or jersey worn by athletes. (c) An employer who oppresses his workmen by paying low wages. [Slang] Sweat"i*ly (?), adv. In a sweaty manner.

 Sweat"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being sweaty.

 Sweat"ing, a. & n. from Sweat, v. Sweating bath, a bath producing sensible sweat; a stove or sudatory. -- Sweating house, a house for sweating persons in sickness. -- Sweating iron, a kind of knife, or a piece of iron, used to scrape off sweat, especially from horses; a horse scraper. -- Sweating room. (a) A room for sweating persons. (b) (Dairying) A room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. -- Sweating sickness (Med.), a febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occured in a few hours.

 Sweat"y (?), a. [Compar. Sweatier (?); superl.
 Sweatiest.] 1. Moist with sweat; as, a sweaty skin; a sweaty garment.

2. Consisting of sweat; of the nature of sweat.

 No noisome whiffs or sweaty streams.

Swift.
3. Causing sweat; hence, laborious; toilsome; difficult. "The sweaty forge." Prior.
 Swede (?), n. [Cf. G. Schwede.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Sweden.

2. (Bot.) A Swedish turnip. See under Turnip.

 Swe'den*bor"gi*an (?), n. One who holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and religious writer, who was born a. d. 1688 and died 1772.
 Swedenborg claimed to have intercourse with the spiritual world, through the opening of his spiritual senses in 1745. He taught that the Lord Jesus Christ, as comprehending in himself all the fullness of the Godhead, is the one only God, and that there is a spiritual sense to the Scriptures, which he (Swedenborg) was able to reveal, because he saw the correspondence between natural and spiritual things.

 Swe'den*bor"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to Swedenborg or his views.

 Swe'den*bor"gi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines of the Swedenborgians.

 Swed"ish (?), a. [Cf. G. schwedisch, Sw. svensk.] Of or pertaining to Sweden or its inhabitants.

Swedish turnip. (Bot.) See under Turnip.

 Swed"ish, n. The language of Swedes.

 Swee"ny (?), n. (Far.) An atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder in horses; also, atrophy of any muscle in horses. [Written also swinney.]

 Sweep (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swept (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sweeping.] [OE. swepen; akin to AS. swpan.
 See Swoop, v. i.] 1. To pass a broom across (a surface) so as to remove loose dirt, dust, etc.; to brush, or rub over, with a broom for the purpose of cleaning; as, to sweep a floor, the street, or a chimney. Used also figuratively.

 I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.

Isa. xiv. 23.
2. To drive or carry along or off with a broom or a brush, or as if with a broom; to remove by, or as if by, brushing; as, to sweep dirt from a floor; the wind sweeps the snow from the hills; a freshet sweeps away a dam, timber, or rubbish; a pestilence sweeps off multitudes.

 The hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies.

Isa. xxviii. 17.
 I have already swept the stakes.

Dryden.
3. To brush against or over; to rub lightly along.

 Their long descending train, With rubies edged and sapphires, swept the plain.

Dryden.
4. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging motion; hence, to carry in a stately or proud fashion.

 And like a peacock sweep along his tail.

Shak.
5. To strike with a long stroke.

 Wake into voice each silent string, And sweep the sounding lyre.

Pope.
6. (Naut.) To draw or drag something over; as, to sweep the bottom of a river with a net.

7. To pass over, or traverse, with the eye or with an instrument of observation; as, to sweep the heavens with a telescope.

To sweep, or sweep up, a mold (Founding), to form the sand into a mold by a templet, instead of compressing it around the pattern.

 Sweep (?), v. i. 1. To clean rooms, yards, etc., or to clear away dust, dirt, litter, etc., with a broom, brush, or the like.

2. To brush swiftly over the surface of anything; to pass with switness and force, as if brushing the surface of anything; to move in a stately manner; as, the wind sweeps across the plain; a woman sweeps through a drawingroom.

3. To pass over anything comprehensively; to range through with rapidity; as, his eye sweeps through space.

 Sweep, n. 1. The act of sweeping.

2. The compass or range of a stroke; as, a long sweep.

3. The compass of any turning body or of any motion; as, the sweep of a door; the sweep of the eye.

4. The compass of anything flowing or brushing; as, the flood carried away everything within its sweep.

5. Violent and general destruction; as, the sweep of an epidemic disease.

6. Direction and extent of any motion not rectlinear; as, the sweep of a compass.

7. Direction or departure of a curve, a road, an arch, or the like, away from a rectlinear line.

 The road which makes a small sweep.

Sir W. Scott.
8. One who sweeps; a sweeper; specifically, a chimney sweeper.

9. (Founding) A movable templet for making molds, in loam molding.

10. (Naut.) (a) The mold of a ship when she begins to curve in at the rungheads; any part of a ship shaped in a segment of a circle. (b) A large oar used in small vessels, partly to propel them and partly to steer them.

11. (Refining) The almond furnace. [Obs.]

12. A long pole, or piece of timber, moved on a horizontal fulcrum fixed to a tall post and used to raise and lower a bucket in a well for drawing water. [Variously written swape, sweep, swepe, and swipe.]

13. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, a pairing or combining of all the cards on the board, and so removing them all; in whist, the winning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand; a slam.

14. pl. The sweeping of workshops where precious metals are worked, containing filings, etc.

Sweep net, a net for drawing over a large compass. -- Sweep of the tiller (Naut.), a circular frame on which the tiller traverses.

 Sweep"age (?), n. The crop of hay got in a meadow. [Prov. Eng.]

 Sweep"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sweeps, or cleans by sweeping; a sweep; as, a carpet sweeper.

 It is oxygen which is the great sweeper of the economy.

Huxley.
 Sweep"ing, a. Cleaning off


, Putrid.] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as, a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water.

 My face is foul with weeping.

Job. xvi. 16.
2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as, foul words; foul language.

3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. "The foul with Sycorax." Shak.
 Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?

Milton.
4. Loathsome; disgusting; as, a foul disease.

5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.

Shak.
6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as, a foul wind; a foul road; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; -- said of the weather, sky, etc.

 So foul a sky clears not without a storm.

Shak.
7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as, foul play.

8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; -- opposed to clear; as, a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out.

 Foul anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. -- Foul ball (Baseball), a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. -- Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. -- Foul berth (Naut.), a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. -- Foul bill, or Foul bill of health, a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. -- Foul copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; -- opposed to fair or clean copy. "Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies." Cowper. -- Foul proof, an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. -- Foul strike (Baseball), a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. -- To fall foul, to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] "If they be any ways offended, they fall foul." Burton. -- To fall, or run, foul of. See under Fall. -- To make foul water, to sail in such shallow water that the ship's keel stirs the mud at the bottom.

 Foul (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as, to foul the face or hands with mire.

2. (Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing.

3. To cover (a ship's bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as, a bottom fouled with barnacles.

4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as, to foul a rope or cable in paying it out; to come into collision with; as, one boat fouled the other in a race.

 Foul, v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun.

2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as, the two boats fouled.

 Foul, n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race.

2. (Baseball) See Foul ball, under Foul, a.
 ||Fou'lard" (?), n. [F.] A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere.

 Foul"der (?), v. i. [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre, OF. also fouldre, fr. L. fulgur. See Fulgor.] To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] "Flames of fouldering heat." Spenser.
 Foul"e (?), adv. Foully. [Obs.] Chaucer.
 Foul"ly (?), v. In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably.

 I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do.

Gay.
 Foul"-mouthed' (?), a. Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive.

 So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause.

Addison.
 Foul"ness, n. [AS. flnes.] The quality or condition of being foul.

 Foul"-spo'ken (?), a. Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language. Shak.
 Fou"mart' (?), n. [OE. folmard, fulmard; AS. f&?;l foul + mearð, meard, marten: cf. F. marte, martre.
 See Foul, a., and Marten the quadruped.] (Zoöl.) The European polecat; -- called also European ferret, and fitchew.
 See Polecat. [Written also foulmart, foulimart, and fulimart.]

 Found (?), imp. & p. p. of Find.

 Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Founding.] [F. fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. "Whereof to found their engines." Milton.
 Found, n. A thin, single-cut file for combmakers.

 Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Founding.] [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom, and cf. Founder, v. i., Fund.] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly.

 I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock.

Shak.
 A man that all his time Hath founded his good fortunes on your love.

Shak.
 It fell not, for it was founded on a rock.

Matt. vii. 25.
2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as, to found a college; to found a family.

 There they shall found Their government, and their great senate choose.

Milton.
Syn. -- To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate.

 Foun*da"tion (?), n. [F. fondation, L. fundatio. See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect.

2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis.

 Behold, I


says that Brice, the French giant, was 7 feet 7 inches. Early in 1837 there was exhibited at Parma a young man formerly in the service of the King of the Netherlands who was 8 feet 10 inches high and weighed 401 pounds.
Robert Hale, the "Norfolk Giant," who died in Yarmouth in 1843 at the age of forty-three, was 7 feet 6 inches high and weighed 452 pounds.
The skeleton of Cornelius McGrath, now preserved in the Trinity College Museum, Dublin, is a striking example of gigantism. At sixteen years he measured 7 feet 10 inches.
O'Brien or Byrne, the Irish giant, was supposed to be 8 feet 4 inches in height at the time of his death in 1783 at the age of twenty-two.
The story of his connection with the illustrious John Hunter is quite interesting. Hunter had vowed that he would have the skeleton of O'Brien, and O'Brien was equally averse to being boiled in the distinguished scientist's kettle. The giant was tormented all his life by the constant assertions of Hunter and by his persistence in locating him. Finally, when, following the usual early decline of his class of anomalies, O'Brien came to his death-bed, he bribed some fishermen to take his body after his death to the middle of the Irish Channel and sink it with leaden weights. Hunter, it is alleged, was informed of this and overbribed the prospective undertakers and thus secured the body. It has been estimated that it cost Hunter nearly 500 pounds sterling to gain possession of the skeleton of the "Irish Giant." The kettle in which the body was boiled, together with some interesting literature relative to the circumstances, are preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and were exhibited at the meeting of the British Medical Association in 1895 with other Hunterian relics. The skeleton, which is now one of the features of the Museum, is reported to measure 92 3/4 inches in height, and is mounted alongside that of Caroline Crachami, the Sicilian dwarf, who was exhibited as an Italian princess in London in 1824. She did not grow after birth and died at the age of nine.
Patrick Cotter, the successor of O'Brien, and who for awhile exhibited under this name, claiming that he was a lineal descendant of the famous Irish King, Brian Boru, who he declared was 9 feet in height, was born in 1761, and died in 1806 at the age of forty-five. His shoe was 17 inches long, and he was 8 feet 4 inches tall at his death.
In the Museum of Madame Tussaud in London there is a wax figure of Loushkin, said to be the tallest man of his time. It measures 8 feet 5 inches, and is dressed in the military uniform of a drum-major of the Imperial Preobrajensky Regiment of Guards. To magnify his height there is a figure of the celebrated dwarf, "General Tom Thumb," in the palm of his hand. Figure 158 represents a well-known American giant, Ben Hicks who was called "the Denver Steeple."
Buffon refers to a Swedish giantess who he affirms was 8 feet 6 inches tall. Chang, the "Chinese Giant," whose smiling face is familiar to nearly all the modern world, was said to be 8 feet tall. In 1865, at the age of nineteen, he measured 7 feet 8 inches. At Hawick, Scotland, in 1870, there was an Irishman 7 feet 8 inches in height, 52 inches around the chest, and who weighed 22 stone. Figure 159 shows an American giantess known as "Leah, the Giantess." At the age of nineteen she was 7 feet 2 inches tall and weighed 165 pounds.
On June 17, 1871, there were married at Saint-Martins-in-the-Field in London Captain Martin Van Buren Bates of Kentucky and Miss Anna Swann of Nova Scotia, two celebrated exhibitionists, both of whom were over 7 feet. Captain Bates, familiarly known as the "Kentucky Giant," years ago was a familiar figure in many Northern cities, where he exhibited himself in company with his wife, the combined height of the two being greater than that of any couple known to history. Captain Bates was born in Whitesburg, Letcher County, Ky., on November 9, 1845. He enlisted in the Southern army in 1861, and though only sixteen years old was admitted to the service because of his size. At the close of the war Captain Bates had attained his great height of 7 feet 2 1/2 inches. His body was well proportioned and his weight increased until it reached 450 pounds. He traveled as a curiosity from 1866 to 1880, being connected with various amusement organizations. He visited nearly all the large cities and towns in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Russia.
While in England in 1871 the Captain met Miss Anna H. Swann, known as the "Nova Scotia Giantess," who was two years the junior of her giant lover. Miss Swann was justly proud of her height, 7 feet 5 1/2 inches.
The two were married soon afterward. Their combined height of 14 feet 8 inches marked them as the tallest married couple known to mankind.
Captain Bates' parents were of medium size. His father, a native of Virginia, was 5 feet 10 inches high and weighed 160 pounds. His mother was 5 feet 3 inches tall and weighed 125 pounds. The height of the father of Mrs. Anna Swann Bates was 6 feet and her mother was 5 feet and 2 inches high, weighing but 100 pounds.
A recent newspaper dispatch says: "Captain M. V. Bates, whose remarkable height at one time attracted the attention of the world, has recently retired from his conspicuous position and lives in comparative obscurity on his farm in Guilford, Medina County, O., half a mile east of Seville."
In 1845 there was shown in Paris Joachim Eleiceigui, the Spanish giant, who weighed 195 kilograms (429 pounds) and whose hands were 42 cm. (16 1/2 inches) long and of great beauty. In 1882 at the Alhambra in London there was a giantess by the name of Miss Marian, called the "Queen of the Amazons," aged eighteen years, who measured 2.45 meters (96 1/2 inches). William Campbell, a Scotchman, died at Newcastle in May 1878.
He was so large that the window of the room in which the deceased lay and the brick-work to the level of the floor had to be taken out, in order that the coffin might be lowered with block and tackle three stories to the ground. On January 27, 1887, a Greek, although a Turkish subject, recently died of phthisis in Simferopol. He was 7 feet 8 inches in height and slept on three beds laid close together.
Giants of History.—A number of persons of great height, particularly sovereigns and warriors, are well-known characters of history, viz., William of Scotland, Edward III, Godefroy of Bouillon, Philip the Long, Fairfax, Moncey, Mortier, Kleber; there are others celebrated in modern times. Rochester, the favorite of Charles II; Pothier, the jurist; Bank, the English naturalist; Gall, Billat-Savarin, Benjamin Constant, the painter David, Bellart, the geographer Delamarche, and Care, the founder of the Gentleman's Magazine, were all men of extraordinary stature.
Dwarfs.—The word "dwarf" is of Saxon origin (dwerg, dweorg) and corresponds to the "pumilio" or "nanus" of the Romans. The Greeks believed in the pygmy people of Thrace and Pliny speaks of the Spithamiens. In the "Iliad" Homer writes of the pygmies and Juvenal also describes them; but the fantasies of these poets have given these creatures such diminutive stature that they have deprived the traditions of credence. Herodotus relates that in the deserts of Lybia there were people of extreme shortness of stature. The Bible mentions that no dwarf can officiate at the altar. Aristotle and Philo


different substances absorbed from the soil by these plants when their powers of absorption are not interfered with by other plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature. Therefore my son and I wish to grow plants in pots in soil entirely, or as nearly entirely as is possible, destitute of all matter which plants absorb, and then to give during several successive generations to several plants of the same species as different solutions as may be compatible with their life and health. And now, can you advise me how to make soil approximately free of all the substances which plants naturally absorb? I suppose white silver sand, sold for cleaning harness, etc., is nearly pure silica, but what am I to do for alumina? Without some alumina I imagine that it would be impossible to keep the soil damp and fit for the growth of plants. I presume that clay washed over and over again in water would still yield mineral matter to the carbonic acid secreted by the roots. I should want a good deal of soil, for it would be useless to experimentise unless we could fill from twenty to thirty moderately sized flower-pots every year.
 Can you suggest any plan? for unless you can it would, I fear, be useless for us to commence an attempt to discover whether variability depends at all on matter absorbed from the soil. After obtaining the requisite kind of soil, my notion is to water one set of plants with nitrate of potassium, another set with nitrate of sodium, and another with nitrate of lime, giving all as much phosphate of ammonia as they seemed to support, for I wish the plants to grow as luxuriantly as possible. The plants watered with nitrate of Na and of Ca would require, I suppose, some K; but perhaps they would get what is absolutely necessary from such soil as I should be forced to employ, and from the rain-water collected in tanks. I could use hard water from a deep well in the chalk, but then all the plants would get lime. If the plants to which I give Nitrate of Na and of Ca would not grow I might give them a little alum.

 I am well aware how very ignorant I am, and how crude my notions are; and if you could suggest any other solutions by which plants would be likely to be affected it would be a very great kindness. I suppose that there are no organic fluids which plants would absorb, and which I could procure?

 I must trust to your kindness to excuse me for troubling you at such length, and, I remain, dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.

 [The next letter to Professor Semper (Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.)
 bears on the same subject:] FROM CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, July 19, 1881.

 My dear Professor Semper, I have been much pleased to receive your letter, but I did not expect you to answer my former one... I cannot remember what I wrote to you, but I am sure that it must have expressed the interest which I felt in reading your book. (Published in the 'International Scientific Series,' in 1881, under the title, 'The Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect Animal Life.') I thought that you attributed too much weight to the DIRECT action of the environment; but whether I said so I know not, for without being asked I should have thought it presumptuous to have criticised your book, nor should I now say so had I not during the last few days been struck with Professor Hoffmann's review of his own work in the 'Botanische Zeitung,' on the variability of plants; and it is really surprising how little effect he produced by cultivating certain plants under unnatural conditions, as the presence of salt, lime, zinc, etc., etc., during SEVERAL generations. Plants, moreover, were selected which were the most likely to vary under such conditions, judging from the existence of closely-allied forms adapted for these conditions. No doubt I originally attributed too little weight to the direct action of conditions, but Hoffmann's paper has staggered me. Perhaps hundreds of generations of exposure are necessary. It is a most perplexing subject. I wish I was not so old, and had more strength, for I see lines of research to follow.
 Hoffmann even doubts whether plants vary more under cultivation than in their native home and under their natural conditions. If so, the astonishing variations of almost all cultivated plants must be due to selection and breeding from the varying individuals. This idea crossed my mind many years ago, but I was afraid to publish it, as I thought that people would say, "how he does exaggerate the importance of selection."

 I still MUST believe that changed conditions give the impulse to variability, but that they act IN MOST CASES in a very indirect manner.
 But, as I said, it is a most perplexing problem. Pray forgive me for writing at such length; I had no intention of doing so when I sat down to write.

 I am extremely sorry to hear, for your own sake and for that of Science, that you are so hard worked, and that so much of your time is consumed in official labour.

 Pray believe me, dear Professor Semper, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.

 GALLS.

 [Shortly before his death, my father began to experimentise on the possibility of producing galls artificially. A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 3, 1880) shows the interest which he felt in the question:— "I was delighted with Paget's Essay ('Disease in Plants,' by Sir James Paget.—See "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1880.); I hear that he has occasionally attended to this subject from his youth... I am very glad he has called attention to galls: this has always seemed to me a profoundly interesting subject; and if I had been younger would take it up."

 His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish to learn something of the causes of variation. He imagined to himself wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus new varieties arise. He made a considerable number of experiments by injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves, and with some slight indications of success.]

 AGGREGATION.

 [The following letter gives an idea of the subject of the last of his published papers. ('Journal of the Linnean Society.' volume xix, 1882, pages 239 and 262.) The appearances which he observed in leaves and roots attracted him, on account of their relation to the phenomena of aggregation which had so deeply interested him when he was at work on Drosera:] CHARLES DARWIN TO S.H. VINES. (Reader in Botany in the University of Cambridge.) Down, November 1, 1881.

 My dear Mr. Vines, As I know how busy you are, it is a great shame to trouble you. But you are so rich in chemical knowledge about plants, and I am so poor, that I appeal to your charity as a pauper. My question is—Do you know of any solid substance in the cells of plants which glycerine and water dissolves? But you will understand my perplexity better if I give you the facts: I mentioned to you that if a plant of Euphorbia peplus is gently dug up and the roots placed for a short time in a weak solution (1 to 10,000 of water, suffices in 24 hours) of carbonate of ammonia the (generally) alternate longitudinal rows of cells in every rootlet, from the root-cap up to the very top of the root (but not as far as I have yet seen in the green stem) become filled with translucent, brownish grains of matter. These rounded grains often cohere and even become confluent. Pure phosphate and nitrate of ammonia produce (though more slowly) the same effect, as does


one for a seat and a couch.

9. To treat; to behave one's self to; to requite; to act toward; as, he served me very ill.

10. To work; to operate; as, to serve the guns.

11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as, to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as, to serve a witness with a subpœna.

12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as, to serve a term in prison.

13. To copulate with; to cover; as, a horse serves a mare; -- said of the male.

14. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering (the ball).

15. (Naut.) To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving.

To serve an attachment or a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. -- To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. -- To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. -- To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. -- To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. -- To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. -- To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. "I'll serve you out for this." C. Kingsley. -- To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; -- used commonly of ill deserts; as, it serves the scoundrel right. -- To serve one's self of, to avail one's self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism] I will serve myself of this concession.

Chillingworth.
 -- To serve out, to distribute; as, to serve out rations. -- To serve the time or the hour, to regulate one's actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one's duty; to be a timeserver.
 [Obs.]

 They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment.

Hooker.
Syn. -- To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor.

 Serve (?), v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service.

 The Lord shall give thee rest... from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve.

Isa. xiv. 3.
2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc.

 But Martha... said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone?

Luke x. 40.
3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc.

 Many... who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay.

Knolles.
4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable.

 This little brand will serve to light your fire.

Dryden.
 As occasion serves, this noble queen And prince shall follow with a fresh supply.

Shak.
5. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering the ball.

 Serv"er (?), n. 1. One who serves.

2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph.
 Ser"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Servia.

 { Serv"ice (?), n., or Serv"ice (?) }. [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad).
 They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries.

Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree.
 In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.)

 Serv"ice, n. [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper, slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also, spiritual obedience and love. "O God... whose service is perfect freedom." Bk. of Com. Prayer.
 Madam, I entreat true peace of you, Which I will purchase with my duteous service.

Shak.
 God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms.

Tillotson.
2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office.

 I have served him from the hour of my nativity,... and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows.

Shak.
 This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles.

Dryden.
 To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor?

Macaulay.
3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as, a burial service.

 The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law.

Coleridge.
4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches.

5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier.

 When he cometh to experience of service abroad... ne maketh a worthy soldier.

Spenser.
6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail.

 The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures.

L'Estrange.
7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. "Pray, do my service to his majesty." Shak.
8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also, a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as, the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass.

 There was no extraordinary service seen on the board.

Hakewill.
9. (Law) The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as, the service of a subpœna or an attachment.

10. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc.

11. (Tennis) The act of serving the ball.

12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13.

Service book, a prayer book or missal. - - Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. -- Service of a