impressions or influences; as, they were passive spectators, not actors in the scene.

 The passive air Upbore their nimble tread.

Milton.
 The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas.

Locke.
2. Receiving or enduring without either active sympathy or active resistance; without emotion or excitement; patient; not opposing; unresisting; as, passive obedience; passive submission.

 The best virtue, passive fortitude.

Massinger.
3. (Chem.) Inactive; inert; not showing strong affinity; as, red phosphorus is comparatively passive.

4. (Med.) Designating certain morbid conditions, as hemorrhage or dropsy, characterized by relaxation of the vessels and tissues, with deficient vitality and lack of reaction in the affected tissues.

Passive congestion (Med.), congestion due to obstruction to the return of the blood from the affected part. -- Passive iron (Chem.), iron which has been subjected to the action of heat, of strong nitric acid, chlorine, etc. It is then not easily acted upon by acids. -- Passive movement (Med.), a movement of a part, in order to exercise it, made without the assistance of the muscles which ordinarily move the part.
 -- Passive obedience (as used by writers on government), obedience or submission of the subject or citizen as a duty in all cases to the existing government. -- Passive prayer, among mystic divines, a suspension of the activity of the soul or intellectual faculties, the soul remaining quiet, and yielding only to the impulses of grace. -- Passive verb, or Passive voice (Gram.), a verb, or form of a verb, which expresses the effect of the action of some agent; as, in Latin, doceor, I am taught; in English, she is loved; the picture is admired by all; he is assailed by slander.

Syn. -- Inactive; inert; quiescent; unresisting; unopposing; suffering; enduring; submissive; patient.

 Pas"sive*ly, adv. 1. In a passive manner; inertly; unresistingly.

2. As a passive verb; in the passive voice.

 Pas"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being passive; unresisting submission.

 To be an effect implies passiveness, or the being subject to the power and action of its cause.

J. Edwards.
 Pas*siv"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. passivité.] 1.
 Passiveness; -- opposed to activity. Jer. Taylor.
2. (Physics) The tendency of a body to remain in a given state, either of motion or rest, till disturbed by another body; inertia.
 Cheyne.
3. (Chem.) The quality or condition of any substance which has no inclination to chemical activity; inactivity.

 Pass"-key' (?), n. A key for opening more locks than one; a master key.

 Pass"less, a. Having no pass; impassable. Cowley.
 Pass"man (?), n.; pl. Passmen (&?;). One who passes for a degree, without honors. See Classman, 2. [Eng. Univ.]

 Pass"o'ver (?), n. [Pass + over. See Pasch.] (Jewish Antiq.) (a) A feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the sparing of the Hebrews in Egypt, when God, smiting the firstborn of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Israelites which were marked with the blood of a lamb. (b) The sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover; the paschal lamb. Ex. xii.
 Pass'-pa*role" (?), n. [F. passeparole.] (Mil.) An order passed from front to rear by word of mouth.

 Pass"port (&?;), n. [F. passeport, orig., a permission to leave a port or to sail into it; passer to pass + port a port, harbor. See Pass, and Port a harbor.] 1. Permission to pass; a document given by the competent officer of a state, permitting the person therein named to pass or travel from place to place, without molestation, by land or by water.

 Caution in granting passports to Ireland.

Clarendon.
2. A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to certify their nationality and protect them from belligerents; a sea letter.

3. A license granted in time of war for the removal of persons and effects from a hostile country; a safeconduct. Burrill.
4. Figuratively: Anything which secures advancement and general acceptance. Sir P. Sidney.
 His passport is his innocence and grace.

Dryden.
 ||Pas"sus (?), n.; pl. L. Passus, E. Passuses (&?;). [L., a step, a pace. See Pace.] A division or part; a canto; as, the passus of Piers Plowman. See 2d Fit.

 Pass"word' (?), n. A word to be given before a person is allowed to pass; a watchword; a countersign. Macaulay.
 Pas"sy*meas'ure (?), n. [Corrupted fr. It. passamezzo.]
 [Obs.] See Paspy. Shak.
 Past (?), a. [From Pass, v.] Of or pertaining to a former time or state; neither present nor future; gone by; elapsed; ended; spent; as, past troubles; past offences. "Past ages." Milton.
Past master. See under Master.

 Past, n. A former time or state; a state of things gone by. "The past, at least, is secure." D. Webster.
 The present is only intelligible in the light of the past, often a very remote past indeed.

Trench.
 Past, prep. 1. Beyond, in position, or degree; further than; beyond the reach or influence of. "Who being past feeling." Eph.
 iv. 19. "Galled past endurance." Macaulay.
 Until we be past thy borders.

Num. xxi. 22.
 Love, when once past government, is consequently past shame.

L'Estrange.
 2. Beyond, in time; after; as, past the hour.

 Is it not past two o'clock?

Shak.
3. Above; exceeding; more than. [R.]

 Not past three quarters of a mile.

Shak.
 Bows not past three quarters of a yard long.

Spenser.
 Past (?), adv. By; beyond; as, he ran past.

 The alarum of drums swept past.

Longfellow.
 Paste (?), n. [OF. paste, F. pâte, L. pasta, fr. Gr. &?; barley broth; cf. &?; barley porridge, &?; sprinkled with salt, &?; to sprinkle. Cf. Pasty, n., Patty.] 1.
 A soft composition, as of flour moistened with water or milk, or of earth moistened to the consistence of dough, as in making potter's ware.

2. Specifically, in cookery, a dough prepared for the crust of pies and the like; pastry dough.

3. A kind of cement made of flour and water, starch and water, or the like, -- used for uniting paper or other substances, as in bookbinding, etc., -- also used in calico printing as a vehicle for mordant or color.

4. A highly refractive vitreous composition, variously colored, used in making imitations of precious stones or gems. See Strass.

5. A soft confection made of the inspissated juice of fruit, licorice, or the like, with sugar, etc.

6. (Min.) The mineral substance in which other minerals are imbedded.

Paste eel (Zoöl.), the vinegar eel. See under Vinegar.

 Paste, v. t.


.

2. (Mil.) To tell off or appoint for a particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron.

Syn. -- Detail, Detach. Detail respect the act of individualizing the person or body that is separated; detach, the removing for the given end or object.

 De*tail"er (?), n. One who details.

 De*tain" (d*tn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Detaining.] [F. détenir, L. detinere, detentum; de + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1.
 To keep back or from; to withhold.

Detain not the wages of the hireling.

Jer. Taylor.
2. To restrain from proceeding; to stay or stop; to delay; as, we were detained by an accident.

 Let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee.

Judges xiii. 15.
3. To hold or keep in custody.

Syn. -- To withhold; retain; stop; stay; arrest; check; retard; delay; hinder.

 De*tain", n. Detention. [Obs.] Spenser.
 De*tain"der (-dr), n. (Law) A writ. See Detinue.

 De*tain"er (-r), n. 1. One who detains.

2. (Law) (a) The keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another's, even though the original taking may have been lawful. Forcible detainer is indictable at common law. (b) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody.

 De*tain"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. detenement.] Detention. [R.]
 Blackstone.
 De*tect" (d*tkt"), a. [L. detectus, p. p. of detegere to uncover, detect; de + tegere to cover. See Tegument.]
 Detected. [Obs.] Fabyan.
 De*tect" (d*tkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detected; p. pr. & vb. n. Detecting.] 1. To uncover; to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as, to detect a crime or a criminal; to detect a mistake in an account.

 Plain good intention... is as easily discovered at the first view, as fraud is surely detected at last.

Burke.
 Like following life through creatures you dissect, You lose it in the moment you detect.

Pope.
2. To inform against; to accuse. [Obs.]

 He was untruly judged to have preached such articles as he was detected of.

Sir T. More.
Syn. -- To discover; find out; lay bare; expose.

 { De*tect"a*ble (-*b'l), De*tect"i*ble (?), } a. Capable of being detected or found out; as, parties not detectable. "Errors detectible at a glance." Latham.
 De*tect"er (?), n. One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal; a detector.

 De*tec"tion (?), n. [L. detectio an uncovering, revealing.]
 The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as, the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot.

 Such secrets of guilt are never from detection.

D. Webster.
 De*tect"ive (?), a. Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting; employed in detecting crime or criminals; as, a detective officer.

 De*tect"ive, n. One who business it is so detect criminals or discover matters of secrecy.

 De*tect"or (?), n. [L., a revealer.] One who, or that which, detects; a detecter. Shak.
 A deathbed's detector of the heart.

Young.
Bank-note detector, a publication containing a description of genuine and counterfeit bank notes, designed to enable persons to discriminate between them. -- Detector lock. See under Lock.

 De*ten"e*brate (?), v. t. [L. de + tenebrare to make dark, fr. tenebrae darkness.] To remove darkness from. [Obs.] Ash.
 De*tent" (?), n. [F. détente, fr. détendre to unbend, relax; pref. dé- (L. disor de) + tendre to stretch. See Distend.] (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement; a catch, pawl, or dog; especially, in clockwork, the catch which locks and unlocks the wheelwork in striking.

 De*ten"tion (?), n. [L. detentio: cf. F. détention.
 See Detain.] 1. The act of detaining or keeping back; a withholding.

2. The state of being detained (stopped or hindered); delay from necessity.

3. Confinement; restraint; custody.

 The archduke Philip... found himself in a sort of honorable detention at Henry's court.

Hallam.
 De*ter" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterred (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Deterring.] [L. deterrere; de + terrere to frighten, terrify. See Terror.] To prevent by fear; hence, to hinder or prevent from action by fear of consequences, or difficulty, risk, etc. Addison.
 Potent enemies tempt and deter us from our duty.

Tillotson.
 My own face deters me from my glass.

Prior.
 De*terge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Deterging.] [L. detergere, detersum; de + tergere to rub or wipe off: cf. F. déterger.] To cleanse; to purge away, as foul or offending matter from the body, or from an ulcer.

 De*ter"gen*cy (?), n. A cleansing quality or power. De Foe.
 De*ter"gent (?), a. [L. detergens, -entis, p. pr. of detergere: cf. F. détergent.] Cleansing; purging. -- n. A substance which cleanses the skin, as water or soap; a medicine to cleanse wounds, ulcers, etc.

 De*te"ri*o*rate (d*t"r**rt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deteriorated (- r'td); p. pr. & vb. n. Deteriorating (-r'tng).]
 [L. deterioratus, p. p. of deteriorare to deteriorate, fr.
 deterior worse, prob. a comparative fr. de down, away.] To make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; as, to deteriorate the mind. Whately.
 The art of war... was greatly deteriorated.

Southey.
 De*te"ri*o*rate (d*t"r**rt), v. i. To grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate.

 Under such conditions, the mind rapidly deteriorates.

Goldsmith.
 De*te'ri*o*ra"tion (?), n. [LL. deterioratio: cf. F. détérioration.]
 The process of growing worse, or the state of having grown worse.

 De*te'ri*or"i*ty (?), n. [L. deterior worse. See Deteriorate.]
 Worse state or quality; inferiority. "The deteriority of the diet."
 [R.] Ray.
 De*ter"ment (?), n. [From Deter.] The act


, two anchovies, a teaspoonful of chopped herbs, a few chopped capers, and the calf's brains. Roll the head up, stitch it together and braize it in half a tumbler of Malmsey or Australian Muscat (Burgoyne's), half a cup of very good white stock, some bits of ham and bacon, and a clove of garlic with two cuts. Cook it gently for four hours and serve it with its own sauce. Do not leave the garlic in longer than ten minutes.

 No. 109. Testa di Vitello in Frittata (Calf's Head) Ingredients: Calf's head, eggs, Parmesan, ham, pepper, butter, croutons.

 A good rechauffe' of calf's head may be made in the following manner: After the head has been well boiled in good stock, cut it into slices and mask these with a mixture of eggs well beaten up, grated Parmesan, pepper, and chopped ham. Fry in butter, and garnish with fried parsley and fried croutons. Serve with a sauce made of a quarter of a pint of good Bechamel (No. 3) and a dessert-spoonful of New Century sauce.

 No. 110. Zampetti (Calves' Feet) Ingredients: Calves' or pigs' feet, butter, leeks or small onions, parsley, salt, pepper, stock, tomatoes, eggs, cheese, cinnamon.

 Blanch and bone two or more calves' or pigs' feet and put them into a stewpan with butter, leeks, or onions, chopped parsley, salt, pepper, and a little stock. Let them boil till the liquid is somewhat reduced, then add good meat gravy and two tablespoonsful of tomato puree, and just before taking the stewpan off the fire, add the yolks of two eggs beaten up, a tablespoonful of grated cheese, and a tiny pinch of cinnamon. Mix all well together and serve very hot.

 No. 111. Bodini Marinati Ingredients: Veal forcemeat, truffles, sweetbread, mushrooms, herbs, flour, pasta marinate (No. 17), tongue, butter.

 Make a mixture of truffles, tongue, sweetbread, mushrooms, and herbs, all chopped up, and add it to a forcemeat of veal, the proportions being two-thirds veal forcemeat and the other ingredients one third. Mix this well and form it into little balls about the size of a pigeon's egg, flour them and mask them all over with pasta marinate (No. 17). Fry them in butter over a slow fire, so that the balls may be well cooked through, and when they are the right colour dry them in a napkin and serve very hot.

 These bodini may be made with various ingredients; they will be most delicate with a forcemeat of fowl and bits of brain mixed with herbs, truffle, cooked ham, or tongue. They are also excellent made with fish (sole, mullet, turbot, &c.), either cooked or raw, and marinated in lemon, salt, pepper, oil, nutmeg, and parsley.

 No. 112. Animelle alla Parmegiana (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbread, bread crumbs, Parmesan, butter.

 Blanch as many sweetbreads as you require, and then roll them in bread crumbs mixed with grated Parmesan, salt, and pepper; wrap them up in buttered grease-proof paper and grill them. When they are cooked, take off the paper, and serve with a good sauce in a sauce-boat.

 No. 113. Animelle in Cartoccio (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbread, butter, herbs, salt, pepper, bread crumbs, Parmesan, lemons, gravy, tomatoes.

 Blanch a pound of sweetbread cuttings, mix it with two ounces of melted butter, chopped herbs, salt, and pepper, and put it into paper souffle cases. Then strew over each some bread crumbs mixed with grated Parmesan, put the cases in the oven, and when they are browned serve either with good gravy and lemon juice or with tomato sauce (No. 9).

 No. 114. Animelle all'Italiana (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbread, butter, onions, salt, herbs, eggs, glaze, Risotto (No. 190), truffles, quenelles of fowl, Espagnole sauce, white sauce.

 Blanch as many sweetbreads as you require, cut them into quarters and saute them in butter with a small onion cut up, salt, and a bunch of herbs. Then pour over them two cups of white sauce and cook gently for twenty minutes; take out the sweetbreads and put them in a stewpan. Reduce the sauce, and add to it a mixture made of the yolks of four eggs, one and a half ounce of butter and a teaspoonful of glaze; pass it through a sieve, pour it over the sweetbreads, and keep them warm in a bain-marie.
 Have ready a good Risotto all'Italiana (No. 190), and put it into a border mould (but first decorate the inside of the mould with slices of truffle), put it in a moderate oven, and when it is warm turn it out on a dish.
 Place the sweetbreads on the risotto and fill in the centre with quenelles of fowl and Espagnole sauce (No. 1).

 No. 115. Animelle Lardellate (Sweetbread) Ingredients: Sweetbreads, larding, bacon, stock, a macedoine of vegetables.

 Blanch two sweetbreads, lard them, and cook them very slowly in good stock. Skim the stock and reduce it to a glaze to cover the sweetbreads.
 Then cut them into three or four pieces and arrange them round a dish, but see that the larding is well glazed over. In the centre of the dish place a piece of bread in the shape of a cup and fill this with a macedoine of vegetables.

 No. 116. Frittura di Bottoni e di Animelle (Sweetbread and Mushrooms) Ingredients: Sweetbread, fresh button mushrooms, flour, bread crumbs, salt, pepper, parsley, butter, lemons.

 Peel some button mushrooms and cut them in halves. Boil a sweetbread, and cut it into pieces about the same size as the mushrooms, flour, egg, and bread crumb them, and fry in butter; then serve with a garnish of fried parsley. Hand cut lemons with this dish.

 No. 117. Cervello in Fili serbe (Calf's Brains) Ingredients: Calf's brains, stock, butter, parsley, lemon.

 Boil half a calf's brain in good stock for ten minutes then drain and pour a little melted butter and the juice of half a lemon over the brain; add some chopped parsley fried for one minute in butter, and serve as hot as possible.

 No. 118. Cervello alla Milanese (Calf's Brains) Ingredients: Calf s brains, eggs, bread crumbs, butter.

 Scald a calf's brain and let it get cold. Wipe it on a cloth, and get it as dry as possible, then cut it into pieces about the size of a walnut, egg and bread crumb them, fry in butter, and strew a little salt over them.

 No. 119. Cervello alla Villeroy (Calf's Brains) Ingredients: Calf's brains, eggs, flour, mushrooms, Velute sauce.

 Scald a calf's brain, and when cold cut it up and mask each piece with a thick sauce made of well-reduced Velute (No. 2), mixed with chopped cooked mushrooms; flour them over and dip them into the yolk of an egg, and fry as quickly as possible.

 No. 120. Frittura of Liver and Brains Ingredients: Calf's liver and brains (or lamb's or pig's fry), butter, ham, flour, puff pastry.

 Cut up half a pound of liver in small slices, flour and fry them in butter or dripping, together with a calf's or pig's or


still; the animals are still.

 The sea that roared at thy command, At thy command was still.

Addison.
3. Not disturbed by noise or agitation; quiet; calm; as, a still evening; a still atmosphere. "When all the woods are still."
 Milton.
4. Comparatively quiet or silent; soft; gentle; low. "A still small voice." 1 Kings xix. 12.
5. Constant; continual. [Obs.]

 By still practice learn to know thy meaning.

Shak.
6. Not effervescing; not sparkling; as, still wines.

Still life. (Fine Arts) (a) Inanimate objects. (b) (Painting) The class or style of painting which represents inanimate objects, as fruit, flowers, dead game, etc.

Syn. -- Quiet; calm; noiseless; serene; motionless; inert; stagnant.

 Still, n. [Cf. G. stille.] 1. Freedom from noise; calm; silence; as, the still of midnight. [Poetic] 2. A steep hill or ascent. [Obs.] W. Browne.
 Still, adv. [AS. stille quietly. See Still, a. The modern senses come from the idea of stopping and staying still, or motionless.] 1. To this time; until and during the time now present; now no less than before; yet.

 It hath been anciently reported, and is still received.

Bacon.
2. In the future as now and before.

 Hourly joys be still upon you!

Shak.
3. In continuation by successive or repeated acts; always; ever; constantly; uniformly.

 The desire of fame betrays an ambitious man into indecencies that lessen his reputation; he is still afraid lest any of his actions should be thrown away in private.

Addison.
 Chemists would be rich if they could still do in great quantities what they have sometimes done in little.

Boyle.
4. In an increasing or additional degree; even more; -- much used with comparatives.

 The guilt being great, the fear doth still exceed.

Shak.
5. Notwithstanding what has been said or done; in spite of what has occured; nevertheless; -- sometimes used as a conjunction. See Synonym of But.

 As sunshine, broken in the rill, Though turned astray, is sunshine still.

Moore.
6. After that; after what is stated.

 In the primitive church, such as by fear being compelled to sacrifice to strange gods, after repented, and kept still the office of preaching the gospel.

Whitgift.
Still and anon, at intervals and repeatedly; continually; ever and anon; now and then.

 And like the watchful minutes to the hour, Still and anon cheered up the heavy time.

Shak.
 Still, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stilling.] [AS. stillan, from stille still, quiet, firm. See Still, a.] 1. To stop, as motion or agitation; to cause to become quiet, or comparatively quiet; to check the agitation of; as, to still the raging sea.

 He having a full sway over the water, had power to still and compose it, as well as to move and disturb it.

Woodward.
2. To stop, as noise; to silence.

 With his name the mothers still their babies.

Shak.
3. To appease; to calm; to quiet, as tumult, agitation, or excitement; as, to still the passions. Shak.
 Toil that would, at least, have stilled an unquiet impulse in me.

Hawthorne.
Syn. -- To quiet; calm; allay; lull; pacify; appease; subdue; suppress; silence; stop; check; restrain.

 Still (?), n. [Cf. OE. stillatorie. See Still, v., to distill.] 1. A vessel, boiler, or copper used in the distillation of liquids; specifically, one used for the distillation of alcoholic liquors; a retort. The name is sometimes applied to the whole apparatus used in in vaporization and condensation.

2. A house where liquors are distilled; a distillery.

Still watcher, a device for indicating the progress of distillation by the density of the liquid given over. Knight.
 Still, v. t. [Abbreviated fr. distill.] 1. To cause to fall by drops.

2. To expel spirit from by heat, or to evaporate and condense in a refrigeratory; to distill. Tusser.
 Still, v. i. [L. stillare. Cf. Distill.] To drop, or flow in drops; to distill. [Obs.] Spenser.
 Stil"lage (?), n. (Bleaching) A low stool to keep the goods from touching the floor. Knight.
 Stil'la*ti"tious (?), a. [L. stillaticius, fr. stillare to drop, stilla a drop.] Falling in drops; drawn by a still.

 Stil"la*to*ry (?), n.; pl. -ries (#). [From Still, for distill. Cf. Still, n., and Distillatory, a.] 1.
 An alembic; a vessel for distillation. [R.] Bacon.
2. A laboratory; a place or room in which distillation is performed. [R.] Dr. H. More. Sir H. Wotton.
 Still"birth' (?), n. The birth of a dead fetus.

 Still"born' (?), a. 1. Dead at the birth; as, a stillborn child.

2. Fig.: Abortive; as, a stillborn poem. Swift.
 Still"-burn' (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. still-burnt (?) or Still-burned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Still-burning.] To burn in the process of distillation; as, to still-burn brandy.

 Still"-clos"ing (?), a. Ever closing. [Obs.] "Still-clothing waters." Shak.
 Still"er (?), n. One who stills, or quiets.

 Still"house' (?), n. A house in which distillation is carried on; a distillery.

 Still"-hunt' (?), n. A hunting for game in a quiet and cautious manner, or under cover; stalking; hence, colloquially, the pursuit of any object quietly and cautiously. -- Still"-hunt'er (#), n. -- Still"- hunt'ing, n. [U.S.]

 Stil"li*cide (?), n. [L. stillicidium; stilla a drop + cadere to fall.] A continual falling or succession of drops; rain water falling from the eaves. Bacon.
 Stil'li*cid"i*ous (?), a. Falling in drops. [Obs.]

 Stil"li*form (?), a. [L. stilla a drop + -form.]
 Having the form of a drop. Owen.
 Still"ing (?), n. [Cf. LG. stelling, G. stellen to set, to place.] A stillion. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

 Stil"lion (?), n. [See Stilling.] A stand, as for casks or vats in a brewery, or for pottery while drying.

 Still"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being still; quietness; silence; calmness; inactivity.

 Painting, then, was the art demanded by the modern intellect upon its emergence from the stillness of the Middle Ages.

J. A. Symonds.
2. Habitual silence or quiet; taciturnity.

 The gravity and stillness of your youth The world hath noted.

Shak.
 Still"room' (?), n. 1. A room for distilling.

2. An apartment in a house where liquors, preserves, and the like, are kept. [Eng.]

 Floors are rubbed bright,... stillroom and kitchen cleared


ify.

Sanctify them through thy truth.

John xvii. 17.
3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety.

 A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act.

Eikon Basilike.
4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to.

 The holy man, amazed at what he saw, Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law.

Dryden.
 Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line.

Pope.
 Sanc"ti*fy'ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy.

 Sanc*til"o*quent (?), a. [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner.

 Sanc'ti*mo"ni*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ]
 Sanctimonious. [Obs.]

 Sanc'ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak.
2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. "Like the sanctimonious pirate." Shak.
 -- Sanc'ti*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Sanc'ti*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. Sanc"ti*mo*ny (?), n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness.

 Her pretense is a pilgrimage;... which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished.

Shak.
 Sanc"tion (?), n. [L. sanctio, from sancire, sanctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably: cf. F. sanction.
 See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by giving authority to it; confirmation; approbation.

 The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony.

I. Watts.
2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as, legal sanctions.

Syn. -- Ratification; authorization; authority; countenance; support.

 Sanc"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned (?); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve.

 Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments.

De Quincey.
Syn. -- To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance.

 Sanc"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction.

 Sanc"ti*tude (?), n. [L. sanctitudo.] Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] Milton.
 Sanc"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Sanctities (#). [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness.

 To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion.

Macaulay.
2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as, the sanctity of an oath.

3. A saint or holy being. [R.]

 About him all the sanctities of heaven.

Milton.
Syn. -- Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness; sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion.

 Sanc"tu*a*rize (?), v. t. To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak.
 Sanc"tu*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Sanctuaries (#). [OE. seintuarie, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also, the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also, the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection.

 These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privilege of sanctuary.
Milton.
 The admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny.

Dryden.
 Sanc"tum (?), n. [L., p. p. of sancire to consecrate.] A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as, an editor's sanctum.

||Sanctum sanctorum [L.], the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple.

 Sanc"tus (?), n. [L. sanctus, p. p. of sancire.] 1.
(Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; -- called also Tersanctus.

2. (Mus.) An anthem composed for these words.

Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in mediæval churches, but a hand bell is now often used; -- so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints' bell, sance-bell, sancte bell.

 Sand (?), n. [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr.
 &?;.] 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet.

 That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles.

Woodward.
2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak.
3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one's life.

 The sands are numbered that make up my life.

Shak.
4. pl. Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also, extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. "The Libyan sands." Milton. "The sands o' Dee." C. Kingsley.
5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang] Sand badger (Zoöl.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). -- Sand bag. (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various


The Spirit of Place, by Alice Meynell Transcribed from the 1899 John Lane edition by David Price, email _EMAIL_ The Spirit of Place and Other Essays Contents: The Spirit of Place Mrs. Dingley Solitude The Lady of the Lyrics July Wells The Foot Have Patience, Little Saint The Ladies of the Idyll A Derivation A Counterchange Rain Letters of Marceline Valmore The Hours of Sleep The Horizon Habits and Consciousness Shadows THE SPIRIT OF PLACE With mimicry, with praises, with echoes, or with answers, the poets have all but outsung the bells. The inarticulate bell has found too much interpretation, too many rhymes professing to close with her inaccessible utterance, and to agree with her remote tongue. The bell, like the bird, is a musician pestered with literature.
To the bell, moreover, men do actual violence. You cannot shake together a nightingale's notes, or strike or drive them into haste, nor can you make a lark toll for you with intervals to suit your turn, whereas wedding-bells are compelled to seem gay by mere movement and hustling. I have known some grim bells, with not a single joyous note in the whole peal, so forced to hurry for a human festival, with their harshness made light of, as though the Bishop of Hereford had again been forced to dance in his boots by a merry highwayman.
The clock is an inexorable but less arbitrary player than the bellringer, and the chimes await their appointed time to fly—wild prisoners—by twos or threes, or in greater companies. Fugitives—one or twelve taking wing—they are sudden, they are brief, they are gone; they are delivered from the close hands of this actual present.
Not in vain is the sudden upper door opened against the sky; they are away, hours of the past.
Of all unfamiliar bells, those which seem to hold the memory most surely after but one hearing are bells of an unseen cathedral of France when one has arrived by night; they are no more to be forgotten than the bells in "Parsifal." They mingle with the sound of feet in unknown streets, they are the voices of an unknown tower; they are loud in their own language. The spirit of place, which is to be seen in the shapes of the fields and the manner of the crops, to be felt in a prevalent wind, breathed in the breath of the earth, overheard in a far street-cry or in the tinkle of some black-smith, calls out and peals in the cathedral bells. It speaks its local tongue remotely, steadfastly, largely, clamorously, loudly, and greatly by these voices; you hear the sound in its dignity, and you know how familiar, how childlike, how life-long it is in the ears of the people.
The bells are strange, and you know how homely they must be. Their utterances are, as it were, the classics of a dialect.
Spirit of place! It is for this we travel, to surprise its subtlety; and where it is a strong and dominant angel, that place, seen once, abides entire in the memory with all its own accidents, its habits, its breath, its name. It is recalled all a lifetime, having been perceived a week, and is not scattered but abides, one living body of remembrance. The untravelled spirit of place—not to be pursued, for it never flies, but always to be discovered, never absent, without variation—lurks in the by-ways and rules over the towers, indestructible, an indescribable unity. It awaits us always in its ancient and eager freshness. It is sweet and nimble within its immemorial boundaries, but it never crosses them. Long white roads outside have mere suggestions of it and prophecies; they give promise not of its coming, for it abides, but of a new and singular and unforeseen goal for our present pilgrimage, and of an intimacy to be made.
Was ever journey too hard or too long that had to pay such a visit?
And if by good fortune it is a child who is the pilgrim, the spirit of place gives him a peculiar welcome, for antiquity and the conceiver of antiquity (who is only a child) know one another; nor is there a more delicate perceiver of locality than a child. He is well used to words and voices that he does not understand, and this is a condition of his simplicity; and when those unknown words are bells, loud in the night, they are to him as homely and as old as lullabies.
If, especially in England, we make rough and reluctant bells go in gay measures, when we whip them to run down the scale to ring in a wedding—bells that would step to quite another and a less agile march with a better grace—there are belfries that hold far sweeter companies.
If there is no music within Italian churches, there is a most curious local immemorial music in many a campanile on the heights. Their way is for the ringers to play a tune on the festivals, and the tunes are not hymn tunes or popular melodies, but proper bell-tunes, made for bells. Doubtless they were made in times better versed than ours in the sub-divisions of the arts, and better able to understand the strength that lies ready in the mere little submission to the means of a little art, and to the limits—nay, the very embarrassments—of those means. If it were but possible to give here a real bell-tune—which cannot be, for those melodies are rather long—the reader would understand how some village musician of the past used his narrow means as a composer for the bells, with what freshness, completeness, significance, fancy, and what effect of liberty.
These hamlet-bells are the sweetest, as to their own voices, in the world. Then I speak of their antiquity I use the word relatively.
The belfries are no older than the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the time when Italy seems to have been generally rebuilt. But, needless to say, this is antiquity for music, especially in Italy.
At that time they must have had foundries for bells of tender voices, and pure, warm, light, and golden throats, precisely tuned. The hounds of Theseus had not a more just scale, tuned in a peal, than a North Italian belfry holds in leash. But it does not send them out in a mere scale, it touches them in the order of the game of a charming melody. Of all cheerful sounds made by man this is by far the most light-hearted. You do not hear it from the great churches.
Giotto's coloured tower in Florence, that carries the bells for Santa Maria del Fiore and Brunelleschi's silent dome, does not ring more than four contralto notes, tuned with sweetness, depth, and dignity, and swinging one musical phrase which softly fills the country.
The village belfry it is that grows so fantastic and has such nimble bells. Obviously it stands alone with its own village, and can therefore hear its own tune from beginning to end. There are no other bells in earshot. Other such dovecote-doors are suddenly set open to the cloud, on a festa morning, to let fly those soft-voiced flocks, but the nearest is behind one of many mountains, and our local tune is uninterrupted. Doubtless this is why the little, secluded, sequestered art of composing melodies for bells—charming division of an art, having its own ends and means, and keeping its own wings for unfolding by law—dwells in these solitary places. No tunes in a town would get this hearing, or would be made clear to the end of their frolic amid such a wide and lofty silence.
Nor does every inner village of Italy hold a bell-tune of its own; the custom is Ligurian. Nowhere so much as in Genoa does the nervous tourist complain of church bells in the morning, and in fact he is made to hear an honest rout of them betimes. But the nervous tourist has not, perhaps, the sense of place, and the genius of place does not signal to him to go and find it among innumerable hills, where one by one, one by one, the belfries stand and play their tunes. Variable are those lonely melodies, having a differing gaiety for the festivals; and a pitiful air is played for the burial of a villager.
As for the poets, there is but one among so many of their bells that seems to toll with a spiritual music so loud as to be unforgotten when the mind goes up a little higher than


forming stalagmites of variegated hue, yielding a brilliant and beautiful effect. The terraced basins bear a close resemblance to the former New Zealand pink and white terraces, and since the annihilation of the latter are the most charming examples in existence of this rare form of Nature's artistic handiwork.


ach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts.
 of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc.

9. (Bot.) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; -- called also key fruit.

10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as " sharp four, " "flat seven," etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote.

 Both warbling of one song, both in one key.

Shak.
11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance.

 You fall at once into a lower key.

Cowper.
Key bed. Same as Key seat. -- Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. -- Key of a position or country.
(Mil.) See Key, 4. -- Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other.
 -- Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; -- called also key seat. -- Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. -- Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; -- so called from the declaration of Christ, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Matt. xvi. 19.
 Key (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.] To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis.
To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in.

 Key"age (?), n. [OF. caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.] Wharfage; quayage.

 Key"board' (?), n. The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc.

 Key"-cold' (?), a. Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton.
 Keyed (kd), a. Furnished with keys; as, a keyed instrument; also, set to a key, as a tune.

Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle.

 Key"hole' (?), n. 1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key.

2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter.

Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. -- Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. -- Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; -- so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes.

 Key"note' (?), n. 1. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; -- called also key tone.

2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as, the keynote of a policy or a sermon.

 Key"seat' (?), v. t. To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.

 Key"stone' (?), n. (Arch.) The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust.
 of Arch.

Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; - - so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution.

 Key" tone' (?). (Mus.) See Keynote.

 Key"way' (?), n. See Key way, under Key.

 Kha"liff (?), n. See Caliph.

 Kham*sin' (?), n. Same as Kamsin.

 Khan (?), n. [Pers. & Tart. khn.] [Also kan, kaun.] A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; -- so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them.

 Khan, n. [Per. khn, khnah, house, tent, inn.] An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.]

 Khan*ate (&?;), n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan.

 Kha"ya (?), n. (Bot.) A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

 ||Khe'dive" (?), n. [F. khédive, Pers. khediw a prince.] A governor or viceroy; -- a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt.

 Khen"na (?), n. See Henna.

 Kho"lah (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Indian jackal.

 Khol"sun (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The dhole.

 Khut"bah (?), n. [Ar.] An address or public prayer read from the steps of the pulpit in Mohammedan mosques, offering glory to God, praising Mohammed and his descendants, and the ruling princes.

 Ki'a*boo"ca wood' (?). See Kyaboca wood.

 Ki*ang" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dziggetai.

 Kib"ble (?), v. t. To bruise; to grind coarsely; as, kibbled oats. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.
 Kib"ble, n. A large iron bucket used in Cornwall and Wales for raising ore out of mines. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also kibbal.]

 Kib"blings (?), n. pl. Portions of small fish used for bait on the banks of Newfoundland.

 Kibe (?), n. [W. cib + gwst pain, sickness.] A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold; an ulcerated chilblain. "He galls his kibe."
 Shak.
 Kib


articles of brass.

 The very scullion who cleans the brasses. Hopkinson.
6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc.

7. pl. (Mining) Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass.

 The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze.

Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as, brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry.

Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. - - Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; -- called also Dutch gold.

 Bras"sage (&?;), n. [F.] A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; -- now called seigniorage.

 Bras"sart (&?;), n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm.
 See Brace, n.] Armor for the arm; -- generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.

 Brasse (&?;), n. [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.)
 A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch.

 Bras"sets (&?;), n. See Brassart.

 ||Bras"si*ca (&?;), n. [L., cabbage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

 Bras'si*ca"ceous (&?;), a. [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.)
 Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.

 Brass"i*ness (&?;), n. The state, condition, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.]

 Brass"-vis"aged (&?;), a. Impudent; bold.

 Brass"y (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass.

2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.]

 Brast (&?;), v. t. & i. [See Burst.] To burst. [Obs.]

 And both his yën braste out of his face. Chaucer.
 Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast. Spenser.
 Brat (brt), n. [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, rag, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child's bib or clout; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garment or cloak; also, coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer.
2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib.
 [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.
3. A child; an offspring; -- formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. "This brat is none of mine." Shak.
 "A beggar's brat." Swift.
 O Israel! O household of the Lord! O Abraham's brats! O brood of blessed seed! Gascoigne.
4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L'Estrange.
 Brat (&?;), n. (Mining) A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.

 ||Brat"sche (&?;), n. [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.] The tenor viola, or viola.

 Brat"tice (&?;), n. [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall.

 Brat"tish*ing (&?;), n. 1. See Brattice, n.
2. (Arch.) Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet.

 Braun"ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.

 Bra*vade" (br*vd"), n. Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe.
 Bra*va"do (br*v"d), n., pl. Bravadoes (-dz). [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.] Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace.

 In spite of our host's bravado. Irving.
 Brave (brv), a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.]
 [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.]

1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; -- opposed to cowardly; as, a brave man; a brave act.

2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; -- especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.]

 Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Bacon.
 It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall. Pepys.
3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic] Wear my dagger with the braver grace. Shak.
 For I have gold, and therefore will be brave. In silks I'll rattle it of every color. Robert Greene.
 Frog and lizard in holiday coats And turtle brave in his golden spots. Emerson.
Syn. -- Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stouthearted. See Gallant.

 Brave (&?;), n. 1. A brave person; one who is daring.

 The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. F. S. Key.
2. Specifically, an Indian warrior.

3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully.

 Hot braves like thee may fight. Dryden.
4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.]

 Demetrius, thou dost overween in all; And so in this, to bear me down with braves. Shak.
 Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved (brvd); p. pr.
 & vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare.

 These I can brave, but those I can not bear. Dryden.
2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.]

 Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I'll neither be faced or braved. Shak.
 Brave"ly adv. 1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly.

2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily.

 And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her. Judith. x. 4.
3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.]


to suppose.

 Every man is to be presumed innocent till he is proved to be guilty.

Blackstone.
 What rests but that the mortal sentence pass,... Which he presumes already vain and void, Because not yet inflicted?

Milton.
 Pre*sume", v. i. 1. To suppose or assume something to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof; to believe by anticipation; to infer; as, we may presume too far.

2. To venture, go, or act, by an assumption of leave or authority not granted; to go beyond what is warranted by the circumstances of the case; to venture beyond license; to take liberties; -- often with on or upon before the ground of confidence.

 Do not presume too much upon my love.

Shak.
 This man presumes upon his parts.

Locke.
 Pre*sum"ed*ly, adv. By presumption.

 Pre*sum"er (?), n. One who presumes; also, an arrogant person. Sir H. Wotton.
 Pre*sum"ing*ly, adv. Confidently; arrogantly.

 Pre*sump"tion (?; 215), n. [L. praesumptio: cf. F. présomption, OF. also presumpcion. See Presume.] 1. The act of presuming, or believing upon probable evidence; the act of assuming or taking for granted; belief upon incomplete proof.

2. Ground for presuming; evidence probable, but not conclusive; strong probability; reasonable supposition; as, the presumption is that an event has taken place.

3. That which is presumed or assumed; that which is supposed or believed to be real or true, on evidence that is probable but not conclusive. "In contradiction to these very plausible presumptions."
 De Quincey.
4. The act of venturing beyond due beyond due bounds; an overstepping of the bounds of reverence, respect, or courtesy; forward, overconfident, or arrogant opinion or conduct; presumptuousness; arrogance; effrontery.

 Thy son I killed for his presumption.

Shak.
 I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very unfinished piece.

Dryden.
Conclusive presumption. See under Conclusive. -- Presumption of fact (Law), an argument of a fact from a fact; an inference as to the existence of one fact not certainly known, from the existence of some other fact known or proved, founded on a previous experience of their connection; supposition of the truth or real existence of something, without direct or positive proof of the fact, but grounded on circumstantial or probable evidence which entitles it to belief. Burrill.
Best. Wharton. -- Presumption of law (Law), a postulate applied in advance to all cases of a particular class; e. g., the presumption of innocence and of regularity of records. Such a presumption is rebuttable or irrebuttable.

 Pre*sump"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. présomptif.] 1.
 Based on presumption or probability; grounded on probable evidence; probable; as, presumptive proof.

2. Presumptuous; arrogant. [R.] Sir T. Browne.
Presumptive evidence (Law), that which is derived from circumstances which necessarily or usually attend a fact, as distinct from direct evidence or positive proof; indirect or circumstantial evidence. "Presumptive evidence of felony should be cautiously admitted." Blackstone. The distinction, however, between direct and presumptive (or circumstantial) evidence is now generally abandoned; all evidence being now more or less direct and more or less presumptive. -- Presumptive heir. See Heir presumptive, under Heir.

 Pre*sump"tive*ly, adv. By presumption, or supposition grounded or probability; presumably.

 Pre*sump"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [L. praesumptuosus: cf. F. présomptueux, OF. also presumptuous. See Presumption.] 1. Full of presumption; presuming; overconfident or venturesome; audacious; rash; taking liberties unduly; arrogant; insolent; as, a presumptuous commander; presumptuous conduct.

 A class of presumptuous men, whom age has not made cautious, nor adversity wise.

Buckminster.
2. Founded on presumption; as, a presumptuous idea. "False, presumptuous hope." Milton.
3. Done with hold design, rash confidence, or in violation of known duty; willful. "Keep back the servant also from presumptuous sins."
 Ps. xix. 13.
Syn. -- Overconfident; foolhardy; rash; presuming; forward; arrogant; insolent.

 Pre*sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. In a presumptuous manner; arrogantly.

 Pre*sump"tu*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being presumptuous.

 Pre'sup*pos"al (?), n. Presupposition. [R.] "Presupposal of knowledge." Hooker.
 Pre'sup*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presupposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Presupposing.] [Pref. pre- + suppose: cf. F. présupposer.] To suppose beforehand; to imply as antecedent; to take for granted; to assume; as, creation presupposes a creator.

 Each [kind of knowledge] presupposes many necessary things learned in other sciences, and known beforehand.

Hooker.
 Pre*sup'po*si"tion (?), n. [Pref. pre- + supposition: cf. F. présupposition.] 1. The act of presupposing; an antecedent implication; presumption.

2. That which is presupposed; a previous supposition or surmise.

 Pre'sur*mise" (?), n. A surmise previously formed. Shak.
 Pre'sys*tol"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Preceding the systole or contraction of the heart; as, the presystolic friction sound.

 Pre*tem"po*ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated in front of the temporal bone.

 Pre*tence" (?), n., Pre*tence"ful, a., Pre*tence"*less, a. See Pretense, Pretenseful, Pretenseless.

 Pre*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretended; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Pretending.] [OE. pretenden to lay claim to, F. prétendre, L. praetendere, praetentum, to stretch forward, pretend, simulate, assert; prae before + tendere to stretch. See Tend, v. t. ] 1. To lay a claim to; to allege a title to; to claim.

 Chiefs shall be grudged the part which they pretend.

Dryden.
2. To hold before, or put forward, as a cloak or disguise for something else; to exhibit as a veil for something hidden. [R.]

 Lest that too heavenly form, pretended To hellish falsehood, snare them.

Milton.
3. To hold out, or represent, falsely; to put forward, or offer, as true or real (something untrue or unreal); to show hypocritically, or for the purpose of deceiving; to simulate; to feign; as, to pretend friendship.

 This let him know, Lest, willfully transgressing, he pretend Surprisal.

Milton.
4. To intend; to design; to plot; to attempt. [Obs.]

 Such as shall pretend Malicious practices against his state.

Shak.
5. To hold before one; to extend. [Obs.] "His target always over her pretended." Spenser.
 Pre*tend", v.


1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and corrections, -- esp. in regard to points of religious faith.

2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; -- sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift.
 Cat"e*chi'ser (kt"*k'zr), n. One who catechises.

 Cat"e*chism (-kz'm), n. [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.] 1. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers.

2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers.

 The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms. Hooker.
The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

 Cat'e*chis"mal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechetical.

 Cat"e*chist (kt"*kst), n. [L. catechista, fr. Gr.] One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters.

 { Cat'e*chis"tic (-ks"tk), Cat'e*chis"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More.
 Cat"e*chize, v. t. See Catechise.

 Cat"e*chu (?), n. [See Cashoo.] (Chem.) A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison.
 Cat'e*chu"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin.

 Cat"e*chu'men (?), n. [L. catechunenus, Gr. &?; instructed, from &?;. See Catechise.] (Eccl.) One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church.

 Cat'e*chu"men*ate (?), n. The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen.

 Cat'e*chu*men"i*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to catechumens; as, catechumenical instructions.

 Cat'e*chu"men*ist, n. A catechumen. Bp. Morton.
 Cat'e*gor'e*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; predicate. See Category.]
 (Logic.) Capable of being employed by itself as a term; -- said of a word.

 Cat'e*gor"ic*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a category.

2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as, a categorical proposition, or answer.

 The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions... distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal. I. Taylor.
 Cat'e*gor"ic*al*ly, adv. Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as, to affirm categorically.

 Cat'e*gor"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell.
 Cat"e*go*rist (?), n. One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson.
 Cat"e*go*rize (?), v. t. To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

 Cat"e*go*ry (?), n.; pl. Categories (#). [L. categoria, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to accuse, affirm, predicate; &?; down, against + &?; to harrangue, assert, fr. &?; assembly.] 1.
(Logic.) One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament.

 The categories or predicaments -- the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language -- were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed. J. S. Mill.
2. Class; also, state, condition, or predicament; as, we are both in the same category.

 There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category. De Quincey.
 Cat"el (?), n. [See Chattel.] Property; -- often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income.

 "For loss of catel may recovered be, But loss of tyme shendeth us," quod he. Chaucer.
 Cat'e*lec"trode (?), n. [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics) The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday.
 Cat'e*lec'tro*ton"ic (?), a. (Physics) Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus.

 ||Cat'e*lec*trot"o*nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; down + &?; (see Electro-) + &?; tone.] (Physics) The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it.

 ||Ca*te"na (?), n.; pl. Catene (#). [L., a chain.] A chain or series of things connected with each other.

 I have... in no case sought to construct those catenæ of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together.
C. J. Ellicott.
 { Cat"e*na*ry (?), Cat'e*na"ri*an (?), } a. [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.] Relating to a chain; like a chain; as, a catenary curve.

 Cat"e*na*ry, n.; pl. Catenaries (&?;). (Geol.)
 The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line.

 Cat"e*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Catenating.] [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.] To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin.
 Cat'e*na"tion (?), n. [L. catenatio.] Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne.
 Ca*ten"u*late (?), a. [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains.

2. (Zoöl.) Chainlike; -- said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc.

 Ca"ter


The Categories By Aristotle Translated by E. M. Edghill CONTENTS Section 1 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Section 2 Part 7 Part 8 Section 3 Part 9 Part 10 Part 11 Part 12 Part 13 Part 14 Part 15 Section 1 Part 1 Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.
On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named, inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.
Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous man from the word 'courage'.
Part 2 Forms of speech are either simple or composite. Examples of the latter are such expressions as 'the man runs', 'the man wins'; of the former 'man', 'ox', 'runs', 'wins'.
Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are never present in a subject. Thus'man' is predicable of the individual man, and is never present in a subject.
By being 'present in a subject' I do not mean present as parts are present in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from the said subject.
Some things, again, are present in a subject, but are never predicable of a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in the mind, but is not predicable of any subject; or again, a certain whiteness may be present in the body (for colour requires a material basis), yet it is never predicable of anything.
Other things, again, are both predicable of a subject and present in a subject. Thus while knowledge is present in the human mind, it is predicable of grammar.
There is, lastly, a class of things which are neither present in a subject nor predicable of a subject, such as the individual man or the individual horse. But, to speak more generally, that which is individual and has the character of a unit is never predicable of a subject. Yet in some cases there is nothing to prevent such being present in a subject. Thus a certain point of grammatical knowledge is present in a subject.
Part 3 When one thing is predicated of another, all that which is predicable of the predicate will be predicable also of the subject. Thus,'man' is predicated of the individual man; but 'animal' is predicated of'man'; it will, therefore, be predicable of the individual man also: for the individual man is both'man' and 'animal'.
If genera are different and co-ordinate, their differentiae are themselves different in kind. Take as an instance the genus 'animal' and the genus 'knowledge'. 'With feet', 'two-footed', 'winged', 'aquatic', are differentiae of 'animal'; the species of knowledge are not distinguished by the same differentiae. One species of knowledge does not differ from another in being 'two-footed'.
But where one genus is subordinate to another, there is nothing to prevent their having the same differentiae: for the greater class is predicated of the lesser, so that all the differentiae of the predicate will be differentiae also of the subject.
Part 4 Expressions which are in no way composite signify substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action, or affection.
To sketch my meaning roughly, examples of substance are'man' or 'the horse', of quantity, such terms as 'two cubits long' or 'three cubits long', of quality, such attributes as 'white', 'grammatical'. 'Double', 'half', 'greater', fall under the category of relation; 'in the market place', 'in the Lyceum', under that of place; 'yesterday', 'last year', under that of time. 'Lying','sitting', are terms indicating position,'shod', 'armed', state; 'to lance', 'to cauterize', action; 'to be lanced', 'to be cauterized', affection.
No one of these terms, in and by itself, involves an affirmation; it is by the combination of such terms that positive or negative statements arise. For every assertion must, as is admitted, be either true or false, whereas expressions which are not in any way composite such as 'man', 'white', 'runs', 'wins', cannot be either true or false.
Part 5 Substance, in the truest and primary and most definite sense of the word, is that which is neither predicable of a subject nor present in a subject; for instance, the individual man or horse. But in a secondary sense those things are called substances within which, as species, the primary substances are included; also those which, as genera, include the species. For instance, the individual man is included in the species'man', and the genus to which the species belongs is 'animal'; these, therefore—that is to say, the species'man' and the genus 'animal,-are termed secondary substances.
It is plain from what has been said that both the name and the definition of the predicate must be predicable of the subject. For instance,'man' is predicated of the individual man. Now in this case the name of the species'man' is applied to the individual, for we use the term'man' in describing the individual; and the definition of 'man' will also be predicated of the individual man, for the individual man is both man and animal. Thus, both the name and the definition of the species are predicable of the individual.
With regard, on the other hand, to those things which are present in a subject, it is generally the case that neither their name nor their definition is predicable of that in which they are present. Though, however, the definition is never predicable, there is nothing in certain cases to prevent the name being used. For instance, 'white' being present in a body is predicated of that in which it is present, for a body is called white: the definition, however, of the colour 'white' is never predicable of the body.
Everything except primary substances is either predicable of a primary substance or present in a primary substance. This becomes evident by reference to particular instances which occur. 'Animal' is predicated of the species'man', therefore of the individual man, for if there were no individual man of whom it could be predicated, it could not be predicated of the species'man' at all. Again, colour is present in body, therefore in individual bodies, for if there were no individual body in which it was present, it could not be present in body at all.
Thus everything except primary substances is either predicated of primary substances, or is present in them, and if these last did not exist, it would be impossible for anything else to exist.
Of secondary substances, the species is more truly substance than the genus, being more nearly related to primary substance. For if any one should render an account of what a primary substance is, he would render a more instructive account, and one more proper to the subject,


, but finds its chief use as an anæsthetic.
 Called also ethyl oxide. (b) Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as, amyl ether; valeric ether.

Complex ether, Mixed ether (Chem.), an oxide of two different radicals in the same molecule; as, ethyl methyl ether, C2H5.O.CH3.
 -- Compound ether (Chem.), an ethereal salt or a salt of some hydrocarbon as the base; an ester. -- Ether engine (Mach.), a condensing engine like a steam engine, but operated by the vapor of ether instead of by steam.

 E*the"re*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to the hypothetical upper, purer air, or to the higher regions beyond the earth or beyond the atmosphere; celestial; as, ethereal space; ethereal regions.

 Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger.

Milton.
2. Consisting of ether; hence, exceedingly light or airy; tenuous; spiritlike; characterized by extreme delicacy, as form, manner, thought, etc.

 Vast chain of being, which from God began, Natures ethereal, human, angel, man.

Pope.
3. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether; as, ethereal salts.

Ethereal oil. (Chem.) See Essential oil, under Essential. -- Ethereal oil of wine (Chem.), a heavy, yellow, oily liquid consisting essentially of etherin, etherol, and ethyl sulphate. It is the oily residuum left after etherification. Called also heavy oil of wine (distinguished from oil of wine, or œnanthic ether). -- Ethereal salt (Chem.), a salt of some organic radical as a base; an ester.

 E*the"re*al*ism (?), n. Ethereality.

 E*the're*al"i*ty (?), n. The state of being ethereal; etherealness.

 Something of that ethereality of thought and manner which belonged to Wordsworth's earlier lyrics.

J. C. Shairp.
 E*the're*al*i*za"tion (?), n. An ethereal or spiritlike state. J. H. Stirling.
 E*the"re*al*ize (?), v. t. 1. To convert into ether, or into subtile fluid; to saturate with ether.

2. To render ethereal or spiritlike.

Etherealized, moreover, by spiritual communications with the other world.

Hawthorne.
 E*the"re*al*ly, adv. In an ethereal manner.

 E*the"re*al*ness (?), n. Ethereality.

 E*the"re*ous (?), a. [L. aethereus, Gr. &?; See Ether.]
 1. Formed of ether; ethereal. [Obs.]

 This ethereous mold whereon we stand.

Milton.
2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or resembling, ether.

Ethereous oil. See Ethereal oil, under Ethereal.

 E*ther'i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid.

 E*ther"i*form (?), a. [Ether + form.] Having the form of ether.

 E"ther*in, n. (Chem.) A white, crystalline hydrocarbon, regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, obtained in heavy oil of wine, the residue left after making ether; -- formerly called also concrete oil of wine.

 E'ther*i*za"tion (?) n. (Med.) (a) The administration of ether to produce insensibility. (b) The state of the system under the influence of ether.

 E"ther*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etherized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Etherizing (?).] [Cf. F. éthériser.]
 1. To convert into ether.

2. To render insensible by means of ether, as by inhalation; as, to etherize a patient.

 E"ther*ol (?), n. [Ether + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)
 An oily hydrocarbon regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, produced with etherin.

 { Eth"ic (?), Eth"ic*al (?), } a. [L. ethicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; custom, usage, character, dwelling; akin to &?; custom, Goth. sidus, G. sitte, Skr. svadh&?;, prob.
 orig., one's own doing; sva self + dh&?; to set: cf. F. éthique. See So, Do.] Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as, ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy.

 The ethical meaning of the miracles.

Trench.
Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the dative of a pronoun to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by some one; as, Quid mihi Celsus agit? How does my friend Celsus do?

 Eth"ic*al*ly, adv. According to, in harmony with, moral principles or character.

 Eth"i*cist (?), n. One who is versed in ethics, or has written on ethics.

 Eth"ics (?), n. [Cf. F. éthique. See Ethic.] The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as, political or social ethics; medical ethics.

 The completeness and consistency of its morality is the peculiar praise of the ethics which the Bible has taught.

I. Taylor.
 Eth"ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any compound of ethyl of a binary type; as, potassium ethide.

 Eth"i*dene (?), n. [From Ether.] (Chem.) Ethylidene. [Obs.]

 Eth"ine (?), n. (Chem.) Acetylene.

 Eth'i*on"ic (?), a. [Ethyl + thionic.] (Chem.)
 Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid so called.

Ethionic acid (Chem.), a liquid derivative of ethylsulphuric and sulphuric (thionic) acids, obtained by the action of sulphur trioxide on absolute alcohol.

 { E"thi*op (?), E'thi*o"pi*an (?) }, n. [L. Aethiops, Gr.
 &?;; &?; to burn + &?; face.] A native or inhabitant of Ethiopia; also, in a general sense, a negro or black man.

 { E'thi*o"pi*an, E'thi*op"ic (?), } a. Of or relating to Ethiopia or the Ethiopians.

 E'thi*op"ic, n. The language of ancient Ethiopia; the language of the ancient Abyssinian empire (in Ethiopia), now used only in the Abyssinian church. It is of Semitic origin, and is also called Geez.

 E"thi*ops (?) n. [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old Chem.) A black substance; -- formerly applied to various preparations of a black or very dark color. [Written also Æthiops.] [Obs.]

Ethiops martial (Old Chem.), black oxide of iron. -- Ethiops mineral (Old Chem.), black sulphide of


) A mode of printing (common in China and Japan) from engraved boards by means of a sheet of paper laid on the linked surface and rubbed with a brush. S. W. Williams. (b) A method of printing cotton cloth and paper hangings with colors, by pressing them upon an engraved surface coated with coloring matter. -- Block system on railways, a system by which the track is divided into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters a section or block before the preceding train has left it.

 Block (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block. See Block, n.] 1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by obstructing the way; -- used both of persons and things; -- often followed by up; as, to block up a road or harbor.

 With moles... would block the port. Rowe.
 A city... besieged and blocked about. Milton.
2. To secure or support by means of blocks; to secure, as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to each.

3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block; as, to block a hat.

To block out, to begin to reduce to shape; to mark out roughly; to lay out; as, to block out a plan.

 Block*ade" (&?;), n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t. ] 1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy.

Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. Kent.
2. An obstruction to passage.

To raise a blockade. See under Raise.

 Block*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr.
 & vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea." Gilpin.
2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.

 Till storm and driving ice blockade him there. Wordsworth.
3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.

 Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door. Pope.
 Block*ad"er (&?;), n. 1. One who blockades.

2. (Naut.) A vessel employed in blockading.

 Block"age (&?;), n. The act of blocking up; the state of being blocked up.

 Block" book' (&?;). A book printed from engraved wooden blocks instead of movable types.

 Block"head' (&?;), n. [Block + head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in understanding.

 The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read, With loads of learned lumber in his head. Pope.
 Block"head'ed, a. Stupid; dull.

 Block"head*ism (&?;), n. That which characterizes a blockhead; stupidity. Carlyle.
 Block"house' (&?;), n. [Block + house: cf. G. blockhaus.]
 1. (Mil.) An edifice or structure of heavy timbers or logs for military defense, having its sides loopholed for musketry, and often an upper story projecting over the lower, or so placed upon it as to have its sides make an angle wit the sides of the lower story, thus enabling the defenders to fire downward, and in all directions; -- formerly much used in America and Germany.

2. A house of squared logs. [West. & South. U. S.]

 Block"ing, n. 1. The act of obstructing, supporting, shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks.

2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily.

 Block"ing course' (&?;). (Arch.) The finishing course of a wall showing above a cornice.

 Block"ish, a. Like a block; deficient in understanding; stupid; dull. "Blockish Ajax." Shak. -- Block"ish*ly, adv. -- Block"ish*ness, n. Block"like' (&?;), a. Like a block; stupid.

 Block" tin' (&?;). See under Tin.

 Bloe"dite (&?;), n. [From the chemist Blöde.] (Min.)
 A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium.

 Blom"a*ry (&?;), n. See Bloomery.

 { Blonc"ket, Blon"ket } (&?;), a. [OF. blanquet whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket.] Gray; bluish gray. [Obs.]

 Our bloncket liveries been all too sad. Spenser.
 { Blond, Blonde } (&?;), a. [F., fair, light, of uncertain origin; cf. AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop.
 blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or black. See Blend, v. t. ] Of a fair color; lightcolored; as, blond hair; a blond complexion.

 Blonde (&?;), n. [F.] 1. A person of very fair complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Written also blond.]

2. [So called from its color.] A kind of silk lace originally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed; -- called also blond lace.

 Blond" met'al (&?;). A variety of clay ironstone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools.

 Blond"ness, n. The state of being blond. G. Eliot.
 Blood (bld), n. [OE. blod, blood, AS. bld; akin to D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blut, Goth. blþ, Icel. blð, Sw. & Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom. See Blow to bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates in the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nourishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste products to be excreted. See under Arterial.

 The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, containing minute particles, the blood corpuscles. In the invertebrate animals it is usually nearly colorless, and contains only one kind of corpuscles; but in all vertebrates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless corpuscles, with many more which are red and give the blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma.

2. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity; kinship.

 To share the blood of Saxon royalty. Sir W. Scott.
 A friend of our own blood. Waller.
Half blood (Law), relationship through only one parent. -- Whole blood, relationship through both father and mother. In American Law, blood includes both half blood, and whole blood. Bouvier.
Peters.
3. Descent; lineage; especially, honorable birth; the highest royal lineage.

 Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam. Shak.
 I am a gentleman of blood and breeding. Shak.
4. (Stock Breeding) Descent from parents of recognized breed; excellence or purity of breed.


fr. flagitium a shameful or disgraceful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of passion, from flagitare to demand hotly, fiercely; cf. flagrare to burn, E. flagrant.] 1. Disgracefully or shamefully criminal; grossly wicked; scandalous; shameful; -- said of acts, crimes, etc.

 Debauched principles and flagitious practices.

I. Taylor.
2. Guilty of enormous crimes; corrupt; profligate; -- said of persons. Pope.
3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices; as, flagitious times. Pope.
Syn. -- Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; profligate; abandoned. See Atrocious.

 -- Fla*gi"tious*ly, adv. -- Fla*gi"tious*ness, n. A sentence so flagitiously unjust.

Macaulay.
 Flag"man (?), n.; pl. Flagmen (&?;). One who makes signals with a flag.

 Flag"on (?), n. [F. flacon, for flascon, fr. OF. flasche, from LL. flasco. See Flask.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors. It is generally larger than a bottle, and of leather or stoneware rather than of glass.

 A trencher of mutton chops, and a flagon of ale.

Macaulay.
 Fla"grance (?), n. Flagrancy. Bp. Hall.
 Fla"gran*cy (?), n.; pl. Flagrancies (#). [L. flagrantia a burning. See Flagrant.] 1. A burning; great heat; inflammation.
 [Obs.]

 Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes.

Bacon.
2. The condition or quality of being flagrant; atrocity; heiniousness; enormity; excess. Steele.
 Fla"grant (?), a. [L. flagrans, -antis, p. pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. &?;: cf. F. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.]
 1. Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent.

 The beadle's lash still flagrant on their back.

Prior.
 A young man yet flagrant from the lash of the executioner or the beadle.

De Quincey.
Flagrant desires and affections.

Hooker.
2. Actually in preparation, execution, or performance; carried on hotly; raging.

 A war the most powerful of the native tribes was flagrant.

Palfrey.
3. Flaming into notice; notorious; enormous; heinous; glaringly wicked.

Syn. -- Atrocious; flagitious; glaring. See Atrocious.

 Fla"grant*ly, adv. In a flagrant manner.

 Fla"grate (?), v. t. [L. flagrare, flagratum, v.i.
 & t., to burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Greenhill.
 Fla*gra"tion (?), n. A conflagration. [Obs.]

 Flag"ship' (?), n. (Naut.) The vessel which carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and flies his distinctive flag or pennant.

 Flag"staff' (?), n.; pl. -staves (&?;) or -staffs (&?;). A staff on which a flag is hoisted.

 Flag"stone' (?), n. A flat stone used in paving, or any rock which will split into such stones. See Flag, a stone.

 Flag"worm' (?), n. (Zoöl.) A worm or grub found among flags and sedge.

 Flail (?), n. [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a threshing flail: cf. OF. flael, flaiel, F. fléau.
 See Flagellum.] 1. An instrument for threshing or beating grain from the ear by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or club, called a swipe, is so hung as to swing freely.

 His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn.

Milton.
2. An ancient military weapon, like the common flail, often having the striking part armed with rows of spikes, or loaded. Fairholt.
 No citizen thought himself safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail, loaded with lead, to brain the Popish assassins.

Macaulay.
 Flail"y (?), a. Acting like a flail. [Obs.] Vicars.
 Flain (?), obs. p. p. of Flay. Chaucer.
 Flake (flk), n. [Cf. Icel. flaki, fleki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 1. A paling; a hurdle. [prov. Eng.]

2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things.

 You shall also, after they be ripe, neither suffer them to have straw nor fern under them, but lay them either upon some smooth table, boards, or flakes of wands, and they will last the longer.

English Husbandman.
3. (Naut.) A small stage hung over a vessel's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, etc.

 Flake (flk), n. [Cf. Icel. flakna to flake off, split, flagna to flake off, Sw. flaga flaw, flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. Flag a flat stone.] 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of anything; a film; flock; lamina; layer; scale; as, a flake of snow, tallow, or fish. "Lottle flakes of scurf." Addison.
 Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat.

Evelyn.
2. A little particle of lighted or incandescent matter, darted from a fire; a flash.

 With flakes of ruddy fire.

Somerville.
3. (Bot.) A sort of carnation with only two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes.

Flake knife (Archæol.), a cutting instrument used by savage tribes, made of a flake or chip of hard stone. Tylor. -- Flake stand, the cooling tub or vessel of a still worm. Knight. -- Flake white. (Paint.) (a) The purest white lead, in the form of flakes or scales. (b) The trisnitrate of bismuth. Ure.
 Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Flaking.] To form into flakes. Pope.
 Flake, v. i. To separate in flakes; to peel or scale off.

 Flak"i*ness (?), n. The state of being flaky.

 Flak"y (?), a. Consisting of flakes or of small, loose masses; lying, or cleaving off, in flakes or layers; flakelike.

 What showers of mortal hail, what flaky fires!

Watts.
 A flaky weight of winter's purest snows.

Wordsworth.
 Flam (flm), n. [Cf. AS. fleám, flm, flight. √ 84. Cf.
 Flimflam.] A freak or whim; also, a falsehood; a lie; an illusory pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.]

 A perpetual abuse and flam upon posterity.

South.
 Flam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flammed ; p. pr. & vb.
 n. Flamming.] To deceive with a falsehood. [Obs.]

 God is not to be flammed off with lies.

South.
 Flam"beau (?); n.; pl. Flambeaux (#) or Flambeaus


& vb. n. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece, or natural covering of wool.

2. To strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or fraud; to bring to straits by oppressions and exactions.

 Whilst pope and prince shared the wool betwixt them, the people were finely fleeced.

Fuller.
3. To spread over as with wool. [R.] Thomson.
 Fleeced (?), a. 1. Furnished with a fleece; as, a sheep is well fleeced. Spenser.
2. Stripped of a fleece; plundered; robbed.

 Fleece"less (?), a. Without a fleece.

 Flee"cer (?), n. One who fleeces or strips unjustly, especially by trickery or fraund. Prynne.
 Flee"cy (?), a. Covered with, made of, or resembling, a fleece. "Fleecy flocks." Prior.
 Fleen (?), n. pl. Obs. pl. of Flea. Chaucer.
 Fle"er (?), n. One who flees. Ld. Berners.
 Fleer (?), [imp. & p. p. Fleered (&?;); p. pr. & vb.
 n. Fleering.] [OE. flerien; cf. Scot. fleyr, Norw. flira to titter, giggle, laugh at nothing, MHG. vlerre, vlarre, a wide wound.] 1. To make a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; to deride; to sneer; to mock; to gibe; as, to fleer and flout.

 To fleer and scorn at our solemnity.

Shak.
2. To grin with an air of civility; to leer. [Obs.]

 Grinning and fleering as though they went to a bear baiting.

Latimer.
 Fleer, v. t. To mock; to flout at. Beau. & Fl.
 Fleer, n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery.

 And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorn.

Shak.
2. A grin of civility; a leer. [Obs.]

 A sly, treacherous fleer on the face of deceivers.

South.
 Fleer"er (?), n. One who fleers. Beau. & Fl.
 Fleer"ing*ly, adv. In a fleering manner.

 Fleet (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeting.] [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. fleótan to swim, float; akin to D. vlieten to flow, OS. fliotan, OHG. fliozzan, G. fliessen, Icel. fljta to float, flow, Sw. flyta, D. flyde, L. pluere to rain, Gr.
 &?; to sail, swim, float, Skr. plu to swim, sail. √84.
 Cf. Fleet, n. & a., Float, Pluvial, Flow.] 1. To sail; to float. [Obs.]

 And in frail wood on Adrian Gulf doth fleet.

Spenser.
2. To fly swiftly; to pass over quickly; to hasten; to flit as a light substance.

 All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand,... Dissolved on earth, fleet hither.

Milton.
3. (Naut.) To slip on the whelps or the barrel of a capstan or windlass; -- said of a cable or hawser.

 Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly; to skin the surface of; as, a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser.
2. To hasten over; to cause to pass away lighty, or in mirth and joy.

 Many young gentlemen flock to him, and fleet the time carelessly.

Shak.
3. (Naut.) (a) To draw apart the blocks of; -- said of a tackle. Totten.
(b) To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain.

 Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeter (?); superl. Fleetest.]
 [Cf. Icel. flj&?;tr quick. See Fleet, v. i.] 1.
 Swift in motion; moving with velocity; light and quick in going from place to place; nimble.

 In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong.

Milton.
2. Light; superficially thin; not penetrating deep, as soil. [Prov.
 Eng.] Mortimer.
 Fleet, n. [OE. flete, fleote, AS. fleót ship, fr. fleótan to float, swim. See Fleet, v. i. and cf. Float.] A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also, the collective naval force of a country, etc.

Fleet captain, the senior aid of the admiral of a fleet, when a captain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.
 Fleet, n. [AS. fleót a place where vessels float, bay, river; akin to D. vliet rill, brook, G. fliess. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. A flood; a creek or inlet; a bay or estuary; a river; -- obsolete, except as a place name, -- as Fleet Street in London.

 Together wove we nets to entrap the fish In floods and sedgy fleets.

Matthewes.
2. A former prison in London, which originally stood near a stream, the Fleet (now filled up).

Fleet parson, a clergyman of low character, in, or in the vicinity of, the Fleet prison, who was ready to unite persons in marriage (called Fleet marriage) at any hour, without public notice, witnesses, or consent of parents.

 Fleet (?), v. t. [AS. flt cream, fr. fleótan to float. See Fleet, v. i.] To take the cream from; to skim. [Prov.
 Eng.] Johnson.
 Fleet"en (?), n. Fleeted or skimmed milk. [Obs.]

Fleeten face, a face of the color of fleeten, i. e., blanched; hence, a coward. "You know where you are, you fleeten face."
 Beau. & Fl.
 Fleet"-foot' (?), a. Swift of foot. Shak.
 Fleet"ing, a. Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as, the fleeting hours or moments.

Syn. -- Evanescent; ephemeral. See Transient.

 Fleet"ing*ly, adv. In a fleeting manner; swiftly.

 Fleet"ings (?), n. pl. A mixture of buttermilk and boiling whey; curds. [prov. Eng.] Wright.
 Fleet"ly, adv. In a fleet manner; rapidly.

 Fleet"ness, n. Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as, the fleetness of a horse or of time.

 Fleigh (?), obs. imp. of Fly. Chaucer.
 Fleme (?), v. t. [AS. flman, flman.] To banish; to drive out; to expel. [Obs.] "Appetite flemeth discretion." Chaucer.
 Flem"er (?), n. One who, or that which, banishes or expels. [Obs.]
 Chaucer.
 Flem"ing (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Flanders.

 Flem"ish (?), a. Pertaining to Flanders, or the Flemings. -- n. The language or dialect spoken by the Flemings; also, collectively, the people of Flanders.

Flemish accounts (Naut.), short or deficient accounts.
 [Humorous] Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Flemish beauty (Bot.), a well known pear. It is